{"data": [{"title": "GPISD", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPISD can refer to:"}]}, {"title": "GPIb-IX-V", "paragraphs": [{"context": " This transmembrane glycoprotein complex is composed of four subunits: GPIb\u03b1, GPIb\u03b2, GPV and GPIX. Each of them has a variable number of leucine-rich repeats. GPIb\u03b1 and GPIb\u03b2 are linked by disulfide bridges, while the GPV and GPIX associate non-covalently with the complex. GPIb\u03b1 subunit bears the binding site for von Willebrand factor (vWF), \u03b1-thrombin, leukocyte integrin \u03b1M\u03b22 and P-selectin. The binding between GPIb\u03b1 and vWF mediates the capture of platelets to the injured vascular wall. The deficiency in glycoprotein Ib-IX-V complex synthesis leads to Bernard-Soulier syndrome."}]}, {"title": "GPKism", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPKism (typeset as GPKISM) is a gothic/industrial music group formed in 2007. It was originally the solo project of GPK (Gothique Prince Ken), while Kiwamu (of Blood) joined later that year. Both GPK and Kiwamu compose music for this project. They have been featured in several publications including Cure Magazine and they have toured Australia, Japan, the United States, Europe and Central America. GPKism was formed in January 2007 as the solo project of Australian musician GPK, and in September, guitarist Kiwamu of the Japanese goth band Blood joined the project, which was announced on the Internet Radio Show Tainted Reality. In January 2008, the same month that they released their first EP \"Sublimis\", they were featured in \"Cure Magazine\"."}, {"context": " The band played their first live show on April 13, 2008 in Japan. In June they went on to play three shows in Australia, that were accompanied by in-store events. Their first single, \"Illuminatum,\" was released in September, 2008. This was followed a month later by their \"Lament of the Fallen Star Tour\" which included shows in Japan, Mexico, Costa Rica and in the United States at Nekocon. In December of that year, they played two live shows, opening for Suicide Ali. GPKism returned to Mexico and the United States to accompany Blood on their final tour."}, {"context": " GPKism's first full-length album, \"Atheos\", was released on March 4, 2009 with the concept \"Lament of a Fallen Angel\". This was followed in March and April by a multi-city tour of Japan and Australia; their Australian tour also had Aural Vampire and DJ SiSeN performing. GPKism also toured Europe for the first time for their \"Holy Blood\" tour which included dates in Germany, Austria, Italy & Poland in May 2009. On July 12 GPKism contributed a cover of RINK for the Blam Honey album Providence of Decadence and also performed alongside them at the Live Inn Rosa, Kiwamu and ex-BLOOD keyboardist RYO also helped arrange several tracks on the album."}, {"context": " The band released their EP Barathrum in August and a released a PV for it, gaining over 10,000 hits on YouTube under a month. This was the first release using the theme Countess Elizabeth Bathory. In September they toured South America and several of the Conventions there. After returning they released the EP \"Iudicium\" under the same theme. In 2010 GPKism returned to the United States on tour with Seileen. In late 2011 GPK went on to form his own solo project \"Gothique Prince Ken\" while Kiwamu resumed activities with Blood"}]}, {"title": "GPL font exception", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The GPL font exception clause (or GPL+FE, for short) is an optional clause that can be added to the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) permitting digital fonts shared with that license to be embedded within a digital document file without requiring the document itself to also be shared with GPL. Without the clause, conflicts may arise with open-source projects distributing digital fonts which may be used in desktop publishing. As explained by Dave Crossland in Libre Graphics Magazine, \"A copyleft font may overreach into the documents that use it, unless an exception is made to the normal terms; an additional permission to allow people to combine parts of a font with a document without affecting the license of texts, photographs, illustrations and designs. Most libre fonts today have such a copyleft license \u2013 the SIL OFL or GNU GPL with the Font Exception described in the GPL FAQ.\""}, {"context": " The font exception was authored in April 2005 by David \"Novalis\" Turner, a Free Software Foundation GPL compliance engineer. As he explains, \"The situation we were considering was one where a font was embedded in a document (rather than merely referenced). Embedding allows a document to be viewed as the author intended it even on machines that don't have that font installed. So, the document (a copyrighted work) would be derived from the font program (another work). The text of the document, of course, would be unrestricted when distributed without the font.\""}, {"context": " To be in compliance with the GPL, Red Hat's Fedora Linux project included the font exception with the license for its Liberation font package, albeit with additional restrictions in 2007. These restrictions prompted further discussion among the Debian GNU/Linux distribution's community members concerning the GPL+FE. This attention prompted Ubuntu to follow suit and create the Ubuntu Font License because they were not satisfied with either the SIL OFL or with GPL+FE. To indicate a font exception to the GPL, a digital font creator adds the following language to the end of the GPL text distributed with their font:"}]}, {"title": "GPL linking exception", "paragraphs": [{"context": " A GPL linking exception modifies the GNU General Public License (GPL) in a way that enables software projects which provide library code to be \"linked to\" the programs that use them, without applying the full terms of the GPL to the using program. Linking is the technical process of connecting code in a library to the using code, to produce a single executable file. It is performed either at compile time or run-time in order to produce functional machine-readable code. There is a public perception, so far unsupported by any legal precedent or citation, that without applying the \"linking exception\", a program linked to GPL library code may only be distributed under a GPL-compatible license. The license of the GNU Classpath project explicitly includes a statement to that effect."}, {"context": " Many free software libraries which are distributed under the GPL use an equivalent exception, although the wording of the exception varies. Notable projects include ERIKA Enterprise, GNU Guile, the run-time libraries of GNAT, GNU Classpath and the famous GCC Runtime Library Exception. Compiler runtime libraries also often use this license modification or an equivalent one, e.g. the codice_1 library in the GNU Compiler Collection, as well as all libraries of the Free Pascal project. In 2007, Sun Microsystems released most of the source code to the class libraries for the Java SE and Java EE projects under version 2 of the GPL license plus the Classpath linking exception, and used the same license as one possible license for their enterprise server GlassFish and for their NetBeans Java IDE."}, {"context": " Version 3 of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) is likewise constructed as an exception to the GPL. The GNU Classpath project provides an example of the use of such a GPL linking exception. The GNU Classpath library uses the following license: As such, it can be used to run, create and distribute a large class of applications and applets. When GNU Classpath is used unmodified as the core class library for a virtual machine, compiler for the Java language, or for a program written in the Java programming language it does not affect the licensing for distributing those programs directly.  While version 2.1 of the LGPL was a standalone licence, the current LGPL version 3 is based on a reference to the GPL. Compared to the GNU Classpath license above, the LGPL formulates more requirements to the linking exception: licensees must allow modification of the portions of the library they use and reverse engineering (of their sofrware and the library) for debugging such modifications."}]}, {"title": "GPLD1", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Phosphatidylinositol-glycan-specific phospholipase D is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the \"GPLD1\" gene. GPLD1 has been shown to interact with Apolipoprotein A1 and APOA4."}]}, {"title": "GPM (software)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPM (\"General Purpose Mouse\") software provides support for mouse devices in Linux virtual consoles. It is included in most Linux distributions. ncurses supports GPM; many applications use ncurses mouse-support. Other applications that work with GPM include Midnight Commander, Emacs, and JED."}]}, {"title": "GPM Investments", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPM Investments LLC (GPM) is a convenience store owner and operator based in Richmond, Virginia. Founded in 2003, it originally operated the Fas Mart and Shore Stop brands of convenience stores, and decided to expand. Its first major purchase was in 2013 with the purchase of the southeast division of convenience stores of VPS Convenience from Sun Capital Partners. This included 263 c-stores in North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia under the brands Scotchman, Young\u2019s, Li\u2019l Cricket, Everyday Shop, Breadbox and Cigarette City."}, {"context": " Also in 2013, GPM purchased five convenience stores from Hurst Harvey Oil under the GET and ZIP brands, all in northern Virginia, In 2015, GPM purchased the remainder of VPS Convenience with the purchase of VPS Midwest, which included the 161 store chain of Village Pantry and Next Door brands of convenience stores. These are located in Indiana, Ohio, Michigan and Illinois. They also purchased eight One Stop Stores in North and South Carolina Arey Oil, and rebranded them to Scotchman. Forty-two Road Ranger c-stores were purchased in March 2015 in Illinois, Iowa and Kentucky, bringing the number of convenience stores to about 750. Locations were rebranded to the Fas Mart brand."}, {"context": " 2016 was a busy year for acquisitions, with Apple Market's 76 stores were acquired in 2016 in Virginia and Kentucky from Fuel USA. Another 15 c-stores were acquired from Gas-Mart USA, also in 2016. Jiffi Stop was added to the company with its 17 stores in Illinois and Missouri, and the 170 store chain Admiral and Admiral Discount Tobacco stores in November from Admiral Petroleum Company. The 92 Roadrunner Market stores in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee were purchased in 2017 with the acquisition of Mountain Empire Oil Co. Inc., bringing the number of stores to 1,100.  In 2018 GPM acquired 273 stores from E-Z Mart Inc., with this acquisition GPM brings Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma and Arkansas into its fold and the store count to 1,300+. In 2017, a $62.5 million minority investment in GPM was sold to Harvest Partners, a private equity firm, to add liquidity to the company for more acquisitions."}]}, {"title": "GPM6A", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Neuronal membrane glycoprotein M6-a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPM6A\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPM6B", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Neuronal membrane glycoprotein M6-b is a protein that in [[human]ps is encoded by the \"GPM6B\" [[gene]]. In melanocytic cells, GPM6B gene expression may be regulated by [[Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor|MITF]]."}]}, {"title": "GPN-loop GTPase 3", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPN-loop GTPase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GPN3 gene."}]}, {"title": "GPNMB", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Transmembrane glycoprotein NMB is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPNMB\" gene. Two transcript variants encoding 560 and 572 amino acid isoforms have been characterized for this gene in humans. The mouse and rat orthologues of GPNMB are known as DC-HIL and Osteoactivin (OA), respectively. GPNMB is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein which shows homology to the pmel17 precursor, a melanocyte-specific protein. GPNMB has been reported to be expressed in various cell types, including: melanocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, dendritic cells, and it is overexpressed in various cancer types. In melanocytic cells and osteoclasts the GPNMB gene is transcriptionally regulated by Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor."}, {"context": " In osteoblast progenitor cells, Osteoactivin works as a positive regulator of osteoblast differentiation during later stages of matrix maturation and mineralization that is mediated at least in part by BMP-2 in a SMAD1 dependent manner to promote osteoblast differentiation. In addition, using a rat fracture model, Osteoactivin (OA) enhances the repairing process in bone fracture, demonstrated by its high expression during chondrogenesis (soft callus) and osteogenesis (hard callus) compared to the intact femurs that is why Osteoactivin (OA) could be a novel therapeutic agent used to treat generalized osteoporosis or localized osteopenia during fracture repair by stimulating bone growth and regeneration. Similarly, Osteoactivin expression increases during osteoclast differentiation and it is functionally implicated in this process, possibly by promoting the fusion of osteoclast progenitor cells."}, {"context": " GPNMB was originally identified as a gene that was expressed in poorly metastatic human melanoma cell lines and xenografts and not expressed in highly metastatic cell lines. However, several recent studies have identified high GPNMB expression in aggressive melanoma, glioma, and breast cancer specimens. Based on Immunohistochemical analysis, two studies have shown that GPNMB is commonly expressed in breast tumors. In the first study, GPNMB was detected in 71% (10/14) of breast tumors. In the second study, 64% of human breast tumors express GPNMB in the tumor stroma and an additional 10% of tumors express GPNMB in the tumor epithelium. In this study it was reported that GPNMB expression in the tumor epithelium was an independent prognostic indicator of breast cancer recurrence. Moreover, epithelial GPNMB expression was most abundant in triple negative breast cancers and it was found to be a prognostic marker for shorter metastasis-free survival times within this breast cancer subtype. Finally, GPNMB expression in breast cancer cells is capable of promoting cell migration, invasion, and metastasis both \"in vitro\" and \"in vivo\".  GPNMB is the target of the antibody glembatumumab (CR011) which is used in the antibody-drug conjugate glembatumumab vedotin (CDX-011, CR011-vcMMAE) which is in clinical trials for melanoma and breast cancer. (See glembatumumab vedotin)"}]}, {"title": "GPO Film Unit", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The GPO Film Unit was a subdivision of the UK General Post Office. The unit was established in 1933, taking on responsibilities of the Empire Marketing Board Film Unit. Headed by John Grierson, it was set up to produce sponsored documentary films mainly related to the activities of the GPO. Among the films it produced were Harry Watt's and Basil Wright's \"Night Mail\" (1936), featuring music by Benjamin Britten and poetry by W. H. Auden, which is the best known. Directors who worked for the unit included Humphrey Jennings, Alberto Cavalcanti, Paul Rotha, Harry Watt, Basil Wright and a young Norman McLaren. Poet and memoirist Laurie Lee also worked as a scriptwriter in the unit from 1939-1940."}, {"context": " In 1940 the GPO Film Unit became the Crown Film Unit, under the control of the Ministry of Information. In Autumn 2008 the British Film Institute issued a first collection of selected films from the Unit. Titled \"Addressing The Nation\", it comprises fifteen titles from the years 1933 to 1935, including \"Song of Ceylon\". A second volume, \"We Live In Two Worlds\" was released in February 2009, with 22 films covering the period 1936 to 1938, and includes \"Night Mail\". A third (and final) volume, \"If War Should Come\", appeared in July 2009 and includes \"London Can Take It!\""}]}, {"title": "GPO telephones", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The General Post Office (GPO) of the United Kingdom carried also the sole responsibility for providing telecommunication services across the country. The GPO issued a range of telephone instruments to telephone service subscribers that were matched in function and performance to its telephone exchanges. Until 1982 the GPO had a monopoly on the provision of all telephone lines and telephones within the UK, other than in Kingston upon Hull, and so the range was limited. Customers (known within the GPO as \"subs\", being short for 'subscribers') did not buy their telephones, they were rented from the GPO, together with the house wiring and the wiring connecting the house to the local network at a connection point known as a DP (distribution point). The majority of DPs were (and still are) at the top of what are still known in the UK as telegraph poles."}, {"context": " During the early days of telephones, in the UK, a variety of instruments were produced, in low volume, often combining new and emerging technologies with the traditional skills of the wood joiner and cabinetmaker. They were simply known as Type 1, 2, 3 etc. These were often used on simple, internal links, sometimes taking the place of the 'speaking tube' in large houses. These instrument had no dials, and signalling consisted of a hand-cranked magneto generator. Often the bell at the other end would just be 'tinkled' by simply rattling the switch hooks up and down."}, {"context": " From these developed the first, \"serious\", GPO instruments, the 100 series. This comprised a wall phone, the Tele. 121 and a desk phone, the Tele 150. Both were based around the same handmade, wooden case, containing the telephone circuit and bell, but unlike the bellset, shown with the Tele 150, below, the Tele 121 had the transmitter mouthpiece screwed onto the front of the box and the switch hook, holding the receiver, protruding from the left hand side. Below the mouthpiece was a dial-mount, which either contained a dial (F or L - Figures only or with Letters - from about 1926) or a blanking plate (CB). This made it a true, one-piece telephone which was available either 'stand alone', mounted on a handsome, wooden, back-board, with integral writing desk or, as a Tele. 123, combined with the original, Button A & B coin-box."}, {"context": " The 100 series, 'candlestick' two-piece telephone is now a collectible item. This one is a Tele. 150L circa 1929 and is a poor example since the original black finish has been stripped to reveal the brass. The bell receiver was originally coated in a black vulcanised rubber (Vulcanite) and the remaining brass work had a black oxide finish. The dial is also later, the original number 10 dial would also have been finished in black oxide on copper. The L denotes an alphanumeric (rather than number only) dial plate. The dial uses a slipping cam Rotary dial, as distinct from the CB (central battery) version, which was without any dial and relied entirely upon connection via the operator. The transmitter (microphone) was of a very poor, carbon granule construction, which absorbed moisture and required regular replacement. The low cost, however, ensured that this transmitter would continue to be used for many years to come. In contrast, the twin coil and diaphragm receiver was of very good quality, indeed."}, {"context": " The Tele. 150, like its successor the Tele. 162, was actually only the 'front end' of the telephone. Containing only the transmitter, receiver and switch hook assembly; the entire electrical telephone circuitry was contained within an accompanying magneto bell set. This was initially the wooden cased version shown or the later, compact, Bakelite, Bell set 25. The 162 was originally launched in 1929 as the last of the 100 series. Once its potential was realised it was quickly promoted to a Type number of its own, becoming in 1934 (with some internal modifications) the 232 and staying in production until 1957."}, {"context": " The Tele. 162 Handset Micro Telephone, was the first UK phone to incorporate the transmitter and receiver into a single unit, 'The Handset'. It was designed as a very lightweight domestic phone, which could be carried around whilst in use, by hooking the fingers under the switch-hook cradle. For this purpose it could be ordered with an extra long instrument cord at additional cost. It was even with a blanking plate instead of the dial. Like the Tele. 150, it required a bellset 25 to complete its electrical circuitry and to provide bells. This could be either screwed directly under the telephone or mounted separately in another location."}, {"context": " The Tele. 232 came out of the box fitted with a base plate containing a drawer, holding a personal directory card. The telephone could then be screwed directly onto the matching Bell set 26, making a true, but very heavy, telephone set, or screwed down onto the desk of a CCB (coin collecting box), in a Public Telephone Kiosk. In this form it was fitted with a modified dial, a more durable handset cord, and was re-numbered as the Tele. 242. There was one other variant. With modified internals and designed purely to be used in combination with a Bellset 39a or 44, this was the Tele. 248 in the guise of the Extension Plans 5 & 7. This type of telephone is often featured in British made period television dramas. Curiously, the telephone often rings despite not being fitted with any bell unit."}, {"context": " This was the GPO's first attempt at a compact, supervised extension plan, for small businesses. The Plan 5 had 2 extensions plus the control station, the Plan 7 had only 1. The main operator control units, of these plans, appeared similar to a 232 plus Bellset 26 combo but was now a Tele 248 plus Bellset 39a (early versions) or 44 (later). These \"bellsets\" had a recess, in the front, dominated by a horizontal, quadrant mounted, 4 position slider, flanked by either 1 or 2 press buttons, for buzzing the extension(s). These Bellsets 39a and 44 were bellsets in name only, as they contained no bell. What they did contain was a maze of spring contact sets, mainly activated by a cam at the pivot of the slide switch. The system required a separate, remote mounted bellset, for incoming signalling. The main unit could make and answer exchange calls, talk to and transfer calls to the extension(s). The extensions could call and talk to each other and the main unit, but could only make external calls if a request to the operator, for the exchange line, was honoured."}, {"context": " When this system was eventually revisited and brought up to date, with the 700 series Plans 105 and 107, the equivalent control unit was dubbed 'The Planset'. The 300 series equipment was introduced in 1937. The Tele. 332 ASTIC, Handset Micro Telephone was the standard telephone instrument issued by the GPO from 1937 until 1959, although 242Ls continued to be supplied for pay-on-answer kiosks. Essentially it was a redesign of the 232/bellset 26 combo. The term \"ASTIC\" indicates the use of an anti-sidetone induction coil, to permit only a small, controlled amount of speech signal back to the talker's ear to provide necessary sidetone for a natural communication experience. It continued in production until the mid-1960s. This was usually only available in black although ivory, red and, the especially rare, green were also produced. Although 332 is the generic for this model, by dint of superior numbers, there were four other models in the range. The glossy, sharp styled 332 gestated from the much poorer quality 330. Though similar, the quality and finish of the 330s moulding was poor, by comparison. Then there were the button phones. A 332 with the facility for one button is a 312, two buttons a 328 and three buttons a 314. For this reason, in the photos below the instrument on the left is, strictly speaking, a 314 and the one on the right a 312, despite the fact that their full potential is not being utilised."}, {"context": " The Tele. 332L shown on the left is a bedside extension from an Extension Plan 1A. Note the addition of the BELL ON - BELL OFF push buttons, forward of the switchook cradle. The centre button position is filled with a blanking stud and only a 2 way label is installed. The instrument on the right is a Tele 312, but has its single button hole fitted with a blanking stud. The label screws are sitting redundant in their holes. The 300 series was much more than just the Tele. 332. There was a whole range of similarly designed products. Fieldsets (Tappers), Headsets, Pendant Telephones, Wall Phones and the House Exchange System. Many private telephone companies had sprung up in the UK. As these were banned by law from connecting to external lines, they contented themselves with producing systems for automatically dialling between company offices, within the same building or, via \"private wires\", rented from the GPO, virtually anywhere. The GPO could only do this via PMBXs (manual switchboards), ranging from the two to five line cordless boards, via the 25 and 50 line plug and cord boards to the mighty PMBX 1A, which, with its modular construction, could be any size a large company might require. The GPO regarded the private telephone companies as a thorn in their flesh and a great loss of potential income. They decided to tap into this lucrative market. Initially, they produced a system virtually identical to the competition and called it the House Telephone System. This appeared, from the rear, like a Tele. 332 but the front sloped down and was covered in two rows of buttons, by which a few other, similar, extensions could be called. Like the competition, this system was entirely internal and could not connect to the PSTN (Public Service Telephone Network). Unlike the competition, however, the number of extensions which could be incorporated was strictly limited. The GPO tried again."}, {"context": " The 300 series House Exchange System, now known as the HES1, was a combination of the Tele. 332L and the House Telephone System. From both the front and rear elevations the instrument appeared as a normal 332L. From the side, however, it was a different story. The \"snout\" of the instrument had been stretched forwards a full 8\u00a0inches in order to mount two rows of call buttons along with their plastic covered labels forward of the switchooks. All stations could make and take external calls, call any other station and also transfer calls between them. For the first time, small companies did not need to employ a telephonist \u2013 a big selling point. The main downside was that the central branch exchange unit was mains powered and used 50\u00a0Hz AC relays to route the calls. It had to be found a place out of the way as it was extremely noisy, the noise level increasing as calls were connected and relays energised."}, {"context": " These were bell sets that could be used, either stand alone or attached to the base of a 232 type telephone or similar, to provide a complete telephone instrument, as Tele. 150s and Tele. 232s did not themselves have an integral telephone circuit or bell. For this reason, although mostly black, they were available in the full range of colours to complement a coloured instrument. All these bellsets appeared identical externally, with a contoured, moulded cover which looked stylish alone, but would dock firmly underneath a 232. They were all based upon the same baseplate but differed in the type of bell and whether this was alone or accompanied by a capacitor, and / or an induction coil and any other telephone circuit components and wiring."}, {"context": " Electrically identical to Bellsets 26/56 but with an all-weather case and externally mounted bell gongs, for use where much more volume was required. The 700 series was the GPO's response to public demand, fuelled by American television shows, for a modern design with a helical, anti-tangle handset cord. The Telephone No. 706 was a revelation when it was first released in 1959. Again, still also available in CB (no dial) form, it was a robust design which is still in use today in the UK, suitably modified for use with the New Plan BT sockets. It was available in two-tone green, two-tone grey, topaz yellow, concorde blue, lacquer red, black and ivory."}, {"context": " The 706 was manufactured to a GPO design, by several manufacturers. There were two basic designs: one with a modern printed circuit and another with a wiring loom. Other variations included: metal or plastic baseplates and the presence or absence of a metal carrying handle. The very first 706s had a metal dial similar to the 200 and 300 series phones. Later phones had a plastic dial. In both versions, letters and numbers surrounded the dial. 706s are usually marked 706L, which indicates that they have a lettered dial. The 706F with a figure only dial, the same as on the 746, and a plain ring around the dial with no letters or numbers was introduced in 1969."}, {"context": " A feature of the 706 was a regulator that could be used or not. The idea was, that if the subscriber was close to the exchange, the regulator would reduce the sensitivity, as it had been found that this telephone was too sensitive close to the exchange and also had a propensity for picking up radio broadcasts, from strong stations, mainly taxis. The purpose of the regulator was to vary the amount of AC speech current flowing through the transmitter and receiver, to prevent it being considered too loud by subscribers on short lines. The regulator consisted of a network of rectifiers, diodes, resistors and two thermistors."}, {"context": " The regulator could be removed from circuit, for customers not close to the exchange. This was achieved by turning it upside down, which substituted a shorting link instead of the components. In practice the unit was normally left in circuit. The downside of this plugin module was that if the telephone was dropped or mishandled the regulator board would become loose and fall out and cause the telephone to stop working until it was replaced by a technician. Compare this with the inside of a 746 where the regulator was integrated into the main circuit board."}, {"context": " The 706 style telephone was also produced for non GPO subscribers by many of the same manufacturers that produced telephones for the GPO. These telephones can be identified by having no \"706\" reference on the underside and will usually have the manufacturer's own reference instead. Whilst most of these phones were superficially similar to the GPO 706 many had different internal parts including \"tropicalised\" versions for countries with high humidity or potential insect ingress. NB: There were a number of hybrid types between the 300 and 700 series. These appeared as 332s but fitted with a 700 series handset and cord. Among these were the 'intrinsically safe telephones', which had 323 style bodies of a sealed metal construction in a grey hammer finish. They were for installation in environments where there was a risk of fire or explosion from sparks, such as mines and chemical plants."}, {"context": " The 700 series was much more than just a single instrument. There were the Teles. 710, 746, the 711/741 wall phones, pendant telephones, headsets, re-styled bellsets, connection blocks and distribution panels. A full, matching range. Then there was the HES3. All 700 series telephone instruments came with at least one \"knockout\" forward of the switchooks, for installing bell on/bell off switches for instance. Some, however, the Tele. 710, came with four smaller knockouts and, if you looked inside the case, two circular ones too, top right and left of the dial aperture. These, along with a host of unused holes and bracketry, on the chassis, were a source of mystery for a time. Until, that is, the small business successor to the 300 series, House Exchange System 1 was revealed. The 700 series, HES 3."}, {"context": " This comprised, up to, five stations, all of which could call one another and make, answer or transfer calls. All of the parts of this system had to be built up, on site, by the installer, from an assortment of anonymous looking cardboard boxes and plastic bags. After installing the fixed wiring and external power supply, up to, five ordinary looking 710Ls had to be transformed into Extension Stations by removing all the knockouts and stuffing them with an incredible amount of springs, wiring and lights. Incredibly, two of the knockouts could wind up, for a full system, containing two pushbuttons each, one for each of the other four stations, L shaped to cram them into the small holes. That made a total of two supervisory lamps and six buttons on what, outwardly, seemed a normal, domestic telephone instrument."}, {"context": " This was the same as a 706 but had four possible buttons or lamps fitted at the top of the case. Dummy buttons were used where neither button nor lamp was used. The ultimate task of the Tele. 710L was that of being transformed into an Extension Station of a House Exchange System No.3. (see above) Initially with the 700 series, when a subscriber (customer) ordered a wall-mounted telephone, the attending fitter would have to requisition a standard Tele. 706L, a Bracket No. 6 and a modified, stainless steel, switch-hook assembly. On site the 706 would have its case removed, the front two feet knocked out, the instrument cord removed and the dial turned round through 180 degrees. The bracket was then screwed to the wall, the baseplate mounted on the bracket and the fixed wiring, having been led in via a hole in the baseplate, was terminated in place of the instrument cord. The two metal bezels by which the case was fastened to the chassis were removed and replaced by the new switchhook assembly. This had a bridging piece, like the carrying handle, but with two large hooks to stop the handset falling to the floor. If the instrument had an early dial bezel, carrying the letters and numbers, then this too had to be rotated 180 degrees. When reassembled, the result was an untidy compromise. It looked like what it was, an upside-down 706 with its handset hanging ungainly from the bottom and the curly cord dangling beneath. It was a relief to all concerned when all the above became unnecessary with the introduction of a purpose-built instrument."}, {"context": " Tele 711L This was, essentially, a 706 base with a modified chassis and case. First introduced in 1961, it too could have either a steel or plastic base and wired or printed circuit internals, depending upon the manufacturer. It was supplied with the T-shaped Bracket no.6. The hooks on the top of the bracket located into the holes usually filled by the front feet. A single screw then secured the rear (bottom) of the baseplate to the bracket's upright. Only two rubber feet were left in place, to support the lower part of the instrument on the wall. There was no instrument cord, the fixed wiring being led directly in via the oblong hole on the lower left. The picture below shows one of the last 711s, having been made in 1968, the last production year. The 711 was superseded by the 741 shortly afterwards."}, {"context": " The GPO introduced the Trimphone in the late 60s as an alternative to its standard telephone, this new phone featured a distinctive warbling ring as opposed to the traditional bell. Subscribers had to pay extra for the Trimphone. The original design by Martyn Rowlands dates from 1964. It won a COID Design Award in 1966. Anthony Wedgwood Benn (the then Postmaster-General) presented the first one to a subscriber in 1965, but it was not available to everyone until 1968. The name \"Trimphone\" is apparently an partial acronym; Tone Ringing Illuminated Model."}, {"context": " The original Trimphone was the 712 however it took a number of revisions to get right and a much improved model, the 722 came along in 1966 and was released as the 1/722 with a revised version, the 1/722 MOD, following swiftly on its heels. A further improved version, the 2/722, then became the standard issue in late 1971. With the advent of new style wiring the model numbers were prefixed with an '8' and were fitted with a 4000\u03a9 high impedance ringer and a new style line cord fitted with a 431A plug. Push-button models were introduced in the 70s and the final version of the Trimphone was the Phoenix phone, available in a range of new colours known as The Snowdon Collection which came in out 1982."}, {"context": " In the UK, a brief excursion from standards, GPO telecoms introduced in 1967 their first push-button telephone, the GPO 726 (Ericsson N2000 series ), that used neither pulse dialing nor DTMF tones. It used a DC signalling system comprising a number of rectifier diodes arranged in different polarity configuration according to the button pressed. The 726 also required a ground wire as well as the usual A and B wires. The irony was that the dial signal still had to be converted to pulses in the host PABX."}, {"context": " The Telephone 741 was first introduced in 1968 to replace the Tele 711, it had s similar, but slightly more angular case to the 711 but was based on the internals of the Tele. 746, with its integral regulator, extra button capacity and lamp bracketry. This was an updated version of the 706L type. It was introduced in 1967 and looked very similar, although it had a slightly different case design. The 746 \"carrying handle\" was now an integral part of the moulded 'cow horn' switchhook cradle, whereas the 706 had a removable plastic or metal carrying handle. Unlike the 706 type it had a built-in regulator, which could not be removed. When factory modified for the 'New Plan' plug and socket system an 8 was added to the numbers, hence a 746 became an 8746. Strangely, a brown case colour was then also added to the range."}, {"context": " The 746 telephone was initially available in seven colours: black, red, two tone green, two tone grey, topaz yellow, concorde blue and ivory. In the 1980s a brown option was added known as The Yeoman. With modern exchanges the regulator is not required, but, although it can be removed from the 706, as shown above with the 746 the regulator is permanently wired in-circuit and cannot be removed. The 700 series was able to have between one and six additional buttons fitted; these could be used for many purposes, of which the earliest was for seizing the line and getting Dial Tone for subscribers on Shared Service (party lines). The one shown in the picture was commonly used on bedside extensions, Plan 1A, to turn the bell on and off. If no button was required, the blank was left in place."}, {"context": " The 746 style telephone was also produced for non GPO subscribers by many of the same manufacturers that produced telephones for the GPO. These telephones can be identified by having no \"746\" reference on the underside and will usually have the manufacturer's own reference instead. Similar to the 746, but fitted with push buttons instead of a dial. Just as the 700 type came about as a result of public demand. fuelled by US television shows, so the advent of 'Touchtone Dialling' in later American TV output brought about a demand for the same at home in the UK. Unfortunately the GPO did not yet have the exchange equipment necessary to support 'Touchtone' or DTMF (Dual Tone Multi-Frequency) as the GPO preferred to call it. So they decided to introduce a simulated version instead. This would comprise a very ordinary 700 type instrument, with a push button mod. kit fitted. Beneath the smart-looking buttons, a small converter circuit, powered by re-chargeable Ni-Cd cells, would convert the button presses back to perfectly normal, 10 impulse per second, loop-disconnect dial output, i.e. the new keypad was made to simulate an old rotary dial."}, {"context": " But this was the GPO, and nothing was ever that simple. Even though all the design research had already been done by the major US companies, The GPO decided to do it all over again. Although, initially, they decided to modify the existing 700-type instruments, what hadn't been decided was how the push-buttons should best be laid out. Completely ignoring the then-standard US layout, an experiment was put into motion at the Dollis Hill Research Centre. Mock-ups were made of every conceivable combination and layout of buttons. Each of these had its own seated operator and digital readout. All the button pads and readouts were cabled to a primitive computer. For weeks on end the computer flashed random series of numbers to the digital readouts and the operators had the task of punching these numbers, as quickly as possible, onto the keypads. The speed and accuracy rate were continuously logged, as was the ergonomic comfort of the operators. At the end of many months, much expense, and to absolutely no-one's surprise, the results came out in favour of the existing American layout! Sadly this was too late for at least one major company. ICI had decided to press ahead unilaterally with their own design, the Tele 726, which had two rows of five buttons (no # or * buttons then) set horizontally across the centre of a circular face-plate. This proved very awkward to use."}, {"context": " This was the outcome of the trials. A perfectly normal Tele. 746, but fitted with push buttons instead of a dial and re-dubbed 756. The push buttons just created the same loop disconnect signalling pulses as a dial telephone, which caused horrendous post-dialling delay and much knuckle rapping frustration. The model shown in the photograph is actually an 8756, which has been modified to enable it to be used with the 'New Plan' plug and socket system. A loop dialling keypad version of the Trimphone was introduced in 1976 as the 766. The Trimphones were all fitted with a tone ringer which initially warbled quietly and then louder. With the advent of new style wiring the model numbers were prefixed with an '8' and were fitted with a 4000\u03a9 high impedance ringer and a new style line cord fitted with a 431A plug. In 1982 the final incarnation of the Trimphone was relaunched with a new set of colours known as The Snowdon Collection."}, {"context": " The 776 Compact Telephone was first introduced in 1974. Although based on the same circuitry as the 746 it was a smaller lightweight, space saving telephone and had a separate bell (bell unit 776) connected by a 3M extensible grey cord. An optional wall bracket (type 18A) for the bell unit was also available on which the telephone could stand. The Compact was available in bright blue, light grey and mid-brown. The Silver Jubilee was released in 1977 to celebrate the Queen's Jubilee year. This was made in dark blue with a specially designed motif in the centre dial."}, {"context": " This was a 746 type telephone which could transmit MF4 signalling, also known as DTMF touch tones. These telephones could only operate to exchanges that could deal with MF4 but they were used on PABX systems that used MF4 for internal calls from the 1970s. The TXE1 exchange could handle MF4 calls as early as the late 1960s. This was however a unique prototype exchange, which served customers in Leighton Buzzard: otherwise customers did not have access to MF4 capable exchanges until later models of the TXE4 system came into service in the late 1980s."}, {"context": " These were updated versions of the 200 type plans 5 & 7 but based on the 700 type telephone. It had a master station which was a 700 type telephone mounted on a plinth with buttons, 'The Planset 625'. The master station and the extension stations could call and speak to each other and also handle and transfer outside calls. The difference between a Plan 105 and Plan 107 was that the latter had only one extension; the former had two. On plans with the 'A' suffix, conversation between the extension and the exchange was private against the planset. On a Plan 107 both of the long buttons, on the front of the Planset 625, were connected together. Pressing either would 'buzz' the single extension."}, {"context": " The Plansets were available in Black, Ivory and Grey, to match the three colours of telephone officially specified. However, many customers opted for contrasting case, planset and handset colours. As with the HES3, the installing engineer would have to requisition all the elements separately and assemble them on-site, from an array of packaging. With its case removed, the master instrument was then screwed down onto the Planset whilst squeezing a thick umbilical cable up through the oblong hole in the telephone baseplate. This was very difficult to achieve without damage to the wiring. The hole left in the rear of the telephone case, by the removal of the, redundant, instrument cord, now had to be filled with a matching coloured, square bung."}, {"context": " These were 700 type updates on the HTS 1 and HES 1 respectively. On both systems the main improvement over their predecessors was that the rows of call buttons were now arranged transversely instead of longitudinally. This meant that the basic 706 case styling only needed to be stretched forwards by 3\u00a0inches instead of 8 as previously, on the HES. This looked neater and took up less space. Otherwise, both of these systems had the same facilities as their 300 type counterparts. The GPO (later BT) began to supply the public with a far greater range of stylish telephone instruments. With the advent of 'New Plan' sockets and changes in legislation, subscribers were now free to either rent their telephone or purchase one from any source (as long as it was an approved model)."}, {"context": " These similar telephones were initially only loop disconnect types, when introduced in the early 1980s, but were later available in MF4 (touchtone) versions. They were among the first range of BT phones to be available for outright sale. A novel feature of these phones was that both the dialing circuit and the transmission circuit were on a single microchip. The one shown in the photograph is a 9003R manufactured in January 1984 and is loop disconnect. The Tremolo has squarer, flatter styling with a handle recess in the case, below the handset, by which it may be carried in use."}, {"context": " An unwelcome side-effect of the modern lightweight materials used on these and all later models was that the handsets were too light. Not only did they not reliably hold down the tiny micro-switch, which now served as the switchhook, but users did not like the feel of them. They felt like 'toys'. They lacked 'gravitas'. This was addressed by the simple inclusion of a steel bar in the handle of the handset to give it weight and make it feel a 'serious' piece of equipment. The telephones could be desk or wall mounted without any modification."}, {"context": " This telephone was able to operate on both loop disconnect (pulse) and MF4 (tone) dialing. The method was chosen by a switch on the base, as shown in the photograph. It was introduced in the 1980s as a basic telephone and was the last model with a mechanical bell. The volume control was the ultimate in simplicity: a plastic disc with a hole in it which could be rotated to cover over the sounder holes by a varying amount. These telephones are able to operate on both loop-disconnect (pulse) and MF4 (tone) and a switch on the base of the telephone chooses the method. The volume of the ringer could also be changed to High, Low or Off ('off' did not actually disconnect the bell but merely locked the clapper in position so that it could not strike the bells). The Relate is shown on the left, the React has a squarer styling, without the pen-holder tray. Note also that on the underside of the Relate there is a mount that can be fitted in two positions. One makes it a desk telephone and mounting it the other way round turns it into a wall telephone \u2013 very ingenious. On the React, the only modification required, for wall mounting, is the reversal of a tiny tab, in the receiver recess. This prevents the handset falling on the floor. A similar tab is molded onto the top of the case, to provide an 'Off Hook' parking position.  One of the first telephones with built in loudspeaking capability. This telephone is not a domestic instrument but one of many designed for use on early electronic office systems. Note the ten direct-dial extension buttons."}]}, {"title": "GPOPS-II", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPOPS-II (pronounced \"GPOPS 2\") is a general-purpose MATLAB software for solving continuous optimal control problems using hp-adaptive Gaussian quadrature collocation and sparse nonlinear programming. The acronym GPOPS stands for \"General Purpose OPtimal Control Software\", and the Roman numeral \"II\" refers to the fact that GPOPS-II is the second software of its type (that employs Gaussian quadrature integration). GPOPS-II is designed to solve multiple-phase optimal control problems of the following mathematical form (where formula_1 is the number of phases):"}, {"context": " It is important to note that the event constraints can contain any functions that relate information at the start and/or terminus of any phase (including relationships that include both static parameters and integrals) and that the phases themselves need not be sequential. It is noted that the approach to linking phases is based on well-known formulations in the literature. GPOPS-II uses a class of methods referred to as formula_10-adaptive Gaussian quadrature collocation where the collocation points are the nodes of a Gauss quadrature (in this case, the Legendre-Gauss-Radau [LGR] points). The mesh consists of intervals into which the total time interval formula_11 in each phase is divided, and LGR collocation is performed in each interval. Because the mesh can be adapted such that both the degree of the polynomial used to approximate the state formula_12 and the width of each mesh interval can be different from interval to interval, the method is referred to as an formula_10-adaptive method (where \"formula_14\" refers to the width of each mesh interval, while \"formula_15\" refers to the polynomial degree in each mesh interval). The LGR collocation method has been developed rigorously in Refs., while formula_10-adaptive mesh refinement methods based on the LGR collocation method can be found in Refs., ."}, {"context": " The development of GPOPS-II began in 2007. The code development name for the software was \"OptimalPrime\", but was changed to GPOPS-II in late 2012 in order to keep with the lineage of the original version of GPOPS which implemented global collocation using the Gauss pseudospectral method. The development of GPOPS-II continues today, with improvements that include the open-source algorithmic differentiation package ADiGator and continued development of formula_10-adaptive mesh refinement methods for optimal control."}, {"context": " GPOPS-II has been used extensively throughout the world both in academia and industry. Published academic research where GPOPS-II has been used includes Refs., where the software has been used in applications such as performance optimization of Formula One race cars, Ref. where the software has been used for minimum-time optimization of low-thrust orbital transfers, where the software has been used for human performance in cycling, Ref. where the software has been used for soft lunar landing, and Ref. where the software has been used to optimize the motion of a bipedal robot."}]}, {"title": "GPP", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPP may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "GPR 120", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPR 120 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and the putative receptor for omega-3 fatty acids including Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). GPR 120 was among a number of free fatty acid receptors only recently discovered from the human genome database utilizing the GPCR deorphanizing strategy. Binding to the GPR 120 receptor is one of the many putative mechanisms of action for the potential health benefits of consuming omega-3 fatty acids. GPR 120 has specifically shown a role in the in-vivo anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects of DHA and EPA in macrophages. Macrophage mediated inflammation is a key player in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome related disorders, including diabetes and atherosclerosis. GPR 120 is also a key regulator of adipogenesis, including adipocyte development and differentiation."}]}, {"title": "GPR endopeptidase", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPR endopeptidase (, \"germination proteinase\") is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction This enzyme participates in spore germination in \"Bacillus megaterium\"."}]}, {"title": "GPR index", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The GPR index, derived from Global Property Research, is a stock market index composed of property companies that trade on several global exchanges."}]}, {"title": "GPR1", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein-coupled receptor 1, also known as GPR1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR1\" gene. GPR1 is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family of transmembrane receptors. It functions as a receptor for chemerin. Other receptors for chemerin include CMKLR1 and CCRL2."}]}, {"title": "GPR101", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 101 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR101\" gene. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs, or GPRs) contain 7 transmembrane domains and transduce extracellular signals through heterotrimeric G proteins. A duplication event in \"GPR101\" is implicated in cases of gigantism and acromegaly."}]}, {"title": "GPR107", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Protein GPR107 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR107\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR110", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 110 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR110\" gene. This gene encodes a member of the adhesion-GPCR receptor family. Family members are characterized by an extended extracellular region with a variable number of N-terminal protein modules coupled to a TM7 region via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain."}]}, {"title": "GPR111", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 111 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR111\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR112", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein-coupled receptor 112 is a protein encoded by the \"ADGRG4\" gene. GPR112 is a member of the adhesion GPCR family. Adhesion GPCRs are characterized by an extended extracellular region often possessing N-terminal protein modules that is linked to a TM7 region via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain. GPR112 is expressed in human enterochromaffin cells and in the mouse intestine. The N-terminal fragment (NTF) of GPR112 contains pentraxin (PTX)-like modules. GPR112 gene expression has been identified as a marker for neuroendocrine carcinoma cells."}]}, {"title": "GPR113", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPR113 is a gene that encodes the Probable G-protein coupled receptor 113 protein. The \"Homo sapiens\" GPR113 gene is located on chromosome 2 (2p23.3). This gene spans the length of a 38.65kb region from base 26531041 to 26569685 on the negative strand. The GPR113 gene has two neighbors on either side on the negative strand: OTOF otoferlin preceding and HADHA hydroxyacyl-CoA following. Directly opposite the GPR113 on the positive strand is the EPT1 gene. The GPR113 gene is also known by the aliases PGR23 and HGPCR37."}, {"context": " The GPR113 has 5 human paralogs GPR110, GPR115, GPR128, GPR111, and GPR116. GPR113 is well conserved in mammals from primates to semi-aquatic species, as well as some amphibians. These include the Common Chimpanzee, the African Bush Elephant, the Platypus, and the Western Clawed Frog. Homologous domains that are well conserved throughout orthologs center in the 7 transmembrane receptor (Secretin family) region highlighted in purple in the figure. The protein product of GPR113 gene is a G-protein coupled receptor. The protein has three transcript variants in humans. Of these three, GPR113 Variant 1 has the longest amino acid sequence, and has the highest identity to orthologs. This leads to the conclusion that GPR113 Variant 1 is the homo sapiens descendent of the ancestral GPR113 gene. GPR113 Var 1 contains 1079 Amino Acids, and is integral to the plasma membrane. The 7-pass receptor contains 4 domains highlighted in the figure at right: Signal Peptide (Red), Hormone Receptor Domain (Blue), Latrophilin/CL-1-like GPS domain (Orange), and the 7-transmembrane receptor (Purple). Between the Hormone Receptor Domain and the GPS is a Domain of unknown function that is not highlighted."}, {"context": " GPR113 is a G protein-coupled receptor that is involved in a neuropeptide signaling pathway. GPR113 has been found to be expressed differentially under diseased conditions. Under the condition of Type 2 diabetes, the percentile rank relative to other transcripts decreases relative to normal cell function. The deletion of TP63, which mediates a wide variety of important body processes, also produces decreased GPR113 expression. In mice brains, the cerebellum and the olfactory bulb both show transcription of the GPR113 gene. Additionally, a study from the National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders has identified GPR113 expression to be highly restricted to a subset of taste receptor cells. This paper's conclusions, coupled with olfactory bulb expression levels, could provide an avenue for future research, potentially illuminating more about GPR113's function.  GPR113 has been shown to associate with the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR123. The clinical significance of this protein has not been established. However, the expression profiles provide exciting directions for future research of the GPR113 gene, especially in fields studying taste and smell."}]}, {"title": "GPR114", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein-coupled receptor 114 is a protein encoded by the \"ADGRG5\" gene. GPR114 is a member of the adhesion GPCR family. Adhesion GPCRs are characterized by an extended extracellular region often possessing N-terminal protein modules that is linked to a TM7 region via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain. GPR114 mRNA is specifically expressed in human eosinophils as well as in mouse lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophage, and dendritic cells. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) assay in overexpressing HEK293 cells has demonstrated coupling of GPR114 to G\u03b1 protein."}]}, {"title": "GPR115", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 115 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR115\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR116", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 116 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR116\" gene. GPR116 has now been shown to play an essential role in the regulation of lung surfactant homeostasis."}]}, {"title": "GPR119", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein-coupled receptor 119 also known as GPR119 is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR119\" gene. GPR119, along with GPR55 and GPR18, have been implicated as novel cannabinoid receptors. GPR119 is expressed predominantly in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract in rodents and humans, as well as in the brain in rodents. Activation of the receptor has been shown to cause a reduction in food intake and body weight gain in rats. GPR119 has also been shown to regulate incretin and insulin hormone secretion. As a result, new drugs acting on the receptor have been suggested as novel treatments for obesity and diabetes.  A number of endogenous and synthetic ligands for this receptor have been identified:"}]}, {"title": "GPR12", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR12\" gene. The gene product of GPR12 is an orphan receptor, meaning that its endogenous ligand is currently unknown. Gene disruption of GPR12 in mice results in dyslipidemia and obesity."}]}, {"title": "GPR120", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G-protein coupled receptor 120 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR120\" gene. GPR120 is a member of the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs). GPR120 has also been shown to mediate the anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects of omega 3 fatty acids. Lack of GPR120 is responsible for reduced fat metabolism, thereby leading to obesity. Additionally, GPR120 has been implicated to be involved in the ability to taste fats. It is expressed in taste bud cells (specifically cell type II, which contain other G-protein coupled taste receptors), and its absence leads to reduced preference to two types of fatty acid (linoleic acid and oleic acid), as well as decreased neuronal response to oral fatty acids."}]}, {"title": "GPR123", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 123 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR123\" gene. It is a member of the adhesion-GPCR family of receptors. Family members are normally characterized by an extended extracellular region with a variable number of protein domains coupled to a TM7 domain via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain."}]}, {"title": "GPR124", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 124 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR124\" gene. It is a member of the adhesion-GPCR family of receptors. Family members are characterized by an extended extracellular region with a variable number of protein domains coupled to a TM7 domain via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain. GPR124 has been shown to interact with DLG1."}]}, {"title": "GPR125", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 125 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR125\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR126", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein-coupled receptor 126 also known as VIGR and DREG is a protein encoded by the \"ADGRG6\" gene. GPR126 is a member of the adhesion GPCR family. Adhesion GPCRs are characterized by an extended extracellular region often possessing N-terminal protein modules that is linked to a TM7 region via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain. GPR126 is all widely expressed on stromal cells. The N-terminal fragment of GPR126 contains C1r-C1s, Uegf and Bmp1 (CUB), and PTX-like modules."}, {"context": " GPR126 was shown to bind collagen IV and laminin-211 promoting cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to mediate myelination. Upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or thrombin stimulation, expression of GPR126 is induced by MAP kinases in endothelial cells. During angiogenesis, GPR126 promotes protein kinase A (PKA)\u2013cAMP-activated signaling in endothelial cells. Forced GPR126 expression in COS-7 cells enhances cAMP levels by coupling to heterotrimeric G\u03b1 proteins. GPR126 has been identified in genomic regions associated with adult height, more specially trunk height, pulmonary function and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. In the vertebrate nervous system, many axons are surrounded by a myelin sheath to conduct action potentials rapidly and efficiently. Applying a genetic screen in zebrafish mutants, Talbot\u2019s group demonstrated that GPR126 affects the development of myelinated axons. GPR126 drives the differentiation of Schwann cells through inducing cAMP levels, which causes Oct6 transcriptional activities to promote myelin gene activity. Mutation of \"gpr126\" in zebrafish affects peripheral myelination. Monk\u2019s group demonstrated domain-specific functions of GPR126 during Schwann cells development: the NTF is necessary and sufficient for axon sorting, while the CTF promotes wrapping through cAMP induction to regulate early and late stages of Schwann cells development."}, {"context": " Outside of neurons, GPR126 function is required for heart and inner ear development. GPR126 stimulates VEGF signaling and angiogenesis by modulating VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) expression through STAT5 and GATA2 in endothelial cells. Mouse models have shown GPR126 deletion to affect cartilage biology and spinal column development, supporting findings that variants of GPR126 have been associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, and Mutations have been shown to be responsible for severe arthrogryposis multiplex congenita"}]}, {"title": "GPR128", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein-coupled receptor 128 is a protein encoded by the \"ADGRG7\" gene. GPR128 is a member of the adhesion GPCR family. Adhesion GPCRs are characterized by an extended extracellular region often possessing N-terminal protein modules that is linked to a TM7 region via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain. GPR128 is specifically expressed in human liver as well as in mouse bone marrow and intestinal tissues. Ni et al. showed that \"Gpr128\" deletion in mice causes reduced body weight and induced intestinal contraction frequency.  A 111-kb copy number gain with breakpoints within the TRK-fused gene (a target of translocations in lymphoma and thyroid tumors) and GPR128 has been identified in the genome of patients with atypical myeloproliferative neoplasms. Notably, the fused gene was also detected in few healthy individuals."}]}, {"title": "GPR132", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein coupled receptor 132, also termed G2A, is classified as a member of the proton sensing G protein coupled receptor (GPR) subfamily. Like other members of this subfamily, i.e. GPR4, OGR1 (GPR68), and TDAG8 (GPR65), G2A is a G protein coupled receptor that resides in the cell surface membrane, senses changes in extracellular pH, and can alter cellular function as a consequence of these changes. Subsequently, G2A was suggested to be a receptor for lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). However, the roles of G2A as a pH-sensor or LPC receptor are disputed. Rather, current studies suggest that it is a receptor for certain metabolites of the polyunsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid."}, {"context": " G2A in humans is encoded by the \"GPR132\" gene. The G2A gene (Gene ID: 29933) is located on chromosome 14q32.3 codes for two alternative splice variants, the original one, G2A-a, and G2A-b, that consist of 380 and 371 amino acids, respectively; the two receptor variants, when expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, gave very similar results when analyzed for functionality. G2A-a and G2A-b mRNA are expressed at similar levels in blood leukocytes ( macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils [PMN], mast cells, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes at the highest levels followed by lower levels in spleen, lung and heart tissues; both variants are expressed at similar levels, and are almost equally induced by DNA synthesis inhibitors (hydroxyurea and cytosine arabinoside) or a differentiation inducer (all-trans retinoic acid) in HL-60 human leukemic cells."}, {"context": " The mouse G2A receptor, encoded by Gpr132, has 67% amino acid identity to human G2A but does not sense pH and does not respond to certain presumptive ligands (i.e. linoleic acid metabolites) that activate the human G2A. Targeted disruption of G2A in mice causes the development of a late onset (> 1 year) slowly progressive wasting and autoimmune disease characterized by lymphoid organ enlargement, lymphocytic infiltration into various tissues, glomerular immune complex deposition, and anti-nuclear autoantibodies. Mice transplanted with bone marrow cells containing the BCR-ABL leukemia-inducing fusion gene but deficient in G2A exhibit expanded populations of leukemic cells compared to recipients of BCR-ABL-containing, G2A-sufficient bone marrow cells. BCR-ABL is the oncogene of the Philadelphia chromosome that causes human Chronic myelogenous leukemia and is sometimes found associated with human acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute myelocytic leukemia; furthermore, the forced expression of BCR-ABL in cultured rodent cells induces the expression of G2A and the overexpression of G2A inhibits the malignant growth to these cells. Thus, the G2A deficiency studies suggest that G2A functions in mice to suppress certain immune dysfunctions and BCR-ABL-related leukemic cell growth."}, {"context": " G2A was initially defined as one of the gene products whose production was stimulated in mouse pre-B lymphocytes (see Immunoglobulin heavy chain) by transfecting the cells with the human oncogene (i.e., cancer causing) BCR-ABL or by treating the cells with DNA damaging agents; its expression in these cells blocked their progression through the cell cycle specifically at the G2-M DNA damage checkpoint. These studies allow that G2A limits the potentially malignant growth of certain cells in mice and possible could do so in humans. In addition, Gene knockout studies in mice find G2A to be necessary for suppressing an autoimmune syndrome (see G2A deficiency in mice). These results allow that G2A may function in blocking certain aspects of autoimmunity, particularly those involving the proliferation and tissue trafficking of lymphocytes. Early studies first classified G2A as a proton-sensing receptor and suggested that G2A contributed to the regulation of proliferation in certain cells and the regulation of lymphocytes' contributions to certain immune functions by being activated by changes in extracellular pH. Tissues suffering malignant cell growth, autoimmune reactions, poor blood flow ischemia, inflammation and allergy reactions, and tissue injury develop extracellular acidification due to the stimulation of anaerobic glycolysis; The proton-sensing function of G2A could be involved in combating or, in certain cases promoting these conditions. An example implicating G2A's pH sensitivity in physiological responses involves pain perception. In rats, G2A, similar to other pH sensing GPCRs, is located in dorsal root ganglia neurons, small diameter neurons responsible for nociception, and other nerve tissues responsible for sensing pain; it is suggested that G2A in these nerve tissues detects the acid changes that occur in the extracellular media of injured tissues and signal for the perception of pain"}, {"context": " However, the activity of the human G2A receptor and its mouse homolog are significantly less sensitive to pH fluctuations than other pH sensing GPCRs; indeed, in studies of thymocytes and splenocytes taken from mice deficient in either the G2A or another pH-sensing GPCR, TDAG8, TDAG8 was found critical while G2A was found dispensable for sensing pH changes. Thus, the cited functions of G2A presumed due to its pH sensing ability could reflect other means for this receptor's activation. A report working with human neutrophils proposed that G2A was a receptor for a phospholipid, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and a Sphingomyelin, sphingosylphosphorylcholine. However, these studies did not give evidence that these lyso-phospholipids actually bound to G2A; some 4 years later this report was withdrawn. Nonetheless, many of LPC's activities do depend on G2A; more recent data suggest that rather than acting directly as a ligand that binds to G2A, LPC alters G2A's distribution within the cell by increasing its movement from the cell interior to the cell surface and/or by preventing its movement away from the cell surface to the cell interior. That is, in neutrophils and other cell types which have internal stores of G2A in membrane-bound secretory vesicles, G2A-containing vesicles continuously merge with and move back out of a cell's surface membrane. Lyso-phospholipids may act as \"a))\" detergents to increase a cell's permeability thereby allowing entry of small extracellular molecules such as ionic calcium which trigger the movement of the intracellular vesicles to the surface membrane or \"b)\" agents that intercalate or wedge into the cell's surface membrane to promote this vesicle movement or slow this vesicle movement out of the membrane . Such effects increase the expression of G2A at the cell surface membrane which, if G2A has a sub-stimulatory level of activity when normally express but stimulatory when it is overexpressed at the surface membrane, may lead to G2A-dependent cellular responses. With respect to this view, small decreases in extracellular pH reduce the internalization of G2A thereby increasing its surface membrane expression."}, {"context": " LPCs that contain the unsaturated fatty acids hexadecanoic acid or octadecanoic acid bound to their \"sn-1\" act to permeablize, while LPC with the monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid at \"sn-1\" act to perturb target cell surface membranes. While not involving G2A receptor binding, some actions of LPCs are G2A-dependent. For example, LPCs increase the bactericidal activity of rodent neutrophils, enhance hydrogen peroxide production in rodent neutrophils triggered by the ingestion of bacteria, stimulate the chemotaxis of human monocytes, and protect mice from the lethal effects of experimentally induced bacterial sepsis endotoxin. G2A may similarly be responsible for the activities of other phospholipids which, like LPC have not been shown to bind to G2A but still require G2A for certain of their activities viz., lysophosphatidylserine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine; these two lyso-phospholipids stimulate calcium signaling pathways in human neutrophils by a G2A dependent mechanism. Furthermore, activated neutrophils greatly increase their surface membrane content of lysophosphatidylserine. In a mouse model, mouse neutrophils with increased levels of lysophosphatidylserine on their surface membrane due to cell activation or artificial addition showed an increase in there engulfment by mouse macrophages in vitro that was dependent on the expression of G2A in the macrophages and an increased rate of clearance in mice by a mechanism that was dependent on the expression of G2A by the mice. Lysophosphotidylserine-laden neutrophils stimulated the G2A-dependent production the anti-inflammatory mediator, prostaglandin E2, by macrophages in the in vitro studies and inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, interleukin-6 and keratinocyte chemoattractant, in in vivo studies. Taken together, these studies suggest that G2A, activated by certain phospholipids contributes not only to the development but also the resolution of certain inflammation and innate immune responses in mice and may also do so in humans."}, {"context": " The linoleic acid metabolites, 9(\"S\")-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (HODE), (9\"R\")-HODE, and 13(\"R\")-HODE (see 9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid and 13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid), and the arachidonic acid metabolites 5(\"S\")-hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid (see 5-HETE), 12(\"S\")-HETE (see 12-HETE), 15(\"S\")-HETE (see 15-hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid), and racemic 5-HETE, 12-HETE, 15-HETE, 8-HETE, 9-HETE, and 11-HETE stimulate Chinese hamster ovary cells made to express G2A; these effects, unlike those of phospholipids, appear to involve and require the binding of the metabolites to G2A as evidenced by the ability of the most potent of these metabolites, 9-HODE to stimulate G2A-dependent functions in membranes isolated from these cells. 9-HODE induces cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes to stop growing by inhibiting their cell cycle at the G1 stage; it also stimulates these cells to secrete three cytokines that stimulate keratinocyte growth vis., interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and GM-CSF. These activities are G2A-dependent. It is suggested that 9-HODE acts in human skin to block the proliferation of damaged cells while concurrently, by triggering the secretion of the cited cytokines, stimulating the proliferation of undamaged skin cells; these actions may thereby serve to rejuvenate skin damaged for example by UV light."}]}, {"title": "GPR133", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 133 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR133\" gene. This gene encodes a member of the adhesion-GPCR family of receptors. Family members are characterized by an extended extracellular region with a variable number of protein domains coupled to a TM7 domain via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain."}]}, {"title": "GPR135", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 135 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR135\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR137B", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein-coupled receptor 137B also known as GPR137B is a G protein-coupled receptor which in humans is encoded by the \"GPR137B\" gene. The expression of GPR137B is upregulated during kidney development."}]}, {"title": "GPR139", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 139 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR139\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR141", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 141 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR141\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR142", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 142 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR142\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR143", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G-protein coupled receptor 143 is a protein encoded by the \"GPR143\" gene in humans. Ocular albinism type 1 protein is a conserved integral membrane protein with seven transmembrane domains. It is expressed in the eye and epidermal melanocytes. The GPR143 gene is regulated by the Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. L-DOPA is an endogenous ligand for OA1. GPR143 has been shown to interact with GNAI1."}]}, {"title": "GPR144", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 144 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR144\" gene. This gene encodes a member of the adhesion-GPCR family of receptors. Family members are characterised by an extended extracellular region with a variable number of protein domains coupled to a TM7 domain via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain."}]}, {"title": "GPR146", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 146 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR146\" gene. It has been identified as a possible receptor for C-peptide."}]}, {"title": "GPR148", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein-coupled receptor 148, also known as GPR148, is a human orphan receptor from GPCR superfamily. It is expressed primarily in nervous system and testis. Is may be implicated in prostate cancer."}]}, {"title": "GPR149", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 149 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR149\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR15", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G-protein coupled receptor 15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR15\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR150", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 150 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR150\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR151", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 151 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR151\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR152", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 152 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR152\" gene. Model organisms have been used in the study of GPR152 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called \"Gpr152\" was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunological phenotyping"}]}, {"title": "GPR153", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 153 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR153\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR155", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Integral membrane protein GPR155, also known as G protein-coupled receptor 155, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR155\" gene. Mutations in this gene may be associated with autism."}]}, {"title": "GPR156", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPR156 (G protein-coupled receptor 156), is a human gene which encodes a G protein-coupled receptor belonging to metabotropic glutamate receptor subfamily. By sequence homology, this gene was proposed as being a possible GABA receptor subunit, however when expressed in cells alone or with other GABA subunits, no response to GABA ligands could be detected. Therefore, the function of this protein remains to be elucidated."}]}, {"title": "GPR157", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 157 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR157\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR158", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 158 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR158\" gene. This protein is an orphan class C GPCR. It is highly expressed in the brain, where it binds to RGS7, an inhibitor of G-coupled GPCR signaling, localizing it to the plasma membrane. It is expressed at lower levels in other organs and shows an unusual subcellular localization pattern, being found at both the plasma membrane and in the nucleus. GPR158 in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been shown to regulate stress-induced depression in a mouse model of depression and has been found to be upregulated in post-mortem tissue samples from humans with major depressive disorder (MDD).  The \"GPR158\" gene is an androgen-regulated gene that stimulates cell proliferation in prostate cancer cell lines, and it is linked to neuroendocrine differentiation."}]}, {"title": "GPR160", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 160 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR160\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR161", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G-protein coupled receptor 161 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR161\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR162", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 162 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR162\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR17", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Uracil nucleotide/cysteinyl leukotriene receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR17\" gene located on chromosome 2 at position q21. The actual activating ligands for and some functions of this receptor are disputed. Initially discovered in 1998 as an Orphan receptor, i.e. a receptor whose activating ligand(s) and function were unknown, GPR17 was \"deorphanized\" in a study that reported it to be a receptor for LTC4, LTD4, and uracil nucleotides. In consequence, GPR17 attracted attention as a potential mediator of reactions caused by LTC4 and LTD4 viz., asthma, rhinitis, and urticarial triggered by allergens, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and exercise (see Aspirin-induced asthma). Subsequent reports, however, have varied in results: studies focusing on the allergen and non-allergen reactions find that GPR17-bearing cells do not respond to LTC4, LTD4, and uracil nucleotides while studies focusing on nerve tissue find that certain types of GPR17-bearing oligodendrocytes do indeed respond to them. In 2013 and 2014 reports, the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology took no position on which of these are true ligands for GPR17. GPR17 is a constitutively active receptor, i.e. a receptor that has baseline activity which is independent of, although potentially increased by, its ligands."}, {"context": " GPR17 has a structure which is intermediate between the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor group (i.e. cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 and cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2) and the purine P2Y subfamily of 12 receptors (see P2Y receptors), sharing 28 to 48% amino acid identity with them. GPR17 is a G protein coupled receptor that acts primarily through G proteins linked to the Gi alpha subunit but also to Gq alpha subunit. Matching these structural relationships, GPR17 has been reported to be activated by cysteinyl leukotrienes (i.e. LTC4 and LTD4) as well as the purines (i.e., uridine, Uridine diphosphate (UDP), UDP-glucose). Further relating these receptors, GPR17 may dimerize (i.e. associate with) certain of the cited cysteinyl leukotriene or purine receptors in mediating cell responses and this dimerization may explain some of the discrepancies reported for the ability of these ligands to activate GPR17 as expressed in different cell types (see below section of Function). GPR17 is also activated by the emergency-signaling and atherosclerosis-promoting oxysterols and by synthetic compounds with broadly different structures. Relevant to its activating ligands as well as its reported interaction with other G protein coupled receptors, GPR17 is a promiscuous receptor."}, {"context": " Montelukast which inhibits cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 and is in clinical use for the chronic and preventative treatment of LTC4- and LTD4-promted allergic and non-allergic diseases, and Cangrelor, which inhibits P2Y purinergic receptors and is approved in the USA as an antiplatelet drug, inhibit the GPR17 receptor. GPR17 was first clone form and is highly expressed in certain precursors of oligodendrocytes in the nerve tissue of the central nervous system (CNS); it is overexpress in CNS tissues experiencing demyelination injuries; within 48 hours of the latter types of injuries, GPR17 expression is induced in dying neurons within and on the borders of injury, in infiltrating microglia and macrophages, and in activated oligodendrocyte precursor cells."}, {"context": " Studies focusing on allergic and hypersensitivity reactions have found that the LTC4 and LTD4 ligands for Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLTR1) and Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2, which mediate these reactions, have disputed findings that LTC4 and LTD4 are ligands for GPR17. They have shown that cells co-expressing both CysLTR1 and GPR17 receptors exhibit a marked reduction in binding LTC4 and that mice lacking GPR17 are hyper-responsive to igE-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. They therefore have nominated GPR17 as functioning to inhibit CysLTR1 in these model systems and as such might serve to dampen the acute reactions involving the cited LTs."}, {"context": " Studies focusing on nerve tissue indicate that GPR17 is: a) highly expressed in precursors to mature oligodendrocytes but not expressed in mature oligodendrocytes, suggesting that GPR17 must be down-regulated in order for precursor cells to proceed to terminal oligodendrocyte differentiation; b) activated by uridine, Uridine diphosphate (UDP) and UDP-glucose to stimulate outward K+ channels and the aforementioned maturation responses in oligodenrocyte precursor cells; c) also activated by LTC4 and LTD4; d) more highly expressed in central nervous system (CNS) tissues of animal models undergoing ischemia, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and focal demyelination as well as in the CNS tissues of humans suffering brain damage due to ischemia, trauma, and multiple sclerosis; e) expressed in injured neurons and associated with the rapid death and clearance of these neurons in a model of mouse spinal cord crush injury; f) acts to reduce the extent of spinal cord injury in the latter model based on the increased extent of injury in GPR17-depleted mice; and g) acts to reduce inflammation, elevate hippocampus neurogenesis, and improve learning and memory in a rat model of age-related cognitive impairment based on the effects of the GPR17 antagonist, montelukast, as well as of GPR17 depletion. The studies suggest that GPR17 is a sensor of damage in the CNS and participates in the resolution of this damage by clearing and/or promoting the re-myelination of injured neurons caused by a variety of insults perhaps including old age.  The \"GPR17\" gene has also been found to regulate food intake response mediated by FOXO1. GPR17 has been proposed as a potential pharmacological target for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and traumatic brain injury in humans."}]}, {"title": "GPR171", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 171 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR171\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR173", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 173 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR173\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR174", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 174 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR174\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR176", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 176 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR176\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR177", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein-coupled receptor 177 (GPR177), commonly known as Wntless, is a human gene that encodes a receptor for Wnt proteins in Wnt-secreting cells. Wntless was shown to be a cargo for the retromer complex. It has been found essential for hair follicle induction."}]}, {"title": "GPR179", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 179 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR179\" gene. Mutations in this gene have been associated to cases of congenital stationary Night Blindness."}]}, {"title": "GPR182", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPR182 (or G protein-coupled receptor 182) is a human gene (and associated protein) which is an orphan G-protein coupled receptor. When this gene was first cloned, it was proposed to encode an adrenomedullin receptor. However, when the corresponding protein was expressed, it was found not to respond to adrenomedullin (ADM). It was subsequently shown that a different GPCR, CALCRL when complexed with RAMP2 can function as an ADM receptor."}]}, {"title": "GPR183", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G-protein coupled receptor 183 also known as Epstein-Barr virus-induced G-protein coupled receptor 2 (EBI2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR183\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR19", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 19 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR19\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR20", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 20 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR20\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR21", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 21 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR21\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR22", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 22 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR22\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR25", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 25 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR25\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR26", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 26 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR26\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR27", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 27 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR27\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR3", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G-protein coupled receptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR3\" gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family of transmembrane receptors and is involved in signal transduction. GPR3 activates adenylate cyclase in the absence of ligand. GPR3 is expressed in mammalian oocytes where it maintains meiotic arrest and is thought to be a communication link between oocytes and the surrounding somatic tissue. It has been proposed that sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) are GPR3 ligands, however this result was not confirmed in a \u03b2-arrestin recruitment assay."}]}, {"title": "GPR31", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G-protein coupled receptor 31 also known as 12-(S)-HETE receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR31\" gene. The human gene is located on chromosome 6q27 and encodes a G-protein coupled receptor protein composed of 319 amino acids. The GPR31 receptor is most closely related in amino acid sequence to the oxoeicosanoid receptor 1, a G-protein coupled receptor encoded by the GPR170 gene. Oxoeicosanoid receptor 1 is the receptor for a family of arachidonic acid metabolites made by 5-lipoxygenase viz., 5-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), 5-oxoicosanoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) and other members of this family of broadly bioactive cell stimuli. The GPR31 receptor is a receptor for very different arachidonic acid metabolite, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), whose synthesis is catalyzed by 12-lipoxygenase; this conclusion is based on studies that cloned the receptor from the PC-3 prostate cancer cell line and found that the cloned receptor, when expressed in other cell types, bound with high affinity (Kd=5 nM) and mediated the actions of low concentrations of the \"S\" but not \"R\" stereoisomer of 12-HETE. In a [35S]GTP\u03b3S binding assay, which indirectly estimates a receptor's binding affinity with a ligand by measuring this ligand's ability to stimulate the receptor to bind [35S]GTP\u03b3S, 12(\"S\")-HETE stimulated the cloned GPR31 receptor to bind [35S]GTP\u03b3S with an EC50 (effective concentration causing a 50% of maximal rise in [35S]GTP\u03b3S binding) was <0.3 nM; it was 42\u00a0nm for 15(\"S\")-HETE, 390 nM for 5(\"S\")-HETE, and undetectable for 12(\"R\")-HETE. Importantly, however, we do not known if GPR31 interacts with structural analogs of 12(\"S\")-HETE such as 12-oxo-ETE (a metabolite of 12(\"S\")-HETE), various 5,12-diHETEs including LTB4, and an array of bioactive 12(\"S\")-HETE and 12(\"R\")-HETE metabolites, the Hepoxilins. Further studies will be needed to determine if the GPR31 receptor is dedicated to binding and mediating the aciont of 12(\"S\")-HETE more or less exclusively or, like the oxoeicosanoid receptor 1, binds and mediates the actions of a family of analogs."}, {"context": " GPR31 receptor, like the oxoeicosanoid receptor, activates the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway of intercellular signaling but unlike the oxoeicoanaoid receptor does not trigger rises in the concentration of cytosolic Ca; it also activates NF\u03baB. GPR31 receptor therefore exhibits the stereospecificity and some other features generally expected from a true GPR receptor. 12(\"S\")-HETE also: a) binds to and activates the leukotriene B4 receptor-2 (BLT2), a G protein-coupled receptor for the 5-lipoxygenase-derived arachidonic acid metabolite, LTB4 and LTB4 metabolites; b) binds to, but rather than activating, inhibits the G protein-coupled receptor for the cyclooxygenase-derived arachidonic acid metabolites prostaglandin H2 and thromboxane A2; c) binds with high affinity to a 50 kilodalton (Kda) subunit of a 650 kDa cytosolic and nuclear protein complex; and d) binds with low affinity to and activates intracellular Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. These alternate binding and cell-activating sites complicate the determination of 12(\"S\")-HETE's dependency on GPR31 in stimulating cells as well as the overall function of GPR31. The effects of GPR31 Gene knockout in animal models, a technique critical to defining the in vivo function of genes, will be critical to shedding light on these issues."}, {"context": " GPR31 receptor mRNA is highly expressed in the PC-3 prostate cancer cell line and to a lesser extent the DU145 prostate cancer cell line and to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), and human pulmonary aortic endothelial cells (HPAC). Its mRNA is also express but at rather low levels in several other human cell lines including: K562 cells (human myelogenous leukemia cells); Jurkat cells (T lymphocye cells); Hut78 cells (T cell lymphoma cells), HEK 293 cells (primary embryonic kidney cells), MCF-7 cells (mammary adenocarcinoma cellss), and EJ cells (bladder carcinoma cells)."}, {"context": " Mice express an ortholog to human GPR31 in their circulating blood platelets. The GPR31 receptor appears to mediate the responses of PC-3 prostate cancer cells to 12(\"S\")-HETE in stimulating the MEK-ERK1/2 and NF\u03baB pathways and therefore may contribute to the growth-promoting and metastasis-promoting actions that 12(\"S\")-HETE is proposed to have in human prostate cancer. However, LNCaP and PC3 human prostate cancer cells also express BLT2 receptors; in LNCaP cells, BLT2 receptors stimulate the expression of the growth- and metastasis-promoting androgen receptor; in PC3 cells, BLT2 receptors stimulate the NF-\u03baB pathway to inhibit the apoptosis induced by cell detachment from surfaces (i.e. Anoikis; and, in BLT2-overexpressing PWR-1E non-malignant prostate cells, 12(\"S\")-HETE diminished anoikis-associated apoptotic cell death. Thus, the roles of 12(\"S\")-HETE in human prostate cancer, if any, may involve its activation of either or both GPR31 and BLT2 receptors."}, {"context": " The many other actions of 12(\"S\")-HETE (see 12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) and any other ligands found to interact with this receptor will require studies similar those conducted on PC3 cells and mesenteric arteries to determine the extent to which they interact with BLT2, TXA2/PGH2, and PPARgamma receptors and thereby may contribute in part or whole to their activity. Clues implicating the GPR31, as opposed to the other receptors in the actions of 12(\"S\")-HETE include findings that GPR31 receptors do not respond to 12(\"R\")-HETE nor induce rises in cytosolic Ca2+ whereas the other receptors mediate one or both of these actions. These studies will be important because, in addition to prostate cancer, preliminary studies suggest that the GPR31 receptor is implicated in several other diseases such as malignant megakaryocytis (Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia), arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, progressive B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Diabetic neuropathy, and high grade astrocytoma."}]}, {"title": "GPR32", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein-coupled receptor 32, also known as GPR32 or the RvD1 receptor, is a human Receptor (biochemistry) belonging to the rhodopsin-like subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. The \"GPR32\" was initially identified and defined by Molecular cloning in 1998 as coding for an Orphan receptor, i.e. a protein with an amino acid sequence similar to known receptors but having no known ligand(s) to which it responds and no known function. The projected amino acid sequence of GPR32, however, shared 35-39% amino acid identity with certain members of the chemotactic factor receptor family, i.e. 39% identity with Formyl peptide receptor 1, which is a receptor for N-Formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine and related N-formyl peptide chemotactic factors, and 35% identity with Formyl peptide receptor 2, which likewise is also a receptor for N-formyl peptides but also a receptor for certain lipoxins which are arachidonic acid metabolites belonging to a set of specialized proresolving mediators that act to resolve or inhibit inflammatory reactions. GPR32 mapped to chromosomal 19, region q13.3. There are no mouse or orthologs of GPR32."}, {"context": " The GPR32 protein is a G protein coupled receptor although the specific G protein subtypes which it activates has not yet been reported. GPR32 is expressed in human blood neutrophils, certain types of blood lymphocytes (i.e. activated CD8+ cells, CD4+ T cells, and T helper 17 cells), tissue macrophages, small airway epithelial cells, and adipose tissue. When expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, GPR32 inhibits the Cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling pathway under both baseline and forskolin-stimulated conditions indicating that it is a member of the class of orphan G protein coupled receptors that possesses constitutive signaling activity."}, {"context": " At least 6 members of the D series of resolvins (RvDs) viz., RvD1, RvD2m AT-RVD1, RvD3, AT-RvD3, and RvD5, activate their target cells through this receptor; these results have led to naming GPR32 the RVD1 receptor (see Resolvin#Mechanisms of Action). RvDs are members of the specialized proresolving mediators (SPM) class of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites. RVDs are metabolites of the omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and, along with other SRMs contribute to the inhibition and resolution of a diverse range of inflammation and inflammation-related responses as well as to the healing of these inflammatory lesions in animals and humans. The metabolism of DHA to RVD's and the activation of GPR32 by these RVD's are proposed to be one mechanism by which omega-3 fatty acids may ameliorate inflammation as well as various inflammation-based and other diseases."}]}, {"title": "GPR33", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 33 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR33\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR34", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 34 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR34\" gene. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as GPR34, are integral membrane proteins containing 7 putative transmembrane domains (TMs). These proteins mediate signals to the interior of the cell via activation of heterotrimeric G proteins that in turn activate various effector proteins, ultimately resulting in a physiologic response.[supplied by OMIM]"}]}, {"title": "GPR35", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein-coupled receptor 35 also known as GPR35 is a G protein-coupled receptor which in humans is encoded by the \"GPR35\" gene. Heightened expression of GPR35 is found in immune and gastrointestinal tissues, including the crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn. Although GPR35 is still considered an orphan receptor, there have been attempts to deorphanize it by identifying endogenous molecules that can activate the receptor. All of the currently proposed ligands are either unselective towards GPR35, or they lack high potency, a characteristic feature of natural ligands. The following list includes the most prominent examples:"}, {"context": " Other synthetic agonists of GPR35 include: Zaprinast is currently the gold standard in the biochemical evaluation of novel synthetic GPR35 agonists, because it remains potent in an animal model. Most other known agonists display high selectivity towards the human GPR35 orthologue. This phenomenon is well established for other GPCRs and complicates the development of pharmaceutical drugs. Antagonists of GPR35 include: Both ML145 and ML144 unfurl their antagonistic activity through inverse agonism. They are, however, highly species-selective, and practically inactive at the rodent receptor orthologues.  Deletion of GPR35 gene may be responsible for brachydactyly mental retardation syndrome and is mutated in 2q37 monosomy and 2q37 deletion syndrome. In one study GPR35 has been recognised as a potential oncogene in stomach cancer."}]}, {"title": "GPR37", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 37 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR37\" gene. GPR37 has been shown to interact with HSPA1A and Parkin (ligase). GPR37 is a receptor for prosaposin. It was previously thought to be a receptor for head activator, a neuropeptide found in the hydra, but early reports of head activator in mammals were never confirmed."}]}, {"title": "GPR37L1", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Endothelin B receptor-like protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR37L1\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR39", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G-protein coupled receptor 39 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR39\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR4", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G-protein coupled receptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR4\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR42", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Putative G-protein coupled receptor 42 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR42P\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR45", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 45 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR45\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR50", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein-coupled receptor 50 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GPR50 gene. GPR50 is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family of integral membrane proteins and is most closely related to the melatonin receptor. GPR50 is able to heterodimerize with both the MT and MT melatonin receptor subtypes. While GPR50 has no effect on MT function, GPR50 prevented MT from both binding melatonin and coupling to G proteins. GPR50 is the mammalian ortholog of melatonin receptor Mel1c described in non-mammalian vertebrates.  Certain polymorphisms of the \"GPR50\" gene in females are associated with increased risk of developing bipolar affective disorder, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia. Other \"GPR50\" gene polymorphism are associated with higher fasting circulating triglyceride levels and lower circulating High-density lipoprotein levels."}]}, {"title": "GPR52", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 52 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR52\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR55", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein-coupled receptor 55 also known as GPR55 is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR55\" gene. GPR55, along with GPR119 and GPR18, have been implicated as novel cannabinoid receptors. GPR55 was identified and cloned for the first time in 1999. Later it was identified by an in silico screen as a putative cannabinoid receptor because of a similar amino acid sequence in the binding region. Research groups from Glaxo Smith Kline and Astra Zeneca characterized the receptor extensively because it was hoped to be responsible for the blood pressure lowering properties of cannabinoids. GPR55 is indeed activated by endogenous, plant and synthetic cannabinoids but GPR-55 knockout mice generated by a research group from Glaxo Smith Kline showed no altered blood pressure regulation after administration of the cannabidiol-derivative abnormal cannabidiol."}, {"context": " GPR55 is coupled to the G-protein G and activation of the receptor leads to stimulation of rhoA, cdc42 and rac1. GPR55 is activated by the plant cannabinoids \u0394-THC, and the endocannabinoids anandamide, 2-AG, noladin ether in the low nanomolar range. The synthetic cannabinoid CP-55940 is also able to activate the receptor while the structurally unrelated cannabinoid mimic WIN 55,212-2 fails to activate the receptor. Recent research suggests that lysophosphatidylinositol and its 2-arachidonoyl derivative, 2-arachidonoyl lysophosphatidylinositol (2-ALPI), may be the endogenous ligands for GPR55, and the receptor appears likely to be a possible target for treatment of inflammation and pain as with the other cannabinoid receptors."}, {"context": " This profile as a distinct non-CB/CB receptor which responds to a variety of both endogenous and exogenous cannabinoid ligands, has led some groups to suggest GPR55 should be categorised as the CB receptor, and this re-classification may follow in time. However this is complicated by the fact that another possible CB receptor has been discovered in the hippocampus, although its gene has not yet been cloned, suggesting that there may be at least four cannabinoid receptors which will eventually be characterised. Evidence accumulated during the last few years suggests that GPR55 plays a relevant role in cancer and opens the possibility of considering this orphan receptor as a new therapeutic target and potential biomarker in oncology.  Ligands found to bind to GPR55 as agonists include: The physiological role of GPR55 is unclear. Mice with a target deletion of the GPR55 gene show no specific phenotype. GPR55 is widely expressed in the brain, especially in the cerebellum. It is expressed in the jejunum and ileum but apparently not more generally in the periphery. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts express GPR55 and this has been shown to regulate bone cell function."}]}, {"title": "GPR56", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein-coupled receptor 56 also known as TM7XN1 is a protein encoded by the \"ADGRG1\" gene. GPR56 is a member of the adhesion GPCR family. Adhesion GPCRs are characterized by an extended extracellular region often possessing N-terminal protein modules that is linked to a TM7 region via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain. GPR56 is expressed in liver, muscle, neural, and cytotoxic lymphoid cells in human as well as in hematopoietic precursor, muscle, and developing neural cells in the mouse."}, {"context": " GPR56 has been shown to have numerous role in cell guidance/adhesion as exemplified by its roles in tumour inhibition and neuron development. More recently it has been shown to be a marker for cytotoxic T cells and a subgroup of Natural killer cells. GPR56 binds transglutaminase 2 to suppress tumor metastasis and binds collagen III to regulate cortical development and lamination. GPR56 couples to G\u03b1 protein upon association with the tetraspanins CD9 and CD81. Forced GPR56 expression activates NF-kB, PAI-1, and TCF transcriptional response elements. The splicing of GPR56 induces tumorigenic responses as a result of activating transcription factors, such as COX2, iNOS, and VEGF85. GPR56 couples to the G\u03b112/13 protein and activates RhoA and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway upon ligand binding. Lack of the N-terminal fragment (NTF) of GPR56 causes stronger RhoA signaling and \u03b2-arrestin accumulation, leading to extensive ubiquitination of the C-terminal fragment (CTF). Finally, GPR56 suppresses PKC\u03b1 activation to regulate angiogenesis."}, {"context": " Studies in the hematopoietic system disclosed that during endothelial to hematopoietic stem cell transition, Gpr56 is a transcriptional target of the heptad complex of hematopoietic transcription factors, and is required for hematopoietic cluster formation. Recently, two studies showed that GPR56, is a cell autonomous regulator of oligodendrocyte development through G\u03b1 proteins and Rho activation. Della Chiesa et al. demonstrate that GPR56 is expressed on CD56 natural killer (NK) cells. Lin and Hamann's group show all human cytotoxic lymphocytes, including CD56 NK cells and CD27CD45RA effector-type CD8 T cells, express GPR56."}, {"context": " GPR56 was the first adhesion GPCR causally linked to a disease. Loss-of-function mutations in GPR56 cause a severe cortical malformation known as bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP). Investigating the pathological mechanism of disease-associated \"GPR56\" mutations in BFPP has provided mechanistic insights into the functioning of adhesion GPCRs. Researchers demonstrated that disease-associated \"GPR56\" mutations cause BFPP via multiple mechanisms. Li et al. demonstrated that GPR56 regulates pial basement membrane (BM) organization during cortical development. Disruption of the \"Gpr56\" gene in mice leads to neuronal malformation in the cerebral cortex, which resulted in 4 critical pathological morphologies: defective pial BM, abnormal localized radial glial endfeet, malpositioned Cajal-Retzius cells, and overmigrated neurons. Furthermore, the interaction of GPR56 and collagen III inhibits neural migration to regulate lamination of the cerebral cortex. Next to GPR56, the \u03b13\u03b21 integrin is also involved in pial BM maintenance. Study from \"Itga3\" (\u03b13 integrin)/\"Gpr56\" double knockout mice showed increased neuronal overmigration compared to \"Gpr56\" single knockout mice, indicating cooperation of GPR56 and \u03b13\u03b21 integrin in modulation of the development of the cerebral cortex. More recently, the Walsh laboratory showed that alternative splicing of GPR56 regulates regional cerebral cortical patterning."}, {"context": " Outside the nervous system, GPR56 has been linked to muscle function and male fertility. The expression of GPR56 is upregulated during early differentiation of human myoblasts. Investigation of Gpr56 knockout mice and BFPP patients showed that GPR56 is required for in vitro myoblast fusion via signaling of serum response factor (SRF) and nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT), but is not essential for muscle development in vivo. Additionally, GPR56 is a transcriptional target of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha 4 and regulates overload-induced muscle hypertrophy through G\u03b1 and mTOR signaling. Therefore, the study of knockout mice revealed that GPR56 is involved in testis development and male fertility. In melanocytic cells GPR56 gene expression may be regulated by MITF."}, {"context": " Mutations in GPR56 cause the brain developmental disorder BFPP, characterized by disordered cortical lamination in frontal cortex. Mice lacking expression of GPR56 develop a comparable phenotype. Furthermore, loss of GPR56 leads to reduced fertility in male mice, resulting from a defect in seminiferous tubule development. GPR56 is expressed in glioblastoma/astrocytoma as well as in esophageal squamous cell, breast, colon, non-small cell lung, ovarian, and pancreatic carcinoma. GPR56 was shown to localize together with \u03b1-actinin at the leading edge of membrane filopodia in glioblastoma cells, suggesting a role in cell adhesion/migration. In addition, recombinant GPR56-NTF protein interacts with glioma cells to inhibit cellular adhesion. Inactivation of Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor-suppressor gene and hypoxia suppressed GPR56 in a renal cell carcinoma cell line, but hypoxia influenced GPR56 expression in breast or bladder cancer cell lines. GPR56 is a target gene for vezatin, an adherens junctions transmembrane protein, which is a tumor suppressor in gastric cancer. Xu et al. used an in vivo metastatic model of human melanoma to show that GPR56 is downregulated in highly metastatic cells. Later, by ectopic expression and RNA interference they confirmed that GPR56 inhibits melanoma tumor growth and metastasis. Silenced expression of GPR56 in HeLa cells enhanced apoptosis and anoikis, but suppressed anchorage-independent growth and cell adhesion. High ecotropic viral integration site-1 acute myeloid leukemia (EVI1-high AML) expresses GPR56 that was found to be a transcriptional target of EVI1. Silencing expression of GPR56 decreases adhesion, cell growth and induces apoptosis through reduced RhoA signaling. GPR56 suppresses the angiogenesis and melanoma growth through inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) via PKC\u03b1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, GPR56 expression was found to be negatively correlated with the malignancy of melanomas in human patients."}]}, {"title": "GPR6", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein-coupled receptor 6, also known as GPR6, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the \"GPR6\" gene. GPR6 is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family of transmembrane receptors. It has been reported that GPR6 is both constitutively active but in addition is further activated by sphingosine-1-phosphate. GPR6 up-regulates cyclic AMP levels and promotes neurite outgrowth."}]}, {"title": "GPR61", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 61 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR61\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR62", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 62 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR62\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR63", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 63 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR63\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR64", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein-coupled receptor 64 also known as HE6 is a protein encoded by the \"ADGRG2\" gene. GPR64 is a member of the adhesion GPCR family. Adhesion GPCRs are characterized by an extended extracellular region often possessing N-terminal protein modules that is linked to a TM7 region via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain. The adhesion GPCR, GPR64, is an orphan receptor characterized by a long N-terminus with that has been suggested to be highly glycosylated. GPR64's N-terminus has been reported to be cleaved at the GPS domain to allow for trafficking to the plasma membrane. After cleavage the N-terminus is believed to remain non-covalently associated with the 7TM. GPR64 expression has been mostly reported in the male reproductive organs, but more recently has been shown to be expressed in the central nervous system. GPR64 is mainly expressed in human and mouse epididymis as well as human prostate and parathyroid. GPR64, together with F-actin scaffold, locates at the nonciliated principal cells of the proximal male excurrent duct epithelia, where reabsorption of testicular fluid and concentration of sperm takes place."}, {"context": " Targeting of \"Gpr64\" in mice causes reduced fertility or infertility in males; but the reproductive capacity was unaffected in females. Unchanged hormone expression in knockout males indicates that the receptor functions immediately in the male genital tract. Lack of \"Gpr64\" expression causes sperm stasis and duct obstruction due to abnormal fluid reabsorption. In addition, expression of GPR64 has been found in fibroblast-like synovial cells obtained from osteoarthritis but not from rheumatoid arthritis.  GPR64 is significantly overexpressed in the Wnt signaling-dependent subgroup of medulloblastoma, as well as in ewing sarcomas and carcinomas derived from prostate, kidney or lung. Richter et al. demonstrated that GPR64 promotes tumor invasion and metastasis through placental growth factor and MMP1."}]}, {"title": "GPR65", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Psychosine receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR65\" gene. GPR65 is also referred to as TDAG8. GPR65 (TDAG8) is primarily expressed in lymphoid tissues (spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, and leukocytes), and as a GPCR, the protein is localized to the plasma membrane. In 2001, GPR65 was reported to be a specific receptor for psychosine (d-galactosyl-\u03b2-1,1\u2032 sphingosine) as well as several other related glycosphingolipids. However, the specific binding of psychosine to GPR65 has been contested as the reported ligand binding did not satisfy the appropriate pharmacological criteria."}, {"context": " More recently, 3-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methylsulfanyl]-1,6-dimethylpyridazino[4,5-e][1,3,4]thiadiazin-5-one (referred to as BTB09089) was found to be a specific agonist for GPR65. Furthermore, [(S)-phenyl(pyridin-4-yl)methyl] 4-methyl-2-pyrimidin-2-yl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylate (referred to as ZINC62678696) was found to act as a BTB09089 negative allosteric modulator. GPR65 senses extracellular pH. Levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a secondary messenger associated with activation of GPCRs in the cAMP-dependent pathway, were found to be elevated in neutral to acidic extracellular pH (pH 7.0-6.5) in cells expressing GPR65. In cells with mutated GPR65, this pH-sensing effect was reduced or eliminated. In the presence of psychosine, however, the levels of cAMP increased at a shifted, more acidic pH range. As such, psychosine displayed an inhibitory effect as an antagonist when GPR65 was stimulated with an increasing concentration of protons (increasingly acidic pH). This finding directly contested the previous reporting of psychosine as an activating ligand for GPR65."}, {"context": " The pH-sensing ability of GPR65 was further tested and confirmed, as it was found that cAMP levels increased when GPR65 was stimulated by pH values less than pH 7.2. GPR65 senses pH by protonation of histidine residues on its extracellular domain, and when activated, GPR65 enables the downstream signaling through the Gq/11, Gs, and G12/13 pathways. The ability of GPR65 to sense pH can modulate several cellular functions in various biological systems including the immune, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and nervous systems."}, {"context": " GPR65's ability to sense pH plays a prominent role in tumor development. GPR65 is highly expressed in a variety of human tumors. Tumor development is associated with low extracellular pH due to changes in metabolism of rapidly dividing cells. GPR65 enables tumor growth by sensing the acidic environment. It was found that overexpression of GPR65 prevents tumor cell death in acidic conditions in vitro and facilitates tumor growth in vivo. GPR65 reduces immune-mediated inflammation by regulating cytokine production of T cells (including IL-6, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2) and macrophages."}, {"context": " After myocardial infarction, anaerobic respiration and severe inflammation occurs\u2014both of which are accompanied by an acidic environment. GPR65 knockout mice showed a decline in survival and cardiac function after myocardial infarction, which indicates that GPR65-mediated pH sensing is physiologically relevant. GPR65 exhibits a cardioprotective effect against myocardial infarction by reducing CCL20 expression and the migration of IL-17A-producing \u03b3\u03b4T cells that express CCR6, a receptor for CCL20."}, {"context": " Retinal function is sensitive to changes in pH. It was found that GPR65 is overexpressed in the retina of mouse models of retinal degeneration and that the receptor supports the survival of photoreceptors in a degenerating retina by sensing pH and activating microglia after light-injury. Vagal afferents expressing GPR65 innervate intestinal villi. These GPR65-expressing vagal afferents detect nutrients in the intestinal lumen and also slow gut motility. GPR65 was identified as a potential target linking inflammation and depression. GPR65 knockout mice exhibited a significant reduction in mobility in a forced swim test as well as higher consumption of sucrose\u2014both of which are behaviors associated with depression."}, {"context": " In 1996, Choi et al. first identified GPR65 (TDAG8) as a G protein-coupled receptor whose expression was induced during activation-induced apoptosis of T cells. The group sought to identify which genes were necessary during T cell receptor-mediated death of immature thymocytes, and using differential mRNA display, they found that TDAG8 expression was induced upon activation of T cells. Because this gene was found to be associated with T-cell death (apoptosis), it was named TDAG8, or T Cell Death Associated Gene 8."}]}, {"title": "GPR68", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ovarian cancer G-protein coupled receptor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR68\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR75", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 75 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR75\" gene. GPR75 is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family. GPRs are cell surface receptors that activate guanine-nucleotide binding proteins upon the binding of a ligand. GPR75 is currently classified as an orphan GPCR and several studies are underway to identify its ligand. In one study, the chemokine CCL5 (RANTES) has been shown to stimulate calcium mobilization and inositol triphosphate formation in GPR75-transfected cells.  Recently, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a bioactive eicosanoid formed by \u03c9-hydroxylation of arachidonic acid has been shown to mediate its prohypertensive effects on the vasculature through activation of GPR75 (Gq) signalling. This study by Dr. Schwartzman's laboratory at New York Medical college, one of the pioneers in study of 20-HETE biology, has opened new insights into the field of GPR75 pharmacology."}]}, {"title": "GPR77", "paragraphs": [{"context": " C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor C5a2 also known as C5L2, G protein-coupled receptor 77, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"C5AR2\" gene. The anaphylatoxins C3a, C4a, and C5a are cationic fragments generated during the complement cascade that participate in host defense. In the case of inappropriate complement activation, anaphylatoxins may be involved in autoimmunity and sepsis. C5a2 is coexpressed with the C5a receptor, (C5a1, C5aR, C5R1, CD88), on polymorphonuclear neutrophils and may modulate C5a1 activity."}]}, {"title": "GPR78", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 78 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR78\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR82", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 82 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR82\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR83", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 83 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR83\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR84", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 84 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR84\" gene. GPR84 (EX33) was described practically in the same time by two groups. One was the group of Timo Wittenberger in the Zentrum fur Molekulare Neurobiologie, Hamburg, Germany (Wittenberg T. et al.) and the other was the group of Gabor Jarai in Novartis Horsham Research Centre, Horsham, United Kingdom. In their papers they described the sequence and expression profile of five new members of GPC receptor family. One among them was GPR84 which represents a unique GPCR sub-family so far."}, {"context": " Hgpr84 locates to chromosome 12q13.13, and its coding sequence is not interrupted by introns. The human and the murine GPR84 ORFs both encode proteins of 396 amino acid residues length with 85% identity and are therefore considered as orthologs. The hgpr84 was found by Northern blot analysis as a transcript of about 1.5 kb in brain, heart, muscle, colon, thymus, spleen, kidney, liver, intestine, placenta, lung, and leukocytes. In addition, a 1.2 kb transcript in heart and a strong band at 1.3 kb in muscle were detected. A Northern blot from different brain regions revealed strongest expression of the 1.5 kb transcript in the medulla and the spinal cord. Somewhat less transcript was found in the substantia nigra, thalamus, and the corpus callosum. The 1.5 kb band was also visible in other brain regions, but at very low levels. EST clones corresponding to hgpr84 were from B cells (leukemia), neuroendocrine lung as well as in microglial cells and adipocytes. A more detailed description of expression profile can be found in www.genecards.org. The resting expression of GPR84 is usually low but it is highly inducible in inflammation. Its expression on neutrophils can be increased with LPS stimulation and reduced with GM-CSF stimulation. The LPS-induced upregulation of GPR84 was not sensitive to dexamathasone pretreatment. There was also a GPR84 downregulation in dentritic cell derived from FcRgamma chain KO mice. In microglial cells, the GPR84 induction with interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF\u03b1) was also demonstrated. 24 h treatment with IL-1\u03b2 also induced 5.8 times increase in GPR84 expression on PBMC from healthy individuals. . Transcriptional dynamics of human umbilical cord blood T helper cells cultured in absence and presence of cytokines promoting Th1 or Th2 differentiation was studies. It turned out that GPR84 belongs to the Th1 specific subset genes. While another publication suggests that GPR84 is rather a CCL1 related Th2 type gene."}, {"context": " GPR84 was also upregulated on both macrophages and neutrophyl granulocytes after LPS stimulation. Not only LPS challenge but Staphylococcus enterotoxin B was sufficient to cause a 50 times increase in GPR84 expression on isolated human leukocytes stimulated with compared to the expression of naive leukocytes. A viral infection following Japanese encephalitis virus infection also increased GPR84 expression by 2-4.5% in the mice brain. Ablating lysosomal acid lipase (Lal-/-) in mice led to aberrant expansion of myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSCs) (>40% in the blood, and >70% in the bone marrow) that arise from dysregulated production of myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Ly6G + MDSCs in Lal-/- mice show strong immunosuppression on T cells, which contributes to impaired T cell proliferation and function in vivo. GPR84 was 9.1 fold upregulated in the MDSCs of Lal-/- mice. GPR84 is normally expressed at low levels in myeloid cells and can be induced in vitro by stimulating macrophage or microglial cells with LPS, TNF\u03b1, or PMA. Elevated expression of GPR84 was also observed during the demyelination phase of the reversible Cuprizone-Induced Demyelinating Disease mouse model. Finally, it has also shown that GPR84 expression is increased in both the normal appearing white matter and plaque in brains from human Multiple Sclerosis patients. Expression of GPR84 increases in mouse whole brain samples from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis before the onset of clinical disease. In cultured microglia in response to simulated blast overpressure the expression of GPR84 was increased 2.9 fold. In ageing TgSwe mice were subjected to traumatic brain injury GPR84 was upregulated by 6.3 fold. GPR84 expression was increased by 49.9 times in M1 type macrophages isolated from aortic atherosclerotic lesions of LDLR-/- mice were fed a western diet. GPR84 is important in regulating the expression of cytokines: CD4+ T cells from GPR84-/- mice show increase IL-4 secretion in the presence of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies; GPR84 potentiates LPS-induced IL12p40 secretion in RAW264.7 cells."}, {"context": " Recent work by Nagasaki et al. explored 3T3-L1 adipocytes cocultured with RAW264.7 cells to examine this potential interaction. RAW264.7 coculture increases GPR84 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and incubation with capric acid can inhibit TNF\u03b1-induced adiponectin release. Adiponectin regulates many metabolic processes associated with glucose and fatty acids, including insulin sensitivity and lipid breakdown. Furthermore, a high-fat diet can increase GPR84 expression. The authors suggest that GPR84 may explain the relationship between diabetes and obesity. As adipocytes release fatty acids in the presence of macrophages, the loop of increased GPR84 expression and its stimulation prevent the release of regulating hormones. The work on GPR84 is still very early and needs to be expanded in the context of pathophysiology and immune regulation. Some people presume the role of GPR84 in food intake too. GPR84 is expressed in the gastric corpus mucosa and this receptor can be an important luminal sensors of food intake and are most likely expressed on entero-endocrine cells, where it stimulates the release of peptide hormones including incretins glucagon-like peptide (GLP) 1 and 2."}, {"context": " The ligands for GPR84 suggest also a relationship between inflammation and fatty acid sensing or regulation. Medium-chain free fatty acid (FFA) with carbon chain lengths of C9 to C14. Capric acid (C10:0), undecanoic acid (C11:0) and lauric acid (C12:0) are the most potent described endogeneous agonists of GPR84. Not activated by short-chain and long-chain saturated and unsaturated FFAs induced in monocytes/macrophages by LPS. In addition, the activation of GPR84 in monocytes/macrophages amplifies LPS stimulated IL-12 p40 production in a concentration dependent manner. IL-12 plays an important role in promoting cell mediated immunity to eradicate pathogens by inducing and maintaining T helper 1 responses and inhibiting T helper 2 responses. Medium chain FFAs inhibited forskolin-induced cAMP production and stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS binding in a GPR84-dependent manner. The EC50 values for medium-chain FFAs capric acid, undecanoic acid, and lauric acid at GPR84 (4, 8, and 9 mM, respectively, in the cAMP assay). These results suggest that GPR84 activation by medium-chain FFAs is coupled to a pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi/o pathway. Besides medium-chain FFAs diindolylmethane was also described as GPR84 agonist. However, the target selectivity of this molecule is also questionable because diindolylmethane is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulator, too. The patent literature mentions that besides medium chain FFAs other substances as 2,5-Dihydroxy-3-undecyl(1,4)benzoquinon, Icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid and 5S,6R-Dihydroxy-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid (5S,6RdiHETE) are also ligands of GPR84. These two latest molecules say against the statement that long chain FFAs are not ligands of GPR84. Based on these results it is probable that besides medium chain FFAs some long chain FFAs can also be endogeneous ligands of GPR84. Further work is needed to confirm this hypothesis."}, {"context": " GPR84 was discovered to be a major mediator in pathologic fibrotic pathways in 2018. The molecule GLPG1205 was under investigation by the Belgian firm Galapagos NV. Its clinical effect against inflammatory disorders like inflammatory bowel disease was being investigated in 2015 in a Phase 2 Proof-of-Concept study in ulcerative colitis patients. The results published in January 2016 showed good pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability. However, the target efficacy was not met. The development of GLPG1205 for ulcerative colitis was therefore stopped.  The molecule PBI-4050 which inhibits GPR84 signaling is under investigation by the Canadian biotechnology firm Prometic. As of August 2018, it remains a promising drug targeting multiple type of fibrosis entering phase 3 clinical trials.."}]}, {"title": "GPR85", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 85 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR85\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR87", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 87 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR87\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR88", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Probable G-protein coupled receptor 88 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR88\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR89B", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Protein GPR89 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR89B\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPR97", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G-protein coupled receptor 97 also known as adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G3 (ADGRG3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"ADGRG3\" gene. GPR97 is a member of the adhesion GPCR family. Adhesion GPCRs are characterized by an extended extracellular region often possessing N-terminal protein modules that is linked to a TM7 region via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain. GPR97 is expressed in human granulocytes and endothelial cells of the vasculature as well as in mouse granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells."}, {"context": " The inositol phosphate (IP3) accumulation, aequorin, and S isotope binding assays in overexpressing HEK293 cells have demonstrated coupling of GPR97 to G\u03b1 protein triggering cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). GPR97 actives cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), NF-\u03baB, and small GTPases to regulate cellular functions. Systemic steroid exposure is a therapy to treat a variety of medical conditions and is associated with epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation that may reflect pharmacological responses and/or side effects. GPR97 was found to be differently methylated at CpG sites in the genome of blood cells from patient under systemic steroid treatment. GPR97 is transcribed in immune cells. Gene-deficient mice revealed that Gpr97 is crucial for maintaining B-cell population via constitutive CREB and NF-\u03baB activities. Human lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) abundantly express GPR97. Silencing GPR97 in human LECs indicated that GPR97 modulates cytoskeletal rearrangement, cell adhesion and migration through regulating the small GTPase RhoA and cdc42. In vertebrates, GPR97 has an indispensable role in the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) signaling pathway in bone formation. A microarray meta-analysis revealed that mouse Gpr97 is a direct transcriptional target of BMP signaling in long bone development."}]}, {"title": "GPR98", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein-coupled receptor 98, also known as GPR98 or VLGR1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPR98\" gene. Several alternatively spliced transcripts have been described. The adhesion GPCR Very Large GPCR receptor 1 (Vlg1R1) is the largest GPCR known, with a size of 6300 amino acids and consisting of 90 exons. There are 8 splice variants of VlgR1, named VlgR1a-1e and Mass1.1-1.3. The N-terminus consists of 5800 amino acids containing 35 Calx-beta domains, one pentraxin domain, and one epilepsy associated repeat. Mutations of VlgR1 have been shown to result in Usher's syndrome. Knockouts of Vlgr1 in mice have been shown to phenocopy Usher's syndrome and lead to audiogenic seizures."}, {"context": " This gene encodes a member of the adhesion-GPCR family of receptors. The protein binds calcium and is expressed in the central nervous system. It is also known as \"very large G-protein coupled receptor 1\" because it is 6300 residues long. It contains a C-terminal 7-transmembrane receptor domain, whereas the large N-terminal segment (5900 residues) includes 35 calcium binding Calx-beta domains, and 6 EAR domains. The Sea Urchin genome has a homolog of VLGR1 in it. Mutations in this gene are associated with Usher syndrome 2 and familial febrile seizures."}]}, {"title": "GPRA", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPRA may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "GPRASP1", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G-protein coupled receptor-associated sorting protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPRASP1\" gene. GPRASP1 (gene) has been shown to interact with Delta Opioid receptor."}]}, {"title": "GPRASP2", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G-protein coupled receptor-associated sorting protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPRASP2\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPRC5A", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Retinoic acid-induced protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPRC5A\" gene. This gene encodes a member of the type 3 G protein-coupled receptor family, characterized by the signature 7-transmembrane domain motif. The encoded protein may be involved in interaction between retinoic acid and G protein signalling pathways. Retinoic acid plays a critical role in development, cellular growth, and differentiation. This gene may play a role in embryonic development and epithelial cell differentiation.  GPRC5A is one of only a handful of genes known in the literature that are post-transcriptionally controlled by miRNAs through their 5'UTR. GPRC5A is dysregulated in many human cancers and in other diseases."}]}, {"title": "GPRC5B", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G-protein coupled receptor family C group 5 member B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPRC5B\" gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the type 3 G protein-coupled receptor family. Members of this superfamily are characterized by a signature 7-transmembrane domain motif. The specific function of this protein is unknown; however, this protein may mediate the cellular effects of retinoic acid on the G protein signal transduction cascade."}]}, {"title": "GPRC5C", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G-protein coupled receptor family C group 5 member C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPRC5C\" gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the type 3 G protein-coupled receptor family. Members of this superfamily are characterized by a signature 7-transmembrane domain motif. The specific function of this protein is unknown; however, this protein may mediate the cellular effects of retinoic acid on the G protein signal transduction cascade. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene."}]}, {"title": "GPRC5D", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G-protein coupled receptor family C group 5 member D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPRC5D\" gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family; however, the specific function of this gene has not yet been determined."}]}, {"title": "GPRC6A", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPRC6A\" gene. This protein functions as a receptor of -\u03b1-amino acids, cations (e.g., calcium), osteocalcin, and steroids. It is a membrane androgen receptor. GPRC6A has also been linked to prostate cancer progression, and it has been shown to mediate rapid, non-genomic prostate cancer cell responses to testosterone."}]}, {"title": "GPRIN2", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein-regulated inducer of neurite outgrowth 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPRIN2\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPRP", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPRP,or Global Position Routing Protocol is an Internet Routing Protocol like IPv4 and IPv6, which uses the spatial position, as determined by GPS, of each host on the network to establish routes to any other host. It is intended to supplement, and ultimately replace traditional Internet Routing protocols. It requires the cooperation of many luminal-speed (such as radio or fiber optic) hosts to route packets in the most efficient way: a straight line. The protocol consists of mainly the same concepts as IPv4, removing the abstraction layer of the routing table and IP address with a simpler model that attempts to send packets in as close to a straight line as possible. Since this change introduces physical constraints on the geometry of the network, special techniques are implemented to overcome problems such as dead zones."}, {"context": " The project began as a submission to a 2008 Google contest by Ted Coffman, with the goals of democratizing the Internet and doing away with the need for ISPs, which are vulnerable to regulation by world governments. When no interest was generated, the idea was submitted to the Reddit.com Internet community. With very little feedback on Reddit, nothing was done with the concept for over two years. In January 2011 Coffman decided to move forward with development due to the recent surge in open platform smart phones that have both Wi-Fi and GPS built right in, which Coffman sees as a perfect medium for a widespread implementation of GPRP.  As of January 2011, a GPRP C++ class is being developed and tested by Ted Coffman. To maintain backward-compatibility with the current Internet framework, IPv4 gateways are discovered using similar techniques to DNS lookups. Many of the traditional IPv4 concepts can be considered as their physical forms in GPRP:"}]}, {"title": "GPRS Tunnelling Protocol", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) is a group of IP-based communications protocols used to carry general packet radio service (GPRS) within GSM, UMTS and LTE networks. In 3GPP architectures, GTP and Proxy Mobile IPv6 based interfaces are specified on various interface points. GTP can be decomposed into separate protocols, GTP-C, GTP-U and GTP'. GTP-C is used within the GPRS core network for signaling between gateway GPRS support nodes (GGSN) and serving GPRS support nodes (SGSN). This allows the SGSN to activate a session on a user's behalf (PDP context activation), to deactivate the same session, to adjust quality of service parameters, or to update a session for a subscriber who has just arrived from another SGSN."}, {"context": " GTP-U is used for carrying user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. The user data transported can be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats. GTP' (\"GTP prime\") uses the same message structure as GTP-C and GTP-U, but has an independent function. It can be used for carrying charging data from the charging data function (CDF) of the GSM or UMTS network to the charging gateway function (CGF). In most cases, this should mean from many individual network elements such as the GGSNs to a centralized computer that delivers the charging data more conveniently to the network operator's billing center."}, {"context": " Different GTP variants are implemented by RNCs, SGSNs, GGSNs and CGFs within 3GPP networks. GPRS mobile stations (MSs) are connected to a SGSN without being aware of GTP. GTP can be used with UDP or TCP. UDP is either recommended or mandatory, except for tunneling X.25 in version 0. GTP version 1 is used only on UDP. All variants of GTP have certain features in common. The structure of the messages is the same, with a GTP header following the UDP/TCP header. GTPv1 headers contain the following fields:"}, {"context": " Next Extension Headers are as follows: It is also known as evolved-GTP or eGTP. GTPv2-C headers contain the following fields: There is no GTPv2-U protocol,GTP-U in LTE also uses GTPv1-U. Apart from the common message structure, there is also a common mechanism for verifying connectivity from one GSN to another GSN. This uses two messages. As often as every 60 seconds, a GSN can send an echo request to every other GSN with which it has an active connection. If the other end does not respond it can be treated as down and the active connections to it will be deleted."}, {"context": " Apart from the two messages previously mentioned, there are no other messages common across all GTP variants meaning that, for the most part, they effectively form three completely separate protocols. The GTP-C protocol is the control section of the GTP standard. When a subscriber requests a PDP context, the SGSN will send a \"create PDP context request\" GTP-C message to the GGSN giving details of the subscriber's request. The GGSN will then respond with a \"create PDP context response\" GTP-C message which will either give details of the PDP context actually activated or will indicate a failure and give a reason for that failure. This is a UDP message on port 2123."}, {"context": " The eGTP-C (or, GTPv2-C) protocol is responsible for creating, maintaining and deleting tunnels on multiple Sx interfaces. It is used for the control plane path management, tunnel management and mobility management. It also controls forwarding relocation messages; SRNS context and creating forward tunnels during inter LTE handovers. GTP-U is, in effect a relatively simple IP based tunneling protocol which permits many tunnels between each set of end points. When used in the UMTS, each subscriber will have one or more tunnel, one for each PDP context that they have active, as well as possibly having separate tunnels for specific connections with different quality of service requirements."}, {"context": " The separate tunnels are identified by a TEID (Tunnel Endpoint Identifier) in the GTP-U messages, which should be a dynamically allocated random number. If this random number is of cryptographic quality, then it will provide a measure of security against certain attacks. Even so, the requirement of the 3GPP standard is that all GTP traffic, including user data should be sent within secure private networks, not directly connected to the Internet. This happens on UDP port 2152. The GTPv1-U protocol is used to exchange user data over GTP tunnels across the Sx interfaces. An IP packet for a UE is encapsulated in an GTPv1-U packet and tunneled between the P-GW and the eNodeB for transmission with respect to a UE over S1-U and S5/S8 interfaces."}, {"context": " The GTP' protocol is used to transfer charging data to the Charging Gateway Function. GTP' uses TCP/UDP port 3386. GTP is the primary protocol used in the GPRS core network. It is the protocol which allows end users of a GSM or UMTS network to move from place to place whilst continuing to connect to the Internet as if from one location at the GGSN. It does this by carrying the subscriber's data from the subscriber's current SGSN to the GGSN which is handling the subscriber's session. Three forms of GTP are used by the GPRS core network."}, {"context": " GGSNs and SGSNs (collectively known as GSNs) listen for GTP-C messages on UDP port 2123 and for GTP-U messages on port 2152. This communication happens within a single network or may, in the case of international roaming, happen internationally, probably across a GPRS roaming exchange (GRX). The \"Charging Gateway Function\" (CGF) listens to GTP' messages sent from the GSNs on TCP/UDP port 3386. The core network sends charging information to the CGF, typically including PDP context activation times and the quantity of data which the end user has transferred. However, this communication which occurs within one network is less standardized and may, depending on the vendor and configuration options, use proprietary encoding or even an entirely proprietary system."}, {"context": " GTP-U is used on the IuPS between the GPRS core network and the RAN, however the GTP-C protocol is not used. In this case, RANAP is used as a control protocol and establishes GTP-U tunnels between the SGSN and the radio network controller (RNC). GTP can be used with UDP or TCP. GTP version 1 is used only on UDP. GTP-U is also used to transport user data from the RNC to the SGSN in UMTS networks. However, in this case signalling is done using RANAP instead of GTP-C. The original version of GTP (version 0) had considerable differences from the current versions (versions 1,2):"}, {"context": " The non-random TEID in version 0 represented a security problem if an attacker had access to any roaming partner's network, or could find some other way to remotely send packets to the GPRS backbone. Version 0 is going out of use and being replaced by version 1 in almost all networks. Fortunately, however the use of different port numbers allows easy blocking of version 0 through simple IP access lists. GTP was originally standardized within ETSI (GSM standard 09.60). With the creation of the UMTS standards this was moved over to the 3GPP which, maintains it as 3GPP standard 29.060. GTP' uses the same message format, but its special uses are covered in standard 32.295 along with the standardized formats for the charging data it transfers.  Later versions of TS 29.060 deprecate GTPv1/v0 interworking such that there is no fallback in the event that the GSN does not support the higher version. GTPv2 (for evolved packet services) went into draft in early 2008 and was released in December of that year. GTPv2 offers fallback to GTPv1 via the earlier \"Version Not Supported\" mechanism but explicitly offers no support for fallback to GTPv0."}]}, {"title": "GPRS core network", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The GPRS core network is the central part of the general packet radio service (GPRS) which allows 2G, 3G and WCDMA mobile networks to transmit IP packets to external networks such as the Internet. The GPRS system is an integrated part of the GSM network switching subsystem. The network provides mobility management, session management and transport for Internet Protocol packet services in GSM and WCDMA networks. The core network also provides support for other additional functions such as billing and lawful interception. It was also proposed, at one stage, to support packet radio services in the US D-AMPS TDMA system, however, in practice, all of these networks have been converted to GSM so this option has become irrelevant."}, {"context": " PRS module is an open standards driven system. The standardization body is the 3GPP. \"GPRS Tunnelling Protocol\" is the defining IP-based protocol of the GPRS core network. Primarily it is the protocol which allows end users of a GSM or WCDMA network to move from place to place while continuing to connect to the Internet as if from one location at the Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN). It does this by carrying the subscriber's data from the subscriber's current serving GPRS support node (SGSN) to the GGSN which is handling the subscriber's session. Three forms of GTP are used by the GPRS core network."}, {"context": " A GSN is a network node which supports the use of GPRS in the GSM core network. All GSNs should have a \"Gn\" interface and support the GPRS tunneling protocol. There are two key variants of the GSN, namely Gateway and Serving GPRS support node. The gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) is a main component of the GPRS network. The GGSN is responsible for the internetworking between the GPRS network and external packet switched networks, such as the Internet or an X.25 network. From an external network's point of view, the GGSN is a router to a \"sub-network\", because the GGSN \u2018hides\u2019 the GPRS infrastructure from the external network. When the GGSN receives data addressed to a specific user, it checks if the user is active. If it is, the GGSN forwards the data to the SGSN serving the mobile user, but if the mobile user is inactive, the data is discarded. In the other direction, mobile-originated packets are routed to the right network by the GGSN."}, {"context": " The GGSN is the anchor point that enables the mobility of the user terminal in the GPRS/UMTS networks. In essence, it carries out the role in GPRS equivalent to the home agent in Mobile IP. It maintains routing necessary to tunnel the protocol data units (PDUs) to the SGSN that services a particular MS (mobile station). The GGSN converts the GPRS packets coming from the SGSN into the appropriate packet data protocol (PDP) format (e.g., IP or X.25) and sends them out on the corresponding packet data network. In the other direction, PDP addresses of incoming data packets are converted to the GSM address of the destination user. The readdressed packets are sent to the responsible SGSN. For this purpose, the GGSN stores the current SGSN address of the user and his or her profile in its location register. The GGSN is responsible for IP address assignment and is the default router for the connected user equipment (UE). The GGSN also performs authentication and charging functions."}, {"context": " Other functions include subscriber screening, IP pool management and address mapping, QoS and PDP context enforcement. With LTE scenario the GGSN functionality moves to SAE gateway (with SGSN functionality working in MME). The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) is the node that is serving the MS/UE. The SGSN supports GPRS and/or UMTS. The SGSN keeps track of the location of an individual MS/UE and performs security functions and access control. The SGSN is connected to the GERAN base station system through the Gb or Iu interface and/or to the UTRAN through the Iu interface."}, {"context": " A SGSN is responsible for the delivery of data packets from and to the mobile stations within its geographical service area. Its tasks include packet routing and transfer, mobility management (attach/detach and location management), logical link management, and authentication and charging functions. The location register of the SGSN stores location information (e.g., current cell, current VLR) and user profiles (e.g., IMSI, address(es) used in the packet data network) of all GPRS users registered with it."}, {"context": " Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) specific SGSN functions and characteristics are: An access point is: When a GPRS mobile phone sets up a PDP context, the access point is selected. At this point an Access Point Name (APN) is determined This access point is then used in a DNS query to a private DNS network. This process (called APN resolution) finally gives the IP address of the GGSN which should serve the access point. At this point a PDP context can be activated. The packet data protocol (PDP; e.g., IP, X.25, FrameRelay) context is a data structure present on both the \"serving GPRS support node\" (SGSN) and the \"gateway GPRS support node\" (GGSN) which contains the subscriber's session information when the subscriber has an active session."}, {"context": " When a mobile wants to use GPRS, it must first attach and then \"activate a PDP context\". This allocates a PDP context data structure in the SGSN that the subscriber is currently visiting and the GGSN serving the subscriber's access point. The data recorded includes Within the GPRS core network standards there are a number of interfaces and reference points (logical points of connection which probably share a common physical connection with other reference points). Some of these names can be seen in the network structure diagram on this page."}]}, {"title": "GPRS roaming exchange", "paragraphs": [{"context": " A GPRS roaming exchange (GRX) acts as a hub for GPRS connections from roaming users, removing the need for a dedicated link between each GPRS service provider. It was developed to facilitate a more efficient way for operators to interconnect networks, and played a large part in the transition to third-generation systems. Initially GPRS roaming was based on complicated relationships between individual operators with each operator requiring a dedicated link to each different partner so that formula_1, whereby formula_2 is the number of global operators that would require a dedicated link. This meant that mobile subscribers who wanted to use GPRS whilst roaming could only do so if their operator had a direct agreement with the operator in the country or area in which they were roaming."}, {"context": " In 2000 the GSMA (GSM Association) developed the idea of GRX to handle all roaming between public land mobile networks (PLMNs). Usually, GRX is based on a private or public IP backbone and uses GPRS Tunnelling Protocol on the session layer (OSI Layer Five) between the visited PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) and the home PLMN. Each GRX operator will have a network consisting of a set of routers and links connecting to the GPRS networks, moreover the GRX network will have links connecting to other GRX nodes in peer model."}, {"context": " The GRX operator can therefore act as a hub, allowing a GPRS subscriber to interconnect with many roaming partners without the need for dedicated links. For operators this is advantageous in that it allows quicker implementation of roaming partners, faster time to market for new operators and lower capital expenditure seeing as it is a scalable solution depending on bandwidth and quality of service requirements. Because the interconnection between the visited PLMN and home PLMN uses private GRX networks there is also no need to maintain Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) tunnels over the public internet.  GRX exploitation"}]}, {"title": "GPRename", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPRename is a computer program for renaming multiple files and directories at one time. GPRename is written in Perl, and runs on any Unix-like operating system. At the start of 2007, GPRename has been ported from the deprecated GTK-Perl to the new GTK2-Perl and in mid-2007 the new 2.4 release is now GPL-3. Jack Wallen writing in ghacks.net in August 2010 said:"}]}, {"title": "GPS (Maluma song)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"GPS\" is a song recorded by Colombian singer Maluma featuring American rapper French Montana. It was one of the three promotional singles featured in the short film \"X\", and was released on 24 November 2017, alongside \"Vitamina\" and \"23\" as a promotional single from Maluma's third studio album \"F.A.M.E.\" (2018). The three promotional singles however, were not included in the final version of the album due to unknown reasons. It was written by Maluma, French Montana, Andr\u00e9s Uribe, Kevin Mauricio Jim\u00e9nez Londo\u00f1o, Byran Snaider Lezcano, Stiven Rojas, Mario C\u00e1ceres and Servando Primera, and was produced by Rude Boyz. The promotional single has peaked at number 35 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Songs chart and at number 84 on the Spanish PROMUSICAE songs chart."}]}, {"title": "GPS (band)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPS was a progressive rock group formed in 2006 by John Payne (vocals, bass, guitar), Guthrie Govan (guitars) and Jay Schellen (drums, percussion). These three had been working together in Asia, specifically on an album to have been called \"Architect of Time\", when the fourth member of Asia, Geoff Downes, joined a reunion of the band's classic line-up, dissolving the then current line-up. Payne, Govan and Schellen announced the formation of a new band in February 2006 to be called One. However, after discovering another rock act with the same name, the band changed its name to GPS, from the initials of the three founders."}, {"context": " The band released a 10-track album called \"Window to the Soul\" on InsideOut in August 2006 in Europe; the release in North America came the following September. The album had originally been announced as \"One\" with a May release date. All the tracks are credited to Payne/Schellen/Govan, and keyboards on the album and subsequent tour were played by Ryo Okumoto of Spock's Beard. The band performed live in September/October 2006 and on two Japanese dates in late 2007. In parallel with GPS, Payne, Govan and Schellen were joined by Erik Norlander on keys in Asia Featuring John Payne. Norlander also filled in for Okumoto for one GPS date in the US. Govan later left Asia Featuring John Payne. Norlander also subsequently left Asia Featuring John Payne, to be replaced by Okumoto.  All songs by Govan, Payne, and Schellen unless indicated. + On Japanese and South Korean release only About half of the material on \"Window to the Soul\" was originally written for \"Architect of Time\". A November 2005 press release from Asia had mentioned \"Written on the Wind\", \"I Believe in Yesterday\" and \"Since You've Been Gone\" as song titles for the Asia album (to have been called \"Architect of Time\") Payne, Govan and Schellen were recording with Downes before the split."}]}, {"title": "GPS Bhadam, Jalandhar (Punjab)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Govt.Elementary School Bhadam is situated in Bhadam, Jalandhar, Punjab, India. It is a co-educational school. It was founded in 1954."}]}, {"title": "GPS Block IIF", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPS Block IIF, or GPS IIF is an interim class of GPS (satellite), which are used to keep the Navstar Global Positioning System operational until the GPS Block IIIA satellites become operational. They are being built by Boeing, and will be operated by the United States Air Force following their launch by United Launch Alliance, using Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicles. They are the final component of the Block II GPS constellation to be launched. On February 5, 2016, the final satellite in the IIF-block was successfully launched, completing the block."}, {"context": " The spacecraft have a mass of and a design life of 12 years. Like earlier GPS satellites, Block IIF spacecraft operate in semi-synchronous medium Earth orbits, with an altitude of approximately , and an orbital period of twelve hours. The satellites replace the GPS Block IIA satellites that were launched between 1990 and 1997 and were designed to last 7.5 years. The final satellite of the Block IIA series was decommissioned on January 25, 2016. The operational constellation now includes Block IIR, IIRM and IIF variants."}, {"context": " Because the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicles are more powerful than the Delta II, which was used to orbit earlier Block II GPS satellites, they can place the satellites directly into their operational orbits. As a result, Block IIF satellites do not carry apogee kick motors. The original contract for Block IIF, signed in 1996, called for 33 spacecraft. This was later reduced to 12, and program delays and technical problems pushed the first launch from 2006 to 2010. Overall, 12 GPS Block IIF satellites were launched, all of which are currently operational."}]}, {"title": "GPS Block IIIA", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPS Block IIIA consists of the first ten (known as \"tranche\") of GPS III satellites, which will be used to keep the Navstar Global Positioning System operational. Lockheed Martin designed, developed and manufactured the GPS III Non-Flight Satellite Testbed (GNST) and all ten Block IIIA satellites. The first satellite in the series was projected to launch in 2014, but significant delays have pushed the scheduled launch to December 2018. The tenth and final GPS Block IIIA launch is projected in Q2 2023."}, {"context": " The United States' Global Positioning System (GPS) reached Fully Operational Capability on July 17, 1995, completing its original design goals. However, additional advances in technology and new demands on the existing system led to the effort to modernize the GPS system. Announcements from the Vice President and the White House in 1998 initiated these changes. In 2000, the U.S. Congress authorized the effort, referred to as GPS III. The project involves new ground stations and new satellites, with additional navigation signals for both civilian and military users, and aims to improve the accuracy and availability for all users."}, {"context": " Raytheon was awarded the Next Generation GPS Operational Control System (OCX) contract on Feb 25, 2010. Block IIIA satellites use Lockheed Martin's A2100 bus structure. The propellant and pressurant tanks are manufactured by Orbital ATK from lightweight, high-strength composite materials. Each satellite will carry 8 deployable JIB antennas designed and manufactured by Northrop Grumman Astro Aerospace The first GPS III satellite was originally scheduled for launch in 2014, but in December 2016 the Director of the U.S. Air Force's Global Positioning Systems Directorate announced the first satellite will launch in the spring of 2018. In March 2017, the US General Accounting Office stated \"Technical issues with both the GPS III satellite and the OCX Block 0 launch control and checkout system have combined to place the planned March 2018 launch date for the first GPS III satellite at risk.\" The delays have been caused by a number of factors, primarily due to issues found in the navigation payload. Further launch date slippages were caused by the need to complete qualification testing and validation of the new SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket modification that is planned to deliver the first GPS III satellite to its orbit. This launch is now scheduled for December 20, 2018."}, {"context": " Future Block III variants are planned to incorporate additional capabilities. They include Distress Alerting Satellite System (DASS) capabilities for search and rescue, as well as satellite crosslinks for rapid command and reduced age of data. On April 27, 2016, Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX), in Hawthorne, California was awarded an $82,700,000 firm-fixed-price contract for launch services to deliver a GPS III satellite to its intended orbit. This launch service contract will include launch vehicle production, mission integration, and launch operations for a GPS III mission. The locations of performance are Hawthorne, California; Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida and McGregor, Texas. The work is expected to be completed by July 31, 2018."}, {"context": " On September 21, 2016, the U.S. Air Force exercised a $395 million contract option with Lockheed Martin for the ninth and tenth Block IIIA space vehicles, expected to be available for launch by 2022. One of the first announcements was the addition of a new civilian-use signal to be transmitted on a frequency other than the L1 frequency used for the existing GPS Coarse Acquisition (C/A) signal. Ultimately, this became known as the L2C signal because it is broadcast on the L2 frequency (1227.6\u00a0MHz). It can be transmitted by all block IIR-M and later design satellites. The original plan stated that until the new OCX (Block 1) system is in place, the signal would consist of a default message (\"Type 0\") that contains no navigational data. OCX Block 1 with the L2C navigation data was scheduled to enter service in February 2016, but has been delayed until 2022 or later."}, {"context": " As a result of OCX delays, the L2C signal was decoupled from the OCX deployment schedule. All satellites capable of transmitting the L2C signal (all GPS satellites launched since 2005) began broadcasting pre-operational civil navigation (CNAV) messages in April 2014, and in December 2014 the Air Force started transmitting CNAV uploads on a daily basis. The L2C signal will be considered fully operational after it is being broadcast by at least 24 space vehicles, currently projected to happen in 2021. As of October 2017, L2C was being broadcast from 19 satellites."}, {"context": " The L2C signal is tasked with providing improved accuracy of navigation, providing an easy-to-track signal, and acting as a redundant signal in case of localized interference. The immediate effect of having two civilian frequencies being transmitted from one satellite is the ability to directly measure, and therefore remove, the ionospheric delay error for that satellite. Without such a measurement, a GPS receiver must use a generic model or receive ionospheric corrections from another source (such as a Satellite Based Augmentation System). Advances in technology for both the GPS satellites and the GPS receivers have made ionospheric delay the largest source of error in the C/A signal. A receiver capable of performing this measurement is referred to as a dual frequency receiver. The technical characteristics of it are:"}, {"context": " It is defined in IS-GPS-200. A major component of the modernization process, a new military signal called M-code was designed to further improve the anti-jamming and secure access of the military GPS signals. The M-code is transmitted in the same L1 and L2 frequencies already in use by the previous military code, the P(Y) code. The new signal is shaped to place most of its energy at the edges (away from the existing P(Y) and C/A carriers). Unlike the P(Y) code, the M-code is designed to be autonomous, meaning that users can calculate their positions using only the M-code signal. P(Y) code receivers must typically first lock onto the C/A code and then transfer to lock onto the P(Y)-code."}, {"context": " In a major departure from previous GPS designs, the M-code is intended to be broadcast from a high-gain directional antenna, in addition to a wide angle (full Earth) antenna. The directional antenna's signal, termed a \"spot beam\", is intended to be aimed at a specific region (i.e., several hundred kilometers in diameter) and increase the local signal strength by 20\u00a0dB (10\u00d7 voltage field strength, 100\u00d7 power). A side effect of having two antennas is that, for receivers inside the spot beam, the GPS satellite will appear to be two GPS satellites occupying the same position."}, {"context": " While the full-Earth M-code signal is available on the Block IIR-M satellites, the spot beam antennas will not be available until the Block III satellites are deployed. Like the other new GPS signals, M-code is dependent on OCX\u2014specifically Block 2\u2014which was scheduled to enter service in October 2016, but which has been delayed until 2022, and that initial date did not reflect the two year first satellite launch delay expected by the GAO. Other M-code characteristics are: Safety of Life is a civilian-use signal, broadcast on the L5 frequency (1176.45\u00a0MHz). In 2009, a WAAS satellite sent the initial L5 signal test transmissions. SVN-62, the first GPS block IIF satellite, continuously broadcast the L5 signal starting on June 28, 2010."}, {"context": " As a result of schedule delays to the GPS III control segment, the L5 signal was decoupled from the OCX deployment schedule. All satellites capable of transmitting the L5 signal (all GPS satellites launched since May 2010) began broadcasting pre-operational civil navigation (CNAV) messages in April 2014, and in December 2014 the Air Force started transmitting CNAV uploads on a daily basis. The L5 signal will be considered fully operational once at least 24 space vehicles are broadcasting the signal, currently projected to happen in 2024. As of April 18, 2017, L5 was being broadcast from 12 satellites."}, {"context": " WRC-2000 added space signal component to this aeronautical band so the aviation community can manage interference to L5 more effectively than L2. It is defined in IS-GPS-705. L1C is a civilian-use signal, to be broadcast on the same L1 frequency (1575.42\u00a0MHz) that contains the C/A signal used by all current GPS users. L1C broadcasting will start when GPS III Control Segment (OCX) Block 1 becomes operational, currently scheduled for 2022. The L1C signal will reach full operational status when being broadcast from at least 24 GPS Block III satellites, currently projected for the late 2020s."}, {"context": " It is defined in IS-GPS-800. Increased signal power at the Earth's surface Researchers from The Aerospace Corporation confirmed that the most efficient means to generate the high-power M-code signal would entail a departure from full-Earth coverage, characteristic of all the user downlink signals up until that point. Instead, a high-gain antenna would be used to produce a directional spot beam several hundred kilometers in diameter. Originally, this proposal was considered as a retrofit to the planned Block IIF satellites. Upon closer inspection, program managers realized that the addition of a large deployable antenna, combined with the changes that would be needed in the operational control segment, presented too great a challenge for the existing system design."}, {"context": " The GPS Operational Control Segment (OCS), consisting of a worldwide network of satellite operations centers, ground antennas and monitoring stations, provides Command and Control (C2) capabilities for GPS Block II satellites. The latest update to the GPS OCS, Commercial Off-The-Shelf Upgrade #2 (CUP2), was completed on December 1, 2016. In 2010, the United States Air Force announced plans to develop a modern control segment, a critical part of the GPS modernization initiative. OCS will continue to serve as the ground control system of record until the new system, Next Generation GPS Operational Control System (OCX), is fully developed and functional."}, {"context": " OCX features are being delivered to the United States Air Force in three separate phases, known as \"blocks.\" The OCX blocks are numbered zero through two. With each block delivered, OCX gains additional functionality. In June 2016, the U.S. Air Force formally notified Congress the OCX program's projected program costs had risen above $4.25 billion, thus exceeding baseline cost estimates of $3.4 billion by 25%, also known as a critical Nunn-McCurdy breach. Factors leading to the breach include \"inadequate systems engineering at program inception\", and \"the complexity of cybersecurity requirements on OCX.\" In October 2016, the Department of Defense formally certified the program, a necessary step to allow development to continue after a critical breach."}, {"context": " OCX Block 0 provides the minimum subset of full OCX capabilities necessary to support launch and early on-orbit spacecraft bus checkout on GPS III space vehicles. Block 0 completed two cybersecurity testing events in April and May 2018 with no new vulnerabilities found. In June 2018, Block 0 had its third successful integrated launch rehearsal with GPS III. The U.S. Air Force accepted the delivery of OCX Block 0 in November 2017, and is using it to prepare for the first GPS launch in 2018. OCX Block 1 is an upgrade to OCX Block 0, at which time the OCX system achieves Initial Operating Capability (IOC). Once Block 1 is deployed, OCX will for the first time be able to command and control both Block II and Block III GPS satellites, as well support the ability to begin broadcasting the civilian L1C signal."}, {"context": " In November 2016, the GAO reported that OCX Block 1 had become the primary cause for delay in activating the GPS III PNT mission. Block 1 completed the final iteration of Critical Design Review (CDR) in September 2018. Software development on Block 1 is scheduled to complete in Q2 2019, after which the Block 1 software will undergo 2.5 years of system testing. OCX Block 2 upgrades OCX with the advanced M-code features for military users and the ability to monitor performance of the civilian signals. In March 2017, the contractor rephased its OCX delivery schedule so that Block 2 will now be delivered to the Air Force concurrently with Block 1. In July 2017, an additional nine months delay to the schedule was announced. According to the July 2017 program schedule, OCX will be delivered to the Air Force in April 2022."}, {"context": " GPS III Contingency Operations (\"COps\") is an update to the GPS Operational Control Segment, allowing OCS to provide Block IIF Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) features from GPS III satellites. The Contingency Operations effort enables GPS III satellites to participate in the GPS constellation, albeit in a limited fashion, without having to wait until OCX Block 1 becomes operational (currently scheduled for 2022). The United States Air Force awarded the 96 million dollar Contingency Operations contract in February 2016. As of September 2018, software development had been complete, and component integration test was scheduled to complete in October 2018. Operational acceptance testing is scheduled for January 2020.  The ten GPS Block IIIA Space Vehicles are scheduled for launch beginning in December 2018, continuing through at least 2023."}]}, {"title": "GPS Block IIIF", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPS Block IIIF, or GPS IIIF, is the second set of GPS III satellites, consisting of 22 space vehicles. The United States Air Force began the GPS Block IIIF acquisition effort in 2016, and awarded a 7.2 billion US dollar manufacturing contract for all 22 space vehicles to Lockheed Martin on September 14, 2018. The 22 satellites in Block IIIF are projected to delivered starting in 2026, with launches estimated to last through at least 2034. The U.S. Air Force employed a two-phase competitive bid acquisition process for the GPS Block IIIF satellites."}, {"context": " On May 5, 2016, the U.S. Air Force awarded three Phase One Production Readiness Feasibility Assessment contracts for GPS III Space Vehicles (SV's) 11+, one each to Boeing Network and Space Systems, Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company, and Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems. The phase one contracts were worth up to six million dollars each. During the phase one effort, both Boeing and Northrop Grumman successfully demonstrated working navigation payloads. On April 19, 2017, the US Air Force Space Command announced the start of the second phase of its acquisition strategy with the publication of a special notice for an \"Industry Day\" for companies planning on bidding for the contract to manufacture GPS III vehicles 11+. During the Industry Day event, the Air Force shared the tentative acquisition strategy which it will use to evaluate proposals, then solicited feedback from potential bidders."}, {"context": " In July 2017, the Deputy Director of the U.S. Air Force GPS Directorate stated the acquisition strategy for GPS Block IIIF would be to award the manufacturing contracts for all 22 Block IIIF satellites to the same contractor. In November 2017, the Deputy Director of the US Air Force's GPS Directorate announced the name of the second tranche of GPS III satellites was \"GPS Block IIIF.\" Also in November 2017, it was announced that development of the fully digital navigation payload for GPS Block IIIF satellites had completed. The Block IIIA program schedule was delayed multiple times due to issues with the navigation payload."}, {"context": " While the Air Force originally expected to publish the formal Request For Proposals (RFP) for GPS Block IIIF production in September 2017, it was not released until February 13, 2018. The RFP was for a firm-fixed price (FFP) contract for a single company to manufacture all 22 space vehicles. All three participants from phase one (Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and Northrop Grumman) were believed to be likely to submit proposals. The government held a pre-proposal conference in El Segundo, CA to be held on March 15, 2018 for potential bidders to ask the Air Force questions about the solicitation."}, {"context": " The submission deadline for proposals was 12:00pm Pacific Daylight Time on April 16, 2018. The bid status of companies who participated in phase one, in alphabetical order: On September 14, 2018, the Air Force awarded a $7.2 billion manufacturing contract to Lockheed Martin. Procurement funds for GPS Block IIIF satellite manufacturing will be allocated from the federal budget, starting with Fiscal Year 2018 (FY18). The Air Force has identified four \"technology insertion points\" for GPS Block IIIF.  These four points are the only four times during the block's lifecycle where new capabilities will be allowed to be introduced to Block IIIF satellites. The 22 GPS Block IIIF satellites are scheduled for launch between FY2025 and FY2034."}]}, {"title": "GPS Exchange Format", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPX, or GPS Exchange Format, is an XML schema designed as a common GPS data format for software applications. It can be used to describe waypoints, tracks, and routes. The format is open and can be used without the need to pay license fees. Location data (and optionally elevation, time, and other information) is stored in tags and can be interchanged between GPS devices and software. Common software applications for the data include viewing tracks projected onto various map sources, annotating maps, and geotagging photographs based on the time they were taken."}, {"context": " These are the essential data contained in GPX files. Ellipsis (...) means that the previous element can be repeated. Additional data may exist within every markup but is not shown here: Conceptually, tracks are a record of where a person has been and routes are suggestions about where they might go in the future. For example, each point in a track may have a timestamp (because someone recorded where \"and when\" they were there), but the points in a route are unlikely to have timestamps (other than estimated trip duration) because route is a suggestion which might never have been traveled."}, {"context": " Technically: The minimum properties for a GPX file are latitude and longitude for every single point. All other elements are optional. Some vendors, such as Humminbird and Garmin, use extensions to the GPX format for recording street address, phone number, business category, air temperature, depth of water, and other parameters. Latitude and longitude are expressed in decimal degrees, and elevation in meters, both using the . Dates and times are not local time, but instead are Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) using ISO 8601 format."}, {"context": " The following is a truncated (for brevity) GPX file produced by a Garmin Oregon 400t hand-held GPS unit. This document does not show all functionality which can be stored in the GPX format \u2014 for example, there are no waypoints or extensions, and this is part of a track, not a route \u2014 but its purpose is to serve as a brief illustration. <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\" ?> <gpx xmlns=\"http://www.topografix.com/GPX/1/1\" xmlns:gpxx=\"http://www.garmin.com/xmlschemas/GpxExtensions/v3\" xmlns:gpxtpx=\"http://www.garmin.com/xmlschemas/TrackPointExtension/v1\" creator=\"Oregon 400t\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\" xsi:schemaLocation=\"http://www.topografix.com/GPX/1/1 http://www.topografix.com/GPX/1/1/gpx.xsd http://www.garmin.com/xmlschemas/GpxExtensions/v3 http://www.garmin.com/xmlschemas/GpxExtensionsv3.xsd http://www.garmin.com/xmlschemas/TrackPointExtension/v1 http://www.garmin.com/xmlschemas/TrackPointExtensionv1.xsd\">  </gpx>"}]}, {"title": "GPS IIR-1", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPS IIR-1 or GPS SVN-42 was the first Block IIR GPS satellite to be launched. It was to have been operated as part of the United States Air Force Global Positioning System. It was launched on January 17, 1997, however it was destroyed 13 seconds into its flight due to a malfunction of the Delta II rocket that was carrying it. It was estimated to have cost US$40\u00a0million, with its carrier rocket costing $55\u00a0million. The satellite which was used for the IIR-1 mission was the second production IIR satellite, SVN-42."}, {"context": " GPS IIR-1 was launched on a Delta II 7925-9.5 rocket, serial number D241, from Launch Complex 17A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The launch occurred at 16:28:01 GMT (11:28 local time), on January 17, 1997. Thirteen seconds later, the rocket's flight termination system was activated by its onboard computer. This detonated explosive charges aboard the rocket, causing it to explode. At the time of explosion, the rocket was above the launch complex. It was the lowest-altitude launch failure at Cape Canaveral since Atlas-Centaur AC-5 in 1965 and only the third total loss of a Delta in the previous two decades."}, {"context": " An investigation determined that the failure was caused by a crack in the casing of the number 2 GEM-40 solid rocket motor, which started to form at T+6 seconds and grew from there. At T+12 seconds, the SRB casing ruptured and debris struck the number 8 SRB next to it, causing that motor to fail as well. One second later, the range safety destruct charges automatically activated, causing the rocket to auto-terminate, which led to the self-destruction of the first stage and the detonation of the remaining SRBs. The upper stages were blasted free. At T+21 seconds, the Range Safety Officer sent a manual destruct command to terminate the upper stages for safety purposes, resulting in their destruction. The GPS satellite and payload shroud survived intact until impacting the ground. It could not be determined with certainty what had tripped the destruct system on the first stage; possible explanations including a lanyard being pulled, a shock wave from the rupture of the number 2 SRB, or heat generated by the event."}, {"context": " The booster had been damaged by pressure from a support in a new transportation system which had recently been introduced. Following the failure, the system was revised, and ultrasound inspections of boosters on future flights were introduced. Debris from the explosion fell into the Atlantic Ocean, and on the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Some debris landed around the launch pad, and a small fire started. Other debris landed in the parking lot outside the complex blockhouse, destroying twenty cars that were located there. Two hundred and fifty tons of debris fell within of the launch pad. One piece of debris made a hole in a cable track, allowing smoke to enter the blockhouse."}, {"context": " Residents of the area around the launch site were advised to stay indoors, close windows, and turn off air conditioning systems as a precaution, as some vapours from the fuel could be irritant or toxic. The explosion was reported to have been felt away from the launch site, and damage to store windows away was reported. A number of Delta II launches were delayed while the cause of the failure was investigated and corrective action was taken. It returned to service on 5 May 1997, making the first Delta II launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base SLC-2W. The launch was successful."}, {"context": " With the retirement of the Delta II launch system, the GPS IIR-1 mission stands as the only outright failure of a Delta II rocket. The only partial failure of a Delta II was the launch of Koreasat 1, where one of the solid rocket motors failed to separate; the satellite still reached its correct orbit by using onboard propellant, which left it with a shorter than planned operational life expectancy. GPS IIR-1 was to have replaced an older satellite, which was still operational at the time of its replacement's launch. This satellite was able to continue operating until another replacement could be launched.  The launch of GPS IIR-1 was the last to use the Complex 17 blockhouse, with future launches being controlled from a Launch Control Center in the 1st Space Launch Squadron Operations Building, south of the pad. This was already under construction at the time of the failure, as the blockhouse was unable to support the Delta III rocket, which was then under development. Following the failure, construction on the new control facilities was accelerated."}]}, {"title": "GPS Inc v Syarikat Takaful Malaysia Berhad", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPS Inc. v Syarikat Takaful Malaysia Berhad is a 2011 decision of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom on marine insurance and the law of carriage of goods by sea. The case addresses issues of \"\"causa proxima\"\" and the extent of any alleged \"warranty of seaworthiness of cargo\". The case concerned an oil rig which was being transported by sea on a barge from Galveston, Texas, to Malaysia.. The weather at the time was normal and unexceptional. The rig was a platform with legs some 300 feet long, and when \"in situ\", the legs would reach down to the ocean bed. While on the barge, the legs were extended 300 feet into the air. During the voyage, one leg broke off, and shortly after all the other legs broke too. It was later determined that the loss of the legs resulted from metal fatigue caused by related stress caused by the motion of the waves."}, {"context": " The insurers argued that the proximate cause (\"\"causa proxima\"\") was \"Inherent Vice\" of the cargo, for which they would not be liable. Lord Diplock's definition of \"Inherent Vice\" in \"Soya GmbH Mainz Kommanditgesellschaft v White\" was acknowledged by both parties. The insurers cited and relied on \"Mayban General Insurance v Alstom Power Plants\". \"Mayban\" had held that goods tendered for shipment had to be capable of withstanding the forces that they could ordinarily be expected to encounter during the voyage. The court held that \"Mayan\" was wrongly decided as, if it were to stand, it would wrongly reduce the scope of cargo insurance cover to loss through perils of the sea that was \"exceptional, unforeseen or unforeseeable\".  In summary, the Lords held that the loss was fortuitous, that the \"causa proxima\" was not \"Inherent Vice\", but that the true proximate cause was a \"Peril of the Sea\". Accordingly, the insurers were liable to indemnify the assured for their loss."}]}, {"title": "GPS Omens", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPS Omens is an American amateur soccer team from Boston, Massachusetts. It plays in the Bay State Soccer League, part of the United States Adult Soccer Association. Formerly known as Mass Premier Soccer, the team qualified for the U.S. Open Cup for the first time in 2013, losing 2\u20130 in the first round away to GPS Portland Phoenix of the Premier Development League. The team returned to the cup the following year, losing 4\u20131 in the first round to Western Mass Pioneers. Renamed GPS Massachusetts, the team played host in the first round in 2015 at Buckingham Browne & Nichols School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and lost 2\u20131 to Seacoast United Phantoms after leading 2\u20131 at half time."}, {"context": " After missing the 2016 cup, GPS Omens recorded the first undefeated season in the history of the Bay State Soccer League (16 wins, 2 ties) and qualified for the 2017 U.S. Open Cup, still featuring 15 of the players who took part in 2013. On May 10, they won a game in the cup for the first time, 2\u20130 at GPS Portland Phoenix, and followed it a week later with a 2\u20131 victory at Boston City FC of the National Premier Soccer League. In the third round on May 31, the team traveled to USL Pro team Rochester Rhinos, losing 2\u20131 with the decisive goal in time added onto the end of extra time."}]}, {"title": "GPS Portland Phoenix", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPS Portland Phoenix is an American soccer team based in Portland, Maine, United States. Founded in 2009, the team plays in USL League Two, the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Northeast Division of the Eastern Conference. The team plays its home games at Memorial Stadium on the campus of Deering High School. The team's colors are sky blue, white and black. The Phoenix acquired their PDL franchise rights from the now-defunct Cape Cod Crusaders, the PDL national champions in 2002 and 2003 who left the league at the end of the 2008 season. They are part of the larger Maine Premier Soccer (\"MPS\") organization, which was founded in 2009 as a sister company to Massachusetts Premier Soccer, with a mission to develop aspiring professional soccer players and coaches in Maine."}, {"context": " The team played its first official game on May 9, 2010, a 3-0 victory over the Westchester Flames. The first goal in franchise history was scored by Chris Banks. Global Premier Soccer rebranded the team GPS Portland Phoenix in 2012. \"This list of notable former players comprises players who went on to play professional soccer after playing for the team in the Premier Development League, or those who previously played professionally before joining the team.\" Attendance stats are calculated by averaging each team's self-reported home attendances from the historical match archive."}]}, {"title": "GPS Rugby", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPS Rugby Club, colloquially known as Jeeps, is an Australian rugby union club based at Ashgrove in Brisbane that plays in the Queensland Premier Rugby competition. Jeeps also participates in the Brisbane Grades and Colts competitions, and in the \"Golden Oldies\" competition for the over 35's. The club has produced more than fifty Wallabies, including Ben Tune, Daniel Herbert, and Matt Cockbain, and many other representative and professional players. \"Jeeps\" is derived from \"GPS Old Boys\", which was adopted as the name of the club in the 1930s. The club traces its origins back to 1887, when the \"Past & Present Grammar Club\" was formed from teachers, students, and past students of the Brisbane Grammar School (BGS)."}, {"context": " \"Past & Present Grammar\" evolved into \"Past Grammar\", and eventually \"BGS Old Boys\". The \"BGS Old Boys\" became \"GPS Old Boys\" when broadening the membership base in 1931, as players were sought from other Great Public Schools (GPS). Jeeps has no formal link with the GPS Association, apart from the name, and the club is open to senior and junior players from all schools and backgrounds. GPS Old Boys claims to be one of the oldest rugby clubs in Australia, and traces its heritage back to a Past & Present Grammar club formed in 1887. The Past & Present Grammar Club fielded teams made up of teachers, students, and some past students of the Brisbane Grammar School through to 1890."}, {"context": " At a meeting of the Old Boys on Thursday 5 March 1891, it was decided to form a Club composed of past members of the Brisbane Grammar School. \"(ref: Brisbane Courier Saturday 7 March 1891)\". This Past Grammar Club was a separate entity from the Past & Present Grammar Club. The Past Grammar Club played in the Senior Grade competition in Brisbane from 1891 through to 1900, until the introduction of the Electorate Football System in 1901. The club returned with the reintroduction of the Club Football System in 1905, and played through to 1914."}, {"context": " After WWI, Past Grammar rejoined Brothers, Valleys & University and played in the 1919 QRU competition, but moved over to Rugby League in 1920 when the Rugby Union was disbanded in the 1920s. The Past Grammar Club that moved to Rugby League would later become Northern Suburbs Districts and finally Norths Devils in the Brisbane Rugby League. A new incarnation called BGS Old Boys Football Club was formed in 1928, when a small faction of members from the original Past Grammar left the club to play in the reinstated rugby union competition. \"(Ref: Norths Devils website)\""}, {"context": " BGS Old Boys played a number of exhibition games against the newly formed YMCA Club. However this new Club was quite separate to the original Past Grammar Club which was still playing in the Brisbane Rugby League Competition. These 2 Clubs would form the heart of the 5 Club 1929 QRU Senior Rugby Competition which also included Valleys, Wynnum District and Past Commercials. According to noted rugby historian Ian Diehm in his book Red! Red! Red!, Past Grammar reformed along with other clubs after the devastation of the first world war, and eventually became GPS Old Boys in 1931 after a change of constitution, which broadened its membership beyond old boys of Brisbane Grammar. The first president of GPS Old Boys was Dr Kenneth Fraser and its first coach Dr \"Jacky\" Beath, the former Wallaby and Australian Infantry Forces fullback."}, {"context": " Four members of the club - \"Blow\" Ide, Bill McLean, Boyd Oxlade and Llewellyn \"Welly\" Lewis went to England with the 1939 Wallabies, but only McLean continued after World War II. McLean was the first of GPS's two Australian captains, Arch Winning being the second. The club has had many homes: New Farm Park, Finsbury Park and, since 1977, Ashgrove Sports Ground. Past Grammar had won premierships in 1892, 1898, 1899 and 1914. GPS won the 1942 and 1943 \"A\" Grade Premierships (Keith Horsley Memorial Trophy) against Eagle Junction and University respectively, but had to wait until 1961 to win the Hospital Challenge Cup, coached by the former GPS player and later Queensland and Australian coach, the late Bob Templeton."}, {"context": " The club won the premiership again in 1972 and for a fifth time in 1996, when the A Grade team upset Souths 12-6. After a 22-year drought, GPS won the premiership for a sixth time in 2018. HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY \"School Team (BRISBANE GRAMMAR SCHOOL)\" \"Old Boys Team (PAST GRAMMAR)\" \"Old Boys Team (GPS OLD BOYS)\" \"Premiers (6)\" \"Runners-Up (9)\" \"Premiers (6)\" \"Runners-Up (18)\" Notes <nowiki>*</nowiki> Past Grammar played in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership from 1920-1932. The rugby union competition was disbanded from 1920-27. In 1928, a group of players from Past Grammar formed the BGS Old Boys club to play in the reinstated rugby union competition. BGS Old Boys was renamed GPS Old Boys in 1931. In 1933, the Past Grammar club was absorbed into the newly created Northern Suburbs Districts Rugby League Club when the Brisbane Rugby League implemented a \"District Scheme\"."}]}, {"title": "GPS Tuner", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPS Tuner is the name of a software company based in Budapest, Hungary, and of a software product they make. The software is a tool intended for off-road navigation based on the Global Positioning System (GPS), where it is used to determine position while cycling, hiking, geocaching, boating, flying, driving, and many other outdoor sporting activities. It can be used by those with a GPS receiver alone, or in a smartphone, Pocket PC, or iPhone. Recently, the firm released a new version of its navigation software dedicated to electric bicycles named eBike Navigation. This new version includes a variety of battery management features like display for battery capacity, range, gear, power and battery consumption. EBike Navigation also offers assistance recommendations for optimizing battery capacity along with a real rage calculation based on terrain elevation and other variable conditions. In mid-2010, the firm released an iPhone app version of the software that included technology allowing off-road turn-by-turn navigation."}, {"context": " Length units and map grids are selectable. Units include metric, imperial or nautical. Grids include 24 national grids, such as WGS-84, British (OSGB36), NAD27, NAD83. Mapping supports JPG files as maps, calibration desktop software program, auto map loading feature, zoom and pan by pen or joystick, flexible layer and track/route display, distance measuring and route defining manually by drawing on maps. The map can also be blank. For navigation, the digital compass has a real time rotating compass with a target arrow. The target arrow points to a defined target coordinate. Any waypoint, trackpoint, or point of map can be selected as target, with six different types of compass views, 38 selectable compass tools, voice navigation and next turn indication for routes. The trip computer monitors whole trips, with options to save, load and reset. It has 31 selectable trip computer tools, a graph for altitude and speed, selectable tool window size, and can push track data into trip computer to get a full track analysis."}, {"context": " Waypoints, point of interest (POI) support GPS eXchange Format (GPX), LOC, Keyhole Markup Language (KML) files. Track, route supports GPX, TRK, KML files, and tracking recording by configurable auto, time, or distance interval. Waypoints and tracks can be viewed in Google Earth directly, with KML export/import. Flexible waypoint management, convert track to route and reverse route direction. It can do NMEA recording, playback (with selectable speed), and can jump to any position in NMEA files, skipping unneeded data."}, {"context": " Position sharing allows user positions to be shared in real time with other users, which position is also displayed. All user positions can be monitored in a web browser, suitable for precise personal and vehicle tracking. GPS navigation applications use vector-based maps called vector graphics. This map type contains objects such as points of interest, city names, and street names, which are stored in data tables inside the map itself. GPS Tuner uses such vector map data, combined with raster graphics based maps.  Custom user maps can be created and calibrated by users, or pre-calibrated maps can be downloaded from many free websites. As pictures, the maps need no updating until any elements of the picture map change, such as street positions, new roads are added, etc. POIs are not built into the pictures, and are instead maintained in a separate vector file database."}]}, {"title": "GPS aircraft tracking", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPS aircraft tracking is a means of tracking the position of an aircraft fitted with a GPS receiver. By communication with GPS satellites, detailed real-time data on flight variables can be passed to a server on the ground. This server stores the flight data, which can then be transmitted via telecommunications networks to organisations wishing to interpret it. The different kinds of telecommunication networks used are: Some devices are avionics components like ACARS and ADS-B. In these cases the receiving and transmitting antenna are usually located outside of the airframe."}, {"context": " When devices are not installed as avionics components they have to be completely independent from the aircraft. They are typically placed inside of the airframe in a location where the GPS and communication satellites are directly visible to the device, for example through the cockpit window. The output signal must also be able to penetrate the aircraft - most civil aviation authorities require compliance with DO-160 for audio frequency conducted susceptibility and induced signal susceptibility."}, {"context": " Authorities classify non-installed components as \"transmitting portable electronic devices\" (T-PEDS) and as such require them to be switched off during the critical phases of flight. Accurate real-time data provided by GPS aircraft tracking may be offered to air traffic control using ADS-B technology. This can safely reduce airspace separation of aircraft. GPS aircraft tracking also enables airlines to track their fleet of aircraft over the ACARS system, and allows aircraft to be more easily located in the event of an accident. The data is processed to gather \"OOOI\" information about movements within the airport and to compute flight time. Finally, GPS aircraft tracking permits a flight school to track a trainee pilot and debrief his/her flight path afterwards."}, {"context": " There are several active aircraft tracking systems available on the market that use the \"bread-crumb approach\" to SAR. Rather than relying on an emergency locator transmitter to transmit upon impact, the next generation of emergency locating devices are active tracking devices that send position reports at regular time intervals. If the unit stops transmitting upon impact, the historical transmissions will give the last known location of the aircraft, its speed, direction and altitude. Tracking as an alternative or complement to current technology has recently been encouraged by the Coroner in New Zealand."}]}, {"title": "GPS disciplined oscillator", "paragraphs": [{"context": " A GPS clock, or GPS disciplined oscillator (GPSDO), is a combination of a GPS receiver and a high-quality, stable oscillator such as a quartz or rubidium oscillator whose output is controlled to agree with the signals broadcast by GPS or other GNSS satellites. GPSDOs work well as a source of timing because the satellite time signals must be accurate in order to provide positional accuracy for GPS in navigation. These signals are accurate to nanoseconds and provide a good reference for timing applications."}, {"context": " GPSDOs serve as an indispensable source of timing in a range of applications, and some technology applications would not be practical without them. GPSDOs are used as the basis for Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) around the world. UTC is the official accepted standard for time and frequency. UTC is controlled by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). Timing centers around the world use GPS to align their own time scales to UTC. GPS based standards are used to provide synchronization to wireless base stations and serve well in standards laboratories as an alternative to cesium-based references."}, {"context": " GPSDOs can be used to provide synchronization of multiple RF receivers, allowing for RF phase coherent operation among the receivers and applications, such as passive radar and ionosondes. A GPSDO works by disciplining, or steering a high quality quartz or rubidium oscillator by locking the output to a GPS signal via a tracking loop. The disciplining mechanism works in a similar way to a phase-locked loop (PLL), but in most GPSDOs the loop filter is replaced with a microcontroller that uses software to compensate for not only the phase and frequency changes of the local oscillator, but also for the \"learned\" effects of aging, temperature, and other environmental parameters."}, {"context": " One of the keys to the usefulness of a GPSDO as a timing reference is the way it is able to combine the stability characteristics of the GPS signal and the oscillator controlled by the tracking loop. GPS receivers have excellent long-term stability (as characterized by their Allan deviation) at averaging times greater than several hours. However, their short-term stability is degraded by limitations of the internal resolution of the one pulse per second (1PPS) reference timing circuits, signal propagation effects such as multipath interference, atmospheric conditions, and other impairments. On the other hand, a quality oven-controlled oscillator has better short-term stability but is susceptible to thermal, aging, and other long-term effects. A GPSDO aims to utilize the best of both sources, combining the short-term stability performance of the oscillator with the long-term stability of the GPS signals to give a reference source with excellent overall stability characteristics."}, {"context": " GPSDOs typically phase-align the internal flywheel oscillator to the GPS signal by using dividers to generate a 1PPS signal from the reference oscillator, then phase comparing this 1PPS signal to the GPS-generated 1PPS signal and using the phase differences to control the local oscillator frequency in small adjustments via the tracking loop. This differentiates GPSDOs from their cousins NCOs (numerically controlled oscillator). Rather than disciplining an oscillator via frequency adjustments, NCOs typically use a free-running, low-cost crystal oscillator and adjust the output phase by digitally lengthening or shortening the output phase many times per second in large phase steps assuring that on average the number of phase transitions per second is aligned to the GPS receiver reference source. This guarantees frequency accuracy at the expense of high phase noise and jitter, a degradation that true GPSDOs do not suffer."}, {"context": " When the GPS signal becomes unavailable, the GPSDO goes into a state of holdover, where it tries to maintain accurate timing using only the internal oscillator. Sophisticated algorithms are used to compensate for the aging and temperature stability of the oscillator while the GPSDO is in holdover. The use of Selective Availability (SA) prior to May 2000 restricted the accuracy of GPS signals available for civilian use and in turn presented challenges to the accuracy of GPSDO derived timing. The turning off of SA resulted in a significant increase in the accuracy that GPSDOs can offer.  GPSDOs are capable of generating frequency accuracies and stabilities on the order of parts per billion for even entry-level, low-cost units, to parts per trillion for more advanced units within minutes after power-on, and are thus one of the highest-accuracy physically-derived reference standards available."}]}, {"title": "GPS drawing", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPS Drawing, also known as GPS Art and Strava Art, is a method of drawing where an uses a Global Positioning System (GPS) device and follows a pre planned route to create a large-scale picture or text on a map. Artists usually run or cycle the route though cars, vans, and aeroplanes are used to create larger pieces. GPS artists can spend many hours finding a certain image or text hidden in a map or can sometimes simply see an existing image in a map due to Pareidolia. In many cities and towns the road layout and landscape restricts the routes available so artisst have to find creative ways to show their pictures or characters. In cities where there is a strong grid pattern an 8-bit style or pixelated images can be created of almost any object or shape. Many artists will create paper or digital maps of their route to follow on their journey."}, {"context": " There are many approaches to GPS Drawing which an artist can choose depending or their means of travel and the landscape around them. This style uses only pre existing roads, paths, trails, etc. which can make it more challenging to find a route and plan the artwork. On the other hand following these paths makes navigation during the journey much easier and the artwork is more likely to reflect the original plan. This is how the majority of GPS artworks are made. Freehand GPS drawing is where artist creates a shape on open ground without following existing paths which means the artist has to watch their progress in real time on their GPS device. Artists can run or cycle over open ground such as parks, fields, and car parks. Artists in cars and other motor vehicles can draw shapes on large open areas such as deserts, airfields, and beaches. Almost all artworks created by aircraft and watercraft use this technique as they are not restricted by human and physical geography. Freehand GPS drawing opens unlimited possibilities but without waypoints and existing routes it is very easy to loose track of your progress and make mistakes."}, {"context": " By pausing the GPS device and restarting it at different locations an artist is able to draw straight lines across the map though the built environment and over physical barriers. Though this can create very striking images and open up new possibilities in a city most artists do not use technique. Some artists add extra images or lines to the map after they have created the route. They can do this to simply add googly eyes to an animal or face or go further add lines and other features which help viewers see what they have drawn. Other times an artist will show a photo or other image alongside their drawing if it is not clear at first glance what has been drawn."}, {"context": " Most people use a route mapping app or other service to display their drawing online and to share on social media. Popular apps include Strava, Map My Run, and Garmin. Many artists also import their route into Google Maps, Open Streetmap, Viweranger, and other map services before capturing the image to display and share. This gives the artist the option of expanding and cropping the image, orienting it another way, or tilting the map to add perspective. Some artists use false color maps then choose contrasting colors for their route to create vivid images."}, {"context": " The idea was first implemented by artists Hugh Pryor and Jeremy Wood, whose work includes a 13-mile wide fish in Oxfordshire, spiders with legs 21 miles long in Port Meadow, Oxford, and \"the world's biggest 'IF'\": a pair of letters, \"I\", which goes from Iffley in Oxford to Southampton and back, and \"F\" which traverses through the Ifield Road in London down to Iford, East Sussex, through Iford and back up through Ifold in West Sussex. The total length is 537\u00a0km, and the height of the drawing in typographic units is 319,334,400 points. Typical computer fonts at standard resolutions are between 8 and 12 points."}, {"context": " In early 2014 programmer Joe Rosen released a GPS-A-Sketch GPS sketching app for iOS, through the iTunes App Store. In 2016, musicians Shaun Buswell & Erik Nyberg travelled around the United Kingdom drawing a 400+ mile penis across England and Scotland. In 2018 artist Nathan Rae created a #WeLoveManchester piece as part of the cememorations of the Manchester Arena Bombing. One of the most prolific GPS artists is the artist known as WalleyGPX who, as of October 2018, has created over 500 pieces of GPS art. He uses pencil and paper to plan the routes around his home city of Baltimore which he then creates by bicycle."}]}, {"title": "GPS for the visually impaired", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Since the Global Positioning System (GPS) was introduced in the late 1980s there have been many attempts to integrate it into a navigation-assistance system for blind and visually impaired people. Corsair is a GPS for pedestrians. It allows you to discover places around you and take you there. A new way of guidance has been developed by using the smartphone's vibration feature to indicate the direction to follow. This solution is particularly useful for people with visual impairments. Cydalion is a navigation aid for people with visual impairments for Tango-enabled devices. Cydalion detects objects (including their height), offers custom sounds, and has a personalized user interface."}, {"context": " Lazarillo is based on Google Maps, OpenStreetMap and Foursquare alongside they own databases and with this information, Lazarillo collects the necessary data about the surroundings of the user to support the following features: Was designed in France to compensate for the limitations of traditional GPS and smartphone applications for the blind and visually impaired . The fruit of 8 years of research in collaboration with the CNRS, ANGEO is the only device capable of discretely, reliably guiding you when crossing areas where GPS satellites are masked."}, {"context": " When Apple introduced the iPhone 3GS in 2009, it was the first ever touch screen device accessible to the blind. iOS device usage has steadily increased among the blind and visually impaired population and numerous GPS apps targeting this user group have been developed since. Ariadne GPS, developed by Luca Giovanni Ciaffoni, was released in June 2011 and was one of the first GPS apps specifically designed for blind and visually impaired users. It is based on Google map data and has the following features:"}, {"context": " BlindSquare is developed by MIPsoft and was first released in May 2012. It uses data from Foursquare and OpenStreetMap and offers a large feature set covering the needs of blind and visually impaired travelers. It is based on Foursquare, Open Street Map, and Apple Maps data and supports the following features: iMove has been developed by EveryWare Technologies and was first released in January 2013. It is unique, because it lets users record sound clips and associate them with saved locations. iMove offers the following features:"}, {"context": " MyWay Classic was first released in January 2012 and is developed by the Swis Federation of the Blind. It has evolved into an app with a large set of features covering the needs of blind and visually impaired travelers. It uses Open Street Map data and includes the following features: Seeing Assistant move is developed by Transition Technologies S.A. and was first released in March 2013. It is the only GPS app designed for blind and visually impaired people that lets the user operate the app through predefined speech commands. It is based on Open Street Map and supports the following features:"}, {"context": " Sendero Seeing Eye GPS is developed by the Sendero Group in collaboration with several organizations for the blind (Seeing Eye, RNIB, Guide Dogs NSW ACT) and was first released in July 2013. The Seeing Eye GPS is a fully accessible turn-by-turn GPS iPhone app developed by Sendero Group. It has all the normal navigation features plus features unique to blind users, such as simple menu structure, automatic announcements of intersections and points of interest, and routes for both pedestrian and vehicle with heads-up announcements for approaching turns."}, {"context": " It uses Foursquare and Google Places for points of interest and Google Maps for street info. Seeing Eye is not available globally and is offered under various names: The Sendero apps include the following features: ViaOpta Nav is developed by Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation and was first released in August 2014. It is available for both IOS and Android devices. It is the only GPS app targeting blind and visually impaired users that offers the possibility to search for accessibility information for example information about intersections, tactile paving, and audible traffic signals. Although Open Street Map supports respective categories, this information is not very widely available yet in the map data itself."}, {"context": " ViaOpta Nav uses Apple Maps (on iOS devices) and Google Maps (on Android devices) for address retrieval, and Open Street Map for route calculation, intersection information, and public points of interest. ViaOpta Nav supports the following main features: The Loadstone project is developing an open source software for satellite navigation for blind and visually impaired users. The software is free and runs currently on many different Nokia devices with the S60 platform under all versions of the Symbian operating system. A GPS receiver must be connected to the cell phone by Bluetooth. Many blind people around the world are using Nokia cell phones because there are two screen reader products for the S60 Symbian platform; Talks from Nuance Communications and Mobile Speak from the Spanish company Code Factory. This makes these devices accessible by output of synthetic speech and also allow the use of third party software, such as Loadstone GPS."}, {"context": " The Loadstone developers, who are blind, are from Vancouver, Glasgow, and Amsterdam. Many users from around the world have contributed improvement proposals as they know exactly what functionality helps to increase their pedestrian mobility. Monty Lilburn and Shawn Kirkpatrick started the project in 2004. After the first development successes, they made it public in May 2006. Since then, other volunteers have found their way to this project of global self-help. The program is under the GNU General Public License (GPL), and was financed entirely by the private developers and by donations of users. This product provides blind people with more independence from the trading policy and prices of the few global vendors of accessible satellite navigation solutions."}, {"context": " In large rural regions and developing or newly industrializing countries, nearly no exact map data is available in common map databases. As such, the Loadstone software provides users an option to create and store their own waypoints for navigation and share them with others. The Loadstone community is working on importing coordinates from free sources, such as the OpenStreetMap project. In addition they are searching for a sponsor of licenses for commercial map data, such as is offered by the company Tele Atlas. The other major supplier is Navteq, which belongs to Nokia."}, {"context": " Lodestone is the name of a natural magnetic iron that was used throughout history in the manufacturing of compasses. Sighted owners of S60 devices can use Loadstone for leisure-time activities geocaching. LoroDux was a project by Fachhochschule Hannover. Like in Loadstone the user is led by direction and distance information. The text on the screen is read out by a screenreader. Vibration-Only navigation is possible. Data can be imported from the OpenStreetMap project. The development is discontinued because the team prefers to use Java on Android for the future. LoroDux LoroDux"}, {"context": " Mobile Geo is Code Factory\u2019s GPS navigation software for Windows Mobile-based Smartphones, Pocket PC phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Powered by GPS and mapping technology from the Sendero Group, Mobile Geo is the first solution specifically designed to serve as a navigation aid for people with a visual impairment which works with a wide range of mainstream mobile devices. Though it is a separately licensed product, Mobile Geo is seamlessly integrated with Code Factory\u2019s popular screen readers \u2013 Mobile Speak for Pocket PCs and Mobile Speak for Windows Mobile Smartphones."}, {"context": " The Victor Trekker, designed and manufactured by HumanWare (previously known as VisuAide), was launched on March 2003. It is a personal digital assistant (PDA) application operating on a Dell Axim 50/51 or later replaced by HP IPAQ 2490B Pocket PC, adapted for the blind and visually impaired with talking menus, talking maps, and GPS information. Fully portable (weight 600g), it offered features enabling a blind person to determine position, create routes and receive information on navigating to a destination. It also provided search functions for an exhaustive database of point of interests, such as restaurants, hotels, etc."}, {"context": " The PDA's touch screen is made accessible by a tactile keypad with buttons that is held in place with an elastic strap. It is fully upgradeable, so it can expand to accommodate new hardware platforms and more detailed geographic information. Trekker and Maestro, which is the first off-the-shelf accessible PDA based on Windows Mobile Pocket PC, are integrated and available since May 2005. The Trekker is no longer sold by Humanware; the successor \"Trekker Breeze\" is a standalone unit. The software has fewer features than the original Trekker."}, {"context": " The Trekker Breeze is standalone hardware. Routes need to be recorded before they can be used. POIs are supported. The BrailleNote GPS device is developed by Sendero Group, LLC, and Pulse Data International, now called HumanWare, in 2002. It is like a combination of a personal digital assistant, Map-quest software and a mechanical voice. With a receiver about the size of a small cell phone, the BrailleNote GPS utilizes the GPS network to pinpoint a traveler\u2019s position on earth and nearby points of interest. The BrailleNote receives radio signals from satellites to chart the location of users and direct them to their destination with spoken information from the speech synthesizer. The system uses satellites to triangulate the carrier\u2019s position, much like a ship finding its location at sea."}, {"context": " Users can record points of interest such as local restaurants or any other location into the PDA\u2019s database. Afterward, they can use keyboard commands on the unit\u2019s keyboard to direct themselves to a specific point of interest. The French company Kapsys offers a navigation system without a display, that works with speech input and output, called Kapten. It was originally developed for cyclists but soon became a favourite in blind communities because of its low price compared to other accessible navigation solutions. Later Versions took feedback about accessibility into account."}, {"context": " The Trinetra project aims to develop cost-effective, independence-enhancing technologies to benefit blind people. One such system addresses accessibility concerns of blind people using public transportation systems. Using GPS receivers and staggered Infrared sensors, information is relayed to a centralized fleet management server via a cellular modem. Blind people, using common text-to-speech enabled cell phones can query estimated time of arrival, locality, and current bus capacity using a web browser."}, {"context": " Trinetra, spearheaded by Professor Priya Narasimhan, is an ongoing project at the Electrical and Computer Engineering department of Carnegie Mellon University. Additional research topics include item-level UPC and RFID identification while grocery shopping and indoor navigation in retail settings. MoBIC means \"Mobility of Blind and Elderly people Interacting with Computers\", which was carried out from 1994 to 1996 supported by the Commission of the European Union. It was developing a route planning system which is designed to allow a blind person access to information from many sources such as bus and train timetables as well as electronic maps of the locality. The planning system helps blind people to study and plan their routes in advance, indoors."}, {"context": " With the addition of devices to give the precise current position and orientation of the blind pedestrian, the system could then be used outdoors. The outdoor positioning system is based on signals and satellites which give the longitude and latitude to within a metre; the computer converts this data to a position on an electronic map of locality. The output from the system is in the form of spoken messages. Drishti is a wireless pedestrian navigation system. It integrates several technologies including wearable computers, voice recognition and synthesis, wireless networks, Geographic information system (GIS) and GPS. It augments contextual information to the visually impaired and computed optimized routes based on user preference, temporal constraints (e.g. traffic congestion), and dynamic obstacles (e.g. ongoing ground work, road blockade for special events)."}, {"context": " The system constantly guides the blind user to navigate based on static and dynamic data. Environmental conditions and landmark information queries from a spatial database along their route are provided on the fly through detailed explanatory voice cues. The system also provides capability for the user to add intelligence, as perceived by the blind user, to the central server hosting the spatial database. In 1985, Jack Loomis, a Professor of Psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, came up with the idea of a GPS-based navigation system for the visually impaired. A short unpublished paper (Loomis, 1985) outlined the concept and detailed some ideas for implementation, including the idea of a virtual sound interface. Loomis directed the project for over 20 years, in collaboration with Reginald Golledge (1937\u20132009), Professor of Geography at UCSB, and Roberta Klatzky, Professor of Psychology (now at Carnegie Mellon University). Their combination of development and applied research was supported by three multi-year grants from the National Eye Institute (NEI) and another multi-year consortium grant from the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR), headed by Michael May of Sendero Group. In 1993, the UCSB group first publicly demonstrated the Personal Guidance System (PGS) using a bulky prototype carried in a backpack. Since then, they created several versions of the PGS, one of which was carried in a small pack worn at the waist. Their project mostly focused on the user interface and the resulting research has defined the legacy of the project. As indicated earlier in this entry, several wearable systems are now commercially available. These systems provide verbal guidance and environmental information via speech and Braille displays. But just as drivers and pilots want pictorial information from their navigation systems, survey research by the UCSB group has shown that visually impaired people often want direct perceptual information about the environment. Most of their R&D has dealt with several types of \u201cspatial display\u201d, with researchers Jim Marston and Nicholas Giudice contributing to the recent efforts. The first is a virtual acoustic display, which provides auditory information to the user via earphones (as proposed in the 1985 concept paper). With this display, the user hears important environmental locations, such as turn points along the route and points of interest. The labels of these locations are converted to synthetic speech and then displayed using auditory direction and distance cues, such that the spoken labels appear in the auditory space of the user. A second type of display, which the group calls a \u201chaptic pointer interface\u201d, was inspired by the hand-held receiver used in the Talking Signs\u00a9 system of remote signage. The user holds a small wand, to which are attached an electronic compass and a small loudspeaker or vibrator. When the hand is pointing toward some location represented in the computer database, the user hears a tone or feels a vibration. Supplementary verbal information can be provided by synthetic speech. The user moves toward the desired location by aligning the body with the hand while maintaining the \"on-course\" auditory or vibratory signal. Other variants of the pointer interface involve putting the compass on the body or head and turning the body or head until the on-course signal is perceived. Six published route-guidance studies indicate that spatial displays provide effective route guidance, entail less cognitive load than speech interfaces, and are generally preferred by visually impaired users."}, {"context": " Prof. W. Balachandran is the pioneer and the head of GPS research group at Brunel University. He and his research team are pursuing research on navigation system for blind and visually impaired people. The system is based on the integration of state of the art current technologies, including high-accuracy GPS positioning, GIS, electronic compass and wireless digital video transmission (remote vision) facility with an accuracy of 3~4m. It provides an automated guidance using the information from daily updated digital map datasets e.g. roadworks. If required the remote guidance of visually impaired pedestrians by a sighted human guide using the information from the digital map and from the remote video image provides flexibility."}, {"context": " The difficulties encountered include the availability of up to date information and what information to offer including the navigation protocol. Levels of functionality have been created to tailor the information to the user\u2019s requirements. NOPPA navigation and guidance system was designed to offer public transport passenger and route information using GPS technology for the visually impaired. This was a three-year (2002~2004) project in VTT Industrial Systems in Finland. The system provides an unbroken trip chain for a pedestrian using buses, commuter trains and trams in three neighbor cities\u2019 area. It is based on an information server concept, which has user-centered and task oriented approach for solving information needs of special needs groups."}, {"context": " In the system, the Information Server is an interpreter between the user and Internet information systems. It collects, filters and integrates information from different sources and delivers results to the user. The server handles speech recognition and functions requiring either heavy calculations or data transfer. The data transfer between the server and the client is minimized. The user terminal holds speech synthesis and most of route guidance. NOPPA can currently offer basic route planning and navigation services in Finland. In practice, map data can have outdated information or inaccuracies, positioning can be unavailable or inaccurate, or wireless data transmission is not always available."}, {"context": " NAVIG is a multidisciplinary project, with fundamental and applied aspects. The main objective is to increase the autonomy of blind people in their navigation capabilities. Reaching a destination while avoiding obstacles is one of the most difficult issue that blind individuals have to face. Achieving autonomous navigation will be pursued indoor and outdoor, in known and unknown environments. The project consortium is composed by two research centers in computer sciences specialized in human-machine interaction (IRIT) for handicapped people and in auditory perception, spatial cognition, sound design and augmented reality (LIMSI). Another research center is specialized in human and computer vision (CERCO), and two industrial partners are active in artificial vision (Spikenet Technology) and in pedestrian geolocalisation (Navocap). The last member of the consortium is an educational research center for the visually impaired (CESDV \u2013 IJA, Institute of Blind Youth)."}, {"context": " TANIA is a project founded at the University of Stuttgart, Germany. The hardware is based on GPS and RFID. It allows navigation for blind and deafblind persons with step accuracy. It only works where special maps have been created for the system. Wayfinder Access was a GPS solution from the Swedish company Wayfinder Systems AB. This application for Symbian phones was designed especially to work with screen readers, such as Mobile Speak from Code Factory or TALKS from Nuance Communications and offers text-to-speech technology. It is able to take the special needs of the blind and visually impaired into consideration. Symbian screen reader software offers more than just the reading of the application\u2019s screens, but also supports Braille devices.  Highlights of Wayfinder Access include, but are not limited to: The Wayfinder Access Service was shut down in 2011 after the company was taken over by Vodafone."}]}, {"title": "GPS in the earthmoving industry", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPS when applied in the earthmoving industry can be a viable asset to contractors and increase the overall efficiency of the job. Since GPS satellite positioning information is free to the public, it allows for everyone to take advantage of its uses. Heavy equipment manufacturers in conjunction with GPS guidance system manufacturers have been co-developing GPS guidance systems for heavy equipment since the late 1990s. These systems allow the equipment operator to use GPS position data to make decisions based on actual grade and design features. Some heavy equipment guidance systems can even operate the machine's implements automatically from a set design that was created for the particular jobsite. GPS guidance systems can have tolerances as small as two to three centimeters making them extremely accurate compared to relying on the operator's skill level. Since the machine's GPS system has the ability to know when it's off the design grade, this can reduce surveying and material costs required for a specific job."}, {"context": " GPS Technology was officially introduced as a guidance system for earthmoving machines in the late 1990s. Since this time, many manufacturers of earthmoving equipment now offer GPS and other guidance systems, as a factory option. Many companies exist that also sell GPS guidance systems for the earthmoving industry as a retrofit option. The two main companies for heavy equipment guidance systems are Trimble and Topcon. In April 2002, Trimble and Caterpillar Inc. began a joint venture known as Caterpillar Trimble Controls Technology LLC (CTCT). \"The joint venture develops machine control products that use site design information combined with accurate positioning technology to automatically control dozer blades and other machine tools\". Though aftermarket kits were available from various companies to retrofit an existing machine for GPS guidance, Caterpillar Inc. was the first heavy equipment manufacturer to offer GPS guidance systems as a factory option from the dealer called an ARO (Attachment Ready Option). John Deere soon followed with their own version of ARO called \"Integrated Grade Control\" in 2006 on many Track-Type Tractors (TTT) and Motorgraders (MG)."}, {"context": " While there are various GPS systems currently used in the heavy equipment industry, they can typically be categorized as either \"indicate only\" or \"fully automatic\". Both systems can utilize one or two GPS receivers. Using only one GPS receiver limits how the guidance system can orient the machine's position in respect to the site design. Using two GPS receivers gives the guidance system two points of position allowing it to calculate what angle the machine is on relative to the site plan. The following describes \"indicate only\" and \"fully automatic\" in more detail."}, {"context": " Indicate only uses GPS positioning information as a guide to the operator. Depending on the system used, the machine position can be displayed over the specific design site that was created for the earthmoving project. This system relies on the operator to steer and move the machine's implements in order to match the site's design. Indicate only systems are typically cheaper and less complicated since they don't require hardware to tap into the machine's implement control systems. Indicate only systems typically utilize a single GPS receiver mounted on the machine itself and can use an angle sensor to calculate the machine's slope. Accuracy of these systems depends on if the site has a base station that can relay site specific corrections. If the site does not have a base station, indicate only systems can just use satellite information, however the accuracy is usually in the one to two meter range. Utilizing a base station allows for site specific corrections to be transmitted to the machine, increasing the accuracy through Real Time Kinematics (RTK). Site specific corrections can increase the accuracy of an indicate only system to be around two to three centimeters. Machines that typically use indicate only consist of Soil Compactors (SC), Track-Type Tractors (TTT), and Motor Graders (MG). The use of a base station really depends on the accuracy requirements of the project. Some projects such as clearing overburden at a mine site with a TTT, may not need two to three centimeter accuracy while as grading a road base with a MG does."}, {"context": " Fully automatic systems allow the ability of the machine's implements to be controlled by the GPS guidance system. This is typically used in the fine grading applications where precise levels of material need to be moved on a predetermined design or grade. The advantages to this system is due to the accuracy that can be achieved with GPS and RTK, but requires an onsite base station. These systems can use either one or two GPS receivers and are mounted on the machine's blade. The more advanced systems use two receivers since it allows the machine to be controlled in a three-dimensional design. Fully automatic systems require the GPS guidance system to be integrated in the machine's implement controls. Some manufacturers sell the machine with these controls already integrated into the machine as an option. Aftermarket kits are available that can retrofit your existing machine to fully automatic control, but requires the GPS system to interface with the machine's implement controls. This is typically done one of two ways. If the machine's implements are controlled using electric over hydraulic (EH), the GPS system can input lever commands in parallel with the machine's implement lever. The output from the GPS system is interpreted by the machine's electronic control module as a lever command given by the operator and moves the implements accordingly. The second method for integrating GPS in the machine's implement controls is by adding a second pilot hydraulic valve in parallel with the machine's pilot hydraulic valve. This second valve is controlled by the GPS system and moves the implement valve according to the system design and blade location. Types of machines that use fully automatic GPS systems include TTT and MG."}, {"context": " The key to successfully using GPS in the earthmoving industry is having an accurate site design. The site design, typically created by an engineering firm, can be imported from the original design file into the machine's GPS display. Most GPS guidance systems also have the ability to allow the operator to define a specific grade elevation or grade angle without a specific design. The following describes common machine applications that utilize GPS guidance systems. Track-Type Tractors TTT are an extremely popular machine platform for GPS guidance systems specifically in the smaller sized models that are used for fine grading. Caterpillar Inc. and John Deere both offer fully automatic integrated GPS as an option from the factory on some of these models. One example of GPS being used on a TTT would be on a road project."}, {"context": " Motorgraders are another popular machine platform since they also perform fine grading activities that can benefit from the GPS accuracy. Caterpillar Inc. and John Deere also offer some models with integrated GPS. Hydraulic excavators are just beginning to be integrated using GPS technology and are typically indicate only. Excavators use GPS technology in conjunction with angle sensors integrated in the machine's boom, stick, and bucket. This allows the operator to see how deep they are digging by comparing the actual bucket location to the site design on the GPS display."}, {"context": " In recent years, Komatsu has released excavators offering semi-automatic functions. With these functions, the machine will automatically raise the boom and bucket to maintain the predetermined design grade. These machines also offer an auto stop function, preventing the bucket and boom function from lower beyond the predetermined design grade. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0ELceB420I Scrapers use GPS technology and are typically indicate only. The GPS antenna is typically mounted on the bowl of the scraper and allows the operator to compare the depth of the cut versus the site plan. This takes a lot of the ambiguity out of moving large amounts of material."}, {"context": " GPS technology is applied in both trash compactors and soil compactors. Typical systems record where the compactor has been in order to create a map of the area's compaction. Usually the display has various colors that indicate that the machine has compacted the area. GPS systems typically have a high initial cost of around $100,000 per machine. When used properly GPS on average can increase productivity by as much as 30% over traditional methods. There is also cost reduction of material (since less is needed) because such high accuracy can be achieved. Some construction projects even require the use of GPS since it can bring down the overall cost of the project due to its efficiency advantages. Some GPS systems allow the user to switch systems to other machines making this tool very versatile. The contractor must plan for greater efficiency, since increasing one aspect of the job by 30% may not increase the overall efficiency, since another area may not be able to keep up. \"If you do everything right and boost overall productivity say 30 percent, you\u2019re going to have to line up 30 percent more work in the future or send crews home early\"."}, {"context": " GPS is extremely versatile in the earthmoving industry but it does have its limitations. GPS satellite signals can only be received in a non obstructed view of the sky with the exception of clouds. If a contractor wanted to perform grade work in preparation for a concrete floor within a building for example, the roof would block the view to the GPS satellites preventing the system from working. Working too close to a structure can also obstruct the machine's view of the sky creating dead zones. High-voltage power-lines can also create dead zones when working underneath them. GPS satellite coverage can also be weaker during certain parts of the day lowering the amount of satellites the machine's system can use. This all depends on the geographical location and time of day. Improvements in GPS technology and the addition of GLONASS (Russian GNSS Satellites) satellites have reduced this issue. As mentioned earlier, in order to increase the overall accuracy of GPS you have to purchase and use a base station which adds additional cost."}, {"context": " GPS continues to be integrated in the construction industry and soon will be an industry standard. Autonomous cars that utilize GPS are currently being developed and someday the earthmoving industry could incorporate such features. Already new machines are coming equipped with GPS integrated from the factory. The possibilities are endless and who knows what other practical uses for GPS in the earthmoving industries will be discovered. 2010 saw the advent of the first user-oriented web resource for prospective 3D machine control users. The Kellogg Report publicized a detailed comparison of the major systems available on the market, evaluating more than 200 system features. The report continues to be updated as the technology evolves."}]}, {"title": "GPS intelligent buoys", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPS intelligent buoy (GIB) systems may be classified as inverted long-baseline (LBL) acoustic positioning devices where the transducers are installed on GPS-equipped sonobuoys that are either drifting or moored. GIBs may be used in conjunction with an active underwater device (such as a pinger equipped torpedo), or with a passive acoustic sound source (such as an inert bomb striking the surface of the water). Typically the sound source or impact event is tracked or localized using a time of arrival (TOA) technique. Typically several GIBs are deployed over a given area of operation; with the total number determined by the size of the test area and the accuracy of the results desired. Different methods of GPS positioning may be used for positioning the array of GIBs, with accuracies of cm to meter level in realtime possible."}, {"context": " Buoys are manufactured by the French company ACSA-underwater-GPS (subsidiary of the ALCEN group). Three off-the shelf products are available from the small portable GIB-Lite system to the large torpeado tracking GIB-FT, and including the medium-size, medium-range GIB-Plus system. Use of GIBs for underwater tracking and weapon scoring have been in use by the Navy since the early to mid 1990s. Early GIBs were created for broad ocean area weapons testing by modifying conventional Navy sonobuoys with small OEM-grade GPS receivers and deploying them from a helicopter or from P-3 Orion aircraft. The GPS data captured by the GIB was modulated over the analog VHF acoustic data stream using frequency-shift keying (FSK). This allows the GPS measurement data to be transmitted and received on legacy VHF sonobuoy receiver equipment. A drifting array of twelve or more GIBs would be deployed in a concentric circular array approximately 7\u00a0nm in diameter. Weapon strikes within the array emitted acoustic signatures that were captured by the GIBs and transmitted up to the orbiting aircraft. Post-mission the GPS and acoustic data from the GIBs would be combined to determine an absolute coordinate for the impact location in WGS 84 coordinates."}, {"context": " GIB type systems have been developed for a variety of specialized applications. An illustrative use of GIBs for underwater positioning is the TARGT weapon scoring and training system The system concept (Figure 1) utilizes an array eight to ten GIBs (Figure 2) moored in a 2\u00a0km by 2\u00a0km array. In the case of the TARGT GIB, the GPS and RF antennas are located on top of the sensor and the hydrophone, or underwater acoustic transducer, is located on the bottom. The device is approximately 6\u00a0ft tall and weighs 35\u00a0lbs."}, {"context": " Inert weapon releases from military aircraft strike the surface of the water within the array, emitting an acoustic signature that is captured by each of the GIBs. Each GIB determines the precise time of the received signal and transmits this time to the deployment ship in near real time. A command and control system located on the deployment and recovery ship combines the GPS data and acoustic timing information to triangulate the impact location and determine the exact impact time in near realtime. Several methods may be used, the most common being a time difference of arrival (TDOA) least-squares solution algorithm. Post-mission data processing is performed to further refine the results, with two-dimensional positioning accuracies of 1 to 2 meters and impact timing accuracies of 1-2 milliseconds demonstrated."}]}, {"title": "GPS meteorology", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPS meteorology refers to the use of the effect of the atmosphere on the propagation of the Global Positioning System's (GPS) radio signals to derive information on the state of the (lower, neutral) atmosphere. There are currently two main operational techniques in use in GPS meteorology: GPS limb sounding from orbit, and GPS water vapour monitoring. As a result, if it is possible to determine the total atmospheric delay by GPS, one can subtract out the calculated contribution by the well-mixed \"dry\" gasses"}, {"context": " from the measured air pressure at the surface, and obtain a measure for the absolute water vapour content of the atmosphere, integrated from surface to space. This is also referred to as \"total precipitable water vapour\". What makes it possible to determine the total atmospheric delay, is its known dependence of the zenith or elevation angle of the satellite. If formula_1 is the zenith angle, the propagation path delay is proportional to formula_2. This unique signature makes it possible to solve"}, {"context": " separately for the \"zenith delay\" in GPS computations also solving for station coordinates and receiver clock delays. Nowadays water vapour estimates are generated routinely in real time (latency measured in hours) by permanent geodetic GPS networks existing in many parts of the world. Water vapour is a very important gas for meteorological and climatological studies, because of the latent heat it carries in transport. Additionally it is a powerful greenhouse gas. The GPS technique is especially valuable"}, {"context": " because it measures \"absolute\" water vapour content or partial pressure rather than relative humidity, which corresponds to water vapour contents that are strongly dependent on the often not precisely known temperature. One can receive on a low flying satellite the signals from the much higher orbiting (20 000 km) GPS satellite constellation. As the low flying satellite orbits the Earth in 1.5 hours, many of the GPS satellites will \"rise\" and \"set\" during the time of the orbit. When they do, their signal will traverse the atmosphere."}, {"context": " A signal delay is produced which grows or decays exponentially with time, just as the atmospheric density is an exponential function of height above the Earth's surface. In fact, this so-called limb sounding technique allows us to determine the scale height, the constant describing the steepness of this atmospheric density decay. This makes the technique extremely valuable for climatological studies, as the scale height is directly related to the temperature in the upper atmosphere, where the limb sounding signals do their  sensing. The technique works best in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere; it breaks down close to the Earth surface especially in the tropics, due to water vapour extinction. Satellites involved in GPS limb sounding have been: METSAT, OERSTED (Danish), and several others."}]}, {"title": "GPS navigation device", "paragraphs": [{"context": " A GPS navigation device, GPS receiver, or simply GPS is a device that is capable of receiving information from GPS satellites and then to calculate the device's geographical position. Using suitable software, the device may display the position on a map, and it may offer directions. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) made up of a network of a minimum of 24, but currently 30, satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense. The GPS was originally developed for use by the United States military, but in the 1980s, the United States government allowed the system to be used for civilian purposes. Though the GPS satellite data is free and works anywhere in the world, the GPS device and the associated software must be bought or rented."}, {"context": " A GPS device can retrieve from the GPS system location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth. A GPS reception requires an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites, and is subject to poor satellite signal conditions. In exceptionally poor signal conditions, for example in urban areas, satellite signals may exhibit multipath propagation where signals bounce off structures, or are weakened by meteorological conditions. Obstructed lines of sight may arise from a tree canopy or inside a structure, such as in a building, garage or tunnel. Today, most standalone GPS receivers are used in automobiles. The GPS capability of smartphones may use assisted GPS (A-GPS) technology, which can use the base station or cell towers to provide a faster Time to First Fix (TTFF), especially when GPS signals are poor or unavailable. However, the mobile network part of the A-GPS technology would not be available when the smartphone is outside the range of the mobile reception network, while the GPS aspect would otherwise continue to be available."}, {"context": " The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was developed contemporaneously with GPS, but suffered from incomplete coverage of the globe until the mid-2000s. GLONASS can be added to GPS devices to make more satellites available and enabling positions to be fixed more quickly and accurately, to within 2 meters. Using the GPS information and subject to the sophistication of installed GPS software, a GPS device used as an automobile navigation system may be used in a number of contexts, including:"}, {"context": " GPS devices may be able to indicate: As with many other technological breakthroughs of the latter 20th century, the modern GPS system can reasonably be argued to be a direct outcome of the Cold War of the latter 20th century. The multibillion-dollar expense of the program was initially justified by military interest. In 1960, the US Navy put into service its Transit satellite based navigation system to aid in ship navigation. Between 1960 and 1982, as the benefits were been shown, the US military consistently improved and refined its satellite navigation technology and satellite system. In 1973, the US military began to plan for a comprehensive worldwide navigational system which eventually became known as the GPS (global positioning system). In 1983, in the wake of the tragedy of the downing of the Korean Airlines Flight 007, an aircraft which was shot down while in Soviet airspace due to a navigational error, President Reagan made the navigation capabilities of the existing military GPS system available for dual civilian use. However, civilian use was initially only a slightly degraded \"Selective Availability\" positioning signal. This new availability of the US military GPS system for civilian use required a certain technical collaboration with the private sector for some time, before it could become a commercial reality. In 1989, Magellan Navigation Inc. unveiled its Magellan NAV 1000, the world\u2019s first commercial handheld GPS receiver. These units initially sold for approximately US$2,900 each. In 2000, the Clinton administration removed the military use signal restrictions, thus providing full commercial access to the US GPS satellite system."}, {"context": " In 1990, Mazda's Eunos Cosmo was the first production car in the world with a built-in GPS navigation system. In 1991, Mitsubishi introduced GPS car navigation on the Mitsubishi Debonair (MMCS: Mitsubishi Multi Communication System). In 1997, a navigation system using Differential GPS was developed as a factory-installed option on the Toyota Prius. As GPS navigation systems became more and more widespread and popular, the pricing of such systems began to fall, and their widespread availability steadily increased. Also, several additional manufacturers of these systems, such as Garmin (1991), Benefon (1999), Mio (2002) and TomTom (2002) entered the market. Mitac Mio 168 was the first PocketPC to contain a built-in GPS receiver. Benefon's 1999 entry into the market also presented users with the world's first phone based GPS navigation system. Later, as smartphone technology developed, a GPS chip eventually became standard equipment for most smartphones. To date, ever more popular GPS navigation systems and devices continue to proliferate with newly developed software and hardware applications. It has been incorporated, for example, into cameras."}, {"context": " While the American GPS was the first satellite navigation system to be deployed on a fully global scale, and to be made available for commercial use, this is not the only system of its type. Due to military and other concerns, similar global or regional systems have been, or will soon be deployed by Russia, the European Union, China, India, and Japan. GPS devices vary in sensitivity, speed, vulnerability to multipath propagation, and other performance parameters. High Sensitivity GPS receivers use large banks of correlators and digital signal processing to search for GPS signals very quickly. This results in very fast times to first fix when the signals are at their normal levels, for example outdoors. When GPS signals are weak, for example indoors, the extra processing power can be used to integrate weak signals to the point where they can be used to provide a position or timing solution."}, {"context": " GPS signals are already very weak when they arrive at the Earth\u2019s surface. The GPS satellites only transmit 27\u00a0W (14.3\u00a0dBW) from a distance of 20,200\u00a0km in orbit above the Earth. By the time the signals arrive at the user's receiver, they are typically as weak as \u2212160 dBW, equivalent to one tenth of a million-billionth of a watt (100\u00a0attowatts). This is well below the thermal noise level in its bandwidth. Outdoors, GPS signals are typically around the \u2212155 dBW level (\u2212125 dBm). Conventional GPS receivers integrate the received GPS signals for the same amount of time as the duration of a complete C/A code cycle which is 1 ms. This results in the ability to acquire and track signals down to around the \u2212160 dBW level. High Sensitivity GPS receivers are able to integrate the incoming signals for up to 1,000 times longer than this and therefore acquire signals up to 1,000 times weaker, resulting in an integration gain of 30\u00a0dB. A good High Sensitivity GPS receiver can acquire signals down to \u2212185 dBW, and tracking can be continued down to levels approaching \u2212190 dBW."}, {"context": " High Sensitivity GPS can provide positioning in many but not all indoor locations. Signals are either heavily attenuated by the building materials or reflected as in multipath. Given that High Sensitivity GPS receivers may be up to 30 dB more sensitive, this is sufficient to track through 3 layers of dry bricks, or up to 20\u00a0cm (8 inches) of steel reinforced concrete for example. Examples of high sensitivity receiver chips include SiRFstarIII and MediaTek\u02bcs MTK II. Consumer GPS navigation devices include:"}, {"context": " Dedicated devices have various degrees of mobility. \"Hand-held\", \"outdoor\", or \"sport\" receivers have replaceable batteries that can run them for several hours, making them suitable for hiking, bicycle touring and other activities far from an electric power source. Their screens are small, and some do not show color, in part to save power. Some use transflective liquid-crystal displays, allowing use in bright sunlight. Cases are rugged and some are water resistant. Other receivers, often called \"mobile\" are intended primarily for use in a car, but have a small rechargeable internal battery that can power them for an hour or two away from the car. Special purpose devices for use in a car may be permanently installed and depend entirely on the automotive electrical system."}, {"context": " The pre-installed embedded software of early receivers did not display maps; 21st century ones commonly show interactive street maps (of certain regions) that may also show points of interest, route information and step-by-step routing directions, often in spoken form with a feature called \"text to speech\". Manufacturers include: Due in part to regulations encouraging mobile phone tracking, including E911, the majority of GPS receivers are built into mobile telephones, with varying degrees of coverage and user accessibility. Commercial navigation software is available for most 21st-century smartphones as well as some Java-enabled phones that allows them to use an internal or external GPS receiver (in the latter case, connecting via serial or Bluetooth). Some phones using assisted GPS (A-GPS) function poorly when out of range of their carrier's cell towers. Others can navigate worldwide with satellite GPS signals as well as a dedicated portable GPS receiver does, upgrading their operation to A-GPS mode when in range. Still others have a hybrid positioning system that can use other signals when GPS signals are inadequate."}, {"context": " More bespoke solutions also exist for smartphones with inbuilt GPS capabilities. Some such phones can use tethering to double as a wireless modem for a laptop, while allowing GPS-navigation/localisation as well. One such example is marketed by Verizon Wireless in the United States, and is called VZ Navigator. The system uses gpsOne technology to determine the location, and then uses the mobile phone's data connection to download maps and calculate navigational routes. Other products including iPhone are used to provide similar services. Nokia gives HERE Maps free on mobile operating systems: Windows Phone 8, Android, Sailfish OS and FirefoxOS, but excluding iOS. Maps can be preloaded onto the device."}, {"context": " According to market research from the independent analyst firm Berg Insight, the sales of GPS-enabled GSM/WCDMA handsets was 150 million units in 2009, while only 40 million separate GPS receivers were sold. GPS navigation applications for mobile phones include on-line (e.g. Waze, Google Maps Navigation, Apple Maps) and off-line (e.g. iGo for Android, Maverick and HERE for Windows Phone) navigation applications. Google Maps Navigation, which is included with Android, means most smartphone users only need their phone to have a personal navigation assistant."}, {"context": " Many Android smartphones have an additional GPS feature, called \"Extended Prediction Orbit\" (EPO). The phone downloads a file to help it locate GPS satellites more quickly and reduce the time to first fix. Software companies have made available GPS navigation software programs for in-vehicle use on laptop computers. Benefits of GPS on a laptop include larger map overview, ability to use the keyboard to control GPS functions, and some GPS software for laptops offers advanced trip-planning features not available on other platforms, such as midway stops, capability of finding alternative scenic routes as well as only highway option."}, {"context": " Palms and Pocket PC's can also be equipped with GPS navigation. A pocket PC differs from a dedicated navigation device as it has an own operating system and can also run other applications. Other GPS devices need to be connected to a computer in order to work. This computer can be a home computer, laptop, PDA, digital camera, or smartphones. Depending on the type of computer and available connectors, connections can be made through a serial or USB cable, as well as Bluetooth, CompactFlash, SD, PCMCIA and the newer ExpressCard. Some PCMCIA/ExpressCard GPS units also include a wireless modem."}, {"context": " Devices usually do not come with pre-installed GPS navigation software, thus, once purchased, the user must install or write their own software. As the user can choose which software to use, it can be better matched to their personal taste. It is very common for a PC-based GPS receiver to come bundled with a navigation software suite. Also, GPS modules are significantly cheaper than complete stand-alone systems (around \u20ac50 to \u20ac100). The software may include maps only for a particular region, or the entire world, if software such as Google Maps are used."}, {"context": " Some hobbyists have also made some GPS devices and open-sourced the plans. Examples include the Elektor GPS units. These are based around a SiRFstarIII chip and are comparable to their commercial counterparts. Other chips and software implementations are also available. Commercial aviation applications include GPS devices that calculate location and feed that information to large multi-input navigational computers for autopilot, course information and correction displays to the pilots, and course tracking and recording devices."}, {"context": " Military applications include devices similar to consumer sport products for foot soldiers (commanders and regular soldiers), small vehicles and ships, and devices similar to commercial aviation applications for aircraft and missiles. Examples are the United States military's Commander's Digital Assistant and the Soldier Digital Assistant. Prior to May 2000 only the military had access to the full accuracy of GPS. Consumer devices were restricted by selective availability (SA), which was scheduled to be phased out but was removed abruptly by President Clinton. Differential GPS is a method of cancelling out the error of SA and improving GPS accuracy, and has been routinely available in commercial applications such as for golf carts. GPS is limited to about 15 meter accuracy even without SA. DGPS can be within a few centimeters."}, {"context": " A sequential GPS receiver tracks the necessary satellites by typically using one or two hardware channels. The set will track one satellite at a time, time tag the measurements and combine them when all four satellite pseudoranges have been measured. These receivers are among the least expensive available, but they cannot operate under high dynamics and have the slowest time-to-first-fix (TTFF) performance. GPS maps and directions are occasionally imprecise. Some people have gotten lost by asking for the shortest route, like a couple in the United States who were looking for the shortest route from South Oregon to Jackpot, Nevada."}, {"context": " In August 2009 a young mother and her six-year-old son became stranded in Death Valley after following GPS directions that led her up an unpaved dead end road. When they were found five days later, her son had died from the effects of heat and dehydration. In May 2012, Japanese tourists in Australia were stranded when traveling to North Stradbroke Island and their GPS receiver instructed them to drive into Moreton Bay. Other hazards involve an alley being listed as a street, a lane being identified as a road, or rail tracks as a road."}, {"context": " Obsolete maps sometimes cause the unit to lead a user on an indirect, time-wasting route, because roads may change over time. Smartphone GPS information is usually updated automatically, and free of additional charge. Manufacturers of separate GPS devices also offer map update services for their merchandise, usually for a fee. Due to the popularity of GPS devices, privacy of the user becomes a subject of debate. This is because they can give geo-location information of the user. Some commentators think this is private information, and not to be violated without legal approval. However, there were several incidents where the privacy of GPS devices was questioned."}, {"context": " Since GPS devices can give the user's exact location, this helps with location-based advertising. Agencies might promote shops which are near the user, rather than irrelevant, distant ones. The advertising agency also will store the user's location for future use. However, regulatory agents (especially in USA and Europe) have questioned whether geo-location data should be a sensitive data or not. If it is sensitive data, the can not store it since this amounts to a privacy violation. However, if the regulatory agents choose to consider geo-location as non-sensitive data, then private companies can have permission to store it."}, {"context": " Privacy concerns also arise when employers use GPS tracking units to track their employees' location, for example using vehicle tracking systems. This raises a major question about whether this violates personal privacy of employees. Concern heightens if the employers collect geo-location data of their employee when not at work. In 2010, New York Civil Liberties Union filed a case against the Labor Department for firing Michael Cunningham after tracking Michael Cunningham's daily activity and locations using a GPS device that was attached to his car. This raises a few questions regarding the limit of surveillance. In 2011 the FBI tracked down Antoine Jones's GPS devices, without a search warrant. Later the Federal Appeal Court rejected the FBI's surveillance data as evidence against Antoine Jones.  GPS devices are also used by private investigators to give more information to their clients. They will plant their own GPS devices to learn about their target. Moreover, some rental car services use the same technique to prevent their customers from going out of their targeted area. They charge additional fees for those who violate their rules. They get this information from the car's GPS devices."}]}, {"title": "GPS navigation software", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPS navigation software usually falls into one of the following two categories: A track is a trace of somewhere that you have actually been (often called a \"breadcrumb trail\"). The GPS unit (external or internal) periodically sends details of the location which are recorded by the software, either by taking a reading based on a set time interval, based on a set distance, based on a change in direction by more than a certain angle, or a combination of these. Each point is stored together with its date and time. The resulting track can be displayed as a series of the recorded points or a line connecting them."}, {"context": " Retracing your steps is a simple matter of following the track back to the source. A route is a preset series of points that make up a set route to follow for your destination. Most software allows the route and the track to be displayed at the same time. Waypoints are used to mark particular locations, typically used as markers along the \"way\" to somewhere. They are either key entered by users or downloaded from other sources, depending upon the sophistication of the device. Although not linked to tracks or routes, they can be used to simplify the construction of routes, by being able to be re-used. Frequently, waypoints serve a \"safety\" purpose, enabling a route to be taken around obstacles such as shallow water (marine navigation) or streams/cliffs/other hazards which may prevent a safe passage directly from point \"A\" to point \"B\"."}, {"context": " Software can be used on a laptop computer with an attached GPS receiver. Most commercial software runs on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. Some software like Waze and Google Maps can also be used on mobile phone operating systems. There are several navigation software products available. The primary distinction is whether it is designed for use on land or water. Navigation software for use on the water has many features in common with land-based GPS navigation software. It can use electronic navigation chart or raster charts, usually provides user ability to plan routes and set waypoints, and may have live GPS tracking capabilities. In addition, marine navigation software often has option to control external autopilot for automated boat navigation. It may incorporate GRIB weather overlay on the chart, Tide predictions and other related information services of additional use to mariners.  This kind of software usually creates a modern glass cockpit and uses more than just a single GPS sensor to assist the navigation. Such sensors are Attitude and Heading Reference Systems (AHRS) and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensors."}]}, {"title": "GPS puck", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPS puck has two meanings. It is a term for the antenna on GPS navigation devices, which receives GPS signals from GPS satellites. The early antennas were round, and thus had the appearance of a hockey puck. Alternatively, a GPS puck is a full puck-sized GPS system (receiver and antenna)."}]}, {"title": "GPS satellite blocks", "paragraphs": [{"context": " A GPS satellite is a satellite used by the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS). The first satellite in the system, Navstar 1, was launched February 22, 1978. The GPS satellite constellation is operated by the 50th Space Wing of the United States Air Force. The GPS satellites circle the Earth at an altitude of about 20,000\u00a0km (12,427 miles) and complete two full orbits every day. Rockwell International was awarded a contract in 1974 to build the first eight Block I satellites. In 1978 the contract was extended to build an additional three Block I satellites. Beginning with Navstar 1 in 1978, ten \"Block I\" GPS satellites were successfully launched. One satellite, \"Navstar 7\", was lost due to an unsuccessful launch on 18 December 1981."}, {"context": " The Block I satellites were launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base using Atlas rockets that were converted intercontinental ballistic missiles. The satellites were built by Rockwell International at the same plant in Seal Beach, CA where the S-II second stages of the Saturn V rockets had been built. The Block I series consisted of the concept validation satellites and reflected various stages of system development. Lessons learned from the 11 satellites in the series were incorporated into the fully operational Block II series."}, {"context": " Dual solar arrays supplied over 400 watts of power, charging NiCd batteries for operations in Earth's shadow. S-band communications were used for control and telemetry, while a UHF channel provided cross-links between spacecraft. A hydrazine propulsion system was used for orbital correction. The payload included two L-band navigation signals at 1575.42\u00a0MHz (L1) and 1227.60\u00a0MHz (L2). The final Block I launch was conducted on 9 October 1985, but the last Block I satellite was not taken out of service until 18 November 1995, well past its 5-year design life."}, {"context": " The Block II satellites were the first full scale operational GPS satellites, designed to provide 14 days of operation without any contact from the control segment. The prime contractor was Rockwell International, which built a SVN 12 qualification vehicle after an amendment to the Block I contract. In 1983 the company was awarded an additional contract to build 28 Block II/IIA satellites. Block II spacecraft were 3-axis stabilized, with ground pointing using reaction wheels. Two solar arrays supplied 710 watts of power, while S band communications were used for control and telemetry. A UHF channel was used for cross-links between spacecraft. A hydrazine propulsion system was used for orbital correction. The payload included two L band navigation signals at 1575.42\u00a0MHz (L1) and 1227.60\u00a0MHz (L2). Each spacecraft carried 2 rubidium and 2 cesium clocks, as well as nuclear detonation detection sensors, leading to a mass of ."}, {"context": " The first of the nine satellites in the initial Block II series was launched February 14, 1989; the last was launched October 1, 1990. The final satellite of the series to be taken out of service was decommissioned on March 15, 2007, well past its 7.5 year design life. The Block IIA satellites were slightly improved versions of the Block II series, designed to provide 180 days of operation without contact from the control segment. However, the mass increased to Nineteen satellites in the Block IIA series were launched, the first on November 26, 1990 and the last on November 6, 1997. Only one satellite of the Block IIA (SVN-34) is still in service, broadcasting the PRN 18 signal."}, {"context": " Two of the satellites in this series, numbers 35 and 36, are equipped with laser retro-reflectors, allowing them to be tracked independently of their radio signals, providing unambiguous separation of clock and ephemeris errors. The Block IIR series are \"replenishment\" (replacement) satellites developed by Lockheed Martin. Each satellite weighs at launch and once on orbit. The first attempted launch of a Block IIR satellite failed on January 17, 1997 when the Delta II rocket exploded 12 seconds into flight. The first successful launch was on July 23, 1997. Twelve satellites in the series were successfully launched."}, {"context": " At least ten satellites in this block carried an experimental S-band payload for search and rescue, known as Distress Alerting Satellite System. The Block IIR-M satellites include a new military signal and a more robust civil signal, known as L2C. The Block IIF series are \"follow-on\" satellites developed by Boeing. The satellite has a mass of 1,630 kilograms (3,600\u00a0lb) and a design life of 12 years. The first Block IIF space vehicle was launched in May 2010 on a Delta IV rocket. The twelfth and final IIF launch was February 5, 2016."}, {"context": " GPS Block IIIA is the first series of third-generation GPS satellites, incorporating new signals and broadcasting at higher power levels. In September 2016, the Air Force awarded Lockheed Martin a contract option for two more Block IIIA satellites, setting the total number of GPS IIIA satellites to ten. As of August 2018, the first GPS IIIA launch is scheduled for December 2018 by SpaceX. The Block IIIF series (or \"tranche\") is the second set of GPS Block III satellites, which will consist of up to 22 space vehicles. Block IIIF launches are expected to begin no earlier than 2025 and continue through 2034."}]}, {"title": "GPS signals", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites broadcast microwave signals to enable GPS receivers on or near the Earth's surface to determine location and time and derive velocity. The GPS system itself is operated by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) for use by both the military and the general public. GPS signals include ranging signals, used to measure the distance to the satellite, and navigation messages. The navigation messages include \"ephemeris\" data, used to calculate the position of each satellite in orbit, and information about the time and status of the entire satellite constellation, called the \"almanac\"."}, {"context": " There are four signals available for civilian use. In order of date of introduction, these are: L1\u00a0C/A, L2C, L5 and L1C. L1\u00a0C/A is also called the \"legacy signal\" and is broadcast by all satellites. The other signals are called \"modernized signals\" and are not broadcast by all satellites. In addition, there are \"restricted signals\", also broadcast to the general public, but whose encoding is secret and are intended to be used only by authorized parties. Nonetheless, some limited use of restricted signals can be made by civilians without access to the secret encoding details; this is called \"codeless\" and \"semi-codeless\" access, and is officially supported."}, {"context": " The interface to the User Segment (GPS receivers) is described in the Interface Control Documents (ICD). The format of civilian signals is described in the Interface Specification (IS) which is a subset of the ICD. The GPS satellites (called \"space vehicles\" in the GPS interface specification documents) transmit simultaneously several ranging codes and navigation data using binary phase-shift keying (BPSK). Only a limited number of central frequencies are used; satellites using the same frequency are distinguished by using different ranging codes; in other words, GPS uses code division multiple access. The ranging codes are also called \"chipping codes\" (in reference to CDMA/DSSS), \"pseudorandom noise\" and \"pseudorandom binary sequences\" (in reference to the fact that it is predictable, but statistically it resembles noise)."}, {"context": " Some satellites transmit several BPSK streams at the same frequency in quadrature, in a form of quadrature amplitude modulation. However, unlike typical QAM systems where a single bit stream is split in two half-symbol-rate bit streams to improve spectral efficiency, in GPS signals the in-phase and quadrature components are modulated by separate (but functionally related) bit streams. Satellites are uniquely identified by a serial number called \"space vehicle number\" (SVN) which does not change during its lifetime. In addition, all operating satellites are numbered with a \"space vehicle identifier\" (SV ID) and \"pseudorandom noise number\" (PRN number) which uniquely identifies the ranging codes that a satellite uses. There is a fixed one-to-one correspondence between SV identifiers and PRN numbers described in the interface specification. Unlike SVNs, the SV ID/PRN number of a satellite may be changed (also changing the ranging codes it uses). At any point in time, any SV ID/PRN number is in use by at most a single satellite. A single SV ID/PRN number may have been used by several satellites at different points in time and a single satellite may have used different SV ID/PRN numbers at different points in time. The current SVNs and PRN numbers for the GPS constellation may be found at NAVCEN."}, {"context": " The original GPS design contains two ranging codes: the \"coarse/acquisition\" (C/A) code, which is freely available to the public, and the restricted \"precision\" (P) code, usually reserved for military applications. The C/A PRN codes are Gold codes with a period of 1023 chips transmitted at 1.023\u00a0Mbit/s, causing the code to repeat every 1\u00a0millisecond. They are combined with a navigation message using exclusive or and the resulting bit stream is used for modulation as previously described. These codes only match up, or strongly autocorrelate when they are almost exactly aligned. Each satellite uses a unique PRN code, which does not correlate well with any other satellite's PRN code. In other words, the PRN codes are highly orthogonal to one another. The 1\u00a0ms\u00a0period of the C/A code corresponds to a 299,8\u00a0km symbol length, and the alignment of the C/A bit stream resolves phase information to a precision of 293\u00a0m."}, {"context": " The C/A codes are generated by combining (using \"exclusive or\") 2-bit streams generated by maximal period 10 stage linear feedback shift registers (LFSR). Different codes are obtained by selectively delaying one of those bit streams. Thus: where: The arguments of the functions therein are the number of \"bits\" or \"chips\" since their epochs, starting at 0. The epoch of the LFSRs is the point at which they are at the initial state; and for the overall C/A codes it is the start of any UTC second plus any integer number of milliseconds. The output of LFSRs at negative arguments is defined consistent with the period which is 1,023 chips (this provision is necessary because formula_6 may have a negative argument using the above equation)."}, {"context": " The delay for PRN numbers 34 and 37 is the same; therefore their C/A codes are identical and are not transmitted at the same time (it may make one or both of those signals unusable due to mutual interference depending on the relative power levels received on each GPS receiver). The P-code is also a PRN; however, each satellite's P-code PRN code is 6.187104\u00a0\u00b7\u00a010 bits long (773,388 MByte) and only repeats once a week (it is transmitted at 10.23 Mbit/s). The extreme length of the P-code increases its correlation gain and eliminates any range ambiguity within the Solar System. However, the code is so long and complex it was believed that a receiver could not directly acquire and synchronize with this signal alone. It was expected that the receiver would first lock onto the relatively simple C/A code and then, after obtaining the current time and approximate position, synchronize with the P-code."}, {"context": " Whereas the C/A PRNs are unique for each satellite, the P-code PRN is actually a small segment of a master P-code approximately 2.35\u00a0\u00b7\u00a010 bits in length (235,000,000,000,000 bits, ~26.716 terabytes) and each satellite repeatedly transmits its assigned segment of the master code. To prevent unauthorized users from using or potentially interfering with the military signal through spoofing, it was decided to encrypt the P-code. To that end the P-code was modulated with the \"W-code\", a special encryption sequence, to generate the \"Y-code\". The Y-code is what the satellites have been transmitting since the anti-spoofing module was set to the \"on\" state. The encrypted signal is referred to as the \"P(Y)-code\"."}, {"context": " The details of the W-code are kept secret, but it is known that it is applied to the P-code at approximately 500\u00a0kHz, which is a slower rate than that of the P-code itself by a factor of approximately 20. This has allowed companies to develop semi-codeless approaches for tracking the P(Y) signal, without knowledge of the W-code itself. In addition to the PRN ranging codes, a receiver needs to know detailed information about each satellite's position and the network. The GPS design has this information modulated on top of both the C/A and P(Y) ranging codes at 50\u00a0bit/s and calls it the \"navigation message\". The navigation message format described in this section is called LNAV data (for \"legacy navigation\")."}, {"context": " The navigation message conveys information which can be classified in 3 broad areas: Whereas ephemeris information is highly detailed and considered valid for no more than four hours, almanac information is more general and is considered valid for up to 180 days. The almanac assists the receiver in determining which satellites to search for, and once the receiver picks up each satellite's signal in turn, it then downloads the ephemeris data directly from that satellite. A position fix using any satellite can not be calculated until the receiver has an accurate and complete copy of that satellite's ephemeris data. If the signal from a satellite is lost while its ephemeris data is being acquired, the receiver must discard that data and start again."}, {"context": " The navigation message consists of 1,500\u00a0bit long \"frames\". Each frame consists of 5 \"subframes\" of 300 bits, numbered 1 to 5. In turn each subframe consists of 10 \"words\" of 30\u00a0bit each and requires 6 seconds to transmit. Each subframe has the GPS time. Subframe 1 contains the GPS date (week number) and information to correct the satellite's time to GPS time, plus satellite status and health. Subframes 2 and 3 together contain the transmitting satellite's ephemeris data. Subframes 4 and 5 contain components of the almanac but each frame contains only 1/25th of the complete almanac; a receiver must process 25 whole frames worth of data to retrieve the entire 15,000\u00a0bit almanac message. At this rate, 12.5 minutes are required to receive the entire almanac from a single satellite. Each of the 25 versions of frames 4 and 5 is called a \"page\" and they are numbered 1 to 25."}, {"context": " Frames begin and end at the start/end of week plus an integer multiple of 30 seconds. At start/end of week the cycling between pages is reset to page 1. There are two navigation message types: LNAV-L is used by satellites with PRN numbers 1 to 32 (called \"lower PRN numbers\") and LNAV-U is used by satellites with PRN numbers 33 to 63 (called \"upper PRN numbers\"). The 2 types use very similar formats. Subframes 1 to 3 are the same while subframes 4 and 5 use almost the same format. Both message types contain almanac data for all satellites using the same navigation message type, but not the other type."}, {"context": " Each subframe begins with a Telemetry Word (TLM), which enables the receiver to detect the beginning of a subframe and determine the receiver clock time at which the navigation subframe begins. The next word is the handover word (HOW), which gives the GPS time (actually the time when the first bit of the next subframe will be transmitted) and identifies the specific subframe within a complete frame. The remaining eight words of the subframe contain the actual data specific to that subframe. Each word includes 6 bits of parity generated using an algorithm based on Hamming codes, which take into account the 24 non-parity bits of that word and the last 2 bits of the previous word."}, {"context": " After a subframe has been read and interpreted, the time the next subframe was sent can be calculated through the use of the clock correction data and the HOW. The receiver knows the receiver clock time of when the beginning of the next subframe was received from detection of the Telemetry Word thereby enabling computation of the transit time and thus the pseudorange. The receiver is potentially capable of getting a new pseudorange measurement at the beginning of each subframe or every 6 seconds."}, {"context": " GPS time is expressed with a resolution of 1.5 seconds as a week number and a time of week count (TOW). Its zero point (week 0, TOW 0) is defined to be 1980-01-06T00:00Z. The TOW count is a value ranging from 0 to 403,199 whose meaning is the number of 1.5 second periods elapsed since the beginning of the GPS week. Expressing TOW count thus requires 19 bits (2\u00a0=\u00a0524,288). GPS time is a continuous time scale in that it does not include leap seconds; therefore the start/end of GPS weeks may differ from that of the corresponding UTC day by an integer number of seconds."}, {"context": " In each subframe, each hand-over word (HOW) contains the most significant 17 bits of the TOW count corresponding to the start of the next following subframe. Note that the 2 least significant bits can be safely omitted because one HOW occurs in the navigation message every 6 seconds, which is equal to the resolution of the truncated TOW count thereof. Equivalently, the truncated TOW count is the time duration since the last GPS week start/end to the beginning of the next frame in units of 6 seconds."}, {"context": " Each frame contains (in subframe 1) the 10 least significant bits of the corresponding GPS week number. Note that each frame is entirely within one GPS week because GPS frames do not cross GPS week boundaries. Since rollover occurs every 1,024 GPS weeks (approximately every 19.6 years; 1,024 is 2), a receiver that computes current calendar dates needs to deduce the upper week number bits or obtain them from a different source. One possible method is for the receiver to save its current date in memory when shut down, and when powered on, assume that the newly decoded truncated week number corresponds to the period of 1,024 weeks that starts at the last saved date. This method correctly deduces the full week number if the receiver is never allowed to remain shut down (or without a time and position fix) for more than 1,024 weeks (~19.6 years)."}, {"context": " The \"almanac\" consists of coarse orbit and status information for each satellite in the constellation, an ionospheric model, and information to relate GPS derived time to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Each frame contains a part of the almanac (in subframes 4 and 5) and the complete almanac is transmitted by each satellite in 25 frames total (requiring 12.5 minutes). The almanac serves several purposes. The first is to assist in the acquisition of satellites at power-up by allowing the receiver to generate a list of visible satellites based on stored position and time, while an ephemeris from each satellite is needed to compute position fixes using that satellite. In older hardware, lack of an almanac in a new receiver would cause long delays before providing a valid position, because the search for each satellite was a slow process. Advances in hardware have made the acquisition process much faster, so not having an almanac is no longer an issue. The second purpose is for relating time derived from the GPS (called GPS time) to the international time standard of UTC. Finally, the almanac allows a single-frequency receiver to correct for ionospheric delay error by using a global ionospheric model. The corrections are not as accurate as GNSS augmentation systems like WAAS or dual-frequency receivers. However, it is often better than no correction, since ionospheric error is the largest error source for a single-frequency GPS receiver."}, {"context": " Satellite data is updated typically every 24 hours, with up to 60 days data loaded in case there is a disruption in the ability to make updates regularly. Typically the updates contain new ephemerides, with new almanacs uploaded less frequently. The Control Segment guarantees that during normal operations a new almanac will be uploaded at least every 6 days. Satellites broadcast a new ephemeris every two hours. The ephemeris is generally valid for 4 hours, with provisions for updates every 4 hours or longer in non-nominal conditions. The time needed to acquire the ephemeris is becoming a significant element of the delay to first position fix, because as the receiver hardware becomes more capable, the time to lock onto the satellite signals shrinks; however, the ephemeris data requires 18 to 36 seconds before it is received, due to the low data transmission rate."}, {"context": " For the ranging codes and navigation message to travel from the satellite to the receiver, they must be modulated onto a carrier wave. In the case of the original GPS design, two frequencies are utilized; one at 1575.42\u00a0MHz (10.23\u00a0MHz \u00d7 154) called L1; and a second at 1227.60\u00a0MHz (10.23\u00a0MHz \u00d7 120), called L2. The C/A code is transmitted on the L1 frequency as a 1.023\u00a0MHz signal using a bi-phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation technique. The P(Y)-code is transmitted on both the L1 and L2 frequencies as a 10.23\u00a0MHz signal using the same BPSK modulation, however the P(Y)-code carrier is in quadrature with the C/A carrier (meaning it is 90\u00b0 out of phase)."}, {"context": " Besides redundancy and increased resistance to jamming, a critical benefit of having two frequencies transmitted from one satellite is the ability to measure directly, and therefore remove, the ionospheric delay error for that satellite. Without such a measurement, a GPS receiver must use a generic model or receive ionospheric corrections from another source (such as the Wide Area Augmentation System or WAAS). Advances in the technology used on both the GPS satellites and the GPS receivers has made ionospheric delay the largest remaining source of error in the signal. A receiver capable of performing this measurement can be significantly more accurate and is typically referred to as a \"dual frequency receiver\"."}, {"context": " Having reached full operational capability on July 17, 1995 the GPS system had completed its original design goals. However, additional advances in technology and new demands on the existing system led to the effort to \"modernize\" the GPS system. Announcements from the Vice President and the White House in 1998 heralded the beginning of these changes and in 2000, the U.S. Congress reaffirmed the effort, referred to as \"GPS III\". The project involves new ground stations and new satellites, with additional navigation signals for both civilian and military users, and aims to improve the accuracy and availability for all users. A goal of 2013 has been established with incentives offered to the contractors if they can complete it by 2011."}, {"context": " Modernized GPS civilian signals have two general improvements over their legacy counterparts: a dataless acquisition aid and forward error correction (FEC) coding of the NAV message. A dataless acquisition aid is an additional signal, called a pilot carrier in some cases, broadcast alongside the data signal. This dataless signal is designed to be easier to acquire than the data encoded and, upon successful acquisition, can be used to acquire the data signal. This technique improves acquisition of the GPS signal and boosts power levels at the correlator."}, {"context": " The second advancement is to use forward error correction (FEC) coding on the NAV message itself. Due to the relatively slow transmission rate of NAV data (usually 50 bits per second), small interruptions can have potentially large impacts. Therefore, FEC on the NAV message is a significant improvement in overall signal robustness. One of the first announcements was the addition of a new civilian-use signal, to be transmitted on a frequency other than the L1 frequency used for the coarse/acquisition (C/A) signal. Ultimately, this became the L2C signal, so called because it is broadcast on the L2 frequency. Because it requires new hardware on board the satellite, it is only transmitted by the so-called Block IIR-M and later design satellites. The L2C signal is tasked with improving accuracy of navigation, providing an easy to track signal, and acting as a redundant signal in case of localized interference."}, {"context": " Unlike the C/A code, L2C contains two distinct PRN code sequences to provide ranging information; the \"civil-moderate\" code (called CM), and the \"civil-long\" length code (called CL). The CM code is 10,230 bits long, repeating every 20 ms. The CL code is 767,250 bits long, repeating every 1,500 ms. Each signal is transmitted at 511,500 bits per second (bit/s); however, they are multiplexed together to form a 1,023,000-bit/s signal. CM is modulated with the CNAV Navigation Message (see below), whereas CL does not contain any modulated data and is called a \"dataless sequence\". The long, dataless sequence provides for approximately 24\u00a0dB greater correlation (~250 times stronger) than L1 C/A-code."}, {"context": " When compared to the C/A signal, L2C has 2.7\u00a0dB greater data recovery and 0.7\u00a0dB greater carrier-tracking, although its transmission power is 2.3\u00a0dB weaker. The civil-moderate and civil-long ranging codes are generated by a modular LFSR which is reset periodically to a predetermined initial state. The period of the CM and CL is determined by this resetting and not by the natural period of the LFSR (as is the case with the C/A code). The initial states are designated in the interface specification and are different for different PRN numbers and for CM/CL. The feedback polynomial/mask is the same for CM and CL. The ranging codes are thus given by:"}, {"context": " where: The initial states are described in the GPS interface specification as numbers expressed in octal following the convention that the LFSR state is interpreted as the binary representation of a number where the output bit is the least significant bit, and the bit where new bits are shifted in is the most significant bit. Using this convention, the LFSR shifts from most significant bit to least significant bit and when seen in big endian order, it shifts to the right. The states called \"final state\" in the IS are obtained after cycles for CM and after cycles for LM (just before reset in both cases)."}, {"context": " The feedback bit mask is 100100101001001010100111100. Again with the convention that the least significant bit is the output bit of the LFSR and the most significant bit is the shift-in bit of the LFSR, 0 means no feedback \"into\" that position, and 1 means feedback \"into\" that position. The CNAV data is an upgraded version of the original NAV navigation message. It contains higher precision representation and nominally more accurate data than the NAV data. The same type of information (time, status, ephemeris, and almanac) is still transmitted using the new CNAV format; however, instead of using a frame / subframe architecture, it uses a new pseudo-packetized format made of 12-second 300-bit \"messages\" analogous to LNAV frames. While LNAV frames have a fixed information content, CNAV messages may be of one of several defined types. The type of a frame determines its information content. Messages do not follow a fixed schedule regarding which message types will be used, allowing the Control Segment some versatility. However, for some message types there are lower bounds on how often they will be transmitted."}, {"context": " In CNAV, at least 1 out of every 4 packets are ephemeris data and the same lower bound applies for clock data packets. The design allows for a wide variety of packet types to be transmitted. With a 32-satellite constellation, and the current requirements of what needs to be sent, less than 75% of the bandwidth is used. Only a small fraction of the available packet types have been defined; this enables the system to grow and incorporate advances without breaking compatibility. There are many important changes in the new CNAV message:"}, {"context": " CNAV messages begin and end at start/end of GPS week plus an integer multiple of 12 seconds. Specifically, the beginning of the first bit (with convolution encoding already applied) to contain information about a message matches the aforesaid synchronization. CNAV messages begin with an 8-bit preamble which is a fixed bit pattern and whose purpose is to enable the receiver to detect the beginning of a message. The convolutional code used to encode CNAV is described by: where: Since the FEC encoded bit stream runs at 2 times the rate than the non FEC encoded bit as already described, then formula_32. FEC encoding is performed independently of navigation message boundaries; this follows from the above equations."}, {"context": " An immediate effect of having two civilian frequencies being transmitted is the civilian receivers can now directly measure the ionospheric error in the same way as dual frequency P(Y)-code receivers. However, users utilizing the L2C signal alone, can expect 65% more position uncertainty due to ionospheric error than with the L1 signal alone. A major component of the modernization process is a new military signal. Called the Military code, or M-code, it was designed to further improve the anti-jamming and secure access of the military GPS signals."}, {"context": " Very little has been published about this new, restricted code. It contains a PRN code of unknown length transmitted at 5.115\u00a0MHz. Unlike the P(Y)-code, the M-code is designed to be autonomous, meaning that a user can calculate their position using only the M-code signal. From the P(Y)-code's original design, users had to first lock onto the C/A code and then transfer the lock to the P(Y)-code. Later, direct-acquisition techniques were developed that allowed some users to operate autonomously with the P(Y)-code."}, {"context": " A little more is known about the new navigation message, which is called \"MNAV\". Similar to the new CNAV, this new MNAV is packeted instead of framed, allowing for very flexible data payloads. Also like CNAV it can utilize Forward Error Correction (FEC) and advanced error detection (such as a CRC). The M-code is transmitted in the same L1 and L2 frequencies already in use by the previous military code, the P(Y)-code. The new signal is shaped to place most of its energy at the edges (away from the existing P(Y) and C/A carriers)."}, {"context": " In a major departure from previous GPS designs, the M-code is intended to be broadcast from a high-gain directional antenna, in addition to a full-Earth antenna. This directional antenna's signal, called a spot beam, is intended to be aimed at a specific region (several hundred kilometers in diameter) and increase the local signal strength by 20\u00a0dB, or approximately 100 times stronger. A side effect of having two antennas is that the GPS satellite will appear to be two GPS satellites occupying the same position to those inside the spot beam. While the whole Earth M-code signal is available on the Block IIR-M satellites, the spot beam antennas will not be deployed until the Block III satellites are deployed, tentatively in 2018."}, {"context": " An interesting side effect of having each satellite transmit four separate signals is that the MNAV can potentially transmit four different data channels, offering increased data bandwidth. The modulation method is binary offset carrier, using a 10.23\u00a0MHz subcarrier against the 5.115\u00a0MHz code. This signal will have an overall bandwidth of approximately 24\u00a0MHz, with significantly separated sideband lobes. The sidebands can be used to improve signal reception. The L5 signal provides a means of radionavigation secure and robust enough for life critical applications, such as aircraft precision approach guidance. The signal is broadcast in a frequency band protected by the ITU for aeronautical radionavigation services. It was first demonstrated from satellite USA-203 (Block IIR-M), and is available on all satellites from GPS IIF. The L5 band provides additional robustness in the form of interference mitigation, the band being internationally protected, redundancy with existing bands, geostationary satellite augmentation, and ground-based augmentation. The added robustness of this band also benefits terrestrial applications."}, {"context": " Two PRN ranging codes are transmitted on L5 in quadrature: the in-phase code (called \"I5-code\") and the quadrature-phase code (called \"Q5-code\"). Both codes are 10,230 bits long, transmitted at 10.23\u00a0MHz (1\u00a0ms repetition period), and are generated identically (differing only in initial states). Then, I5 is modulated (by exclusive-or) with navigation data (called L5 CNAV) and a 10-bit Neuman-Hoffman code clocked at 1\u00a0kHz. Similarly, the Q5-code is then modulated but with only a 20-bit Neuman-Hoffman code that is also clocked at 1\u00a0kHz."}, {"context": " Compared to L1 C/A and L2, these are some of the changes in L5: The I5-code and Q5-code are generated using the same structure but with different parameters. These codes are the combination (by exclusive-or) of the output of 2 differing linear-feedback shift registers (LFSRs) which are selectively reset. where: formula_4 and formula_6 are maximal length LFSRs. The modulo operations correspond to resets. Note that both are reset each millisecond (synchronized with C/A code epochs). In addition, the extra modulo operation in the description of formula_4 is due to the fact it is reset 1 cycle before its natural period (which is 8,191) so that the next repetition becomes offset by 1 cycle with respect to formula_6 (otherwise, since both sequences would repeat, I5 and Q5 would repeat within any 1\u00a0ms period as well, degrading correlation characteristics)."}, {"context": " The L5 CNAV data includes SV ephemerides, system time, SV clock behavior data, status messages and time information, etc. The 50\u00a0bit/s data is coded in a rate 1/2 convolution coder. The resulting 100 symbols per second (sps) symbol stream is modulo-2 added to the I5-code only; the resultant bit-train is used to modulate the L5 in-phase (I5) carrier. This combined signal is called the L5 Data signal. The L5 quadrature-phase (Q5) carrier has no data and is called the L5 Pilot signal. The format used for L5 CNAV is very similar to that of L2 CNAV. One difference is that it uses 2 times the data rate. The bit fields within each message, message types, and forward error correction code algorithm are the same as those of L2 CNAV. L5 CNAV messages begin and end at start/end of GPS week plus an integer multiple of 6 seconds (this applies to the beginning of the first bit to contain information about a message, as is the case for L2 CNAV)."}, {"context": " Broadcast on the L5 frequency (1176.45\u00a0MHz, 10.23\u00a0MHz \u00d7 115), which is an aeronautical navigation band. The frequency was chosen so that the aviation community can manage interference to L5 more effectively than L2. L1C is a civilian-use signal, to be broadcast on the L1 frequency (1575.42\u00a0MHz), which contains the C/A signal used by all current GPS users. The L1C will be available with the first Block III launch, tentatively scheduled for the first half of fiscal year 2017. L1C consists of a pilot (called L1C) and a data (called L1C) component. These components use carriers with the same phase (within a margin of error of 100 milliradians), instead of carriers in quadrature as with L5. The PRN codes are 10,230 bits long and transmitted at 1.023\u00a0Mbit/s. The pilot component is also modulated by an overlay code called L1C (a secondary code that has a lower rate than the ranging code and is also predefined, like the ranging code). Of the total L1C signal power, 25% is allocated to the data and 75% to the pilot. The modulation technique used is BOC(1,1) for the data signal and TMBOC for the pilot. The time multiplexed binary offset carrier (TMBOC) is BOC(1,1) for all except 4 of 33 cycles, when it switches to BOC(6,1)."}, {"context": " The L1C pilot and data ranging codes are based on a Legendre sequence with length used to build an intermediate code (called a \"Weil code\") which is expanded with a fixed 7-bit sequence to the required 10,230 bits. This 10,230-bit sequence is the ranging code and varies between PRN numbers and between the pilot and data components. The ranging codes are described by: where: According to the formula above and the GPS IS, the first formula_84 bits (equivalently, up to the insertion point of formula_78) of formula_61 and formula_63 are the first bits the corresponding Weil code; the next 7 bits are formula_78; the remaining bits are the remaining bits of the Weil code."}, {"context": " The IS asserts that formula_92. For clarity, the formula for formula_61 does not account for the hypothetical case in which formula_94, which would cause the instance of formula_78 inserted into formula_61 to wrap from index to 0. The overlay codes are 1,800 bits long and is transmitted at 100\u00a0bit/s, synchronized with the navigation message encoded in L1C. For PRN numbers 1 to 63 they are the truncated outputs of maximal period LFSRs which vary in initial conditions and feedback polynomials. For PRN numbers 64 to 210 they are truncated Gold codes generated by combining 2 LFSR outputs (formula_97 and formula_98, where formula_3 is the PRN number) whose initial state varies. formula_97 has one of the 4 feedback polynomials used overall (among PRN numbers 64\u2013210). formula_98 has the same feedback polynomial for all PRN numbers in the range 64\u2013210."}, {"context": " The L1C navigation data (called CNAV-2) is broadcast in 1,800 bits long (including FEC) frames and is transmitted at 100\u00a0bit/s. The frames of L1C are analogous to the messages of L1C and L5. While L2 CNAV and L5 CNAV use a dedicated message type for ephemeris data, all CNAV-2 frames include that information. The common structure of all messages consists of 3 frames, as listed in the adjacent table. The content of subframe 3 varies according to its page number which is analogous to the type number of L2 CNAV and L5 CNAV messages. Pages are broadcast in an arbitrary order."}, {"context": " The time of messages (not to be confused with clock correction parameters) is expressed in a different format than the format of the previous civilian signals. Instead it consists of 3 components: TOI is the only content of subframe 1. The week number and ITOW are contained in subframe 2 along with other information. Subframe 1 is encoded by a modified BCH code. Specifically, the 8 least significant bits are BCH encoded to generate 51 bits, then combined using exclusive or with the most significant bit and finally the most significant bit is appended as the most significant bit of the previous result to obtain the final 52 bits. Subframes 2 and 3 are individually expanded with a 24-bit CRC, then individually encoded using a low-density parity-check code, and then interleaved as a single unit using a block interleaver."}, {"context": " All satellites broadcast at the same two frequencies, 1.57542\u00a0GHz (L1 signal) and 1.2276\u00a0GHz (L2 signal). The satellite network uses a CDMA spread-spectrum technique where the low-bitrate message data is encoded with a high-rate pseudo-random (PRN) sequence that is different for each satellite. The receiver must be aware of the PRN codes for each satellite to reconstruct the actual message data. The C/A code, for civilian use, transmits data at 1.023 million chips per second, whereas the P code, for U.S. military use, transmits at 10.23 million chips per second. The L1 carrier is modulated by both the C/A and P codes, while the L2 carrier is only modulated by the P code. The P code can be encrypted as a so-called P(Y) code which is only available to military equipment with a proper decryption key. Both the C/A and P(Y) codes impart the precise time-of-day to the user."}, {"context": " Each composite signal (in-phase and quadrature phase) becomes: where formula_103 and formula_104 represent signal powers; formula_105 and formula_106 represent codes with/without data formula_107. This is a formula for the ideal case (which is not attained in practice) as it does not model timing errors, noise, amplitude mismatch between components or quadrature error (when components are not exactly in quadrature). A GPS receiver processes the GPS signals received on its antenna to determine position, velocity and/or timing. The signal at antenna is amplified, down converted to baseband or intermediate frequency, filtered (to remove frequencies outside the intended frequency range for the digital signal that would alias into it) and digitalized; these steps may be chained in a different order. Note that aliasing is sometimes intentional (specifically, when undersampling is used) but filtering is still required to discard frequencies not intended to be present in the digital representation."}, {"context": " For each satellite used by the receiver, the receiver must first acquire the signal and then track it as long as that satellite is in use; both are performed in the digital domain in by far most (if not all) receivers. Acquiring a signal is the process of determining the frequency and code phase (both relative to receiver time) when it was previously unknown. Code phase must be determined within an accuracy that depends on the receiver design (especially the tracking loop); 0.5 times the duration of code chips (approx. 0.489\u00a0\u00b5s) is a representative value."}, {"context": " Tracking is the process of continuously adjusting the estimated frequency and phase to match the received signal as close as possible and therefore is a phase locked loop. Note that acquisition is performed to start using a particular satellite, but tracking is performed as long as that satellite is in use. In this section, one possible procedure is described for L1 C/A acquisition and tracking, but the process is very similar for the other signals. The described procedure is based on computing the correlation of the received signal with a locally generated replica of the ranging code and detecting the highest peak or lowest valley. The offset of the highest peak or lowest valley contains information about the code phase relative to receiver time. The duration of the local replica is set by receiver design and is typically shorter than the duration of navigation data bits, which is 20\u00a0ms."}, {"context": " Acquisition of a given PRN number can be conceptualized as searching for a signal in a bidimensional search space where the dimensions are (1) code phase, (2) frequency. In addition, a receiver may not know which PRN number to search for, and in that case a third dimension is added to the search space: (3) PRN number. If the almanac information has previously been acquired, the receiver picks which satellites to listen for by their PRNs. If the almanac information is not in memory, the receiver enters a search mode and cycles through the PRN numbers until a lock is obtained on one of the satellites. To obtain a lock, it is necessary that there be an unobstructed line of sight from the receiver to the satellite. The receiver can then decode the almanac and determine the satellites it should listen for. As it detects each satellite's signal, it identifies it by its distinct C/A code pattern."}, {"context": " The simplest way to acquire the signal (not necessarily the most effective or least computationally expensive) is to compute the dot product of a window of the digitalized signal with a set of locally generated replicas. The locally generated replicas vary in carrier frequency and code phase to cover all the already mentioned search space which is the Cartesian product of the frequency search space and the code phase search space. The carrier is a complex number where real and imaginary components are both sinusoids as described by Euler's formula. The replica that generates the highest magnitude of dot product is likely the one that best matches the code phase and frequency of the signal; therefore, if that magnitude is above a threshold, the receiver proceeds to track the signal or further refine the estimated parameters before tracking. The threshold is used to minimize false positives (apparently detecting a signal when there is in fact no signal), but some may still occur occasionally."}, {"context": " Using a complex carrier allows the replicas to match the digitalized signal regardless of the signal's carrier phase and to detect that phase (the principle is the same used by the Fourier transform). The dot product is a complex number; its magnitude represents the level of similarity between the replica and the signal, as with an ordinary correlation of real-valued time series. The argument of the dot product is an approximation of the corresponding carrier in the digitalized signal. As an example, assume that the granularity for the search in code phase is 0.5 chips and in frequency is 500\u00a0Hz, then there are 1,023/0.5=2,046 code phases and 10,000\u00a0Hz/500\u00a0Hz=20 frequencies to try for a total of 20\u00d72,046=40,920 local replicas. Note that each frequency bin is centered on its interval and therefore covers 250\u00a0Hz in each direction; for example, the first bin has a carrier at \u22124.750\u00a0Hz and covers the interval \u22125,000\u00a0Hz to \u22124,500\u00a0Hz. Code phases are equivalent modulo 1,023 because the ranging code is periodic; for example, phase \u22120.5 is equivalent to phase 1,022.5."}, {"context": " The following table depicts the local replicas that would be compared against the digitalized signal in this example. \"\u2022\" means a single local replica while \"...\" is used for elided local replicas: As an improvement over the simple correlation method, it is possible to implement the computation of dot products more efficiently with a Fourier transform. Instead of performing one dot product for each element in the Cartesian product of code and frequency, a single operation involving FFT and covering all frequencies is performed for each code phase; each such operation is more computationally expensive, but it may still be faster overall than the previous method due to the efficiency of FFT algorithms, and it recovers carrier frequency with a higher accuracy, because the frequency bins are much closely spaced in a DFT."}, {"context": " Specifically, for all code phases in the search space, the digitalized signal window is multiplied element by element with a local replica of the code (with no carrier), then processed with a discrete Fourier transform. Given the previous example to be processed with this method, assume real-valued data (as opposed to complex data, which would have in-phase and quadrature components), a sampling rate of 5\u00a0MHz, a signal window of 10\u00a0ms, and an intermediate frequency of 2.5\u00a0MHz. There will be 5\u00a0MHz\u00d710\u00a0ms=50,000 samples in the digital signal, and therefore 25,001 frequency components ranging from 0\u00a0Hz to 2.5\u00a0MHz in steps of 100\u00a0Hz (note that the 0\u00a0Hz component is real because it is the average of a real-valued signal and the 2.5\u00a0MHz component is real as well because it is the critical frequency). Only the components (or bins) within 5\u00a0kHz of the central frequency are examined, which is the range from 2.495\u00a0MHz to 2.505\u00a0MHz, and it is covered by 51 frequency components. There are 2,046 code phases as in the previous case, thus in total 51\u00d72,046=104,346 complex frequency components will be examined."}, {"context": " Likewise, as an improvement over the simple correlation method, it is possible to perform a single operation covering all code phases for each frequency bin. The operation performed for each code phase bin involves forward FFT, element-wise multiplication in the frequency domain. inverse FFT, and extra processing so that overall, it computes circular correlation instead of circular convolution. This yields more accurate \"code phase determination\" than the simple correlation method in contrast with the previous method, which yields more accurate \"carrier frequency determination\" than the previous method."}, {"context": " Since the carrier frequency received can vary due to Doppler shift, the points where received PRN sequences begin may not differ from O by an exact integral number of milliseconds. Because of this, carrier frequency tracking along with PRN code tracking are used to determine when the received satellite's PRN code begins. Unlike the earlier computation of offset in which trials of all 1,023 offsets could potentially be required, the tracking to maintain lock usually requires shifting of half a pulse width or less. To perform this tracking, the receiver observes two quantities, phase error and received frequency offset. The correlation of the received PRN code with respect to the receiver generated PRN code is computed to determine if the bits of the two signals are misaligned. Comparisons of the received PRN code with receiver generated PRN code shifted half a pulse width early and half a pulse width late are used to estimate adjustment required. The amount of adjustment required for maximum correlation is used in estimating phase error. Received frequency offset from the frequency generated by the receiver provides an estimate of phase rate error. The command for the frequency generator and any further PRN code shifting required are computed as a function of the phase error and the phase rate error in accordance with the control law used. The Doppler velocity is computed as a function of the frequency offset from the carrier nominal frequency. The Doppler velocity is the velocity component along the line of sight of the receiver relative to the satellite."}, {"context": " As the receiver continues to read successive PRN sequences, it will encounter a sudden change in the phase of the 1,023-bit received PRN signal. This indicates the beginning of a data bit of the navigation message. This enables the receiver to begin reading the 20 millisecond bits of the navigation message. The TLM word at the beginning of each subframe of a navigation frame enables the receiver to detect the beginning of a subframe and determine the receiver clock time at which the navigation subframe begins. The HOW word then enables the receiver to determine which specific subframe is being transmitted. There can be a delay of up to 30 seconds before the first estimate of position because of the need to read the ephemeris data before computing the intersections of sphere surfaces."}, {"context": " After a subframe has been read and interpreted, the time the next subframe was sent can be calculated through the use of the clock correction data and the HOW. The receiver knows the receiver clock time of when the beginning of the next subframe was received from detection of the Telemetry Word thereby enabling computation of the transit time and thus the pseudorange. The receiver is potentially capable of getting a new pseudorange measurement at the beginning of each subframe or every 6 seconds.  Then the orbital position data, or ephemeris, from the navigation message is used to calculate precisely where the satellite was at the start of the message. A more sensitive receiver will potentially acquire the ephemeris data more quickly than a less sensitive receiver, especially in a noisy environment. GPS Interface Specification"}]}, {"title": "GPS tracking unit", "paragraphs": [{"context": " A GPS tracking unit is a navigation device, normally carried by a moving vehicle or person, that uses the Global Positioning System (GPS) to track the device\u2019s movements and determine its location. The recorded location data can either be stored within the tracking unit or transmitted to an Internet-connected device using the cellular (GPRS or SMS), radio, or satellite modem embedded in the unit. This allows the location to be displayed against a map backdrop either in real time or when analysing the track later, using GPS tracking software. Data tracking software is available for smartphones with GPS capability."}, {"context": " A GPS \"track me\" essentially contains a GPS module that receives the GPS signal and calculates the coordinates. For data loggers, it contains large memory to store the coordinates. Data pushers additionally contain a GSM/GPRS/CDMA/LTE modem to transmit this information to a central computer either via SMS or GPRS in form of IP packets. Satellite-based GPS tracking units will operate anywhere on the globe using satellite technology such as GlobalStar or Iridium and do not require a cellular connection."}, {"context": " There are three types of GPS trackers, though most GPS-equipped phones can work in any of these modes depending on mobile applications installed: GPS loggers log the position of the device at regular intervals in its internal memory. GPS loggers may have either a memory card slot, or internal flash memory card and a USB port. Some act as a USB flash drive, which allows downloading of the track log data for further analysis in a computer. The track list or point of interest list may be in GPX, KML, NMEA or other format."}, {"context": " Most digital cameras save the time a photo was taken. Provided the camera clock was reasonably accurate or used GPS as its time source, this time can be correlated with GPS log data, to provide an accurate location. This can be added to the Exif metadata in the picture file. Cameras with GPS receiver built in can directly produce such a geotagged photograph. In some private investigation cases, data loggers are used to keep track of a target vehicle. The private investigator need not follow the target so closely, and always has a backup source of data."}, {"context": " Data pusher is the most common type of GPS tracking unit, used for asset tracking, personal tracking and vehicle tracking systems. Also known as a \"GPS beacon\", this kind of device pushes (i.e. \"sends\") the position of the device as well as other information like speed or altitude at regular intervals, to a determined server, that can store and instantly analyze the data. A GPS navigation device and a mobile phone sit side-by-side in the same box, powered by the same battery. At regular intervals, the phone sends a text message via SMS or GPRS, containing the data from the GPS receiver. Newer GPS-integrated smartphones running GPS tracking software can turn the phone into a data pusher (or logger) device. As of 2009, open source and proprietary applications are available for common Java ME enabled phones, iPhone, Android, Windows Mobile, and Symbian."}, {"context": " Most 21st-century GPS trackers provide data \"push\" technology, enabling sophisticated GPS tracking in business environments, specifically organizations that employ a mobile workforce, such as a commercial fleet. Typical GPS tracking systems used in commercial fleet management have two core parts: location hardware (or tracking device) and tracking software. This combination is often referred to as an Automatic Vehicle Location system. The tracking device is most often hardwire installed in the vehicle, connected to the CAN-bus, Ignition system switch, battery. It allows collection of extra data, which later gets transferred to the GPS tracking server, where it is available for viewing, in most cases via a website accessed over the internet, where fleet activity can be viewed live or historically using digital maps and reports."}, {"context": " GPS tracking systems used in commercial fleets are often configured to transmit location and telemetry input data at a set update rate or when an event (door open/close, auxiliary equipment on/off, geofence border cross) triggers the unit to transmit data. Live GPS tracking used in commercial fleets generally refers to systems that update regularly at one-minute, two-minute or five-minute intervals while the ignition status is on. Some tracking systems combine timed updates with heading change triggered updates."}, {"context": " GPS tracking solutions such as Telematics 2.0, an IoT based telematics technology for the automotive industry, are being used within mainstream commercial auto insurance. The applications of trackers of this kind include: Personal GPS Aircraft can be tracked either by ADS-B (primarily airliners and General Aviation aircraft with ADS-B-out enabled transponder), or by FLARM data packets picked up by a network of ground stations (primarily used by General Aviation aircraft, gliders and UAVs), both of which are data pushers. ADS-B is to be superseded by ADS-C, a data puller."}, {"context": " GPS data pullers are also known as \"GPS transponders\". Unlike data pushers that send the position of the devices at regular intervals (push technology), these devices are always on, and can be queried as often as required (pull technology). This technology is not in widespread use, but an example of this kind of device is a computer connected to the Internet and running gpsd. These can often be used in the case where the location of the tracker will only need to be known occasionally e.g. placed in property that may be stolen, or that does not have a constant source of energy to send data on a regular basis, like freights or containers."}, {"context": " Data Pullers are coming into more common usage in the form of devices containing a GPS receiver and a cell phone which, when sent a special SMS message reply to the message with their location. Covert GPS trackers contain the same electronics as regular GPS trackers but are constructed in such a way as to appear to be an everyday object. One use for covert GPS trackers is for power tool protection, these devices can be concealed within power tool boxes and traced if theft occurs. OBD GPS trackers plug into the onboard diagnostic (OBD) port of a light or medium duty vehicle. Usually, an OBD GPS tracker draws power from the OBD port itself and contains a built-in antenna along with a GPS module in order to receive the GPS signal. In addition, OBD trackers communicate with the different vehicle subsystems for receiving vehicle diagnostic and fuel consumption related data. A cellular OBD GPS tracker directly communicates with the cell tower in order to send the location and other vehicle performance data to the server over a cellular wireless network. Users can view the information using standalone software or web browser from a desktop/laptop computer or using smartphone apps. A comparative discussion on OBD GPS trackers and generic GPS trackers can be found at here."}, {"context": " In the United States, the use of GPS trackers by government authorities is limited by the 4th Amendment to the United States Constitution, so police, for example, usually require a search warrant in most circumstances. While police have placed GPS trackers in vehicles without warrant, this usage was questioned in court in early 2009. Use by private citizens is regulated in some states, such as California, where California Penal Code Section 637.7 states: (a) No person or entity in this state shall use an electronic tracking device to determine the location or movement of a person."}, {"context": " (b) This section shall not apply when the registered owner, lesser, or lessee of a vehicle has consented to the use of the electronic tracking device with respect to that vehicle. (c) This section shall not apply to the lawful use of an electronic tracking device by a law enforcement agency. (d) As used in this section, \"electronic tracking device\" means any device attached to a vehicle or other movable thing that reveals its location or movement by transmission of electronic signals. (e) A violation of this section is a misdemeanor."}, {"context": " (f) A violation of this section by a person, business, firm, company, association, partnership, or corporation licensed under Division 3 (commencing with Section 5000) of the Business and Professions Code shall constitute grounds for revocation of the license issued to that person, business, firm, company, association, partnership, or corporation, pursuant to the provisions that provide for the revocation of the license as set forth in Division 3 (commencing with Section 5000) of the Business and Professions Code."}, {"context": " Note that 637.7 pertains to all electronic tracking devices, and does not differentiate between those that rely on GPS technology or not. As the laws catch up with the times, it is plausible that all 50 states will eventually enact laws similar to those of California. Other laws, like the common law invasion of privacy tort as well as state criminal wiretapping statutes (for example, the wiretapping statute of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, which is extremely restrictive) potentially cover the use of GPS tracking devices by private citizens without consent of the individual being so tracked. Privacy can also be a problem when people use the devices to track the activities of a loved one. GPS tracking devices have also been put on religious statues in order to track the whereabouts of the statue if stolen."}, {"context": " In 2009, debate ensued about a Georgia proposal to outlaw hidden GPS tracking, with an exception for law enforcement officers but not for private investigators. See Georgia HB 16 - Electronic tracking device; location of person without consent (2009). The law in the UK has not specifically addressed the use of GPS trackers, but several laws may affect the use of this technology as a surveillance tool. Data Protection Act 1998 It is quite clear that if client instructions (written or digitally transmitted) that identify a person and a vehicle are combined with a tracker, the information gathered by the tracker becomes personal data as defined by the Data Protection Act 1998. The document \u201cWhat is personal data? \u2013 A quick reference guide\u201d published by the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) makes clear that data identifying a living individual is personal data. If a living individual can be identified from the data, with or without additional information that may become available, is personal data."}, {"context": " Identifiability An individual is \"identified\" if distinguished from other members of a group. In most cases an individual\u2019s name, together with some other information, will be sufficient to identify them, but a person can be identified even if their name is not known. Start by looking at the means available to identify an individual and the extent to which such means are readily available to you. Does the data \u2018relate to\u2019 the identifiable living individual, whether in personal or family life, business or profession?"}, {"context": " Relates to means: Data which identifies an individual, even without an associated name, may be personal data which is processed to learn or record something about that individual, or the processing of information that affects the individual. Therefore, data may \u2018relate to\u2019 an individual in several different ways. Is the data \"obviously about\" a particular individual? Data \"obviously about\" an individual will include his medical history, criminal record, record of his work, or his achievements in a sporting activity. Data that is not \"obviously about\" a particular individual may include information about his activities. Data such as personal bank statements or itemized telephone bills will be personal data about the individual operating the account or contracting for telephone services. Where data is not \u2018obviously about\u2019 an identifiable individual it may be helpful to consider whether the data is being processed, or could easily be processed, to learn, record or decide something about an identifiable individual. Information may be personal data where the aim, or an incidental consequence, of the processing, is that you learn or record something about an identifiable individual, or the processing could affect an identifiable individual. Data from a Tracker would be to identify the individual or his activities. It is therefore personal data within the meaning of the Data Protection Act 1998."}, {"context": " Any individual who wishes to gather personal data must be registered with the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) and have a DPA number. It is a criminal offense to process data and not have a DPA number. Trespass It may be a civil trespass to deploy a tracker onto a car not belonging to your client or to yourself. But in the OSC\u2019s annual inspection, the OSC\u2019s Chief Surveillance Commissioner Sir Christopher Rose stated \u201cputting an arm into a wheel arch or under the frame of a vehicle is straining the concept of trespass\u201c."}, {"context": " However, entering private land of anyone in order to deploy a tracker is clearly a trespass which is a civil tort. Prevention of Harassment Act 1997 At times, the public misinterprets surveillance, in all its forms, as stalking. Whilst there is no strict legal definition of \"stalking\", neither is there specific legislation to address this behavior. Rather, it is a term used to describe a particular kind of harassment. Generally, it is used to describe a long-term pattern of persistent and repeated contact with, or attempts to contact, a particular victim."}, {"context": " The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 created two new offenses of stalking by inserting new sections 2A and 4A into the PHA 1997. The new offences which came into force on 25 November 2012, are not retrospective. Section 2A (3) of the PHA 1997 sets out examples of acts or omissions which, in particular circumstances, are ones associated with stalking. Examples are: following a person, watching or spying on them, or forcing contact with the victim through any means, including social media. Such behavior curtails a victim's freedom, leaving them feeling that they constantly have to be careful. In many cases, the conduct might appear innocent (if considered in isolation), but when carried out repeatedly, so as to amount to a course of conduct, it may then cause significant alarm, harassment or distress to the victim."}, {"context": " It should be noted that the examples given in section 2A (3) is not an exhaustive list but an indication of the types of behavior that may be displayed in a stalking offense. Stalking and harassment of another or others can include a range of offenses such as those under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997; the Offences Against the Person Act 1861; the Sexual Offences Act 2003; and the Malicious Communications Act 1988. Examples of the types of conduct often associated with stalking include direct communication; physical following; indirect contact through friends, colleagues, family or technology; or, other intrusions into the victim\u2019s privacy. The behavior curtails a victim\u2019s freedom, leaving them feeling that they constantly have to be careful."}, {"context": " If the subject of inquiry is aware of the tracking, then this may amount to harassment under the Prevention of Harassment Act 1997. There is a case at the Royal Courts of Justice where a private investigator is being sued under this act for the use of trackers. In December 2011, a Claim was brought against Richmond Day & Wilson Limited (First Defendant) and Bernard Matthews Limited (Second Defendant), Britain\u2019s leading Turkey Provider. The case relates to the discovery of a tracking device found in August 2011 on a vehicle supposedly connected to Hillside Animal Sanctuary."}, {"context": " Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 Property Interference: The Home Office published a document entitled \u201cCovert Surveillance and Property Interference, Revised Code of Practice, Pursuant to section 71 of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000\u201d where it suggests in Chapter 7, page 61 that; General basis for lawful activity 7. 1 Authorizations under section 5 of the 1994 Act or Part III of the 1997 Act should be sought wherever members of the intelligence services, the police, the services police, Serious and Organised Crime Agency (SOCA), Scottish Crime and Drug Enforcement Agency (SCDEA), HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) or Office of Fair Trading (OFT), or persons acting on their behalf, conduct entry on, or interference with, property or with wireless telegraphy that would be otherwise unlawful."}, {"context": " 7. 2 For the purposes of this chapter, \u201cproperty interference\u201d shall be taken to include entry on, or interference with, property or with wireless telegraphy. Example: The use of a surveillance device for providing information about the location of a vehicle may involve some physical interference with that vehicle as well as subsequent directed surveillance activity. Such an operation could be authorized by a combined authorization for property interference (under Part III of the 1997 Act) and, where appropriate, directed surveillance (under the 2000 Act). In this case, the necessity and proportionality of the property interference element of the authorization would need to be considered by the appropriate authorizing officer separately to the necessity and proportionality of obtaining private information by means of the directed surveillance."}, {"context": " This can be interpreted to mean that placing a tracker on a vehicle without the consent of the owner is illegal unless you obtain authorization from the Surveillance Commissionaire under the RIPA 2000 laws. Since a member of the public cannot obtain such authorizations, it is therefore illegal property interference. Another interpretation is that it is illegal to do so if you are acting under the instruction of a public authority and you do not obtain authorization. The legislation makes no mention of property interference for anyone else."}, {"context": " Currently, there is no legislation in place that deals with the deployment of trackers in a criminal sense except RIPA 2000 and that RIPA 2000 only applies to those agencies and persons mentioned in it. In August 2010, Brazilian company Unilever ran a promotion where GPS trackers were placed in boxes of Omo laundry detergent. Teams would then track consumers who purchased the boxes of detergent to their homes where they would be awarded a prize for their purchase. The company also launched a website (in Portuguese) to show the approximate location of the winners' homes."}]}, {"title": "GPS watch", "paragraphs": [{"context": " A GPS watch is a device with integrated GPS receiver that is worn as a single unit strapped onto a wrist, in the manner of a bracelet. The watch can have other features and capabilities depending on its intended purpose and be a smartwatch. GPS watches are most often used for sports and fitness purposes. Many can connect to external sensors by the wireless ANT+ protocol, and/or to a computer by USB to transfer data and configuration. Common sensors used are heart rate monitors and footpods (running cadence and speed sensor). A footpod can be used to supplement or replace GPS data, such as providing treadmill speed and distance for the watch to log and share. Recharging by USB is commonplace."}, {"context": " A GPS watch is commonly a sport watch (a device used for sports and exercise in general rather than just GPS functionally). It may be designed for one particular sport or other purpose, or provide modes and features to suit several. Examples of common purposes: These devices offer similar functions to GPS watches, but measure speed and distance using a motion sensor (built-in, or a footpod attached to a shoe), instead of GPS. Since they do not rely on GPS, they can work indoors, but do not track location data for mapping. Certain models include heart rate monitoring, either built-in or through a chest-worn sensor. There are also a wide variety of watches that measure only heart rate and time."}]}, {"title": "GPS wildlife tracking", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPS wildlife tracking is a process whereby biologists, scientific researchers or conservation agencies can remotely observe relatively fine-scale movement or migratory patterns in a free-ranging wild animal using the Global Positioning System and optional environmental sensors or automated data-retrieval technologies such as Argos satellite uplink, mobile data telephony or GPRS and a range of analytical software tools. A GPS-enabled device will normally record and store location data at a pre-determined interval or on interrupt by an environmental sensor. These data may be stored pending recovery of the device or relayed to a central data store or internet-connected computer using an embedded cellular (GPRS), radio, or satellite modem. The animal's location can then be plotted against a map or chart in near real-time or, when analysing the track later, using a GIS package or custom software."}, {"context": " While GPS tracking devices may also be attached to domestic animals such as pets, pedigree livestock and working dogs, and similar systems are used in fleet management of vehicles, wildlife tracking can place additional constraints on size and weight and may not allow for post-deployment recharging or replacement of batteries or correction of attachment. As well as allowing in-depth study of animal behaviour and migration, the high-resolution tracks available from a GPS-enabled system can potentially allow for tighter control of animal-borne communicable diseases such as the H5N1 strain of avian influenza."}, {"context": " Collar attachment is the primary attachment technique where the subject has a suitable body type and behaviour. Tracking collars would normally be used on the animal's neck (assuming the head has a larger circumference than the neck) but also on a limb, perhaps around an ankle. Suitable animals for neck attachment would include primates, large cats, some bears etc. Limb attachment would work well in animals such as kiwi, where the foot is much larger than the ankle. Harness attachments may used in situations where collar attachment is not suitable, such as animals whose neck diameter may exceed that of the head. Examples of this type of animal may include pigs, Tasmanian devils, etc."}, {"context": " Large, long-necked, birds such as the greylag goose may also need to be fitted with a harness to prevent removal of the tag by the subject. Direct attachment is used on animals where a collar cannot be used, such as birds, reptiles and marine mammals. In the case of birds, the GPS unit must be very lightweight to avoid interfering with the bird's ability to fly or swim. The device is usually attached by gluing or, for short deployments, taping to the bird. The unit will then naturally fall off when the bird next moults."}, {"context": " In the case of reptiles such as crocodiles and turtles, gluing the unit onto the animal's skin or carapace using epoxy (or similar material) is the most common method and minimises discomfort. In deployments on marine mammals such as phocids or otariids, the device would be glued to the fur and fall off during the annual moult. Units used with turtles or marine animals have to resist the corrosive effects of sea water and be waterproof to pressures of up to 200bar. Other applications include rhinoceros tracking, for which a hole may be drilled in the animal's horn and a device implanted. Compared to other methods, implanted transmitters may suffer from a reduced range as the large mass of the animal's body can absorb some transmitted power."}, {"context": " There are also GPS implants for large snakes, such as ones offered by Telemetry Solutions. Duty Cycle Scheduling - GPS devices typically record data about the animal's exact location and store readings at pre-set intervals known as duty-cycles. By setting the interval between readings, the researcher is able to determine the lifespan of the device - very frequent readings drain battery power more rapidly, whereas longer intervals between readings might provide lower resolution but over a longer deployment."}, {"context": " Release Timers - Some devices can be programmed to drop off at a set time/date rather than requiring recapture and manually retrieval. Some may also be fitted with a low-power radio receiver allowing a remote signal to trigger the automatic release. Locational data provided by GPS devices can be displayed using GIS packages such as the open-source GRASS or plotted and prepared for display on the World Wide Web using packages such as Generic Mapping Tools (GMT), FollowDem (developed by Ecrins national Park to track ibex) or Maptool."}, {"context": " Statistical software such as R can be used to display and examine data and may reveal behavioural patterns or trends. GPS tracking devices have been linked to an Argos Platform Transmitter Terminal (PTT) enabling them to transmit data via the Argos System, a scientific satellite system which has been in use since 1978. Users can download their data directly from Argos via telnet and process the raw data to extract their transmitted information. Where satellite uplink fails due to antenna damage, it may be possible to intercept the underpowered transmission locally using a satellite uplink receiver.  GPS location data can be transmitted via the GSM mobile/cell phone network, using SMS messages or internet protocols over a GPRS session.. The EPASTO GPS is dedicated to follow and locate cow. GPS data may be transmitted via short-range radio signals and decoded using a custom receiver."}]}, {"title": "GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation (GAGAN) is an implementation of a regional satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) by the Indian government. It is a system to improve the accuracy of a GNSS receiver by providing reference signals. The AAI's efforts towards implementation of operational SBAS can be viewed as the first step towards introduction of modern Communication, navigation and surveillance/Air Traffic Management system over Indian airspace. The project has established 15 Indian reference stations, 3 Indian navigation land uplink stations, 3 Indian mission control centers, and installation of all associated software and communication links. It will be able to help pilots to navigate in the Indian airspace by an accuracy of 3 m. This will be helpful for landing aircraft in marginal weather and difficult approaches like Mangalore and Leh airports."}, {"context": " The project was created in three phases through 2008 by the Airport Authority of India with the help of the Indian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO) technology and space support. The goal is to provide navigation system for all phases of flight over the Indian airspace and in the adjoining area. It is applicable to safety-to-life operations, and meets the performance requirements of international civil aviation regulatory bodies. The space component became available after the launch of the GAGAN payload on the GSAT-8 communication satellite, which was successfully launched. This payload was also part of the GSAT-4 satellite that was lost when the geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV) failed during launch in April 2010. A final system acceptance test was conducted during June 2012 followed by system certification during July 2013."}, {"context": " To begin implementing a satellite-based augmentation system over the Indian airspace, Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) codes for L1 frequency and L5 frequency were obtained from the United States Air Force and U.S Department of Defense on November 2001 and March 2005. The system will use eight reference stations located in Delhi, Guwahati, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Thiruvananthapuram, Bangalore, Jammu and Port Blair, and a master control center at Bangalore. US defense contractor Raytheon has stated they will bid to build the system."}, {"context": " A national plan for satellite navigation including implementation of technology demonstration system (TDS) over the Indian air space as a proof of concept had been prepared jointly by Airports Authority of India (AAI) and ISRO. TDS was successfully completed during 2007 by installing eight Indian Reference Stations (INRESs) at eight Indian airports and linked to the Master Control Center (MCC) located near Bangalore. Preliminary system acceptance testing has been successfully completed in December 2010. The ground segment for GAGAN, which has been put up by the Raytheon, has 15 reference stations scattered across the country. Two mission control centres, along with associated uplink stations, have been set up at Kundalahalli in Bangalore. One more control centre and uplink station are to come up at Delhi. As a part of the programme, a network of 18 total electron content (TEC) monitoring stations were installed at various locations in India to study and analyse the behaviour of the ionosphere over the Indian region."}, {"context": " GAGAN's TDS signal in space provides a three-metre accuracy as against the requirement of 7.6 metres. Flight inspection of GAGAN signal is being carried out at Kozhikode, Hyderabad, Nagpur and Bangalore airports and the results have been satisfactory so far. One essential component of the GAGAN project is the study of the ionospheric behaviour over the Indian region. This has been specially taken up in view of the uncertain nature of the behaviour of the ionosphere in the region. The study will lead to the optimisation of the algorithms for the ionospheric corrections in the region."}, {"context": " To study the ionospheric behaviour more effectively over entire Indian airspace, Indian universities and R&D labs, which are involved in the development of regional based ionotropic model for GAGAN, have suggested nine more TEC stations. GAGAN after its final operational phase completion, will be compatible with other SBAS systems such as the wide-area augmentation system (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) and the Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS) and will provide seamless air navigation service across regional boundaries. While the ground segment consists of eight reference stations and a master control center, which will have sub systems such as data communication network, SBAS correction and verification system, operations and maintenance system, performance monitoring display and payload simulator, Indian land uplinking stations will have dish antenna assembly. The space segment will consist of one geo-navigation transponder."}, {"context": " A flight-management system based on GAGAN will then be poised to save operators time and money by managing climb, descent and engine performance profiles. The FMS will improve the efficiency and flexibility by increasing the use of operator-preferred trajectories. It will improve airport and airspace access in all weather conditions, and the ability to meet the environmental and obstacle clearance constraints. It will also enhance reliability and reduce delays by defining more precise terminal area procedures that feature parallel routes and environmentally optimised airspace corridors."}, {"context": " The first GAGAN transmitter was integrated into the GSAT-4 geostationary satellite, and had a goal of being operational in 2008. Following a series of delays, GSAT-4 was launched on 15 April 2010, however it failed to reach orbit after the third stage of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk.II that was carrying it malfunctioned. In 2009, Raytheon had won an 82 million dollar contract. It was mainly dedicated to modernise Indian air navigation system. The vice president of Command & Control Systems, Raytheon Network Centric Systems, Andy Zogg commented:"}, {"context": " GAGAN will be the world's most advanced air navigation system and further reinforces India's leadership in the forefront of air navigation. GAGAN will greatly improve safety, reduce congestion and enhance communications to meet India's growing air traffic management needs In 2012, the Defence Research and Development Organisation received a \"miniaturised version\" of the device with all the features from global positioning systems (GPS) and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). The module weighing just 17 gm, can be used in multiple platforms ranging from aircraft (e.g. winged or rotor-craft) to small boats, ships. Reportedly, it can also assist \"survey applications\". It is a cost-efficient device and can be of \"tremendous\" civilian use. The navigation output is composed of GPS, GLONASS and GPS+GLONASS position, speed and time data. According to a statement released by the DRDO, G3oM is a state-of-the-art technology receiver, integrating Indian GAGAN as well as both global positioning system and GLONASS systems."}, {"context": " According to Deccan chronicle: G. Satheesh Reddy, associate director of the city-based Research Centre Imarat, said the product is bringing about a quantum leap in the area of GNSS technology and has paved the way for highly miniaturised GNSS systems for the future. On 30 December 2012, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), India provisionally certified the GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation (GAGAN) system to RNP0.1 (Required Navigation Performance, 0.1 Nautical Mile) service level. The certification enabled aircraft fitted with SBAS equipment to use GAGAN signal in space for navigation purposes."}, {"context": " GSAT-8 is an Indian geostationary satellites, which was successfully launched using Ariane 5 on 21 May 2011 and is positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 55 degrees E longitude. GSAT-10 is envisaged to augment the growing need of Ku and C-band transponders and carries 12 Ku Band, 12 C Band and 12 Extended C Band transponders and a GAGAN payload. The spacecraft employs the standard I-3K structure with power handling capability of around 6\u00a0kW with a lift off mass of 3400\u00a0kg. GSAT-10 was successfully launched by Ariane 5 on 29 September 2012."}, {"context": " GSAT-15 carries 24 Ku band transponders with India coverage beam and a GAGAN payload. was successfully launched on 10 November 2015, 21:34:07 UTC, completing the constellation. The Indian government has stated that it intends to use the experience of creating the GAGAN system to enable the creation of an autonomous regional navigation system called the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System IRNSS. IRNSS-1 Indian regional navigational satellite system (IRNSS)-1, the first of the seven satellites of the IRNSS constellation, carries a navigation payload and a C-band ranging transponder. The spacecraft employs an optimised I-1K structure with a power handling capability of around 1660W and a lift off mass of 1425\u00a0kg, and is designed for a nominal mission life of 10 years. The first satellite of IRNSS constellation was launched onboard PSLV (C22) on 1 July 2012. While the full constellation was planned to be realised during 2014 time frame, launch of subsequent satellites got delayed."}, {"context": " Currently all 7 satellites are in orbit but in 2017 it was announced that all three\u00a0rubidium\u00a0atomic clocks\u00a0on board\u00a0IRNSS-1A\u00a0had failed, mirroring similar failures in the\u00a0Galileo constellation. The first failure occurred in July 2016, following which two other clocks also failed. This rendered the satellite somewhat redundant and required replacement. Although the satellite still performs other functions, the data is coarse, and thus cannot be used for accurate measurements.\u00a0ISRO plans to replace it with IRNSS-1H in July or August 2017."}, {"context": " Two more clocks in the navigational system had started showing signs of abnormality, thereby taking the total number of failed clocks to five. As a precaution to extend the operational life of navigation satellite, ISRO is running only one rubidium atomic clock instead of two in the remaining six satellites.\u00a0Each satellite has three clocks, therefore a total of 27 clocks for all satellites in the system (including standby satellites). The clocks of both IRNSS and GALILEO were supplied by SpectraTime. ISRO replaced the atomic clocks in two standby NavIC satellites.\u00a0The setback comes at a time when IRNSS is yet to start commercial operations."}, {"context": " Karnataka Forest Department has used GAGAN to build a new, accurate and publicly available satellite based database of its forestlands. This is a followup to the Supreme Court directive to states to update and put up their respective forest maps. The geospatial database of forestlands pilot has used data from the Cartosat-2 satellite. The maps are meant to rid authorities of ambiguities related to forest boundaries and give clarity to forest administrators, revenue officials as also the public, according to R.K. Srivastava, chief conservator of forests (headquarters).  Various Indian manufactured missiles including the BrahMos will use GAGAN for guidance."}]}, {"title": "GPS/INS", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPS/INS is the use of GPS satellite signals to correct or calibrate a solution from an inertial navigation system (INS). The method is applicable for any GNSS/INS system. Inertial navigation systems usually can provide an accurate solution only for a short period of time. The INS accelerometers produce an unknown bias signal that appears as a genuine specific force. This is acceleration integrated twice against time and thus produces an error in position. Additionally, the INS software must use an estimate of the angular position of the accelerometers when conducting this integration. Typically, the angular position is tracked through an integration of the angular rate from the gyro sensors. These also produce unknown biases that affect the integration to get the position of the unit."}, {"context": " The GPS gives an absolute drift-free position value that can be used to reset the INS solution or can be blended with it by use of a mathematical algorithm, such as a Kalman filter. The angular orientation of the unit can be inferred from the series of position updates from the GPS. The change in the error in position relative to the GPS can be used to estimate the unknown angle error. The benefits of using GPS with an INS are that the INS may be calibrated by the GPS signals and that the INS can provide position and angle updates at a quicker rate than GPS. For high dynamic vehicles, such as missiles and aircraft, INS fills in the gaps between GPS positions. Additionally, GPS may lose its signal and the INS can continue to compute the position and angle during the period of lost GPS signal. The two systems are complementary and are often employed together."}, {"context": " GPS/INS is commonly used on aircraft for navigation purposes. Using GPS/INS allows for smoother position and velocity estimates that can be provided at a sampling rate faster than the GPS receiver. This also allows for accurate estimation of the aircraft attitude (roll, pitch, and yaw) angles. In general, GPS/INS sensor fusion is a nonlinear filtering problem, which is commonly approached using the extended Kalman filter (EKF) or the unscented Kalman filter (UKF). The use of these two filters for GPS/INS has been compared in various sources, including a detailed sensitivity analysis. The EKF uses an analytical linearization approach using Jacobian matrices to linearize the system, while the UKF uses a statistical linearization approach called the unscented transform which uses a set of deterministically selected points to handle the nonlinearity. The UKF requires the calculation of a matrix square root of the state error covariance matrix, which is used to determine the spread of the sigma points for the unscented transform. There are various ways to calculate the matrix square root, which have been presented and compared within GPS/INS application. From this work it is recommended to use the Cholesky decomposition method.  In addition to aircraft applications, GPS/INS has also been studied for automobile applications such as autonomous navigation, vehicle dynamics control, or sideslip, roll, and tire cornering stiffness estimation."}]}, {"title": "GPS1", "paragraphs": [{"context": " COP9 signalosome complex subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPS1\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPS2 (gene)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G protein pathway suppressor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPS2\" gene. This gene encodes a protein involved in G protein-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades. When overexpressed in mammalian cells, this gene could potently suppress a RAS- and MAPK-mediated signal and interfere with JNK activity, suggesting that the function of this gene may be signal repression. The encoded protein is an integral subunit of the NCOR1-HDAC3 (nuclear receptor corepressor 1-histone deacetylase 3) complex, and it was shown that the complex inhibits JNK activation through this subunit and thus could potentially provide an alternative mechanism for hormone-mediated antagonism of AP1 (activator protein 1) function.  GPS2 (gene) has been shown to interact with:"}]}, {"title": "GPS2SMS", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The GPS2SMS term describes the transfer of co-ordinates of an object or person by means of SMS text messaging. For this, the following applications are suitable: SMS messages can be sent from any device that has a GSM modem or phone and a GPS receiver. There are commercial handheld devices in the market, built-in systems for vehicles, software for computers or mobile devices, as well as some homebuilding projects, such as a small device that connects a mobile phone with a GPS. For the detection of theft of a vehicle, a device may be used which sends an SMS alert to the monitor coordinates of the object, as soon as it leaves a particular area."}]}, {"title": "GPSBabel", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPSBabel is a cross-platform, free software to transfer routes, tracks, and waypoint data to and from consumer GPS units, and to convert between over a hundred types of GPS data formats. It has a command-line interface and a graphical interface for Windows, MacOS, and Linux users. GPSBabel is part of many Linux distributions including Debian GNU/Linux and Fedora, and also part of the 'fink' system for getting Unix software on Mac OS X. The most current, official version is always on the official GPSBabel download site."}, {"context": " Many contributors to OpenStreetMap use GPSBabel to convert GPS track data from proprietary formats to the GPX format OpenStreetMap requires. GPSBabel is popular in the Geocaching community because it enables people with incompatible GPS units to share data. Geographic information system (GIS) applications such as QGIS and Grass use GPSBabel for many import and export operations and processing. Photographers frequently use GPSBabel for geotagging images, associating location with photographs. This relies on GPS data loggers, either external or internal to the camera.  GPSBabel enables owners of many different brands of GPS units to view their GPS data in several popular consumer map programs, such as Google Earth and Microsoft Streets & Trips."}]}, {"title": "GPSM1", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G-protein-signaling modulator 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPSM1\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPSM2", "paragraphs": [{"context": " G-protein-signaling modulator 2, also called LGN for its 10 Leucine-Glycine-Asparagine repeats, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"GPSM2\" gene. Heterotrimeric G proteins transduce extracellular signals received by cell surface receptors into integrated cellular responses. GPSM2 belongs to a group of proteins that modulate activation of G proteins (Blumer et al., 2002).[supplied by OMIM] GPSM2 has been shown to interact with nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1 and GNAI2."}]}, {"title": "GPSS", "paragraphs": [{"context": " General Purpose Simulation System (GPSS) is a discrete time simulation general-purpose programming language, where a simulation clock advances in discrete steps. A system is modelled as transactions enter the system and are passed from one service (represented by blocks) to another. It is used primarily as a process flow oriented simulation language; this is particularly well-suited for problems such as a factory. GPSS was developed by IBM's Geoffrey Gordon at the beginning of the 1960s. He named it"}, {"context": " Gordon's Programable Simulation System. The name was changed when IBM decided to release it as a product. The \"General Program\" part of the new name was to create a standard in waiting-line simulations. The original releases were for IBM's 7044 & 7090 mainframes. Subsequently, there were releases for IBM 360, Univac 1108 and CDC. Over time, other implementations, in other languages and targeted at different size systems, were developed, including DEC's VAX, a specialized APL version for large-scale Univac systems, and Macintosh, among others."}, {"context": " GPSS (Java General Purpose Simulation System) is a Java-based tool that was developed to teach the GPSS simulation language. GPSS resembles a LEGO structure where blocks are chosen by the modeller for specific functions to imitate a particular system. The language is neither procedural, object-oriented or functional programming. The world is simulated with entities moving through the model. These entities, called \"Transactions\", are envisioned as moving from \"Block\" to \"Block\", where a Block is a line of code and represents unit actions that affects the Transaction itself or other entities."}, {"context": " Blocks can be facility-oriented (such as machines in a job shop) or transaction-oriented (such parts of work-in-process, signals in electronic components or documents in a bureaucratic procedure). GPSS automatically keep track of statistics which brings in fixed form at the end of a simulation as standard report. GPSS is one of the oldest language candidate of first object-oriented approach because while transactions are truly instances of model objects, blocks are methods in the modern concept of OOP."}, {"context": " Entities can be broadly classified in Resources, Computational entities and Statistical entities. Resources, like \"Facilities\" and \"Storages\" represent limited capacity resources. Computational entities, like \"Ampervariables\" (variables), \"Functions\" and random generators are used to represent the state of Transactions or elements of their environment. Statistical entities, like \"Queues\" or \"Tables\" (histograms) collect statistical information of interest. The following example, taken from \"Simulation using GPSS\", is the \"Hello world!\" of GPSS and will illustrate the main concepts."}, {"context": " The aim is to simulate one day of operation of a barber shop. Customers arrive in a random constant flow, enter the shop, queue if the barber is busy, get their hair cut on a first-come first-served basis, and then leave the shop. We wish to know the average and maximum waiting line, as well as the number of customers. The \"program\" is comprised between the codice_1 and codice_2 statements, and is divided into \"model segments\" and \"control cards\". The first segment models customers. The codice_3 block creates a flow of Transactions and schedules them to enter the model with an inter-arrival time uniformly distributed over the range 18\u00b16. It is the programmer's responsibility to interpret these transaction as customers and to understand that the time is to be counted in minutes. The Transactions start their existence in the codice_3 block and progress from Block to Block, according to certain rules, until they reach a codice_5 which remove them from the model."}, {"context": " Normally transactions progress from one block to the next one, so the customer transactions will leave the codice_3 block to enter the codice_7 block. This block simulates a waiting line, and collects statistics accordingly. In the example, it materialize a line of chairs and, at the end of the simulation, we will know, among other things, the maximum queue size (how many chairs are needed) and the average waiting time. The codice_8 block requires the name of the queue as a parameter, because more than one queue may exist in the model. Each one is associated with a codice_9 block, which is triggered when the transaction leaves the queue. GPSS remembers which transactions are in the queue, so that it possible to know the average time spent, and to check that no buggy transaction is leaving a queue without previously entering in it."}, {"context": " After the codice_10 block, the transaction will try to proceed to the codice_11 block, a block simulating the capture of the \"Facility\" named Joe. Facilities model single servers of capacity one. If the facility is busy, the codice_12 will deny the attempting transaction the right to enter. In the example, the customer will wait in the codice_8 block. If it is free, or as soon as it becomes available, the transaction will be allowed to capture the facility, mark it as busy to others transactions and start to count the service time and other statistics, until the same transaction passes the corresponding codice_14 block."}, {"context": " The codice_12 / codice_16 pairs are linked by the facility name, because many independent facilities may exist in the model. They can model operators, like a barber, a repairman, an agent, but also pieces of equipment, like a crane, a gas station, an authorization document, etc., in fact anything with capacity one. To simulate multiple parallel servers, like a team of five barbers, or an oven with a capacity of 10, GPSS uses entities named codice_17s. After a customer seizes Joe, she proceeds to the next statement which is codice_18, whose task is to freeze the entity for a prescribed length of time, here a random number picked between 16-4=12 and 16+4=20mn. Other service time distributions are available through GPSS codice_19 (a somehow different notion than function in other programming languages). During that time, other transactions will be allowed to move through the model, blocking some other facilities that may exist in the model, but not Joe because this facility is busy with the frozen customer. After the prescribed time, the customer will wake up, proceed to the next statement, which will free Joe, and codice_5."}, {"context": " Then the next transaction on the previous block, that is a customer sitting on a chair, will be able to codice_11. To select the \"next\" transaction, GPSS uses the first-come first-served basis, with priority. Other selection policies can be programmed by direct manipulation of the \"future event chain\" entity. In parallel to this first segment, simulating the customer behavior, a second model segment simulates the end of the day. At time 480mn = 8h a entity is codice_3d, which will codice_5 on the next block. This time, the codice_5 as a parameter of 1, meaning a special counter is decreased by 1. When that counter reaches 0, the program stops and the output is printed. This special counter is set up with the codice_25 statement. In the example, it is set to one, thus the simulation will finish after one run of 480 mn in simulated time."}, {"context": " The output contains: It indicates that Joe was busy 86.0% of the time, gave a hair cut to 26 customers and that hair cut took 15.88 minutes on the average. Incidentally, Joe was cutting the hair of customer number 26 when the simulation was closed. No programming provisions were taken for the barber to finish the hair cut before to close the shop. It indicates also that a maximum of 1 customer was observed waiting his turn, in facts the number of waiting customer was on the average 0.160. A total of 27 customers did enter the queue, so that customer number 27 was still sitting, waiting his turn, when Joe closed the shop. Out of these 27 customers, 12 were served without having to wait. In fact, the queue was empty 44.4% of the time. The average waiting time was 2.851 mn, and the average waiting time for the 15=27-12 customers who did really wait was 5.133 mn."}]}, {"title": "GPSWOX, Ltd", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPSWOX is an online GPS tracking software and fleet management system located in London, United Kingdom. The company was founded in 2014 by the current CEO Martynas Kavaliauskas. The software is used to track objects that include car, van, truck, motorcycle, cargo, boat, bicycle, people, pet and mobile. GPSWOX software is compatible with GPS trackers brands and smartphones. Software shows the location of objects in real time. This service can be used from any device connected to the Internet. It also provides the additional information about the object: exact address, travel speed, petrol consumption etc."}, {"context": " It preview or download reports in different formats (XLS, PDF, CSV, TXT). Reports can include various information: driving hours, stopovers, distance traveled, fuel consumption etc. by date and GPS tracker name. It checks tank fuel level and fuel consumption along the route. Aggressive driving: speeding, rapid acceleration and braking, directly influencing fuel consumption. Geofence feature sets up geographic boundaries around areas that have specific interest of user. And then receive automated alerts whenever object enters or leaves those boundaries."}, {"context": " With POI (Points of Interest) feature add markers at the locations that might be important to user i.e gas station, a hotel, a restaurant, a shopping mall etc. User can also use tools for calculating distances between places on the map. GPSWOX software supports accessories and sensors includes drivers identification, camera, microphone, battery sensor, ACC ON/OFF, door ON/OFF, engine ON/OFF, fuel tank sensor, GSM sensor, odometer sensor, satellites sensor, tachometer and temperature sensors. GPSWOX has released mobile tracking applications: Mobile GPS Tracker, Hidden Mobile GPS Tracker and GPSWOX Mobile Client. With Mobile GPS Tracker app user can transform smartphone to GPS tracker and track it online in real-time. This app appears to be \u201cBattery Saver\u201d on your mobile screen. When the app is launched, all tracking settings are hidden and locked. The software is available on the platforms like Google Play, iOS App Store and Windows Store."}]}, {"title": "GPSolo Magazine", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPSolo Magazine is a legal magazine published eight times a year by the General Practice, Solo and Small Firm Division of the American Bar Association (ABA). The magazine is based in Chicago, Illinois. The magazine began its existence under the name \"The Compleat Lawyer\" in 1983. \"GPSolo\" is devoted to themes of critical importance to lawyers practicing in solo and small firms. Members of the ABA's General Practice, Solo and Small Firm Division receive complimentary subscriptions to \"GPSolo\" as one of the benefits of Division membership. Subscriptions are available to nonmembers at a cost of $48 per year or $9.50 per copy."}, {"context": " The popular biannual \"Technology and Practice Guide\" features reviews of new technology relevant to the particular needs of general, solo, and small firm lawyers. The magazine also publishes two \"Best of Sections\" issues each year featuring top articles from ABA practice group publications. The remaining issues of the magazine are generally \"theme\" issues, each concentrating on one general subject area. Areas addressed in recent issues include animal law, the law of leisure, sex and the law, privacy and the law, child welfare, old, big, small, law of learning, internet law, family law, estate planning, risky business, rainmaking, ethics and professionalism, and the care and feeding of clients.  Long-time editor-in-chief Jennifer J. Rose guided the magazine from 1995 until 2007, when Joan Burda assumed the editor-in-chief position. Rose resumed responsibilities as editor-in-chief in August, 2010, retiring in August, 2011. Jeff Allen has been editor-in-chief since then."}]}, {"title": "GPS\u00b7C", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPS\u00b7C, short for \"GPS Correction\", was a Differential GPS data source for most of Canada maintained by the Canadian Active Control System, part of Natural Resources Canada. When used with an appropriate receiver, GPS\u00b7C improved real-time accuracy to about 1\u20132 meters, from a nominal 15 m accuracy. Real-time data was collected at fourteen permanent ground stations spread across Canada, and forwarded to the central station, \"NRC1\", in Ottawa for processing. Visiting the external webpage for this service on 2011-11-04, there is only a note saying that the service had been discontinued on 2011-04-01. There is a PDF link on that page to possible alternatives."}, {"context": " GPS\u00b7C information was broadcast Canada-wide on MSAT by the CDGPS, short for \"Canada-Wide DGPS Correction Service\". CDGPS required a separate MSAT receiver, which output correction information in the RTCM format for input into any suitably equipped GPS receiver. The need for a separate receiver made it less cost-effective than solutions like WAAS or StarFire, which receive their correction information using the same antenna and receiver. On April 9, 2010, it was announced that the service would be discontinued by March 31, 2011.  The service was decommissioned on March 31, 2011 and finally terminated on April 1, 2011, at 9:00 EDT."}]}, {"title": "GPT", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPT may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "GPT Group", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The GPT Group is a Real Estate Investment Trust (also known as an Australian Stock Exchange listed stapled entity). The Group has been publicly listed in Australia since April 1971 and is now one of Australia's largest diversified listed property groups. GPT focuses on active ownership of Australian real estate in a portfolio valued at more than $20 billion that includes retail, office and logistics and business park assets. This focus is complemented by Funds Management and selective development.  GPT is consistently ranked as one of the world's best performing property and real estate companies in international sustainability benchmarks and awards. GPT is a leader on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, having held the number one or two position for the last nine years. GPT in September 2015 confirmed it had achieved a 50 per cent reduction in the emissions intensity of its operations compared to its 2005 baseline."}]}, {"title": "GPU cluster", "paragraphs": [{"context": " A GPU cluster is a computer cluster in which each node is equipped with a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). By harnessing the computational power of modern GPUs via General-Purpose Computing on Graphics Processing Units (GPGPU), very fast calculations can be performed with a GPU cluster. The hardware classification of GPU clusters fall into two categories: Heterogeneous and Homogeneous. Heterogeneous Hardware from both of the major IHV's can be used (AMD and nVidia). Even if different models of the same GPU are used (e.g. 8800GT mixed with 8800GTX) the gpu cluster is considered heterogeneous."}, {"context": " Homogeneous Every single GPU is of the same hardware class, make, and model. (i.e. a homogeneous cluster comprising 100 8800GTs, all with the same amount of memory) Classifying a GPU cluster according to the above semantics largely directs software development on the cluster, as different GPUs have different capabilities that can be utilized. Interconnect In addition to the computer nodes and their respective GPUs, a fast enough interconnect is needed in order to shuttle data amongst the nodes. The type of interconnect largely depends on the number of nodes present. Some examples of interconnects include Gigabit Ethernet and InfiniBand."}, {"context": " Vendors NVIDIA provides a list of dedicated Tesla Preferred Partners (TPP) with the capability of building and delivering a fully configured GPU cluster using the Tesla 20-series GPGPUs. AMAX Information Technologies, Dell, Hewlett-Packard and Silicon Graphics are some of the few companies that provide a complete line of GPU clusters and systems. ATI currently does not have a list of preferred partners. ATI Marketing has been contacted for confirmation as this information is being constantly updated.  The software components that are required to make many GPU-equipped machines act as one include: Mapping an algorithm to run a GPU cluster is somewhat similar to mapping an algorithm to run on a traditional computer cluster. Example: rather than distributing pieces of an array from RAM, a texture is divided up amongst the nodes of the GPU cluster."}]}, {"title": "GPU switching", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPU switching is a mechanism used on computers with multiple graphic controllers. This mechanism allows the user to either maximize the graphic performance or prolong battery life by switching between the graphic cards. It's mostly used on gaming laptops which usually have an integrated graphic device and a discrete video card. Most computers using this feature contain integrated graphics processors and dedicated graphics cards that applies to the following categories. Also known as: \"Integrated graphics\", \"shared graphics solutions\", \"integrated graphics processors\" (IGP) or \"unified memory architecture\" (UMA). This kind of graphics processors usually have much fewer processing units and share the same memory with the CPU."}, {"context": " Sometimes the graphics processors are integrated onto a motherboard. It is commonly known as: \"on-board graphics.\" A motherboard with on-board graphics processors doesn't require a discrete graphics card or a CPU with graphics processors to operate. Also known as: \"discrete graphics cards\". Unlike integrated graphics, dedicated graphics cards have much more processing units and have its own RAM with much higher memory bandwidth. In some cases, a dedicated graphics chip can be integrated onto the motherboards, B150-GP104 for example. Regardless of the fact that the graphics chip is integrated, it is still counted as a dedicated graphics cards system because the graphics chip is integrated with its own memory."}, {"context": " Most computers have a motherboard that uses a Southbridge and Northbridge structure. The Northbridge is one of the core logic chipset that handles communications among the CPU, GPU, RAM and the Southbridge. The discrete graphics card is usually installed onto the graphics card slot and the integrated graphics is integrated onto the CPU or occasionally onto the Northbridge. The Northbridge is the most responsible for switching between GPUs. The way how it works usually has the following process:"}, {"context": " The Southbridge is also named as I/O Controller Hub (ICH). It handles all of a computer's I/O functions, such as receiving the keyboard input and outputting the data onto the screen. The way how it usually works usually has two steps: The reason why the second step can be optional is that sometimes the rendered the data is outputted directly from the discrete graphics card which is located on the graphics card slot so there is no need to output the data through the Southbridge. GPU switching is mostly used for saving energy by switching between graphic cards. The dedicated graphics cards consume much more power than integrated graphics but also provides higher 3D performances, which is needed for a better gaming and CAD experience. Following is a list of the TDPs of the most popular CPU with integrated graphics and dedicated graphics cards."}, {"context": " The dedicated graphics cards exhibit much higher power consumption than the integrated graphics on both platforms. Disabling them when no heavy graphics processing is needed can significantly lower the power consumption. Nvidia Optimus\u2122 is a computer GPU switching technology created by Nvidia that can dynamically and seamlessly switch between two graphic cards based on running programs. AMD Enduro\u2122 is a collective brand developed by AMD that features many new technologies that can significantly save power. It was previously named as: \"PowerXpress\" and \"Dynamic Switchable Graphics (DSG).\" This technology implements a sophisticated system to predict the potential usage need for graphics cards and switch between graphics cards based on predicted need. This technology also introduces a new power control plan that allows the discrete graphics cards consume no energy when idling."}, {"context": " In personal computers, the IGP (integrated graphics processors) are mostly manufactured by Intel and AMD and are integrated onto their CPUs. They are commonly known as: The most popular dedicated graphics cards are manufactured by AMD and Nvidia. They are commonly known as: Most common operating systems have built-in support for this feature. However, the users may download the updated drivers from Nvidia or AMD for better experience. Windows 7 has built-in support for this feature. The system automatically switches between GPUs depending on the program that's running. However, the user may switch the GPUs manually through device manager or power manager.  In the Linux systems, a patch named codice_1 has been added to the Linux kernel since version 2.6.34 in order to deal with multiple GPU. Here, the switch requires a restart of the X Window System to be taken into account. Ubuntu Control Center allows the user to access codice_1 functionality through a GUI. Mac OS has built-in support for this feature since v10.5 Leopard. Since OS X Mountain Lion, Apple has integrated the GPU monitor into the Activity Monitor."}]}, {"title": "GPU-Z", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPU-Z is a lightweight utility designed to provide information about video cards and GPUs. The program displays the specifications of the GPU and its memory, and displays temperature, core frequency, memory frequency, GPU load and fan speeds. This program allows to view the following information of the video card:"}]}, {"title": "GPUGRID.net", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPUGRID is a distributed computing project hosted by Pompeu Fabra University and running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software platform. It performs full-atom molecular biology simulations that are designed to run on Nvidia's CUDA-compatible graphics processing units. Support for the PS3's Cell microprocessor and the subsequent PS3GRID project was dropped in 2009 due to updated firmware preventing the installation of required third party software. This included Linux distributions that are required to run BOINC. The massive throughput of Nvidia GPUs has also made the PS3 client largely redundant. As of September 2009, a mid-range Nvidia GPU ran GPUGRID applications approximately five times faster than the Cell microprocessor."}]}, {"title": "GPULib", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPULib is a software library developed and marketed by Tech-X Corporation for accelerating general-purpose scientific computations from within the Interactive Data Language (IDL) using Nvidia's CUDA platform for programming its graphics processing units (GPUs). GPULib provides basic arithmetic, array indexing, special functions, Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT), interpolation, BLAS matrix operations as well as LAPACK routines provided by MAGMA, and some image processing operations. All numeric data types provided by IDL are supported. GPULib is used in medical imaging, optics, astronomy, earth science, remote sensing, and other scientific areas."}, {"context": " A CUDA enabled GPU is currently required to use this library, although there is an OpenCL prototype available. GPULib provides more capabilities depending on the capability of the graphics processing unit (GPU) being used. For example, double-precision calculations and the ability to transfer data concurrently with computations are not provided by all GPUs, but GPULib supports these operations on GPUs which are capable of performing them. GPULib is provided in the form of a Dynamically Loadable Module (DLM) along with IDL code. Using GPULib does not require knowledge of C or CUDA, though it can be extended if the user is knowledgeable with CUDA. GPULib previously provided bindings for other languages including Matlab, Python, and Java.  The GPULib API documentation is available online."}]}, {"title": "GPUOpen", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPUOpen is a middleware software suite originally developed by AMD's Radeon Technologies Group that offers advanced visual effects for computer games. It was released in 2016. GPUOpen serves as an alternative to, and a direct competitor of Nvidia GameWorks. GPUOpen is similar to GameWorks in that it encompasses several different graphics technologies as its main components that were previously independent and separate from one another. However, GPUOpen is entirely open source software, unlike GameWorks which was heavily criticized for its proprietary and closed nature until becoming open source in March 2016."}, {"context": " GPUOpen was announced on December 15, 2015, and released on January 26, 2016. Nicolas Thibieroz, AMD's Senior Manager of Worldwide Gaming Engineering, argues that \"it can be difficult for developers to leverage their R&D investment on both consoles and PC because of the disparity between the two platforms\" and that \"proprietary libraries or tools chains with \"black box\" APIs prevent developers from accessing the code for maintenance, porting or optimizations purposes\". He says that upcoming architectures, such as AMD's Rx 400 series \"include many features not exposed today in PC graphics APIs\"."}, {"context": " AMD designed GPUOpen to be a competing open-source middleware stack released under the MIT License. The libraries are intended to increase software portability between video game consoles, PCs and also High-performance computing. GPUOpen unifies many of AMD's previously separate tools and solutions into one package, also fully open-sourcing them under the MIT License. GPUOpen also makes it easy for developers to get low-level GPU access. Additionally AMD wants to grant interested developers the kind of low-level \"direct access\" to their GCN-based GPUs, that surpasses the possibilities of Direct3D 12 or Vulkan. AMD mentioned e.g. a low-level access to the Asynchronous Compute Engines (ACEs). The ACE implement \"Asynchronous Compute\", but they cannot be freely configured neither under Vulkan nor under Direct3D 12."}, {"context": " GPUOpen is made up of several main components, tools, and SDKs. Software for computer-generated imagery (CGI) used in development of computer games and movies alike. The official AMD directory lists: The official AMD directory lists: Having been released by ATI Technologies under the BSD license in 2006? HLSL2GLSL is not part of GPUOpen. Whether similar tools for SPIR-V will be available remains to be seen, as is the official release of the Vulkan (API) itself. Source-code that has been defined as being part of GPUOpen is also part of the Linux kernel (e.g. amdgpu and amdkfd), Mesa 3D and LLVM."}, {"context": " Software around Heterogeneous System Architecture (HSA), General-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU) and High-performance computing (HPC) AMD's \"Boltzmann Initiative\" (named after Ludwig Boltzmann) was announced in November 2015 at the SuperComputing15. It aims to provide an alternative to Nvidia's CUDA which includes a tool to port CUDA source-code to portable (HIP) source-code which can be compiled on both HCC and NVCC. GPUOpen are available under the MIT license to the general public through GitHub starting in January 26, 2016.  There is interlocking between GPUOpen and well established and widespread free software projects, e.g. Linux kernel, Mesa 3D and LLVM."}]}, {"title": "GPUTILS", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPUTILS (frequently written gputils) is a GPL-licensed set of tools for the PIC microcontroller, comprising an assembler, disassembler, linker, and object file viewer. It is available for various flavors of Unix, Mac OS X, and Microsoft Windows. gpasm, the GNU PIC assembler, was originally developed by James Bowman and released as version 0.0.3 on July 13, 1998. Craig Franklin extended gpasm into an entire suite of assembler- and linker-related tools and renamed the project to gputils, releasing gputils 0.0.4 on March 4, 2001. The project is currently maintained by David Barnett. GPUTILS was created by Craig Franklin and James Bowman. Currently, it is primarily supported by Moln\u00e1r K\u00e1roly. Until recently has been supported Borut Ra\u017eem. In the past it has been supported by David Barnett, Scott Dattalo and Marko Kohtala ."}]}, {"title": "GPVI", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Glycoprotein VI (platelet) also known as GPVI is a glycoprotein receptor for collagen which is expressed in platelets. In humans, glycoprotein VI is encoded by the \"GPVI\" gene. GPVI was first cloned in 2000 by several groups including that of from INSERM. Glycoprotein VI (GP6) is a 58-kD platelet membrane glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in the collagen-induced activation and aggregation of platelets. Upon injury to the vessel wall and subsequent damage to the endothelial lining, exposure of the subendothelial matrix to blood flow results in deposition of platelets. Collagen fibers are the most thrombogenic macromolecular components of the extracellular matrix, with collagen types I, III, and VI being the major forms found in blood vessels. Platelet interaction with collagen occurs as a 2-step procedure: (1) the initial adhesion to collagen is followed by (2) an activation step leading to platelet secretion, recruitment of additional platelets, and aggregation. In physiologic conditions, the resulting platelet plug is the initial hemostatic event limiting blood loss. However, exposure of collagen after rupture of atherosclerotic plaques is a major stimulus of thrombus formation associated with myocardial infarction or stroke.  Complete or partial deficiency of GPVI in humans is a rare condition presenting as a mild bleeding disorder. GPVI has been shown to interact with LYN."}]}, {"title": "GPX1", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Glutathione peroxidase 1, also known as GPx1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the \"GPX1\" gene on chromosome 3. This gene encodes a member of the glutathione peroxidase family. Glutathione peroxidase functions in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide, and is one of the most important antioxidant enzymes in humans. This gene encodes a member of the glutathione peroxidase family, consisting of eight known glutathione peroxidases (GPx1-8) in humans. Mammalian Gpx1 (this gene), Gpx2, Gpx3, and Gpx4 have been shown to be selenium-containing enzymes, whereas Gpx6 is a selenoprotein in humans with cysteine-containing homologues in rodents. In selenoproteins, the 21st amino acid selenocysteine is inserted in the nascent polypeptide chain during the process of translational recoding of the UGA stop codon. In addition to the UGA-codon, a cis-acting element in the mRNA, called SECIS, binds SBP2 to recruit other proteins, such as eukaryotic elongation factor selenocysteine-tRNA specific, to form the complex responsible for the recoding process."}, {"context": " The protein encoded by this gene forms a homotetramer structure. As with other glutathione peroxidases, GPx1 has a conserved catalytic tetrad composed of Sec or Cys, Gln, Trp, and Asn, where the Sec is surrounded by four arginines (R 57, 103, 184, 185; bovine numbering) and a lysine of an adjacent subunit (K 91'). These 5 residues bind glutathione (GSH) and are only present in GPx1. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. Glutathione peroxidase 1 is characterized in a polyalanine sequence polymorphism in the N-terminal region, which includes three alleles with five, six or seven alanine (Ala) repeats in this sequence. The allele with five Ala repeats is significantly associated with breast cancer risk."}, {"context": " GPX1 is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues, where it protects cells from oxidative stress. Within cells, it localizes to the cytoplasm and mitochondria. As a glutathione peroxidase, GPx1 functions in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide, specifically by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water. The glutathione peroxidase also catalyzes the reduction of other organic hydroperoxides, such as lipid peroxides, to the corresponding alcohols. GPx1 typically uses glutathione (GSH) as the reductant, but when glutathione synthetase (GSS) is, as in brain mitochondria, \u03b3-glutamylcysteine can serve as the reductant instead. The protein encoded by this gene protects from CD95-induced apoptosis in cultured breast cancer cells and inhibits 5-lipoxygenase in blood cells, and its overexpression delays endothelial cell death and increases resistance to toxic challenges, especially oxidative stress. This protein is one of only a few proteins known in higher vertebrates to contain selenocysteine, which occurs at the active site of glutathione peroxidase and is coded by the nonsense (stop) codon TGA."}, {"context": " GPX1 forms a highly reactive selenenic acid intermediate, providing insight into the way that the protein environment stabilizes these intermediates and paving the way for new therapeutics. Selenenic acid is protected by the protein environment from reactive groups within the protein. The mechanism of action is based on selenenic acid reacting with the amid or amine bond of another protein, forming a senyladmide bond, suggesting a role for this bond new bond in protecting the reactivity of GPX1."}, {"context": " GPX1 helps to prevent cardiac dysfunction after ischemia-reperfusion injuries. Mitochondrial ROS production and oxidative mtDNA damage is increased during reoxygenation in the GPX1 knockout mice, in addition to structural abnormalities in cardiac mitochondria and myocytes, suggesting GPX1 may play an important role in protecting cardiac mitochondria from reoxygenation damage in vivo. In GPX1 (-/-) mice, oxidant formation is increased, endothelial NO synthase is deregulated, and adhesion of leukocytes to cultured endothelial cells is increased. Experimental GPX1 deficiency amplifies certain aspects of aging, namely endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling, and invasion of leukocytes in cardiovascular tissue."}, {"context": " The GPx1 allele with five Ala repeats is significantly associated with breast cancer risk. Kocabasoglu, et al., sought to investigate connections between oxidative stress genes, including GPX1, and Panic Disorder, an anxiety disorder characterized by random and unexpected attacks of intense fear. Although the GPX1 Pro198Leu polymorphism, in general, did not significantly correlate with panic disorder risk, the study found a plausible association of the C allele of the GPX1 Pro198Leu polymorphism, found to be more frequent in the female cohort, with PD development."}, {"context": " Ergen and colleagues analyzed gene expression of oxidative stress genes, specifically GPX1, in colorectal tumors in comparison to healthy colorectal tissues. ELISA was utilized to quantify GPX1 protein expression levels in both tissue types, highlighting a 2-fold decrease in tumor tissue (p<0.05). In esophageal cancer, Chen and colleagues found that vitamin D, a known suppressor of GPX1 expression via the NF-kB signaling pathway, could help to decrease the proliferative, migratory, and invasive capabilities of esophageal cancer cells. Unlike in colorectal cancer, GPX1 expression in esophageal cancer cells is thought to drive aggressive growth and metastasis, but Vitamin D-mediated decrease in GPX1 prevents such growth."}, {"context": " In a study looking at gene polymorphisms of GPX1 and other oxidative stress genes in relation to prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Banerjee, et al, found that while no association was found in expression of most GPX1 polymorphisms and risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, having the C allele of GPX1 led to a 1.362 times higher risk of the disease, highlighting the importance of finding individuals in the population with this gene variant to help treat them early on. Recent work by Alan M. Diamond and colleagues has shown that allelic variations of GPX1, like the codon 198 polymorphism that results in leucine or proline and an increase in alanine repeat codons, can result in different localization levels in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. For instance, the allele expressing the leucine-198 polymorphism and 7 alanine repeats generates GPX-1 localization that is disproportionately in the cytoplasm as compared to other allelic variants. To further understand the effects of these variants on GPX-1 function, mutant GPX-1 with mitochondrial localization sequences were generated and the GPX-1 infused cells were analyzed for their response to oxidative stress, energy metabolism and cancer-associated signaling molecules. Ultimately, GPX-1 variants heavily influenced cellular biology, suggesting that different GPX-1 variants affect cancer risk differently."}, {"context": " An analysis of GPX1 expression in oligodendrocytes from patients with major depressive disorder and control patients showed that GPX1 levels were significantly decreased in patients with the disorder, but not in their astrocytes. Shortening of telomeres and decreased expression of telomerase were also evident in these oligodendrocytes, but not in the astrocytes in these patients. This suggests that decreased oxidative stress protection, as observed by decreased GPX1 levels, and decreased telomerase expression may help give rise to telomere shortening in patients suffering from MDD.  GPX1 has been shown to interact with ABL and GSH. A recently discovered suppressor for GPX1 is S-adenosylhomocysteine, which when accumulated in endothelial cells can cause tRNA(Sec) hypomethylation, reducing the expression of GPX1 and other selenoproteins. The decreased GPX-1 expression can then lead to inflammatory activating of endothelial cells, helping give rise to a proatherogenic endothelial phenotype."}]}, {"title": "GPX2 (gene)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Glutathione peroxidase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the \"GPX2\" gene. The antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 2 (Gpx2) is one out of eight known glutathione peroxidases (Gpx1-8) in humans. Mammalian Gpx1, GPx2 (this protein), Gpx3, and Gpx4 have been shown to be selenium-containing enzymes, whereas Gpx6 is a selenoprotein in humans with cysteine-containing homologues in rodents. In selenoproteins, the 21st amino acid selenocysteine is inserted in the nascent polypeptide chain during the process of translational recoding of the UGA stop codon."}]}, {"title": "GPX3", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx-3), also known as plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx-P) or extracellular glutathione peroxidase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the \"GPX3\" gene. GPx-3 belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family, which functions in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide. It contains a selenocysteine (Sec) residue at its active site. The selenocysteine is encoded by the UGA codon, which normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTR of Sec-containing genes have a common stem-loop structure, the sec insertion sequence (SECIS), which is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon rather than as a stop signal."}]}, {"title": "GPX4", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Glutathione peroxidase 4, also known as GPX4, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the \"GPX4\" gene. GPX4 is a phospholipid hydroperoxidase that protects cells against membrane lipid peroxidation. The antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) belongs to the family of glutathione peroxidases, which consists of 8 known mammalian isoenzymes (GPx1-8). Gpx4 catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, organic hydroperoxides, and lipid peroxides at the expense of reduced glutathione and functions in the protection of cells against oxidative stress. The oxidized form of glutathione (glutathione disulfide), which is generated during the reduction of hydroperoxides by GPx4, is recycled by glutathione reductase and NADPH/H. GPx4 differs from the other GPx family members in terms of its monomeric structure, a less restricted dependence on glutathione as reducing substrate, and the ability to reduce lipid-hydroperoxides inside biological membranes."}, {"context": " Inactivation of GPX4 leads to an accumulation of lipid peroxides, resulting in ferroptotic cell death. Mutations in GPX4 cause . Mammalian GPx1, GPx2, GPx3, and GPx4 (this protein) have been shown to be selenium-containing enzymes, whereas GPx6 is a selenoprotein in humans with cysteine-containing homologues in rodents. In selenoproteins, the 21st amino acid selenocysteine is inserted in the nascent polypeptide chain during the process of translational recoding of the UGA stop codon. GPx4 shares the amino acid motif of selenocysteine, glutamine, and tryptophane (catalytic triad) with other glutathione peroxidases."}, {"context": " GPx4 catalyzes the following reaction: This reaction occurs at the selenocysteine within the catalytic center of GPx4. During the catalytic cycle of GPx4, the active selenol (-SeH) is oxidized by peroxides to selenenic acid (-SeOH), which is then reduced with glutathione (GSH) to an intermediate selenodisulfide (-Se-SG). GPx4 is eventually reactivated by a second glutathione molecule, releasing glutathione disulfide (GS-SG). In mouse and rat, three distinct GPx4 isoforms with different subcellular localization are produced through alternative splicing and transcription initiation; cytosolic GPx4, mitochondrial GPx4 (mGPx4), and nuclear GPx4 (nGPx4). Cytosolic GPx4 has been identified as the only GPx4 isoform being essential for embryonic development and cell survival. The GPx4 isoforms mGPx4 and nGPx4 have been implicated in spermatogenesis and male fertility. In humans, experimental evidence for alternative splicing exists; alternative transcription initiation and the cleavage sites of the mitochondrial and nuclear transit peptides need to be experimentally verified."}, {"context": " Knockout mice of GPX4 die at embryonic day 8 and conditional inducible deletion in adult mice (neurons) results in degeneration and death in less than a month. Targeted disruption of the mitochondrial GPx4 isoform (mGPx4) caused infertility in male mice and disruption of the nuclear GPx4 isoform (nGPx4) reduced the structural stability of sperm chromatin, yet both knockout mouse models (for mGPx4 and nGPx4) were fully viable. Surprisingly, knockout of GPX4 heterozygously in mice (GPX4) increases their median life span. Knockout studies with GPx1, GPx2, or GPx3 deficient mice showed that cytosolic GPx4 is so far the only glutathione peroxidase that is indispensable for embryonic development and cell survival. As mechanisms to dispose of both hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides are essential to life, this indicates that in contrast to the multiple metabolic pathways that can be utilised to dispose of hydrogen peroxide, pathways for the disposal of lipid hydroperoxides are limited."}, {"context": " While mammals have only one copy of the GPX4 gene, fish have two copies, GPX4a and GPX4b. The GPX4's appear to play a greater role in the fish GPX system than in mammals. For example, in fish GPX4 activity contributes to a greater extent to total GPX activity, GPX4a is the most highly expressed selenoprotein mRNA (in contrast to mammals where it is GPX1 mRNA) and GPX4a appears to be highly inducible to changes within the cellular environment, such as changes in methylmercury and selenium status."}]}, {"title": "GPX5", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Glutathione peroxidase 5 (GPx-5), also known as epididymal secretory glutathione peroxidase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the \"GPX5\" gene. GPx-5 belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family. It is specifically expressed in the epididymis in the mammalian male reproductive tract, and is androgen-regulated. Unlike mRNAs for other characterized glutathione peroxidases, this mRNA does not contain a selenocysteine (UGA) codon. Thus, the encoded protein is selenium-independent, and has been proposed to play a role in protecting the membranes of spermatozoa from the damaging effects of lipid peroxidation and/or preventing premature acrosome reaction. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene."}]}, {"title": "GPX6", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Glutathione peroxidase 6 (GPx-6) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the \"GPX6\" gene. This gene product belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family, which functions in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide. It contains a selenocysteine (Sec) residue at its active site. The selenocysteine is encoded by the UGA codon, which normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTR of Sec-containing genes have a common stem-loop structure, the sec insertion sequence (SECIS), which is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon rather than as a stop signal. Expression of this gene is restricted to embryos and adult olfactory epithelium."}]}, {"title": "GPX7", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Glutathione peroxidase 7 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the \"GPX7\" gene."}]}, {"title": "GPX8", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Glutathione peroxidase 8 (GPx-8) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the \"GPX8\" gene. GPx-8 is a member of the glutathione peroxidase family."}]}, {"title": "GPXE", "paragraphs": [{"context": " gPXE is an open-source Preboot eXecution Environment (PXE) client firmware implementation and bootloader derived from Etherboot. It can be used to enable computers without built-in PXE support to boot from the network, or to extend an existing client PXE implementation with support for additional protocols. While standard PXE clients use TFTP to transfer data, gPXE client firmware adds the ability to retrieve data through other protocols like HTTP, iSCSI and ATA over Ethernet (AoE), and can work with Wi-Fi rather than requiring a wired connection."}, {"context": " gPXE development ceased in summer 2010, and several projects are migrating or considering migrating to iPXE as a result. gPXE can be loaded by a computer in several ways: gPXE implements its own PXE stack, using a driver corresponding to the network card, or a UNDI driver if it was loaded by PXE itself. This allows to use a PXE stack even if the network card has no boot ROM, by loading gPXE from a fixed medium. Although its basic role was to implement a PXE stack, gPXE can be used as a full-featured network bootloader. It can fetch files from multiple network protocols, such as TFTP, NFS, HTTP or FTP, and can boot PXE, ELF, Linux, FreeBSD, multiboot, EFI, NBI and Windows CE images.  In addition, it is scriptable and can load COMBOOT and COM32 SYSLINUX extensions. This allows for instance to build a graphical menu for network boot."}]}, {"title": "GPYW Indoor Stadium", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPYW Indoor Stadium is an indoor sporting arena located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The capacity of the arena is 5,000 spectators. It hosts indoor sporting events such as basketball and hosts the home matches of Al-Hilal. It also hosted the Asian Basketball Confederation Championship 1997 championship."}]}, {"title": "GParted", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GParted (acronym of GNOME Partition Editor) is a GTK+ front-end to GNU Parted and an official GNOME partition-editing application (alongside Disks). GParted is used for creating, deleting, resizing, moving, checking, and copying disk partitions and their file systems. This is useful for creating space for new operating systems, reorganizing disk usage, copying data residing on hard disks, and mirroring one partition with another (disk imaging). GParted uses libparted to detect and manipulate devices and partition tables while several (optional) file system tools provide support for file systems not included in libparted. These optional packages will be detected at runtime and do not require a rebuild of GParted."}, {"context": " GParted is written in C++ and uses gtkmm to interface with GTK+. The general approach is to keep the GUI as simple as possible and in conformity with the GNOME Human Interface Guidelines. The GParted project provides a live operating system including GParted which can be written to a Live CD, a Live USB and other media. The operating system is based on Debian GNU/Linux. GParted is also available on other GNU/Linux live CDs, including recent versions of Puppy, Knoppix, SystemRescueCd and Parted Magic. GParted is preinstalled when booting from \"Try Ubuntu\" mode on a Ubuntu installation media."}, {"context": " An alternative to this software is Disks (GNOME Disks). GParted supports the following operations on file systems (provided that all features were enabled at compile-time and all required tools are present on the system). The 'copy' field indicates whether GParted is capable of cloning the mentioned filesystem. GParted is capable of cloning by using the mouse gesture of copy and paste. GParted is not capable of cloning an entire disk, but only one partition at a time. When GParted performs its cloning operation, the filesystem being copied should not already be in use. GParted clones partitions at the filesystem-level, and as a result is capable of cloning different target-size partitions for the same source, as long as the size of the source filesystem does not exceed the size of the target partition."}]}, {"title": "GPhoto", "paragraphs": [{"context": " gPhoto is a set of software applications and libraries for use in digital photography. gPhoto supports not just retrieving of images from camera devices, but also upload and remote controlled configuration and capture, depending on whether the camera supports those features. Released under the GNU Lesser General Public License, gPhoto is free software. gPhoto supports more than 2100 cameras as of January 2016. It is cross-platform, running under Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD and other Unix-like operating systems."}, {"context": " gPhoto has support for the Picture Transfer Protocol (PTP) and will also connect to devices that use the Media Transfer Protocol. Many cameras are not supported by gPhoto, but have support for the USB mass-storage device class, which is well-supported under Linux. gPhoto supports camera tethering control, preview, viewfinder in PTP or camera specific protocols on numerous cameras. gPhoto provides a library, libgphoto2, to allow for other frontends to be written for it, and a command-line interface. gtkam is the official GUI client for gPhoto. Other clients are the KDE program digiKam and the GNOME program Shotwell. GVfs uses libgphoto2 to expose on-camera photos to GNOME applications via a virtual filesystem.  DigiKam, gtkam and support tethering capture and viewfinder for supported cameras."}]}, {"title": "GPlates", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPlates is open-source application software offering a novel combination of interactive plate-tectonic reconstructions, geographic information system (GIS) functionality and raster data visualization. The GPlates project was started by Professor Dietmar M\u00fcller in 2006. By the end of 2010, the GPlates 1.0.0 was released. The latest release was GPlates 2.0 in November 2016. A user manual and tutorials are available online. Below is a list of major releases of GPlates. GPlates enables both the visualization and the manipulation of plate-tectonic reconstructions and associated data through geological time:"}, {"context": " GPlates is developed by an international team of scientists and professional software developers at: GPlates is used by geophysicists, students and researchers in academic institutions, government departments and industry. GPlates runs on Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows and Ubuntu. GPlates is written in C++ and uses OpenGL to render its 3D globe and 2D map views. It uses Qt as a GUI framework. The Boost C++ library has also been widely used. Other libraries include GDAL, CGAL, proj, qwt and GLEW. GPlates uses the GPlates Geological Information Model (GPGIM) to represent geological data in a Plate tectonics context. The GPlates Markup Language (GPML) is an XML implementation of the GPGIM derived from the Geography Markup Language (GML)."}, {"context": " The GPlates Python library (pyGPlates) enables access to GPlates functionality via the Python programming language. It allows users to use GPlates in a programmatic way and hence provides much more flexibility than the GPlates desktop interface can offer. The first beta release of pyGPlates is available for download. Reference documentation and tutorials are also available for download. GPlates is released under GNU General Public License version 2.0 (GPLv2) and the source code can be found on SourceForge  The GPlates Web Portal is a gateway to a series of GPlates-based web applications. The portal was launched in 2014. Michael Chin is the architect and chief programmer. Initially the portal was hosted on nectar cloud. Later on, it was migrated to Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud. Below is a list of applications in GPlates Web Portal. The Cesium Javascript library is used to render the 3D globe in a web browser. Below is a list of select publications of GPlates."}]}, {"title": "GPnotebook", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPnotebook is a British medical database for general practitioners (GPs). It is an online encyclopaedia of medicine that provides an immediate reference resource for clinicians worldwide. The database consists of over 30,000 pages of information. A RCGP article describing the history of GPnotebook is available https://bjgp.org/content/64/619/92 GPnotebook is provided online by Oxbridge Solutions Limited."}]}, {"title": "GPoT Center", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GPoT Center (Turkish: \"K\u00fcresel Siyasal E\u011filimler Merkezi\") officially the Global Political Trends Center is a research unit, which was established by Mensur Akgun and Sylvia Tiryaki at the Istanbul K\u00fclt\u00fcr University in Turkey in 2008. The mission of the Center is to conduct research, projects, to produce innovative publications analyzing the latest issues in the international relations, to formulate viable political recommendations and to boost the dialogue between civil society, academia and media."}, {"context": " GPoT Center, as one of the leading Turkish think tanks, runs projects in various areas and has organized numerous conferences, workshops and round-table meetings focused on: the EU - Turkey relations, the Cyprus question, the Turkey - Armenia relations, Turkish - Arab dialogue, NATO, second track diplomacy between Syria and Israel, Arab-Israeli conflict and other issues related to the international agenda in general and the agenda of Turkish foreign policy in particular. The projects implemented by GPoT Center often involve participation of high-level politicians and opinion makers, however the Center is also active in organization of second-track diplomacy meetings aiming at effective conflict solution. For the purposes of second-track diplomacy, GPoT Center brings together representatives of conflicting parties, i.e. civil society activists, opinion leaders, as well as academics to discuss issues pertaining to solution of the relevant problem. The meetings are usually conducted in friendly atmosphere and under Chatam House rules."}, {"context": " The Center publishes various types of publications available in the electronic as well as printed form. It has published a number of policy briefs analyzing issues in international relations and shorter essays, i.e. GPoT Briefs focusing on one topic from the current global issues. GPoT Center published its first two books on Cyprus issue in the summer 2009 and has since then published other books on developments in Cyprus, Israeli-Turkish relations, as well as democratization of the Middle East."}, {"context": " The Center cooperates with institutions from Sweden - SIIA, Lebanon - CAUS, Qatar - ADF, United Kingdom - LSE, Czech Republic - EUROPEUM, Slovak Republic - SFPA, Armenia - EPF, YPC and Internews, Egypt - Ibn-Khaldun Center, and France - ENS. GPoT Center is also part of larger research and academic networks such as the United Nations's Alliance of Civilizations, International Research and Security Network, United Nations' Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People and Anna Lindh Euro-Mediterranean Foundation for the Dialogue Between Cultures."}]}, {"title": "GPotato", "paragraphs": [{"context": " gPotato is a free multiplayer game portal website operated in Japan and South Korea by Gala Inc. and its subsidiaries, and formerly in North America and Europe by subsidiaries of South Korean-based Webzen. gPotato game portals are in South Korea and Japan. Games hosted at gPotato range from traditional MMORPGs to more accessible casual flash games/browser-based games, all of which are free-to-play so no annual/monthly payment is required; revenue is generated from a micropayment system. Games and their premium item shops can be accessed by the Group's regional gPotato portal sites."}, {"context": " gPotato games are aimed at a broad range of players. Gala Inc.'s corporate philosophy is to \"connect people all over the world and by doing that, contribute to global peace.\" With this in mind, the games published on gPotato portals have no blood in them and are appropriate for a wide age group of players. gPotato in North America and Europe was previously operated by Gala Inc. In February 2013, Gala-Net, Gala Networks Europe and Gala-Net Brazil were acquired by Webzen. In May 2014 the European and North American gPotato Web sites were merged into the Webzen.com portal."}, {"context": " The gPotato portal sites are serviced by Group companies of Gala Inc. in Japan and South Korea. As of September 2011, the global gPotato community has over 20 million registered members playing on 18 games globally. As with all free-to-play games or gaming communities, the number of registered users has to be differentiated from: There are no public numbers for unique, active, or paying users. gPotato portals have a variety of features. Each gPotato portal is designed and maintained based on the cultural trends where that gPotato portal is serviced so the features vary on each gPotato portal site. In general, the portals offer:"}, {"context": " The virtual currency is called gPotatoes. The gPotatoes can be used to obtain virtual game items via a premium item shop. Other users normally would not have access to these items or would have to spend more time in-game to obtain them. gPotatoes can be purchased using credit cards, PayPal, charging through the mobile phone, through gPotato pre-paid cards or through earning free gPotatoes by taking online surveys. Payment methods differ from each gPotato portal based on the regional payment options available."}]}, {"title": "GQ", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GQ (formerly Gentlemen's Quarterly) is an international monthly men's magazine based in New York City and founded in 1931. The publication focuses on fashion, style, and culture for men, though articles on food, movies, fitness, sex, music, travel, sports, technology, and books are also featured. \"Gentlemen's Quarterly\" was launched in 1931 in the United States as \"Apparel Arts\". It was a men's fashion magazine for the clothing trade, aimed primarily at wholesale buyers and retail sellers. Initially it had a very limited print run and was aimed solely at industry insiders to enable them to give advice to their customers. The popularity of the magazine among retail customers, who often took the magazine from the retailers, spurred the creation of \"Esquire\" magazine in 1933."}, {"context": " \"Apparel Arts\" continued until 1957 when it was transformed into a quarterly magazine for men, which was published for many years by Esquire Inc. Apparel was dropped from the logo in 1958 with the spring issue after nine issues, and the name \"Gentlemen's Quarterly\" was established. \"Gentlemen's Quarterly\" was re-branded as \"GQ\" in 1967. The rate of publication was increased from quarterly to monthly in 1970. In 1983 Cond\u00e9 Nast bought the publication, and editor Art Cooper changed the course of the magazine, introducing articles beyond fashion and establishing \"GQ\" as a general men's magazine in competition with \"Esquire\". Subsequently, international editions were launched as regional adaptations of the U.S. editorial formula. Jim Nelson was named editor-in-chief of \"GQ\" in February 2003; during his tenure he worked as both a writer and an editor of several National Magazine Award-nominated pieces and the magazine became more oriented towards younger readers and those who prefer a more casual style."}, {"context": " Nonnie Moore was hired by \"GQ\" as fashion editor in 1984, having served in the same position at \"Mademoiselle\" and \"Harper's Bazaar\". Jim Moore, the magazine's fashion director at the time of her death in 2009, described the choice as unusual, observing that \"She was not from men's wear, so people said she was an odd choice, but she was actually the perfect choice\" and noting that she changed the publication's more casual look, which \"She helped dress up the pages, as well as dress up the men, while making the mix more exciting and varied and approachable for men.\""}, {"context": " \"GQ\" has been closely associated with metrosexuality. The writer Mark Simpson coined the term in an article for British newspaper \"The Independent\" about his visit to a \"GQ\" exhibition in London: \"The promotion of metro-sexuality was left to the men's style press, magazines such as \"The Face\", \"GQ\", \"Esquire\", \"Arena\" and \"FHM\", the new media which took off in the Eighties and is still growing ... They filled their magazines with images of narcissistic young men sporting fashionable clothes and accessories. And they persuaded other young men to study them with a mixture of envy and desire.\" The magazine has expanded its coverage beyond lifestyle issues. For example, in 2003, journalist Sabrina Rubin Erdely wrote an eight-page feature story in \"GQ\" on famous con man Steve Comisar."}, {"context": " In 2018, writing for \"GQ\", Rachel Kaadzi Ghansah won the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing for her article about Dylann Roof, who had shot nine Afro-Americans in a church in Charleston. \"GQ\" (U.S.) first named their Men of the Year in 1996, featuring the award recipients in a special issue of the magazine. British \"GQ\" launched their annual Men of the Year awards in 2009 and \"GQ\" India launched theirs the following year. Spanish \"GQ\" launched their Men of the Year awards in 2011 and \"GQ\" Australia launched theirs in 2007."}, {"context": " In 2010, \"GQ\" magazine had a few members of the television show \"Glee\" (Dianna Agron, Lea Michele and Cory Monteith) partake in a photoshoot. The sexualization of the actresses in the photos caused controversy among parents of teens who watch the show \"Glee\". The Parents Television Council was the first to react to the photo spread when it was leaked prior to GQ's planned publishing date. Their President Tim Winter stated, \"By authorizing this kind of near-pornographic display, the creators of the program have established their intentions on the show's directions. And it isn't good for families\". The photoshoot was published as planned and Dianna Agron went on to state that the photos that were taken did not represent who she is and that she was sorry if anyone was offended by them."}, {"context": " \"GQ\"s September 2009 U.S. magazine published, in its \"backstory\" section, an article by Scott Anderson, \"None Dare Call It Conspiracy\". Before \"GQ\" published the article, an internal email from a Cond\u00e9 Nast lawyer referred to it as \"Vladimir Putin's Dark Rise to Power\". The article reported Anderson's investigation of the 1999 Russian apartment bombings, and included interviews with Mikhail Trepashkin who investigated the bombings while he was a colonel in Russia's Federal Security Service. The story, including Trepashkin's own findings, contradicted the Russian Government's official explanation of the bombings and criticized Vladimir Putin, the President of Russia."}, {"context": " Cond\u00e9 Nast's management tried to keep the story out of Russia. It ordered executives and editors not to distribute that issue in Russia or show it to \"Russian government officials, journalists or advertisers\". Management decided not to publish the story on \"GQ\"s website or in Cond\u00e9 Nast's foreign magazines, not to publicize the story, and asked Anderson not to syndicate the story \"to any publications that appear in Russia\". Within 24 hours of the magazine's publication in the U.S., bloggers published the original English text and a translation into Russian on the Web."}, {"context": " On April 19, 2018, the editors of \"GQ\" published an article titled \"21 Books You Don\u2019t Have To Read\" in which the editors compiled a list of works they think are overrated and should be passed over, including \"Catcher in the Rye\", \"The Alchemist\", \"Blood Meridian\", \"A Farewell to Arms\", \"The Old Man and the Sea\", \"The Lord of the Rings\", and \"Catch-22.\" \"GQ\"\u2019s review included a criticism of the Holy Bible, calling \"it is repetitive, self-contradictory, sententious, foolish, and even at times ill-intentioned\". The article generated a backlash among internet commentators.  The magazine reported an average U.S. paid circulation of 824,334 issues per month, of which 609,238 were subscriptions. 73% of the readership are men, and 63% are single. 65% of readers had an annual income of $50,000 or greater; and 46% had an income greater than $75,000. \"British GQ\" had an average circulation of 114,867, made up of 102,694 print edition sales and 12,173 digital edition sales, from July to December 2013. U.S. publishers U.S. editors U.K. editors"}]}, {"title": "GQ (Indian edition)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GQ is the Indian edition of the American monthly men's magazine called \"GQ\". It is the 15th international edition of \"GQ\" and is published by Cond\u00e9 Nast India Pvt. Ltd., a 100% owned subsidiary of Cond\u00e9 Nast International. Cond\u00e9 Nast gained 100% ownership after regulatory changes in 2005 permitted 100% foreign direct investment in non-news and current affairs publications. \"GQ\" was the second magazine released in India, after \"Vogue India\", that is 100% foreign owned. Cond\u00e9 Nast India is based in Mumbai and also has an office in New Delhi."}, {"context": " The magazine was launched with the October 2008 issue, which was unveiled by Cond\u00e9 Nast on 29 September 2008. The cover, shot by Pascal Chevallier, featured Saif Ali Khan and Katarina Ivanovska on the regular cover, and Yuvraj Singh, Lisa Haydon, Arjun Rampal and Ujjwala Raut on the gatefold cover. GQ India gives away a number of Awards in various fields. One popular award is the GQ Men of the year award. There are even other felicitations like the 100 Best Dressed people in India, Creative Personality of the year and Most Influential Men List."}]}, {"title": "GQ (actor)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Gregory Javid Qaiyum (born February 7, 1976), better known by his initials GQ, is an American actor, writer and rapper. The son of an American mother of German and English descent and a Pakistani father, GQ was raised in Chicago, where he attended Loyola Academy (high school), and later studied at New York University's (NYU) Tisch School of the Arts. Before graduating from the Experimental Theatre Wing of NYU, he put some friends together to create his senior project, merging hip hop and theater, combining two of his passions, rapping and acting. The result is off-Broadway production \"The Bomb-itty of Errors\", in which GQ is actor, rapper, co-writer and original producer. The show won the jury prize for Best Show at the 2001 Aspen Comedy Festival."}, {"context": " GQ's first professional acting job was at the Manhattan Theatre Club in the hit London play, \"East is East\". His film credits include \"What's the Worst That Could Happen?\", \"On the Line\", Drumline(2002),and \"Taxi\". After his experience in theater, GQ turned his attention to television: a musical sketch/comedy series for MTV called \"Scratch & Burn\". He and the other members of the \"Bomb-itty\" crew, including his younger brother, JAQ (who also wrote and produced all of the music for the show), created, wrote and starred in the series."}, {"context": " GQ's next project was his directorial debut for a film for Showtime called \"Just Another Story\", which he wrote and starred in as well. GQ also guest-starred on Fox's \"Boston Public\", writing his own rhymes for a role as a delinquent student in a Shakespeare class who brought the material to life for the other bored students by rapping it. In 2012 the Q Brothers debuted their newest Shakespeare adaptation, \"Othello: The Remix\", a 90-minute hip-hop version of \"Othello\" that was part of the Globe to Globe Festival and World Shakespeare Festival.  GQ currently lives in Los Angeles. Alongside his brother JAQ, the two have created Q Brothers Productions and are working together on an album, \"The Feel Good Album Of The Year\", a mix of jazz, rock, R&B and electronica."}]}, {"title": "GQ (band)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GQ was an American group, formed in The Bronx, New York, primarily noted for its success in disco and R&B. The core membership of the group commenced playing professionally, under different group names, as of 1968. GQ was first formed in 1968 as a quartet called Sabu & the Survivors, with \"Sabu\" being a moniker of member Keith Crier. The group then evolved in the 1970s as The Rhythm Makers, playing primarily funk music. They were Five Percenters. The Rhythm Makers were composed of Emanuel Rahiem Leblanc (lead vocals and rhythm guitar), Keith \"Sabu\" Crier (bass and vocals). Herb Lane (keyboards and vocals) and Kenny Banks (drums and vocals) The group released one album, \"Soul On Your Side\" in 1976 on the De-Lite Records subsidiary Vigor Records, from which the group had one major international dancefloor hit, \"Zone\". At the time that Kenny Banks was replaced by Paul Service in 1978, and the group's manager suggested that the group name be changed to \"GQ\", which stood for \"good quality\", They would sign with Arista Records."}, {"context": " GQ became quite successful playing music representative of the period's disco influenced sound. They had several highly ranked singles in multiple markets (US Pop, US Black, US Disco/Club). Their biggest hit was 1979's \"Disco Nights (Rock-Freak)\", a single from their debut album \"Disco Nights\", which reached #1 (for two weeks) on the R&B singles chart, #3 on the Hot Dance Club Play and #12 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. It sold over one million copies in the US alone. The track also peaked at #42 in the UK Singles Chart. (It was a reworked version of The Rhythm Makers title-track to \"Soul On Your Side\"). The follow-up Billy Stewart remake, \"I Do Love You\", was also successful, reaching #20 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100."}, {"context": " Drummer Paul Service fractured his wrist in a car accident in 1980. The band hired drummer Stevie \"Beatz\" Adorno. Service was ultimately replaced by Steve Adorno, who performed with GQ from 1980 to 2010. Keith \"Sabu\" Crier was the son of Arthur Crier, a member of the doo-wop group The Halos. Sabu was the uncle of new jack swing/R&B singer Keith Sweat. There was rumor that Crier, after the group broke up, had a successful solo career using the stage name Keith Sweat. Another rumor was that before Sweat became a solo artist, he was a member of GQ. None of those rumors were true, because Sabu & The Survivors got together in 1968 and Sweat, being born on 1961, would have been probably seven years old, and would have been 15 years old if he had recorded the album, \"Soul On Your Side\" with The Rhythm Makers. He also would have been 18 if he had recorded the \"Disco Nights\" album with GQ, 19 if he had recorded the Two album with them, and 20 if he recorded the Face to Face album with them, if that was the case."}, {"context": " Steve Adorno has since become the drummer and bandleader of Fania recording artist \"SEGUIDA\", SMI RECORDING ARTIST \"DEVOSHUN\". Steve 1s also a composer/producer with his own music label Onroda MusicWorks.Steve Adorno(aka/ Stevie Beatz)has composed music scores for 2 off broadway plays, music scores for Nintendo Video Games and two independent films. Honorable mention goes out to \"GQ-percussionist- Kevin Zambrana who has since become a trusted Associate to Mr-Q as President of ZPI Productions NYC..  Emanuel would later sign with Capitol Records and record a solo album called \"Always Be Around\" released in 1991. He still tours as GQ, and is widely known as Mr. Q an in-name tribute to GQ. In 1999, Lead vocalist-songwriter Mr Q (now a solo performer), recorded a covers album \"A Tribute to Marvin Gaye and Billy Stewart\". 2017 signals the long awaited release of GQ's followup to Disco Nights*. The Mr Q Project on Nu Classic Records."}]}, {"title": "GQ Australia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GQ Australia is the Australian version of men's magazine \"GQ\" and is Australia\u2019s leading men\u2019s lifestyle publication. Published by NewsLifeMedia, the print and digital men's title offers advice, news and features across style, grooming, watches, luxury, cars, politics and fitness. GQ Australia first began as a printed publication in 1998 and now spans across stand alone issues, mobile apps, social media platforms and the website GQ.com.au. With 8 issues printed every year, GQ also hosts events, the flagship of which is the GQ Men of the Year Awards."}, {"context": " GQ has spent two decades championing Australian creative talent and has interviewed many of the country\u2019s leading musicians, and Hollywood stars. Former cover stars include Hugh Jackman, Guy Pearce, George Clooney, Leonardo DiCaprio, Brad Pitt, Chris Pratt, Jake Gyllenhaal, Matt Damon, Liam Hemsworth, James Franco, Kit Harrington and many more GQ has interviewed many leading Australian political figures including prime ministers Kevin Rudd and Malcolm Turnbull, deputy PM Julie Bishop and shadow leader Bill Shorten alongside many state and federal MPs. In the case of Malcolm Turnbull, he appeared on the cover of GQ in 2015 beneath the headline \u201cPrimed Minister\u201d"}, {"context": " GQ\u2019s global forum for celebrating men and woman started in 2000 in Australia. With multiple award categories each year the black tie event showcases the best Australia has to offer when it comes to acting, music, business, culinary and creative talent. A full list of previous winners includes 2017 GQ Men of the Year Winners Jeff Goldblum, Amber Heard, Travis Fimmel, Flume, Adam Briggs, Jon Kortajarena, Alan Joyce, KJ Apa, Ansel Elgort, A$AP Rocky, Virgil Abloh, Client Liaison, Jeff Horn, Hello Sunday Morning, Hayden Cox and Luke Davis"}, {"context": " 2016 GQ Men of the Year Winners Chris Hemsworth, Iggy Azalea, Joel Edgerton, Jon Hamm, Peter Greste, western Bulldogs, Kim Jones, Hacksaw Ridge, Kyle Chalmers, Darren Hart, Dylan Alcott, Joel Creasey, Stan Grant, Ken Done, Atlassian, Richard Roxburgh, Justin O\u2019Shea and Keniyan Lonsdale 2015 GQ Men of the Year Winners Cody Simpson, David Gandy, Ruby Rose, David Pocock, Jai Courtney, Mick Fanning, Jordan Barrett, Michael Clarke, Waleed Aly, Ryan Corr, Joel & Benji Madden, Myuran Sukumaran, Daniel Johns, Guillaume Brahimi, Troye Sivan, Justin Hemmes and Patrick Johnson"}, {"context": " 2014 GQ Men of the Year Winners Ian Thorpe, Nick Boshier & Christiaan Van Vuuren, Daniel Ricciardo, Dave Franco, Neale Whitaker, Nick Palumbo, Fitzy & Wippa, Cheynne Tozzi, Don Hany, Nick Kyrgios, SAbour Bradley, Matt Moran, Vincent Fantauzzo, Jason Clarke, Strateas Carlucci, Brenton Thwaites, Clive Palmer, Jordan & Zac Stenmark, Hugh Evans, INXS, Love Your Sister, Animal Logic, The Preatures and Gough Whitlam (posthumous) GQ Australia offers readers annual and bi-annual subscriptions the magazine through their magazine distribution arm Mags Online offering subscribers special edition and subscriber-only editions of the magazine.  \"GQ\" is published in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Latin America, Mexico, Portugal, Romania, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, and the United States."}]}, {"title": "GQ Lupi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GQ Lupi is a T Tauri variable star approximately 500 light-years away in the constellation of Lupus. The star is young and has about 70% of the Sun's mass. In 2005, Ralph Neuh\u00e4user and his colleagues reported a substellar object, GQ Lupi b, orbiting the star. Along with 2M1207b, this was one of the first extrasolar planet candidates to be directly imaged. The image was made with the VLT telescope at Paranal Observatory, Chile, on June 25, 2004. Depending on its mass and the definition of a planet, GQ Lupi b may or may not be considered a planet. As of 2006, the International Astronomical Union Working Group on Extrasolar Planets described GQ Lupi b as a \"possible planetary-mass companion to a young star.\""}]}, {"title": "GQ Lupi b", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GQ Lupi b is a possible extrasolar planet or brown dwarf orbiting the star GQ Lupi. Its discovery was announced in April 2005. Along with 2M1207b, this was one of the first extrasolar planet candidates to be directly imaged. The image was made with the VLT telescope at Paranal Observatory, Chile on June 25, 2004. If classified as an exoplanet, with a maximum radius of 6.5 times that of Jupiter () (or 930,000 km in diameter), this would make GQ Lupi b one of largest exoplanets discovered, although the size of the planet is shrinking as it evolves.  As of 2006, the International Astronomical Union Working Group on Extrasolar Planets described GQ Lupi b as a \"possible planetary-mass companion to a young star.\""}]}, {"title": "GQ Money", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ryan Smiley Katz (born 1976) is an American retired professional wrestler, promoter and manager signed to WWE as a producer. Katz is best known in Xtreme Pro Wrestling under the ring name GQ Money as the manager of Kaos of The Enterprise. Although that was where he got his notoriety, he actually started his career outside Denver, Colorado as the co-founder of the Central Wrestling Organization, and co-founder of Slam City Pro Wrestling School. In May 2015, Katz started working for WWE's developmental territory NXT, as a Creative Producer at the Performance Center."}, {"context": " Katz was outcast by his family when he decided to start his own wrestling fight club in nearby Denver. His self-promotion and outlandish ideas landed him in a position of power in the XPW fight circuit where he donned the persona of GQ Money, a fast talking agent to the stars who, because of his mouth, got caught up in many dangerous situations including being tossed off a car, tossed on guardrails, and tossed off a 30-foot tower. Katz worked as the ring announcer and host for the short-lived Wrestling Society X under the name Fabian Kaelin, a reference to the concept of kayfabe."}, {"context": " Katz performed in a motion-capture suit for the World Wrestling Entertainment video game \"WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011\", performing activities used to portray Rey Mysterio and Theodore Long. He also previously did motion capture work for \"WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007\", and provided a voice in \"WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2006\". In 2008, Katz was briefly a part of a stable headed by Christopher Daniels in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling where he portrayed one of the followers under the name of Minion. Katz appeared on \"WWE Raw\" on the August 27, 2012 episode under the name Stylez Monroe in the \"anger management class\" segment involving Kane and Daniel Bryan. In May 2015, Katz became a Creative Producer at the WWE Performance Center for the NXT brand and appeared as The Lemon, a member of Adam Rose's Exotic Express, and as the presenter on The Vaudevillains' TitanTron."}, {"context": " In 2001, he was a contestant on a short-lived revival of Card Sharks, and has also appeared on the game show 20Q. In 2004, he was a contestant on the TBS reality show \"He's a Lady\", where because of the show, he was a guest on The Oprah Winfrey Show. Katz currently runs The Fit Pit Pro Wrestling School in Chatsworth, California, where he teaches a new crop of students the art of professional wrestling and sports entertainment. He also runs RakaMedia, a DVD production firm. Katz still records songs as a hip-hop MC, and recently opened up for hip-hop legend Kurtis Blow at a show in Denver, CO."}]}, {"title": "GQ Muscae", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GQ Muscae, also known as Nova Muscae 1983 is a binary star system in the constellation Musca composed of a white dwarf and small star that is about 10% as massive as the Sun. The two orbit each other every 1.4\u00a0hours. The white dwarf accumulates material from its companion star on its accretion disc until it erupts, as it did in 1983, reaching a magnitude of 7.2. Discovered with a magnitude of 7.1 on 18 January 1983, it was the first nova from which X-rays were detected."}]}, {"title": "GQ Thailand", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GQ Thailand is the Thai edition of the international monthly men's magazine \"GQ.\" It was launched in September 2014. The first issue had a triple fold-out cover, with pictures of eight well-known Thai men."}]}, {"title": "GQ by Citroe\u0308n", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GQ by Citro\u00ebn is a concept compact executive hatchback coupe designed by Citro\u00ebn for the British market. It has been created in cooperation with the magazine GQ. The GQ by Citro\u00ebn's competitors in real life are the Hyundai Veloster Turbo, Volkswagen Scirocco R and the Renault M\u00e9gane R.S.."}]}, {"title": "GQ on the EQ++", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GQ on the EQ++ is a 2001 compilation album by Miguel Trost De Pedro under the alias of kid606. It was released by Tigerbeat6 on June 19, 2001. The album is an expanded version of his previous extended play release \"GQ on the EQ\" that included all tracks from the album, unreleased songs from the recording sessions and other recordings from tour shows, various artist compilation albums and split singles. All songs on the album were created between 1997 and 1999. The first six tracks were taken from the original 10\" vinyl release of the extended play \"GQ on the EQ\" that was released by 555 of Leeds records. Tracks 7 through 12 were parts of various artists based compilation albums or releases previously available from a tour. The tracks \"The Ten and the Zero\" and \"Staying Home from School\" were unreleased tracks recording originally during the \"GQ on the EQ\" sessions."}, {"context": " Ned Raggett of Allmusic described the album as an example of de Pedro's \"extreme loop/sample treatments and glitch rhythms\". \"GQ on the EQ++\" was released on June 19, 2001 on compact disc through the Tigerbeat6 label. The Allmusic review by Ned Raggett awarded the album 4 stars stating \"a nice overview of his work between 1997 and 1999\". Reviewing the original EP, the \"Chicago Reader\" referred to it as \"more restrained and unified\" than his live shows of the era, as well as that \"the giddiness remains palpable.\"  All songs recorded and written by kid606."}]}, {"title": "GQM", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GQM, the initialism for \"goal, question, metric\", is an approach to software metrics that has been promoted by Victor Basili of the University of Maryland, College Park and the Software Engineering Laboratory at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center after supervising a Ph.D. thesis by Dr. David M. Weiss. Dr. Weiss' work was inspired by the work of Albert Endres at IBM Germany. GQM defines a measurement model on three levels: The open literature typically describes GQM in terms of a six-step process where the first three steps are about using business goals to drive the identification of the right metrics and the last three steps are about gathering the measurement data and making effective use of the measurement results to drive decision making and improvements. Basili described his six-step GQM process as follows:"}, {"context": " GQM templates are a structured way of specifying goals. A GQM template contains the following fields: Here is an example of applying the GQM template to express the goal of a software engineering study: The purpose of this study is to \"characterize\" the effect of \"pair programming\" on \"programmer effort\" and \"program quality\" from the point of view of \"software managers\" in the context of \"a small web-development company\". Although GQM has served the software industry well for several decades, it never provided explicit support for integrating its software measurement model with elements of the larger organization, such as higher-level business goals and strategies. The GQM+Strategies  approach was developed by Victor Basili and a group of researchers from the Fraunhofer Institute. It is based on the Goal Question Metric paradigm and adds the capability to create measurement programs that ensure alignment between business goals and strategies, software-specific goals, and measurement goals."}]}, {"title": "GQM+Strategies", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GQMStrategies is a method that provides concepts and actionable steps for creating the link between goals and strategies across an organization and allows for measurement-based decision-making. It was developed by Victor Basili, Jens Heidrich, Mikael Lindvall, J\u00fcrgen M\u00fcnch, Myrna Regardie, Carolyn B. Seaman, and Adam Trendowicz. The method was originally developed for organizations having a strong focus on IT and the development of software systems, but the method's popularity has grown to other domains and can be applied to any organization. The book Aligning Organizations through Measurement gives a comprehensive overview of the method, provides actionable guidance, case studies, and practical applications."}, {"context": " In today's competitive markets organizational survival and growth requires effective means of aligning the large variety of organizational goals and strategies to achieve business objectives. Effective alignment helps all parts of the organization move in the same direction. Determining the impact of business goals and strategies is crucial for effective decision making within a company. Different goals and strategies exist at different levels of an organization (e.g., on the management level, the department level, the project level). In practice, these goals and strategies are often not aligned and their success or failure is often determined as a gut feeling. For instance, in a software organization, engineers are frequently faced with apparently unrealistic goals related to software development. There is rarely a discussion of trade-offs or other options for such decisions in order to avoid deviations of budget and schedule. Goals and strategies need to be defined explicitly and derived from high-level business goals in a systematic and transparent way. Moreover, underlying assumptions and environmental factors are often not documented, which makes it hard to determine the reasons for failed strategies. Furthermore, if measurement data is collected on the project level, it is often unclear how the activities performed there and the data collected contribute to higher-level goals of the organization. Moreover, building an effective measurement program is a challenging task in itself. It involves observation, experience facilitation, collaboration, decision making, analysis, and synthesis regarding goals, context factors, and assumptions. Furthermore, it assumes an organizational structure that sustains the process and learns."}, {"context": " The major output of applying the GQMStrategies approach is the so-called GQMStrategies grid. The grid specifies goals and strategies across all levels of an organization including the measurement program needed to monitor and control them. The underlying meta-model allows multiple goal levels and permits deriving multiple strategies for each of these goal levels. A goal may be realized by a set of strategies, which may in turn lead to a sequence of goals. Selection and adaptation of predefined goals and strategies as well as definition of new goals and strategies is driven by so-called context factors and assumptions. Context factors are environmental variables that represent the organizational environment and affect the kind of models and data that can be used (e.g., the type of business, the market of an organization). Assumptions are estimated unknowns that can affect the interpretation of the data (e.g., improving customer satisfaction will increase sales). The entire GQMStrategies model provides an organization with a mechanism not only for defining measurement consistent with larger, upper-level organizational concerns, but also for interpreting and rolling up the resulting measurement data at each level. At each goal level, measurement plans are defined in order to measure the achievement of the defined goal in combination with the chosen strategy though GQM."}, {"context": " The GQMStrategies application process supports building a grid in different ways depending on whether you want to start from the top level, from the bottom level, or from somewhere in the middle of an organization. In consequence the approach addresses relevant stakeholders throughout different organizational levels. The GQMStrategies method makes high-level goals, strategies, and related measurement goals explicit across all levels of an organization. The entire method provides an organization with a mechanism for defining software measurement addressing larger, upper-level organizational concerns and for interpreting and rolling up the resulting measurement data at each level. GQMStrategies has numerous benefits such as the effective use of resources and rapid and focused improvement. It enables an organization to consistently align goals and strategies across different units, enable measurement-based decision making, transparently communicating goals and strategies within the organization, and objectively monitoring goal attainment and the success/failure of defined strategies.The approach works as an integrator for existing measurement approaches in an organization."}, {"context": " GQMStrategies is typically used to link strategies with their impacts on goals and to identify existing gaps in aligning goals and strategies. Experiences from case studies in industry and evaluations of the method have been reported in literature, e.g., experiences from applying GQM+Strategies at Elektrobit and an evaluation with respect to the effects of GQM+Strategies on organizational alignment. Current research evaluated the approach utilizing revised Bloom's taxonomy as a framework for assessing the practitioners\u2019 cognition level of the concepts. The evaluation showed that the method has practical value and addresses current real-world problems. The approach has been applied in different industrial settings and different domains so far reaching from telecommunication, automotive, and aerospace to classical information system. Most of the case studies were focusing on setting up a grid. As organizational goals and strategies change, the grid needs to be adapted accordingly and needs to be deployed to organization in a controlled manner. Therefore, future work addresses deployment and maintenance aspects of the approach.  Several approaches to (software) measurement have been developed using different mechanisms for guiding the choice of data to be collected and analyzed:"}]}, {"title": "GQM-163 Coyote", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The GQM-163 Coyote is a supersonic sea skimming target built by Orbital Sciences and used by the United States Navy as a successor to the MQM-8 Vandal. Orbital's proposal was chosen over the MA-31, a joint venture between Boeing and Zvezda-Strela. Orbital was awarded their contract for the development of the Coyote SSST in June 2000. The Coyote is initially boosted by a Hercules MK-70 booster, of similar design to those used by the now obsolete RIM-67 Standard ER missiles. After the booster stage is expended the missile switches to an Aerojet MARC-R-282 solid-fuel rocket /ramjet engine for sustaining its flight.  In July 2018, Orbital Sciences Corp was awarded a US$52m modification to its existing contract, for 18 Lot 12 targets plus some Foreign Military Sales."}]}, {"title": "GQMMS UAV", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GQMMS UAV is a Chinese UAV developed by Beijing School (Guang-Qu-Men Middle School, \u5317\u4eac\u5e7f\u6e20\u95e8\u4e2d\u5b66) (GQMMS). The UAV has since entered service with local business. GQMMS UAV is an UAV based on commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) subsystems, and it is an unmanned helicopter in conventional layout, with a pair of skids as landing gear. GQMMS unmanned helicopter first made its public debut on May 19, 2011 in Beijing, when it won the first place award of the Beidou Cup all China Youth Innovation Competition. The designer of GQMMS unmanned helicopter is a ninth grade student Mr. Gao Ying-Xuan (\u9ad8\u8fce\u8f69), with the assistance from another his classmate. One of the conspicuous feature of this unmanned helicopter is its navigational system: in contrast to most UAV equipped with satellite navigation that is typically GPS, the satellite navigational system of GQMMS unmanned helicopter is Beidou instead.  List of unmanned aerial vehicles of the People's Republic of China"}]}, {"title": "GR 1", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The long distance footpath GR 1 is one of the paths in the grand randonn\u00e9e network in France. It takes in the great forests outside Paris. The starting point is the Porte Maillot metro station. The path crosses the bois de Boulogne, goes around the hippodrome de Longchamp, crosses the Seine by the Avre footbridge (built by Gustave Eiffel) and goes into Saint-Cloud. It crosses the parc de Saint-Cloud and comes out at Marnes-la-Coquette. It comes to Vaucresson, then La Celle-Saint-Cloud, the upper part of Louveciennes and the edge of the park of the former Ch\u00e2teau de Marly then enters the Marly Forest."}, {"context": " It goes through Feucherolles (where it will eventually terminate), the small village of Davron, Thiverval-Grignon and comes to Neauphle-le-Vieux zigzagging through the countryside via Saint-Germain-de-la-Grange. It comes to M\u00e9r\u00e9 then Montfort-l'Amaury where it enters the Forest of Rambouillet. It comes out of the forest at Gazeran to go through Rambouillet town, then back into the forest as far as Saint-Arnoult-en-Yvelines. It then crosses the Forest of Saint-Arnoult to Dourdan and goes along the valley of the River Orge as far as Breuillet."}, {"context": " It crosses the wood of Baville de Saint-Yon to Boissy-sous-Saint-Yon going through Saint-Sulpice-de-Favi\u00e8res, then Torfou and Lardy. Then it goes into the parc naturel r\u00e9gional of the French G\u00e2tinais, through Janville-sur-Juine, Boissy-le-Cutt\u00e9, D'Huison-Longueville, Vayres-sur-Essonne, Boutigny-sur-Essonne, Buno-Bonnevaux, turns off towards Malesherbes following the valley of the River Essonne, then goes through the Forest of Fontainebleau from Vaudou\u00e9 to Melun. It passes in front of the Ch\u00e2teau de Vaux-le-Vicomte, then goes to Blandy, Champeaux, Andrezel, Verneuil-l'\u00c9tang, Chaumes-en-Brie, Fontenay-Tr\u00e9signy, Marles-en-Brie, La Houssaye-en-Brie and crosses the Forest of Cr\u00e9cy up to Cr\u00e9cy-la-Chapelle.  It goes through Bouleurs and Nanteuil-l\u00e8s-Meaux, coming out at the River Marne at Meaux. The GR 1 completes its circuit at Feucherolles."}]}, {"title": "GR 10 (France)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The GR 10 is a French GR footpath, or hiking trail, that runs the length of the Pyrenees Mountains. It roughly parallels the French\u2013Spanish border on the French side. Those attempting the entire trail often choose to walk it from west to east, from Hendaye on the Bay of Biscay to Banyuls-sur-Mer on the Mediterranean Sea, but it can just as easily be traversed east to west. Hiking the entire route is estimated to take around 52 days for hikers who are in good shape and used to mountain hiking. Some stretches involve a lot of ascending and descending, including a few one-day sections that can climb and then descend , but the GR 10 is a hiking trail, and there is no actual mountain climbing involved. The trail covers a distance of , with of ascent and given the coast to coast nature of the route the same descent."}, {"context": " There are many places to stay along the route that cater to walkers, including hotels, \"g\u00eetes d'\u00e9tape\", and very basic mountain refuges. Camping is only necessary for two or three nights in the Ari\u00e8ge section. Some walkers walk one section of the trail at a time, completing the route over several visits. The trail is well marked with red and white painted blazes. It appears on all regional maps, including on Michelin roadmaps. The route is within the area shown by the Editions Sud-Ouest \"Rando \u00e9ditions\" range of maps (numbers 1\u201311), which are based on French Institut G\u00e9ographique National 1:50,000 scale maps. Parts of the route, especially around towns and villages, change from year to year, so walkers do well to carry recent editions of the maps and guides."}, {"context": " A number of sections include alternative routes of a less demanding nature. Some alternatives offer more scenic choices, for example the alternative route from Cauterets to Luz-Saint-Sauveur takes in Pont d'Espagne, the Refuge Oulettes de Gaube, the Refuge Baysellance, Gavarnie, Gedre and Pragneres, and offers more spectacular mountain scenery. Another notable section is near the village of Etsaut, where the route follows the Chemin de la M\u00e2ture, a track carved into a sheer cliff face. This path was created in the 18th century to facilitate the transport of tree trunks destined to be made into masts for French warships."}, {"context": " There are four very detailed guide books (in French) describing the GR 10. These are published by the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Fran\u00e7aise de la Randonn\u00e9e P\u00e9destre (French Hiking Federation). These guide books can be purchased at most large sports stores in the region, and in a few of the largest sports stores in the major cities in France. English guides are also available. The Spanish GR 11 is a similar route on the Spanish side of the border, while the unmarked Haute Randonn\u00e9e Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9enne (HRP) follows a generally higher route through the Pyrenees, from mountaintop to mountaintop, frequently crossing the border."}, {"context": " The best time for hiking on the GR 10 is late spring/early summer and late summer/early fall. In the middle of the summer the heat can become a problem, though some of the ski stations on the route open their lifts for summer walkers, providing opportunities for hikers to avoid some ascents and descents. In the fall mountain storms become more frequent, making conditions dangerous. In winter most of the GR 10 is impassable due to snow. The first high pass walking from the Atlantic Ocean is the Hourquette d'Arre (2465m). Walking from the Mediterranean Sea, the equivalent high pass is the Coma d'Anyell (2450m). Both are normally snowed up until about 14 June (in 2013 two weeks later). These are about 14 and 9 days in from the respective starting points.  The GR 10 passes through the French departments of: Some commonly used overnight stops with camping or g\u00eete facilities include:"}]}, {"title": "GR 11", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GR 11 may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "GR 11 (France)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " GR 11 is a long-distance footpath in the \u00cele-de-France region of France. It is part of an extensive national network of rural hiking trails. It follows a circular route around Paris, going through the d\u00e9partements of Val d'Oise, Seine-et-Marne, Essonne and Yvelines. Towns passed through include Chantilly, Senlis, Fontainebleau, Provins, Mantes-la-Jolie and Chevreuse. The circle is much wider than that followed by the GR 1, which also rings Paris."}]}, {"title": "GR 11 (Spain)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The GR 11, also known as the ruta Transpirenaica in Spain, is part of the extensive GR footpath network of paths, tracks and trails. It runs through the Spanish Pyrenees, passing only briefly into France near Candanchu. From West to East, the trail starts at Cape Higuer (Basque Country), crosses Navarre and Aragon and finishes at Cap de Creus (Catalonia.) Its exact distance is difficult to measure, roughly 840\u00a0km and a total elevation change of 39,000\u00a0m. The route is separated into 45 sections. At the end of each section there is normally a useful stopping point (camping spot, town, hostel or refuge) but in general, supplies have to be carried for 3\u20134 days. Because most rivers flow perpendicular to the trail, the GR 11 passes over many valleys affording beautiful vistas but also many ascents and descents - some days as much as 1600\u00a0m ascent (with equivalent descent)."}, {"context": " The trail can be walked in either direction - the deciding factors being the steepness of the terrain and the Sun. In the eastern (Catalan Pyrenees) and central part of the route (Aragonese Pyrenees), days are hotter and the profile more steep, which can prove physically challenging, especially for individuals who are less physically fit. The heat is much better tackled when the body has acclimated and physical conditioning has improved toward the end of the trip. Although walking East might provide a more comfortable start, it implies facing the Sun during the morning.  Fit walkers normally manage to complete it in about 44 days, although some people have been known to complete it in 24 days or less. The GR 10 is a similar route but on the French side of the border while the Haute Randonn\u00e9e Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9enne (HRP) follows a generally higher route through the Pyrenees, frequently crossing the French-Spanish border."}]}, {"title": "GR 12", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The GR12 (Grande Randonn\u00e9e) is a walking trail from Amsterdam to Paris, through Brussels. The 245 km long section in the Netherlands between Amsterdam and Bergen op Zoom is known as Floris V-pad LAW 1-3. From north to south, the route passes through:"}]}, {"title": "GR 128", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The GR128 is a long-distance hiking trail in France and Belgium in an east\u2013west direction ending in Germany. It is part of the GR footpath network of European long distance trails. A total distance of 678\u00a0km or 421 miles The trail starts at Wissant near Calais on the English Channel coast and passes Guines and Licques. Heading to the Canal de la Haute Colme at Watten then passing north of Saint-Omer to Cassel then reaching Bailleul the last town in French section. Going onto the Belgium section starting at Kemmel going through the Heuvelland area and then passes south of Ypres. The next major town is Roeselare then passing south at Tielt going through Deinze onto the major urban area of Ghent.  Pass north of Wetteren onto Dendermonde then go south passing the outskirts of Brussels passing Zemst onto the large town of Leuven. Pass south of Tienen then north of Sint-Truiden go onto Tongeren then cross the Canal Albert and over the Netherlands border to Maastricht. The trail heads south along the River Meuse back to Belgium again to Sint-Martens-Voeren heading back to Netherlands then crossing into Germany with the trail ending in Aachen."}]}, {"title": "GR 132", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The GR 132 is a long-distance walking route in La Gomera, Canary Islands, Spain. It's part of the extensive GR footpath network of paths, tracks and trails. It's a well marked loop with a starting point in San Sebasti\u00e1n de La Gomera, the island's capital city. GR 132 is about 120-130 kilometres long, depending on the trail's variation."}]}, {"title": "GR 14 (Portugal)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The GR 14 is a \"Percurso pedestre de grande rota\" (long distance footpath with standard waymarking) in Portugal, which connects with a corresponding path into Spain. In Portugal, it is known as the Rota dos Vinhos da Europa (European Wine Route), and Portuguese tourist maps mark it as continuing through wine-growing areas of Spain and France to terminate at Strasbourg. As of 2015 it is not included in the list of \"E-paths\" (international routes) published by the European Ramblers' Association; however, a long-distance route of the same number (GR 14 (Spain), known as the \"Senda del Duero\" does continue the route into Spain from the border at Salto de Saucelle"}, {"context": " In Portugal, the route is designated from the Atlantic coast at Vila Nova de Gaia in Oporto eastward to the Spanish border. Generally the path follows the course of the River Douro, though remaining slightly to the south of the river and at substantially greater altitudes, rising to almost 900m as against the approximately 150m of the upper Douro valley. The extent to which the path is waymarked along the whole of its length is not clear. As of 2013, only the section in the municipality of Armamar is included in the list of GR footpaths in Portugal in the National Register of Walking Routes published by the body responsible for these, the \"Federa\u00e7\u00e3o de Campismo e Montanhismo de Portugal\", but there is evidence that it is also waymarked at least in the municipalities of Tabua\u00e7o, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o da Pesqueira (45\u00a0km) and Vila Nova de Foz C\u00f4a at the eastern end of the route. In those areas, the route follows well used tracks or quiet country roads, between small towns and villages where accommodation and food are readily available. River crossings on footpath sections are either by bridges (e.g. across the River T\u00e1vora), or stepping stones (e.g. across the River Torto). In accordance with the name of the route, it frequently passes through vineyards. It descends to the Douro at Ferradosa in the S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o da Pesqueira section."}]}, {"title": "GR 20", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The GR 20 (or \"fra li monti\") is a GR footpath that crosses the Mediterranean island of Corsica running approximately north-south, described by the outdoor writer Paddy Dillon as \"one of the top trails in the world\". The whole trail is about 180\u00a0km long, clearly waymarked throughout, the walk for most people takes around 15 days. The trail is usually considered as two parts: the northern part, between Calenzana and Vizzavona and the southern part, between Vizzavona and Conca. Vizzavona is considered the middle as there is a train station, and therefore is an accessible point for walkers beginning or ending a walk consisting of half the route. From Vizzavona, the train can be taken to Bastia or Ajaccio as well as many smaller towns and villages such as Corte. The northern part is considered by some the more difficult part, because of the steep and rocky paths, though this could be an effect of many walkers beginning in the north and not being as fit for this section. The southern part of the trail is often considered easier though the lower altitude may give rise to higher temperatures in summer and so provide more difficult walking conditions."}, {"context": " Along the trail there are mountain huts described as \"\"refuges\"\" or g\u00eetes. The standard and price of accommodations and food varies from refuge to refuge. One can sleep in a tent near the refuge, but it is not permitted to pitch tents along the trail. The GR 20 is an advanced trail. Of the less difficult but beautiful trails on the island two Mare e monti (from sea to mountain) and three Mare a mare (from sea to sea) trails are the best known. The idea of GR 20 comes from a former general inspector for youth and sports, Marcel Schl\u00fcck, and his friend Guy Degos, both hiking enthusiasts.  In June 2016, Fran\u00e7ois D'Haene set the fastest known time in 31 hours."}]}, {"title": "GR 21", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The GR21 is a long-distance hiking trail in Normandy, France. It is part of the GR network of trails. It begins at the port city of Le Havre, a Unesco World Heritage Site (for its post-World War II modernist architecture), climbs through parkland to Montivilliers, then follows the chalk cliffs of the Pays de Caux for most of the route. \u00c9tretat is known for its chalk formations, painted by Claude Monet and other artists. It passes through various seaside resorts and fishing villages, including the port of Dieppe and finishes at the resort of Le Tr\u00e9port, close to the historic town of Eu. The whole route is within the Seine-Maritime d\u00e9partement."}]}, {"title": "GR 36", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The GR 36 is a long-distance walking route of the Grande Randonn\u00e9e network in France. The route connects Ouistreham, on the Normandy coast of the English Channel, with Bourg-Madame, on the Pyrenees border with Spain. Along the way, the route passes through:"}]}, {"title": "GR 4", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The GR 4 is a long-distance walking route of the Grande Randonn\u00e9e network in France. The route connects Royan with Grasse. Along the way, the route passes through: GR4 trace"}]}, {"title": "GR 42", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The GR 42 is a long-distance walking route of the Grande Randonn\u00e9e network in France. The route connects Beaucaire with Saint-\u00c9tienne. Along the way, the route passes through:"}]}, {"title": "GR 44", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The GR 44 is a long-distance walking route of the Grande Randonn\u00e9e network in France. The route connects Champerboux with Les Vans. Along the way, the route passes through:"}]}, {"title": "Himalayan beautiful rosefinch", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan beautiful rosefinch (\"Carpodacus pulcherrimus\") is a true finch species (family Fringillidae). It is found in mid-western China and the northern Himalayas. Its natural habitats are temperate shrubland and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan bent-toed gecko", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan bent-toed gecko (\"Cyrtopodion himalayanus\") is a species of gecko found in N India (Jammu, Kashmir) and W Nepal. It is sometimes placed in the genus \"Cyrtopodion\"."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan black bear", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan black bear (\"Ursus thibetanus laniger\") is a subspecies of the Asian black bear found in the Himalayas of India, Tibet, Nepal, China and Pakistan. It is distinguished from \"U. t. thibetanus\" by its longer, thicker fur and smaller, whiter chest mark. During the summer, Himalayan black bears can be found in warmer areas in Nepal, China, Bhutan, India and Tibet at altitudes of 10,000 to 12,000 feet up near the timberline. For winter, they descend as low as 5,000 feet, to more tropical forests. On average, they measure from 56 to 65 inches nose to tail and weigh from 200 to 265 pounds, though they may weigh as much as 400 pounds in the fall, when they are fattening up for hibernation."}, {"context": " They are omnivorous creatures and will eat just about anything. Their diet consists of acorns, nuts, fruit, honey, roots, and various insects such as termites and beetle larvae. If food is scarce, they may turn to eating livestock such as sheep, goats, and cattle. They reach sexual maturity at approximately three years. Mating occurs in October with usually two cubs born in February while the mother is still hibernating. The offspring usually stay with their mother into the second year. This subspecies is listed as 'vulnerable' due to encroachment of human population, forest fires and the timber industries; these have all reduced the bears' habitat. There is also a high mortality rate among the newborn. And even though hunting of the Himalayan black bear has been forbidden since 1977, there is still a large problem with poaching."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan black-lored tit", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan black-lored tit (\"Machlolophus xanthogenys\"), also known as simply black-lored tit, is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. The yellow-cheeked tit is probably its closest relative, and it may also be related to the yellow tit. These three tits almost certainly form a distinct lineage, as indicated by morphology, and mtDNA cytochrome \"b\" sequence analysis (Gill \"et al.\", 2005). \"Lore\" in the bird's common name refers to the area between eye and bill. This species is a resident breeder along the Himalayas in the Indian Subcontinent.  It is an active and agile feeder, taking insects and spiders from the forest canopy, and sometimes fruit. It uses woodpecker or barbet holes for nesting, and will also excavate its own hole or use man-made sites. The Himalayan black-lored tit was formerly one of the many species in the genus \"Parus\" but was moved to \"Machlolophus\" after a molecular phylogenetic analysis published in 2013 showed that the members of the new genus formed a distinct clade."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan bluetail", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan bluetail or Himalayan red-flanked bush-robin also called the Orange-flanked bush-robin (\"Tarsiger rufilatus\") is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae, but is now more generally considered to be an Old World flycatcher of Muscicapidae. While currently under review, this taxon is not current recognized as a species by BirdLife international. It is closely related to the red-flanked bluetail and was generally treated as a subspecies of it in the past, but as well as differing in its migratory behaviour (the red-flanked bluetail is a long-distance migrant), it also differs in the more intense blue colour of the adult males and the greyer colour of the females and juveniles."}, {"context": " The Himalayan bluetail is a short-distance altitudinal migrant species, breeding in the Himalaya in bush layer (dwarf rhododendron in wetter areas, deciduous bushes in drier) of conifer and mixed conifer-oak forest, main species fir (\"Abies\") but sometimes in areas with \"Picea smithiana\" or \"Pinus wallichiana\"/\"Cupressus torulosa\" forest; at 3000\u20134400 m, not penetrating beyond tree-line and in winters found at 1,500\u20132,500 m typically in broadleaf evergreen forest, dense dark undergrowth and thickets, clearings, treefall gaps with vine tangles, open woodland; commonly seen along tracks; favours ridges and mountain tops. It is insectivorous."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan brown bear", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan brown bear (\"Ursus arctos isabellinus\"), also known as the Himalayan red bear, isabelline bear or Dzu-Teh, is a subspecies of the brown bear and is known from northern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, northern India, west China and Nepal. It is the largest mammal in the region, males reaching up to long while females are a little smaller. These bears are omnivorous and hibernate in a den during the winter. Although present in a number of protected areas, they are becoming increasingly rare because of loss of suitable habitat and hunting by humans, and have become \"critically endangered.\" This bear (as the Dzu-Teh) is thought by some to be the source of the legend of the Yeti."}, {"context": " Himalayan brown bears exhibit sexual dimorphism. Males range from 1.5m up to 2.2m (5\u00a0ft - 7\u00a0ft 3in) long, while females are 1.37m to 1.83m (4\u00a0ft 6 in - 6\u00a0ft) long. They are the largest animals in the Himalayas and are usually sandy or reddish-brown in colour . The bears are found in Nepal, west China, north India, north Pakistan, and south-east Kazakhstan. They are already speculated to have become extinct in Bhutan. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that the Gobi bear clusters with the Himalayan brown bear and may represent a relict population of this subspecies."}, {"context": " The Himalayan brown bear consists of a single clade that is the sister group to all other brown bears (and polar bears). The dating of the branching event, estimated at 658,000 years ago, corresponds to the period of a Middle Pleistocene episode of glaciation on the Tibetan plateau, suggesting that during this Nyanyaxungla glaciation the lineage that would give rise to the Himalayan brown bear became isolated in a distinct refuge, leading to its divergence. The bears go into hibernation around October and emerge during April and May. Hibernation usually occurs in a den or cave made by the bear."}, {"context": " Himalayan brown bears are omnivores and will eat grasses, roots and other plants as well as insects and small mammals; they also like fruits and berries. They will also prey on large mammals, including sheep and goats. Adults will eat before sunrise and later during the afternoon. International trade is prohibited by the Wildlife Protection Act in Pakistan. Snow Leopard Foundation (SLF) in Pakistan conducts research on the current status of Himalayan brown bears in the Pamir Range in Gilgit-Baltistan, a promising habitat for the bears and a wildlife corridor connecting bear populations in Pakistan to central Asia. The project also intends to investigate the conflicts humans have with the bears, while promoting tolerance for bears in the region through environmental education. SLF received funding from the Prince Bernhard Nature Fund and Alertis. Unlike its American cousin, which is found in good numbers, the Himalayan brown bear is critically endangered. They are poached for their fur and claws for ornamental purposes and internal organs for use in medicines. They are killed by shepherds to protect their livestock and their home is destroyed by human encroachment. In Himachal, their home is the Kugti and Tundah wildlife sanctuaries and the tribal Chamba region. Their estimated population is just 20 in Kugti and 15 in Tundah. The tree bearing the state flower of Himachal, buransh, is the favourite hangout of the bear. Due to the high value of the buransh tree, it is being commercially cut causing further destruction to the brown bear\u2019s home. The Himalayan brown bear is a critically endangered species in some of its range with a population of only 150-200 in Pakistan. The populations in Pakistan are slow reproducing, small, and declining because of habitat loss, fragmentation, poaching, and bear-baiting."}, {"context": " \"Dzu-Teh,\" a Nepalese term, has also been associated with the legend of the Yeti, or Abominable Snowman, with which it has been sometimes confused or mistaken. During the Daily Mail Abominable Snowman Expedition of 1954, Tom Stobart encountered a \"Dzu-Teh\". This is recounted by Ralph Izzard, the \"Daily Mail\" correspondent on the expedition, in his book \"The Abominable Snowman Adventure\". The report was also printed in the Daily Mail expedition dispatches on 7 May 1954. Cryptozoologist George Eberhart says that the problem is the result of conflating the Dzu-Teh with a different creature known as the Dre-Mo, and that one definitely is a bear. A 2017 analysis of DNA extracted from a mummified animal purporting to represent a Yeti showed to have been a Himalayan brown bear."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan bulbul", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan bulbul (\"Pycnonotus leucogenys\"), or white-cheeked bulbul, is a species of songbird in the bulbul family found in central Asia. The Himalayan bulbul is considered to belong to a superspecies along with the white-eared bulbul, white-spectacled bulbul, African red-eyed bulbul, Cape bulbul, and common bulbul. The alternate name, white-cheeked bulbul, is also used by the white-eared bulbul. The Himalayan bulbul is about 18\u00a0cm in length, with a wingspan of 25.5\u201328\u00a0cm and an average weight of 30 g. Its head, throat, and crest are black and white. The back, side, and lengthy tail are brown, the underside is pale yellow. Sexes have similar plumage. The song is a beautiful 4-piece whistle, which resembles an accelerated oriole whistle."}, {"context": " The species occurs in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent and some adjoining areas. It is found in and near the Himalayas. The Himalayan bulbul frequents forests and shrubland and also comes into gardens and parks. The Himalayan bulbul feeds on insects and other small invertebrates, as well as berries, fruits, seeds, buds and nectar. Nests are usually built in bushes or low branches, are cup-shaped, and made of stems, roots and twigs. The female usually lays three eggs, which are incubated for 12 days. The chicks leave the nest when they are 9\u201311 days old. There may be up to three broods raised per year. During breeding, adults become very territorial."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan buzzard", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan buzzard (\"Buteo refectus\") is a medium to large bird of prey that is sometimes considered a subspecies of the widespread common buzzard (\"Buteo buteo\"). It is native to the Himalayas and adjacent mountains of southern China."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan cat", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan (a.k.a. Himalayan Persian, or Colourpoint Persian as it is commonly referred to in Europe), is a breed or sub-breed of long-haired cat identical in type to the Persian, with the exception of its blue eyes and its point colouration, which were derived from crossing the Persian with the Siamese. Some registries may classify the Himalayan as a long-haired sub-breed of Siamese, or a colorpoint sub-breed of Persian. The World Cat Federation has merged them with the Colorpoint Shorthair and Javanese into a single breed, the Colorpoint."}, {"context": " There is little or no information from the literature or early pictorial representations to indicate how ancient the four main groups of cats are; these being the two varieties of tabby, the single coloured black or white, and the sex-linked orange (marmalade or tortoiseshell cats). In addition, there are other breeds of cat that are more closely controlled by man, such as the Manx, the Persian, Siamese, and Abyssinian, to name but a few. The Cat Fanciers' Association considers the Himalayan Persian simply a color variation of the Persian rather than a separate breed, although they do compete in their own color division. It was for the color that the breed was named \"Himalayan\": a reference to the coloration of Himalayan animals, in particular the Himalayan rabbit. It has been suggested that the Persian long-haired cats are descended from Pallas's cat, Felis manul, a wild cat that inhabits central Asia and which is unmarked with spots or stripes and has very long soft fur. There is, however, no osteological or other evidence for this and it is more likely that the long-haired domestic cats are the result of artificial selection for this characteristic by man."}, {"context": " Tests are still being done to discover the ancestors of cats such as Himalayans. An example of this research and experimentation is in that of the following: A rare color variant of the American mink (Neovison vison), discovered on a ranch in Nova Scotia and referred to as the \u2018\u2018marbled\u2019\u2019 variety, carries a distinctive pigment distribution pattern resembling that found in some other species, e.g., the Siamese cat and the Himalayan mouse. Work to formally establish a breed with combined Persian and Siamese traits, explicitly for the cat fancy, began in the United States in the 1930s at Harvard University, under the term Siamese\u2013Persian, and the results were published in the \"Journal of Heredity\" in 1936, but were not adopted as a recognized breed by any major fancier groups at the time. Brian Sterling-Webb independently developed the cross-breed over a period of ten years in the UK, and in 1955 it was recognized there as the Longhaired Colourpoint by the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF)."}, {"context": " Separate US-based breeding efforts had begun around 1950, and a breeder known to sources simply as Mrs. Goforth received breed recognition from the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) near the end of 1957 for the Himalayan. Early breeders were mostly interested in adding Siamese colouration to long-haired cats, and therefore reinforced the stock by outbreeding to Persians only to retain the Persian trait dominance. However, by the 1960s, some were re-introducing Siamese stock and producing less \"Persian-style\" cats, In the 1980s, a concerted effort to re-establish the breed along more formally Persian lines ultimately caused the breed to be merged into Persian as a variant in some registries (e.g. in 1984 by CFA), and a decline in the \"old\" or Siamese-like specimens."}, {"context": " Like Persians more generally, the Himalayan tends to have a round (cobby) body with short legs, which makes it harder for them to jump as high as other cats do. Since the 1960s, however, some have more of a Siamese-like body, and thus do not have this limitation, but may not be acceptable as show cats, depending on the specific breed standards of the organisation in question. As with other Persians, there are two types of Himalayans, the traditional or doll-face, and the peke-faced or ultra-typed which has the more extreme squashed-looking facial features. The seal-point Himalayan in the photo to the left is doll-faced while the red(flame)-point in the title image is peke-faced."}, {"context": " Show Himalayans display a nose break as do peke-faced Persians, and have very large, round eyes with the nose leather directly between the eyes. Breeder or pet Himalayans generally have longer noses than the show cats, and may display a longer muzzle and smaller eyes than the show cats do. All three types of cat are Himalayans, however. The bulk of the fur on the body of a Himalayan is white or cream, but the points come in many different colors: Seal (or Black), Blue, Lilac, Chocolate, Red (Flame), and Cream. The points can also be Tabby, Lynx, or Tortoiseshell-patterned."}, {"context": " The Chocolate and Lilac point Himalayans are the most difficult to produce, because both parents must carry the gene for Chocolate/Lilac to produce a Chocolate or Lilac kitten, as the trait is autosomal recessive. Due to their Persian ancestry, some Himalayans may have the gene that causes Polycystic kidney disease, (PKD); however, a genetic test can reveal which cats carry the PKD gene, so that they may be spayed or neutered. Like many long-haired cats, Himalayans need to be brushed daily to keep their coats looking their best and healthiest. In addition, they may need their face wiped daily, depending on the cat. Bathing a Himalayan is also recommended by some breeders, to help reduce the amount of oil on the cat's fur and skin."}, {"context": " These cats are sweet-tempered, intelligent, and generally very social and good companions, but they can be very moody at times. Because of their heritage from the Siamese cats, they tend to be more active than Persians. Himalayans are good indoor companion cats. By and large, they are gentle, calm, sweet-tempered but, moody at times, and they possess a playful side as well. Like the Siamese, most Himalayans love to play fetch, and a scrap of crumpled paper or a kitty toy will entertain them for hours. Himalayans are devoted and dependent upon their humans for companionship and protection. They crave affection and love to be petted and groomed."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan cuckoo", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan cuckoo (\"Cuculus saturatus\") is a species of cuckoo in the genus \"Cuculus\". It breeds from the Himalayas eastward to southern China and Taiwan. It migrates to southeast Asia and the Greater Sunda Islands for the winter. It was formerly known as \"Oriental cuckoo\" and contained several subspecies found over most of Asia. In 2005, it was determined that this \"species\" consists of three distinct lineages: These are usually seen as distinct species nowadays. As the type specimen of the former \"Oriental\" cuckoo is a bird of the Himalayan population, the name \"saturatus\" applies to the Himalayan cuckoo if it is considered a species."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan cutia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan cutia (\"Cutia nipalensis\") is a bird species in the family Leiothrichidae. Its scientific name ultimately means \"the \"khutya\" from Nepal\", as \"Cutia\" is derived from the Nepali name for these birds, and \"nipalensis\" is Latin for \"from Nepal\". This species inhabits the Himalayan region, from India to northern Thailand. A subspecies also occurs in Peninsular Malaysia. Previously the genus \"Cutia\" was monotypic, but the Vietnamese cutia, for long lumped with the Himalayan birds as subspecies, has been recently raised to full species status as \"C. legalleni\".  Its natural habitat are tropical to subtropical humid montane forests. It is not a bird of the high mountains however, rather inhabiting broadleaf forest \u2013 e.g. of oaks (\"Quercus\") \u2013 of the foothills upwards of 1,500 m ASL or so, but rarely if ever ascending above 2,500 m ASL. The Himalayan cutia is not considered threatened by the IUCN, retaining its pre-split status as a Species of Least Concern; in Bhutan for example it is a fairly frequently seen resident."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan field mouse", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan field mouse (\"Apodemus gurkha\") is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is endemic to Nepal."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan field rat", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan field rat (\"Rattus nitidus\"), sometimes known as the white-footed Indo-Chinese rat, is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It has a wide range, being found in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, with introduced populations in Indonesia (widely), Palau, and the Philippines. A common species, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of \"least concern\". The Himalayan field rat was first described in 1845 by Brian Houghton Hodgson, a British naturalist and ethnologist who worked in India and Nepal and gave it the name \"Mus nitidus\", but it was later transferred to the genus \"Rattus\". Two subspecies are recognised, \"R. n. nitidus\" and \"R. n. obsoletus\". Recent molecular research has shown that the Himalayan field rat is closely related to the brown rat (\"Rattus norvegicus\"), and morphological studies confirm this."}, {"context": " The head-and-body length is . It has soft, brown dorsal fur, and whitish underparts, each hair having a grey base. The feet are white, the hind feet are narrower than those of \"R. norvegicus\", and the soles have ridges which provides extra grip when the animal is climbing. This rat is native to southeastern Asia. Its range extends from northern India, Bhutan, Nepal and probably Bangladesh, through central, southern and eastern China and southward to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam. It has been introduced to Palau, the Philippines and Indonesia. It generally inhabits both primary and secondary forests at altitudes up to about , but is an adaptable species and is also found in plantations, on agricultural land and around human dwellings.  \"R. nitidus\" is an abundant and adaptable species with a very wide range, able to live in a number of different environments. No particular threats have been identified, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of \"least concern\"."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan flameback", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan flameback (\"Dinopium shorii\"), also known as the Himalayan goldenback, is a species of bird in the family Picidae. At the moment very little is known of this species and more fieldwork is required. The Himalayan flameback is not threatened but it is suspected that deforestation could severely affect the species population. The Himalayan flameback is very similar in appearance to the Greater Goldenback (\"Chrysocolaptes lucidus\"), but is not at all closely related. The primary difference is its smaller size and bill. The Himalayan flameback can be identified by: their black hind neck, the brownish centre on their throat, that can go down the breast on some and is bordered by an irregular black spotting. They also have an indistinct divided moustachial stripe, the centre of which is brownish and sometimes reddish in males. The Himalayan flameback also has ether reddish or brown eye and three toes. The breast of the Himalayan flameback is irregularly streaked with black but on occasion completely white. Their wings are coppery brown to red in colour. Lastly the males have a yellowish-red forehead that becomes more red on the crest. In contrast, the female's crest is entirely black streaked with white. In both sexes the crest is bordered by white and black bands on either side of their head."}, {"context": " Part of the family Picidae and the genus \"Dinopium\" which consists of woodpeckers with only three toes, the Himalayan flameback forms a super species with the Common flameback. There are also two recognized sub-species within Himalayan flameback, \"D.s. shorii\" and \"D.s. anguste\". The sister species of the Himalayan flameback are \"Meiglyptes tristis\" and \"Celeus brachyurus\". Himalayan Flamebacks are commonly found in the Indian subcontinent, primarily in the lower-to-middle altitudes of the Himalayan sal forest region. Its range spans across Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, and Nepal, where they are year-round residents. A disjunct population also occurs in south-eastern Ghats. The Himalayan flameback\u2019s habitat mainly compromises of mature tropical/subtropical deciduous forests as well as semi-evergreen forests. They prefer lowland \"Ficus\" and \"Bombax\" forest."}, {"context": " The Himalayan flameback\u2019s call is a series of rapidly repeated klak-klak-klak-klak-klak. The call is slower and softer than the Greater Goldenback. The diet of Himalayan flamebacks is poorly known. They manly flock and feed together with other birds such as the Greater Goldenback. It is assumed that their primary prey is arthropod insects the same as many other woodpecker species. Very little know of their breeding habits. What is known is that they breed from March to May and nest in excavated holes in trees. Their clutch size is 2\u20133 eggs."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan foreland basin", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan foreland basin is an active collisional foreland basin system that developed adjacent to the Himalayan mountain belt in response to the weight of crustal thickening when the Indian Plate collided and subducted under the Eurasian plate. With a width of and long, the foreland basin span to five countries which include: India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan, and Bangladesh. Sedimentary rock records gathered on the greater Himalayan area surrounding India and Nepal traces back to the onset development of the foreland basin which started at the Paleogene period around 45-50 Ma to the time where India and Asia collided. A debate has arisen over whether the basin exhibits the concept of progressive suturing (diachroneity), which means a lag in time exists between parts of the basin; it was inferred the development of the western part of basin started at the Paleocene period around 57-54 Ma with the central part having 2 Ma in difference, and gets younger as it progresses towards the eastern side. The various stratigraphic succession of the basin is important as it preserves the evidence of the India-Eurasia collision as well as relating it to the Himalayan Orogenesis."}, {"context": " During the Late Cretaceous, the northward drifting Indian plate covered a great distance during the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean when India finally collided with the Eurasian plate. Both continental plates are relatively low density and cannot be subducted, resulting in the Eurasian plate (Tibetan Plateau) being thrusted up and the subsequent development of the Himalayan mountain range to the south. The foreland basin is adjacent to the Himalayan mountain belt and is bordered by the Indian Craton on the South, the Tibetan Plateau on the north and is located south of the Indus-Yarlung suture zone. The foreland basin much like the Himalayan mountain range, span approximately west to east across India, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh. The present day foreland basin is now widely known as the Indo-Gangetic plain which is mostly \"U\" and wedge shaped, and sits mostly on the Indian Craton."}, {"context": " The importance of stratigraphy on the Himalayan foreland basin is unparalleled due to its significance on unlocking the development of the basin throughout the Geologic time. The three main formations that indicates the main evolution of the foreland basin is the Subathu marine formation, the Dagshai continental formation which is exposed in various locations although most analysis is done in Jammu, and the Siwalik group which consists of the Lower, Middle, and Upper Siwalik group. The Subathu Formation is the oldest foreland basin deposits and overlies a rigid precambrian basement of the entire foreland basin system that consisted of dolomitic limestone, chert, and calcareous shale. The Subathu Formation mainly composing of marine to shallow marine facies in the form of shales and minor amounts of sand also consists of predominantly green mudstone with minor red facies and were dated back to the upper paleocene to lower mid eocene period based on the existence of Nummulites gathered from biostratigraphical data. petrographic interpretation of the green Subathu Formation were shown to be predominantly sedimentary with minor traces of serpentine schist input. Although the red facies shows a more felsitic and of volcanic origins, it entails that it originates from continental flood basalts of the Indian craton. The Subathu Formation was interpreted to be a preservation of the intense collision between the two plates in the western part of the foreland basin that leads to thrusting. An evidence of a silicified chert breccia strata existing just on top of the rigid precambrian basement was interpreted as a growth fault that developed as a result of compressional tectonics. The thrust slices in the sub-himalayan ranges now preserves some of the Subathu Formation. Although a debate has arise, it is inferred that some locations where the Subathu Formation is exposed are now considered to be the forebulge of the foreland basin as it is overlain by a much younger formation where a time hiatus or an unconformity has occurred. A time hiatus of an approximately 10 MA are inferred based on thermochronology and magnetostratigraphy between the Subathu and the overlying formation, but it is highly controversial."}, {"context": " The Dagshai Formation has been dated back to the Oligocene-Miocene Epoch where it consists of primarily fine grained material of alluvial origins. The Dagshai is distinctive by its red color consisting of mostly red mudstone, siltstone and grey sand stone. It is the oldest continental deposits and overlies the Subathu formation. A debate has arise of whether the Dagshai formation overlies conformably or unconformably on top of the Subathu formation. recent research by dating detrital micas and fission track dating of detrital zircons shows conclusively that there is an unconformable nature between the Subathu and Dagshai Formation. Magnetostratigraphic data suggests that the Daghsai formation was deposited at approximately 27 Ma with 2 Ma uncertainty. Previously, multiple studies of facies interpretation of the Dagshai formation has been conducted with varying results regarding the past depositional environment; the presence of quartzitic sandstones was thought to be leftovers of an extensive and prolonged weathering in alluvial plains in which time tropical weathering was intensifying. The study by Yani Najman et al. interpreted that the Dagshai is a result of crevasse play and overbank floodplain facies because of an abundance of fine grained material; The general setting of the Dagshai Formation was concluded to be a past alluvial environment."}, {"context": " The Upper Siwalik is interpreted as the evidence of the last phase of Himalayan orogeny. The Upper Siwalik group dominantly consists of conglomerate facies in the upper part and alternations of sandstone, clay and conglomerate in the lower part with a maximum thickness of . Furthermore, this sub-group is still overlain by younger sediments of post Siwalik such as the Neogal conglomerate and red clays. The basal part of this group also shows predominantly of crudely stratified conglomerate, sandstone and massive mudstone which suggests a deposition of high energy conditions; this facies assemblage and characteristics are commonly found in gravel transport fans and suggests a deposition by gravelly braided rivers in medial to distal alluvial fan settings."}, {"context": " The Middle Siwalik succession dated between 9 and 5 Ma represents a multistorey sandstone complex. The sediment supply for the Middle Siwalik group originated from the main provenance of the rising Himalayas. With vertical facies variation from sandstone-mudstone to sandstone-mudstone-conglomerate with a thickness approximately . The unique part of this multistorey sand complex is the fact that it is underlain by a major erosional surface which extends laterally for hundreds of meters. individual stories vary in thickness and are recognized by the presence of intra and extra-formational clasts along the base of each storey. These facies assemblages suggests a deposition by sheet floods in a braided channel environment. The vertical stacking of this multistorey sandstone complex further indicates of a channel bar that migrates with channels existing predominantly as depositional sites. Finally, the Middle Siwalik is conformably overlain by the Upper Siwalik Sub-group."}, {"context": " The lower Siwalik sub-group is the base of the Siwalik group and is the beginning stratigraphically of the coarsening upward megacycle. Deposition of Lower Siwalik started in Middle Miocene and is associated with the Himalayan orogeny. The northern margin of the basin was also uplifted at this stage and this axis of deposition shifted southwards, sub-parallel to Himalayan trends. The Lower Siwalik is characterized by a facies of alternating sandstone and <50% mudstone. The Paleocene epoch marked the initial time of the India-Eurasia collision. Based on paleomagnetic records, around the time of 55-50 Ma the velocity of the Indian Plate decreased rapidly and is followed by a sequence of thrusts and compressional tectonics between the two plates which then triggered the development of the Himalayan Mountain belt. It is believed that the initial collision occurred close to the equator where deposits of bauxite is found within the stratigraphy of the foreland basin overlying a silicified chert breccia strata existing on the pre-existing basement of the basin. The chert breccia strata was interpreted as a growth fault in the fold thrust belt as a result of compressional tectonics. With the collision being an active ongoing process, it progressively generates weight which resulted a downward flexing of the subducting Indian plate and created an accommodation space to be filled with sediments. The flexural subsidence of the basin is slow as a result of the hard and rigid precambrian basement making a relatively shallow foreland basin."}, {"context": " During the Eocene epoch the ongoing process of an active convergence between the two plates increased crustal thickening and further increased the load that originated from the Himalayan mountain belt. From Eocene to early Miocene time, thrusts and uplifts are occurring at the Himalayan zone. The initial development of the foreland basin indicated from the oldest marine deposits in the existing stratigraphy shows the basinal subsidence was shallow as a result of the rigid precambrian basement coupled with a slow rate of sedimentation and sediment starvation. The Eocene period also marked the onset of a shift from marine facies deposits on to fluvial deposits stratigraphically. Continued motion of the Indian plate after the India-Asia collision further led the focus of the deformation of the Indian plate across of the marginal area of the Indian Shield. This type of event has resulted in intracontinental shortening. Major intracontinental shear associated with the Central Crystalline Zone has been also been recognized."}, {"context": " The Oligocene-Miocene boundary has an important effect on the structure of the basin. Carbon Isotope data and Pollen analysis indicates of a climatic change around SE Asia which significantly increases humidity of the region. From this, reconstruction of monsoonal records was established and it is inferred that around 24-20 Ma is the time when the monsoon intensified. The intensification of the monsoon also resulted in intensification of erosion around the Himalayas. This erosion then caused a reduction in mass of the Himalaya which made the foreland basin partly invert, rebound, and essentially uplift. This is supported by the discovery of the older marine deposition of the Subathu formation in parts of the thrust slices in sub-Himalayas, at a high elevation than it would normally be found."}, {"context": " Recent study shows that most of the drilled wells containing the Siwalik formation (Upper, Middle, and Lower Siwalik) indicates poor source rock potential. The organically rich Subathu samples in the form of coal showed high potential by having total organic content levels up to 80%. Despite the high TOC levels, the coals exhibit low hydrogen index which indicates a potential of gaseous hydrocarbons only. Furthermore, it is assumed that the gaseous hydrocarbon potential by them may have been lost by tectonic events that occurred in the basin. This is evident by palynological rock study that further indicates of more than 96% of the samples taken from the Subathu Formation was organically lean. Exploratory wells for hydrocarbon exploration were also drilled in the town Jawalamukhi. Although the discovery of gas seepages around this area was recorded, currently it does not hold any commercial value to be produced."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan goral", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan goral (\"Naemorhedus goral\") is a bovid species found across the Himalayas. It is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List because the population is thought to be declining significantly due to habitat loss hunting for meat. The Himalayan goral is in length and weighs . It has a gray or gray-brown coat with tan legs, lighter patches on its throat, and a single dark stripe along its spine. Males have short manes on their necks. Both males and females have backward-curving horns which can grow up to in length."}, {"context": " In addition to certain peculiarities in the form of the skull, gorals are chiefly distinguished from the closely related serows in that they do not possess preorbital glands below their eyes, nor corresponding depressions in their skulls. Himalayan gorals are found in the forests of the Himalayas including Bhutan, northern India including Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, Nepal, southern Tibet, and possibly western Myanmar. They inhabit most of the southern slopes of the Himalayas from Jammu and Kashmir to eastern Arunachal Pradesh. In India and Nepal they are present at elevations from . In Pakistan they have been recorded from altitude but their present occurrence in Punjab is doubtful. Group home range size is typically around , with males occupying marked territories of during the mating season."}, {"context": " In Pakistan, a minimum of 370\u20131017 grey goral are distributed in seven isolated populations as of 2004. Himalayan goral often form small bands of four to twelve individuals, although they are also known to pair off or, especially in the case of older males, be solitary. The animal is crepuscular, being most active in the early morning and late evening. After a morning meal, it often drinks and then rests on a rock ledge through the day. It feeds on leaves and associated softer parts of plants, mainly grasses."}, {"context": " The Himalayan goral is very agile and can run quickly. Due to its coloration it is very well camouflaged, so that it is extremely difficult to sight it, especially since it spends much of the day lying still. However, it is hunted by various predators. When threatened, the Himalayan goral will vocalize with hissing or sneezing sounds. Himalayan goral can live for 14 or 15 years. The female gives birth after a gestation period of 170\u2013218 days, usually to a single offspring. The young are weaned at 7 or 8 months of age and reach sexual maturity at around 3 years.  \"Naemorhedus goral\" is listed in CITES Appendix I. It is listed as an endangered species in all of its range countries."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan keelback", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan keelback (\"Herpetoreas platyceps\") is a species of grass snake endemic to South Asia. It is known from India along the sub-Himalayan region, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Bhutan and China between 1000 and 3600 m elevation (about 3,300 to 11,800 feet). Eye moderate; rostral just visible from above; suture between the internasals as long as that between the pre-frontals or shorter; frontal longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than deep ; one preocular (sometimes divided); two or three postoculars; temporals 1+1, or 1+2, or 2+2; 8 upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin shields, which are much shorter than the posterior chin shields."}, {"context": " Dorsal scales in 19 rows, faintly or feebly keeled. 177-235 ventrals; anal divided; subcaudals 75-107, also divided. Olive-brown above, with small black spots; frequently two black parallel lines or an elliptic marking on the nape; a light, black-edged streak on each side of the head, or a black line from eye to gape (corner of mouth); belly yellowish, with or without blackish dots; frequently a black line or series of elongate blackish spots along each side of the belly; lower surface of tail frequently mottled with blackish; throat sometimes black. In life, a coral-red band is said to run along the ends of the ventrals.  Total length 90\u00a0cm (3 feet); tail 23\u00a0cm (9 inches)."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan marmot", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan marmot (\"Marmota himalayana\") is a marmot species that inhabits alpine grasslands throughout the Himalayas and on the Tibetan Plateau. It is IUCN Red Listed as Least Concern because of its wide range and possibly large population. The Himalayan marmot is about the size of a large housecat. It is closely related to the woodchuck, the hoary marmot and the yellow-bellied marmot. It has a dark chocolate-brown coat with contrasting yellow patches on its face and chest. The Himalayan marmot occurs in the Himalayas at elevations of . In China, it has been recorded in Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Xizang, western Sichuan and Yunnan provinces."}, {"context": " The Himalayan marmot lives in colonies and excavates deep burrows that colony members share during hibernation. Burrows are between deep, given that the upper soil layer is sufficiently light and deep such as fluvioglacial, deluvial and alluvial deposits. Where soil conditions are ideal on alluvial terraces, marmot colonies comprise up to 30 families, with up to 10 families living in an area of . The marmot eats plants growing on pastures, in particular the soft and juicy parts of grassy plant species like \"Carex\", \"Agrostis\", \"Deschampsia\", \"Koeleria\" and flowering species like \"Euphrasia\", \"Gentiana\", \"Halenia\", \"Polygonum\", \"Primula\", \"Ranunculus\", \"Saussurea\", \"Taraxacum\" \"Iris potaninii\"."}, {"context": " Females become sexually mature at the age of two years. After one month of gestation they give birth to litters of two to 11 young. On the Tibetan plateau, marmot species form part of snow leopard prey. It was known to the ancient Greek writers as the gold-digging ant apparently as reference to the fact that gold chunks were mined from the silts of the burrows these marmots dug. The French ethnologist Michel Peissel claimed that the story of 'gold-digging ants' reported by the Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC), was founded on the golden Himalayan marmot of the Deosai plateau and the habit of local tribes such as the Minaro to collect the gold dust excavated from their burrows."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan mole", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan mole (\"Euroscaptor micrura\") is a species of mammal in the family Talpidae. It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Malaysia, and Nepal."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan monal", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan monal (\"Lophophorus impejanus\"), also known as the Impeyan monal and Impeyan pheasant, is a bird in the pheasant family, Phasianidae. It is the national bird of Nepal, where it is known as the danphe, and state bird of Uttarakhand, India, where it is known as the monal. It was also the state bird of Himachal Pradesh until 2007. Traditionally, the Himalayan monal has been classified as monophyletic. However, studies have shown that the male Himalayan monal of northwestern India lacks the white rump of other Himalayan monals, and it has more green on the breast, indicating the possibility of a second subspecies."}, {"context": " The scientific name commemorates Lady Mary Impey, the wife of the British chief justice of Bengal Sir Elijah Impey. It is a relatively large-sized pheasant. The bird is about 70 centimetres long. The male weighs up to 2380 grams and the female 2150. The adult male has multicoloured plumage throughout, while the female, as in other pheasants, is dull in colour. Notable features in the male include a long, metallic green crest, coppery feathers on the back and neck, and a prominent white rump that is most visible when the bird is in flight. The tail feathers of the male are uniformly rufous, becoming darker towards the tips, whereas the lower tail coverts of females are white, barred with black and red. The female has a prominent white patch on the throat and a white strip on the tail. The first-year male and the juvenile resemble the female, but the first-year male is larger and the juvenile is less distinctly marked."}, {"context": " The Himalayan monal's native range extends from Afghanistan and Pakistan through the Himalayas in India, Nepal, southern Tibet, and Bhutan. In Pakistan, it is most common in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and has also been recorded in Kaghan, Palas Valley, and Azad Kashmir. It lives in upper temperate oak-conifer forests interspersed with open grassy slopes, cliffs and alpine meadows between 2400 and 4500 meters, where it is most common between 2700 and 3700 meters. It descends to in the winter. It tolerates snow and digs through it to obtain plant roots and invertebrate prey."}, {"context": " The breeding season is April through August, and they generally form pairs at this time. In winter they congregate in large coveys and roost communally. In some areas, the species is threatened due to poaching and other anthropogenic factors. In the western Himalayas, the local monal population responded negatively to human disturbance involving hydroelectric power development. The male monal was under hunting pressure in Himachal Pradesh, where the crest feather was used to decorate men's hats, until 1982, when hunting was banned in the state.  The pheasant is not considered endangered in Pakistan and can be easily located. In some areas, the population density of the species is as high as five pairs per square mile. The main threat to the species is poaching, as the crest is valuable. It is thought to bring status to its wearer and is a symbol of authority."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan newt", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan newt (\"Tylototriton verrucosus\") is a species of newt found in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Other common names include: crocodile newt, crocodile salamander, Himalayan salamander, red knobby newt. This newt can reach a length of 20\u00a0cm. The tongue is small and is free on the sides and only slightly towards its base. The teeth on the palate are in two oblique rows that meet at the front of the mouth. The skull has a thick, bony fronto-squamosal arch, a feature of all salamanders. They have five toes and the tail is flattened to aid swimming."}, {"context": " The head is wide and the snout is short and the head has three prominent bony ridges with pores, one along the center and two along the back of the sides of the heads (the parietal ridge). There are no lobes on the lips. The body is 3 to 3.5 times as long as the head. There is no crest running along the dorsal midrib as in some newts but there is a prominent vertebral ridge with a series of knobs formed from the expansion of the neural processes of the dorsal vertebral bones. There is a series of 15 or 16 knob-like porous glands along the sides with the last three behind the leg. The legs are moderately long with the fingers and toes within webbing but are slightly flattened. The tail is at least as long as the head and body and is flattened to help in swimming. The tail has an upper and lower crest which meet at the tip of the tail. The anal opening is a longitudinal slit, and its borders are not raised. The skin is rough and the parotoid glands are large. There is a strong fold on the chin. The entire newt is uniformly blackish brown, slightly paler on the lips, snout, chin, throat, and under surface of limbs. The lower edge of the tail is orange-yellow."}, {"context": " During the breeding season in May and June these behavioural differences between the sexes. Courtship and mating occur at night and as in many salamanders involves the male moving around it while bending, pushing and curving its tail. They feed on spiders, worms, millipedes, scorpions, molluscs and a range of insects. Mountains of Yunnan, Kakhyen Hills, Sikkim, Manipur and Northern Burma. Preservation efforts are on in its habitat in Darjeeling (India), where it breeds in good numbers. It may be extinct in Vietnam. The populations in Northern and Northeastern Thailand were described as new species, \"T. uyenoi\" and \"T. panhai\", respectively."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan owl", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan owl (\"Strix nivicolum\"), also known as the Himalayan wood owl, is an owl of the forests of the Himalayas and Taiwan. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of the tawny owl."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan pika", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan pika (\"Ochotona himalayana\") is a species of small mammal in the pika family (\"Ochotonidae\"). It is found at high altitudes in remote areas of Tibet and possibly also in Nepal. The IUCN has listed this species as being of \"least concern\". The Himalayan pika was first described by Feng in 1973. Before that it was thought to by synonymous with Royle's pika (\"Ochotona roylei\") and it is found wholly within the range of that species. However, molecular studies by Yu et al. (2000) confirmed that it was a separate species. There are no recognised subspecies."}, {"context": " The Himalayan pika is native to the northern side of the Himalayas in the Tibet Autonomous Region in the Mount Everest area at altitudes of . There have been claims that it is present in Nepal on the southern side of the mountain range but this has not been authenticated. The typical habitat of this species is rocky places, screes, walls and cliffs in the vicinity of coniferous forests. The Himalayan pika is a small mammal about long and very similar in appearance to Royle's pika. It is particularly active early in the morning and again at nightfall and feeds on various types of plant material. It produces litters of three or four young.  The Himalayan pika lives in remote mountainous areas where it has little association with man. No particular threats have been identified and the International Union for Conservation of Nature list it as being of \"least concern\". The IUCN advocates that more research should be undertaken on its ecology and population status."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan quail", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan quail (\"Ophrysia superciliosa\") or mountain quail is a medium-sized quail belonging to the pheasant family. It was last reported in 1876 and is feared extinct. This species was known from only 2 locations (and 12 specimens) in the western Himalayas in Uttarakhand, north-west India. The last verifiable record was in 1876 near the hill station of Mussoorie. The red bill and legs of this small dark quail and white spots before and after the eye make it distinctive. The male is dark grey with bleak streaks and a white forehead and supercilium. The female is brownish with dark streaks and greyish brow. Like the male it has a white spot in front of the eye and a larger one behind the eye. It is believed to fly only when flushed at close quarters and was found in coveys of five or six. The habitat was steep hillsides covered by long grass. The genus name is derived from \"Ophrys\" which refers the brow."}, {"context": " This quail has long tail coverts and the 10 feathered tail is longer, nearly as long as the wing, than in most quails. The feathers of the forehead and bristly and stiff. The species was described in 1846 by J. E. Gray from living specimens in the collection of the Earl of Derby at Knowsley Hall, and he gave the locality as \"India\" with a query. It was not until 1865 that it was first found in the wild by Kenneth Mackinnon who shot a pair in November, in a hollow between Budraj and Benog, behind Mussoorie, at about elevation. Two years later, again in November, five specimens were obtained by a group near Jerepani (Jharipani). In December 1876, Major G. Carwithen obtained a specimen from the eastern slopes of Sher-ka-danda, close to Nainital, at an elevation of . Frank Finn suggested that it was a migratory bird, arriving in winter, although expressing doubts on account of the short wings. The birds near Mussoorie as observed by Hutton and others occurred in small coveys of six to ten, that kept to high grass and scrub, fed on seeds of grass, were difficult to flush, and had a shrill whistling note when flushed. They appeared to arrive about November, but in one case stayed as late as June, after which they disappeared."}, {"context": " Specimens are known from By 1904 it was already considered as a rarity. Sidney Dillon Ripley (1952) records a local bird name \"sano kalo titra\" (\"small black/dusky partridge\") from the Dailekh district of Nepal. The only bird from the general area that seems to fit such a description would be a male Himalayan quail. All records of the Himalayan quail are in the altitude range of 1,650 to 2,400 m. They were seen in patches of tall grass (\"high jungle grass\", \"tall seed-grass\", see Terai) and brushwood on steep hillsides, particularly on the crests of south- or east-facing slopes. It probably bred around September. The June specimen is a yearling male in moult."}, {"context": " A. O. Hume (\"Stray Feathers\" 9 [1880 or 1881]: 467-471) suggested that it was similar in habit to the Manipur bush quails \"Perdicula manipurensis\" in that it was seen very rarely, except at dawn or dusk, keeping to tall grassland, relying on its legs rather than its wings for escape and only flying when closely approached. The fluffy, soft plumage suggests it was adapted for low temperatures; it has been suggested that the birds migrated north and uphill in the summer months to the higher mountains, but the shape and size of its wings do not suggest a bird capable of flying long distances."}, {"context": " The Himalayan Quail has not been reliably recorded in the wild after 1876. The locations where they were historically found have been greatly altered by human activity and the current habitats in these locations may not represent their normal habitat requirements. A 2015 study examined the rate of extinction and suggested that the species might still be extant and using the habitat preference of monal suggest that there might be some locations around Mussoorie where intensive surveys could be attempted."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan rabbit", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan rabbit is medium-sized breed of rabbit easily mistaken for the Californian rabbit. The body is white with colored points, recognized colors are black, blue, chocolate and lilac. They are one of the oldest and calmest breeds. Adult Himalayans weigh 2 1/2 to 4 1/2 pounds (1 to 2\u00a0kg) with an ideal weight of 3 1/2 pounds. They are the only cylindrical rabbit breed. The history of the breed is partially a mystery, as there are no definite records that clearly state where the breed may have originated. Some speculate that their origin may be in the Far East as opposed to the Himalayas, as their name suggests."}, {"context": " When Himalayans are raised in cold climates, they can exhibit black coloration of their coats, making them a phenocopy of the black rabbit. Himalayans are also known as the Chinese, Egyptian, and Black-nose. They are posed stretched out, and their body is to be 3.5 head lengths. They have fine bone and a skinny body, and, unlike many other breeds, were never raised primarily for meat. This breed's main purpose is for showing, but in its past, it was raised for its white pelt. Also, they are the only rabbit breed that commonly has an extra set of nipples. They are the ancestors of Californians, one of the most common meat rabbits."}, {"context": " Himalayan rabbits were one of the first breeds of rabbits, and their origin is unknown. It is unlikely that they came from the Himalayas though, as their name suggests. The original variety was the black Himalayan, and the blue Himalayan was created later. The chocolate and lilac varieties were made by different crosses depending on where they originated. American chocolate Himalayans were made by Ron Smelt of California by mixing chocolate English spots to Himalayans. The lilacs were made by mixing the chocolate Himalayans the blues, but to create a color unique enough to get recognized as its own color (many early lilacs looked like light blues) lilac mini rexes were mixed in, but these lines were mostly destroyed after the color was accepted."}, {"context": " The Himalayan plays an important part in many other breed's history, especially the Californian's, which looks like a large, meaty version of it. The Californian was made by crossing Himalayans with New Zealands and a few other breeds (some Californian breeders say it is just Himalayan and New Zealand, while others say the Standard Chinchilla was mixed in too). The Californian was added to many other breeds (like Champagne d'Argents and some lines of Cinnamon) to improve body type, so Himalayan marked sports pop up sometimes."}, {"context": " The Himalayan rabbit is well known for its markings, which are similar to the Himalayan cats'. They have dark ears, front feet (socks), hind feet (boots), a dark tail, and a dark spot on nose (egg). The markings change with age and environment. The colder weather may darken markings, enlarge markings, and also add markings around the eyes and genitals (vent smut). These markings are not a disqualification because it is not on the usable portion of the pelt. If the markings spread into the usable portion of the pelt, such as into the belly or on the pin bones, it is a disqualification. Warmer weather may lighten markings, shrink markings, and cause white hairs in markings (known as \"frosting\"). In extreme warm weather, a Himalayan may even develop light or white toenails. Chocolate and lilac Himalayans usually have bigger markings than blacks and blues, and are more likely to develop disqualifying markings, known as \"smut\". Himalayans may develop smut after just ten minutes of contact to cold objects."}, {"context": " Baby Himalayans are especially sensitive to temperature. Most babies in the warmth of the nest will look the same as albino babies (because Himalayans can only produce eumelanin under a certain temperature and they cannot produce pheomelanin at all.) Himalayans will always have red eyes, and any Himalayan marked rabbits without red eyes are usually misidentified sable points. If a nest gets too cold or a baby falls out, they will get dark bands on their fur. This varies from looking to off-white to looking chinchilla-colored, and it causes confusion among many novice breeders. Because of their constantly changing colors, most Himalayan breeders do not look at markings as a factor when making breeding plans. A baby who was chilled in the nest box is often called \"frosty,\" which is not to be confused with frosted pearl."}, {"context": " Himalayans are known for having a double copy of the ch gene. They also have a black color, which is probably caused by a double copy of the a (self) gene. Then there are the variations with the B gene (chocolate) and the D gene (dilute). A Himalayan with bb will show up as chocolate, a Himalayan with dd will show up as blue and a Himalayan with both bb and dd will show up as lilac. The Himalayan gene (ch) has been bred into many other breeds, they lack marking modifiers so they often show up with smaller, lighter markings."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan rubythroat", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan rubythroat (\"Calliope pectoralis\") is a species of passerine bird in the family Muscicapidae. It is closely related to the Siberian rubythroat which however lacks the distinctive white tail-tips and white tail bases. It was also previously considered conspecific with the Chinese rubythroat, together called the white-tailed rubythroat. It is found along the Himalayan ranges from Afghanistan to Burma. Three subspecies are recognized across its wide range. The first formal description of the Himalayan rubythroat was by the English ornithologist and bird artist John Gould in 1837. He coined the binomial name \"Calliope pectoralis\". The species was given the English name \"white-tailed rubythroat\" and moved to the genus \"Luscinia\". A large molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that the genus \"Luscinia\" was not monophyletic. The genus was therefore split and several species including the white-tailed rubythroat were moved to the reinstated genus \"Calliope\". Another study published in 2016 compared the mitochondrial DNA, vocalization and morphology of several \"Calliope pectoralis\" subspecies. Based on their results the authors recommended that \"C. p. tschebaiewi\" be promoted to species rank with the English name Chinese rubythroat. At the same time the English name \"white-tailed rubythroat\" was changed to Himalayan rubythroat."}, {"context": " There are three subspecies: The male is slaty brown above with a white forehead and supercilium. The wings are brownish and the tail is blackish with white base and tips. The sides of the throat and breast are black and the centre of the chin and throat is scarlet. Each of the black feathers on the breast is narrowly fringed with grey. The belly and vent are white. The female is dull, brownish grey above with a diffuse supercilium and smoky underparts. The centre of the throat is whitish and a short whitish moustachial stripe is present in the eastern populations."}, {"context": " The subspecies found in Afghanistan and the Tien Shans, \"ballioni\", has the male paler than the nominate subspecies of the western Himalayas. In the central and eastern Himalayas of Sikkim and Bhutan, \"confusa\", is similar but has the male blacker above with a more prominent white forehead. It has a face pattern that resembles that of the Siberian rubythroat and a strong white submoustachial streak. The thin supercila over the eyes do not meet at the forehead. Being rather distinctive and possibly closer to the Siberian rubythroat, the taxonomy and placement of this population as well as the overall treatment of this species pair has been questioned."}, {"context": " It is found in Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, ranging across Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The move up north and into higher altitudes in summer and move into lower elevations to the south in winter. Subspecies \"ballioni\" is found in the western and northern part of its range while the nominate population occurs along the western and central Himalayas in India. Subspecies \"confusa\" which may well represent clinal variation in the darkness of the upper plumage of the male is found from Sikkim to Assam. Subspecies \"tschebaiewi\" which breeds along the edge of the Tibetan plateau winters to its south from Nepal to Assam. Its natural habitat is open woodland and scrub. They may sometimes occur in summer on the lower plains but a record from further south at Londa near Goa has been determined as a misidentified Siberian rubythroat."}, {"context": " Adults are shy although sometimes perching in the open. They are usually seen singly or in pairs during the breeding season. They feed mainly on small insects including beetles and ants. During the beeding season the male sings through the day from the top of an exposed perch. The song is a series of squeaky notes with a great deal of variation. Females produce an upward inflected whistle that follows a short and gruff note. The alarm call is a sharp yapping \"skyap\". In the Tien Shan region, the white-tailed rubythroat is found in thickets of juniper elfin at altitudes of 2500 to 2700 m on gently sloping land. The breeding season is in summer and nests are built in shrubs near dense stands of trees. The nest is placed in the middle of a shrub and sometimes on the ground in a dense tussock. The typical nest is a loose and large ball like with an entrance on the side but is sometimes cup like with an open top. The nest is built mainly by the female. A clutch of 4 to 6 eggs is laid. The eggs are greenish blue with rusty dots forming a ring near the broad end. Incubation is mostly by the female but the nestlings are fed by both parents. The eggs hatch after around 14 days and the young leave the nest when they fledge after about 16 days. The parents forage close to the nest and the young are mainly fed with hairy caterpillars. Rubythroats have been observed to abandon their nest when a cuckoo (\"Cuculus canorus\") laid an egg in their nest. Martens and stoats sometimes destroy nests and prey on the young.  The summer song of the male inspired the 1995 composition \"Summoning Dawn\" by Scottish composer and birdcall recorder Magnus Robb who was inspired by the tune he noticed by playing the calls at a fourth of its normal speed."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan salt", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himalayan salt is rock salt (halite) from the Punjab region of Pakistan. Numerous health claims have been made concerning Himalayan salt, but there is no scientific evidence that it is healthier than common table salt; such claims are considered pseudoscience. Although its salt is sometimes marketed as \"Jurassic Sea Salt\", this salt deposit comes from a seabed of the Permian and Cretaceous eras 100 to 200 million years ago. The first records of mining are from the Janjua people in the 1200s. Himalayan salt is mostly mined at the Khewra Salt Mine in Khewra, Jhelum District, Punjab, which is situated in the foothills of the Salt Range hill system in the Punjab province of the Pakistan Indo-Gangetic Plain."}, {"context": " Himalayan salt is chemically similar to table salt. Some salts mined in the Himalayas are not suitable for use as food or industrial use without purification due to impurities. Some salt crystals from this region have an off-white to transparent color, while impurities in some veins of salt give it a pink, reddish, or beet-red color. Himalayan salt is used to flavor food. There is no evidence that it is healthier than common table salt. In the United States, where the salts are manufactured as dietary supplement capsules bearing false claims of health benefits, the Food and Drug Administration warned one manufacturer about inadequate manufacturing practices and illegal advertising.  Blocks of salt are also used as serving dishes, baking stones, and griddles. Himalayan salt is also manufactured into glowing salt lamps, which are hollowed then lit with electric lighting. Numerous health claims have been made concerning salt lamps, but no scientific evidence supports these claims."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan serow", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan serow (\"Capricornis thar\") is a goat-antelope native to the eastern Himalayas and eastern and southeastern Bangladesh. It is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List because the population is considered to be declining due to habitat loss and hunting for its meat. Himalayan serows are known to occur in east and southeast Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, northern India including Sikkim and provinces east of Bangladesh, Tibet and probably into western Myanmar. \"Capricornis thar\" is listed in CITES Appendix I."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan shrike-babbler", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan shrike-babbler (\"Pteruthius ripleyi\") is a bird species found in the western Himalayas that belongs to the shrike-babbler group. The genus was once considered to be an aberrant Old World babbler and placed in the family Timaliidae until molecular phylogenetic studies showed them to be closely related to the vireos of the New World, leading to their addition in the family Vireonidae. Males and females have distinctive plumages, with the males being all black about with a cinnamon-rufous tertial patch and a distinctive white stripe running from behind the eye. The underside is whitish with some pinkish buff on the flanks. Females have a greyish head, lack the white stripe and have the upperparts and wings with greens, yellow and chestnut. The species is part of a cryptic species complex that was earlier considered as one species, white-browed shrike-babbler (\"P. flaviscapis\" in the broad sense) with several subspecies ."}, {"context": " Adult males have a black head and a greyish back. A white superciliary stripe begins just above and behind the eye, extending back down the sides of the nape. The throat and underside are whitish. The inner edges and tips of the primaries are white, the tertiaries (the three inner secondaries) are uniformly orange-chestnut, unlike dark chestnut in \"P. a. validirostris\". The flanks have a hint of pale pink and grey. The grey on the back is lighter than the shade in \"validirostris\". The bill is black and hooked at the tip. The adult female is olive brown above with the wing coverts edged grey. The secondaries are edged with olive green and the outer three primaries are tipped in white on the inner edge. The tertiaries are uniformly chestnut. Both males and females are paler than \"P. a. validirostris\". The tail is black. The outer tail feathers are olive green and tipped in yellow with the inner webs black. The central tail feathers are olive green with a black tip. The underside is whitish buff as in the male but washed with grey from the middle of the abdomen to the vent."}, {"context": " The taxonomic history of this species is complex. It was originally described by Nicholas Aylward Vigors in 1831 who described the bird based on a specimen from Murree in Pakistan. He called it \"Lanius erythropterus\" and the species was later moved out of the genus \"Lanius\" used only for true shrikes and placed in the genus \"Pteruthius\" as \"P. erythropterus\". In 1951, Koelz described a new subspecies from Nagaland under the name of \"Pteruthius erythropterus validirostris\". In 1960, Biswamoy Biswas noted that the name \"Lanius erythropterus\" was \"preoccupied\" or clashing with an earlier name used by Shaw in 1809 for a different species and he therefore suggested that the western Himalayan species should be renamed as a subspecies \"ripleyi\" after elevating Koelz's name for the eastern Himalayan form to the rank of a species. Temminck described a similar and related species from Java in 1835 as \"Allotrius flaviscapis\" and this too was moved to the genus \"Pteruthius\". The subspecies \"validirostris\", which then included \"ripleyi\", along with many other forms in the region were lumped as subspecies of \"Pteruthius flaviscapis\" by Ernst Mayr and R.A. Paynter in their taxonomic treatment in 1964. This was followed by most regional works such as the \"Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan\" by Salim Ali and Dillon S. Ripley. In 2008, a study of the \"Pteruthius\" group found that the relationships within the groups here were more complex than earlier thought and one of the findings was that the subspecies \"validirostris\" of the eastern Himalayas was more closely related to the forms found further to the east in Southeast Asia and far more distant to the form in the western Himalayas. This led to the elevation of the western form as \"Pteruthius ripleyi\" with \"validirostris\" being made a subspecies of \"Pteruthius aeralatus\" Blyth's shrike-babbler."}, {"context": " The species is found in the western Himalayas from northern Pakistan and extending east through India into central Nepal and possibly further east. The eastern limits of the species are unclear but some evidence based on song differences suggests that they might occur as far east as Arunachal Pradesh. This might be negated if it is found that song variations exist within the eastern form \"Pteruthius aeralatus validirostris\" of Blyth's shrike-babbler. Himalayan shrike-babblers are strictly arboreal and are seen foraging for insects mainly in the upper canopy. During the breeding season they are found in pairs but at other times several birds may be found, often in mixed-species foraging flocks. They also feed on berries, hopping along branches and sometimes hanging like a nuthatch. They sometimes sit still and will call often. The call being a series of loud \"kewkew kwekew\" repeated three or four times and the song from February to June transcribed as \"cha-chew, cha-ca-chip\". The nest is a hammock, like that of an oriole, built in a fork towards the tip of a branch high in the canopy of a tree. The clutch varies from two to four eggs which are pinkish white and speckled in purple brown, the spots merging to form a ring towards the broad end."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan silver fir forests", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The forest's vegetation is dominated by the \"Abies pindrow\" (Himalayan Silver Fir) species of conifer trees. It is located in the Western Himalayas region of the Himalayan Range System in southern Asia. Himalayan Silver Fir Forests are found from the Gandak River region in Nepal, through the higher elevations of northwestern India, to montane northern Pakistan."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan snowcock", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan snowcock (\"Tetraogallus himalayensis\") is a snowcock in the pheasant family Phasianidae found across the Himalayan ranges and parts of the adjoining Pamir range of Asia. It is found on alpine pastures and on steep rocky cliffs where they will dive down the hill slopes to escape. It overlaps with the slightly smaller Tibetan snowcock in parts of its wide range. The populations from different areas show variations in the colouration and about five subspecies have been designated. They were introduced in the mountains of Nevada in the United States in the 1960s and a wild population has established in the Ruby Mountains."}, {"context": " The Himalayan Snow-Cock is a large grey partridge-like bird, in length and weighing . The head pattern has a resemblance to that of the smaller and well marked chukar partridge. The white throat and sides of the head are bordered by chestnut moustachial stripe and a dark broad chestnut band stretching from the eye over the ear, expanding into the collar. The upper parts are grey, with feathers of the rump and the wings are bordered with rufous. The upper breast is grey with dark crescent bars. The lower breast plumage is dark grey, and the sides of the body are streaked with black, chestnut and white. The undertail coverts are white. The legs and orbital skin are yellow. Sexes are alike in plumage, but the female is smaller and lacks the large tarsal spur of the male. In flight, from above, the white primaries tipped in black and the rufous outer tail feathers make it distinctive. The Tibetan snowcock has a wing pattern with white trailing edge to the secondaries that contrasts with the grey wings."}, {"context": " Around 1841 specimen of a bird was brought to the menagerie of the Zoological Society of London, presented by E. W. Bonham, consul at Tabrez. George Robert Gray noted that it matched a bird illustrated (plate 76) in Jardine and Selby's \"Illustrations of Ornithology\" which he noted should be called as \"Tetraogallus caucasicus\" and another illustration plate 141 which was said to be the male of the one in plate 76 was separated based on the geography and given the name of \"Tetraogallus himalayensis\". A molecular phylogenetics study suggests that the Tibetan snowcock represents an early or older divergence from the common ancestor of the snowcocks. The main populations are separated by the Taklamakan desert and the separation has been estimated to have happened after the Pleistocene glaciations (1 mya). The large distribution range is fragmented and these disjunct populations show variations in plumage that have been named as subspecies. Although several subspecies have been described, not all are recognized. A subspecies described as \"sauricus\" was the subject of considerable nomenclatural debate."}, {"context": " Himalayan snowcock frequents alpine pastures and steep ridges of mountains of Central and South Asia above the treeline and near the snowline. In the Himalayas, it is found between 4000 and 5000 m elevation in summer, descending to 2400 m during severe winters. Since the Himalayan snowcock has a large distribution range and no visible declines in population, it has been considered a species of \"least concern\" by the IUCN. In 1961 the similarity of the Himalayan landscape to the Nevada region was noted and the Himalayan snowcock was considered as a good game bird for introduction by the Nevada Fish and Game Commission. The Commission then approached the President of Pakistan for some birds. These were wild trapped in Hunza and early shipments faced heavy losses after which birds were locally reared at Mason Valley game farm and over a 15-year period (1965\u20131979) more than 2000 birds were released into the wild. A wild population more than 200 to 500 birds has established itself in the Ruby Mountains, where they forage above the treeline."}, {"context": " Himalayan snowcocks are gregarious when not breeding, moving around in small groups. Several groups may inhabit the same hill. They keep entirely to open country and seem to prefer rocky hill-sides. They feed on grass, shoots, berries and seeds. In the mornings the birds fly downhill to drink water. When approached from below their level, they attempt to climb up the slopes on foot and when approached from above the dive down the valleys on open wings. In India, the breeding season is in summer, April to June. It is silent in winter but in spring, its call is a familiar part of the landscape. The song is a loud whistle with three parts with the tone ascending. They also make a rising, shrill piping call."}, {"context": " When feeding they walk slowly up hill, picking up the tender blades of grass and young shoots of plants on the way. They have been noted feeding on the berries of \"Ephedra\", leaves of \"Artemisia\", grass shoots, bulbs and the heads of a rye-like grass. In the Hunza range, they have been observed to prefer \"Sibbaldia cuneata\". Once they reach the top of a ridge of the hill, they fly off to adjacent hill, alighting some distance down, and again picking their way upwards. When walking, they cock their tails showing the white under tail coverts. They are generally wary and when disturbed run uphill and then launch themselves from the crests in flight, getting up considerable speed. They are more prone to predation on the alpine pastures than on steep slopes and flocking helps them to keep more eyes out for predators allowing them to forage more efficiently. In the Hunza range, flock sizes tended to be larger in rocky habitats, where they risked being attacked by Golden Eagles, than on grassy meadows."}, {"context": " The breeding season is summer, April to June. During courtship, the male crouches low down to the ground with wings slightly spread, tail depressed and feathers slightly ruffled. Then, he runs backwards and forwards in front of the hen or in circles. The nest is a bare ground scrape sheltered under a stone or bush, preferably close to the crest of a ridge on the leeward side. About 5 to 12 long oval eggs are laid which are a stony olive or brown colour and spotted throughout with red or brown. The eggs are incubated only by the female. The male is monogamous, staying in the vicinity of the nest often seen perched on some elevated rock and keeping a watch against intruders. When disturbed, the cock warns the female with a loud whistle. If caught unaware in the nest, the hen bird will not leave the nest until approached very close. The eggs hatched in an incubator after about 27\u201328 days.  Adults are sometimes preyed on by golden eagles. Several species of endoparasitic Acanthocephala and Nematoda such as \"Hispaniolepis fedtschenkoi\", have been described from the species."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan states", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan states are a group of countries straddling the Himalayan mountain range in Asia. The area is divided between the Western Himalaya and the Eastern Himalaya. Two sovereign states, Nepal and Bhutan, are located almost entirely within the mountain range. The range also covers the southern Tibetan Autonomous Region of China, the Indian Himalayan states of North and Northeast India and northern Pakistan. The inhabitants of this region are mostly of Indo-Aryan or Tibeto-Burman descent while the main religions are Buddhism and Hinduism.  Some of the world's major trans-boundary rivers originate in the Himalayas, including the Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra and Irrawaddy."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan striped squirrel", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan striped squirrel (\"Tamiops mcclellandii\"), also known as western striped squirrel, or Burmese striped squirrel, is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It lives in a variety of forest from tropical to subtropical in Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. This species is diurnal, arboreal and feeds on fruits, vegetable matter, and insects. It often seen in small groups and uses tree holes for shelter."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests is an ecoregion that extends from the middle hills of central Nepal through Darjeeling into Bhutan and also into the Indian State of Uttar Pradesh. It represents the east-west-directed band of subtropical broadleaf forest at an altitude of between along the Outer Himalayan Range, and includes several forest types traversing an east to west moisture gradient. The ecoregion covers an area of and is bisected by the Kali Gandaki River, which has gouged the world's deepest river valley through the Himalayan Range. It forms a critical link in the chain of interconnected Himalayan ecosystems, where altitudinal connectivity between the habitat types is important for ecosystem function. The soil is composed of alluvium deposited over the ages by the rivers that drain this young mountain range."}, {"context": " At lower elevations, the ecoregion is flanked by the Terai-Duar savannas and grasslands. Above , it yields to the Himalayan subtropical pine forests. Rainfall varies from east to west, but annual rainfall can be as much as . The Himalayas capture moisture from the monsoons that sweep in from the Bay of Bengal, and most of this rainfall is expended in the eastern Himalayas. Therefore, the western Himalayas are drier, a trend reflected in the timberline that declines from in the east to about in the west."}, {"context": " Eight protected areas extend into this ecoregion covering , which is about 7% of the ecoregion's area: Two high-priority tiger conservation units (TCU) extend across adjacent ecoregions: The ecoregion hosts a broad range of plant communities, based on its complex topography, differing soils, and variations in rainfall from the drier west to the more humid east. Its location on the south slope of the Himalaya allows the intermingling of plants and animals from the Indomalayan and Palearctic ecozones. The main forest types include \"Dodonaea\" scrub, subtropical dry evergreen forests of \"Olea cuspidata\", northern dry mixed deciduous forests, dry Siwalik sal (\"Shorea robusta\") forests, moist mixed deciduous forests, subtropical broadleaf wet hill forests, northern tropical semi-evergreen forests, and northern tropical wet evergreen forests."}, {"context": " Several mammals native to the ecoregion are threatened, including the Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, smooth-coated otter, clouded leopard, gaur, Sumatran serow, Irrawaddy squirrel, and particoloured flying squirrel. The endemic golden langur is distributed in a small range and limited to the broadleaf forest north of the Brahmaputra River. The bird fauna is very rich with more than 340 species. The chestnut-breasted partridge is endemic; the globally threatened white-winged wood duck and five hornbill species are found here."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan subtropical pine forests", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan subtropical pine forests are a large subtropical coniferous forest ecoregion covering portions of Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. This huge pine forest stretches for 3000\u00a0km across the lower elevations of the great Himalaya range for almost its entire length including parts of Pakistan's Punjab Province in the west through Azad Kashmir, the northern Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Sikkim, Nepal and Bhutan, which is the eastern extent of the pine forest. Like so many Himalayan ecosystems the pine forests are split by the deep Kali Gandaki Gorge in Nepal, to the west of which the forest is slightly drier while it is wetter and thicker to the east where the monsoon rains coming off the Bay of Bengal bring more moisture."}, {"context": " Along the stretch of the ganja hills of himachal can be seen rare varieties of leopard and tiger pine trees ( Pinus felicis) characterized by their spotted and patterned bark The predominant flora of the ecoregion is a thin woodland of drought-resistant \"Pinus roxburghii\" trees with a ground cover of thick grass, as regular fires do not allow a shrubby undergrowth to establish itself. The ground cover consists of \"Arundinella setosa\", cogon grass (\"Imperata cylindrica\") and \"Themeda anathera\". Pine forest mainly grows on south-facing slopes although in western Nepal there are areas facing in other directions. Some of the larger areas can be found in the lower elevations of Kangra and Una Districts of Himachal Pradesh and in Bhutan. It occurs in smaller patches in eastern Himachal Pradesh and lower Uttarakhand, in the more thinly populated western Nepal, and on the lower elevations (between 1,000 and 2,000m) of the Sivalik and Mahabharat ranges."}, {"context": " Although there is not a rich variety of wildlife here when compared to tropical rainforest for example the region is important habitat, especially for birds. Wildlife includes tigers and leopards although in smaller numbers than in the lowland areas where herds of grazing antelopes provide food for them, whereas these slopes do not sustain grazing in large numbers. More typical animals of the pine forest are langurs and other animals of the Himalayas. Birds include the chestnut-breasted partridge and cheer pheasants that hide in the lush grass.  These habitats are vulnerable to logging for firewood or conversion to grazing or farmland and more than half the area has been cleared or degraded which then allows the mountain water to wash away the soil quickly. The most profound changes can be seen in central and eastern Nepal, where the forest has been cleared for terrace farming. The protected areas of pine forest are small but include part of the larger Jim Corbett National Park."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan swiftlet", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan swiftlet (\"Aerodramus brevirostris\") is a small swift. It is a common colonial breeder in the Himalayas and Southeast Asia. Some populations are migratory. This swiftlet was formerly placed in the genus \"Collocalia\". Two of its five subspecies are frequently given full species status, \"A. b. rogersi\" as the Indochinese swiftlet, \"Aerodramus rogersi\", and the isolated Javan form \"A. b. vulcanorum\" as the Volcano swiftlet, \"Aerodramus vulcanorum\". This 13\u201314\u00a0cm long swiftlet has swept-back wings that resemble a crescent or a boomerang. The body is slender, and the tail is forked. It is, in many respects, a typical swift, having narrow wings for fast flight, and a wide gape and small beak surrounded by bristles for catching insects in flight. Its legs are very short, preventing the bird from perching, but allowing it to cling to vertical surfaces."}, {"context": " It is mainly grey-brown above and paler brown below. It has a pale grey rump and a pale patch above and behind the bill. The sexes are similar, but the juvenile has a less distinct rump. There are five subspecies, differing mainly in the rump tone. Over much of its range, this is the only swift, but in the south of its breeding area and much of its wintering range it can be very difficult to distinguish this species from other \"Collocalia\" swiftlets. The Himalayan swiftlet has a twittering \"chit-chit\" roosting call, and also has a piercing \"teeree-teeree-teeree\" call."}, {"context": " What distinguishes many, but not all, swiftlet species from other swifts and indeed almost all other birds (the oilbird being an exception) is their ability to use a simple but effective form of echolocation to navigate through the darkness of the caves where they roost at night and breed. With the present species, at least \"vulcanorum\" is known to echolocate. Unlike bats, the swiftlets make clicking noises for echolocation that are well within the human range of hearing. Two broadband pulses are separated by a slight pause. The length of the pause shortens as light becomes poorer. The clicks are followed by the twittering call when the bird is approaching its nest."}, {"context": " Echolocation was used to separate the former genus \"Aerodramus\", which was thought to contain the only echolocating swiftlets. from \"Collocalia\", but the discovery that the pygmy swiftlet, \"Collocalia troglodytes\", also echolocates led to some taxonomists merging the two genera. This swiftlet is a highland species, with a preference for feeding open areas in forests, such as river valleys. \"A. b. brevirostris\" breeds up 4,500 m in Nepal and 2200m in central Bhutan, and the forms \"A. b. rogersi\" and \"A. b. inniminata\" occur up to 2200 m in Thailand."}, {"context": " The tiny cup nest is constructed by the male swift from thick saliva and some moss, and is attached to a vertical rock wall in a cave. Nests of this colonial swift may be touching. The clutch is two white eggs. This swiftlet is monogamous and both partners take part in caring for the nestlings. The Himalayan swiftlet, like all swifts, is an aerial insectivore, leaving the cave during the day to forage, and returning to its roost at night. In the evening or bad weather, flocks may descend from the hills to feed over cultivated land. This gregarious species forms flocks typically of about 50 birds, but up to 300 have been recorded. Its flight is mainly gliding due to very long primary feathers and small breast muscles.  This species is common and widespread, but the volcano swiftlet, if considered a separate species, is near-threatened. It occurs only on active volcanos in Java, with four definite sites and five likely but unconfirmed sites. Birdlife International estimates a total of under 400 birds for the known localities. Since this form nests in crater crevices, and all known localities are active volcanoes, colonies are believed to be susceptible to periodic extinction."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan tahr", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan tahr (\"Hemitragus jemlahicus\") is a large even-toed ungulate native to the Himalayas in southern Tibet, northern Pakistan, northern India and Nepal. It is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List, as the population is declining due to hunting and habitat loss. A recent phylogenetic analysis indicates that the genus \"Hemitragus\" is monospecific, and that the Himalayan tahr is a wild goat. The Himalayan tahr has been introduced to Argentina, New Zealand, South Africa and the United States."}, {"context": " Tahrs belong to the subfamily Caprinae in the order Artiodactyla. Their closest relatives in the subfamily Caprinae are sheep and goats. A subspecies, the Eastern Himalayan tahr or shapi, was described in 1944. This classification is not considered valid anymore, and no subspecies are currently recognized. The word \"tahr\" is derived from the Nepali word \"th\u0101r\" and was first used in English writings in 1835. The genus name \"Hemitragus\" is derived from the Greek words \"h\u0113mi-\" meaning \"half\" and \"tr\u00e1gos\" meaning \"goat\"."}, {"context": " The Himalayan tahr has a small head, small pointed ears, large eyes, and horns that vary between males and females. Their horns reach a maximum length of . Himalayan tahrs are sexually dimorphic, with females being smaller in weight and in size and having smaller horns. The horn is curved backwards, preventing injury during mating season when headbutting is a common mating ritual among males. The average male tahr usually weighs around , with females averaging and is shorter in height than in length The exterior of a tahr is well adapted to the harsh climate of the Himalayans. They sport thick, reddish wool coats and thick undercoats, indicative of the conditions of their habitat. Their coats thin with the end of winter and becomes lighter in color. This shedding is presumably an adaptation that allows their internal body temperatures to adjust to the harsh temperatures of the Himalayan Mountains."}, {"context": " As a member of the ungulate group of mammals, the Himalayan tahr possesses an even number of toes. They have adapted the unique ability to grasp both smooth and rough surfaces that are typical of the mountainous terrain on which they reside. This useful characteristic also helps their mobility. The hooves of the tahr have a rubber-like core which allows for gripping smooth rocks while keratin at the rim of their hooves allow increased hoof durability, which is important for traversing the rocky ground. This adaptation allows for confident and swift maneuvering of the terrain."}, {"context": " The lifespan of a Himalayan tahr typically ranges around 14 or 15 years, with females living longer than males. The oldest known Himalayan tahr lived to 22 years old in captivity. Tahrs are polygynous, and males are subject to stiff competition for access to females. Young reproductive males roam and mate opportunistically (when larger males are not present), while more mature males (more than four years old) will engage in ritualistic behavior and fighting to secure mates. During mating season, reproductive males lose much of their fat reserves, while females and nonreproductive males do not, indicating a substantial cost to these behaviors. Factors that contribute to which males dominate include size, weight, and testosterone levels. Coat color can have an effect; Himalayan tahrs with lighter coats are more likely to gain access to estrous females"}, {"context": " Himalayan tahrs have precocious young which can stand soon after birth. Females have a gestation period of 180\u2013242 days, usually with a litter size of only one kid. This indicates sexual selection can be extremely important to the fitness of males. The herbivorous diets of the Himalayan tahrs leave them spending most of their time grazing on grasses and browsing on leaves and some fruits. Their short legs allow them to balance while reaching for the leaves of shrubs and small trees. The tahr consumes more woody plants than herb species with as much as 75% of the tahr diet consisting of natural grasses. The tahr, like most members of the bovid family, are ruminants and have complex digestive systems . A multichambered stomach allows the tahr to repeatedly regurgitate its food, chew it, and obtain nutrients from otherwise indigestible plant tissues."}, {"context": " The Himalayan tahr is adapted to life in a cool climate with rocky terrain, which allows them to be found in mountainous areas. In the Himalayas, they are mainly found on slopes ranging from 2,500 to 5,000 m. Himalayan tahr can eat a wide variety of plants. They most often inhabit locations in where vegetation is exposed for browsing and grazing. During the winter (when snow covers vegetation at higher elevations), they are found on lower-altitude slopes. During the rut, male Himalayan tahrs often compete with other males for access to females. Factors that contribute to reproductive success include large body size, large horn size, and high aggression. Coat color is a factor that determines rank among Himalayan tahrs, and males with light coats mate more often. In addition, the horns of the male are often used in the ritual process to court female tahrs (either for display purposes or, less often, for direct combat), although these horns can also serve as a defense mechanisms against potential predators."}, {"context": " Other ungulate herbivores with overlapping natural ranges include bharal, argali, and goral. Removal experiments (in which one of the hypothesized competitors is removed, and the effect on the other species is observed) have not been conducted to determine empirically that competition is actually occurring, but the animals do share food resources. Competition can occur when two or more species share a limited resource, such as particular food sources, in a given area. Since the Himalayan tahr and the other ungulates are eating the same foods, competition possibly is occurring among them."}, {"context": " Tahr are preyed upon by snow leopards. The snow leopards also eat the other ungulate species in the area, which could result in apparent competition between the Himalayan tahr and one or more of the other herbivores. Apparent competition can occur when two species share a predator. If an increase in one of the prey species increases the predator population, this can translate into increased predation on the other prey species. This is called apparent competition, because the effect was indirect from the two prey species via the predator species rather than by direct competition of the two prey species for some shared resource."}, {"context": " The tahr was introduced into Argentina in 2006 by private individuals, presumably for hunting purposes. The importation has been deemed successful, but it is too soon to determine whether it will be detrimental to the environment. Tahrs was first introduced to New Zealand for sport and have since expanded rapidly into neighboring areas. They currently occupy a portion of the Southern Alps and are still being hunted as a sport. The Himalayan tahr was introduced to South Africa when in the 1930s, two Himalayan tahrs escaped from a zoo in Cape Town. Subsequent populations of tahrs have descended from the original escaped pair and spread quickly over the Cape Peninsular mountain range. Most of the population has been culled to make way for the reintroduction of the indigenous antelope, the klipspringer."}, {"context": " The Himalayan tahr is present in New Mexico which would probably indicate it can also be found in other southwestern states. According to the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish news release dated May 28, 2014, \"Only one Wildlife Management Area, Water Canyon, allows hunting for nongame species as a management tool for the non-native Himalayan tahr, a large ungulate related to the wild goat.\" However, outside of Water Canyon Wildlife Management Area, Himalayan tahr may be taken. There is no closed season or bag limit on Himalayan tahr, and they may be hunted even with an airgun."}, {"context": " A key factor contributing to the success of the Himalayan tahr as an invasive species is their mobility. During the night, they move to locations with lower elevations to have better access to resources such as food and water, whereas during the day, they move to locations with higher elevation to rest and avoid predators. This mobile behavior not only allows them to seek refuge from predators, but also allows them to have access to resources over a large area. Another key characteristic that allows Himalayan tahr to be successful as an invasive species is their digestive tract. Their digestive system allows them to consume a wide variety of vegetation ranging from easy-to-digest leaves/grasses to woody shrubs and other \u201ctough\u201d vegetation not as easily digested by other species. This flexibility in diet not only allows Himalayan tahr to have a competitive advantage for resource use in their environment among other species, but it also allows them to be less hindered by abiotic disruptions and other natural disasters. In other words, their ability to digest a large range of vegetation allows the Himalayan tahr to have a bigger fundamental niche, and as a result, increases their success as an invasive species."}, {"context": " Lastly, the Himalayan tahr lacks predators in the regions where it has been introduced, so is only limited by access to food and water, and its own reproductive rate. A negative impact the Himalayan tahrs have on their environment is increased herbivory on the native vegetation of the ecosystem, which can make it harder for other herbivores to find food. The increased herbivory can also lead to a decrease in soil nutrients, such as oxygen, nitrates, and ammonia, resulting in positive feedback loop, making it harder for plants to grow at all. Consequently, the natural fauna of the ecosystem is heavily affected. For example, endangered camelids were forced to adapt and move to higher elevations due to the increased herbivory from the Himalayan tahr. This increase has also resulted in poor soil quality in many environments occupied by the Himalayan tahr and has severely limited the presence of certain plant species. The lack of certain vegetation, in turn, may affect animal species that rely on them as a food source."}, {"context": " Data on the rapid expansion of the tahr are documented by government agencies. Over a time span of 16 years, the Himalayan tahr reached up to 33 tahr/km in New Zealand - twice the initial population (2*N). Without regulated hunting or the presence of natural barriers, the Himalayan tahr can pose a large threat to the indigenous fauna and flora populations within the area. In 1930, the tahr was denied protection by the Animals Protection and Game Act (1921\u201322) and was thus recognized as a danger to the environment (although the species is still considered to be endangered in the Himalayas by the World Conservation Union). Since 1937, various government operations have been undertaken to reduce tahr population and/or keep it at fixed numbers. The control of tahr remains ecologically and economically significant because of their widespread destruction of native flora and fauna and their valuable capture for hunters, respectively."}, {"context": " In 1993, New Zealand's Department of Conservation prepared the Himalayan Tahr Control Plan which lists \u201caerial game recovery operations, recreational and safari hunting as primary means of control\u201d. Under the plan, the area of the tahr distribution was divided into two exclusion zones and seven management units. The exclusion zones set boundaries on the area that the tahr inhabits, with the official control operations to be employed to prevent them from spreading beyond those zones. The management unit has a fixed maximum density, which varies from 1-2.5 tahr/km and is considered to be low enough to have a minimal negative impact on the ecosystem and, even, restore native vegetation. Under these conditions, the plan aimed to keep tahr numbers below 10,000 throughout the South Island. Since then, New Zealand\u2019s Department of Conservation has been actively advertising tahr hunting and has created 59 tahr-hunting areas. Hunting remains primary means of control of the invasive species; government operations have killed more than 24,000 tahrs by shooting since 1993. As a primary method of tahr population control (although hard to quantify), hunting seems to be an efficient strategy because a large number of people take part in it."}, {"context": " In 1960, sodium monofluoroacetate (also known as compound 1080) was used to poison tahrs. This derivative of fluoroacetic acid is commonly used in many countries such as Mexico, Australia, the United States, and New Zealand as a pesticide. Compound 1080 is highly water-soluble and is diluted by rainwater and broken down by aquatic microorganisms. Water samples after baiting operations did not reveal dangerous levels of the compound. In the soil, sodium monofluoroacetate is converted by bacteria and fungi to metabolic products, shown to be nonhazardous to the environment."}, {"context": " According to Australia\u2019s Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water, and Environment, mammals (particularly cats and dogs) are the most susceptible to compound 1080 poisoning. Fish, birds, and amphibians generally are highly tolerant to the poison. Although compound 1080 is a strong enough pesticide to eradicate the entire tahr population, political pressures from hunter groups hinder its use. Opposition by the general public also contributes to the decreased use of 1080 with concerns that the accumulation of 1080 at higher levels of the food chain will pose danger to mammals such as dogs, deer and pigs."}, {"context": " The success of the Tahr Control Plan, as well as the future of tahr in New Zealand, can be seen from the report prepared by Kenneth F.D. Hughey and Karen M. Wason, which presents survey results conducted among farmers living within tahr distribution. As they demonstrate, roughly 80% of farmers view tahrs as a resource, not as a threat. The respondents indicated they place conservational and commercial value (live animal/meat, hunting, farming) on tahrs. Thirty six percent of these farmers also reported to having earned at least $1,000 a year in profit from having tahrs on their property, with the highest earnings being above $50,000 (Table 5.5 of that study), usually as a result of allowing professionally guided hunters on their property. Also, a 1988 study showed that hunters spent $851 per person per year on hunting, with expenses being greatest for big-game targets, such as the Himalayan tahr."}, {"context": " The fact that the tahr is no longer viewed by general public as an unwanted species may indicate their numbers are now successfully reduced to an acceptable range. This reflects the Department of Conservation's efforts to promote tahr hunting, consistent monitoring for the trends in tahr population, and official control operations. In New Zealand alone, an estimated $840M have been spent on alien species per year (0.9% of GNP), 25% being towards vertebrate mammals. Of these total costs, $400 M have been dedicated to defense against the invasive species. If conditions maintain, \"the total cost of alien vertebrates in New Zealand may therefore exceed $270 million per year\". However, as shown above, these costs may come along with some negative environmental effects on native ecosystems."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan thrush", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan thrush or Himalayan forest thrush (\"Zoothera salimalii\") is a species of bird described in 2016 and separated out from the alpine thrush \"Zoothera mollissima\" with which they were formerly lumped. The species is separated on the basis of phylogenetic studies that suggest that the population diverged from the common ancestor at least 3 million years ago (estimates vary from 3-6 mya). The alpine thrush (\"Zoothera mollissima\" in the restricted sense) breeds above the tree line whereas the Himalayan thrush breeds in forested habitats. The species breeds from Sikkim and Darjeeling in India and extends east into Tibet and further east into northwest Yunnan in China. The species differs in its song from that of the alpine thrush. The Himalayan thrush has a more musical call while that of the Alpine thrush is raspy and grating.  The species name is given in honour of the distinguished Indian ornithologist S\u00e1lim Ali. The tree-dwelling species has shorter legs, tail and wings but a longer bill than its Alpine counterpart, and uses the shorter legs and tails to help it manoeuvre around in the forest."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan vulture", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan vulture or Himalayan griffon vulture (\"Gyps himalayensis\") is an Old World vulture in the family Accipitridae. Closely related to the European griffon vulture (\"G. fulvus\") and once considered a subspecies of it, this species is found along the Himalayas and the adjoining Tibetan Plateau. It is one of the two largest Old World vultures and true raptors. This is a huge vulture, and is perhaps the largest and heaviest bird found in the Himalayas. Adults have a ruff that is long and pale brown with white streaks. The ruff feathers are long and spiky. The head is covered in down which is yellowish in adults but whitish in immature vultures. The underside and under-wing coverts are quite pale brown or buff, being almost white in some specimens. The legs are covered with buffy feathers and the feet can vary from greenish grey to white. The upperside is unstreaked, pale buff with the tail quills, outer greater coverts and wing quills being a contrasting dark brown. The inner-secondaries have paler tips."}, {"context": " The pale blue facial skin is lighter than the dark blue in \"Gyps fulvus\" with this species having a yellowish bill. In flight the long fingers are splayed and there is a pale patagial stripe on the underwing. The wing and tail feathers are dark and contrast with the pale coverts and body, one of the best methods to distinguish this species from the slightly smaller griffon vulture. The feathers on the body have pale shaft streaks. They are distinguished from the Indian vulture (\"G. indicus\"), which can somewhat similar in color by being much larger with a stouter, more robust bill. Younger birds have a pale parts to the bill and tend to have buffy-white streaks on the scapulars and wing coverts contrasting with dark brown underparts. They are similar in size to the cinereous vulture (\"Aegypius monachus\"), which has a slightly shorter overall length but in large specimens can weigh more than the Himalayan vulture. Weight in Himalayan vultures can range from reportedly as little as to as much as . A field study estimated an average of for the Himalayan vulture, but weights can vary with conditions from . The wingspan of birds varies greatly depending on the method used to measure them and published measurements vary from , a similar wingspan range as a cinereous vulture."}, {"context": " The species is found mainly in the higher regions of the Himalayas, the Pamirs, Kazakhstan and on the Tibetan Plateau (technically in China), with northwestern limits of the breeding range being in Afghanistan and southern limits in Bhutan. Juvenile birds may however disperse further south and vagrants have been recorded in Thailand, Burma, Singapore and Cambodia. The Himalayan vulture perches on crags, favourite sites showing white marks from regular defecation. They tend to not range below an elevation of . Himalayan vultures often bask in the sun on rocks. They soar in thermals and are not capable of sustained flapping flight. Flocks may follow grazers up the mountains in their search for dead animals. This vulture makes a rattling sound when descending on a carcass and can grunt or hiss at roosts or when feeding on carrion. They have been recorded eating carrion exclusively, some which is fed on even when putrid. On the Tibetan Plateau 64% of their diet is obtained from dead domestic yak (\"Bos grunniens\"). They feed on old carcasses sometimes waiting a couple of days near a dead animal. They disdain offal, which is readily eaten by other vultures, and instead typically eat only fleshy parts. Historically, Himalayan vultures regularly fed on human corpses left out on Celestial burial grounds. This species is fairly contentious around other scavengers and typically dominates other meat-eaters at carrion, though is subservient to gray wolves (\"Canis lupus\"), snow leopards (\"Panthera uncia\") and cinereous vultures at carcasses. In a large party, these vultures can reportedly strip a human or sheep carcass of all meat in 30 minutes and do the same to a yak carcass in roughly 120 minutes. Himalayan vultures have been observed feeding on pine (\"Pinus roxburghii\") needles, an unexplained behaviour that cannot be for obtaining nutrition."}, {"context": " The breeding season begins in January. The nest is a platform of sticks placed on an inaccessible ledge on a cliff. Nest in northeastern India have been recorded at between in elevation, but those in Tibet have been as high as . Several pairs may nest on the same cliff face, with between five and seven pairs being a typical colony size. The nests are relatively small for the large size of these birds and, although grow larger with repeated uses, do not generally get as massive as the nest of other large accipitrids. There is at least one recorded instance of Himalayan vultures using a nest made by bearded vultures (\"Gypaetus barbatus\"). On the Tibetan Plateau, Himalayan and bearded vultures were observed nesting in close proximity without conflict, which is notable because in several other cases of adjacent interspecies nesting by Old World vultures (including some involving bearded vultures) have resulted in high aggression and interspecies attacks. A single white egg marked with red splotches is the usual clutch. Egg laying dates in northern India have ranged from December 25 to March 7. The egg is coarse and oval and can measure from in height and in width, with an average of . In captivity the incubation period was about 54\u201358 days. The young birds stay on with the parents for six to seven months.  Himalayan vultures are susceptible to toxicity induced by diclofenac, a drug whose residues in domestic animal carcasses has led to rapid declines in populations of other \"Gyps\" vultures across Asia. The Himalayan griffon vulture populations have however not shown signs of rapid decline although reductions in nesting birds have been noted in some parts of its range in Nepal."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan water shrew", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan water shrew (\"Chimarrogale himalayica\") is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae. It is found in China, India, Japan, Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, and Vietnam."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan whiskered bat", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan whiskered bat (\"Myotis siligorensis\") is a species of vesper bat. It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, and Vietnam."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan white-browed rosefinch", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan white-browed rosefinch (\"Carpodacus thura\") is a true finch species (family Fringillidae). It is found in Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and temperate shrubland."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan wolf", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan wolf (\"Canis lupus\") is a canine of debated taxonomy. It is distinguished by its genetic markers, with mitochondrial DNA sequencing indicating that it is genetically basal to the Holarctic grey wolf, genetically the same wolf as the Tibetan wolf and has an association with the African golden wolf (\"Canis anthus\"). The wolf is found in northern India in the Ladakh region of eastern Kashmir, and the Lahaul and Spiti region in the northeastern part of Himachal Pradesh. It is also found in Nepal in the Upper Dolpa and Upper Mustang regions."}, {"context": " The wolves of the Himalayas have been referred to as \"Canis laniger\" Hodgson 1847, \"Canis chanco\" Gray 1863, \"Canis filchneri\" Matschie 1907, and \"Canis himalayensis\" Aggawal 2003. A female wolf from Tibet was described by Brian Houghton Hodgson in 1847 as \"Canis lupus laniger\". In 1907, the German zoologist Paul Matschie described a wolf skin from Xining in China as \"Canis lupus filchneri\". In 1941, Reginald Innes Pocock referred to the Tibetan wolf as \"Canis lupus laniger\" but classified it as a taxonomic synonym of \"Canis lupus chanco\". In the third edition of \"Mammal Species of the World\" published in 2005, the mammalogist listed under the wolf \"Canis lupus\" the subspecies \"Canis lupus filchneri\", under which he included as a taxonomic synonym \"laniger\" Hodgson (1847)."}, {"context": " The wolves living in the Trans-Himalaya region have unique haplotypes, do not cluster phylogenetically with other grey wolves, were basal to all other wolves and are closer to the jackal. This indicates that these are the descendants of an ancient wolf distribution and a new taxonomic classification of \"Canis himalayensis\" or \"Canis lupus himalayensis\". are proposed. The taxonomic reference \"Mammal Species of the World\" does not recognize \"Canis himalayensis\", however NCBI/Genbank does list \"Canis lupus himalayensis\"."}, {"context": " A 2004 study compared sequences of 582\u00a0base pairs in length from the mtDNA control region for 27\u00a0wolves from the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau. The phylogenetic tree generated from the sequences indicated that there were 5\u00a0related haplotypes which formed a clade that is basal to all other wolves. This clade included one sequence from Ladakh in eastern Kashmir, nine from the Spiti Valley in Himachal Pradesh, four from Nepal, and two from Tibet. The study proposed that the Himalayan wolf clade diverged from other canids 800,000 years ago. Seven wolves also from Kashmir did not fall into this clade."}, {"context": " Hodgson (1847) described the Tibetan wolf as \"C. laniger\". A study of the mitochondrial control region of the specimen that Hodgson collected (labelled BM58.6.24.61) was found to fall within the proposed Himalayan wolf clade. However, the 50% likelihood provided by the model on which this study rested provides only weak support for this proposal. A criticism of this study is that it was based on zoo specimens and it is known that all zoo specimens have been captive-bred, descended from only two females. Therefore, the study did not provide a representative sample. Additionally, the wolf population in the Kashmir valley is known to have recently arrived in that area."}, {"context": " In 2007, a study compared sequences of 1,300\u00a0base pairs in length from the mtDNA control region for 18\u00a0wolves from the Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park near Darjeeling in West Bengal, northern India. The study found that the wolves were basal to all other wolves and formed one haplotype, indicating that they shared a common female ancestor. The study did not ascertain if the zoo specimens were all related. The conclusion supported the 2004 study that the Himalayan wolf differed from other Tibetan wolves. A criticism of this study is that it was based on limited data with no samples collected from the Kashmir valley population, despite suggesting that Kashmir is an area of potential contact of the closely related wolf clades. Instead, the samples were collected from Indian zoos or museum specimens. Additionally, the areas under study are part of the same landscape, and the question of what ecological or behavioral barriers could be facilitating such strict divergence, particularly when no striking morphological differences occur between the wolves from Tibet and Indian Trans-Himalaya, remains unanswered."}, {"context": " In April\u00a02009, the Latin binomen \"Canis himalayensis\" was proposed for this clade as a separate species of wolf through the Nomenclature Specialist on the CITES Animals Committee. The proposal was based on one study that relied on only a limited number of museum and zoo samples that may not have been representative of the wild population. The committee recommended against this proposal but suggested that the name be entered into the species database as a synonym for \"Canis lupus\". The committee stated that the classification was for conservation purposes only, and did not \"reflect the latest state of taxonomic knowledge\". Further fieldwork was called for."}, {"context": " Other researchers have questioned this proposed taxonomic classification, claiming that recent genetic studies have not provided a complete picture. The 2007 study proposes that the Himalayan wolf is genetically different to the wolves from Tibet. As these areas are part of the same landscape, the question of what ecological or behavioural barriers could be facilitating such strict divergence, particularly when no striking morphological differences occur between the wolves from Tibet and Indian Trans-Himalaya, remains unanswered. Another problem is related to limited data as none of the studies have collected samples from the Kashmir valley population, despite suggesting it as the area of potential contact of the closely related wolf clades. Instead, the samples have been collected from Indian zoos or museum specimens."}, {"context": " Two later studies compared sequences from the wolves of the Himalayas against worldwide wolf sequences and confirmed their basal position, however these studies did not include wolves from Tibet. In 2012, a study compared sequences of 300\u00a0base pairs in length from the mtDNA control region of the scats of 2\u00a0wolves from remote and widely separated areas in the Upper Dolpa, Nepal and found that these sequences matched the Himalayan wolf. In 2016, study compared sequences of 220\u00a0base pairs in length from the mtDNA control region from the fecal remains of 4\u00a0wild wolves from the Upper Mustang region of the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. The study showed that they fell within the Himalayan wolf clade but formed a separate haplotype to those previously studied."}, {"context": " Later in 2016, a study compared wolf mitochondrial DNA sequences of 582\u00a0base pairs in length. The phylogenetic tree generated from the sequences revealed that the two most-basal clades were formed by specimens from India and the Himalayas. Within the Himalayan / Tibetan wolf clade also fell some specimens from China and Mongolia, indicating a common maternal ancestor and a wider genetic distribution. In 2017 and 2018, another two studies found the Himalayan wolf to be the same wolf as the Tibetan wolf."}, {"context": " Between 2011 and 2015, two mDNA studies found that the Himalayan wolf and Indian grey wolf were closer to the African golden wolf than they were to the Holarctic grey wolf. In 2017, a study of mitochondrial DNA, X-chromosome (maternal lineage) markers and Y-chromosome (male lineage) markers found that the Himalayan wolf is genetically basal to the holarctic grey wolf. Its degree of divergence from the holarctic grey wolf is similar to the degree of divergence of the African golden wolf from the holarctic grey wolf. The Himalayan wolf shares a maternal lineage with the African golden wolf. It possesses a unique paternal lineage that falls between the grey wolf and the African golden wolf. The study's samples show the range of the Himalayan wolf to include the Himalayas then north across the Tibetan plateau to the Qinghai Lake in Qinghai Province, China. The study called for the Himalayan wolf to be recognised as the species \"Canis himalayensis\" or at least as the subsepcies \"Canis lupus himalayensis\"."}, {"context": " Various authorities have called for a study to collect and analyse the genetic samples from wolves from all areas in the Himalayas, in order to provide wide representation and hence more reliable results of genetic relatedness among the different wolf-like canids. The recognition of a separate species or subspecies is pending on more DNA evidence from the additional inclusion of genetic markers taken from the cell nucleus. In 2018, whole genome sequencing was used to compare members of the genus \"Canis\". The study found evidence of gene flow between African golden wolves, golden jackals, and grey wolves (from Saudi Arabia and Syria). One African golden wolf from the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula showed high admixture with the Middle Eastern grey wolves and dogs, highlighting the role of the land bridge between the African and Eurasian continents in canid evolution. The African golden wolf was found to be the descendant of a genetically admixed canid of 72% grey wolf and 28% Ethiopian wolf ancestry."}, {"context": " Hodgson described his type specimen as follows: \"Lupus laniger\". The \"Changu\" of the Tibetans. \"Hab.\" Tibet. Wolf with long sharp face, elevated brows, broad head, large pointed ears, thick woolly pilage, and very full brush of medial length. Above, dull earthy-brown; below, with the entire face and limbs yellowish-white. No marks on the limbs. Tail concolorous with the body, that is brownish above and yellowish below, and no dark tip. Length . Height . This animal is found all over Tibet. The British naturalist Richard Lydekker wrote in 1900:"}, {"context": " In order to withstand the intense winter cold of the bleak altitudes of which it dwells, and at the same time to harmonise with its physical surroundings, the wolf of Ladak and Tibet has developed a woolly character in its fur, and at the same time has become a much paler animal than ordinary examples of the European race. The British zoologist Thomas C. Jerdon wrote in 1874 that the Tibetan wolf is larger than the Indian Wolf and known as \"chankodi\" among the people who live near the Niti Pass on the Tibet/Indian border (Kumaon District, India). Black wolves in Tibet are known locally as \"chanko nagpo\", and these are considered bolder and more aggressive than the pale coloured variety."}, {"context": " Morphological appearance of the wolves from different parts of India shows certain dissimilarities. Skulls of the two males from Chumar, Ladakh were measured by Allen (234 and 236\u00a0mm), which are the largest for wolves in India, but smaller compared to North American wolves, which can measure up to 290\u00a0mm. The wolf from peninsular India appears smaller in size and more brownish in colour, whereas wolves from the Himalayan regions are large and whitish. Peninsular wolf weighs 25\u00a0kg on an average, which may be the lowest among all wolves, whereas wolves from the Himalayan region weigh about 35\u00a0kg, similar to Tibetan wolves."}, {"context": " The wolves from Upper Mustang, Nepal are characterized by their \"Canis lupus pallipes\" has the smallest skull length, measuring maximum up to 220\u00a0mm. Zygomatic widths of the skull of wolves from Ladakh (129 and 128\u00a0mm) were also comparatively larger than those of peninsular wolves from India (90.2\u2013109\u00a0mm). Upper cheek teeth, i.e. canine to last molar of two wolves from Ladakh measured 105 and 98.4\u00a0mm, which is larger compared to those of peninsular wolves and Arabian wolves (93.6\u201397\u00a0mm and 81.3\u201393\u00a0mm respectively)14\u201316."}, {"context": " A comparative study of Himalayan wolves with other grey wolf subspecies howls demonstrated that the Himalayan wolf howls typically had lower frequencies and were shorter in duration. The study found that Himalayan and North African wolves showed the most acoustically distinct howls and differed significantly from each other and to the other wolf subspecies. The wolf is found in northern India in the Ladakh region of eastern Kashmir and the Lahaul and Spiti region in the northeastern part of Himachal Pradesh. It is also found in Nepal in the Upper Dolpa and Upper Mustang regions."}, {"context": " The Indian population consists of 350\u00a0wolves with a range of . In 2004, a group of 33\u00a0Himalayan wolves were spotted in the Spiti Valley in the northeastern part of Himachal Pradesh. In the same year, the wolf was spotted for the first time in Nepal in the Upper Mustang region. Between 2005 and 2008, sightings and scat of Tibetan wolves were recorded in the alpine meadows above the tree line north-east of the Nanda Devi National Park in Uttarakhand, India. In 2013, the media reported that a Tibetan wolf was photographed by a camera trap installed at about altitude near the Sunderdhunga Glacier in Bageshwar district, Uttarakhand, India."}, {"context": " The Himalayan wolf is listed as an endangered species in certain areas of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. A large portion of the wolf population in these areas exists outside of the protected area network, which is alarming for the initiatives of their conservation and suggests that management for conservation in these areas should equally consider the area outside protected areas. Their scarce populations and evolutionary uniqueness have been underlined in some recent studies. Lack of information about their basic ecology in this landscape is a severe hindrance towards a sound conservation plan for these animals."}, {"context": " It has been suggested by several biologists in India for recognition as a critically endangered species of canid. Although the Indian government has added the Himalayan wolf to its endangered species list in 1998, it still lacks legal protection in Tibet. Eighteen Himalayan wolves are being bred in captivity. They were captured in the wild and are now being preserved in the trans-Himalayan region of India, at the Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park in Shiwalik Hills on the lower range of the Himalaya in West Bengal, and in the Kufri Zoo with Kufri Himalayan National Park located in Himachal Pradesh province."}]}, {"title": "Himalayan woodpecker", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayan woodpecker (\"Dendrocopos himalayensis\") is a species of bird in the family Picidae. It is found in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, primarily the Himalayas and some adjoining areas, and ranges across Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan and Pakistan. Its natural habitats are boreal forests and temperate forests. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of \"least concern\". A medium-sized, pied woodpecker reaching a length of about . Glossy black above with broad white patches from shoulder to lower back, limited white barring on flight feathers and clean white tail edgings. Underparts and head white or plain pale buff with black Y-shaped mark on neck and cheeks. The crown is red in males and black in females. Black marks under eyes are unique and distinguish it from other species. Vent and under-tail coverts red or pink. Iris chestnut, beak blackish and legs grey. The juvenile is duller, greyish-black above, and with vent and under-tail areas less vivid and crown greyish with some red (in both sexes)."}, {"context": " The Himalayan woodpecker is found at altitudes between . Its habitat is either wet or dry upland forest with either deciduous or coniferous trees, and often with rhododendrons. It forages individually, usually on trunks and large branches but sometimes on the ground. Its diet is varied, with insects, fruits, seeds and sap. It sometimes hammers fir cones on stones to extract the seeds. The Himalayan woodpecker has a wide range and is generally a common or fairly common bird. No particular threats have been recognized and the population trend is thought to be steady. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of \"least concern\"."}]}, {"title": "Himalayana", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himalayana is a genus of spiders in the Oonopidae family. It was first described in 2014 by Grismado. , it contains 6 species from India and Nepal. \"Himalayana\" comprises the following species:"}]}, {"title": "Himalayas", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalayas, or Himalaya (), form a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The Himalayan range has many of the Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest. The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding in elevation, including ten of the fourteen 8,000-metre peaks. By contrast, the highest peak outside Asia (Aconcagua, in the Andes) is tall. Lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian Plate, the Himalayan mountain range runs west-northwest to east-southeast in an arc long. Its western anchor, Nanga Parbat, lies just south of the northernmost bend of Indus river. Its eastern anchor, Namcha Barwa, is just west of the great bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo River (upper stream of the Brahmaputra River). The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges. To the north, the chain is separated from the Tibetan Plateau by a wide tectonic valley called the Indus-Tsangpo Suture. Towards the south the arc of the Himalaya is ringed by the very low Indo-Gangetic Plain. The range varies in width from in the west (Pakistan) to in the east (Arunachal Pradesh). The Himalayas are distinct from the other great ranges of central Asia, although sometimes the term Himalaya (or Greater Himalaya) is loosely used to include the Karakoram and some of the other ranges."}, {"context": " The Himalayas are inhabited by 52.7 million people and are spread across five countries: Nepal, India, Bhutan, China and Pakistan. Some of the world's major rivers \u2014 the Indus, the Ganges and the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra \u2014 rise in the Himalayas, and their combined drainage basin is home to roughly 600 million people. The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the region, helping to keep the monsoon rains on the Indian plain and limiting rainfall on the Tibetan plateau. The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of the Indian subcontinent; many Himalayan peaks are sacred in Hinduism and Buddhism."}, {"context": " The name of the range derives from the Sanskrit \"Him\u0101-laya\" (, \"Abode of Snow\"), from \"him\u00e1\" (, \"snow\") and \"\u0101-laya\" (, \"receptacle, dwelling\"). They are now known as the \"\", usually shortened to the \"Himalayas\". Formerly, they were described in the singular as the \"\"Himalaya\"\". This was also previously transcribed \"Himmaleh\", as in Emily Dickinson's poetry and Henry David Thoreau's essays. The mountains are known as the \"Him\u0101laya\" in Nepali and Hindi (both written ), the \"Himalaya\" () or 'The Land of Snow' () in Tibetan, the \"Hamaleh\" Mountain Range () in Urdu and the \"Ximalaya\" Mountain Range in Chinese."}, {"context": " In the middle of the great curve of the Himalayan mountains lie the peaks of Dhaulagiri and Annapurna in Nepal, separated by the Kali Gandaki Gorge. The gorge splits the Himalayas into Western and Eastern sections both ecologically and orographically \u2013 the pass at the head of the Kali Gandaki, the Kora La is the lowest point on the ridgeline between Everest and K2. To the east of Annapurna are the 8000\u00a0m peaks of Manaslu and across the border in Tibet, Shishapangma. To the south of these lies Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal and the largest city in the Himalayas. East of the Kathmandu Valley lies valley of the Bhote/Sun Kosi river which rises in Tibet and provides the main overland route between Nepal and China \u2013 the Araniko Highway/China National Highway 318. Further east is the Mahalangur Himal with four of the world's six highest mountains, including the highest: Cho Oyu, Everest, Lhotse and Makalu. The Khumbu region, popular for trekking, is found here on the south-western approaches to Everest. The Arun river drains the northern slopes of these mountains, before turning south and flowing through the range to the east of Makalu."}, {"context": " In the far east of Nepal, the Himalayas rise to the Kanchenjunga massif on the border with India, the third highest mountain in the world, the most easterly 8000\u00a0m summit and the highest point of India. The eastern side of Kanchenjunga is in the Indian state of Sikkim. Formerly an independent Kingdom, it lies on the main route from India to Lhasa, Tibet, which passes over the Nathu La pass into Tibet. East of Sikkim lies the ancient Buddhist Kingdom of Bhutan. The highest mountain in Bhutan is Gangkhar Puensum, which is also a strong candidate for the highest unclimbed mountain in the world. The Himalayas here are becoming increasingly rugged with heavily forested steep valleys. The Himalayas continue, turning slightly northeast, through the Indian State of Arunachal Pradesh as well as Tibet, before reaching their easterly conclusion in the peak of Namche Barwa, situated in Tibet inside the great bend of the Yarlang Tsangpo river. On the other side of the Tsangpo, to the east, are the Kangri Garpo mountains. The high mountains to the north of the Tsangpo including Gyala Peri, however, are also sometimes also included in the Himalayas."}, {"context": " Going west from Dhaulagiri, Western Nepal is somewhat remote and lacks major high mountains, but is home to Rara Lake, the largest lake in Nepal. The Karnali River rises in Tibet but cuts through the center of the region. Further west, the border with India follows the Sarda River and provides a trade route into China, where on the Tibetan plateau lies the high peak of Gurla Mandhata. Just across Lake Manasarovar from this lies the sacred Mount Kailash, which stands close to the source of the four main rivers of Himalayas and is revered in Hinduism, Buddhism, Sufism, Jainism, and Bonpo. In the newly created Indian state of Uttarkhand, the Himalayas rise again as the Garwhal Himalayas with the high peaks of Nanda Devi and Kamet. The state is also an important pilgrimage destination, with the source of the Ganges at Gangotri and the Yamuna at Yamunotri, and the temples at Badrinath and Kedarnath."}, {"context": " The next Himalayan Indian state, Himachal Pradesh, it is noted for its hill stations, particularly Shimla, the summer capital of the British Raj, and Dharmasala, the centre of the Tibetan community in exile in India. This area marks the start of the Punjab Himalaya and the Sutlej river, the most easterly of the five tributaries of the Indus, cuts through the range here. Further west, the Himalayas form most of the southern portion of the Indian State of Jammu & Kashmir. The twin peaks of Nun Kun are the only mountains over 7000\u00a0m in this part of the Himalayas. Beyond lies the renown Kashmir Valley and the town and lakes of Srinagar. Finally, the Himalayas cross the Line of Control into Pakistan and reach their western end in the dramatic 8000\u00a0m peak of Nanga Parbat, which rises over 7000\u00a0m above the Indus valley and is the most westerly of the 8000\u00a0m summits."}, {"context": " The Himalayan range is one of the youngest mountain ranges on the planet and consists mostly of uplifted sedimentary and metamorphic rock. According to the modern theory of plate tectonics, its formation is a result of a continental collision or orogeny along the convergent boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The Arakan Yoma highlands in Myanmar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal were also formed as a result of this collision. During the Upper Cretaceous, about 70 million years ago, the north-moving Indo-Australian Plate (which has subsequently broken into the Indian Plate and the Australian Plate) was moving at about per year. About 50 million years ago this fast moving Indo-Australian Plate had completely closed the Tethys Ocean, the existence of which has been determined by sedimentary rocks settled on the ocean floor and the volcanoes that fringed its edges. Since both plates were composed of low density continental crust, they were thrust faulted and folded into mountain ranges rather than subducting into the mantle along an oceanic trench. An often-cited fact used to illustrate this process is that the summit of Mount Everest is made of marine limestone from this ancient ocean."}, {"context": " Today, the Indian plate continues to be driven horizontally at the Tibetan Plateau, which forces the plateau to continue to move upwards. The Indian plate is still moving at 67\u00a0mm per year, and over the next 10 million years it will travel about into Asia. About 20\u00a0mm per year of the India-Asia convergence is absorbed by thrusting along the Himalaya southern front. This leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5\u00a0mm per year, making them geologically active. The movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate also makes this region seismically active, leading to earthquakes from time to time."}, {"context": " During the last ice age, there was a connected ice stream of glaciers between Kangchenjunga in the east and Nanga Parbat in the west. In the west, the glaciers joined with the ice stream network in the Karakoram, and in the north, they joined with the former Tibetan inland ice. To the south, outflow glaciers came to an end below an elevation of . While the current valley glaciers of the Himalaya reach at most in length, several of the main valley glaciers were long during the ice age. The glacier snowline (the altitude where accumulation and ablation of a glacier are balanced) was about lower than it is today. Thus, the climate was at least colder than it is today."}, {"context": " Despite their scale, the Himalayas do not form a major watershed, and a number of rivers cut through the range, particularly in the eastern part of the range. As a result, the main ridge of the Himalayas is not clearly defined, and mountain passes are not as significant for traversing the range as with other mountain ranges. The rivers of the Himalayas drain into two large river systems: The northern slopes of Gyala Peri and the peaks beyond the Tsangpo, sometimes included in the Himalayas, drain into the Irrawaddy River, which originates in eastern Tibet and flows south through Myanmar to drain into the Andaman Sea. The Salween, Mekong, Yangtze and Yellow River all originate from parts of the Tibetan Plateau that are geologically distinct from the Himalaya mountains and are therefore not considered true Himalayan rivers. Some geologists refer to all the rivers collectively as the \"circum-Himalayan rivers\"."}, {"context": " The great ranges of central Asia, including the Himalayas, contain the third-largest deposit of ice and snow in the world, after Antarctica and the Arctic. The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about of fresh water. Its glaciers include the Gangotri and Yamunotri (Uttarakhand) and Khumbu glaciers (Mount Everest region), Langtang glacier (Langtang region) and Zemu (Sikkim). Owing to the mountains' latitude near the Tropic of Cancer, the permanent snow line is among the highest in the world at typically around . In contrast, equatorial mountains in New Guinea, the Rwenzoris and Colombia have a snow line some lower. The higher regions of the Himalayas are snowbound throughout the year, in spite of their proximity to the tropics, and they form the sources of several large perennial rivers."}, {"context": " In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of global climate change. For example, glacial lakes have been forming rapidly on the surface of debris-covered glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya during the last few decades. Although the effect of this will not be known for many years, it potentially could mean disaster for the hundreds of millions of people who rely on the glaciers to feed the rivers during the dry seasons."}, {"context": " The Himalayan region is dotted with hundreds of lakes. Most of the larger lakes are on the northern side of the main range. The most famous is the sacred freshwater Lake Manasarovar, near to Mount Kailas with an area of and an altitude of . It drains into the nearby Lake Rakshastal with an area of and slightly lower at . Pangong Tso, which is spread across the border between India and China, at far western end of Tibet, and Yamdrok Tso, located in south central Tibet, are among the largest with surface areas of , and , respectively. Lake Puma Yumco is one of the highest of the larger lakes at an elevation of ."}, {"context": " South of the main range, the lakes are smaller. Tilicho Lake in Nepal in the Annapurna massif is one of the highest lakes in the world. Other notable lakes include Rara Lake in western Nepal, She-Phoksundo Lake in the Shey Phoksundo National Park of Nepal, Gurudongmar Lake, in North Sikkim, Gokyo Lakes in Solukhumbu district of Nepal and Lake Tsongmo, near the Indo-China border in Sikkim. Some of the lakes present a danger of a glacial lake outburst flood. The Tsho Rolpa glacier lake in the Rowaling Valley, in the Dolakha District of Nepal, is rated as the most dangerous. The lake, which is located at an altitude of has grown considerably over the last 50 years due to glacial melting. The mountain lakes are known to geographers as \"tarns\" if they are caused by glacial activity. Tarns are found mostly in the upper reaches of the Himalaya, above ."}, {"context": " The vast size, huge altitude range and complex topography of the Himalayas mean they experience a wide range of climates, from humid subtropical in the foothills to cold, dry desert conditions on the Tibetan side of the range. For much of Himalayas \u2013 that on the south side of the high mountains, except in the furthest west, the most characteristic feature of the climate is the monsoon. Heavy rain arrives on the south-west monsoon in June and persists until September. The monsoon can seriously impact transport and cause major landslides. It restricts tourism \u2013 the trekking and mountaineering season is limited to either before the monsoon in April/May or after the monsoon in October/November (autumn). In Nepal and Sikkim, there are often considered to be five seasons: summer, monsoon, autumn (or post-monsoon), winter and spring."}, {"context": " Using the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, the lower elevations of the Himalayas, reaching in mid elevations in central Nepal (including the Kathmandu valley), are classified as Cwa, Humid subtropical climate with dry winters. Higher up, most of the Himalayas have a subtropical highland climate (Cwb). In the furthest west of the Himalayas, in the west of the Kashmir valley and the Indus valley, the South Asian monsoon is no longer a dominant factor and most precipitation falls in the spring. Srinagar receives around around half the rainfall of locations such as Shimla and Kathmandu, with the wettest months being March and April."}, {"context": " The northern side of the Himalayas, also known as the Tibetan Himalaya, is dry, cold and generally wind swept particularly in the west where it has a cold desert climate. The vegetation is sparse and stunted and the winters are severely cold. Most of the precipitation in the region is in the form of snow during late winter and spring months. Local impacts on climate are significant throughout the Himalayas. Temperatures fall by for every rise in altitude. This gives rise to a variety of climates from nearly tropical in the foothills to tundra and permanent snow and ice. Local climate is also affected by the topography: The leeward side of the mountains receive less rain while the well exposed slopes get heavy rainfall and the rain shadow of large mountains can be significant, for example leading to near desert conditions in the Upper Mustang which is sheltered from the monsoon rains by the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri massifs and has annual precipitation of around , while Pokhara on the southern side of the massifs has substantial rainfall ( a year). Thus although annual precipitation is generally higher in east than the west, local variations are often more important."}, {"context": " The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan Plateau. They prevent frigid, dry winds from blowing south into the subcontinent, which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding temperate regions in the other continents. It also forms a barrier for the monsoon winds, keeping them from traveling northwards, and causing heavy rainfall in the Terai region. The Himalayas are also believed to play an important part in the formation of Central Asian deserts, such as the Taklamakan and Gobi."}, {"context": " The flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations. The amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the range. This diversity of altitude, rainfall and soil conditions combined with the very high snow line supports a variety of distinct plant and animal communities. The extremes of high altitude (low atmospheric pressure) combined with extreme cold favor extremophile organisms."}, {"context": " The unique floral and faunal wealth of the Himalayas is undergoing structural and compositional changes due to climate change. \"Hydrangea hirta\" is an example of floral species that can be found in this area. The increase in temperature is shifting various species to higher elevations. The oak forest is being invaded by pine forests in the Garhwal Himalayan region. There are reports of early flowering and fruiting in some tree species, especially rhododendron, apple and \"box myrtle\". The highest known tree species in the Himalayas is \"Juniperus tibetica\" located at in Southeastern Tibet."}, {"context": " The Himalayan population belongs to four distinct cultural groups, who throughout history have systematically penetrated the isolated indigenous Himalayan population. Those migrating cultures \u2013 Hindu (Indian), Buddhist (Tibetan), Islamic (Afghanistan\u2013Iran) and Animist (Burmese and south-eastern Asian) \u2013 without any doubt have created here their own individual and unique place. Their current arrangement, though with a few exceptions, is linked to specific geographical regions, and the relative altitude at which they occur."}, {"context": " There are many cultural aspects of the Himalayas. In Jainism, Mount Ashtapad in Himalayas is a sacred place where the first Jain Tirthankara, Rishabhdeva attained moksha. It is believed that after Rishabhdeva attained nirvana, his son emperor Bharata Chakravartin had constructed three stupas and twenty four shrines of the 24 Tirthankaras with their idols studded with precious stones over there and named it \"Sinhnishdha\". For the Hindus, the Himalayas are personified as Himavath, the father of the goddess Parvati. The Himalayas is also considered to be the father of the river Ganges. The Mountain Kailash is a sacred peak to the Hindus and is where the Lord Shiva is believed to live. Two of the most sacred places of pilgrimage for the Hindus is the temple complex in Pashupatinath and Muktinath, also known as Saligrama because of the presence of the sacred black rocks called saligrams."}, {"context": " The Buddhists also lay a great deal of importance on the mountains of the Himalayas. Paro Taktsang is the holy place where Buddhism started in Bhutan. The Muktinath is also a place of pilgrimage for the Tibetan Buddhists. They believe that the trees in the poplar grove came from the walking sticks of eighty-four ancient Indian Buddhist magicians or \"mahasiddhas\". They consider the saligrams to be representatives of the Tibetan serpent deity known as Gawo Jagpa. The Himalayan people\u2019s diversity shows in many different ways. It shows through their architecture, their languages and dialects, their beliefs and rituals, as well as their clothing. The shapes and materials of the people\u2019s homes reflect their practical needs and the beliefs. Another example of the diversity amongst the Himalayan peoples is that handwoven textiles display colors and patterns unique to their ethnic backgrounds. Finally, some people place a great importance on jewellery. The Rai and Limbu women wear big gold earrings and nose rings to show their wealth through their jewellery."}, {"context": " Several places in the Himalayas are of religious significance in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. A notable example of a religious site is Paro Taktsang, where Padmasambhava is said to have founded Buddhism in Bhutan. Padmasambhava is also worshipped as the patron saint of Sikkim. There are also Muslim and Hindhu Shaivite Kashmiri Pandit in the area of Kashmir. In Hinduism, the Himalayas have been personified as the king of all Mountain \u2013 \"Giriraj Himavat\", father of Ganga and Parvati (form of Adi Shakti Durga)."}, {"context": " A number of Vajrayana Buddhist sites are situated in the Himalayas, in Tibet, Bhutan and in the Indian regions of Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Spiti and Darjeeling. There were over 6,000 monasteries in Tibet, including the residence of the Dalai Lama. Bhutan, Sikkim and Ladakh are also dotted with numerous monasteries. The Tibetan Muslims have their own mosques in Lhasa and Shigatse. The Himalayas are home to a diversity of medicinal resources. Plants from the forests have been used for millennia to treat conditions ranging from simple coughs to snake bites."}, {"context": " Different parts of the plants \u2013 root, flower, stem, leaves, and bark \u2013 are used as remedies for different ailments. For example, a bark extract from an \"abies pindrow\" tree is used to treat coughs and bronchitis. Leaf and stem paste from an \"arachne cordifolia\" is used for wounds and as an antidote for snake bites. The bark of a \"callicarpa arborea\" is used for skin ailments. Nearly a fifth of the gymnosperms, angiosperms and pteridophytes in the Himalayas are found to have medicinal properties, and more are likely to be discovered."}, {"context": " Most of the population in some Asian and African countries depend on medicinal plants rather than prescriptions and such. Since so many people use medicinal plants as their only source of healing in the Himalayas, the plants are an important source of income. This contributes to economic and modern industrial development both inside and outside the region. The only problem is that locals are rapidly clearing the forests on the Himalayas for wood, often illegally. This means that the number of medicinal plants is declining and that some of them might become rarer or, in some cases, go extinct."}, {"context": " Although locals are clearing out portions of the forests in the Himalayas, there is still a large amount of greenery ranging from the tropical forests to the Alpine forests. These forests provide wood for fuel and other raw materials for use by industries. There are also many pastures for animals to graze upon. The many varieties of animals that live in these mountains do so based on the elevation. For example, elephants and rhinoceros live in the lower elevations of the Himalayas, also called the Terai region. Also, found in these mountains are the Kashmiri stag, black bears, musk deer, langur, and snow leopards. The Tibetan yak are also found on these mountains and are often used by the people for transportation. However, the populations of many of these animals and still others are declining and are on the verge of going extinct.  The Himalayas are also a source of many minerals and precious stones. Amongst the tertiary rocks, are vast potentials of mineral oil. There is coal located in Kashmir, and precious stones located in the Himalayas. There is also gold, silver, copper, zinc, and many other such minerals and metals located in at least 100 different places in these mountains."}]}, {"title": "Himalayasaurus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himalayasaurus is an extinct genus of ichthyosaur from the Late Triassic of Tibet. The type species Himalayasaurus tibetensis was described in 1972 on the basis of fragmentary remains, including teeth, limb bones, and vertebrae. The entire body length of \"Himalayasaurus\" is estimated to have been over in length. \"Himalayasaurus\" has since been considered a \"nomen dubium\" or \"dubious name\" because of the lack of features that set it apart from other ichthyosaurs, although the presence of distinct cutting edges on its teeth have more recently been proposed as a unique feature of the genus (cutting edges have also been found in the recently described ichthyosaur \"Thalattoarchon\" from the western United States). \"Himalayasaurus\" belongs to the family Shastasauridae, which includes other large-bodied Triassic ichthyosaurs like \"Shonisaurus\"."}]}, {"title": "Himalayitidae", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himalayitidae is an extinct family of ammonites in the superfamily Perisphinctoidea. The family existed from the Tithonian of the Jurassic to the Berriasian of the Cretaceous. The family is thought to derive from Perisphinctidae."}]}, {"title": "Himalchuli", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himalchuli is the second highest mountain in the Mansiri Himal, part of the Nepalese Himalayas. It lies south of Manaslu, one of the Eight-thousanders. Himalchuli has three main peaks: East (7893 m), West (7540 m) and North (7371 m). It is also often written as two words, \"Himal Chuli\". Himalchuli is the 18th highest mountain in the world (using a cutoff of 500m prominence, or re-ascent). Himalchuli is also notable for its large vertical relief over local terrain. For example, it rises 7000m over the Marsyangdi River to the southwest in about horizontal distance."}, {"context": " Exploratory visits to the peak were made in 1950 and 1954, and a first attempt in 1955 failed early on. Further reconnaissance and attempts followed in 1958 and 1959. The first ascent was made on May 24, 1960, by Hisashi Tanabe and Masahiro Harada, of Japan. The route followed the \"Sickle Ridge\" from the southwest. They first climbed to the saddle between the West and Main peaks, where they placed the last of six camps. This ascent was somewhat unusual for a sub-8000m peak in using bottled oxygen.  The Himalayan Index lists five other ascents of this peak, and 10 additional unsuccessful attempts. The ascents were by various routes on the south, southwest, and southeast sides of the mountain. The West Peak was first climbed in 1978 by two members of a Japanese expedition to the main peak of Himalchuli. They climbed from the south (the Dordi Khola) and approached the summit of the West Peak from the east. The North Peak was first climbed in 1985 by a Korean expedition, via the North Face."}]}, {"title": "Himalcoelotes", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himalcoelotes is a genus of spiders in the Agelenidae family. It was first described in 2002 by Wang. , it contains 13 Asian species, most from Nepal and China. \"Himalcoelotes\" comprises the following species:"}]}, {"title": "Himaldroma", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himaldroma is a genus of harvestmen in the family Sclerosomatidae."}]}, {"title": "Himali Siriwardena", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himali Siriwardena is an award-winning Sri Lankan film and teledrama actress and a dancer by profession. Siriwardena is a popular dancer in Sri Lanka, before she appeared in cinema and television acting. She has acted in several movies including \"Suwanda Denuna Jeewithe\", \"King Hunther\" and commercially successful \"Ranja\". She has also received critical acclaim for her acting on teledramas including \"Sandagalathenna\". Himali also runs her own dancing troupe, 'The Sensations', but it has broken due to many disputes.  She is currently appears on the team Shakyans in a reality show Hiru Mega Stars telecasted by Hiru TV."}]}, {"title": "Himalia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himalia may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Himalia (moon)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himalia is the largest irregular satellite of Jupiter. It is the sixth largest Jovian satellite overall in size, and only the four Galilean moons of Jupiter have greater mass. It was discovered by Charles Dillon Perrine at the Lick Observatory on 3 December 1904 and is named after the nymph Himalia, who bore three sons of Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter). It is one of the largest planetary moons in the Solar System not imaged in detail, and the largest not including the moons of Neptune and several trans-Neptunian objects, particularly Dysnomia, the moon of ."}, {"context": " Himalia was discovered by Charles Dillon Perrine at the Lick Observatory on 3 December 1904. Himalia is Jupiter's most easily observed small satellite; though Amalthea is brighter, its proximity to the planet's brilliant disk makes it a far more difficult object to view. Himalia is named after the nymph Himalia, who bore three sons of Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter). The moon did not receive its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as or Jupiter Satellite VI, although calls for a full name appeared shortly after its and Elara's discovery; A.C.D. Crommelin wrote in 1905:"}, {"context": " Unfortunately the numeration of Jupiter's satellites is now in precisely the same confusion as that of Saturn's system was before the numbers were abandoned and names substituted. A similar course would seem to be advisable here; the designation V for the inner satellite [Amalthea] was tolerated for a time, as it was considered to be in a class by itself; but it has now got companions, so that this subterfuge disappears. The substitution of names for numerals is certainly more poetic. The moon was sometimes called Hestia, after the Greek goddess, from 1955 to 1975."}, {"context": " At a distance of about 11.5 million km from Jupiter, Himalia takes about 251 Earth days to complete one orbit. It is the largest member of the group that bears its name, the moons orbiting between 11.4 and 13 million kilometres from Jupiter at an inclination of about 27.5\u00b0. The orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are continuously changing due to solar and planetary perturbations. Himalia's rotational period is . Himalia appears neutral in color (grey), like the other members of its group, with colour indices B\u2212V=0.62, V\u2212R=0.4, similar to a C-type asteroid. Measurements by \"Cassini\" confirm a featureless spectrum, with a slight absorption at , which could indicate the presence of water."}, {"context": " Resolved images by \"Cassini\" have led to a size estimate of 150 by 120 km, while ground-based estimates center around 170 km. A stellar occultation observed from the US state of Georgia, in May 2018 gave a size of 205.6 by 141.3 km, in agreement with the earlier ground-based estimates. In 2005, Emelyanov estimated Himalia to have a mass of (GM=0.28\u00b10.04), based on a perturbation of Elara on July 15, 1949. JPL's Solar System dynamics web site assumes that Himalia has a mass of (GM=0.45) with a radius of ."}, {"context": " Himalia's density will depend on whether it has an average radius of about (geometric mean from \"Cassini\") or a radius closer to . In November 2000, the \"Cassini\" spacecraft, en route to Saturn, made a number of images of Himalia, including photos from a distance of 4.4 million km. Himalia covers only a few pixels, but seems to be an elongated object with axes and , close to the Earth-based estimations. In February and March 2007, the \"New Horizons\" spacecraft en route to Pluto made a series of images of Himalia, culminating in photos from a distance of 8 million km. Again, Himalia appears only a few pixels across."}, {"context": " The small moon Dia, 4 kilometres in diameter, had gone missing since its discovery in 2000. One theory was that it had crashed into the much larger moon Himalia, 170 kilometres in diameter, creating a faint ring. This possible ring appears as a faint streak near Himalia in images from NASA's \"New Horizons\" mission to Pluto. This suggests that Jupiter sometimes gains and loses small moons through collisions. However, the recovery of Dia in 2010 and 2011 disproves the link between Dia and the Himalia ring, although it is still possible that a different moon may have been involved."}]}, {"title": "Himalia (mythology)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " In Greek mythology Himalia was a nymph of the eastern end of the island of Rhodes. According to Diodorus Siculus Zeus was enamoured with her and she produced three sons with him, Spartaios, Kronios, and Kytos: no further information about them survives. Jennifer Larson observes that the dictionary compiler Hesychius of Alexandria gives \u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac. denoting an abundance of wheat meal, and notes the agricultural connotations of the sons' names: \"\"\"Spartaios\" recalls sowing, and \"Kytos\" means a basket or jar.\" Kronios\" denotes a descendent of Kronos, the god of the Golden Age\", a mythic time of ease and abundance."}]}, {"title": "Himalia Ridge", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himalia Ridge is a ridge running east\u2013west on the north side of the Ganymede Heights massif, north-east of Jupiter Glacier, in the east of Alexander Island, Antarctica. It was photographed from the air by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition in 1947 and mapped from these photographs by D. Searle of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1960. The ridge was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee following British Antarctic Survey geological work, 1983\u201384, after Himalia, a satellite of the planet Jupiter, in association with Jupiter Glacier. The site lies within Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No.147."}]}, {"title": "Himalia group", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himalia group is a group of prograde irregular satellites of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Himalia and are thought to have a common origin. The known members of the group are (in order of increasing distance from Jupiter): The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names for moons of Jupiter ending in -a (Leda, Himalia and so on) for the moons in this group to indicate retrograde motions of these bodies relative to Jupiter, their gravitationally central object. The objects in the Himalia group have semi-major axes (distances from Jupiter) in the range of 11.15 and 11.75 Gm, inclinations between 26.6\u00b0 and 28.3\u00b0, and eccentricities of between 0.11 and 0.25."}, {"context": " In physical appearance, the group is very homogenous, all satellites displaying neutral colours (colour indices B\u2212V = 0.66 and V\u2212R = 0.36) similar to those of C-type asteroids. Given the limited dispersion of the orbital parameters and the spectral homogeneity, it has been suggested that the group could be a remnant of the break-up of an asteroid from the main asteroid belt. The radius of the parent asteroid was probably about 89\u00a0km, only slightly larger than that of Himalia, which retains approximately 87% of the mass of the original body. This indicates the asteroid was not heavily disturbed."}, {"context": " Numerical integrations show a high probability of collisions among the members of the prograde group during the lifespan of the solar system (\"e.g.\" on average 1.5 collisions between Himalia and Elara). In addition, the same simulations have shown fairly high probabilities of collisions between prograde and retrograde satellites (e.g. Pasiphae and Himalia have a 27% probability of collision within 4.5 gigayears). Consequently, it has been suggested that the current group could be a result of a more recent, rich collisional history among the prograde and retrograde satellites as opposed to the single break-up shortly after the planet formation that has been inferred for the Carme and Ananke groups."}]}, {"title": "Himalistra", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himalistra is a genus of moths of the Noctuidae family."}]}, {"title": "Himaliwu", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himaliwu was a Chumash village located in present-day Malibu, California. \u201cHimaliwu\u201d meaning \"Where the surf sounds loudly\". The village occupied a hill across from the lagoon in Malibu Lagoon State Beach. The Humaliwo village, was recorded on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)in 1959. Cultural remains are present at this site, consisting of numerous human burials, artifacts and other cultural materials. Sections of the site can be dated to 7,000 years old. Archeological evidence has shown that there is a correlation between mortuary practices and the social organization of Chumash people. There is evidence that shows that the Chumash people lived in large, relatively dense communities. These communities are controlled by a hierarchy of chiefs and other elite figures. They are protected by the armed men who also work to feed him. One way that chiefs have been identified is if they were in polygynous relationships with two or three women because the commoners tended to only have one spouse. This tradition stopped after the colonization of the Spanish because polygyny was deemed a sin by the Catholic church. It seems to be clear that the bodies of these chiefs are demarcated by a significant number of beads placed upon them at the funeral. It is also shown in the literature that wealthy or elite Chumash people were buried together on family plots. This showed archeologists the importance of family in their society and how it tied to class and wealth as well. The Chumash often traded natural resources such as shell beads with their neighbors, the Tongva and Acjachemen."}, {"context": " The history of Chumash people living along the Santa Barbara Channel area goes back millennia, at least eleven thousand according to archaeological data. They inhabited various spaces of the California Coast such as the mainland of the Santa Barbara Channel, the inner valleys, and even the islands between Malibu and San Luis Obispo. The abundance and variety of resources from the coastal waters, terrestrial surroundings, and domesticated plants and animals allowed them to not only remain stable, but thrive on this land. Post-colonization, the land began to suffer from droughts or resource shortages due to the conditions it fell to under European colonization. These issues were caused by overpopulation, exploitation of resources, and unstable climate conditions."}, {"context": " Human lineage on Santa Rosa island trace the northern migration of seafaring people to the Channel Islands 13,000 year ago. The Hokan-speaking people navigated between the Channel Islands and California mainland. Among the Uto-Aztecan villages in the Los Angeles area, the Chumash \"pavajmkar\" meaning \u201cin the water\u201d, had territory from San Luis Obispo south to Topanga Canyon \"Topaa\u2019nga\" in present-day Malibu \"Maliwu\" across the Santa Barbara channel to the Islands of Santa Cruz \"Limuw\" (\"Mishmash\" by the mainland language), Anacapa \"Anyapakh\", San Miguel Island \"Tuqan\", and Santa Rosa Island \"Wi'ma\". The Chumash population size was between 15,000-20,000 prior to Spanish contact. Neighboring Villages of Humaliwu include Malibu Canyon \"Ta\u2019lopop\", Point Dume \"Sumo\", Lechuza Canyon \"Loxostox\u2019ni\", Westlake Village \"Hipuk\", Conejo Grade \"Lalimanux\", and El Escopion \"Huwam\"."}, {"context": " Point Mugu \"Muwu\" meaning \"beach\" was a launching site for \"tomols\", an ethnographic estimated half day's passage to the east edge of Santa Cruz island. Himaliwu village was the landing site for the \"P\u2019imu or P\u2019imungna\" (Catalina Island) \"Ti\u2019at\" plank canoes. The Chumash tomols, are the oldest known form of ocean-going watercraft existing in North America. Formed from redwood, Chumash gathered driftwood along the coast. \"Yop\", a tar-like substance of pine pitch and asphaltum, sealed the animal sinew fastened planks to create canoes. Tomols opened access to marine and terrestrial resources, while establishing available trade routes. The plank canoes reached fully modified form by A.D 1100- 1150. Ownership and use of tomols garnered a higher social status."}, {"context": " The type of funeral that is held to mourn a deceased member of society is indicative of their wealth and social class. People often leave symbolic burial offerings at graves that display their role in society. For example, friends and family may leave a piece of a canoe at a canoe makers grave. \"Burial of a commoner:\" An average person, or commoner, might have a very simple funeral with only close friends and family. They typically did not have a lot of possessions put into their graves. Most of their possessions were burned, in order to destroy all memories of a person. The graves of commoners were also typically unmarked, as they did not have the money to afford it."}, {"context": " \"Periodic Mourning Ceremony:\" The Chumash people would hold a large ceremony once every few years to commemorate all of the commoners who had passed since the last one. Since this ceremony is designed to honor so many people, it is very elaborate, and may take up to two years to save up enough resources to have a proper ceremony. \"Burial of someone socially important:\" In contrast to the average member of society's bare funeral, someone of great social significance would have a much larger, more elaborate, and more expensive ceremony. Roles considered to be important were that of the chief, religious figures, or other wealthy members of society. There would be a public mourning ceremony, and many people would attend instead of just immediate family. A chief would likely be buried with many lengths of beads, and a fur cape to indicate his status. The more beads in a grave, the wealthier the or more important the person must have been. In contrast to the simple, unmarked grave a commoner would have, someone important would have a large pole placed upon their grave to denote significance. There is also evidence that shows Chumash people maintained family burial sites, and that the location of their grave was of great social significance."}, {"context": " \"Aqi\"- undertakers, who were either typically third gender males or post- menopausal women. They chose people who did not have the ability to reproduce, so that they would not fall into harm from pollutants used during various ceremonial processes. \"Position of body:\" Chumash bodies are typically buried with their head facing in a Southwest direction, presumably so the spirit of the individual could travel over the ocean to the land of the dead. October 1\u201313, 1542, Spanish sailor Juan Cabrillo anchored at Malibu Lagoon and claimed landfall for the King of Spain. Naming the lagoon, \u201cPueblo de las Canoas\u201d (Town of the Canoes), referring to the vast Himaliwu canoes on arrival to the coastline. Cabrillo\u2019s expedition to the edge of Mesoamerica ended with his death on Catalina Island, 1543."}, {"context": " February 22, 1776; A Spanish explorer, Juan Bautista de Anza, led an expedition that camped at Malibu Creek. Of the twenty-one Franciscan missions, the Chumash peoples played a significant part in creating the Mission San Buenaventura, Mission Santa Barbara, and Mission Santa In\u00e9s. The Spanish invaders exploited Chumash land and began to raise livestock while using Chumash resources such as shell beads for currency. Several accounts describing the Spanish and Chumash encounter explain how the Chumash welcomed the Spanish, prior to colonization, with food and entertainment such as dancing and singing."}, {"context": " All Inhabitants of Humaliwo were removed into the following missions by 1805. Following the Mexican Independence 1821, Mexican rule existed in California from 1822- 1848. Government encouraged settlement of Alta California by giving prominent men large Land Grants called \"ranchos\". In the 1800s, Jose Bartolome Tapia, a member of 1776 Spanish expedition, was awarded 13,330 acres Rancho Topanga Malibu Sequit, \u201cRancho Malibu\u201d, in honor of service to spain. Jose Tapia owned the rancho until 1848, when sold to Leon Victor Prudhomme. Prudhomme acquired the ranch during the transition period of Mexican to United States rule over California."}, {"context": " The 1848 Mexican American War Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo granted Cession of California to the United States. In the Land Claims Act of 1851, The United States chose to disregard those Articles of the Treaty that promised to honor the ownership of existing Spanish and Mexican land grants. Rancho Topanga Malibu Sequit could not document the Tapia title and the claim was rejected. In 1857, Don Mateo Keller, purchased the entire property from Prudhommes for $1,400, or about 10 cents an acre. on October 24, 1864, Keller\u2019s claim to Rancho Malibu was confirmed. By 1892, Frederick Hastings Rindge and May Knight Rindge, the fourth and last owners of the entire Rancho Malibu, purchased the 13,330-acre tract."}, {"context": " California Historical Landmark and National Register of Historic Places. The Adamson House was constructed by Rindge duagter Rhoda Rindge Adamson & her husband Merritt Adamson in 1929. Adamson House & Malibu Lagoon Museum is Located on Vaquero hill, just east of the Malibu Lagoon, served for generations as a trash dump and burial ground for the native Chumash people. Although many Chumash elders recorded much of their history and interactions with Europeans through ethnographic data, published accounts have been translated and told by non-Native scholars. Early stories often portrayed the Chumash people as primitive or even an extinct peoples whose culture was gone."}]}, {"title": "Himalmartensus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himalmartensus is a genus of spiders in the Amaurobiidae family. It was first described in 2008 by Wang & Zhu. it contains 5 species from Nepal and India."}]}, {"title": "Himalmedia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himalmedia Private Limited () is a periodical publisher in Nepal. Himalmedia publishes three premium periodicals: \"Himal Khabarpatrika\", a Nepali-language fortnightly newsmagazine, \"Nepali Times\", an English-language weekly newspaper, and \"Wave\", also an English-language magazine aimed at teenagers."}]}, {"title": "Himalopenetretus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himalopenetretus franzi is a species of beetle in the family Carabidae, the only species in the genus Himalopenetretus."}]}, {"title": "Himalopsyche", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himalopsyche is a genus of free-living caddisflies in the family Rhyacophilidae. There are at least 40 described species in \"Himalopsyche\". The type species for Himalopsyche is \"Rhyacophila tibetana\" A.V. Martynov. These 46 species belong to the genus \"Himalopsyche\":"}]}, {"title": "Himalopsyche phryganea", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himalopsyche phryganea is a species of free-living caddisfly in the family Rhyacophilidae. It is found in North America."}]}, {"title": "Himalosphodrus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himalosphodrus cnesipus is a species of beetle in the family Carabidae, the only species in the genus Himalosphodrus."}]}, {"title": "Himalotrechodes", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himalotrechodes insignis is a species of beetle in the family Carabidae, the only species in the genus Himalotrechodes."}]}, {"title": "Himalphalangium", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himalphalangium is a genus of harvestmen in the family Phalangiidae."}]}, {"title": "Himalzaleptus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himalzaleptus quinqueconicus is a species of harvestmen in a monotypic genus in the family Sclerosomatidae."}]}, {"title": "Himam", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himam is a 1983 Indian Malayalam film, directed by Joshiy. The film stars Prem Nazir, Shankar, Shanavas and Sripriya in lead roles. The film had musical score by Shyam. The movie is a remake of 1973 movie \"Yaadon Ki Baaraat\". The music was composed by Shyam and lyrics was written by Bichu Thirumala and Mankombu Gopalakrishnan."}]}, {"title": "Himamaylan", "paragraphs": [{"context": " ' (), officially the ', (; ) and often referred to as Himamaylan City, is a in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people. This component city located is south of Bacolod City, the provincial capital. Due to its coastal location, it is a rich source of different types of seafood, mainly fish, oysters, mussels and shrimps. The city celebrates the \"Himaya-an Festival\" every April 14-25. Himamaylan became a city on March 5, 2001, through a proclamation by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo under Republic Act No. 9028. It is the only city in the 5th District of Negros Occidental."}, {"context": " The term \"\"Himamaylan\"\" is a portmanteau of the two Hiligaynon words \"hima\" and \"babaylan\". It is alleged that the settlement's early Malay inhabitants suffered from a foot malady called \"hima\", and their employment of witch doctors called \"babaylan\" caused the Spanish occupiers to call them \"Himamaylan\". Himamaylan is located at the center-most cove on the coastline of Negros Island. Himamaylan has a natural harbor characterized by deep waters favorable to access by marine vessels. Located in the center of the island, the city is conducive to operations reaching all parts of the country and the rest of Southeast Asia from a strategic point. Most portions of the city are plains and generally have fertile soil, conducive for agriculture. The city's rivers are or deeper, providing drainage for farmland."}, {"context": " Himamaylan City is politically subdivided into 19 barangays. In 1795, Himamaylan became the capital of Negros. At that time, the city served as a garrison for occupying Spanish forces. Today, the old Spanish-built fort constructed as a lookout point for frequent Muslim raids is one of the historical attractions found in the city. In the middle part of 1565, the Spaniards came and subjugated Himamaylan. They introduced Encomienda System by which a piece of land including its products and other resources, and its inhabitants were granted to members of the conquering force as their puppets. The first Spanish priest, constructed a makeshift church and gathered the native which they later called \u201cHimaya\u201d, a thanksgiving for driving the \u201cHima\u201d away. Himaya was also a place for spiritual paradise to the Babaylan. They later called \u201cHimaya\u201d as Himamaya-an or Himamaylan, but because of the tongue twisting sound of its syllables which the priest find difficulty in pronouncing, they changed the word to Himamaylan to suit their diction. The name Himamaylan was adopted officially when the place was founded into a township or pueblo. Thus, the town got its name both from historical and dialectical origin."}, {"context": " Himamaylan was founded in the 18th century. Although there was no definite record found, it became the second capital of Negros Island from 1795-1849; first being Municipality of Ilog. The town\u2019s historical landmark, the Spanish Kota (Fortress) was the seat of the Old Spanish Government. It was also the place where many natives were cured of their sickness and consequently converted to Christianity. Himamaylan\u2019s historical records showed that in 1565 when the Spaniards came, there spur a quantum jump in the people\u2019s religious life. From a pagan life, fresh arterial blood pumped into the multiplying discipline. In a span of only a few years after Spanish Colonization, embracing the Catholic Faith, the dame dramatic transformation continued to happen that even intellectuals of today is mystified in their own findings and misbelief that they were naturally drawn to the faith."}, {"context": " On November 4, 1898, the revolutionary forces in Himamaylan received orders from Gen. Juan Araneta to dislodge the Spanish Soldiers stationed in the town on November 5, and the rest of the towns in Negros. Due to lack of weapons they were not able to carry out the order and it was only on 8 November 1898 when the Deputy Commander for Southern Negros in the person of Gen. Rafael Ramos showed the Spanish Corporal a copy of the Act of Capitulation, that the Spanish Soldiers surrendered, thus, making Himamaylan as the last town to have been liberated from the Spanish Government."}, {"context": " When the Americans came on December 28, 1898, they easily capitulated the island of Negros from the Spanish Colonizers, thereby establishing the American Rule in the whole island. In the year 1942, after the fall of Bataan and Corregidor to the Japanese forces, three days after Negros Occidental also fall, thus, the Japanese Military Government was established in the whole province. The guerrilla resistance fighters and local soldiers of the Philippine Commonwealth Army military units was encounter siege around the municipality of Himamaylan was attacking Japanese soldiers from 1942 to 1945 until the retreating guerrillas by the Japanese. On 1945, Filipino and American soldiers aiding recognized guerrillas liberated the municipality of Himamaylan and defeating Japanese forces and ended in World War II."}, {"context": " In year 1998 brought good luck and hope to all Himamaylanon as he successfully steer the Municipality into becoming a first City in the 5th district with the approval (98%)of the people in a plebiscite held 31 March 2001. On the 5 March 2001 at 10:00 A.M., the Republic Act No. 9028, \u201cAn Act Converting the Municipality of Himamaylan, Province of Negros Occidental into a component City of Himamaylan\u201d, was signed in a ceremony at the Heroes Hall of Malaca\u00f1ang Palace. The people in the city speak the Hiligaynon language (often called Ilonggo). Filipino and English are generally understood.  The city's main sources of livelihood include fishery, sugarcane farming and sugar production, rice farming, mango cultivation and ethanol exports."}]}, {"title": "Himamylan Island", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himamylan (historically Himamylan Islet) is an uninhabited island in northeastern Iloilo, Philippines. It is one of fourteen islands politically administered by the municipality of Carles. Himamylan is a small island northeast of the Panay Island coast in the Visayan Sea. It is from Manlot Island and east of Binuluangan Island. Himamylan sits in the Nilidlaran Pass, which is the body of water between Binuluangan and nearby Calagnaan Island."}]}, {"title": "Himan", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himan is the name of several towns:"}]}, {"title": "Himan Brown", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himan Brown (July 21, 1910 \u2013 June 4, 2010), also known as Hi Brown, was an American producer of radio programs. Producing for the major radio networks and also for syndication, Brown worked with such actors as Helen Hayes, Boris Karloff, Peter Lorre, Gregory Peck, Frank Sinatra and Orson Welles while creating thousands of radio programs. He produced more than 30,000 radio shows over seven decades. The son of a tailor from a shtetl near the Ukrainian seaport of Odessa, Brown first learned about radio from a shop teacher at Brooklyn's Boys High School. At the age of 18, he began broadcasting on New York's WEAF, reading newspapers with a Yiddish dialect. One of his listeners was Gertrude Berg who wanted him to play Jake, her husband on \"The Goldbergs\", which he did for six months. He continued as a radio actor but soon began to pitch shows directly to advertising agencies."}, {"context": " While at Brooklyn College, he recruited fellow student Irwin Shaw to write scripts, giving the author his first paid writing job. Shaw later based a character on Brown in his 1951 novel about the radio industry, \"The Troubled Air\". He earned a law degree from Brooklyn Law School, where he was valedictorian, in 1931, the same year in which he earned a bachelor of arts degree from Brooklyn College. During a span of 65 years Brown produced more than 30,000 radio programs, including \"The Adventures of the Thin Man\", \"The Affairs of Peter Salem\", \"Bulldog Drummond\", \"CBS Radio Mystery Theater\", \"City Desk\", \"Dick Tracy\", \"Flash Gordon\", \"The General Mills Radio Adventure Theater\", \"Grand Central Station\", \"Green Valley, USA\", \"The Gumps\", \"Inner Sanctum Mysteries\", \"Joyce Jordan, M.D.\", \"Marie, the Little French Princess\", \"The NBC Radio Theater\", \"The Private Files of Rex Saunders\", \"Terry and the Pirates\" and numerous daytime soap operas. During World War II he worked with the Writers' War Board and producing patriotic serials to aid the war effort."}, {"context": " In 1951\u201355 he directed the NBC detective drama, \"Barrie Craig, Confidential Investigator\", and he directed many episodes of shows he produced. In the 1950s, he bought Adolph Zukor's Famous Players Studios at 221 West 26th Street (now Chelsea Studios) to produce his shows. When television arrived, Brown produced 26 episodes of the syndicated \"Inner Sanctum\" TV series, plus a daytime show, \"Morning Matinee\". Realizing that \"all these guys making TV, they have to have a set,\" he profited by acquiring the studios in Chelsea; they were used for 35 years by New York TV production firms."}, {"context": " Through his non-profit educational foundation, Brown produced \"They Were Giants\", radio programs dramatizing the lives of such literary figures as Walt Whitman and H. G. Wells, and \"We, The Living\", fact-based dramas about the lives of senior citizens. Brown taught audio drama at Brooklyn College and the School of Visual Arts. Brown died peacefully on June 4, 2010, in New York. Brown was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame in 1990. He received the American Broadcast Pioneer and the Peabody Award.  Brown had two children, Barry Kenneth Brown and Hilda Joan Brown, two grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren. He lived at the same ten-room apartment on Central Park West from 1938 until his death in 2010."}]}, {"title": "Himan and Heeb", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himan and Heeb (; sometimes spelled Ximan and Xeeb) was an autonomous region in the Federal Republic of Somalia. Formed in 2008, its capital was the central town of Adado (Cadaado). In 2015 Himan and Heeb merged with Galmudug to form a much larger Galmudug which consists of Mudug and Galguduud regions. Formed in 2008 by Somali diaspora. Mohamed Aden Tiiceey was the first elected president in Himan & Heeb. In June 2013, Abdullahi Ali Mohammed ('Barleh') was elected President of the Himan and Heeb administration."}, {"context": " In January 2014, Barleh announced that his administration had temporarily severed ties with the federal government on the grounds that the central authorities had not done enough to serve the interests of the region's residents. However, he indicated that his administration was prepared to engage in discussions with the federal government in the name of national unity provided that the central authorities addressed the requirements of his constituents. On 29 January 2014, delegations from Himan and Heeb and the Galmudug administration met in Galkayo for the first phase of a series of discussions regarding the possible unification of the two territories. The potential merger would consist of all of the administrations in central Somalia, including the part of Galguduud administered by the moderate Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a Sufi group. The initiative is intended to meet the national constitution's stipulation that \"two or more regions can join to form a federal state,\" and thereby qualify the unified territory for full Federal Member State status under the Federal Government."}, {"context": " On 30 July 2014, the Federal Government of Somalia officially endorsed a new Central Regions State, following a signed agreement in Mogadishu between representatives from Galmudug, Himan and Heeb, and Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a. The formalization ceremony for the new federal state was held at the Villa Somalia presidential compound and was presided over by President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud and Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed, with UN, EU, AU, IGAD and AMISOM envoys also in attendance. According to the Prime Minister's office, the Federal Government appointed a ministerial committee to guide the formation of the new state. It also organized a number of consultative meetings with the regional representatives, with each party eventually agreeing to establish a new administration in the Mudug and Galguduud regions. Additionally, the Central Regions State will be subject to the Provisional Federal Constitution."}, {"context": " On 31 July 2014, the autonomous Puntland regional administration in northeastern Somalia issued a statement rejecting the Central Regions State agreement on the grounds that it contravened certain clauses and articles in the Provisional Federal Constitution and breached Puntland's jurisdiction over the northern part of the Mudug province. The Puntland Council of Ministers led by Puntland President Abdiweli Mohamed Ali further expressed dismay over sponsorship of and attendance during the agreement by representatives of the central government and the international community, respectively. It also suspended relations with the Mogadishu authorities, and recalled Puntland's representatives serving in the Federal Parliament, Federal Cabinet and Federal Constitutional Review Committee to the Puntland state capital of Garowe for consultations."}, {"context": " On 9 August 2014, the UN, EU and IGAD envoys for Somalia issued a joint statement assuring the Puntland administration that the new central state of Somalia would not include any territory under Puntland jurisdiction. According to the officials, federal government representatives and signatories had indicated prior to the signing of the central state agreement that the pact would only apply to Galguduud and Galmudug, while North Mudug would remain an integral part of Puntland state. On 24 August 2014, Federal Parliament Speaker Mohamed Osman Jawari announced that Federal MPs hailing from Puntland had begun brokering negotiations between the federal government and the Puntland regional administration."}, {"context": " On 14 October 2014, a three-day conference in Garowe concluded with a 12-point agreement between the Federal Government and Puntland authorities, which stipulates that the earlier Central Regions State pact between the Galmudug and Himan and Heeb regional administrations only applies to the Galguduud and south Mudug provinces. On 25 December 2014, ahead of a state formation conference in Adado, the Federal Government appointed six committees to oversee the establishment of the prospective Central Somalia regional state. The steering bodies include a technical committee facilitating the creation of Central State, which is chaired by Halimo Ismail Ibrahim; a constitution committee, which is chaired by Abdinoor Moalim Mohamud; a reconciliation committee tasked with solving of differences and selection of delegates, which is chaired by Sheikh Omar Mohamud Mahad; a security, protocol and supervision committee, which is chaired by Uke Haji Abdirahman; a mobilization committee, which is chaired by Abdullahi Abdi Abdille; and a committee of accommodation of delegates and guests of honour, which is chaired by Dahir Hassan Guutaale."}, {"context": " On 21 January 2015, members of the technical committee for the establishment of a new Central State of Somalia arrived in Adado to facilitate the launching of an inauguration ceremony for the prospective regional state. The delegates were accompanied by elders and intellectuals, and subsequently held talks with Himan and Heeb administration officials and other local representatives. In late March 2015, President Mohamud and Dhusamareb traditional elders began talks over a possible relocation of the Adado conference to Dhusamareb. Mohamud preferred holding the summit in Adado, whereas the traditional elders favored Dhusamareb for security-related reasons and because the town had already recently hosted smaller reconciliation meetings."}, {"context": " In April 2015, during consultative talks with local politicians and traditional elders, President Mohamud officially announced that Dhusamareb was slated to be the administrative capital of the Central State. On 16 April, President Mohamud officially launched the Central State formation conference in Adado. The summit was attended by Federal Cabinet ministers and MPs, state formation technical committee Chairperson Halima Ismael, UN Special Envoy to Somalia Ambassador Nicholas Kay, IGAD Special Ambassador Mohamed Abdi Afey, Ambassador of Turkey Olgen Bakar and Uganda Special Envoy Nathan Mugisha. According to Mohamud, traditional leaders are now tasked with selecting 510 delegates, who will then elect a new regional president within two weeks."}]}, {"title": "Himanandakati", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanandakati is a village in Pirojpur District in the Barisal Division of southwestern Bangladesh."}]}, {"title": "Himandhoo (Alif Alif Atoll)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himandhoo (Dhivehi: \u0780\u07a8\u0789\u07ac\u0782\u07b0\u078b\u07ab) is one of the inhabited islands of Alif Alif Atoll. The island is west of the country's capital, Mal\u00e9. The exclusivity of area around this unique Maldivian island has been discovered by many international travellers since a long time. Well known dive spots and white sand beaches around area are so famous that it gained attraction for thousands of travellers every year. The island is gifted with its very own unbeatable house reef for snorkelers, beautiful beaches, infinite lagoon for kite and wind surfers. Around 850 islanders who live on the Island are famous for their kind and always-friendly attitude which is now transforming their lives in to hospitality."}]}, {"title": "Himanen", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanen is a Finnish surname. As of 2014, 91.8% of all known bearers of the surname \"Himanen\" were residents of Finland (frequency 1:4,646), 3.6% of Estonia (1:28,732), 2.2% of Sweden (1:351,670) and 1.6% of Canada (1:1,839,900). In Finland, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:4,646) in the following regions: The surname may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Himangini Singh Yadu", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himangini Singh Yadu (born 5 October 1988) is an Indian beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Asia Pacific World 2012, on 16 June 2012 in Seoul, South Korea. Himangini was born in Kanpur, U.P in a Yadav family of Indore, Madhya Pradesh. She got married to her German boyfriend Marcel Rimmele in January 2018 and now lives in Erkrath, Germany. She completed her education from Shri Gujarati Samaj, Ajmera Mukesh Nemichandbhai English medium school, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. She was formerly a contestant and a Top 10 finalist in the first edition of I Am She held in 2010, India's national pageant for sending its winners to Miss Universe pageant.  She was appointed as India's representative to Miss Asia Pacific World 2012. On 16 June, she was crowned as Miss Asia Pacific World 2012 by Diana Starkova of Ukraine, beating the other 19 semi-finalists come from five continents."}]}, {"title": "Himangshu Dutta", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himangshu Dutta (; 1908 \u2013 15 November 1944) was a Bengali music director of Rabindra Sangeet. Amongst several contemporary legendary composers of his time as Rabindranath Tagore, Kazi Nazrul Islam, and Atulprasad Sen, Dutta is renowned for his unique and melodious composition of music. Songs composed by him is usually known as \"Himangshu Dutta-er Gaan\" (songs of Himangshu Dutta). The Saraswat Samaj of Dhaka awarded him the title 'Surasagar' (Sea of Music) for his contribution to Bengali music. He himself was an accomplished singer as well."}, {"context": " Himangshu Dutta was born in Comilla (now in Bangladesh) in 1908, to Jogendrachandra Dutta and Nirada Devi. He was the fifth child of the couple. After receiving primary and secondary education at Comilla and passing the entrance examination from Comilla Zilla School in 1924, he came to Kolkata and joined Presidency College to get the ISC degree. He received his bachelor degree from Vidyasagar College under Calcutta University. Jogendrachandra was very fond of music and many eminent musicians of Comilla used to visit his house in a regular manner. This not only helped child Himangshu to listen quality classical music at his very young age but also to get closer to various forms of music like Dhrupad, Khayal, Ghazal, Lokogiti, and other various local music forms of Comilla."}, {"context": " Himangshu Dutta's mother was also a noted singer of that time and she used to sing Rabindrasangeet to her sons and daughters. Himangshu Dutta received the first lessons of music from his mother. Himangshu Dutta learned Dhrupad from Acharya Shyamacharan Dutta and Bhajan from Ustad Khasru Miya, and Pandit Khitimohan Sensashtri. He also received training on classical music from his elder brother Shachindra Dutta. Before reaching his teenage, Himangshu Dutta started singing Bramhosangeet and Bhajan in different local functions at Comilla."}, {"context": " In the year 1922 Himangshu Dutta composed music for a song whose lyric was written by his classmate Subodh Purkayastha. Himangshu sang the song in a function of his school. The duo, Himangshu and Subodh, later gave the Bengali audience a vast number of super-hit songs. In 1923 Rabindranath Tagore visited Comilla and the young boy sang Rabindrasangeet in a public function in front of Rabindranath Tagore. Rabindranath appreciated it very much. Beside having a deep interest in music composition, Himangshu Dutta was an avid notation writer from the very young age. He wrote notations for various musicians including Atulprasad Sen and Rabindranath Tagore. Maestros like Pankaj Kumar Mullick also mentioned this in his writing."}, {"context": " In 1928, Himangshu met singer Dr. Sudhamadhab Dutta. Next year, Dr. Dutta sang two songs composed by Himangshu at All India Radio, Kolkata. This is possibly the first occurrence at which Bengali audience got the taste of Himangshu Dutta over radio. From this point onwards, Sudhanmadhab continued singing \"Himangshu Dutta-er Gaan\", broadcast by All India Radio every Sunday. In the year 1931 Gramophone Company of India released the first record based on the composition of Himangshu Dutta. The artist was Haripada Roy. In the same year, the company also published another record from its HMV division where Sati Devi was the singer, and Himangshu emerged as a star in the history of so-called modern Bengali songs."}, {"context": " Himangshu started using both Indian classical music and western harmony to bring a complete new type of music in the history of Bengali music composition. Beside composing music for basic Bengali, Ghazal, and Ragapradhan, he also composed music for a number of Bengali as well as Hindi film songs. In the year 1934, he entered the world of film industry through the film called \"Taruni\". In the next ten years he worked as composers in many Bengali as well as Hindi films. Himangshu Dutta composed music for various lyricists like Subodh Purokayastha, Ajay Bhattacharyya, Sailen Roy, Sunirmal Basu, Mamata Mitra, Premendra Mitra, Binay Mukhopadhyay, Pranab Roy and many others. He also composed music for Kaji Nazrul Islam. Almost all renowned singers of that time - Haripada Roy, Umapada Bhattacharyya, Sati Devi, Kanak Das, Saila Devi, Sabitri Ghosh, Kanak Das, Tarapada Chakraborty, Suprava Sarkar, Supriti Ghosh, Jaganmay Mitra, at some point of their musical career, recorded \"Himangshu Dutta-er Gaan\". Himangshu's fame as a composer went beyond his generation, which is reflected by the fact that artists like Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Sachin Dev Burman, Sandhya Mukhopadhyay, Pratima Bandyopadhyay, Shyamal Mitra, Manabendra Mukhopadhyay, Aarti Mukherji, Kabir Suman also recorded his songs.  His compositions for songs like \"Aloko Andhar Jetha Kore Khela\", \"Alo Chaya Dola\", Champa Chameli Beli\", \"Chand Kohe Chameli Go\", \"Chameli Melo Ankhi\", \"Tumi Je Andhar\", \"Tomari Potho Pane Chahi\", \"Nishithe Chole Himelo Bai\", \"Boroshar Megh Name\", \"Bidayer Sesh Bani\", \"Birohini Chiro Birohini\", \"Jodi Dokhina Pobono Ashiya\", \"Rater Deule Jage\", and many others will remain as favourites to the audience of Bengali songs forever. Himangshu Dutta died on 15 November 1944 at the age of 36."}]}, {"title": "Himangshu Mohan Choudhury", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himangshu Mohan Choudhury is an Indian civil servant who is credited with efforts in providing relief to the refugees and army deserters during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. While working as the Sub-Divisional Officer at Sonamura in the Indian border state of Tripura, Choudhury is reported to have supervised the task of providing food and shelter to over two hundred and fifty thousand refugees. He was honoured by the Government of India in 1972 with Padma Shri, the fourth-highest Indian civilian award. The Government of Bangladesh presented him with the \"Outstanding friend of Bangladesh\" honour in 2013."}]}, {"title": "Himani Bannerji", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himani Bannerji (born 1942) is a Bengali\u2013Canadian writer, sociologist, and philosopher from Kolkata, West Bengal, India. She teaches in the Department of Sociology, the Graduate Programme in Social and Political Thought, and the Graduate Programme in Women's Studies at York University, Canada. She is also known for her activist work and poetry. She received her B.A. and M.A. in English from Visva-Bharati University and Jadavpur University respectively, and her M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Toronto.  Bannerji works in the areas of Marxist, feminist and anti-racist theory. She is especially focused on reading colonial discourse through Karl Marx's concept of ideology, and putting together a reflexive analysis of gender, race and class. Bannerji also does much lecturing about the Gaze and othering and silencing of women who are marginalized."}]}, {"title": "Himani Chamunda", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himani Chamunda is a Hindu temple dedicated to Chamunda, situated in the Kangra Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India, in the Himalayas. The temple stands close to the ruins of the palace of Raja Chandar Bhan Chand Katoch (d. 1660), and is of least the same age, if not far older. Until 1992 the temple was also derelict but has been restored, in very large measure as a result of the dedication and hard work of one man, Mr. P. D. Saini, a retired Class 1 officer, who worked on its restoration for 20 years after his retirement, with the assistance of a group of devotees. He continues (as of 2013) to devote himself to the improvement of the temple even after its administration was taken on by the government."}, {"context": " The temple environs are of outstanding natural beauty and for that reason a destination for trekkers. Aadi Himani Chamunda Temple (3185 meters) is located on a hilltop North East to the existing Chamunda Devi Temple in Kangra District of Himachal Pradesh. One can reach there after hiking about 13 Kilometers from Dharamshala Palampur state Highway (Jadrangal Village) and 8.5 Kilometers from the last motor able road at Kardiana. The trek to Aadi Himani Chamunda Devi requires about 6-7 hours and moderate expertise is required. Devotees visit the sacred shrine throughout the year except winters. As per locals goddess Chamunda killed two demons Chand and Mund from the top of the mountain by throwing huge boulders on them, one can still find one of the boulder above the Shiva Temple located near existing Chamunda Devi Temple on Dharamshala Palampur state highway. The recent temple build in past decade was destroyed by the fierce fire in 2014 and now its been again under reconstruction by the help of devotees and Temple Trust. The water is available till the half way and after that pilgrims need to carry their own. One can also find tea shops cum resting location multiple times till the hilltop temple."}, {"context": " Chamunda (Sanskrit: \u091a\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0923\u094d\u0921\u093e, C\u0101mu\u1e47\u1e0d\u0101), also known as Chamundi, Chamundeshwari and Charchika, is a fearsome aspect of Devi, the Hindu Divine Mother and one of the seven Matrikas (mother goddesses). She is also one of the chief Yoginis, a group of sixty-four or eighty-one Tantric goddesses, who are attendants of the warrior goddess Durga. The name is a combination of Chanda and Munda, two monsters whom Chamunda killed. She is closely associated with Kali, another fierce aspect of Devi. She is sometimes identified with goddesses Parvati, Chandi or Durga as well. The goddess is often portrayed as haunting cremation grounds or fig trees. The goddess is worshipped by ritual animal sacrifices along with offerings of wine and in the ancient times, human sacrifices were offered too. Originally a tribal goddess, Chamunda was assimilated in Hinduism and later entered the Jain pantheon too, although in Jainism, the rites of her worship include vegetarian offerings, and not the meat and liquor offerings."}, {"context": " Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar says that Chamunda was originally an indigenous goddess worshipped by the Munda peoples of the Vindhya range of central India. These tribes were known to offer goddesses animal as well as human sacrifices along with ritual offerings of liquor. These methods of worship were retained in Tantric worship of Chamunda, after assimilation in Hinduism. He proposes that the fierce nature of this goddess is due of her association with Vedic Rudra (identified as Shiva in modern Hinduism), identified with fire god Agni at times. Wangu also backs the theory of the tribal origins of the goddess.  Himani Chamunda temple is accessible via a moderately difficult trek from Jia village. The trek from Jia village is 7.4 kilometers one way. While the ascent takes 3-4 hours to complete; the descent can be completed in 2-3 hours. The route is dotted with shops, solar lights and shelters. There is no perennial water point available on this trek route or at the temple, so it is advisable to carry your own water."}]}, {"title": "Himani Chawla", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hemani Chawla is an Indian television actress, who made her television debut with Zindagi Badal Sakta Hai Hadsaa in 2008. Moreover, she has also worked in Gunwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, Mata Ki Chowki and Hi! Padosi... Kaun Hai Doshi?. She has also appeared in an episodic of and Aahat (season 6)."}]}, {"title": "Himani Dalmia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himani Dalmia is an Indian writer and entrepreneur. Her first novel \"Life is Perfect\" was published by Rupa & Co. in January 2009. The book made bestseller lists in India. Dalmia lives in Delhi with her large joint family, who were former migrants. Dalmia is considered a scion of her \"well-known\" family. Dalmia's father is VN Dalmia and her mother Nilanjana Dalmia. She is the grand daughter of pioneering industrialist Ramkrishna Dalmia. Dalmia worked as an editor for some time before writing her first novel. \"Life is Perfect\" was launched in Delhi, with Dalmia giving a panel discussion about the book. The story is about how complex relationships are, touching on ideas about monogamy and polyamory. The story also focuses on modern life in Delhi, with a young woman as the protagonist.  Dalmia has stated that she often likes to work on several manuscripts at a time."}]}, {"title": "Himani Kapoor", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himani Kapoor (Marathi: \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u092a\u0942\u0930) is an Indian singer and finalist of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005. She also hosted a show with Karan Oberoi on Zee TV called \"Antakshari\". She also competed in Star Plus's Jo Jeeta Wohi Superstar. She also competed in a show called Music Ka Maha Muqqabla on Star plus as \"Mika ki Sherni\". She completed her world tour with Himesh Reshammiya in 2007 and has performed in 20 different countries. She has sung in Dil Diya Hai, Aap Ki Khatir, Chingari, Bachna Ae Haseeno, Fool n Final, Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye! and Band Baaja Baaraat.  Himani received an award from the government of Haryana by chief minister Bhupinder Singh Hooda on women's day in year 2008. She released a song dedicated to Indira Gandhi on the occasion of women's day in 2010."}]}, {"title": "Himani Savarkar", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himani Savarkar (1947-2015) was a leader of the Hindu Mahasabha party and the President of Abhinav Bharat. She was the daughter of Gopal Godse, hence a niece of the Gandhi's assassin Nathuram Godse, and a daughter-in-law of Narayan Savarkar, the younger brother of the Hindu nationalist pioneer V. D. Savarkar. Himani Savarkar, born Asilata Godse in 1947, was 10 months old when Gandhi was assassinated and her father Gopal Godse went to prison for having participated in the conspiracy for assassination. She was 18 when her father was released."}, {"context": " Himani was married to V. D. Savarkar's nephew, and has had association with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). She worked as an architect till 2000, and then joined politics in the Hindu Mahasabha, the political party headed by V. D. Savarkar for 8 years in pre-independence years. She died in Pune in 2015; she was suffering from brain tumour. In 2004, Himani Savarkar contested for the Lok Sabha from Kashba Peth in Pune district, but she was unsuccessful. In 2008, she was elected as the President of the Hindu Mahasabha, and contested for Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections in 2009, again unsuccessfully.  At the instance of Sameer Kulkarni, she agreed to become the President of the extremist organisation Abhinav Bharat in April 2008 that has been implicated in several acts of terrorist bombings. In an interview with the Outlook magazine, she has stated that it was appropriate to respond to Islamic terrorism \"blast for blast.\""}]}, {"title": "Himani Shah", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himani Shah, Former Crown Princess of Nepal (born October 1, 1976) is the wife of the former heir apparent to the throne of Nepal, Crown Prince Paras. \"Rajkumari\" Himani Singh of Sikar was born in Rajasthan. She is the middle daughter of Raja Bikram Singh of Sikar and Rani Bipula Singh (\"n\u00e9e\" Kumari Bipula Singh of Bajhang) and she is from the royal family of Sikar state in Rajasthan. She is a Surya Vanshi - Shekhawat Rajput. She completed her intermediate education in commerce, from Galaxy Public School, in Kathmandu."}, {"context": " Her sisters are \"Rajkumari\" Reshma Singh and \"Rajkumari\" Aparna Singh, a doctor. Himani married Paras, ousted Crown Prince of Nepal on 25 January 2000. Her husband was appointed Crown Prince of Nepal on October 26, 2001, meaning she became the Crown Princess amidst various royal protocols. They have three children. Himani is the chairman of Himani Trust, which takes part in different social welfare activities. It works with local communities and organizations to build schools, infrastructure, providing clean drinking water and irrigation facilities. The trust also works to provide relief to disaster victims."}]}, {"title": "Himani Shivpuri", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himani Bhatt Shivpuri (; born 24 October 1960 in Dehradun) is an Indian actress known for her supporting roles in Bollywood films and Hindi soap operas. Himani was born into a middle class Garhwali family in Dehradun, Uttrakhand. Her father Haridutt Bhatt was a Hindi teacher at The Doon School. While at school in Dehradun, she was actively involved in dramatics. She began a parallel career in theatre while studying for a postgraduate degree in Organic Chemistry.She worked in Phir wohi talash as supported actress."}, {"context": " She married the Kashmiri Pandit actor Gyan Shivpuri, who died in 1995. She has a son, Katyayan. After graduating from the National School of Drama in 1984, Shivpuri worked briefly with the NSD Repertory Company and then moved to Mumbai. Shivpuri made her film debut in 1984 with \"Ab Ayega Mazaa\", followed by \"In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones\" a TV film, in (1989), also starring Shahrukh Khan. She acted in many art films thereafter like Shyam Benegal's \"Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda\" (1993) and \"Mammo (1994)\", though her big commercial break came with Sooraj R. Barjatya's \"Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!\" (1994)."}, {"context": " She made her television debut with the serial \"Humrahi\" (DD National), directed by Kunwar Sinha, which gave her considerable popularity as her role of Devki Bhojai was widely appreciated. Earlier, she had made brief appearances in Lekh Tandon's TV show \"Phir Wahi Talash\" and Shyam Benegal's \"Yatra\". After Humrahi, she became a regular feature on Indian television, starring in serials like \"Hasratein\" on Zee TV in 1995 as an unsatisfied wife forced to marry a man double her age and looking out for extramarital affairs to satiate her needs, \"Kasautii Zindagi Kay\", \"Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi\" as Raksha, \"Chandni\", \"Dollar Bahu\" (Zee TV), \"Josh\" (Star Plus), \"Ek Ladki Anjaani Si\" and most recently in \"Ghar Ek Sapna\" (Sahara One), and \"India Calling\" (Star One). She has starred \"Baat Hamarri Pakki hai\" on Sony Entertainment Television Asia."}, {"context": " Though she works mainly in character actor, she has done some memorable roles in films like \"Koyla\" (1997), \"Pardes\" (1997), \"Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge\" (1995), \"Anjaam\" (1994), \"Kuch Kuch Hota Hai\" (1998) and \"Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...\" (2001). Over the years she has worked for many film production houses including Yash Raj Films (owned by director Yash Chopra), Rajshri Productions and Dharma Productions (owned by Yash Johar). She was seen in J.P. Dutta's film \"Umrao Jaan\". Himani Shivpuri now plays Kul in Zee's \"Hamari Betiyoon Ka Vivaah\"."}, {"context": " Shivpuri is awarded with 19th JAI National Award by Journalist Association of India under the flagship of Journalists Federation of India, in the presence of Oscar Fernandes (former cabinet minister), Kapil Sibal (cabinet minister), and H.K. Sethi, secretary general of Journalists Federation of India. She briefly appeared in a short documentary film \"The Facebook Generation\". produced by Blue Strike Productions and Dev Samaj Modern School and Directed by Sahil Bhardwaj. The film competed in the Reel to Real film making competition at Harmony 2012 organised by The Global Education and Leadership Foundation and was among the top 10 finalists."}, {"context": " Journalist Association of India www.jaoi.org (H K Sethi Secretary General) Journalists Federation of India www.jfoi.org Brand ambassador for MANCOLD GROUP 1. 19th JAI National Award 2011 under the flagship of Journalist Federation of India www.jfoi.org 2. 'Uttrakhand Gaurav Samman' 3. Sangeet Natak Akademi award, 2014\u201315 4. Lifetime Achievement Award, 'Cine and Television Artists Association' 5. National Award, 'All India Journalist Association for Films and TV' 6. 'Shri Kant Varma' award, Theatre Acting"}, {"context": " 7. 'Indian Icon Award' from TIMES 8. 'Ashirwad', 'Colors' and 'PETAL' awards for television Contribution to the field- Having done over 200 films in Indian cinema, over 50 television serials and staged countless plays, Himani Shivpuri continues to be one of the only few actors who is equally active in theater, television and in films. She is part of the visiting faculty of the Mumbai University and the selection and planning committee of the National School of Drama and its theater company \u2018Repertory\u2019."}, {"context": " She has represented India in theater in the 'Festival of India' in England Germany and Poland. She has performed plays abroad in countries like Dubai, Kuwait, UK, among st others. She has also participated in worlds\u2019 women playwright conference Contribution to society- Himani shivpuri regularly conducts workshops and teaches young boy and girls the art of acting. In her lifetime, she has taught thousands, a lot of who are successfully pursuing their dreams. She is part of the \u2018Aasha\u2019 foundation where she regularly teaches underprivileged children.  She regularly aids charitable organizations like SAVE and CRY and is actively involved in planting trees to make a better environment and in the prevention of cruelty towards animals."}]}, {"title": "Himanish Goswami", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanish Goswami (1926 \u2013 14 March 2012) was an Indian writer and cartoonist. Goswami was born in Ratandia, Faridpur, in Bengal (then part of British India, now Bangladesh), in 1926. His father, Parimal Goswami, was a popular Bengali writer, newspaper editor and photographer. Goswami's maternal grandfather was the Bengali poet Jatindra Nath Bagchi and his uncle, Jnanendra Nath Bagchi, wrote for several Bengali magazines. Thus, Goswami grew up in a literary atmosphere. His family settled in Kolkata in 1937 and he graduated from University of Calcutta in 1948.  Goswami worked in various organizations before taking a job with the Anandabazar Patrika newspaper. He was a journalist from 1972-1986. His use of humor is evident in such works as \"Kittu Lahiri & Bagha Kaka\", \"Goenda De & Goenda Daa\", \"Jeebram\", \"Tetul Mama\", and \"Maharaja Singh\". Goswami died on 14 March 2012 in a hospice in Kolkata after a long battle with prostate cancer."}]}, {"title": "Himank", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himank, also styled Project HIMANK, is a project of the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) in the Ladakh region of northernmost India that started in August 1985. Himank is responsible for the construction and maintenance of roads and related infrastructure including the world's highest motorable roads across the Khardung La, Tanglang La and Chang La passes. Himank's work ensures access to sensitive military areas including the world's highest battle-ground at the Siachen Glacier and Pangong Tso Lake (at 14500\u00a0ft) whose waters span the de facto India-China border. Nicknamed \"The Mountain Tamers\", Himank's personnel battling tough terrain and extreme climatic conditions and are constrained in most areas to work within a short working season of four months as roads get blocked by heavy snow and extreme cold temperatures. Between 1987 and 2002 at least 124 Himank personnel were killed while on duty in Ladakh including five officers. Most of the manual labourers are from Bihar, not from Ladakh. They are nicknamed Dumkas after a village where many of the original Himank workers were recruited."}, {"context": " Project HIMANK is known to post humorous road signs, photos of which are the subject of the book \"Peep Peep Don't Sleep\". Examples include: I'm curvacious, but please take me slowly.<br> Better Mr. Late than Late Mr.<br> Let your insurance policy mature before you.<br> On the bend go slow friend<br> Feel the curves / Do not test them<br> Darling I like you / but not so fast<br> Safety on road / is \u201csafe tea\u201d / at home<br> After whisky / driving risky<br> Don't Gossip Let Him Drive<br> If you are married, divorce speed<br>  Don't be a Gama in the land of Lama.<br> Way of worship may be different but GOD is One. Other Himank signboards, notably those in the Nubra Valley, offer philosophical statements from those as disparate as singer Patti LaBelle, French author Jules Renard, author Jimmy Buffett and early Zionist Jessie Sampter."}]}, {"title": "Himanka", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanka () is a former municipality of Finland. Himanka was consolidated with the neighboring town of Kalajoki on January 1, 2010. It is located in the province of Western Finland and is part of the Central Ostrobothnia region. The municipality had a population of 3,123 (31 December 2009) and covered an area of of which is water. The population density was . The municipality is unilingually Finnish. The villages of Ainali, Himankakyl\u00e4, Pahkala, Pernu, P\u00f6nti\u00f6, Rautila, Saarenp\u00e4\u00e4, Tomujoki, Torvenkyl\u00e4, and Hillil\u00e4 all belonged to the municipality.  The main products of the area include farm products and fox and mink furs. There is also some wood and plastics product design and manufacturing. The oldest part of the central Himanka is called Raumankari. At the heart of Himanka is the river Lestijoki which empties into the Gulf of Bothnia."}]}, {"title": "Himansh Kohli", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himansh Kohli (born 3 November 1989) is an Indian actor from Delhi. He is best known for his role as Raghav Oberoi in the Hindi soap opera \"Humse Hai Liife\". His debut film \"Yaariyaan\" was released on 10 January 2014. Kohli was born to father Vipin Kohli and mother Neeru Kohli and brought up in Delhi. He went to school at K. R. Mangalam World School in Delhi, and completed his Bachelors in Mass Media in March 2011 at Amity University. Since his childhood he had been fan of Rajesh Khanna and draws inspiration for expressing through eyes and for voice modulation from the actor. He quoted on Rajesh Khanna, \"One of the most admirable things about him is how he would easily converse with the viewers, without speaking as much as a word. He is one of the very few actors who had it in them to beautifully express so many feelings with just their eyes and facial expressions.\u201d"}, {"context": " Kohli worked as a Radio Jockey (RJ) at Radio Mirchi in Delhi from May to July 2011. He made his debut on TV with Channel [V]'s daily soap opera \"Humse Hai Liife\". He played the character Raghav Oberoi, the male protagonist. He was on the show from 5 September 2011 to 12 June 2012, and left when he was given a role in a feature film. He came back to the show in November 2012 to shoot for the show's final episode. In May 2012, director Divya Kumar cast Kohli as one of the lead actors for the Bollywood movie \"Yaariyaan\", to play the character Lakshya. The film was released on 10 January 2014. In Jan 2015, Kohli was cast for his second movie after \"Yaariyan\" as one of the lead actor for the Bollywood movie \"Abhi Nahi Toh Kabhi Nahi\".  Himansh later appeared in the film Sweetie Desai weds NRI opposite Zoya Afroz."}]}, {"title": "Himanshi Khurana", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanshi Khurana (; born 27 November 1991) is a Punjabi model and actress from Kiratpur Sahib, Punjab. She received fame as an actor along with her appearance in the Punjabi movie Sadda Haq. Himanshi Khurana was born on 27 November 1991 in Kiratpur Sahib, Punjab. She has 2 younger brothers. Himanshi said that her mother Suneet Kaur has been a strong motivation in her life. She received her education from BCM School, Ludhiana until class 12 in Medical Science. Later she got a degree in hospitality in the aviation sector. She now works as an actress and is also known for acting in Punjabi songs."}, {"context": " Himanshi Khurana started her acting career at the age of 19 when she became Miss Ludhiana 2011. She then moved to Delhi to pursue her career. She became the brand ambassador of Mac and was then signed by Meccan for international endorsements. She then went on to work for Makemytrip, Ayur, Pepsi, Nestle, Gitanjali Jewellers, Big Bazaar, Kingfisher, Calvin Klein and many other high-profile companies. She made her debut in the Punjabi Music Industry with the song \"Jodi - Big Day Party\" (Panjabi MC & Kuldeep Manak) in 2010. Later, in 2012, she starred in the music videos for (Fasli Bateray) by (Feroz Khan) and Izhaar (Harjot). In 2013, Himanshi was seen in Soch (Hardy Sandhu) and the hit movie Sadda Haq. The year 2015 proved to be a very successful year for Himanshi as she worked with many singers, including Jassi Gill, Badshah, J Star, Ninja, Mankirt Aulakh and others."}, {"context": " In March 2016 she starred alongside Sukh-E (Muzical Doctorz) in Sad Song. In 2018, she has been voted as most desirable Punjabi women by \"The Times of India\". In 2018 Khurana made her debut as a singer with song High Standard. Himanshi Khurana made her debut in Punjabi cinema as an actor with the Punjabi hit movie, Sadda Haq which helped her in gaining fame. Although her first Bollywood film was Jeet Lengey Jahaan (2012). She then appeared as a lead role in Punjabi movie Leather Life (featuring Aman Dhaliwal as male lead). Punjabi movie 2 Bol (Date of release 16 October 2015) also features Himanshi Khurana as lead roles.  She also acted in six south Indian Movies - 2 Kannada, 2 Tamil, 1 Telugu, 1 Malayalam. Himanshi Khurana was the winner of the competition Dhee Punjab Di and the Miss Ludhiana contest organized by Nritiya Academy. She was also one of the finalists of Miss PTC Punjabi 2018."}]}, {"title": "Himanshi Shelat", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanshi Indulal Shelat (Gujarati: \u0ab9\u0abf\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82\u0ab6\u0ac0 \u0a87\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aa6\u0ac1\u0ab2\u0abe\u0ab2 \u0ab6\u0ac7\u0ab2\u0aa4; 8 January 1947) is a Gujarati author from Gujarat, India. She received Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati in 1996 for her short stories collection \"Andhari Galima Safed Tapakan\" (1992). She was born on 8 January 1947 in Surat, Gujarat. She completed Bachelor of Arts in 1966 and Master of Arts in 1968. She obtained her Ph.D. on \"V.S. Naipaul's novel\" in 1981-82. She taught English literature at M.T.B. Arts College, Surat from 1968 to her voluntarily retirement in October 1994. She serves as an advisory board member in Sahitya Akademi for 2013-2017."}, {"context": " She married Vinod Meghani, son of renowned Gujarati writer Jhaverchand Meghani, on 4 October 1995. Vinod Meghani died on 15 February 2009. She wrote her first story \"Saat Pagathiya Andhara Koovama\" in 1978 and published in \"Navneet\", a Gujarati magazine. Later the story was published as the best short story in \"Milap\", a magazine published from Bhavnagar. She is influenced by Indian authors such as Mahasweta Devi, Ashapoorna Devi, Phanishwar Nath 'Renu' and Jaywant Dalvi as well as English authors such as Jane Austen and George Eliot."}, {"context": " \"Antaral\", her first anthology of short stories, published in 1987 followed by, \"Andhari Galima Safed Tapaka\" (1992), \"Ae Loko\" (1997), \"Sanjno Samay\" (2002), \"Panchavayka\" (2002), \"Khandaniyama Mathu\" (2004) and \"Garbhagatha\" (2009). \"Aathamo Rang\" (2001), \"Kyarima Aakash Pushpa ane Kala Patangiya\" (2006) and \"Saptadhara\" (2012) are three of her novel while \"Ekadani Chaklio\" (2004) and \"Dabe Hathe\" (2012) are her collection of essays. Her reminisce writings are published as \"Platform number 4\" (1998) and \"Victor\" (1999) while her literary criticism are published as \"Paravastavavad\" (Surrealism; 1987) and \"Gujarati Kathasahityama Narichetna\" (Women consciousness in Gujarati prose; 2000).  \"Swami Ane Sai\" (1993), \"Antar-Chhabi\" (1998) and \"Pehlo Akshar\" (2005) are edited by her. \"Nokha Mijajno Anokho Chitrakar (Mahendra Desai)\" (2004) is her work of translation. She received Sahitya Akadami Award for Gujarati in 1996 for her short story collection \"Andhari Galima Safed Tapakan\" (1992). The same book also received prize from Gujarati Sahitya Parishad."}]}, {"title": "Himanshu Asnora", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanshu Asnora (born 16 August 1995) is an Indian first-class cricketer who plays for Uttar Pradesh."}]}, {"title": "Himanshu Chawla", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanshu Chawla (born 31 May 1991) is an Indian first-class cricketer who plays for Punjab."}]}, {"title": "Himanshu Dhanuka", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanshu Dhanuka () is a Bengali film Producer and Distributor. Indian Film Producer and Distributor, Himanshu Dhanuka is the helmsman of Eskay Movies . Starting his career from the year 2008 he took regional Bengali films to greater heights of success and glory. Himanshu, the elder son of Producer and Distributor Ashok Dhanuka, was born on 18 July 1985. He completed his graduation in Mechanical Engineering from National Institute of Technology. Kurukshetra. He married Shristy Tibrewal in the month of October, 2013."}, {"context": " Himanshu started his career at the young age of 23 as a producer along with his father, Ashok Dhanuka on films like Bhalobasha Bhalobasha(2008), Dujone (2009), Wanted (2010), Khiladi (2013) and many others. Bhalobasha Bhalobasha remained as the first Bengali film which was shot outside Asia and South East Asia, the film marked as the biggest blockbuster of the year 2008. Himanshu never looked back after that and gradually carved his own niche for commercial Bengali films producing back to back super-hit films like Khokababu, Ami Sudhu Cheyechi Tomay Romeo vs Juliet, Khoka 420, Shotru, Badshah the Don, and Shikari."}, {"context": " For the first time in Bengali Entertainment industry Eskay Movies took initiatives to alliance with Bangladesh Entertainment industry with the motto to provide wider and better content to audience of both the countries. From launching new faces of the country in India to distributing films in way to encourage cultural integration between the two countries. Himanshu Dhanuka encouraged the work of Bangladesh Film industry thus inculcating values and creating a larger market for both the languages. The Indo-Bangladesh co-production films not only did well in West Bengal but also did equally well for Bangladesh, thus arising a wave of new age cinema in Bangladesh and Dhaka."}]}, {"title": "Himanshu Gulati", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanshu Gulati (born 16 June 1988) is a Norwegian politician representing the Progress Party. Gulati was the chairperson of the Progress Party's Youth from 2012 to 2014. He served as State Secretary in the Ministry of Justice and Public Security from 2013 to 2014, and at the Office of the Prime Minister from 2014 until 2017. In 2017 he was elected as a representative in the Norwegian parliament from Akershus, where he has served in the Committee on Justice. Born in F\u00f8rde, Norway to an Indian family who immigrated to Norway from New Delhi during the 1970s, his father is a physician, and his mother is a physiotherapist. He grew up in the rural village of Lavik, H\u00f8yanger where his father worked as a general practitioner before relocating to Lillestr\u00f8m, Akershus at the age of fourteen."}, {"context": " Parallel to his involvement in politics, Gulati for a time studied medicine before deciding it was not for him. He later received a bachelor's degree in Economy and Leadership from BI Norwegian Business School, as well as having attended a six-month course in filmmaking at an academy in India. After taking an early interest in politics, he joined the FpU, or the youth organization of the Progress Party at the age of fifteen. He was elected chairperson of the Progress Party's Youth, on 24 March 2012 after previously having been vice-chairperson for two years. Apart from this he is also currently serving as a deputy member to the \"Storting\"."}, {"context": " On a local level he has since 2007 been a representative on the Skedsmo municipal council, representing FrP. He was an outspoken critic of the Red-green coalition, especially on issues of foreign policy, immigration and taxation. When Solberg's Cabinet was formed in October 2013 after the Norwegian parliamentary election, Gulati was appointed state secretary for Anders Anundsen in Ministry of Justice and Public Security. Aged 25, he became the youngest state secretary in the cabinet. Residing with his parents in Lillestr\u00f8m, Gulati has visited over 90 countries and frequently visits relatives across India. Apart from traveling, he enjoys skiing, especially slalom as well as filmmaking."}]}, {"title": "Himanshu Hari", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanshu Hari is an Indian cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Bihar in the 2018\u201319 Ranji Trophy on 1 November 2018."}]}, {"title": "Himanshu Khagta", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanshu Khagta (born 29 June 1990) is an Indian photographer based in the Indian Himalayas. He is known for documenting life in mountainous areas of India. His photographs have been featured in many publications including: The New York Times, The International Herald Tribune, BBC Travel, Cond\u00e9 Nast Traveller and Outlook Traveller. Raised in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, Khagta's work often revolves around the events and ordinary lives of the people that live in the region around his hometown. His two long term projects, \"Life in Spiti\" and \"Life in Shimla\" chronicle his experiences living in the city of Shimla and the Spiti Valley. He plans to publish his work in print in two books he is writing which will be heavily laden with his photographs."}, {"context": " Khagta was born on 29 June 1990 in Rohru, Shimla district but grew up in the nearby city of Shimla. He attended Dayanand Public School in Shimla. After graduating from the secondary school, he attended DAV College in Section 10, Chandigarh. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science and Government in 2011. Khagta is an entirely self-taught photographer; he learned the art by watching videos and studying tutorials. His photographic career started accidentally while he was still in high school. At the time he would take pictures of his hometown and upload them to Flickr. Travel magazines noticed his work and requested his photos for their publications. He eventually become a sought-after travel photographer and began traveling around the country. While still in college, he began working professionally as a freelance photographer."}, {"context": " In 2008, a portrait by Khagta was a finalist in Smithsonian Magazine's \"6th Annual Photo Contest,\" people category. In May 2012, Khagta joined Jaibir Singh Virk and Amit Chaudhary as they attempted to set the Limca World Record for the longest Himalayan expedition on a tractor. Virk and Chaudhary took turns driving the in and around the Himalayas, while Khagta drove a support vehicle and documented trip. In fall 2012, he began a project to document the Great WASH Yatra. Sponsored by WASH United and Quicksand, the yatra was a multi-faceted campaign to promote WASH: \"Water, Sanitation and Hygiene.\" Partly funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the festival was modeled after traditional Indian mela included musical, theatrical and artistic performances, entertainment and attractions, as well as food and drink. Khagta documented the event for a month and half. Living in tents, he followed the caravan as it travelled about all around central India.  In 2014, Khagta spent a whole winter in the Spiti Valley, a desert mountain valley high in the Himalaya's that is cut off from the rest of the world in the colder months of winter and spring. He document the day-to-day lives of the people of Spiti Valley in a long term project he named \"Life in Spiti.\" Soon after leaving Spiti, he began a similar long term project named \"Life in Shimla\" documenting the landscapes, events, people and culture of his hometown."}]}, {"title": "Himanshu Malik", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanshu Malik is a Indian film actor, screenwriter and producer known for his works in Bollywood. He started his acting career with the film, \"\" (1996) and gained recognition with his portrayal of Abhigyan, a wealthy Canadian industrialist in the 2001 romance \"Tum Bin\". His other notable work includes \"Jungle\" (2000), \"Khwahish\" (2003) and \"Rog\" (2005). Himanshu began his career in music videos; most notable among them was Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan\u2019s \"Afreen\" with Lisa Ray. He later appeared in Sonu Nigam's \"Deewana\" with Gul Panag."}, {"context": " Meanwhile, he made his film debut with a role in Mira Nair's \"\" (1996) and also appeared in Ram Gopal Varma's \"Jungle\" in 2000. However, his big break came as a supporting actor in \"Tum Bin\" (2001), leading to work in several small films. His next big feature was \"Khwahish\" (2003), playing the lead opposite Mallika Sherawat, notable for its sensuality and kissing scenes. He turned filmmaker in 2012- writing and directing, his first short feature - \"Q.E.D- Quod Erat Demonstradum\". QED, a 45 min short featurette about a detective failing to crack a case, was well received at the festival circuit and by indie Film Industry. Malik.mov Films Pvt Ltd is a production house that he founded in 2014, under which he has directed various music videos and advertising content for numerous India based brands.  Malik is a Hindu Jat. He is married and the couple have a daughter. He practices adventurous sports like paragliding, flying, and scuba diving. He lives in Mumbai."}]}, {"title": "Himanshu Pandya", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanshu Pandya is the Vice Chancellor of Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Pandya is MSc, PhD Botany and areas of specialization \"In vivo\" and \"In vitro\" studies on physiological and biochemical parameters on Gladiolus, Chrysanthemum and LilyTitle: \"In vivo\" and \"In vitro.\" Pandya started his teaching career as lecturer at Science College, Dholka, Gujarat from 1995 and presently working as a Professor, Department of Botany, School of Sciences, Gujarat University. He also worked as Coordinator, UGC coaching for NET/SLET examination and Central Examination, 2013, 2014, 2015, Semester-III, IV and V, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad.  Guiding MPhil and PhD students from 2006 in Botany, Bioinformatics, Climate Change Impacts Management and Forensic Science. Some of the research projects are as below."}]}, {"title": "Himanshu Parikh", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanshu Parikh is a leading Indian engineer. Himanshu Parikh was born in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. He graduated from Cambridge University, where he obtained both his bachelor's and master's degrees in engineering sciences with honours. He practised in Cambridge for ten years before moving to India in 1982. In India, he has done innovative work in structural engineering as well as in urban planning, environmental upgradation and infrastructure design, with an emphasis on low-income urban and rural areas. His focus is to use water and environmental sanitation infrastructure as a principal catalyst of poverty alleviation. In structures, Mr. Parikh has developed the concept of \u2018mindful buildings\u2019 based on simplicity, frugality and multiplicity. Currently, he spends most of his time in India on developmental work, teaching intermittently."}, {"context": " He established Himanshu Parikh Consulting Engineers in Ahmedabad, India in 1982. His practice focuses on urban planning, infrastructure design, and environmental upgrading. He developed a new concept for slum development, Slum Networking. On the structural engineering front, his work offers an alternative paradigm to \"green buildings\" in order to deliver affordable and low embodied energy structures within the holistic framework of light, ventilation and thermal comfort. Parikh was a professor at the School of Planning, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, a visiting lecturer at the Human Settlements Management Institute in Delhi and has taught occasionally at Martin's School of Architecture at Cambridge University. He has also presented his concepts both in infrastructure and structures at several international fora."}]}, {"title": "Himanshu Rai", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanshu Rai (189216 May 1940), one of the pioneers of Indian cinema, is best known as the founder of the Bombay Talkies studio in 1934, along with Devika Rani. He was associated with a number of movies, including \"Goddess\" (1922), \"The Light of Asia\" (1925), \"Shiraz\" (1928), \"A Throw of Dice\" (1928) and \"Karma\" (1933). He was married to actress Devika Rani Chaudhuri (1908-1994). Born into an aristocratic Bengali family, he spent several years in Santiniketan for his schooling. After obtaining a law-degree from Kolkata, he went to London to become a barrister. There, he met a playwright and screenwriter Niranjan Pal."}, {"context": " That association led to the making of a film, \"The Light of Asia\", which he co-directed with Franz Osten. Rai was also one of the main actors in this film. While making his third film, \"Prapancha Pash\", he met and fell in love with Devika Rani, a great-grandniece of the Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore. Before this film was complete, he married her. At Bombay Talkies studio, Rai partnered with Sashadhar Mukherjee, and Mukherjee's brother in law worked as a technician in the studio. Due to suspected romantic liaisons between his wife and the leading man in one film, Himanshu sacked the leading man and cast the gawky, awkward-looking and reluctant brother-in-law Ashok Kumar as the leading man. Kumar went on to have a successful career in films."}, {"context": " After Rai's death, there was a struggle for studio control. His widow Devika Rani was in conflict with Sashadhar Mukherjee. Eventually there was dual control and alternate production of films by the two camps. During this era Mukherjee produced the studio's biggest hit \"Kismet\" in 1943. Then Mukherjee broke away to form Filmistan Studio in partnership, and Devika Rani, fully in charge of the studio, did not have as much success. In 1945, Devika Rani married Svetoslav Roerich and moved away from Bombay and films. Ashok Kumar and Mukherjee made a bid to revive Bombay talkies and produced one big hit in \"Mahal\". Eventually the studio shut down and is now a decrepit property in Malad."}]}, {"title": "Himanshu Rana", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanshu Rana (born 1 October 1998) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Haryana in domestic cricket. He is a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm medium pace bowler. Rana made his first-class debut against mumbai in January 2015 at the age of 16 and top-scored for Haryana with 80 in that match. In his third match of the season, he hit his maiden century of 149 against Rajasthan giving his team an innings win. In the first match of the 2015\u201316 Ranji Trophy against Maharashtra in October 2015, he scored a career-best 157. He made his List A debut for Haryana in the 2016\u201317 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 25 February 2017.  In December 2017, he was named in India's squad for the 2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup."}]}, {"title": "Himanshu Roy", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanshu Roy (23 June 1963 \u2013 11 May 2018) was an Indian police officer, who served as the Additional Director General of Police of Maharashtra. He was ATS Maharashtra Chief. He was an IPS officer of Maharashtra Cadre of 1988 batch and alumnus of St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. During 2013 Indian Premier League spot-fixing and betting case, he was responsible for the arrest of Vindu Dara Singh who had alleged links to bookies in spot fixing. On 11 May 2018, at around 12:40pm, Himanshu Roy shot himself at his residence. He was rushed to a hospital but could not be saved. He reportedly had cancer.  Roy was involved with solving several high-profile cases including the firing on Dawood Ibrahim's brother Iqbal Kaskar's driver Arif Bael, Journalist J Dey's murder case, the double murder case involving Vijay Palande, Laila Khan's murder case and the murder of law graduate Pallavi Purkhayasta."}]}, {"title": "Himanshu Sharma", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanshu sharma is a National Film Award winning Film Writer and Producer who works in Bollywood (Hindi films). He is most well known as the writer of the \"Tanu Weds Manu series\" (2011 & 2015) and \"Raanjhanaa\" (2013), all of which were considered highly successful domestically. His screenwriting for the films was generally received with praise. Himanshu Sharma was born to Jiwan Sharma, a U.P. Tourism officer and Shama Sharma in Lucknow. Himanshu did his schooling from Spring dale College, Lucknow and later moved to Kirori Mal College, Delhi for higher education, where he started taking part in theatre."}, {"context": " In an Interview with a TV channel, he revealed that he wanted to be an IAS during college days. Himanshu has one younger sister and a brother, and he is in a relationship with Bollywood actress Swara Bhaskar. He started his career with NDTV as script writer for a health show. Subsequently, he moved to Mumbai to pursue his career in serials and movies. He wrote the script for many TV serials like \"Kkusum\" on Sony TV and \"Bhootwala\" on SAB TV. He made his film writing debut with the movie \"Strangers\", with Nandana Sen and Jimmy Sheirgill, produced by Raj Kundra. He is a member of International Film And Television Club of AAFT. Himanshu Sharma is also part of Colour Yellow Productions, which co-produced Raanjhanaa and"}]}, {"title": "Himanshu Thakur", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanshu Thakur (born January 9, 1994 in Burua, India) is an alpine skier from India. He competed for India at the 2014 Winter Olympics in the giant slalom race securing a rank of 72. Thakur was named to India's 2017 Asian Winter Games team in February 2017."}]}, {"title": "Himansu Gupta", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanshu Gupta is an Indian American Energy policy expert, engineer and social-entrepreneur in renewable energy. He is the co-founder of Sustainable Growth Initiative and has worked for Al Gore as his India Advisory Fellow, at the Office of Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford as a visiting associate and the Government of India (NITI Aayog, previously Planning Commission) as Energy and Climate change project lead. In 2016, Himanshu was included in the prestigious Forbes 30 Under 30 list for helping corporations reduce their carbon footprint in India."}, {"context": " Himanshu hails from Vrindavan, India. He studied in India and completed his undergraduate education in Electrical Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur in 2009. He was a resident in Azad Hall and was actively involved in Dramatics and Technology societies. He is currently pursuing his MBA at Stanford Graduate School of Business as a Reliance Dhirubhai Ambani Fellow, focusing on clean energy and sustainability initiatives. Himanshu shaped India\u2019s energy policy by writing the Renewable Energy Chapter in its National Five Year Plan 2012\u20132017 ( Five-Year Plans of India). He worked with United States Department of Energy, Government of the United Kingdom, Confederation of Indian Industry and several other organizations to implement the first Energy Sustainability Pathways project in India. He helped manage India\u2019s National Clean Energy fund from 2011 to 2013.  In 2014, Himanshu co-founded NGO Sustainable Growth Initiative to help business and government reduce their carbon footprints and increase energy security. He was recognized in Forbes' 30 under 30 initiative for his efforts to reduce carbon emissions in India. He is a pro-bono consultant with several non-profit organizations."}]}, {"title": "Himansu Sekhar Nahak", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himansu Sekhar Nahak (born 1 March 1988) is an Indian entrepreneur, social worker & educationalist. He is currently the Administrative Officer of IEM Group Of Institutions. Himansu Nahak was born in Jeypore, Odisha, India. His father, Late Shri Gopal Krushna Nahak, was the founder of IEM Group Of Institutions. He first joined the Modern English School, but later attended Govt. High School at Jeypore. He completed his Inter in DAV Junior College in Koraput, and graduated in 2008 from Berhampur University, Jeypore, with a Bachelor of Commerce for which he studied in Vikram Dev Autonomous College, a famous college in Jeypore. After that he did Post Graduate Diploma in Management in the year 2009 from Shiva Institute of Management Studies, Ghaziabad under Meerut University."}]}, {"title": "Himanta Biswa Sarma", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanta Biswa Sarma (born 1 February 1969) is an Indian politician and an youth Icon who has served as MLA from the Jalukbari constituency in Assam from 2001 till 2015 from Indian National Congress ticket and from May 2016 as Bharatiya Janata Party member. A former member of the Indian National Congress, Dr Sarma joined Bharatiya Janata Party in August 2015. Dr Sarma won the 2016 Assembly elections and was sworn in as Cabinet Minister on 24 May 2016. The BJP leadership appointed him the convener of the newly constituted North-East Democratic Alliance (NEDA). The main objective of the alliance will be all-round development of the North East and better coordination among the states and Centre, according to Ram Madhav, National General Secretary of BJP."}, {"context": " Sarma passed his Schooling from Kamrup Academy School, Guwahati in 1985 and joined Cotton College, Guwahati for further studies. He was General Secretary (GS) of Cotton College Union Society (CCUS) from 1991 to 1992. He did his graduation in 1990 and post graduation in 1992 in political science from the Cotton College, Guwahati. Sarma did LLB From Government Law College, Guwahati and obtained Ph.D degree from Gauhati University. He was practicing law at Gauhati High Court from 1996 to 2001. He is married to Riniki Bhuyan Sarma. The couple has two children, Nandil and Sukanya."}, {"context": " Dr Sarma was elected to the Assam Legislative Assembly from Jalukbari for the first time in 2001 when he defeated Asom Gana Parishad leader Bhrigu Kumar Phukan and was re-elected in 2006 and then for the third consecutive term in 2011 with a record margin of more than 75,000 votes. Dr Sarma held important portfolios (both state and cabinet) as Minister of State for Agriculture, Planning & Development, Finance, Health, Education, and Assam Accord Implementation from 2002 to 2014. During his tenure as Planning & Development Minister Dr Sarma, had introduced many innovative welfare schemes for the people of Assam. He was made Cabinet Minister for Health in 2006, and in 2011 he was also entrusted with the additional charge of Education. It is under his leadership that the health security in Assam had reached a new height. The health sector in Assam had witnessed a massive transformation and it is under his leadership that three Medical colleges in Jorhat, Barpeta and Tezpur came up. He also initiated work for five more medical colleges in Diphu, Nagaon, Dhubri, North Lakhimpur and Kokrajhar, which are now in various stages of implementation."}, {"context": " Even the Government of India in its various annual reports had singularly pointed out the achievements of the Health and Education departments of Assam. It was under his leadership that more than 50,000 teachers were appointed for the first time through a transparent system called Teachers Eligibility Test (TET) after he abolished the system of interviews, which were major reasons for rampant corruption in appointments. Dr Sarma joined the Bharatiya Janata Party on 23 August 2015 at the residence of Amit Shah at New Delhi. He was appointed as the party's Convener of the Election Management Committee for the upcoming Assembly Elections in the state. Subsequently, he won the Assembly elections and became a Cabinet Minister in the first BJP government in the North East India. Previously Dr Sarma has served three terms as a MLA in Assam on Indian National Congress ticket. He was elected from Jalukbari in 2001 and was re-elected in 2006 and 2011. Sarma has served in the Assam government in various ministerial portfolios. After political differences with former chief minister Tarun Gogoi, Dr Sarma resigned from all portfolios on 21 July 2014. He was the MLA of Jalukbari constituency until his resignation from Assembly on 15 September 2015."}, {"context": " Recently, in the bypoll for two seats in Manipur \u2013 Thangmeiband and Thongju \u2013 Dr Sarma had extensively campaigned and the BJP won both the seats. In May 2016, Dr Sarma won Jalukbari constituency for the fourth consecutive term. He was sworn in as Cabinet Minister on 24 May 2016 and has been allotted portfolios like Finance, Health & Family Welfare, Education, Planning & Development, Tourism, Pension & Public Grievances. Given his political acumen and massive popularity across the North East, the Party has also appointed him as convener of North-East Democratic Alliance (NEDA).  On 23 April 2017 Dr Sarma was unanimously elected as President of Badminton Association of India. Dr Sarma has been the president of the Assam Badminton Association. He also became the president of the Assam Cricket Association in June 2016 when his party man Pradip Buragohain became the secretary. Dr Sarma was also the longest-serving vice president of the association serving from 2002 to 2016."}]}, {"title": "Himantandraceae", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantandraceae is a family of flowering plants recognized by the APG II system of 2003, assigned to the order Magnoliales in the clade magnoliids. The family consists of only one genus, \"Galbulimima\", of probably two species, trees and shrubs, found in tropical areas in Southeast Asia and Australia. Plants in this family are aromatic trees covered with peltate, scaly indumentum. The leaves are entire and alternate, but stipules are absent. Flowers are either solitary or paired on short axillary branches. Each flower contains about seven petals and about forty stamens, though the stamens and petals look very similar."}]}, {"title": "Himantariidae", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himantariidae are a family of centipedes in the order Geophilomorpha, found almost exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere. It contains these genera:"}]}, {"title": "Himantarium", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantarium is a genus of centipedes in the family Himantariidae."}]}, {"title": "Himantarium gabrielis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantarium gabrielis is a species of centipede in the family Himantariidae. \"Himantarium gabrielis\" can reach a length around . The head is small and lacks eyes, but has two tentacles with 14 segments. On the dorsal side of the last trunk segment are longitudinal and transversal wide sulci resembling a cross. The body is yellowish to orange in colour and has up to 179 segments, with a pair of legs each. The number of legs is very variable, usually leg-bearing segments vary from 87 to 171 in males and from 95 to 179 in females.  When disturbed, this species emits viscous and proteinaceous secretions from the sternal glands. It feeds on various invertebrates. It can be found under stones or in galleries into the ground. The females protect their eggs with the body until the hatching of their young. This species is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region. It can be found in Albania, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, the Republic of Macedonia, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, and Switzerland."}]}, {"title": "Himanthalia elongata", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himanthalia elongata is a brown alga (class Phaeophyta or Phaeophyceae) in the order Fucales, also known by the common names thongweed, sea thong and sea spaghetti. It is found in the north east Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. According to the World Register of Marine Species, \"Himanthalia elongata\" is the only member of its genus, Himanthalia Lyngbye, 1819 and the only member of its family, Himanthaliaceae (Kjellman) De Toni, 1891. \"H. elongata\" is a common brown alga of the lower shore. The thallus is at first a small flattened or saucer-shaped disc up to three centimetres wide with a short stalk. In the autumn or winter, long thongs grows from the centre of this, branching dichotomously a number of times. They grow fast and can reach up to two metres by the following summer when they become mature. They bear the conceptacles, the reproductive organs, and begin to decay when the gametes have been released into the water. The discs live for two or three years."}, {"context": " \"H. elongata\" is found in the Baltic Sea, the North Sea and the north east Atlantic Ocean from Scandinavia south to Portugal. It is found on gently shelving rocky shores in the lower littoral zone and the sublittoral zone particularly on shores with moderate wave exposure. It is sometimes abundant and forms a distinct zone just below the \"Fucus serratus\" zone. \"H. elongata\" has a history of safe use and acceptability in cooking, being appreciated for its beefy or nutty-like flavour when added in different dishes. According to a 2017 paper, protein extracted from this seaweed has properties and composition (essential and non-essential amino acids) that give it potential for use in the food industry."}]}, {"title": "Himantia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantia is a genus of fungi in the Physalacriaceae family of mushrooms."}]}, {"title": "Himantoglossum", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantoglossum is a genus of orchids native to the Canary Islands, Europe, southwest Asia and northern Africa. Its members generally have a labellum which is divided into three parts, of which the middle part is the longest. The genera \"Comperia\" and \"Barlia\" are now included in \"Himantoglossum\". , the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognizes the following species:"}]}, {"title": "Himantoglossum adriaticum", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantoglossum adriaticum, the Adriatic lizard orchid, is a species of orchid native to Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia."}]}, {"title": "Himantoglossum caprinum", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantoglossum caprinum is a species of orchid native to southeastern Europe and the Middle East. Two subspecies are recognized:"}]}, {"title": "Himantoglossum hircinum", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantoglossum hircinum, the lizard orchid, is a species of orchid in the genus \"Himantoglossum\" found across Europe, from Spain eastwards to the Balkans and in western North Africa. It is usually rare but can sometimes be found in great numbers in suitable habitats. This orchid grows in dry meadows, rocky areas, and open woods. It may reach a height of . The largest British population of the lizard orchid is found amongst sand dunes at Sandwich Bay in Kent, where there are many hundred plants. A relatively large population is found in East Anglia, along the stretch of the Devil's Dyke that runs through Newmarket Racecourse. There are a number of other sites where it occurs in small numbers."}, {"context": " Small populations can be found in many parts of France, including Centre, Massif Central, Alsace, Ard\u00e8che, Charente, Charente-Maritime, Dordogne, Sa\u00f4ne-et-Loire, the Jura, Calvados, Puy de D\u00f4me, Loir et Cher, Indre et Loire, Lot, Lot-et-Garonne, Haute-Garonne, Aveyron, Tarn, Ni\u00e8vre, Champagne, Aube, Val d'Oise, \u00eele de Noirmoutier, the Vend\u00e9e, around Paris, Maine et Loire, Normandy, Rh\u00f4ne and Dr\u00f4me. Small numbers have been found in the Mugello valley at the foot of the Apennines north of Florence.  Orchinol, loroglossol and hircinol are phenanthrenoids that can be isolated from infected \"Loroglossum hircinum\"."}]}, {"title": "Himantoides", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantoides is a monotypic moth genus in the family Sphingidae erected by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1876. Its only species, Himantoides undata, which was described by Francis Walker in 1856, is known from Jamaica."}]}, {"title": "Himantolophus albinares", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantolophus albinares is a species of footballfish, a type of anglerfish. The fish is bathypelagic and can be found at depths ranging from . It is endemic to the Atlantic Ocean. As of 1999, a total of four specimens had been found."}]}, {"title": "Himantolophus azurlucens", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantolophus azurlucens is a species of footballfish, a type of anglerfish. The fish is bathypelagic and can be found at depths ranging from . It is endemic to the eastern central Pacific Ocean and has been located off the coast of Panama."}]}, {"title": "Himantolophus borealis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantolophus borealis is a species of footballfish, a type of anglerfish. The fish is bathypelagic and can be found at depths below . It is endemic to the northwest Pacific Ocean."}]}, {"title": "Himantolophus brevirostris", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantolophus brevirostris is a species of footballfish, a type of anglerfish. The fish is bathypelagic and can be found as deep as . It is endemic to the north Atlantic Ocean. So far, only males of the species have been found."}]}, {"title": "Himantolophus compressus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantolophus compressus is a species of footballfish, a type of anglerfish. The fish is bathypelagic and non-migratory; it can be found in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Madeira and southern Portugal. The species is known only from the holotype, now lost. The specimen had a length of 130\u00a0mm."}]}, {"title": "Himantolophus cornifer", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantolophus cornifer is a species of footballfish, a type of anglerfish. The fish is bathypelagic and can be found at depths ranging from . It has been found in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans."}]}, {"title": "Himantolophus crinitus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantolophus crinitus is a species of footballfish, a type of anglerfish. The fish is bathypelagic and has been found at depths of around . It is endemic to the eastern and southeastern central Atlantic Ocean. The species is currently only known from 11 specimens. Females attain a maximum size of 8.3\u00a0cm. While males have not yet been recorded, they are likely to be diminutive in comparison to the females, as is common in the family Himantolophidae."}]}, {"title": "Himantolophus danae", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantolophus danae is a species of footballfish, a type of anglerfish. The fish is bathypelagic and has been found at a depth of . It is endemic to the west central Pacific Ocean."}]}, {"title": "Himantolophus litoceras", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantolophus litoceras is a species of footballfish, a type of anglerfish. The fish is bathydemersal and has been found at a depth of . It is endemic to the waters surrounding New Zealand."}]}, {"title": "Himantolophus macroceras", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantolophus macroceras is a species of footballfish, a type of anglerfish. The fish is bathypelagic and has been found as deep as . It is endemic to the east central Atlantic Ocean."}]}, {"title": "Himantolophus macroceratoides", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantolophus macroceratoides is a species of footballfish, a type of anglerfish. The fish is bathypelagic and has been found at depths ranging from . It is endemic to the east central Atlantic Ocean."}]}, {"title": "Himantolophus mauli", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantolophus mauli is a species of footballfish, a type of anglerfish. The fish is bathypelagic and has been found at depths ranging from . It is endemic to the eastern Atlantic Ocean."}]}, {"title": "Himantolophus melanolophus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantolophus melanolophus is a species of footballfish, a type of anglerfish. The fish is bathypelagic and has been found at depths ranging from . It is endemic to the west central Atlantic Ocean."}]}, {"title": "Himantolophus multifurcatus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantolophus multifurcatus is a species of footballfish, a type of anglerfish. The fish is bathypelagic and has been found at depths ranging from . It is endemic to the east central Atlantic Ocean."}]}, {"title": "Himantolophus nigricornis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantolophus nigricornis is a species of footballfish, a type of anglerfish. The fish is bathypelagic and is endemic to the central Pacific Ocean."}]}, {"title": "Himantolophus paucifilosus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantolophus paucifilosus is a species of footballfish, a type of anglerfish. The fish is bathypelagic and has been found at depths ranging from . It is endemic to the east central Atlantic Ocean. They are founded from the areas off the coasts from the Cape Verde Islands down to Angola and on the other side off the coast of Brazil."}]}, {"title": "Himantolophus pseudalbinares", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantolophus pseudalbinares is a species of footballfish, a type of anglerfish. The fish is bathypelagic and has been found as deep as . The species is endemic to the southeast Atlantic Ocean."}]}, {"title": "Himantolophus rostratus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantolophus rostratus is a species of footballfish, a type of anglerfish. The fish is both mesopelagic and bathypelagic and can be found in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans."}]}, {"title": "Himantolophus stewarti", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantolophus stewarti is a species of footballfish, a type of anglerfish. The fish is bathydemersal and has been found at depths ranging from . The species has mainly been found in the Tasman Sea, though it is likely to be endemic to the same areas as Himantolophus appelii."}]}, {"title": "Himantopteridae", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himantopteridae are a family of moths in the Zygaenoidea superfamily. The family is alternatively included in the family Anomoeotidae as a synonym."}]}, {"title": "Himantopterus (moth)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantopterus is a genus of moths in the Himantopteridae family. It was described by Constantin Wesmael in 1836."}]}, {"title": "Himantopterus caudata", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantopterus caudata is a moth in the Himantopteridae family. It was described by Moore in 1879. It is found in India (Assam) and Myanmar. The wingspan is about 20\u00a0mm. The forewings are dark fuliginous and the veins are black. The space within the cell and immediately below it to the base is ochreous. The hindwings are golden yellow, with a large median costal spot, a smaller subanal spot, and the entire elongated tail and its fringe are black. The body is golden yellow and the thorax and anal tuft are black. The front of the head and legs are golden yellow."}]}, {"title": "Himantopterus dohertyi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantopterus dohertyi is a moth in the Himantopteridae family. It was described by Henry John Elwes in 1890. It is found in India. The antennae of the males are broadly pectinate, the pectens minutely hairy and black. The antennae of the females are clothed with short spiny hairs. They are black, but yellowish at the base. The head is black and the neck and thorax are covered with coarse dark orange hairs, which also clothe the breast, base of the wings and abdomen, and in the male, are continued down the upper half of the hindwings, where they apparently take the form of scales. The remainder of the wings are apparently devoid of scales, but clothed with black hairs, thickest on the veins and center of the hindwings, where they are a good deal mixed with the yellow scales on the veins and inner margin. Towards the end of the hindwings (in both sexes), a few grey or pale yellowish hairs appear. The fringes of both wings consist of the same black hairs."}]}, {"title": "Himantopterus fuscinervis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantopterus fuscinervis is a moth in the Himantopteridae family. It was described by Constantin Wesmael in 1836. It is found on Sumatra and Java and in Malaysia. The larvae have been recorded feeding on \"Shorea platyclados\"."}]}, {"title": "Himantopterus nobuyukii", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantopterus nobuyukii is a moth in the Himantopteridae family. It was described by Yasunori Kishida and Toshio Inomata in 1993. It is found on Borneo."}]}, {"title": "Himantopterus nox", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantopterus nox is a moth in the Himantopteridae family. It was described by Hering in 1937. It is found in India (Assam)."}]}, {"title": "Himantopterus venatus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantopterus venatus is a moth in the Himantopteridae family. It was described by Strand in 1914. It is found on Java."}]}, {"title": "Himantopterus zaida", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantopterus zaida is a moth in the Himantopteridae family. It was described by Edward Doubleday in 1843. It is found in northern India. The forewings are diaphanous, the nervures, costae, outer margin and cilia fuscous, and the disk and inner margin orange. The hindwings are orange, with a large black spot at the anal and outer angles. The tails are black, tipped with white."}]}, {"title": "Himantormia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantormia is a genus of lichenized fungi within the Parmeliaceae family. The genus, which contains two species, is found in Antarctica."}]}, {"title": "Himantura", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himantura is a genus of stingray in the family Dasyatidae that is native to the Indo-Pacific. In a 2016 taxonomic revision, many of the species formerly assigned to \"Himantura\" were reassigned to other genera (\"Brevitrygon\", \"Fluvitrygon\", \"Maculabatis\", \"Pateobatis\", \"Styracura\" and \"Urogymnus\"). There are four valid species: A fifth species, \"Himantura tutul\" (fine-spotted leopard whipray), has been described, but its validity has been disputed and it is somewhat arbitrarily considered a junior synonym of \"H. uarnak\" by the Catalog of Fishes. The Catalog of Fishes chose to synonymize \"H. tutul\" with \"H. uarnak\", despite the fact that \"H. tutul\" was previously confused not with \"H. uarnak\", but with \"H. leoparda\", and subsequently shown to be reproductively isolated from both \"H. uarnak\" and \"H. leoparda\". While adult \"H. uarnak\" typically present solid spots only, both adult \"H. leoparda\" and \"H. tutul\" are distinct from it by the presence of leopard-like ocellated spots, which are smaller and less numerous in \"H. tutul\"."}]}, {"title": "Himantura walga", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The dwarf whipray or mangrove whipray (\"Brevitrygon walga\") is a small stingray, a cartilaginous fish in the family Dasyatidae. It is a demersal fish and is found over the continental and insular shelf of the west central Pacific Ocean where it is heavily fished. The IUCN has assessed it as being \"near-threatened\". The dwarf whipray has a maximum length of . The disc width is commonly about . In outline it is oval with a bluntly-pointed snout. The whip-like tail is longer than the body and lacks the skin fold found in some related species. Females have a shorter tail than males, with a bulbous tip, and both sexes have four to six erectile, venomous spines at the base of the tail. The dwarf whipray is a uniform pinkish or beige colour and has been mistaken for a horseshoe crab in turbid water."}, {"context": " The dwarf whipray is found in the western central Pacific Ocean. Its range extends from Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam to Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia. It has been recorded from India, but may have been confused there with the scaly whipray (\"Brevitrygon imbricata\"). It occurs close to the sandy seabed on the inner continental shelf at depths usually less than . The dwarf whipray reaches maturity at a length of about . Mating occurs when the male grasps the female with their ventral surfaces in contact. This fish is viviparous, giving birth to one or two young at a time. The gestation period is not known, but before birth, the pups are fed on secretions from the uterine wall, a process known as histotrophy."}, {"context": " The dwarf whipray is caught, largely as bycatch, over most of its wide range. Trawling for batoids is common in many places and trammel netting, in which the fish get entangled in the fine-meshed central net of a three-part net, is used over much of its range. The fish is used for human consumption, but is not specifically targeted, probably because of its small size. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the conservation status of the dwarf whipray as being \"near-threatened\". The organisation considers the fish is experiencing intense fishing pressure over much of its range and is being over-exploited. Its abundance appears to be falling and the size of the fish caught also seems to be declining."}]}, {"title": "Himapatha", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himapatha () is a 1995 Indian Kannada romantic drama film directed by Rajendra Singh Babu and produced by Rockline Venkatesh. The film features Vishnuvardhan, Suhasini and Jayapradha in the lead roles. The film was widely popular for the songs composed by Hamsalekha upon release. The film has been extensively shot in Shimla and Bijapur. The movie is based on Kannada novel of same name by T. K. Rama Rao. The plot revolves around a photographer Aravind (Dr.Vishnuvardhan) of Kannada Prabha. He works in Bijapur.He is in love with Sumithra (Suhasini). One day Kittanna the editor of Kannada Prabha came to him and gave an offer to take the photos of snowfall occurs in Shimla.Kittanna wants to send those photos to National Geographic Magazine. At the same time Sumithra's mother challenges Aravind to earn \u20b93,00,000 within a month.If he failed,Sumithra's wedding took place with her uncle Keerthi (Jai Jagadish). Then Aravind goes to Shimla. What happened next is the rest of story.  The music of the film was composed and lyrics written by Hamsalekha. Theaudio was released by Lahari Music company."}]}, {"title": "Himara", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himara or Himar\u00eb (from , \"Himarra\") is a bilingual region and municipality in southern Albania, part of Vlor\u00eb County. It lies between the Ceraunian Mountains and the Ionian Sea and is part of the Albanian Riviera. The region consists of the town of Himar\u00eb and the villages of Dh\u00ebrmi, Pilur, Kudh\u00ebs, Qeparo, Vuno, Ilias, and Palas\u00eb. The region of Himara is predominantly populated by an ethnic Greek community. The Himara region is a strip approximately 20\u00a0km long by 5\u00a0km wide, bounded by the 2000 metre high Llogara mountains to the northeast (known in antiquity and in the local Greek dialect as the Ceraunian mountains (, \"Keravnia ori\", \"Thunder Mountains\") and the Ionian Sea to the southwest. There are long white sandy beaches and the few hills close to the sea are terraced and planted with olive and citrus trees. The villages of Himar\u00eb are perched up high on the spurs of the Ceraunian range in positions which offered natural defences against the nearby Lab Albanians during the Ottoman era."}, {"context": " The area has a great potential for tourism, with the major characteristics of the municipal town being its seaside promenade, the Greek tavernas and the traditionally preserved old town built on a hill. The town of Himar\u00eb consists of the old town, Kastro, situated on and around the old castle and the coastal region of Spilea, which is the touristic and economic center of the region. Other parts of the town are Potami, Livadhi, Zhamari, Michaili and Stefaneli. North of the town of Himar\u00eb lie the villages of Vuno, Ilias, Dh\u00ebrmi, with its coastal region Jaliskari, and Palas\u00eb. Dhermi contains a number of recently built beach resorts. On the mountains lie Pilur and Kudh\u00ebs, while Qeparo lies to the south of the town of Himar\u00eb."}, {"context": " The region has several Orthodox churches and monasteries, built in the traditional Byzantine architecture, like the Monastery of the Cross, Athaliotissa, Saint Theodore, Virgin Mary in Dh\u00ebrmi and Saint Demetrius. Moreover, a number of churches are located inside the castle of Himar\u00eb, which was initially built in classical antiquity, like the Church of Virgin Mary Kasopitra, Episkopi, which is built on the site of an ancient temple dedicated to Apollo, as well as the Aghioi Pantes church, in the entrance of the castle. Additional monuments in the castle include the mansion of the Spyromilios family and the Greek school."}, {"context": " In antiquity the region was inhabited by the Greek tribe of the Chaonians. The Chaonians were one of the three principal Greek-speaking tribes of Epirus, along with the Thesprotians and the Molossians. The town of Himar\u00eb is believed to have been founded as \"Chimaira\" (\u03a7\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1) by the Chaonians as a trading outpost on the Chaonian shore. However, another theory suggest that it comes from Greek \"\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2\" (\"cheimarros\"), meaning \"torrent\". In classical antiquity, Himar\u00eb was part of the Kingdom Epirus under the rule of the Molossian Aeacid dynasty, which included King Pyrrhus of Epirus. When the region was conquered by the Roman Republic in the 2nd century BC, its settlements were badly damaged and some were destroyed by the Roman General Aemilius Paulus."}, {"context": " Himara and the rest of the southern Balkans passed into the hands of the Byzantine Empire following the fall of Rome, but like the rest of the region it became the frequent target of various attackers including the Goths, Avars, Slavs, Bulgars, Saracens and Normans. Himara is mentioned in Procopius of Caesarea's \"Buildings\" (544) as \"Chimaeriae\", being part of Old Epirus and that a new fortress was built in its location. In 614, the Slavic tribe of the Baiounetai invaded the area and controlled a region from Himar\u00eb to Margariti called \"Vagenetia\"."}, {"context": " The use of the name \"Chaonia\" in reference to the region apparently died out during the 12th century, the last time it is recorded (in a Byzantine tax collection document). In 1278, Nicephorus of Epirus surrendered to the Angevins the ports of Himar\u00eb, Sopot and Butrint. As a result, Charles of Anjou controlled the Ionian coast from Himar\u00eb to Butrint. It was later ruled by Serbian Empire between 1342 and 1372. In 1372 Himar\u00eb, together with Vlora, Kanina and Berat region was given as a dowry to Bal\u0161a II due to his marriage with the daughter of John Komnenos Asen. After the death of Bal\u0161a II, his widow and his daughter (who married Mrk\u0161a \u017darkovi\u0107) managed to keep the possession of the region up to 1417 when the Ottomans captured Vlora."}, {"context": " The Ottoman Empire overran northern Epirus from the late 14th century, but being a natural fortress, Himara was the only region that did not submit to Ottoman rule. It became a symbol of resistance to the Ottomans but suffered from an almost continuous state of warfare. Himariotes participated in Skanderbeg's resistance against the Ottoman Empire. In the summer of 1473 the chieftain John Vlasis, with a small unit from nearby Corfu as well as with native Himariot support, took control of the entire coastal region from Sagiada to Himara, but when the ongoing Ottoman-Venetian war ended (1479) the region was again under Ottoman control. In 1481, one year after the Ottomans had landed in Otranto in southern Italy, the Himariotes joined the forces of Gjon Kastrioti II (son of Skanderbeg) in his uprising against the Ottomans. The uprising failed, but the Himariotes rose up again in 1488, and between 1494\u20131509, destabilizing Ottoman control but failing to liberate their territory."}, {"context": " The Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent personally mounted an expedition in 1537 that destroyed or captured many surrounding villages but did not manage to subdue the area. The Ottomans found it necessary to compromise with the inhabitants by giving them a series of privileges: local self-government, the right to bear arms, exemption from taxes, the right to sail under their own flag into any Ottoman port and to provide military service in time of war. However, despite the privileges, the Himariotes revolted during the following conflicts: Ottoman\u2013Venetian War (1537\u201340), Ottoman\u2013Venetian War (1570\u201373), Morean War (1684\u201399), Ottoman\u2013Venetian War (1714\u201318) and the Russo-Turkish wars of the 18th century. On the other hand, Ottoman reprisals depopulated the area and led to forced Islamizations which finally limited the area's Christian population by the 18th century to the town of Himar\u00eb and six villages. Additionally the Himariotes were often attacked by the Labs, a nearby Albanian tribe, on the grounds of race and religion. In one occasion, in 1577, the chieftains of Himar\u00eb appealed to the Pope for arms and supplies promising to fight the Ottomans. They also promised to transfer their religious allegiance to Rome, provided that they would retain their Eastern Orthodox liturgical customs \"since the majority of the population was Greek and didn't understand the Frankish language\". In various letters to European rulers the Himariotes claimed that they were once ruled by leaders such as Alexander the Great, Pyrrhus of Epirus and Skanderbeg, personalities with which the Himariotes formed identitarian historical memory. The most cited figure with which the Himarotes proud themselves through their past is Skanderbeg."}, {"context": " During these years, the people of Himar\u00eb established close links to the Italian city states, especially Naples and the powerful Republic of Venice, which controlled Corfu and the other Ionian Islands, and later with Austro-Hungary. It was at this time (18th century), that many Himariotes emigrated to Italy, while they still maintain their Greek identity. The first school in the region opened in 1627, where lessons were held in the Greek language. The following years (until 1633) Greek-language schools opened also in the villages of Dh\u00ebrmi and Palasa. During the Ottoman period, judicial authority in Himar\u00eb and the surrounding villages was exercised by community courts also known as \"councils of elders\", that consisted exclusively of laymen. Their decisions was subject to the sanction of the local Orthodox bishop who belonged to the metropolis of Ioannina."}, {"context": " In 1720, the villages of Himara, Palasa, Ilias, Vuno, Pilur and Qeparo refused to submit to the Pasha of Delvina. In 1759-1760 local agents of the Russian Empire reported that the population of Himar\u00eb was willing to join an anti-Ottoman uprising, provided the Russians would support a liberation movement of the Greek-inhabited regions of the Ottoman Empire. In 1797, Ali Pasha, the Muslim Albanian ruler of the Ottoman Pashalik of Yanina, led a raid on the town of Himar\u00eb because they supported his enemy, the Souliotes, and more than 6,000 civilians were slaughtered. Two years later, Ali Pasha tried to create good relations with the Himariotes after declaring their enclave part of his emerging semi-independent state, by financing various public works and churches. A church he built near Himar\u00eb, opposite of the Porto Palermo (Panormos) Castle is the largest and most magnificent in the region and still stands today as a major tourist attraction. Ali Pasha's rule over Himar\u00eb lasted about 20 years until it was abruptly terminated by his murder at the hands of the Ottoman agents. Himar\u00eb subsequently reverted to its \"status quo ante\" of an enclave surrounded by Ottoman territory. To emphasize the region's special status, the terms that the Himariotes had reached with Suleiman the Magnificent were inscribed on bronze tablets at the request of their leaders, who wanted to record the agreement on a durable medium. These tablets are preserved to this day in the Topkapi palace museum in Istanbul."}, {"context": " When the Greek War of Independence (1821\u20131830) broke out, the people of Himar\u00eb rose in revolt. The local uprising failed, but many Himariotes, veterans of the Russian and French Army, joined the revolutionary forces in today southern Greece, where they played a significant role in the struggle. In 1854, during the Crimean War, a major local rebellion broke out, with Himar\u00eb being one of the first towns that joined it. Although the newly founded Greek state tried tacitly to support it, the rebellion was suppressed by Ottoman forces after a few months. The Himariotes were continuously held suspicious of supporting the expansionist plans of Greece in the region, especially during the era of the Albanian national awakening."}, {"context": " During the First Balkan War, on November 18, 1912, the town revolted under Spyros Spyromilios and expelled the Ottoman forces in order to join Greece. In March 1914, the \"Protocol of Corfu\" was signed, which established the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus, of which Himar\u00eb formed a part, though the Autonomous Republic itself formally remained part of the newly formed Albanian state. However, in the Panepirotic assembly in Delvin\u00eb, that aimed at the ratifications of the terms of the Protocol by the Northern Epirote representatives, the delegates of Himar\u00eb abstained, insisting that only union with Greece would be a viable solution."}, {"context": " During the First World War, Himar\u00eb was under Greek administration (October 1914-September 1916) and then occupied by Italy. The Italians used Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war to build a road running through Himar\u00eb, which greatly reduced the region's isolation. Spiro Jorgo Koleka, a native of Vuno and a local leader of the Albanian national movement, opposed the annexation by foreign powers of Himara area and the wider region around Vlora . To that effect Koleka was an organiser of the Vlora War, where other local Himariots participated. In 1921 the region came under the control of the Albanian state. The Himara question in 1921, regarding the rights of \"Himariotes\" and their villages Dh\u00ebrmi, Vuno, Himara, Piluri, Kudh\u00ebs and Qeparo, was supervised by Albanian government representative Spiro Jorgo Koleka. The government concluded that Albanian was obligatory in school, as the official language, while Greek was free to be taught as a second language, as desired by the people. The locals rose in revolt, in 1924, protesting against a series of measures aiming at Albanisation, and demanding the same privileges they enjoyed prior to incorporation to Albania. Other uprisings followed in 1927 and 1932, both suppressed by the government of king Zog of Albania."}, {"context": " Later, Himar\u00eb was again occupied by the Italians as part of the Italian invasion in Albania. During the Greco-Italian War, the 3rd Infantry Division of the Greek Army entered Himar\u00eb, on December 22, 1940, after victorious fighting against the Fascist Italian forces deployed in the region. The town briefly re-joined Greece until the German invasion in 1941. In 2015 the government merged Himara with the municipalities Hor\u00eb-Vranisht and Lukov\u00eb. The seat of the municipality is the town Himar\u00eb. The population of the Himar\u00eb region is 11,257 inhabitants, with the ethnic composition of both the town and region predominantly Greek. The town of Himar\u00eb and the settlements of Dh\u00ebrmi and Palas\u00eb, which account for the bulk of the region's population, are inhabited by Greeks, while Pilur, Kudh\u00ebs, Vuno and Ilias are populated by an Orthodox Albanian population. The village of Qeparo is inhabited by both Greeks (upper neighbourhood) and an Orthodox Albanian population (lower neighbourhood). On the other hand, the latest official census in Albania (2011), which has been widely disputed due to irregularities in the procedure, and its results affected by boycott by part of the Greek minority, shows that 60.38% were registered as Albanians, 24.56% as Greeks and 14.00% preferred not to declare any ethnicity at all. Comparatively, the 2015 Albanian Civil Registry offices suggested a municipal population of 27,049 people, mostly as a result of the Greek community's boycotting of the 2011 census where it recorded only 5,738 people."}, {"context": " Historically, there have been several conflicting theories about the ethnicity of the Himariotes. In the early 19th century according to Greek scholar and secretary to Ali Pasha Athanasios Psalidas, three villages of the area were considered Greek, while he also stated that there were also some Orthodox Albanian villages in the region. In general, the allegiances of the locals were in a narrow sense to their respective clans (the \"phatriae\") and areas, and in a broader sense to their Orthodox religion and cultural heritage. The later factors indicate closer links with their Greek co-religionists than to the Muslim Albanian communities."}, {"context": " The inhabitants of Himara are predominantly Orthodox Christians. In 1577, 38 chieftains of the Himara region appealed to Pope Gregory XIII for arms and supplies against the Ottomans. They promised to switch allegiance from the Orthodox to the Roman Catholic Church, and recognize Philip II of Spain as their sovereign. They asked to retain their Orthodox liturgical customs 'since the majority of the population is Greek and does not understand the Frankish language'. From 1577 to 1765 the population accepted the Pope as the religious head of the community and identified with the Roman Catholic Church. The success of the Roman Catholic missionaries among the Eastern-rite Albanians in Himar\u00eb led to the region becoming a refuge for Orthodox prelates that had converted. Himariotes thus largely adhered to Christian faith, although individual conversions to Islam were recorded from the early 16th century. One of them, Ajaz Pasha, became Grand Vizier and was sent by the Ottoman Sultan to put down the 1537 revolt of Himariotes. Even so, crypto-Christianity appeared, particularly in the villages of Fterre, Corraj, and Vuno. Moreover, Basilian missions were sent by Rome since 1682, founding a number of Greek schools."}, {"context": " In August 2015 Albanian police demolished the renovated Orthodox church of Saint Athanasius in Dhermi, as local authorities weeks earlier declared it an \"illegal construction\". The Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania declared it \"a vandalistic act of desecration and a violation of church property\" and it also triggered diplomatic protests from Greece. This is the second demolition of the church, the first having taken place during the era of the People's Republic of Albania, but at the time the church was rebuilt by the local Orthodox Church after the restoration of Democracy in the country (1991). The Albanian government has promised to rebuild the church after archaeological excavations have taken place. The demolition of the religious monument also triggered strong reactions from the European Commission."}, {"context": " The vast majority of people in Himar\u00eb, who call themselves \"Horiani\" (), meaning locals in the local Greek dialect, are bilingual in both Albanian and Greek, while 85% of the municipality's population use Greek as their mother tongue according to the municipal authorities. In the town of Himar\u00eb as well as in nearby villages of Dh\u00ebrmi and Palasa mainly speak a unique local Greek dialect that preserves many archaic features no longer found in standard Modern Greek. This dialect has small variations in the way it is spoken in every town, especially in the accent. In the spring of 2006, a private Greek-language school opened in the town of Himar\u00eb, at the precise location where the Orthodox missionary Cosmas the Aetolian founded the Acroceraunian School in 1770. Elements of Slavic influence are limited compared to the neighboring Albanian idioms, as well as the other variants of the Greek language spoken in southeast Albania and Nart\u00eb region."}, {"context": " On the other hand, the surrounding towns of Ilias, Vuno, Qeparo, Kudh\u00ebs and Pilur mainly speak the Lab Albanian dialect, a subdialect of Tosk Albanian. Lab Albanian as a whole, and especially the local dialect of Himare, are known for being conservative and preserving features of Old Albanian that are lost elsewhere in the Tosk south of Albania but typically preserved in the Gheg north, such as the vowel length distinction. Another conservative phonological trait of Lab is the lack of palatalization, making residents speak \"shkjip\", not \"shqip\" (as in Arb\u00ebresh). The purported discovery of nasal vowels in the Himara region and the neighboring Kurvelesh region, a characteristic of Old Albanian that was lost in most Tosk but preserved in Gheg challenged the traditional view that the split between Gheg and Tosk was in part caused by the loss of nasalization in Tosk; these finds were supported by a discovery of nasal vowels in the neighboring Lab dialect spoken in Borsh. Elements of Slavic influence in the lexicon are also evident in the local Albanian idiom."}, {"context": " The possibility of victory by the Greek minority Unity for Human Rights Party in the municipal elections in the past triggered nationalist rhetoric, both at the local and even national level, and heightened tension in the town. The Unity for Human Rights Party secured the greatest number of seats in the current municipal council, during the last municipal elections, however the mayorship was won by the Socialist party, and mayor is Gjergi Goro in the town of Himara (2011). In the last governmental elections (2013), the region of Himara voted 48.3% for the Socialist Party and 25.5% for the Unity of Human Rights party."}, {"context": " While the situation of the Greek minority in Albania has improved since the fall of communism, ethnic tensions in Himara remain high. During the 1994 trial of the Omonoia members, an organization that represents the Greek minority in Albania, three local Greeks were arrested and beaten by the Albanian police after they were found in possession of leaflets calling for the release of the arrested Omonoia leaders. In 2008, a number of protests took place with the locals demanding land ownership and autonomy for the region. The house of former mayor of Himara's, Vasil Bollano, has been the target of a bomb attack twice, in 2004 and again in May 2010."}, {"context": " On August 12, 2010, ethnic tensions soared after ethnic Greek shopkeeper Aristotelis Goumas was killed when his motorcycle was hit by a car driven by three Albanian youths with whom Goumas allegedly had an altercation when they demanded that he must not speak Greek to them in his store. Outraged locals blocked the main highway between Vlore and Saranda and demanded reform and increased local Himariote representation in the local police force. The incident was condemned by both the Greek and Albanian governments and three suspects are currently in custody awaiting trial."}, {"context": " The census of 2011 included ethnicity for the first time, a long-standing demand of the Greek minority in Albania and of international organizations., however, Greek minority representatives found unacceptable article 20 of the Census law, according to which there is a $1,000 fine for declaring an ethnicity other than what was written down on someone's birth certificate. As a result, the census was boycotted by parts of the Greek community. In 2005, after years of unanswered demands, President Berisha authorized the opening of a Greek-language school in Himara partially funded by the Greek government. The school now has five teachers and 115 pupils."}, {"context": " On 2015, 26 August, Albanian government demolished the church of St. Athanasios at Drimades. The Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemned this action. As of 31 October 2017, some 3,000 Albanian police officers, including riot police squads, arrived in the southern region of Himara on Tuesday in order to oversee and shield the demolition of several properties belonging to members of the Greek minority. The demolition of houses and businesses of ethnic Greeks is, according to Albanian authorities, part of a wider project aiming to boost tourism in the area, which is considered Albania\u2019s top holiday resort. Members of the Greek minority as well as critics both in Greece and Albania have denounced the urban regeneration plan as unconstitutional. At the same time, Athens has repeatedly warned Tirana that demolishing residencies and businesses belonging to ethnic Greeks could cause severe damage to Albania\u2019s European Union candidacy process. Namely, Greek government spokesperson Dimitris Tzanakopoulos declared that Athens is closely monitoring the developments in Himara and is working to safeguard the rights of the Greek minority in the Albanian seaside resort."}, {"context": " On his behalf, the chairman of the Unity for Human Rights Party, which represents the Greek communities in the Albanian parliament- Vangjel Dule, said \"Prime Minister Edi Rama wants the people of Himara to be displaced. His behavior towards the Himarite Greeks could only be compared with that of a conqueror\u2026 Hereditary property rights of our grandfathers are being violated. Basic principles of the rule of law are being infringed. Functional democracy and respect for the rights of the members of the minority are being violated in broad daylight. Himara, which has endured throughout the centuries with its identity and ideals, many storms like the ones that we have seen today, cannot be defeated by Mr. Rama\u2019s legal perversities and institutional adventures.\" Furthermore, he described Himara as a police state due to the presence of thousands of Albanian policemen and charges Rama\u2019s government for creating tension \"without any document of legal power\"."}, {"context": " The much debated project has also caused the fierce reactions from members of the Greek minority who claim that the Albanian government\u2019s aim is to force them out of their land and thus it employs measures of financial suffocation. On Tuesday morning they gathered near the buildings that were demolished and demonstrated trying to stop bulldozers that earlier tore down a gas station owned by a Greek family. According to Greek government sources, both the Embassy in Tirana and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are in permanent communication with the property owners who are affected by the demolitions. In total, there are some 23 properties which have been planned to be demolished as part of the new urban plan of Himara."}, {"context": " \"We call on the Albanian Government to immediately stop any action against the rights of members of the ethnic Greek minority residing in Himara. At the same time, we urge the government to proceed immediately this time, reactions at both bilateral and European level to protect the Greeks of Himara\", an official statement issued by the main opposition party of New Democracy reads. Source: Greek City Times. The city of Himar\u00eb's soccer club KF Himara. The club currently plays in the Albanian Second Division. Its home stadium is Petro Ruci Stadium in Orikum, Albania which is also owned by KF Oriku has a capacity of 2,000 Spectators."}]}, {"title": "Himara Revolt", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himara Revolt of 1596 was an uprising organized by archbishop Athanasius I of Ohrid in the region of Himara against the Ottoman Empire. It was part of a range of anti-Ottoman movements in the Western Balkans at the end of the 16th century during the Long Turkish War in the Balkans. Conspiracy plans to overthrow Ottoman rule in the northern region of Epirus were organized in the 1570s by local Greek nobles, Manthos Papagiannis and Panos Stolikos, Nevertheless revolutionary actions began after Papagiannis' death in 1596."}, {"context": " Spanish conspirators, with instructions from Naples, led an action to spark revolt in southern Albania. They decided to invite archbishop Athanasius I of Ohrid in their plans. He was described as \"discrete and intelligent\". In the beginning, Athanasius was uninvolved, until the beginning of 1596 when he offered his cooperation to the Venetian official in Corfu. Athanasius sent a letter to the \"provveditore\" and captain of Corfu, Angelo Basadonna, in January 1596, about wanting to meet up and discuss \"very important things\". The two had a meeting on 26 January 1596, during which Athanasius spoke of the \"miserable state of Christians\" and asked for help for a general uprising. Rejected by Venice, he openly joined the Spanish conspirators, who contacted the Napolitan deputy about this. Athanasius sent his minister to Naples to ask for weapons and 2,000 soldiers from Spain, and to establish the whole plan of the uprising. The Napolitan vice-king sent one of his captains to oversee events and to get to know the real intents of the people. While the Napolitan captain was in Albania, the Himariotes south of Valona immediately rose up."}, {"context": " The Himara revolt was part of a range of anti-Ottoman movements in the Western Balkans at the end of the 16th century during the Long Turkish War in areas that extended from Epirus up north to the area of \u0160ibenik (in Croatia). Athanasius had returned to Albania by the summer of 1596 and stayed in Himara. A contemporary source stated that there were 10,000 fighters in red costumes in Himara. The revolt was active in July and August, with initial success, the rebels managing to control the coastal towns. The rebel force being reinforced by a small unit of Spaniards attacked the nearby Ottoman fort of Cerna. The fort was simultaneously attacked from three directions by 1,300 men, of whom only 300 were equipped with arquebuses. Initially a group of 100 Spaniards managed to capture part of the fort raising their flag, killing 80 Ottoman soldiers among whom the commander of the fort. However the Himariotes being confused about this turn of the battle withdrew from the battlefield. This gave the opportunity to the Ottomans to launch a successful counterattack. The revolt was easily suppressed after the Venetians convinced some of the chieftains not to join the rebellion, and the fact that the rebel army was undisciplined."}, {"context": " After the unsuccessful operation Athanasius returned to Himara for the preparations of another rebellion. The remaining Spaniards left the region, but Athanasius awaited this time an aid of 3\u20134,000 soldiers from the Spanish king. On August 23, 1596 he met with Albanian captains Michael Bua, Giovanni Golemi and Michael Papada. They each received a monthly pay of 50 ducats. They then went to Lecce to arm the Himariotes with 1,000 arquebuses, powder, lead, four drums and four royal banners (\"insegne del Re\"). Athanasius then moved to Rome and had an audience with the Pope. The following 20 years he continued to visit various western European leaders to trigger their intervention against the Ottomans, but without success. On the other hand, Venetian Cypriot Hieronimo Combi discouraged Michael Bua and his companions.  In the Sanjak of Herzegovina and Montenegro Vilayet, the Serbs rose up in 1596\u201397, but without foreign support the rebels were forced to capitulate. In 1600, a rebellion broke out in Thessaly."}]}, {"title": "Himara revolt of 1912", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himara revolt (), was a Greek uprising during the First Balkan War that took place in the region of Himara (Himar\u00eb, today southern Albania), on . It successfully overthrew the Ottoman forces of the region, thus securing the coastal area between Sarand\u00eb and Vlor\u00eb for the Hellenic Army. During the First Balkan War (1912-1913), the Epirus front was of secondary importance for Greece after the Macedonian front. The landing in Himara, in the rear of the Ottoman Army was planned as an independent operation from the rest of the Epirus front. Its aim was to secure the advance of the Greek forces to the northern regions of Epirus. The success of such an initiative was primarily based on the superiority of the Greek navy in the Ionian Sea and the decisive support of the local Greek population."}, {"context": " At early October 1912, Gendarmerie Major Spyros Spyromilios, a native of Himara, moved to the Greek island Corfu, opposite Himara. His mission was to organize groups of volunteers consisting of northern Epirus Greeks. He also received orders from the Greek government to communicate with the local Albanian beys of the surrounding regions. This unit was later reinforced by additional 200 Greek volunteers from Crete (Cretan commanders Galeros, Papagiannakis and Polixigis) sent by General Konstantinos Sapountzakis, commander of the Greek army in Epirus front."}, {"context": " On November 15, urgent orders were received from the headquarters of the Greek Army for the immediate landing in the region of Himara. The landing operation began at 07:30 am of November 18, at the bay of Spilia near the town of Himara. The disembarkment of the volunteer force did not face any resistance. Immediately it was divided into two groups: The first group which consisted of local volunteers approached the town of Himara from the north, while the second group consisting of Cretans approached from the opposite direction. As soon as the first group entered the town it came under fire from the headquarters of the local Ottoman administration, where the Ottoman guard was garrisoned. Finally, after the arrival of the second group, a brief clash occurred which ended up with the surrender of the Ottomans."}, {"context": " Immediately, after the town was secured, the head of the volunteer force, Spyros Spyromilios, raised the Greek flag in the former Ottoman headquarters, thus marking the end of the Ottoman administration. As soon as the news spread about the successful operation of the Greek force, armed inhabitants from the surrounding villages: Drymades, Qeparo, Palasa, Kudesi, Vuno appeared in Himara, declaring to Spyromilios that they will support him in his movement for the incorporation of the rest of the Ottoman-controlled Epirus into Greece."}, {"context": " In order to secure the control of the region against a possible counterattack Spyromilios ordered the Cretan units to move immediately to the strategic location of the Llogara Pass. The pass was located northwest of Himara and towards the direction of Vlore. Upon advancing to their new positions, the Cretan groups realized that a number of Ottoman Albanian irregulars were stationed there, while an attempt to push them out, in November 24, was unsuccessful. Spyromilios also suggested to the Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos that the coastal city of Vlor\u00eb should come under Greek control but the latter responded negatively in fear that this might trigger Italian military intervention."}, {"context": " Albanian attacks against Himara were initiated after the Albanian Declaration of Independence in Vlor\u00eb, on November 28. Nevertheless, the defenders managed to repel them and the area remained under Greek control until the end of the Balkan Wars. In one occasion when the Greek headquarters expected full-scale attack in the area it ordered Spyromilios to retreat, however he rejected the order and remained in the region successfully organizing the local defence. Under the terms of the Protocol of Florence, signed on December 17, 1913, the region of Northern Epirus, in which Himar\u00eb was part was awarded to Albania. This decision triggered a series of events that lead to the proclamation of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus in Gjirokast\u00ebr by the local Greek population."}]}, {"title": "Himare\u0308 (town)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himar\u00eb () is a bilingual town in Southern Albania along the Albanian Riviera and part of the Vlor\u00eb County. It is the largest settlement and seat of the municipality of Himar\u00eb. Both the town and municipality are populated by an ethnic Greek community. In antiquity the region was inhabited by the Greek tribe of the Chaonians. The town of Himar\u00eb is believed to have been founded as \"\u03a7\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\", (\"Chimaira\" or \"Chimaera\", hence the name \"Himara\") by the Chaonians as a trading outpost on the Chaonian shore. However, another theory according to the name suggest that comes from Greek \"\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2\" (\"cheimarros\"), meaning \"torrent\".  The town is noted among ancient writers, including Pliny the Elder and Procopius. The town of Himara during the 16th-18th centuries was ecclesiastically under the jurisdiction of Rome, and some of its inhabitants were Catholics of the Eastern rite."}]}, {"title": "Himari Noihara", "paragraphs": [{"context": " In both the anime and manga series she is the descendant of a \"y\u014dkai\" that was spared rather than being killed by a demon slayer family. As a result, she and her ancestors have sworn to protect its members. Yuto Amakawa, being the current heir to the family, is thus under her care. As the series progresses she shows that she deeply cares for and loves Yuto, but struggles with demons within herself. At the end of the series, Yuto saves Himari and confesses his love back to her. The anime differs from the manga when it comes to the final battle at the end."}, {"context": " When creating Himari, author Milan Matra opted to go for an easily drawn character. He soon came up with her design, but became stuck in regards to her name and her style of speech. Eventually he decided on the name Himari and an old-fashioned speech style. Himari was originally going to have short hair in the final chapter but Matra decided to go with long hair, and use the short haired designs for her evil side, \"Black Himari\", which appears earlier in the series. Matra describes Himari's appearance on the cover of the first volume as the \"first he had ever done\". In order to attract readers, Matra stated that he drew Himari in a way that was unusual for her character whom is usually serious. He described her smile as \"gentle\" which is something that would never be seen in the story itself."}, {"context": " Himari also has a sister named \"Hime\" who was originally going to be a male character. Matra made the change saying that he did not want his readers to wrap their hearts around two different male characters which would have also impacted Himari's storyline. When asked at a book fair in Taiwan why he chose a cat to represent the main character, Matra replied that he thinks that cats in general are cute. In the story, Himari states that her mother died while giving birth to her while her father might have been another species of demon cat, or possibly a stray."}, {"context": " Himari's character is voiced by Ami Koshimizu in the anime adaptation. She was chosen for the role during a series of interviews, then was photographed along with the other chosen cast for promotional shots. Koshimizu described her feelings about Himari in another interview when asked what she liked best. She said that while Himari has great mental abilities and can fight, she is still a girl who cares about various things. Koshimizu went on to say that it was difficult to \"add or subtract\" Himari's feelings about being a y\u014dkai. In addition to voicing Himari, Koshimizu also sings the ending song called \"BEAM my BEAM\" after each episode."}, {"context": " Himari first appears in chapter one of the manga \"The Cat, The Girl, and The Allergy\". After saving Yuto from an \"ayakashi\", she later introduces herself to him and explains that he comes from a family of demon slayers. She goes on to say that at some point one of the members of his family spared and tamed one of her ancestors, choosing compassion rather than reward, and as a result she vows to protect him. Himari soon takes on the last name \"Noihara\" in order to blend in more, Yuto comments that the name is the area from where his grandparents were from. Aside from the ancestor reasoning, Himari shows strong feelings towards Yuta, asking him out on a date and letting him choose her clothing among other things. It is later revealed that Himari was an important person to Yuto during his childhood which helps their relationship grow."}, {"context": " Being a \"y\u014dkai\", Himari finds herself torn between her desire to protect Yuto, and her nature as a bloodthirsty demon cat. Through research, Shizuku informs Yuto that Himari's ancestors were the type of evil \"y\u014dkai\" that killed and ate humans, saying that Himari takes pleasure in the hunt and loses herself to the bloodlust. Initially, Himari does not realize when she loses control, describing it as if her heart was swallowed up into a black pool. Himari eventually acknowledges that she is a beast after a fight with Kuesu, but she is tended to by Yuto. In response Himari kisses him, saying that it is a \"gift of mercy\" for letting her stay by his side. Towards the end of the series in the fight against Tamamo-no-Mae, Himari bites her, absorbing most of her demonic powers. This results in Himari losing control of her darker demonic half, which eventually becomes visible to those around her. The series ends after Yuto enters into Himari's subconscious, and saves her before her darker half takes full control of her heart."}, {"context": " Himari's appearance in the anime follows that of the manga with the difference being the ending. She first appears in episode one \"Cat and Girl and Allergy\", where, as in the manga, she saves Yuto from an \"ayakashi\" and explains to him who she is and why she is protecting him. The ending of the anime differs from the manga when it comes to the final battle. Tama the nine-tailed fox is defeated by Himari, who chose to give in to her darkness (her vicious \"ayakashi\" side/energy) while fighting her. Yuto hugs Himari, turning her back to her good self, and uses his light ferry to turn her into \"Super Himari\". With this added power, Himari goes to defeat Shuten-douji and wins, ending the anime after a characters reunion. When referring to Himari in the anime, distributor Kadokawa describes her character as old-fashioned with a demonic nature, who likes to snuggle."}, {"context": " Reception of Himari's character in English-language media has been mostly positive. THEM anime reviews called Himari an okay character when she is not threatening Yuto or getting upset at the other girls that he has around him. While referencing the anime adaptation, Erin Finnegan from Anime News Network called the character designs in general \"solid\", aside from Yuto. Paul Jensen, also from Anime News Network said that Himari is a good \"demon girl with a dark side\" heroine character. Jensen did say though that the overall character designs are starting to show their age seven years after the series' first release. Chris Beveridge from Mania reviewed the third volume of the manga series which included a glimpse into her character. In the review he describes Himari's kiss scene in which she wants to experience what a kiss is like for the first time. Chris commented; \"There's a pleasant innocence about her as she works through it and finds the situation turning to her favor for actually trying it\". In contrast, Ross Liversidge of UK Anime Network reviewed the first volume of the manga in which he called Himari's character overly \"stereotyped\". Ross also said that although she is \"kick-ass\" while using her sword, she has no idea about modern life. Chris Kincaid from Japan Powered called Himari's anime appearance \"interesting\". In his review he compares her character to \"Inuyasha\"s manga title character as she has a protector mentality, but is \"torn between the human world and her demon nature\"."}]}, {"title": "Himarima\u0303", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himarim\u00e3 or Hi-Merim\u00e3 are an indigenous people of Brazil. They are largely uncontacted by outside society, and live along the Piranhas River, between the Juru\u00e1 and Purus Rivers, in the state of Amazonas. Their numbers are uncertain, but in 1943 it was estimated that the Hi-Merim\u00e3 consisted of more than 1,000 individuals. They were known primarily through their conflicts with neighboring tribes. They are considered isolated and mostly uncontacted. They have avoided prolonged contact with outward societies, as well as with neighboring native tribes, with whom they are antagonistic; however, they had some, intermittent contact with non-natives for the last 60 years.  The Himarim\u00e3 language is an unclassified language."}]}, {"title": "Himarima\u0303 language", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himarim\u00e3 is the presumed language of the uncontacted Hi-Merim\u00e3 people in Amazonas, Brazil, The language is believed to be Araw\u00e1n per testimonies from the Suruwah\u00e1 and Banaw\u00e1."}]}, {"title": "Himariote dialect", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himariote Greek ( \"Kheimarrioutiki dialektos\" or \"Kheimarrioutika\") is a dialect of the Greek language that is mainly spoken by ethnic Greeks in the Himar\u00eb region of Albania. Despite the small distances between the towns in the region, there exists some dialectal variation, most prominently in accent. Despite the fact that the Greek community in Himara resides at the northern end of the Greek-speaking world, in a region known among Greeks as Northern Epirus, the Himariote dialect is a southern dialect of the Greek language, a trait shared by most other dialects in Northern Epirus and Greek prefecture of Thesprotia. Although links with the Greek dialects spoken in Apulia and Mani have been suggested, the exact provenance of Northern Epirote dialects remains obscure. According to Greek linguist Vayacacos, Himariote, as a subbranch of the Northern Epirote dialects, is classified as a southern dialect, but the two towns next to Himar\u00eb, Dh\u00ebrmi and Palas\u00eb, speak semi-northern dialects."}, {"context": " Because of the region's geography and isolation, the local dialect in the Himar\u00eb region became separated from the surrounding dialects and underwent a slower evolution, preserving a more conservative and faithful picture of the medieval Greek vernacular. According to Greek professor Anagnostopoulos, this dialect, like other conservative forms of modern Greek, such as the Maniot dialect, was spoken by populations that lived in virtual autonomy during Ottoman rule. Another linguistic analysis suggests that Himar\u00eb was colonised by Apulian Italiots after the Turkish raid on Otranto in 1480, but this position is vigorously questioned. Some scholars have argued that there are parallels with the local idioms spoken in Crete as well as in nearby Corfu. In particular, these scholars argue that the dialect of Himar\u00eb has parallels with dialects in Crete, whereas the dialect of Dh\u00ebrmi and Palas\u00eb has parallels with those in Corfu."}, {"context": " In spite of the short distances between these towns, there are differences in the accents of the dialect in every town. Himariote has been affected by language contact, and uses some borrowed words from the Lab Albanian dialect. Some Greek words have also been partially influenced by their Albanian counterparts, such as the local pronunciation of for Standard Greek (\"engineer\"), under the influence of Albanian \"mehaniku\". Contrary to the nearby Albanian idioms that are spoken both inland (Kurvelesh) and in the coastal region in Himara, Slavic influence in Himariote Greek is limited."}, {"context": " A common characteristic of local Greek dialects including Himariote is the use of the archaic disyllabic -ea form. Moreover, the phoneme /s/ is pronounced in a slightly different way, depending on the town: in Dh\u00ebrmi as a soft /\u015b/; in Palasa as a half-hard /\u0161\u2019/ while in the town of Himar\u00eb as a hard /\u0161/. The people who originate from Himar\u00eb sometimes also pronounce /k/ as /ts/. Many younger members do not use \"hard accentuations\" anymore, due to the widespread influence by standard modern Greek in the context of migratory patterns to Greece."}, {"context": " The Himarriots were multi-lingualis at least since the 16th century. This was very common to the region and the period. They were writing in the Greek dialect of the region in their \"in-group\" communication, mixed with Albanian, Turkish, Italian and some Arabic words. They used Greek in their correspondence with the Pope and other representatives of western countries, as well as with the Russian Empire. When they communicated in Italian, they used a translator, but signed in Greek with Greek conferments of their names."}, {"context": " During the communist era in Albania, the country's borders were sealed for 45 years (1945\u20131990), while Himar\u00eb remained outside of the so-called Greek minority zone, which the Albanian state recognized as Greek populated regions. In accordance with the communist Albanian policy of unification and homogenization, the use of the Greek language in Himar\u00eb was forbidden in public, and many Greek-speaking people were forced to move to places in northern or central Albania. As a consequence, Greek schools in the Himar\u00eb area were closed, and the local communities stuck to their language, which slowly became archaic when they started to emigrate to Greece (1991) in the aftermath of the communist regime's collapse.  After the fall of communism, a considerable number of the population from Himar\u00eb migrated to Greece where it largely adopted standard Greek. At present they are still not considered as part of the recognized Greek minority by the Albanian state, while on the other hand they are counted as ethnic Greeks according to the Greek migration policy."}]}, {"title": "Himark BioGas", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himark Biogas Inc. is a waste-to-energy technology and engineering services company. Himark's provides services such as licensing of patented anaerobic digestion technology, conducting feasibility studies, carrying out project design, providing support on engineering and construction, commissioning, and rescue and resuscitation of digesters. The group was founded in 1976 as a mixed grain and purebred cattle farm and has since diversified into various businesses including management of feedlot, licensing of waste-to-energy technology, and management of biogas and ethanol plants."}, {"context": " As of 2014, the company has a research and development expenditure of over $ 35 million and has laboratories in Edmonton and Hairy Hill, Alberta. IMUS The Integrated Manure Utilization System \"IMUS\" is an anaerobic digestion technology that uses organic waste to produce biogas, which is used to produce electricity and heat. The \"IMUS\" system produces organic fertilizer and reusable water as bioproducts. Anaerobic digestion technologies improves the local environment and community health, and helps in disease control, through effective hazardous waste disposal; fertilizer production; disease destruction; pollution prevention; odor elimination; and landfill replacement.  The model integrates the anaerobic digestion technology with other energy consuming system, such as Municipal Facilities, Farm Operations, Open Pen Feedlots, Food Processing, Ethanol Plants, and Green Houses. The technology can utilize various kinds of feedstock types, including Municipal Organics, Cow Manure, Slaughter House waste, Milk and Cheese Waste, Feed Lot Waste, Sand Laden Waste, Food Processing Waste, Ethanol Co-Products and Human Waste."}]}, {"title": "Himarsha Venkatsamy", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himarsha Venkatsamy (born 15 February 1984) is an Indian model and actress, known for winning the Kingfisher Calendar Hunt in 2010, defeating Anjali Lavania and Nidhi Sunil in the final round. She made a special appearance in the 2010 Bollywood romantic comedy \"I Hate Luv Storys\", but her first breakthrough came when she was roped to play Jhumpa in the thriller film \"\". Himarsha was born to South African parents of South Indian origin in Durban, South Africa. She has been a model since the age of 13 she began dancing in Durban school of art and music. She is married to her long-term boyfriend from Kenya, who is known as Abdulkadir Arsenalist.  Himarsha participated in the Kingfisher Calendar Girl Hunt 2009 along with her sister Terushka. She won the contest that was televised on NDTV Good Times. She studied physiotherapist at the Witwatersrand University, before coming to India to be a full-time model. She has been a part of Lakme Fashion Week 2009."}]}, {"title": "Himas", "paragraphs": [{"context": " In Greek mythology, Himas or Himantes is the father of Plouto and grandfather of Tantalus."}]}, {"title": "Himasha Eashan", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himasha Eashan Waththakankanamge is a Sri Lankan sprint athlete specializing in the 100 and 200 metres. He is the current South Asian and Sri Lankan record holder in the 100 M sprint with the time of 10.26. Himasha was found positive for banned substance methylhexamine in 2012 and kept out of the field for one year by Sri Lanka, but he came strong soon after the ban by winning the national championship. Born May 7, 1995 Himasha attended Kalutara Vidyalaya, in Western Province for his higher education. He was offered a training by the Sri Lankan sports ministry in Jamaica in 2017."}]}, {"title": "Himasha Liyanage", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himasha Liyanage (born 15 September 1996) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Sri Lanka Army Sports Club in the 2016\u201317 Premier League Tournament on 2 December 2016. He made his List A debut for Badulla District in the 2016\u201317 Districts One Day Tournament on 22 March 2017. He made his Twenty20 debut for Sri Lanka Army Sports Club in the 2017\u201318 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 24 February 2018."}]}, {"title": "Himashree Roy", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himashree Roy is a female Indian Athlete who won a bronze medal in the 100 meters women\u2019s relay race along with Merlin K Joseph, Srabani Nanda and Dutee Chand in the 22nd Asian Athletics Championships which concluded on July 9, 2017. She was born in Kolkata, West Bengal on 15 March 1995. She won the silver medal in women\u2019s 4x100m relay race along with N. Shardha, Sonal Chawla and Priyanka in the National Open athletics championships 2018 where they represented the Indian Railways. Himashree Roy timed 11.60 seconds to set a record in women's 100 metres on 5th August, 2018 in the 68th State Athletics Championships, at the Salt Lake Stadium while representing the Eastern Railway Sports Association (ERSA). She won the bronze medal in women's 100m final in 84th All India Railway Athletics Championship, 2017.  Himashree Roy, MG Padmini, Srabani Nanda and Gayathri Govindaraj won the bronze medal for women\u2019s 4x100m relay race in the second leg of the 2015 Asian Grand Prix Games, held in Thailand. She also won the gold medal in the women\u2019s 4\u00d7100 metre relay with teammates Dutee Chand, Srabani Nanda and Merlin K Joseph while representing the Indian Railways in the 55th National Open Athletic Championship, 2015."}]}, {"title": "Himasthlidae", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himasthlidae is a family of trematodes in the order Plagiorchiida."}]}, {"title": "Himat", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himat may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Himatangi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himatangi is a small settlement in the Manawatu-Wanganui region of New Zealand's North Island. It is located at the junction of State Highways 1 and 56, 25 kilometres west of Palmerston North, and seven kilometres east of the coastal settlement of Himatangi Beach. It was once the location of the junction between the New Zealand Railways Department's Foxton Branch railway and the Manawatu County Council's Sanson Tramway. Both lines are now closed; use of the Tramway ceased in 1945, followed by the Branch in 1959."}]}, {"title": "Himatangi Beach", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himatangi Beach is a small coastal community in the Manawatu-Wanganui region of New Zealand's North Island. It is located 32 kilometres west of Palmerston North In the centre of the largest sand dune geographical feature in New Zealand. The community has a population of around 600, increasing to several thousand in the summer."}]}, {"title": "Himatangi radio station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himatangi Radio Station was an HF (High Frequency) Transmitting station operated by the New Zealand Post Office (NZPO). It was sited near Foxton at a location chosen because of excellent all-around look angles and good ground conductivity, both desirable attributes for an HF station. It was the 'mouth' and Makara Radio was the 'ears' for international telephone calls and telegraph traffic. The common point for connection into the public telephone network was the Telephone Operator (TO) in Wellington. The control terminal was located on the ground floor of the telephone exchange building in Stout Street and was manned 24/7 by Carrier and Toll technicians."}, {"context": " Opened in 1953 with a radiotelephone call between the Postmasters-General of New Zealand and Great Britain, it operated until 1993 when it was closed down and stripped. On-site accommodation was provided at nominal rental for technicians in the windbreak-surrounded village near State Highway 1: In the (10? 13? have some been moved?) houses for married men and their families, and for up to 16 single men (no female technicians there, ever?) in the Hostel. Continuous '24/7' operation was manned by three shifts a day, with a senior technician in charge of a shift, and a junior technician.  Maintenance was performed during the weekdays from 8am to 4:30pm by the same staff of technicians as part of a roster."}]}, {"title": "Himatanthus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himatanthus is a genus of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1819. It is native to Panama and South America."}]}, {"title": "Himatanthus bracteatus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himatanthus bracteatus is a species of the genus \"Himatanthus\" (Apocynaceae), native Venezuela, Colombia, the Guianas, Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador. It is a shrub with oblong, obovate and acuminate leaves, white flowers in terminal corymbs and follicles with winged seed."}]}, {"title": "Himatanthus obovatus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himatanthus obovatus is a species of \"Himatanthus\" genus in the Apocynaceae family, which is native Brazil, Bolivia, Guyana. It is common in Cerrado vegetation in Brazil. This plant is cited in Flora Brasiliensis by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius."}]}, {"title": "Himatanthus stenophyllus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himatanthus stenophyllus is a species of plant in the Apocynaceae family. It is native to Colombia, NW Brazil, Guyana, and Suriname."}]}, {"title": "Himatina", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himatina is a replacement name for \"Himatella\", Bergh, 1890, a genus of sea slugs, specifically aeolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Coryphellidae. Species within the genus \"Himatina\" are as follows:"}]}, {"title": "Himatina trophina", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The predaceous aeolis (\"Himatina trophina\") is a species of sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch, a marine heterobranch mollusc in the family Coryphellidae. This species was commonly known as \"Flabellina fusca\", a junior synonym. This species is frequent in British Columbia and extends around the North Pacific to Alaska and the Sea of Okhotsk, Russia. \"Himatina trophina\" mainly feeds on hydroids, it was also once believed to feed on tube worms but the species actually just preferred the hydroids which were growing on the outside of the tube worm. It has been reported feeding on other nudibranchs, crustacea and polychaete worms."}]}, {"title": "Himation", "paragraphs": [{"context": " A himation () was a type of clothing, a mantle or wrap worn by ancient Greek men and women from the Archaic through the Hellenistic periods (c. 750\u201330 BC). It was usually worn over a chiton and/or peplos, but was made of heavier drape and played the role of a cloak or shawl. When the himation was used alone (without a chiton), and served both as a chiton and as a cloak, it was called an \"achiton\". The himation was markedly less voluminous than the Roman toga. It was usually a large rectangular piece of woollen cloth. Many vase paintings depict women wearing a himation as a veil covering their faces.  The himation continued into the Byzantine era as \"iconographic dress\" used in art, worn by Christ, the Virgin Mary, and Biblical figures."}]}, {"title": "Himatione", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himatione is a genus of Hawaiian honeycreepers in the Carduelinae subfamily, Fringillidae family. It contains the following species:"}]}, {"title": "Himatismenida", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himatismenida is an Amoebozoa order, in the class Discosea, along with Glycostylida and Dermamoebida. It contains species such as\"Cochliopodium gallicum\"."}]}, {"title": "Himatium", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himatium is a genus of snout and bark beetles in the family Curculionidae. There are at least two described species in \"Himatium\"."}]}, {"title": "Himatium errans", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himatium errans is a species of snout or bark beetle in the family Curculionidae. It is found in North America."}]}, {"title": "Himatnagar", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himatnagar or Himmatnagar is a municipality in Sabarkantha district in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the administrative headquarters of the district. The town is on the bank of the river Hathmati. Himatnagar was founded in 1426 by Ahmed Shah I of Gujarat Sultanate and named it Ahmednagar after himself. He founded the town to keep Raos of Idar State in check. It is said that he was so fond of the place that he thought of making it, instead of Ahmedabad, the capital of Gujarat Sultanate. When the Rao dynasty took Idar in 1728, Ahmednagar soon fell into their hands. After the death of Maharaja Shivsing, in 1792, his brother Sangramsing took Ahmednagar and the country around; and, in spite of the efforts of his nephew Gambhirsing, became an independent chief. Sangramsing was succeeded by his son Karansing. The later died in 1835, and Erskine, the British Agent, who was in the neighbourhood with a force, moved to Ahmednagar to prevent the queens from becoming satis. The sons of the deceased Maharaja begged Erskine not to interfere with their customs. Finding him resolved to prevent the sati practice, while pretending to negotiate, they secretly summoned the Bhils and other turbulent tribes, and in the night, opening a way through the fort wall to the river bed, the queens burnt themselves with their deceased husband. The sons of the deceased Maharaja fled, but subsequently gave themselves up, and, after entering into an engagement with the British Government, Takhtsing was allowed to succeed his father as Maharaja of Ahmednagar. Some years later he was chosen to fill the vacant throne of Jodhpur State. He tried to keep Ahmednagar and its dependencies, but, after a long discussion, it was, in 1848, ruled that Ahmednagar should revert to Idar State."}, {"context": " In 1912, the town was renamed Ahmednagar to Himatnagar after prince Himmat Singh by Sir Pratap Singh, the Maharaja of Idar. The state was under Mahi Kantha Agency during British rule which subsequently became part of Western India States Agency. After independence of India in 1947, Idar State was merged with Union of India. From 1947 to 1956, it was a part of Bombay State as Idar district. Himatnagar was the largest city and the administrative headquarters of the Dungarpur district, Rajasthan from 1956 to 1960. Since 1961, Himatnagar is the administrative headquarter and part of Sabarkantha district of Gujarat."}, {"context": " The white sandstone and cement walls of the original fort, though much ruined in parts still surround the heart of town. The gateways, especially the Prantij or Ahmedabad gate, are specimens of Muslim architecture. The bastions are hollow the inside occupied by pillared rooms in two stories which take up so much space that the walls of the bastions are composed of single layers of stone. In the town, a small stone building, with richly carved bow windows, was once the residence of the Maharajas of Ahmednagar. There are also some interesting Jain temples."}, {"context": " Further on is a well, known as the \"Kazi ni Vavdi\", with inscriptions on the side walls, one in Arabic and the other in Devnagri, bearing respectively the dates 1417 (820 Hijri year) and 1522 (Samvat 1578). The second inscription shows that the well was built in 1522 by Shamsher-ul-Mulk, who is stated by tradition to have been a son of Sultan Ahmed Shah. Further, the citadel or inner fort, known like that in Ahmedabad as the Bhadra, contains some very fine though ruinous buildings, the principal lacing that traditionally known as the Mulla or Mohina Rani's palace. Tho windows of these buildings are very fine, of stone carved with the delicacy of lace. There are several wells hewn out of the solid rock, and, though dry, in good preservation. In 1858, the principal building in the Bhadra was occupied as a mess-house by a small force sent to keep order in the Mahi Kantha during the troubled times of the Mutinies. It has since become a ruin. Outside, at some distance from the Bhadra and opening immediately on the Hathmati river, is the Idar gate, is close to it is a small mosque in perfect preservation, its windows worthy of notice, being each ornamented outside with a carved stone canopy while the frame is filled with carved stone work representing trees with foliage, through the interstices of which, a tempered light streams into the building. This mosque is said to have been built by Nasar-ul-Mulk, the eldest son of Sultan Ahmed Shah I."}, {"context": " East of this mosque is the Navlakha Kund. It is an oblong hollow or pit about 100 feet broad and 500 feet long. At the foot of the flight of steps, which form one of the sides of the pit, is a stone basin, filled with water from a perennial spring and with stone cloisters round three of its sides. At the back of the west cloister is a ladies gallery hidden from sight by carved open stone screens. On the south side is a building with a stone canopy intended for the king or chief man of the place, who during the heat of the day came with his ladies to enjoy this cool retreat. The cloister on the north has disappeared, but the others, in fair preservation, are fine specimens of architecture. Tradition ascribes the work to Taj-ul-Mulk, another of the sons of Sultan Ahmed. Close to this place are the remains of buildings said to have been stables or cavalry lines. At one side of these, large arched doorways, now built up, led to an outwork facing the north, and immediately over the river, which was evidently at one time covered with a pillared roof. This was probably a place of resort, being cool, except at noon-day, and commanding a fine view of the Idar hills. Not far from the stables, a gateway opens on the road to the river, On the other side of the road three domed and pillared cupolas, \"chhatri\"s mark the spots where the remains of the Maharajas of Ahmedabad were cremated."}, {"context": " Maharaja Himmat Singh Fort, located on the banks of river Hathmati and Daulat Vilas Palace in Mahavirnagar area are two remaining palaces. There are several religious places including Vaktapur Hanuman Temple, Jain Temple, Sai Temple, Jalaram Temple, Panchdev Temple, Mahakali Temple, Prannathji Temple, Harshidhmata Temple, Swaminaryan Temple, Ganpathi Temple, Gayatri Temple, Bholeswar Temple, several Jaina Temples and Juma Mosque and several others. Swaminarayan temple is constructed on the national highway enriched with architectural values."}, {"context": " An amusement park is located on by pass link from Motiputa cross road to Vijapur highway. Himatnagar is known for its unique tasting Daal and Panipuri. Basic meal served in Himatnagar is Gujarati thali, that includes dal, rice or bhat, rotli and shaak (cooked vegetables and curry) with accompaniments of pickles and roasted papads. Beverages, such as buttermilk and sweet dishes include laddoo, doodhpak and vedhmi. Most restaurants serve a wide array of Indian and International food. Traditionally vegetarian food is consumed by Jain and Hindu communities because of religious beliefs. Therefore, most restaurants serve only vegetarian food."}, {"context": " Wide range of festivals are celebrated in the town. Such as, Kite festival, popularly known as Uttarayan on 14 and 15 January. Navratri with people performing Garba, the most popular folk dance of Gujarat. The festival of lights, Deepavali or Diwali, celebrated with the lighting of lamps in every house, decorating the floors with Rangoli, and the lighting of firecrackers. And other religious festivals such as Holi, Ganesh Chaturthi, Eid ul-Fitr, paryusanor pajusan are also celebrated. Municipal corporation serves two town halls, Sahkar Hall situated at railway crossing in Mahavirnagar and Nalinkant Gandhi town hall situated near Post Office."}, {"context": " Himatnagar is a central site for the ceramic industry of the state, and is home to several manufacturing units such as Asian Granito Limited, City Tiles Limited, Regent Tiles and Century Tiles. The town has also been home to major companies in the weighing scale industries since 1960. Motipura, Mehtapura, Mahavirnagar, Pologround, Bagicha vistar are major areas. Polo Ground and Mahavirnagar is a posh area. India census, Himatnagar had a population of 81,137. Himatnagar has an average literacy rate of 87.15%, higher than the state average of 78.03%: male literacy is 91.89%, and female literacy is 82.09%. In Himatnagar, 11.60% of the population is under 6 years of age."}, {"context": " Himatnagar has several higher educational institutes in field of IT, Engineering, Pharmacy, Science, Art and Commerce such as the Agricultural Produce Market Committee College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research. Himmatnagar Medical College was inaugurated in September 2015. There are many primary and Higher Secondary schools such as New English Higher Secondary School, Jain Acharya Anandghansuri Vidyalaya, Madresa High School, Rumi English School, S J Padhiar High School and Himmat High school, Himmat Highschool No. 2, My Own Highschool, Glorious High school, Faith English School, Modern Higher Secondary School, St. Xavier's School, Mount Carmel School and Vidhyanagari. Himatnagar also has a Kendriya Vidyalaya. A hostel Himmat Bording, known as Himmat Chhatralay, have been run by Himmatnagar Kelavani Mandal near civil hospital.  Himatnagar has a railway Station (Meter gauge line) and a GSRTC Bus Depot. Himatnagar is connected with National Highway No.8 (Mumbai to Delhi)."}]}, {"title": "Himatnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himatnagar assembly constituency (\u0ab9\u0abf\u0aae\u0acd\u0aae\u0aa4\u0aa8\u0a97\u0ab0 \u0ab5\u0abf\u0aa7\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ab8\u0aad\u0abe \u0aac\u0ac7\u0aa0\u0a95) is one of the 182 assembly constituency of Gujarat. It is located in Sabarkantha District. This assembly seat represents the following segments,"}]}, {"title": "Himatolabus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himatolabus is a genus of leaf-rolling weevils in the family of beetles known as Attelabidae. There are about 11 described species in \"Himatolabus\". These 11 species belong to the genus \"Himatolabus\":"}]}, {"title": "Himatolabus pubescens", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himatolabus pubescens is a species of leaf-rolling weevil in the family of beetles known as Attelabidae. It is found in North America."}]}, {"title": "Himatsubushi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The single was released in 3 versions: \"Kiku-ban\" (\"Listening Edition\"), \"Miru-ban\" (\"Watching Edition\") and \"Odoru-ban\" (\"Dancing Edition\"). The latter two are limited pressings, while the Listening Edition has a limited first press edition with a special lower price (\"Limited Himatsuburi Price Listening Edition\"). The album was nominated for the Grand Prix of the 7th CD Shop Awards. The DVD that comes with the Limited \"Miru\" (\"Watching\") Edition contains a live recording of Team Syachihoko's concert titled \"Tench\u014d Summit!!!: Arigat\u014d o Tsutae Kirete Nakute\" that was held on May 11, 2014 at Nakano Sun Plaza."}]}, {"title": "Himatsuri", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himatsuri may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Himavaahini", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himavaahini is a 1983 Indian Malayalam film, directed by PG Vishwambharan and produced by KJ Joseph. The film stars Mammootty, Mohanlal, Jagathy Sreekumar and Adoor Bhasi in lead roles. The film had musical score by G. Devarajan. The music was composed by G. Devarajan and lyrics was written by Poovachal Khader."}]}, {"title": "Himavanta", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himavanta (; ) is a legendary forest which surrounds the base of Mount Meru in Hindu mythology. It is said to be the home of an assortment of mythical creatures, such as \"N\u0101ga\", \"Kinnara\", \"Apsonsi\", \"Zawgyi\" and \"Garuda\". The mythical Nariphon tree of Buddhist mythology, often mentioned in Thai folklore, is said to grow there."}]}, {"title": "Himavat", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himavata (Sanskrit: \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0935\u0924\u094d, lit. \"frosty\") or Himavant (Sanskrit: \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0928\u094d\u0924, lit. \"icy)\" or Himavana (Sanskrit: \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0935\u093e\u0928, lit. \"snowy\") or Himaraja (Sanskrit: \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0930\u093e\u091c, lit. \"king of snow\") or Parvateshwara (Sanskrit: \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0947\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930, lit. \"lord of mountains\") is a personification of the Himalayan mountains, which are also known as the Himavat Mountains. He was the ruler of the Himalaya Kingdom of Ancient India, which finds mention in the epic \"Mahabharata\". Himavat fathered Ganga the river goddess, as well as Ragini and Parvati, the wife of Shiva. His wife and queen consort is Vedic Menavati, the daughter of Mount Meru.  The sacred text of Devi Gita, which is found in the last nine chapters (31-40) of the seventh \"skandha\" of Devi Bhagawatam, is a dialogue between Parvati and her father Himavat. It deals with the universal form of the Devi, meditations on the major texts of Upanishads, \"ashtanga-yoga\", the yogas of \"jnana\", \"karma\" and \"bhakti\", locations of the temples dedicated to the Devi and the rituals pertaining to her worship. His story also finds mention in Brahmanda Purana and Kena Upanishad."}]}, {"title": "Himawari (Miho Fukuhara song)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " In the RIAJ Monthly Top Downloaded Songs chart, the song debuted in August 2008, at the 32nd position, but only stayed on the charts for the one month before falling off altogether."}]}, {"title": "Himawari (album)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himawari is the second studio album by the group Swayzak, released July 11, 2000."}]}, {"title": "Himawari (satellite)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The geostationary satellites, operated by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), support weather forecasting, tropical cyclone tracking, and meteorology research. Most meteorological agencies in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia and New Zealand use the satellites for their own weather monitoring and forecasting operations. Originally also named Geostationary Meteorological Satellites (GMS), since the launch of GMS-1 (Himawari 1) in 1977, there have been three generations, including GMS, MTSAT, and Himawari 8/9. Himawari 8/9 satellites are currently available for operational use.  It was revealed that the Himawari satellite was able to capture the Tianjin explosions in 2015."}]}, {"title": "Himawari 8", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himawari 8 was launched atop a H-IIA rocket flying from the Yoshinobu Launch Complex Pad 1 at the Tanegashima Space Center. The launch occurred at 05:16 UTC on 7 October 2014 and reached its operational geostationary orbit in October 2014, at 140.7 degrees East. Himawari 9, which is identical to Himawari 8, was launched on 2 November 2016 and placed in a stand-by orbit until 2022, when it is planned to succeed Himawari 8. The DS2000 satellite bus has a lifespan of 15 years, however the expected operational lifespan of Himawari 8 is expected to be limited by its instruments which are only designed for 8 years of service. At launch, the mass of the satellite was about . Power is supplied by a single gallium arsenide solar panel, which provides up to 2.6 kilowatts of power."}, {"context": " The primary instrument aboard Himawari 8, the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI), is a 16 channel multispectral imager to capture visible light and infrared images of the Asia-Pacific region. The instrument was designed and built by Exelis Geospatial Systems (now Harris Space & Intelligence Systems) and has similar spectral and spatial characteristics to the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) used in the American GOES-16, -17, -T, and -U satellites. The AHI can produce images with a resolution down to 500m and can provide full disk observations every 10 mins and images of Japan every 2.5 minutes. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology CEO Dr Rob Vertessy stated that Himawari 8 \"generates about 50 times more data than the previous satellite\".  Data recorded from the Japanese Himawari 8 will be made freely available for use by meteorological agencies in other countries."}]}, {"title": "Himawari 9", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himawari 9 is a Japanese weather satellite, the 9th of the Himawari geostationary weather satellite operated by the Japan Meteorological Agency. The spacecraft was constructed by Mitsubishi Electric, and is the second of two similar satellites to be based on the DS-2000 bus. Himawari 9 was launched on 2 November 2016, 06:20:00 UTC, atop a H-IIA rocket flying from the Yoshinobu Launch Complex Pad 1 at the Tanegashima Space Center, and by 11 November 2016 it reached to the geostationary point at 140.7 degrees East. After initial function test, it will be put on standby until it will succeed the observation from Himawari 8 in 2022.  The launch was scheduled initially on 1 November 2016, but postponed for one day due to the bad weather forecast. At launch, the mass of the satellite is about . It has a design life of 15 years with 8 years of operational life. Power is supplied by a single gallium arsenide solar panel, which provides up to 2.6 kilowatts of power. The main instrument aboard Himawari 9 is a 16 channel multispectral imager to capture visible light and infrared images of the Asian-Pacific region."}]}, {"title": "Himawari Theatre Group", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The is a Japanese theatrical company that specializes in junior actors. It is located in Ebisunishi, Shibuya, Tokyo. The company was founded by T\u014dzabur\u014d Sunaoka in July 1952. It is currently managed by his son Fujio Sunaoka"}]}, {"title": "Himawari no Yakusoku", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Himawari!", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kasumi Kogen, which translates to \"The Village of Mist\", is a town somewhere in rural Japan. In this town there is a school, the Shinobi Gakuen, where competent female students gather from all over Japan and train to become kunoichi (female ninja). The people of Kasumi Kogen are alumni of the school, and they run and jump and disappear as if the whole town were a big ninja house. The story begins as a girl, Himawari Hinata, arrives in Kasumi Kogen. She has transferred to Shinobi Gakuen to train under Ichikawa Raiso and fulfill a dream of becoming a kunoichi that she has fostered since she was saved by one in her childhood. On her first day, she meets Hayato Marikoji, a teacher who is himself just arriving at Shinobi Gakuen, and he saves her life. Hayato does not possess any ninja skills; he is teaching the students about normal Japanese society in order to pay a large debt that was originally his friend's debt but was passed down to him. However, Himawari notices that Hayato bears the same mark on his neck as the ninja who saved her when she was young.  \"Himawari!\" is the story of Himawari and her journey to become a kunoichi, and the vow she makes to protect her teacher."}]}, {"title": "Himax", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himax Technologies, Inc. () is a fabless semiconductor company headquartered in Tainan City, Taiwan founded on June 12, 2001. Semiconductor intellectual property core designed by Himax Technologies is used in the OLPC XO-1 subnotebook laptop computer. On July 22 2013, it was announced that Google will take a 6.3% stake in Himax Display, a subsidiary of the company which focuses on liquid crystal on silicon chips being used in Google Glass."}]}, {"title": "Himayat Ali Shair", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himayat Ali Shair (\u062d\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631) is an Urdu poet, writer, film songwriter, actor and radio drama artist from Pakistan. He received the 2002 Pride of Performance Award for his literary services in Urdu literature from the president of Pakistan. He also received 2 Nigar Awards in 1962 and 1963 for 'Best Song Lyricist' for the Pakistani films \"Aanchal\" and \"Daman\". Shair was born in Aurangabad, British India on 14 July 1926. His mother died when he was three years old. At a very young age, he was exposed to the leading leftist writers of that time."}, {"context": " Shair worked for All India Radio before migrating to Pakistan in 1951 to begin his career with Radio Pakistan in Karachi. His first poetry book \"Aag Main Phool\" was published in 1956 and received the Presidential Award in 1958. Later, he started his successful career as a lyricist, receiving Nigar Awards for the films- \"Aanchal\" (1962 film) and \"Daaman\" (1963 film) respectively. In 1966, Shair produced and directed \"Lori\" (Lullaby) starring Muhammad Ali, Zeba and Santosh Kumar. The movie completed its Golden Jubilee after playing for 52\u00a0weeks in Karachi."}, {"context": " Shair wrote the first few evergreen songs in the cinema of Pakistan. Some of the songs include \"Na Chura Sakogay Daaman\", \"Jaag Utha Hai Sara Watan\", \"Khudawanda Yeh Kaisi Aag\", \"Jab Raat Dhali\", \"Har Qadam Per Nit Naye Sanchay Main Dhal Jatay Hain Log\", Tujh Ko Maloom Naheen and many others. His collection of poetry includes \"Mitti Ka Qarz,\" \"Tashnagi Ka Safar,\" \"Haroon Ki Awaz,\" which received \"Allama Dr. Muhammad Iqbal\" Award and \"Harf Harf Roshni.\" Shair is the only poet in Urdu literary history who wrote an autobiography titled \"Aaina Sar Aaina.\" Over 400 pages, the autobiography is composed of as many as 3,500 couplets. In 2007, he published a collection of all of his poetry as \"Kuliyat-e-Shair\".\""}, {"context": " Shair also had his work translated into different languages. A poem on World Peace named \"Flower in Flames\" was translated by \"Rajinder Singh Verma\". Verma also translated another of his books named \"Every World Aglow\". Shair's research work for Pakistan Television titled Aqeedat ka safar (700\u00a0years of Na'at poetry) has also been published. Another series shed valuable light on 50\u00a0years of Naat poetry in Pakistan. His other TV programmes included \"Ghazal uss nay chheri\" (700\u00a0years of Urdu poetry), \"Khushboo ka safar\" (500\u00a0years of regional poets' Urdu poetry), \"Mohabbaton kay safeer\" (500\u00a0years of Sindhi poets' Urdu poetry) and \"Lub aazad\" (40\u00a0years of agitational poetry)."}, {"context": " In 1976, he joined Sindh University as an associate Professor of Urdu Literature on the insistence of his friend and poet Shaikh Ayaz. He quit the film industry as his children grew older, due to the fact that the film industry was not considered a respectable institute. In his words: \u201cBesides, my wife had been insisting that I switch to some 'decent' profession, even if it is a low-paid one, as she feared the grown-up children might follow in my footsteps and enter the film world. Her fears were not unfounded as one day I also observed my son Roshan Khayal, a university student then, sporting well-known actor Mohammad Ali's hairdo.\""}, {"context": " The other awards for his literary and film efforts include Makhdoom Mohiuddin international award in Delhi in 1989, Life Achievement Award in Washington, D.C. in 2001, Pride of Performance Award in 2002, Naqoosh Award, Allama Iqbal Award, the Long Life Literary Award in New Jersey in 1994 and the Inventor of Salassi (three-line poem) Award in Chicago in 1993. In 2002, Houston-based radio station Young Tarang released a CD based on Shair's poetry which included songs sung by famous Pakistani singers and recitations by Shair."}, {"context": " On 27 March 2010, a literary evening was organized in Hyderabad, Sindh by Kamaluddin Memorial Society in honor of Shair. The Vice-Chancellor of Sindh University, Dr. Nazir A. Mughal announced the establishment of \"Himayat Ali Shair Chair\" in recognition of his services to literature. He also announced five scholarships of Rs 5,000 each per month for research on literary contributions of Himayat Ali Shair for M.Phil/PhD degrees. A resolution was adopted on the occasion called for naming a road in the city after Himayat Ali Shair.  Shair married Meraj Naseem in 1949, they were together for 52\u00a0years when his wife died in Toronto, Ontario, Canada of liver cancer. She is buried in Pickering, Ontario, Canada where their children live. Shair spends most of his time in Pakistan and Canada where his children live and frequently visits his hometown in India, where his siblings reside."}]}, {"title": "Himayat Baugh Aurangabad", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himayat Bagh is a 17th-century garden that now houses the Fruit Research Station and Nursery, which is a part of the Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth,Parbhani(Maharashtra). It is located near Delhi Gate in Rauza Bagh area of Aurangabad. It is a sprawling complex spread over , naturally green and in the olden days it was known as the Mughal Garden. In Aurangzeb's time, Khizri Talao extended the whole length of the northern wall, (extending from present day Salim Ali Lake till Begumpura / Makbara) but the exhalation and dampness proved unhealthy and Aurangzeb ordered the portion immediately in front of his palace (Kila-e-Ark) to be filled in and converted into fields. This reclaimed portion was later developed into Mughal garden, (now known as Himayat Bagh) by one of the officials of Aurangzeb's court, with many fruit-bearing trees of different varieties for the royal court and its officials."}, {"context": " Himayat Bagh also houses the Barra Darri which was erected by Ivaz Khan. A covered aqueduct passes over one of the buildings and in the olden day\u2019s water descended in a shower into an oblong cistern below containing several fountains. A marvelous feat of engineering that involved an underground water chamber; it created a natural air-conditioning that cooled the entire area when in operation. It is now inoperative, but the system still exists and is worth a study. Barra Darri now houses the office of Fruit Research Station."}, {"context": " The Himayat Bagh is a tourist attraction in itself because of its greenery and cool environment. Visitors can have a look at various plants and trees in the nursery, on which research is being conducted. Visitors are able to buy plants that are grafted by experienced local \"malis\" (gardeners) in the gardens. There are saplings from tamarind to mango, and one can see the saplings and then see how the tree looks when it is fully grown. The underground drainage pipeline work being carried out by the municipal corporation has damaged the northern historical wall of this beautiful place. After cognisance taken by Sakal newspaper, the summer palace was emptied by VNK university. This palace is rare and is half underground. The water flowing on all sides of this octagonal palace keeps it at least 5 degrees cooler than the outer temperature. Earlier it was filled with scrap."}]}, {"title": "Himayat Sagar", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himayat Sagar is an artificial lake about 20\u00a0km from Hyderabad in Telangana, India. It lies parallel to a larger artificial lake Osman Sagar. The storage capacity of the reservoir is 2.9 tmc ft.. The construction of reservoirs on the Esi, a tributary of the Musi River, was completed in 1927, with the intention of providing drinking water source for Hyderabad and protecting the city from floods, which Hyderabad suffered in 1908. It was built during the reign of the last Nizam of Hyderabad, Nizam VII and is named after his youngest son Himayat Ali Khan.  The Himayat Sagar and Osman Sagar reservoirs provided continuous water supply to the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad until recently. Due to population growth, they are not sufficient to meet the cities' water supply demand. The engineer at the time of construction was late Khaja Mohinuddin, son of Mohammed Hussein, Madri."}]}, {"title": "Himayat Ullah Mayar", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himayat Ullah Mayar is a Pakistani politician who had been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 2008 to 2013. He served as former nazim of Mardan district.<ref name=\"thenews/24jan2012\"></ref> He ran for the seat of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly as a candidate of Awami National Party (ANP) from Constituency PK-25 (Mardan-III) in Pakistani general election, 2002 but was unsuccessful. He received 5,483 votes and lost the seat to Israrul Haq, a candidate of Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA).  He was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan from Constituency NA-9 (Mardan-I) as a candidate of ANP in by-polls held in 2012. He received 30,770 votes and defeated Maulana Shuja Ul Mulk, a candidate of Jamiat Ulema-e Islam (F) (JUI-F). In August 2015, he was elected district nazim of Mardan."}]}, {"title": "Himayathnagar", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himayatnagar may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Himayatnagar", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himayatnagar may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Himayatnagar taluka", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himayatnagar taluka is a taluka in Nanded district in the state of Maharashtra, India. There were 16 talukas in Nanded district as of November 2014: Nanded, Ardhapur, Bhokar, Biloli, Deglur, Dharmabad, Hadgaon, Himayatnagar, Kandhar, Kinwat, Loha, Mahur, Mudkhed, Mukhed, Naigaon, and Umri. In 1981, there were eight talukas in the district: Nanded, Hadgaon, Kinwat, Bhokar, Biloli, Deglur (Degloor), Mukhed and Kandhar."}]}, {"title": "Himayatnagar, Hyderabad", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himayatnagar is a densely populated part of the city of Hyderabad. It is also a Mandal in Hyderabad District . It adjoins the localities of Narayanguda, Basheerbagh and Hyderguda. It has been surveyed to be most literate locality in Telangana, with over 80% literacy rate. Himayatnagar is located at South Eastern side of Hussain Sagar. The locatlity was named after Azam Jah Mir Himayat Ali Khan, the son of the last Nizam of Hyderabad. Himayatnagar developed into the residential and commercial frontier of the city around the mid 1960s."}, {"context": " Himayatnagar is famous for shopping many leading brands have outlets in the locality. Famous hotels such as Alex Kitchens and Blue Fox are located in Himayatnagar. It also has restaurants such as Paradise, KFC and McDonald's. TSRTC connects Himayatnagar to all parts of the city. Himayatnagar has the offices of the Telangana State Tourism Development Corporation and the Telugu Academy. Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam has an office located at Himayatnagar. A noted center, Urdu Hall is located there."}]}, {"title": "Himayatnagar, Maharashtra", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himayatnagar is a town and a tehsil in Nanded district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Himayatnagar is an old and dharmic city and it has very old historical background. Mainly it has Parmeshwar God temple which is very famous in area."}]}, {"title": "Himayatnagar, Ranga Reddy district", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himayatnagar is a village in Moinabad Mandal, Rangareddy District in Telangana state formerly part of Andhra pradesh state, India. Himayatnagar village has the ashram built by the former chief minister of Andhra pradesh, Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao. Some large residential schools are coming up in this village adjoining the lake. Himayatnagar is a couple of kilometers before Chilkur Village (coming from Hyderabad) which is famous for the Chilkur Balaji temple. This village lies about a kilometer off the Chevella State Highway. Because of its proximity to the Andhra Pradesh Police Academy junction it should be of interest for housing in the coming years. However it is governed by a strict conservation law called the GO 111 for protection of the surrounding water reservoirs."}]}, {"title": "Himayunpura", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himayunpura is a village located in the Ludhiana West tehsil, of Ludhiana district, Punjab. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India). The closest airport to the village is Sahnewal Airport."}]}, {"title": "Himba", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himba may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Himba language", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himba (\"Himbaka\"), also known as Simba, is a moribund Bantu language of Gabon."}]}, {"title": "Himba people", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himba (singular: OmuHimba, plural: OvaHimba) are indigenous peoples with an estimated population of about 50,000 people living in northern Namibia, in the Kunene Region (formerly Kaokoland) and on the other side of the Kunene River in Angola. There are also a few groups left of the OvaTwa, who are also OvaHimba, but are hunter-gatherers. The OvaHimba are a semi-nomadic, pastoralist people, culturally distinguishable from the Herero people in northern Namibia and southern Angola, and speak OtjiHimba, a variety of Herero, which belongs to the Bantu family within Niger\u2013Congo."}, {"context": " The OvaHimba are considered the last (semi-) nomadic people of Namibia. The OvaHimba are predominantly livestock farmers who breed fat-tailed sheep and goats, but count their wealth in the number of their cattle. They also grow and farm rain-fed crops such as maize and millet. Livestock are the major source of milk and meat for the OvaHimba. Their diet is also supplemented by cornmeal, chicken eggs, wild herbs and honey. Only occasionally, and opportunistically, are the livestock sold for cash. Non-farming businesses, wages and salaries, pensions, and other cash remittances make up a very small portion of the OvaHimba livelihood, which is gained chiefly from their work in conservancies, old-age pensions, and drought relief aid from the government of Namibia."}, {"context": " Women and girls tend to perform more labor-intensive work than men and boys do, such as carrying water to the village, earthen plastering the mopane wood homes with a traditional mixture of red clay soil and cow manure binding agent, collecting firewood, attending to the calabash vines used for producing and ensuring a secure supply of soured milk, cooking and serving meals, as well as artisans making handicrafts, clothing and jewelry. The responsibility for milking the cows and goats also lies with the women and girls. Women and girls take care of the children, and one woman or girl will take care of another woman's children. The men's main tasks are tending to the livestock farming, herding where the men will often be away from the family home for extended periods, animal slaughtering, construction, and holding council with village tribal chiefs."}, {"context": " Members of a single extended family typically dwell in a homestead (\"onganda\"), a small family-village, consisting of a circular hamlet of huts and work shelters that surround an \"okuruwo\" (sacred ancestral fire) and a kraal for the sacred livestock. Both the fire and the livestock are closely tied to their veneration of the dead, the sacred fire representing ancestral protection and the sacred livestock allowing \"proper relations between human and ancestor\". Both the Himba men and women are accustomed to wearing traditional clothing that befits their living environment in the Kaokoland and the hot semi-arid climate of their area, in most occurrences this consists simply of skirt-like clothing made from calfskins or increasingly from more modern textiles, and occasionally sandals for footwear, with foot soles often found made from old car tires. Himba women especially, as well as Himba men, are remarkably famous for covering themselves with \"otjize\" paste, a cosmetic mixture of butterfat and ochre pigment, to cleanse the skin over long periods due to water scarcity and protect themselves from the extremely hot and dry climate of the Kaokoland as well as against mosquito insect bites. The cosmetic mixture, often perfumed with the aromatic resin of the \"omuzumba\" shrub, gives their skin and hair plaits a distinctive orange or red-tinge characteristic, as well as texture and style. Otjize is considered foremost a highly desirable aesthetic beauty cosmetic, symbolizing earth's rich red color and blood the essence of life, and is consistent with the OvaHimba ideal of beauty."}, {"context": " Hairstyle and jewelry play a significant role among the OvaHimba, it indicates age and social status within their community. An infant or child will generally have his head kept shaven of hair or a small crop of hair on his head crown, this soon is sculptured to one braided hair plait extended to the rear of the head for young boys and young girls have two braided hair plaits extended forward towards the face often parallel to their eyes, the form of wear being determined by the \"oruzo\" membership (patrilineal descent group), the style remains during preadolescence until reaching puberty. Some young girls, with exception, may also have one braided hair plait extended forwards, which means they are one of a pair of twins."}, {"context": " From pubescence, boys continue to have one braided hair plait, girls will have many \"otjize\" textured hair plaits, some arranged to veil the girl's face, in daily practice the hair plaits are often tied together and held parted back from the face. Women who have been married for about a year, or have had a child, wear an ornate headpiece called the \"Erembe\", sculptured from sheepskin, with many streams of braided hair, coloured and put in shape with otjize paste. Unmarried young men continue to wear one braided hair plait extended to the rear of the head, while married men wear a cap or head-wrap and un-braided hair beneath. Widowed men will remove their cap or head-wrap and expose un-braided hair. The OvaHimba are also accustomed to use wood ash for hair cleansing due to water scarcity."}, {"context": " The OvaHimba are polygamous, with the average Himba man being husband to two wives at the same time. They also practice early arranged marriages. Young Himba girls are married to male partners chosen by their fathers. This happens from the onset of puberty which may mean that girls aged 10 or below are married off. This practice is illegal in Namibia, and even some OvaHimba contest it but it is nevertheless widespread. Among the Himba people, it is customary as a rite of passage to circumcise boys before puberty. Upon marriage, a Himba boy is considered a man, unlike a Himba girl who is not considered a fully-fledged woman until she bears a child."}, {"context": " Despite the fact a majority of OvaHimba live a distinct cultural lifestyle in their remote rural environment and homesteads, they are however socially dynamic, and not all are isolated from the trends of local urban cultures. The OvaHimba coexist and interact with members of their country's other ethnic groups and the social trends of urban townsfolk. Especially those in proximity to the Kunene Region capital of Opuwo, travelling frequently to shop at the local town supermarkets for the convenience of commercial consumer products, market food produce and to acquire health care."}, {"context": " Because of the harsh desert climate in the region where they live and their seclusion from outside influences, the OvaHimba have managed to maintain and preserve much of their traditional lifestyle. Members live under a tribal structure based on bilateral descent that helps them live in one of the most extreme environments on earth. Under bilateral descent, every tribe member belongs to two clans: one through the father (a patriclan, called \"oruzo\") and another through the mother (a matriclan, called \"eanda\"). Himba clans are led by the eldest male in the clan. Sons live with their father's clan, and when daughters marry, they go to live with the clan of their husband. However, inheritance of wealth does not follow the patriclan but is determined by the matriclan, that is, a son does not inherit his father's cattle but his maternal uncle's instead."}, {"context": " Bilateral descent is found among only a few groups in West Africa, India, Australia, Melanesia and Polynesia, and anthropologists consider the system advantageous for groups that live in extreme environments because it allows individuals to rely on two sets of families dispersed over a wide area. The OvaHimba history is fraught with disasters, including severe droughts and guerrilla warfare, especially during Namibia's war of independence and as a result of the civil war in neighboring Angola. Between 1904\u20131908, they suffered from the same attempt at genocide during the Herero Wars conducted by the German Empire colonist government in German South-West Africa under Lothar von Trotha that decimated notably the Herero people and the Nama people during the Herero and Namaqua Genocide."}, {"context": " In the 1980s it appeared the OvaHimba way of life was coming to a close due to a climax in adverse climatic conditions and political conflicts. A severe drought killed 90% of their livestock, and many gave up their herds and became refugees in the town of Opuwo living in slums on international humanitarian aid or joined Koevoet paramilitary units to cope with the livestock losses and widespread famine. OvaHimba living over the border in Angola, were occasionally victims of kidnapping during the South African Border war, either taken as hostages or abducted to join the Angolan branch of the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN, army of SWAPO)."}, {"context": " The OvaHimba are a monotheistic people who worship the God Mukuru, as well as their clan's ancestors (ancestor reverence). Mukuru only blesses, while the ancestors can bless and curse. Each family has its own sacred ancestral fire, which is kept by the fire-keeper. The fire-keeper approaches the sacred ancestral fire every seven to eight days in order to communicate with Mukuru and the ancestors on behalf of his family. Often, because Mukuru is busy in a distant realm, the ancestors act as Mukuru's representatives."}, {"context": " The OvaHimba traditionally believe in \"omiti\", which some translate to mean witchcraft but which others call \"black magic\" or \"bad medicine\". Some OvaHimba believe that death is caused by \"omiti\", or rather, by someone using \"omiti\" for malicious purposes. Additionally, some believe that evil people who use \"omiti\" have the power to place bad thoughts into another's mind or cause extraordinary events to happen (such as when a common illness becomes life-threatening). But users of \"omiti\" do not always attack their victim directly; sometimes they target a relative or loved one. Some OvaHimba will consult a traditional African diviner-healer to reveal the reason behind an extraordinary event, or the source of the \"omiti\"."}, {"context": " The OvaHimba have been successful in maintaining their culture and traditional way of life. As such, the OvaHimba have worked with international activists to block a proposed hydroelectric dam along the Kunene River that would have flooded their ancestral lands, 2011, Namibia announced its new plan to build a dam in Orokawe, in the Baynes Mountains. The OvaHimba submitted in February 2012 their protest Declaration against the hydroelectric dam to the United Nations, the African Union and to the Government of Namibia."}, {"context": " The government of Norway and Iceland funded mobile schools for Himba children, but since Namibia took them over in 2010, they have been converted to permanent schools and are no longer mobile. The Himba leaders complain in their declaration about the culturally inappropriate school system, that they say would threaten their culture, identity and way of life as a people. Groups of the last remaining hunters and gatherers Ovatwa are held in secured camps in the northern part of Namibia's Kunene region, despite complaints by the traditional Himba chiefs that the Ovatwa are held there without their consent and against their wishes."}, {"context": " In February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issued two separate Declarations to the African Union and to the OHCHR of the United Nations. The first, titled \"Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains\" outlines the objections from regional Himba chiefs and communities that reside near the Kunene River. The second, titled \"Declaration by the traditional Himba leaders of Kaokoland in Namibia\" lists violations of civil, cultural, economic, environmental, social and political rights perpetrated by the government of Namibia (GoN)."}, {"context": " September 2012, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples visited the OvaHimba and heard their concerns that they do not have recognized traditional authorities and that they are placed under the jurisdictions of chiefs of neighboring dominant tribes, who make decisions on behalf of the minority communities. In his view, the lack of recognition of traditional chiefs, in accordance with Namibian law, relates to a lack of recognition of the minority indigenous tribes' communal lands."}, {"context": " November 23, 2012, hundreds of OvaHimba and Zemba from Omuhonga and Epupa region protested in Okanguati against Namibia's plans to construct a dam in the Kunene River in the Baynes Mountains, against increasing mining operations on their traditional land and human rights violations against them. March 25, 2013, over 1,000 Himba people marched in protest again, this time in Opuwo, against the ongoing human rights violations that they endure in Namibia. They expressed their frustration over the lack of recognition of their traditional chiefs as \"Traditional Authorities\" by the government; Namibia's plans to build the Orokawe dam in the Baynes Mountains at the Kunene River without consulting with the OvaHimba, who do not consent to the construction plans; culturally inappropriate education; the illegal fencing of parts of their traditional land; and their lack of property rights to the territory that they have lived upon for centuries. They also protested against the implementation of the Communal Land Reform Act of 2002."}, {"context": " On October 14, 2013, Himba chief Kaipka, on behalf of his region Epupa and the community which was featured in German RTL reality TV show \"Wild Girls\" condemned the misuse of Himba people, individuals and villagers in the show, and demanded the halt of broadcasting any further episodes as they would mock the culture and way of being of the Himba people. March 29, 2014, OvaHimba from both countries, Angola and Namibia, march again in protest against the dam's construction plans as well as against the government attempt to bribe their regional Himba chief. In the signed letter of the Himba community from Epupa, the region that would be directly affected by the dam, the traditional leaders explain that any consent form signed by a former chief as a result of bribery wasn't valid as they remain opposed to the dam."}, {"context": " Several researchers have studied the OvaHimba perception of colours. The OvaHimba use four colour names: \"zuzu\" stands for dark shades of blue, red, green and purple; \"vapa\" is white and some shades of yellow; \"buru\" is some shades of green and blue; and \"dambu\" is some other shades of green, red and brown. It is thought that this may increase the time it takes for the OvaHimba to distinguish between two colours that fall under the same Herero colour category, compared to people whose language separates the colours into two different colour categories."}]}, {"title": "Himbacine", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himbacine is an alkaloid isolated from the bark of Australian magnolias. Himbacine has been synthesized using a Diels-Alder reaction as a key step. Himbacine's activity as a muscarinic receptor antagonist, with specificity for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2, made it a promising starting point in Alzheimer's disease research. The development of a muscarinic antagonist based on himbacine failed but an analog, vorapaxar, has been approved by the FDA as a thrombin receptor antagonist."}]}, {"title": "Himbasha", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himbasha (); or Ambasha () is an Eritrean and Ethiopian celebration bread that is slightly sweet. It is often served at special occasions. It is prepared in a number of varieties; however, the most distinctive flavoring is ground cardamom seeds. The dough is given a decorative touch before baking. The design varies in detail, but in general is given the shape of a wheel with indentations to create several spokes (see picture). Common additions to the recipe include candied ginger or raisins, although plain varieties are common also."}]}, {"title": "Himbeergeist", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himbeergeist (\"lit\" \"raspberry spirit\") is a fruit-based \"Schnaps\" produced mainly in Germany and the Alsace region of France. Rather than being distilled into liquor from a fermented mash of fresh fruit like a fruit brandy (\"Obstler\" in German), Himbeergeist is made as an infusion. Because raspberries' low sugar content can produce only a limited amount of alcohol, Himbeergeist is created by macerating fresh berries in 95.6% pure neutral spirits. The mixture is then steeped for several weeks to draw out the raspberry essence, distilled, diluted with purified water, and bottled at 40% ABV or stronger.  <br>"}]}, {"title": "Himberg", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himberg is a municipality in the district of Bruck an der Leitha in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It belonged to Wien-Umgebung District which was dissolved in 2016."}]}, {"title": "Himberg (Swabian Jura)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himberg is a mountain in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany. It is located in the county of Zollernalbkreis."}]}, {"title": "Himberg, Norway", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himberg is an exclave in Sandefjord municipality, which is surrounded by Larvik municipality. Numerous efforts with the goal of merging Himberg into surrounding Larvik have failed. The Schei Committee in 1960 tried to exchange Vann\u00f8ya Island, an island near Sandefjord which belonged to Larvik (Tj\u00f8lling) until 1988. However, the attempt proved unsuccessful due to local opposition. A new annexation attempt took place in 1995, but was ultimately canceled due to opposition from \u201cpatriotic\u201d Sandefjord residents in Himberg. Himberg is a rural agricultural community which consists of about ten households. It has a population of about 40 as of 2014, and has a total area of 1.4\u00a0km (0.54 sq. mi.). There are only four similar type exclaves in Norway, and Himberg is the most populous of Norway\u2019s exclaves."}]}, {"title": "Himbergen", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himbergen is a municipality in the district of Uelzen, in Lower Saxony, Germany."}]}, {"title": "Himberrong", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himberrong is a clan of the An\u0113wan (also 'Nganyaywana') Aboriginal tribe of what is now known as the New England Tablelands region in northeast New South Wales. The territory of the Himberrong clan stretches from the Moonbi Range in the west (adjoining Gamilaraay), past Yarrowitch and Kunderang in the east (adjoining Dunghutti), and from Nowendoc in the south (adjoining Biripi) to north of Walcha (adjoining Inuwon). Border disputes over the Moonbi Range were common between the Himberrong and a clan of the Gamilaraay."}, {"context": " The main camp of the Himberrong was on the bank of the \"Muluerindie\"/Macdonald River about two miles upriver from where the 140-acre Inglebah Aboriginal Reserve now stands (declared a reserve by the NSW Aborigines Protection Board in 1893). Inglebah is the Anaiwan word for whirlpools of crayfish; the swamps and gullies throughout the Inglebah district are perforated with thousands of crayfish holes. \"\"Traditionally Aboriginal people camped around Inglebah for fishing and ceremonial activities. Inglebah was favored because it was a sheltered, secure camping spot nestled between hills and the banks of the MacDonald River. It has a permanent water supply from the springs in the area, and various animals could be hunted there.\"\""}, {"context": " The Himberrong clan spoke a dialect of the Anaiwan language. An elicitation of Anaiwan words was recorded on tape by Harry Wright in 1963 \"\"as they were spoken by tribesmen coming into Armidale from Inglebah\"\". At the time of first contact, the Himberrong clan numbered around 600. Two Himberrong men by the names of Bungaree and Yarry were the first of their clan to encounter colonists in the early 1800s. Each year when winter was approaching, the clan would leave their camp at Inglebah, always heading east in the direction of the Macleay River (Dunghutti territory), but they would not push too far over the Great Dividing Range. On returning from their winter trips, the clan would have a great corroboree.  In the late 1800s, colonists used explosives to massacre the Himberrong clan at their main camp. The death toll is unknown. \"\"There were pieces of burning wood of all sizes hurled hundreds of feet into the air...the shrieks of natives could be heard as they fled in all directions...what became of them for the next six months was never known...they disappeared completely from their usual hunting grounds...\"\""}]}, {"title": "Himbiliyakada", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himbiliyakada is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province."}]}, {"title": "Himbleton", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himbleton is a village in Worcestershire, England. It lies about south-east of Droitwich and north-east of Worcester. There is an Anglican church, dedicated to Saint Mary Magdalene. Located on Neight Hill in the village is a first school, Himbleton Church of England First School, catering for children aged 4\u20139, which was opened in 1873. There is also a pub, The Galton Arms, which has featured several times in the Good Beer Guide. The local cricket team, Himbleton Cricket Club, play in the Worcestershire County League Division 3. Himbleton has historic significance as one of the villages through which the Catholic anarchists under Guy Fawkes travelled."}]}, {"title": "Himbo", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himbo, a portmanteau of the words \"him\" and \"bimbo\", is a slang term for an attractive but vacuous man. The word was first used in 1988. Since then, the term and the stereotype it describes have generated a range of commentary and reactions from writers, entertainers, linguists, and cultural analysts. Several dictionaries cite 1988 as the first time the word himbo was used. By then, the word \"bimbo\", which earlier in the 20th century had been used for both males and females, was being used predominately for females, so himbo, a combination of \"him\" and \"bimbo\", was coined to refer specifically to males. \"The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English\" cites a 1988 \"Washington Post\" description of a \"macho himbo who strutted the Croisette wearing a 16 foot python like a stole around his shoulders and neck\"."}, {"context": " Partridge defines himbo as \"a man objectified by his good looks and presumed lack of intellectual qualities, a man who trades on this image, a gigolo\". Merriam-Webster's definition is \"an attractive but vacuous man\". Another slang dictionary emphasizes the sexual connotation of the word, describing it as \"a male version of a bimbo, whore or slut\", and using the example, \"He's such a himbo he'd sleep with anything that has a pulse.\" In 1995, Sherry Sylvester of CNN interviewed male Hollywood celebrities about the use of the term 'himbo' and sexual objectification of men in entertainment and received a range of reactions. \"There's a great word,\" said actor Keanu Reeves. \"I love that. I read that and laughed my head off.\" Tom Selleck said he was \"always flattered to be called a sex symbol\" but Sylvester Stallone said he had fought \"the stereotype that brawny means brainless\" for years. David Charvet of \"Baywatch\" noted, \"You find yourself doing a show for three years where you are sticking your chest out and your shoulders are back and you're holding in your stomach and you realize that that's so boring after awhile.\""}, {"context": " In a 1994 interview, sociologist Michael Kimmel, who analyzes the himbo stereotype in his book \"Manhood in America: A Cultural History\", said there are two types of himbos, those created for women, like the model Fabio, or the actor Woody Harrelson, and those created for men, like Arnold Schwarzenegger or Sylvester Stallone. The man's himbo, says Kimmel, is usually known for having some kind of prowess, like Charles Atlas or Stallone, whereas the woman's himbo is 'kinder and gentler' like Harrelson or, like Fabio, \"a male Zsa Zsa Gabor... famous for doing very little.\""}, {"context": " \"You could legitimately call it a victory for men, that we now have men famous for doing nothing,\" Kimmel noted. He also observes that the origin of the himbo stereotype can be seen in mid 20th century television shows, whose audiences were primarily women, \"that traditionally present Mother as the all-wise and Father as a bit of a bumbling idiot\". In her 1995 book, \"Beyond the Double Bind: Women and Leadership\", communications professor Kathleen Hall Jamieson uses bimbo and himbo as examples of 'linguistic reversal' which \"creates a range of condemnation applicable to men that mirrors that for women.\""}, {"context": " \"Each of these moves invites us to examine our presuppositions\", she states, and \"makes it less likely that language penalizing women will be taken for granted in future exchanges.\" Another example she cites is trophy wife and trophy husband. Season 1 Episode 8 of the TV series \"Oh, Grow Up\" was called \"Himbo\" (1999). In 2006, \"Seventeen\" editor Atoosa Rubenstein and psychologist Jeff Gradere spoke on the \"Today Show\" about the \"himbo cultural phenomenon\". Rubenstein describes variations of himbos like the Hound Dog Himbo and the Socialite Himbo, and compares current actors to the different categories. \"\"The girls love [himbos] because they are malleable.\" she said. \"As women become more successful, they want a guy who isn't going to take over their lives...they are the wave of the future.\" Gradere was more critical of the phenomenon, saying that boys trying to 'dumb down' or use their sexuality to get attention or financial support was no better than girls doing the same thing.\" \"We understand the value of women taking on more masculine roles and men assuming what were once considered more traditional female roles. However, somewhere along the way, himbos have warped this idea and turned it into a free ride at the expense of women, which is disrespectful and manipulative.\""}, {"context": " Lauren Bans of \"GQ Magazine\" discussed the rise of the himbo character in entertainment in her 2012 article, \"Bimbos with Balls\", noting the proliferation of \"a new breed of buffed up hollow men\" was replacing female bimbo characters in shows like \"New Girl\", \"Cougar Town\", and \"Parks and Recreation\", \"30 Rock\", as well as movies like \"Magic Mike\" and \"Showgirls\". Citing even earlier himbo appearances in \"Seinfeld\" and \"Friends\", Bans theorizes that the 21st century has spawned a \"Golden Age of himbodom\", based on a new Hollywood vision of women as \"crass sexual aggressors\" who \"need subjects to crassly sexually aggress\"."}, {"context": " In the chapter \"Let's Hear it for the Boy Toy\" of their book \"The Hookup Handbook: A Single Girl's Guide to Living It Up\", authors Jessica Rozler and Andrea Lavinthal describe a variety of himbo 'types' such as actors, bartenders, models, and personal trainers, as well as identifying features of different kinds of \"Himbo Hookups\", including The Beauty and The Beast Complex, the Sugar Mama, and so on. In 2016, Christian Toto criticized the himbo trend as a kind of 'reverse objectification' for men, setting a double standard in which it has become more acceptable for men to be sex objects than women."}, {"context": " Noreen Malone of \"The New Republic\" correlates the rise of the Himbo stereotype and its \"ornamental masculinity\" with the disappearance of opportunities for 'real expressions of manly manliness', especially for working class men, as well as to a shift in power dynamics between men and women. A 2006 episode of the TV series \"Freddie\" was called \"Freddie the Himbo\". Synonyms for himbo include \"bimboy\", \"mimbo\", boy toy and \"Blank Chuck\". The Jamaican version, according to \"Dancehall Dictionary\", which defines himbo as 'a young man paid for his sexual services by an older woman,\" is 'tadpole'."}, {"context": " In a speech on hookup culture at Chico State University, a presenter included himbo on a list of synonyms for 'sexually promiscuous man' that also included \"Casanova\", \"ladies man\", \"prostitute\", \"man hoe\", and \"Benedict\"\". In a UK reader survey reported in the book \"Language, Power and Society\", himbo was offered as a synonym for toy boy, along with other expressions like \"joy boy\", \"lap chap\", and \"boncubine\". Some commentators have continued in the late 20th and early 21st centuries to use the original term \"bimbo\" when referring to someone as an unintelligent, vacuous, or brutish man, such as a reporter's description of Dan Quayle or Stephen Richter's reflections on Donald Trump."}]}, {"title": "Hime", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hime (\u59eb; ) is the Japanese word for \"princess\", or more literally \"demoiselle\", i.e. a (usually young) lady of higher birth. Daughters of a monarch are actually referred to by other terms, e.g. , literally king's daughter, even though \"Hime\" can be used to address \"\u014cjo\". The word \"Hime\" initially referred to any beautiful female. The antonym of \"Hime\" is \"Shikome\" (\u919c\u5973), literally \"ugly female\", though it is archaic and rarely used. \"Hime\" may also indicate \"feminine\" or simply \"small\" when used together with other words, such as \"Hime-gaki\" (a low line of hedge)."}, {"context": " \"Hime\" is commonly seen as part of a Japanese female divinity's name, such as Toyotama-hime. The Kanji applied to transliterate \"Hime\" are \u6bd4\u58f2 or \u6bd8\u58f2 rather than \u59eb. The masculine counterpart of \"Hime\" is \"Hiko\" (\u5f66, \u6bd4\u53e4 or \u6bd8\u53e4,) which is seen as part of Japanese male gods' names, such as Saruta-hiko. Unlike \"Hime\", \"Hiko\" is neutral, non-archaic and still commonly used as a modern Japanese male given name, for example Nobuhiko Takada. Usually, a \"Hime\" will go through a ceremony, in which she is considered a \"Daoshi\" and then later becomes a Hime. The ceremony is similar to the Japanese tea ceremony, and is usually up to 3 hours."}, {"context": " The saying \"Ichi hime ni taro\" (\"First baby, a girl. Second baby, a boy\") originally meant that having a girl first and a boy second was easier on the mother as she gained experience before nurturing a boy. However, with each household having fewer children, this is commonly confused as having \"one girl and two boys\", or three children. This is because \"ichi\" means \"one\" in Japanese and \"ni\" means \"two\" in Japanese, and therefore could be read as, \"One girl, two boys.\" While many use the name \"Hime\" to address those of a higher or more noble birth, there are a few who use it as a girl's name. Thus some names either incorporate the word \"Hime\" or the giver simply will name said girl \"Hime\"."}]}, {"title": "Hime (fish)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hime is a genus of flagfins native to the eastern Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. The recognized species in this genus are:"}]}, {"title": "Hime (rapper)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"this sound,<br>giri and ninjo<br>the spirit of harmony<br>will the surprise attack<br>come from the peony\" In the chorus of the song, as seen above, Hime writes in a thirty-one-syllable tanka. Hime's embrace of the ancient form of poetry in her rapping, as well as her frequent use of Japanese cliches and traditional rhythms, show a trend in some Japanese hip hop to localize at the same time that they are embracing a global musical form. \"Hime's use of Japanese cliches is provocative in a club setting where the latest slang from MTV tends to be most valued\". Yet she also uses rhyme, something imported, since Japanese does not have much of a structure for rhyming.  At the same time that she is embracing aspects of Japanese culture into her hip hop, we also see how Hime presents herself. Often in her videos she is dressed in ways that are clearly taken from American, and specifically hip hop, culture. She Recently appeared on BET Hip Hop Awards 2008. Hime's songs \"Black List\", \"Himehajime 2006\", \"In The Rain\",and \"Fuyajo\" are featured in The Fast and the Furious video game for the PlayStation 2 and PSP."}]}, {"title": "Hime (surname)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hime is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}]}, {"title": "Hime River", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hime River (\u59eb\u5ddd) is a river in Niigata Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture, Japan."}]}, {"title": "Hime Station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hime Station is served by the Taita Line, and is located 7.9 rail kilometers from the official starting point of the line at . Hime Station has two opposed ground-level side platforms connected by a level crossing. The station is unattended. !colspan=5|JR Central Hime Station opened on December 28, 1918 as a station on the T\u014dn\u014d Railway. The station was absorbed into the JR T\u014dkai network upon the privatization of the Japanese National Railways (JNR) on April 1, 1987. A new station building was completed in 2006.  In fiscal 2016, the station was used by an average of 389 passengers daily (boarding passengers only)."}]}, {"title": "Hime cut", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The hime cut appears to date back to the \"amasogi\" shoulder-length hairstyle of the Heian period. When a woman turned 20, the hair around her ears was cut in a ceremony called \"binsogi\". The combination of amasogi and binsogi produced the hime cut. The hime cut is high-maintenance for those without naturally straight hair, and requires frequent touch-ups on the sidelocks and front bangs in order to maintain its shape. Hair straightening is sometimes used to help with these problems as well as straightening irons and specially formulated shampoos for straight hair. Humidity is also cited as a problem with certain hair types, as the curling caused by excess humidity can change the shape of the hair. Occasionally hair extensions and weaves are used for the side locks in order to prevent this."}, {"context": " The hairstyle is frequently seen in gothic lolita subculture, especially the classification of elegant gothic lolita (EGL). Within the EGL community the hime is considered a more elegant alternative to other styles that may require frequent curling and crimping that can permanently damage the hair. The hime cut is also popular in South Korea, having been popularized by K-pop celebrities. Variants of the sidelocks have also been seen, such as longer sidelocks sometimes pulled in front of the ears and lack of frontal fringe with only the sidelocks present. The sidelocks may also sometimes appear shorter (as is the case with Ai Enma from \"Hell Girl\", whose bangs cover her eyebrows and sidelocks are cut level with her mouth). Another example is the Vocaloid Megurine Luka in which her sidelocks appear to be layered from the mouth level down to the neck. The hair is also sometimes worn short in a variant of a pageboy, or cropped short in the back such as the personification of Japan in \"\". The style is sometimes paired with odango, as worn by \"Fushigi Y\u016bgi\" character Miaka Yuki, or worn one-sided, such as the character of Miyu from \"Vampire Princess Miyu\". In the late 1970s a variation of the style was worn by actress Louise Lasser as the title character on \"Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman\"."}]}, {"title": "Hime kaido\u0304", "paragraphs": [{"context": " When there were difficult passes or river crossings on the main routes, \"hime kaid\u014d\" were established to avoid them. Because there were fewer travelers, less danger, a lower chance of an attack by bandits (compared with the main route they were avoiding), it was said that people could relax while traveling the route. It was for these reasons that women often chose to travel these routes, giving rise to the routes being called \"hime kaid\u014d\" or \"onna kaid\u014d\" (\"women's route\"). There were different definitions of what made a \"hime kaid\u014d\", as some detours just went around one difficult area, while others were much longer and avoided most of the dangerous routes. Because of the various definitions, the Nakasend\u014d was sometimes referred to as a \"hime kaid\u014d\", because the distance was much greater and the danger was much less than that of the T\u014dkaid\u014d, which started and ended at the same location.  Other features employed the same naming conventions, including hills. Some hills in front of temples and shrines that had steep gradients were called \"men's hills\" (\u7537\u5742 \"otoko no saka\"), while hills that were easier to climb were called \"women's hills\" (\u5973\u5742 \"onna no saka\")"}]}, {"title": "Hime-chan's Ribbon", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The story is about Himeko Nonohara (\u91ce\u3005\u539f\u59eb\u5b50 \"Nonohara Himeko\"), also known as Hime-chan (\u59eb\u3061\u3083\u3093), an aloof, childlike, yet boasty thirteen-year-old girl who frets over the fact that she is the biggest tomboy in the school. Himeko would like nothing more than to be a proper, feminine young lady, like her older sister Aiko, so that she could approach her secret crush, Hasekura. One night, Himeko is unexpectedly approached by a girl, who is a near-mirror image of herself, floating outside of her bedroom window. She discovers that the girl is Princess Erika of the Magical Kingdom. Erika explains that people in the Magical Kingdom have an exact counterpart in the Human World and that, in order to prove herself worthy as a princess, she must give Himeko a magical item that she has created. Himeko is allowed the use of this item, a red hair ribbon, for one year to determine whether it is useful, and consequently, if Erika will inherit the crown."}, {"context": " The ribbon allows Himeko to transform into anyone in the Human World for one hour. If Himeko is unable to recite the magic incantation in reverse before the hour is up, she will be trapped in that person\u2019s form for the rest of her life. She is unable to reveal the secret of the ribbon and the existence of the Magical Kingdom to anyone. If she does, her memory will be erased as punishment. Assisting her with this is her stuffed lion, Pokota, whom the ribbon brought to life. Erika will watch her in the Magic Kingdom through her crystal ball for one year, at which point the ribbon will be returned."}, {"context": " In authoring Hime-chan's Ribbon, Megumi Mizusawa used themes common to magical girl manga. The concept of being able to transform into other people had been a feature of Himitsu no Akko-chan (1962). and To perform magic several different incantations are recited. When Hime-chan first receives the ribbon she is told to recite \"Parallel, Parallel, \"(person's name)\" ni nare\". After the excitement of transformation Hime-chan dismisses Erika's important instruction to recite this incantation saying \"Parallel\" backwards, \"Rurerapa rurerapa motono sugatani nare.\" which causes her to almost be caught as the Principal of the school forever. Pokota had to remind her of the correct way of pronouncing \"Rurerapa\" to avoid this."}, {"context": " Jennifer B from THEM Anime reviews stated that Hime-chan's Ribbon is \"a fun, cute series that's worth watching if you like magical girl shows\" and \"Hime-chan herself is a likable character\". Andrew Sheldon from Anime-Meta Review felt that \"The writing is well done, has a great sense of character and can be touching\". Kelly Mayback from the Anime Cafe: A Parent's Guide to Anime described it as \"an EXCELLENT series to use when exploring Japanese culture\". In 2009 the series was remade, with manga creator Shiho Komiyuno penning the series. \"Hime-chan no Ribon Colorful\" premiered in the October 2009 issue of Ribon, the same magazine that the original series ran in. Differences between the two series included the setting being moved to modern day as well as the character of Pokota being replaced by a shape changing Princess Erika."}]}, {"title": "Hime-sama Goyo\u0304jin", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himeko Tsubaki bumps into a pair of thieves called Leslie and Karen. She accidentally takes one of their bags containing a magic crown. Placing the crown on her head will magically turn her into a princess, and eventually fulfilling all of her wishes. Her classmates and teachers believe her to be a princess, but she becomes a target of various people who want the crown for themselves. Tagging along is the true owner of the crown, a child princess named Nana. \"Note\": Ry\u014dko Shintani and Ui Miyazaki sang the theme songs under the name of Himeko Tsubaki and Nana."}]}, {"title": "Himeanole", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The film marks the debut of \"V6\" boyband singer G\u014d Morita in his first starring role in a feature film as the antagonist Soichi Morita, and stars Gaku Hamada as the naive protagonist Okada among a cast of odd characters entrenched amid love triangles and shoddy friendships. It premiered at the Far East Film Festival in Udine, Italy on 25 April 2016, before being released theatrically on 28 May throughout Japan. Ando works at a cleaning company where he is tasked in charge of clumsy newcomer Okada. While Ando struggles to remember his name referring to him as \"Okamura\", the two slowly develop a friendship. Okada, who loathes himself for leading a useless and aimless life, mentions to Ando how he is dissatisfied for having no hobbies, girlfriend, leading a repetitive life and wasting away. Ando comforts him stating no one is satisfied, and dissatisfaction is the driving force behind life. When asked if he feels the same way, Ando replies with a blunt no, stating \"I live each day for love.\""}, {"context": " Okada joins Ando at a nearby cafe to meet his girlfriend, which turns out to be the waitress Yuka he has a crush on but never admitted his feelings to. Ando then notices \"the blonde dude\" sitting outside, who he thinks has his eyes set on his beloved Yuka. Okada glances and remembers him as Morita, a highschool classmate. Ando tells Okada to talk to him, in case he has ill intent towards his Yuka. Okada approaches Morita, who denies ever having come here before, and the two exchange phone numbers. As Ando and Okada leave the cafe, he asks Okada to investigate Yuka in case she's in any danger. Okada hesitates but agrees to talk to Yuka. Okada waits outside the cafe in the evening for Yuka to finish her shift. The nervous Yuka mentions she fears she is being stalked, including receiving harassing phone calls and her mail disappearing. The next day at work, Ando tells Okada the two of them shall go to the cafe everyday to ensure Yuka's well-being. Okada hands her their numbers, and later Ando rambles to Okada about wanting to take her on a date."}, {"context": " Morita, a habitual smoker and pachinko player, makes a phone call to Wagusa at his workplace demanding $5000. The nervous Wagusa meets his girlfriend Kumiko, a coworker, to help him steal the money from his father's business where the two work. She eventually demands to know why he keeps giving him money. Wagusa reveals the two were classmates bullied by the same kids throughout highschool. A week before graduation, Morita visited Wagusa at night to tell him \"I caught Kawashima,\" to enact revenge for his years of torment. Morita tells Wagusa to beat him with a bat, before Morita kills him and buries his body. Since the incident, Wagusa notes something changed in Morita who began extorting him for money."}, {"context": " During an awkward double date between Ando, Okada, Yuka and her friend Ai, the outspoken Ai tells Ando he has no chance with Yuko. The two are friends since kindergarten and she can tell Yuko loves someone else. Ando urges Okada to determine whether YuKa would date Ando, so he waits outside to talk to Yuka the next day, but she maintains she likes someone else. She reveals the person she likes is actually him. The nervous Okada wonders if its a prank and stares around for hidden cameras. Instead, he notices Ando hiding at a corner who overhears everything; Ando collapses before letting out an unending scream. Yuka panics in response and begins screaming herself, before the two run away in opposite directions."}, {"context": " Okada and Yuka meet again in private after Ando had been absent from work for a week. The two talk before Yuka convinces him they should date. Before long, the seemingly shy Yuka turns out to be very amorous. Awkwardness ensues when the inexperienced Okada prods her with questions about her partner count and when she lost her virginity. Morita, who's been stalking Yuka outside her house, notices the two having sex and decides to call Wagusa to help him kill Okada. Kumiko convinces Wagusa they should kill Morita instead. This leads to a string of events involving Morita which sees several people dead, and Okada and Yuka's lives increasingly in danger."}, {"context": " \"Himeanole\" received generally positive reviews. Asian film site \"EasternKicks.com\" ranked the film #6 on its list of \"Top 10 Films of 2016.\" While \"TasteOfCinema.com\" ranked the film #2 on its list of \"The 10 Best Japanese Films of 2016.\" \"AsianMoviePulse.com\" included the film as part of its list of \"The 20 Best Asian Films of 2016.\" Panos Kotzathanasis commended the effortless blending of genres, noting \"Beginning as a comedy-drama Continuing as a violent thriller Keisuke Yoshida manages to merge two films into one. This transition between the two parts is portrayed through an intricate and very impressive scene. As Susumu and Yuka have sex, Morita tortures and kills a woman, with the setting switching a number of times and the moves of each \u201ccouple\u201d mirror each other in the most unsettling fashion.\""}, {"context": " Spanish critic Omar Parra similarly praised the film, giving it 4.5 of 5 stars, describing it \"as \"American Pie\" meets \"I Saw the Devil\", the premise is something unthinkable but I think the director has managed to perfectly blend both genres.\" However, he noted that the first part of the film may test the patience of those who may more enjoy its second half. In contrast, French critic Fabrice Sayag, in his review of the film's screening at the , criticized the romantic comedy element of the film, and found the flashbacks expounding Morita's violent impulses as not well-integrated and sometimes \"useless.\" He further admonished director Yoshida's foray into the genre, stating he \"is not at ease in these violent scenes, staged without inventiveness, to which he lacks the destructive energy with which he wishes to contaminate his story.\" He gave it 2 of 5 stars."}, {"context": " Himean\u014dru is a Japanese manga written and illustrated by Minoru Furuya. It was serialized in the \"Weekly Young Magazine\" between 2008\u20132010, and released in \"tank\u014dbon\" form into six volumes by Kodansha. The series follows the parallel storylines of two former classmates Susumu Okada and Shoichi Morita, as they diverge into wildly different lives and characters. While the hopeless Okada finds himself in a stereotypical romantic comedy and making ends meet working at a cleaning company; Shoichi drifts further into darkness, traumatized by his childhood, and becomes a serial killer.  http://www.fareastfilm.com/easyne2/eng/film/hime-anole.aspx?IDLYT=7505"}]}, {"title": "Himedo, Kumamoto", "paragraphs": [{"context": " As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,534 and a density of 182.73 persons per km\u00b2. The total area was 19.34 km\u00b2. On March 31, 2004, Himedo, was merged with the towns of Matsushima, \u014cyano and Ry\u016bgatake (all from Amakusa District), was merged to create the city of Kami-Amakusa and no longer exists as an independent municipality."}]}, {"title": "Himegamisha Shrine, Nara", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himegamisha Shrine (Japanese: \u6bd4\u58f2\u795e\u793e, \"Himegamisha\") is a Shinto shrine in the city of Nara, in Nara Prefecture, Japan. It is built in 1981 by the people of this neighborhood on the tomb called \"Hime-zuka\" (princess' tomb) that is estimated to be a burial place of Princess T\u014dchi, an Empress-consort of Emperor K\u014dbun. It is a \"sessha\" (subsidiary shrine) of the Kagami Shrine. In 1930s, the \"Hime-zuka\" became nation's property and managed by Nara Bureau of Financial Affairs. Several decades later, this grave was disposed to the residents of this neighborhood. They tried to build a shrine and enshrine Princess T\u014dchi to it, for the revival of this area. The land was donated to the Shin-Yakushi-ji temple, and the Shinto ceremonies to be held in the shrine were delegated to the chief priest of the Kagami Shrine.  A ground-breaking ceremony was held in the summer of 1980, and a roof-laying ceremony in the end of that year, in cooperation with the Shin Yakushiji Temple and the Kagami Shrine. The shrine building was completed. The celebrating ceremony of enshrinement was held on May 10, 1981, which was the day converted to the solar calendar of the 7th Day of the 4th Month, when the princess died. That was how the shrine was founded."}]}, {"title": "Himegoto", "paragraphs": [{"context": " , also known as Secret Princess, is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Norio Tsukudani. It was originally serialized in Ichijinsha's \"Waai!\" magazine, but was later featured in three additional magazines published by Ichijinsha: \"Waai! Mahalo\", \"Comic Rex\" and \"Febri\". Collectively, \"Himegoto\" was serialized across the four magazines from November 2011 to June 2015 and was collected into six \"tank\u014dbon\" volumes. The story focuses on Hime Arikawa, a high school boy whose sizable debt is paid off by the girls of his school's student council. In exchange, he agrees to join the student council and spend the rest of his high school life dressed as a girl. A 13-episode anime adaptation, directed by Y\u016bji Yanase and produced by Asahi Production, aired in Japan between July and September 2014. Critics pointed out a general focus on humiliation and shame, and panned it for its characters and reliance on a single joke throughout the series."}, {"context": " \"Himegoto\" follows Hime Arikawa, a second-year student at . Forced to assume a large amount of debt from his now-absent parents, Hime is saved by the three girls of his school's student council after he is chased down by debt collectors. In return for paying off his debt, Hime agrees to their conditions of becoming the student council's \"dog\" and spending his high school life dressed as a girl. Norio Tsukudani based \"Himegoto\" on an earlier four-panel manga she drew for fun during her time as a student. At that time, the main characters that make up the student council were instead members of the drama club. However, Tsukudani decided to change this when developing \"Himegoto\" to be serialized in Ichijinsha's \"Waai!\" magazine, and she decided it would be easier to manage a cross-dressing character if he was in the student council. Before creating \"Himegoto\", Tsukudani read various works of fiction that featured cross-dressing boys, but many of them featured the boys being paired with other boys. When she proposed the idea of \"Himegoto\", she wanted to pair a cross-dressing boy with girls, which Tsukudani herself wanted to read. In this way, she thought that a variety of different people would enjoy it."}, {"context": " When drawing the manga, Tsukudani aimed to write scenes that were easy to read, something she felt she was unable to do well when the manga's serialization began. What she felt was most important was depicting the characters as cute as possible. When developing the characters, she based the female members of the student council and Tadokoro on friends she had in the drama club when she was a student. However, Hime was created from scratch using Tsukudani's ideals for a cross-dressing boy as a basis for the character including his pink hair, side pigtails, and him being forced to cross-dress. When developing the members of the public morals committee, Tsukudani had already decided on having a pair of cross-dressing brothers, which led to Kaguya's development. Tsukudani's editor suggested making Kaguya the protagonist of the spin-off manga \"Himegoto+\", and she wanted to give Kaguya a partner, so she created No. 1 and thought she might as well make her into a cross-dressing girl. For Mitsunaga and Hiro, she wanted them to cross-dress due to some preconceived issue. Tsukudani was careful to design the characters to maintain a balance between them, including what hair color they would have."}, {"context": " Although Tsukudani kept a notebook with story ideas, she admitted that on many occasions the theme of a chapter was born out of her own daydreams. Once she decided on a theme, she had the characters move around in her head and then worked out the plot and storyboard. Since she had a solid grasp on who the characters were, she noted that they moved around for her on their own. Conversely, if the characters were stiff with a given theme, Tsukudani could not develop an interesting story and moved on to another idea. The theme developed for the manga serialized in \"Febri\" had to do with bonus aspects to the story that she was unable to draw in the main serialization, as well as events that occurred between chapters in the main story."}, {"context": " \"Himegoto\" is written and illustrated by Norio Tsukudani. It began serialization in volume seven of Ichijinsha's \"Waai!\" magazine on November 25, 2011 as a four-panel comic strip manga, and continued until February 25, 2014 when \"Waai!\" suspended publication. A spin-off series titled \"Himegoto+\" was serialized in \"Waai!\"s sister magazine \"Waai! Mahalo\" between April 25, 2012 and December 25, 2013. Another version of \"Himegoto\" was serialized between the December 2013 issue of Ichijinsha's \"Comic Rex\" magazine sold on October 27, 2013 and the August 2015 issue sold on June 27, 2015. Tsukudani serialized another version of \"Himegoto\" in Ichijinsha's \"Febri\" magazine between volume 23 sold on June 20, 2014 and volume 29 sold on June 17, 2015. Ichijinsha published six \"tank\u014dbon\" volumes between February 19, 2013 and July 27, 2015. A special edition of volume four was bundled with a drama CD. Ichijinsha published an anthology titled on September 3, 2014."}, {"context": " A 13-episode anime television series adaptation, directed by Y\u016bji Yanase and produced by Asahi Production, aired in Japan between July 7 and September 29, 2014 on BS11. Each episode is about five minutes long. The screenplay is written by Kazuho Hyod\u014d, and Masaaki Sakurai based the character design used in the anime on Norio Tsukudani's original designs. The opening theme is and the ending theme is ; both are sung by I My Me Mine, a group composed of Y\u016bki Kuwahara, Yuka Matenr\u014d, Saki Ono and Hisako T\u014dj\u014d. The single containing the theme songs was released on March 5, 2014. The series was released on Blu-ray in Japan on November 26, 2014."}, {"context": " An Internet radio show hosted by the members of I My Me Mine to promote the anime called broadcast 24 episodes between April 16 and September 24, 2014. The show was streamed online every Wednesday and was produced by the Japanese Internet radio station Onsen. Six CD compilation volumes were released between July 1 and October 18, 2014. Reviewer Chris Beveridge described the anime's short episode format as offering \"more direct comedy, quicker hits and more playfulness and abuse when it comes to the gender issues.\" He initially called the premise \"familiar yet fun\" with \"enough off kilter material\" to amuse the audience. By the end of the series, Beveridge noted that its approach focused on humiliation and shame, and went on to say that it \"works one gag and does its best to run it into the ground as much as possible.\" Tim Jones at THEM Anime Reviews heavily panned the series, calling the treatment of the student council girls towards Hime as \"sinister and tasteless\". Jones pointed out his frustration with every episode, going on to heavily pan the characters and use of a \"terrible one-joke premise\"."}]}, {"title": "Himeji", "paragraphs": [{"context": " As of May 1, 2016, the city has an estimated population of 534,881, with 213,950 households and a population density of 1,000.84 persons per km\u00b2. The total area is . Himeji has been the center of Harima Province since Nara period. After the Battle of Sekigahara, Ikeda Terumasa received a fief at Harima Province and established the Himeji Domain. He expanded the Himeji Castle and its castle town. Himeji was the capital of Himeji Prefecture (later Shikama Prefecture) since 1871, but the prefecture was merged into Hy\u014dgo Prefecture in 1876. The city of Himeji was established on April 1, 1889. After the 1923 Great Kant\u014d earthquake, the Japanese government reportedly considered moving the nation's capital from Tokyo to Himeji."}, {"context": " On March 27, 2006, the town of Yasutomi (from Shis\u014d District), the town of K\u014ddera (from Kanzaki District), and the towns of Ieshima and Yumesaki (both from Shikama District) were merged into Himeji. During World War II, Himeji was selected as a target by the United States' XXI Bomber Command because it served as an important rail terminal and contained two large military zones. On July 3, 1945 at 4:23 PM (JST), 107 Aircraft took off to bomb Himeji. During the raid, 767 tons of incendiary bombs were dropped on Himeji, destroying 63.3% of the built up areas of the city. However, the famous Himeji Castle remained remarkably unscathed, even with one firebomb being dropped on it. This has resulted in many Himeji residents believing that the castle is divinely protected."}, {"context": " Himeji has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification \"Cfa\") with hot summers and cool winters. Summers are significantly wetter than winters. Originally a castle town, Himeji is home to the Himeji Castle, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. For over 400 years, Himeji Castle has remained intact, even throughout the extensive bombing of Himeji in World War II and natural disasters such as the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake and various typhoons. Other attractions include the Engy\u014d-ji temple, Mount Seppiko, Himeji Central Park (a safari park), the Himeji City Tegarayama Botanical Garden in Tegarayama Central Park and the Koko-en Garden."}, {"context": " Himeji's education system is similar to other cities in Japan. In the city itself, there are roughly 20-30 foreigners who teach English at the local elementary and junior high schools in the JET program. The schools range from the islands of Boze and Ie all the way north past Yumesaki. A North Korean school, , can also be found in the city. Himeji is twinned or has sister city relationships with six international cities and two Japanese cities, as well as a sister castle located in France. Himeji has a particularly strong relationship with Phoenix, as teachers from America are able to teach English abroad for 1\u20132 years. Additionally, the Youth Ambassador Exchange Program allows for both Japanese and American high school students to experience the cultures and languages of their respective countries for 3 weeks."}]}, {"title": "Himeji Athletic Stadium", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himeji Athletic Stadium is an athletic stadium in Himeji, Hyogo, Japan."}]}, {"title": "Himeji Castle", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himeji Castle dates to 1333, when Akamatsu Norimura built a fort on top of Himeyama hill. The fort was dismantled and rebuilt as Himeyama Castle in 1346, and then remodeled into Himeji Castle two centuries later. Himeji Castle was then significantly remodeled in 1581 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who added a three-story castle keep. In 1600, Tokugawa Ieyasu awarded the castle to Ikeda Terumasa for his help in the Battle of Sekigahara, and Ikeda completely rebuilt the castle from 1601 to 1609, expanding it into a large castle complex. Several buildings were later added to the castle complex by Honda Tadamasa from 1617 to 1618. For over 400 years, Himeji Castle has remained intact, even throughout the extensive bombing of Himeji in World War II, and natural disasters such as the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake."}, {"context": " Himeji Castle is the largest and most visited castle in Japan, and it was registered in 1993 as one of the first UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the country. The area within the middle moat of the castle complex is a designated Special Historic Site and five structures of the castle are also designated National Treasures. Along with Matsumoto Castle and Kumamoto Castle, Himeji Castle is considered one of Japan's three premier castles. In order to preserve the castle buildings, it underwent restoration work for several years and reopened to the public on March 27, 2015. The works also removed decades of dirt and grime, restoring the formerly grey roof to its original brilliant white color."}, {"context": " Himeji Castle's construction dates to 1333, when a fort was constructed on Himeyama hill by Akamatsu Norimura, the ruler of the ancient Harima Province. In 1346, his son Sadanori demolished this fort and built Himeyama Castle in its place. In 1545, the Kuroda clan was stationed here by order of the Kodera clan, and feudal ruler Kuroda Shigetaka remodeled the castle into Himeji Castle, completing the work in 1561. In 1580, Kuroda Yoshitaka presented the castle to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and in 1581 Hideyoshi significantly remodeled the castle, building a three-story keep with an area of about ."}, {"context": " Following the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, Tokugawa Ieyasu granted Himeji Castle to his son-in-law, Ikeda Terumasa, as a reward for his help in battle. Ikeda demolished the three-story keep that had been created by Hideyoshi, and completely rebuilt and expanded the castle from 1601 to 1609, adding three moats and transforming it into the castle complex that is seen today. The expenditure of labor involved in this expansion is believed to have totaled 2.5 million man-days. Ikeda died in 1613, passing the castle to his son, who also died three years later. In 1617, Honda Tadamasa and his family inherited the castle, and Honda added several buildings to the castle complex, including a special tower for his daughter-in-law, ."}, {"context": " In the Meiji Period (1868 to 1912), many Japanese castles were destroyed. Himeji Castle was abandoned in 1871 and some of the castle corridors and gates were destroyed to make room for Japanese army barracks. The entirety of the castle complex was slated to be demolished by government policy, but it was spared by the efforts of Nakamura Shigeto, an army colonel. A stone monument honoring Nakamura was placed in the castle complex within the first gate, the . Although Himeji Castle was spared, Japanese castles had become obsolete and their preservation was costly."}, {"context": " When the han feudal system was abolished in 1871, Himeji Castle was put up for auction. The castle was purchased by a Himeji resident for 23 Japanese yen (about 200,000 yen or US$2,258 today). The buyer wanted to demolish the castle complex and develop the land, but the cost of destroying the castle was estimated to be too great, and it was again spared. Himeji was heavily bombed in 1945, at the end of World War II, and although most of the surrounding area was burned to the ground, the castle survived intact. One firebomb was dropped on the top floor of the castle but failed to explode. In order to preserve the castle complex, substantial repair work was undertaken starting in 1956, with a labor expenditure of 250,000 man-days and a cost of 550 million yen. In January 1995, the city of Himeji was substantially damaged by the Great Hanshin earthquake, but Himeji Castle again survived virtually undamaged, demonstrating remarkable earthquake resistance. Even the bottle of sake placed on the altar at the top floor of the keep remained in place."}, {"context": " Himeji Castle was registered on 11 December 1993 as one of the first UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Japan. Five structures of the castle are also designated National Treasures: The , , , , and . The area within the middle moat of the castle complex is a designated Special Historic Site. Along with Matsumoto Castle and Kumamoto Castle, Himeji Castle is considered one of Japan's three premier castles. It is the most visited castle in Japan, receiving over 2,860,000 visitors in 2015. Starting in April 2010, Himeji Castle underwent restoration work to preserve the castle buildings, and reopened to the public on March 27, 2015."}, {"context": " Himeji Castle is the largest castle in Japan. It serves as an excellent example of prototypical Japanese castle architecture, containing many of the defensive and architectural features associated with Japanese castles. The curved walls of Himeji Castle are sometimes said to resemble giant , but the principal materials used in the structures are stone and wood. Feudal are installed throughout the architecture of the building, signifying the various lords that inhabited the castle throughout its history."}, {"context": " The Himeji Castle complex is located in the centre of Himeji, Hy\u014dgo on top of a hill called Himeyama, which is above sea level. The castle complex comprises a network of 83 buildings such as storehouses, gates, corridors, and . Of these 83 buildings, 74 are designated as Important Cultural Assets: 11 corridors, 16 turrets, 15 gates, and 32 earthen walls. The highest walls in the castle complex have a height of . Joining the castle complex is , a Japanese garden created in 1992 to commemorate Himeji city's 100th anniversary."}, {"context": " From east to west, the Himeji Castle complex has a length of , and from north to south, it has a length of . The castle complex has a circumference of . It covers an area of 233 hectares (2,330,000 m or 576 acres), making it roughly 50 times as large as the Tokyo Dome or 60 times as large as Koshien Stadium. The at the center of the complex is high, standing above sea level. Together with the main keep, three form a cluster of towers. Externally, the keep appears to have five floors, because the second and third floors from the top appear to be a single floor; however, it actually has six floors and a basement. The basement of the main keep has an area of , and its interior contains special facilities that are not seen in other castles, including lavatories, a drain board, and a kitchen corridor."}, {"context": " The main keep has two pillars, with one standing in the east and one standing in the west. The east pillar, which has a base diameter of , was originally a single fir tree, but it has since been mostly original. The first floor of the main keep has an area of and is often called the \"thousand-mat room\" because it has over 330 Tatami mats. The walls of the first floor have for holding matchlocks and spears, and at one point, the castle contained as many as 280 guns and 90 spears. The second floor has an area of roughly ."}, {"context": " The third floor has an area of and the fourth floor has an area of . Both the third and fourth floors have platforms situated at the north and south windows called , where defenders could observe or throw objects at attackers. They also have small enclosed rooms called , where defenders could hide themselves and kill attackers by surprise as they entered the keep. The final floor, the sixth floor, has an area of only . The sixth floor windows now have iron bars in place, but in the feudal period the panoramic view from the windows was unobstructed."}, {"context": " Himeji Castle contains advanced defensive systems from the feudal period. in the shape of circles, triangles, squares, and rectangles are located throughout Himeji Castle, intended to allow defenders armed with tanegashima or archers to fire on attackers without exposing themselves. Roughly 1,000 loopholes exist in the castle buildings remaining today. Angled chutes called were also set at numerous points in the castle walls, enabling stones or boiling oil to be poured on the heads of attackers passing by underneath, and white plaster was used in the castle's construction for its resistance to fire."}, {"context": " The castle complex included three moats, one of which\u2014the outer moat\u2014is now buried. Parts of the central moat and all of the inner moats survive. The moats have an average width of , a maximum width of , and a depth of about . The is a pond which exists inside the castle; one of the purposes of this moat was to store water for use in fire prevention. The castle complex, particularly the , contains numerous warehouses that were used to store rice, salt and water in case of a siege. A building known as the was used specifically to store salt, and it is estimated that it contained as many as 3,000 bags of salt when the castle complex was in use. The castle complex also contained 33 wells within the inner moat, 13 of which remain; the deepest of these has a depth of ."}, {"context": " One of the castle's most important defensive elements is the confusing maze of paths leading to the castle's keep. The gates, baileys, and outer walls of the complex are organized so as to confuse an approaching force, causing it to travel in a spiral pattern around the complex on its way to the keep. The castle complex originally contained 84 gates, 15 of which were named according to the Japanese syllabary (\"I\", \"Ro\", \"Ha\", \"Ni\", \"Ho\", \"He\", \"To\", etc.). At present, 21 gates from the castle complex remain intact, 13 of which are named according to the Japanese syllabary."}, {"context": " In many cases, the castle walkways even turn back on themselves, greatly inhibiting navigation. For example, the straight distance from the to the is only , but the path itself is a much longer . The passages are also steep and narrow, further inhibiting entry. This system allowed the intruders to be watched and fired upon from the keep during their lengthy approach, but Himeji Castle was never attacked in this manner so the system remains untested. However, even today with the route clearly marked, many visitors have trouble navigating the castle complex."}, {"context": " Himeji Castle is frequently known as \"Hakuro-j\u014d\" or \"Shirasagi-j\u014d\" (\"White Egret Castle\" or \"White Heron Castle\") because of its brilliant white exterior and supposed resemblance to a bird taking flight. The castle has been featured extensively in foreign and Japanese films, including the James Bond movie \"You Only Live Twice\" (1967), and Akira Kurosawa's \"Kagemusha\" (1980) and \"Ran\" (1985). In the television miniseries \"Sh\u014dgun\" (1980) it served as a stand-in for feudal-era Osaka castle. In the video games Civilization Revolution and Civilization V, Himeji Castle is available to build as a world wonder."}, {"context": " Himeji Castle is associated with a number of local legends. The well-known \"kaidan\" (or Japanese ghost story) of is set in Edo (Tokyo), but a variant called is set in Himeji Castle. There is a disputed claim that the castle is the \"bona fide\" location of the entire legend, and the alleged Okiku's Well remains in the castle to this day. According to the legend, Okiku was falsely accused of losing dishes that were valuable family treasures, and then killed and thrown into the well. Her ghost remained to haunt the well at night, counting dishes in a despondent tone."}, {"context": " The legend of the is another folklore story associated with the castle. According to the legend, Toyotomi Hideyoshi ran out of stones when building the original three-story keep, and an old woman heard about his trouble. She gave him her hand millstone even though she needed it for her trade. It was said that people who heard the story were inspired and also offered stones to Hideyoshi, speeding up construction of the castle. To this day, the supposed stone can be seen covered with a wire net in the middle of one of the stone walls in the castle complex."}, {"context": " A folklore story is also associated with Sakurai Genbei, who was Ikeda Terumasa's master carpenter in the construction of the keep. According to the legend, Sakurai was dissatisfied with his construction, feeling that the keep leaned a little to the southeast. Eventually, he became distraught and climbed to the top of the keep, where he jumped to his death with a chisel in his mouth. Other national treasures (castles) besides Himeji Castle include Matsumoto Castle, Inuyama Castle, Matsue Castle, and Hikone Castle. The sister castle of Himeji Castle is Ch\u00e2teau de Chantilly in France."}, {"context": " Matsumoto Castle (\u677e\u672c\u57ce \"Matsumoto-j\u014d\") is one of Japan's oldest castles and is situated in Matsumoto, in Nagano Prefecture. The main donjon (\u5929\u5b88\u95a3 tenshukaku) was constructed by the Ishikawa family from 1593 to 1594 when the family was put in charge of the castle. The donjon of Matsumoto Castle is one of Japan's oldest existing five stories Tenshu. Inuyama Castle (\u72ac\u5c71\u57ce \"Inuyama-j\u014d\") is located in the southern coast of Kiso river in the city of Inuyama, in Aichi Prefecture. In 1537, Oda Nobunaga's uncle, Oda Nobuyasu strengthened the castle. Inuyama Castle is claimed to be one of Japan's oldest castles and one of the castles that managed to retain its original structure."}, {"context": " Hikone Castle (\u5f66\u6839\u57ce \"Hikone-j\u014d)\" is located in the eastern coast of Lake Biwa, in Shiga Prefecture. The castle was completed in 1622 by Ii Naokatsu, after 20 years of construction. Ch\u00e2teau de Chantilly is a sister castle of Himeji Castle, and it is said to be the most beautiful castle in France. It is located 40 kilometres north of Paris. The castle is a representation of the magnificent architectural style of the Renaissance period. The partnership between Himeji Castle and Chantilly castle began in 1989.  Panoramic overview Views from afar Views from below Views at night Views from above Views from the interior Views with cherry blossoms Views of the restoration Views of pictures"}]}, {"title": "Himeji Central Park", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The is a safari park in Himeji, Hy\u014dgo, Japan. The park opened in March 1984, and is the only safari park in Kansai region. It has a \"sister park\" agreement with Nairobi National Park, Kenya. The park also incorporates an amusement park. It is operated by , a Kamori Kank\u014d Group company. There is an aerial lift inside the safari park called . Opened in 2003, this is the only aerial lift in Japan that was built to watch animals. Three cabins are attached to transport more passengers at once."}]}, {"title": "Himeji City Tegarayama Botanical Garden", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The , also known as the Himeji Tegarayama Green House, is a botanical garden located within a greenhouse in Tegarayama Central Park at 93 Tegara, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan."}]}, {"title": "Himeji College of Hyogo", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The college opened in April 1950. It closed in 1999."}]}, {"title": "Himeji Dokkyo University", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The first faculties were the Faculty of Foreign Languages, the Faculty of Law. In 1989, the faculty of Econo-informatics was founded, and in 2006 faculties of Medicine, Health and Physical Therapy were started. The Japanese foundation University Accreditation Association, according to a 2010 university evaluation and accreditation, has certified the university as being in conformity with Japanese university standards. On May 26, 2010, the decision was taken to stop accepting new student applications to the graduate law school, which was opened in April 2006. No students passed the entrance exam."}, {"context": " In 2013, Himeji Dokkyo University was chosen as the partner site for the U.S. Department of State Critical Language Scholarship (CLS) Program. Approximately thirty students live in a Himeji business hotel and attend 20 hours of per week language instruction at the University for the summer. Some staff at Himeji Dokkyo University are represented by the General Union, a member of the National Union of General Workers (NUGW), which is itself a member of the National Trade Union Council (Zenrokyo)."}]}, {"title": "Himeji Domain", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The was a Japanese domain of the Edo period, located in Harima Province (modern-day Himeji, Hy\u014dgo)."}]}, {"title": "Himeji Gakuin Women's Junior College", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The college was founded in 1973 with two academic departments. It closed in 2001."}]}, {"title": "Himeji Gardens", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Adelaide's Himeji Gardens is a traditional styled Japanese garden, a gift from Adelaide's sister city, Himeji in 1982. It is located in Park 18 (Peppermint Park / Wita Wirra), one of the southern parts of the Adelaide Park Lands in Adelaide, South Australia. The entrance is from South Terrace, between Pulteney and Hutt Streets. The enclosure is one of only a few classical Japanese gardens in Adelaide. It was originally designed by council staff; however, following two visits by Japanese landscape designer, Yoshitaka Kumada in the late 1980s, its layout was improved to adhere to traditional principles.  The garden is split into a \"sansui\" (\u5c71\u6c34), a \"mountain and lake garden\", and a \"karesansui\" (\u67af\u5c71\u6c34), a \"dry rock garden\" intended to evoke mountains surrounded by water."}]}, {"title": "Himeji Hinomoto College", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Himeji Station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The station building is located close to the Sanyo Electric Railway Himeji Station and Himeji Castle. The preparation for elevation of the conventional lines has been undertaken since 1989, and begun in earnest in 1994 after the relocation of Himeji's freight terminal and train yards. On March 26, 2006, platforms for the JR Kobe Line and Sanyo Main Line switched to the elevated railway, while the remainder of the platforms, for the Bantan and Kishin Lines, were elevated beginning on December 22, 2008. Removal of ground platforms and the remainder of reconstruction work is planned to conclude in 2010."}, {"context": " Himeji Station was opened by Sanyo Railway, the present-day Sanyo Main Line, in 1888. At the time, railway stations were usually built either outside or alongside urban areas, but Himeji Station was built bordering the old city walls, at the end of the main street (Ootemae-dori). The current Sanyo Railway Station is actually constructed on top of part of the old city wall. It is thought that the reason was that the army was based in Himeji Castle. This proximity to the city helped to contribute to urban development.  Himeji Station was linked to , the present day Bantan Line, in 1894. Kishin Line was linked to the station in 1930. The station was expanded with the opening of the Sanyo Shinkansen in 1972."}]}, {"title": "Himeji University", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Himeji-Bessho Station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " This station has two side platforms on the ground and each platform serves a track and 12-car long trains are able to stop. The station is administrated by Himeji Station. !colspan=5|West Japan Railway Company (JR West)"}]}, {"title": "Himejima Station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " !colspan=5|Hanshin Electric Railway"}]}, {"title": "Himeka", "paragraphs": [{"context": " At the age of 15, Himeka's interest in Japanese culture began to develop when she saw an episode of \"Sailor Moon\". In 2008, she moved to Japan in order to pursue a singing career. She was the winner of the Second Annual Animax Anison Grand Prix, which gathers aspiring singers from all over Japan for the chance to make a professional debut and sing a theme song in an anime television show. Her debut single \"Asu e no Kizuna\", released on May 27, 2009, was the opening theme to the anime adaptation of the PlayStation 3 video game \"Valkyria Chronicles\". The single debuted at number 28 on the Oricon single charts."}, {"context": " Her second single was titled \"Hatenaki Michi\", and was released on November 25, 2009. It was the featured ending song for a new anime named \"Tegamibachi\". The singled peaked at number 33 on the weekly Oricon chart. Himeka's first cover album, \"\", was released on 3 March 2010. Her third single, \"Mirai e...\", was released on May 26, 2010. It was featured as the ending theme in the anime \"Senk\u014d no Night Raid\". Himeka's first digital single, \"La la la, Sekai o Hitotsuni\", was released on July 2010. The song was an official support song for the World Cosplay Summit 2010 in Nagoya, Japan."}, {"context": " Himeka's first original album titled \"Himekanvas\" has been released on November 31, 2011 and includes all her released singles, seven original songs and two cover songs. On 12 February 2012, Himekagave her first solo live concert in the Shibuya Boxx hall. The concert sold out. On 1 July 2012, Himeka confirmed that, in April 2012, she had moved to a new label named Mages./amuleto (5pb.). Later, it was confirmed that she would release a new single named \"\"Where I Belong\"\" scheduled to be released on 24 October 2012. The song would be the ending theme for a series named \"Audrey no Kami Appli Shin Seiki Up Date\". On April 1, 2014, it was announced that she was no longer signed to a label. On her Twitter, she did express that she will continue to pursue a career in music.  It was announced not long after, that she was releasing a song under the name AG7 with 7 other Animax Anison Grand Prix winners. The song is named \"Endless Nova\" and is going to be released on July 23, 2014. It will be included on a single released by the latest Anison Grand Prix winner named Tatsuyuki Kobayashi."}]}, {"title": "Himeka Nakamoto", "paragraphs": [{"context": " In 2006, Nakamoto enrolled in Actor\u2019s School Hiroshima as part of the 16th batch, joining her sister Suzuka who enrolled in the previous batch of the same year. As students, they performed in a duet called Tween. She was also a member of the idol group SPL\u221eASH, which was founded by the school. Nakamoto passed the auditions for Nogizaka46 on August 21, 2011, and joined as a first generation member. Her audition song was \"Aitakatta\" by AKB48. In the group, she was known for her special pose called , with which she supposedly transferred energy to their fans. She was also the lead vocalist of Nogidan, the rock band sub-unit of Nogizaka46. In the sixth season of \"NogiBingo!\", she served as assistant MC."}, {"context": " On August 6, 2017, Nakamoto announced during the live broadcast radio show \u201cRadirer! Sunday\u201d that she was graduating from Nogizaka46 due to poor health condition. Her final performance as a Nogizaka46 member took place at the Tokyo Dome on November 7-8, 2017. Her final blog post on the official Nogizaka46 blog was published on December 22, 2017. As of May 17, 2018, Nakamoto has completed training as hand reflexology counselor at the Heartful Life Couselor Academy in Shinjuku, Tokyo. On November 20, her official web site, managed by the Nogizaka46 management, was launched. She has obtained mental health counselor certification from the Japan Promotion Counselor Association and now works as a counselor and trainer, and is also enrolled at Waseda University.  Nakamoto is the older sister of Babymetal lead singer Suzuka Nakamoto and the middle child of three sisters."}]}, {"title": "Himekami", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The band's name is derived from Mount Himekami in Morioka, Iwate Prefecture. The group's current line-up consists of synthesizer player and vocalists Wakako Nakajima, Tomoko Fujii, Junko Shiwa, and Yoriko Sano. The album \"Ama Takami no Kuni\" was the first released by the group following founder Hoshi's death in October 2004. Higher Octave Music has released a number of their albums in North America."}]}, {"title": "Himekanvas", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himekanvas is the first full length original album released by Himeka under her new label Sony Music Japan International under the mononym HIMEKA on November 2, 2011. The album has 2 versions: A CD-only version and a limited CD+DVD version. The CD+DVD version contains a DVD of all her PVs, and on the CD it has 2 cover songs: one song she sang in her final at the Animax Anison Grand Prix, and the other is a piano version of her own song \"Asu e no Kizuna\"."}]}, {"title": "Himekawa Dam", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Himekawa Station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himekawa Station is the name of two train stations in Japan:"}]}, {"title": "Himekawa Station (Hokkaido)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himekawa Station is served by the Hakodate Main Line, and lies 44.2\u00a0km from the starting point of the line at . The station is numbered H63. The station has two side platforms serving two tracks on the otherwise single line. The platforms are linked by a level crossing for passenger use. The station is unstaffed. The station opened on 19 May 1951. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR Hokkaido. In June 2016, JR Hokkaido announced that it intended to close the station along with four other unstaffed stations on the line in March 2017, due to low passenger usage.  In fiscal 2015, the station was used on average by less than one passenger daily."}]}, {"title": "Himekawa Station (Niigata)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himekawa Station is served by the \u014cito Line and is 32.2 kilometers from the intermediate terminus of the line at Minami-Otari Station, and is 102.2 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Matsumoto Station. The station consists of one ground-level side platform serving a single bi-directional track. There is no station building, and the station is unattended. Himekawa Station opened on 1 November 1986. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR West.  In fiscal 2016, the station was used by an average of 3 passengers daily (boarding passengers only)."}]}, {"title": "Himeko", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himeko is an uncommon Japanese feminine given name. It can have many different meanings depending on the kanji used. Possible meanings are \"Princess child\" and \"Sun and rice child\". But it may be written in hiragana or katakana."}]}, {"title": "Himelin", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Saint Himelin (Hymelin, Himelinus) (died Vissenaken, c. 750 AD) was an Irish or Scottish priest who, returning from a pilgrimage to Rome, fell ill when passing through Vissenaken (in present-day part of the municipality Tienen in Belgium). He is said to have been the brother of Rumbold, patron saint of Mechelen. The legend of Saint Himelin states that in Vissenaken he asked a girl for some water. She refused, as there was bubonic plague in the area. However, after much insistence from Himelin, she finally gave him a pitcher of water, which miraculously turned into wine. Himelin died three days later of the plague. He is venerated on 10 March. His cult is confined to Vissenaken."}]}, {"title": "Himella", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himella is an insect genus of the family Coreidae, or leaf-footed bugs, from South America."}]}, {"title": "Himemiya Station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himemiya Station is served by the Tobu Skytree Line, and is located 38.4\u00a0km from the line's Tokyo terminus at . The station has two opposed side platforms serving two tracks, with an elevated station building located above the tracks and platform. Himemiya Station opened on 1 September 1927. From 17 March 2012, station numbering was introduced on all Tobu lines, with Himemiya Station becoming \"TS-29\". In fiscal 2014, the station was used by an average of 5,327 passengers daily."}]}, {"title": "Himene", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"Himene\" are formal choral Tahitian songs, often of religious nature. Himene is a Tahitian term derived from the English word \"hymn\". The first Western explorer to visit the Society Islands / Tahiti was Wallace, who claimed them for England. The first colonisers and missionaries to the native people were thus English Protestants. Himene are based in verse and harmonic structure on Protestant hymns. 'Words have never succeeded in conveying the impression made by this music. Some have said that it was like an ocean wave coming in with growing strength as the voices increased in intensity, breaking and rolling and bounding and then the dying down and disappearing in a long, sustained note. The women's voices carried the melody while the men provided a deep, rhythmic counterpoint, one of them with a great voice sometimes throwing out cries and appeals. All the people rocked back and forth as they sang, many with their eyes shut, entirely lost in the music.' (Quoting Lebeau, 1911.) from \"The Island Churches of the South Pacific\" by Charles W. Forman. Orbis Books, 1982.  A more raucous set of songs is called himene tarava. (See \"imene tuki\" and \"imene metua\" of the Cook Islands / Rarotonga)."}]}, {"title": "Himene tarava", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himene tarava is a style of traditional Tahitian music, sung a cappella in a highly rhythmic style by polyphonic choirs. The word \"tarava\" means \"to be spread out, to be gathered\". This form of singing is common in French Polynesia and the Cook Islands, and is distinguished by a unique drop in pitch at the end of the phrases, which is a characteristic formed by several different voices; it is also accompanied by steady grunting of staccato, nonsensical syllables by the men. Tahiti came to the forefront of the world music scene in 1992, with the release of The Tahitian Choir's recordings of himene tarava, recorded by French musicologist Pascal Nabet-Meyer (recorded without the use of guttural utterances)."}]}, {"title": "Himeno", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himeno (written: \u59eb\u91ce) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}]}, {"title": "Himera", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himera (Greek: ), was an important ancient Greek city of Sicily, situated on the north coast of the island, at the mouth of the river of the same name (the modern Grande), between Panormus (modern Palermo) and Cephaloedium (modern Cefal\u00f9). Its remains lie within the borders of the modern \"comune\" of Termini Imerese. Himera was the first Greek settlement on this part of the island and was a strategic outpost just outside the eastern boundary of the Carthaginian-controlled west. Thucydides says it was the only Greek city on this coast of Sicily, which must however be understood with reference only to independent cities. Mylae, which was also on the north coast and certainly of Greek origin, was a dependency of Zancle (modern Messina). All authorities agree that Himera was a colony of Zancle, but Thucydides tells us that the emigrants from Zancle mingled with a number of Syracusan exiles, resulting in a city with Chalcidic institutions and a Doric dialect."}, {"context": " The foundation of Himera is placed subsequent to that of Mylae (as, from their relative positions, might naturally have been expected) both by Strabo and Scymnus Chius: its date is not mentioned by Thucydides, but Diodorus tells us that it had existed 240\u00a0years at the time of its destruction by the Carthaginians, which would fix its first settlement in 648\u00a0BCE. There is very little information as to its early history: an obscure notice in Aristotle, from which it appears to have at one time fallen under the dominion of the tyrant Phalaris, being the only mention found of it, until about 490\u00a0BCE, when it afforded a temporary refuge to Scythes, tyrant of Zancle, after his expulsion from the latter city. Not long after this event, Himera fell itself under the yoke of a despot named Terillus, who sought to fortify his power by contracting a close alliance with Anaxilas, at that time ruler both of Rhegium (modern Reggio di Calabria) and Zancle. But Terillus was unable to resist the power of Theron, despot of Agrigentum (modern Agrigento), and, being expelled by him from Himera, had recourse to the assistance of the Carthaginians, a circumstance which became the immediate occasion of the first great expedition of that people to Sicily, 480\u00a0BCE."}, {"context": " The magnitude of the armament sent under Hamilcar, who is said to have landed in Sicily with an army of 300,000 men, sufficiently proves that the conquest of Himera was the pretext, rather than the object, of the war. However, it is likely that the growing power of Himeria in the immediate vicinity of the Carthaginian settlements of Panormus and Solus had already caused concern among the Carthaginians. Hence it was against Himera that the first efforts of Hamilcar were directed. Theron, who had thrown himself into the city with all the forces at his command, was able to maintain its defence until the arrival of Gelon of Syracuse. Despite the numerical inferiority of his forces, he defeated the army of the Carthaginians with such slaughter that the Battle of Himera in 480\u00a0BCE was regarded by the Greeks of Sicily as worthy of comparison with the contemporary victory of Salamis. The same feeling probably gave rise to the tradition or belief, that both triumphs were achieved on the very same day."}, {"context": " This victory left Theron in the undisputed possession of the sovereignty of Himera, as well as of that of Agrigentum. He appears to have focused on Agrigentum, and leftthe government of Himera to his son Thrasydaeus. But the young man, by his violent and oppressive rule, soon alienated the minds of the citizens. They applied for relief to Hieron of Syracuse, at that time on terms of hostility with Theron. The Syracusan despot, however, betrayed their overtures to Theron. He took vengeance on the Himeraeans, putting to death a large number of the disaffected citizens and driving others into exile. Shortly after, seeing that the city had suffered greatly from these severities and that its population was much diminished, he sought to restore its prosperity by establishing there a new body of citizens whom he collected from various quarters. The greater part of these new colonists were of Dorian extraction, and though the two bodies of citizens were blended into one and continued to live harmoniously together, at this period Himera became a Doric city. Himera adopted the institutions and followed the policy of the other Doric states of Sicily. This settlement seems to have taken place in 476\u00a0BCE, and Himera continued subject to Theron until his death, in 472\u00a0BCE, but Thrasydaeus retained possession of the sovereignty for a very short time after the death of his father, and his defeat by Hieron of Syracuse was speedily followed by his expulsion both from Agrigentum and Himera. In 466\u00a0BCE we find the Himeraeans, in their turn, sending a force to assist the Syracusans in throwing off the yoke of Thrasybulus; and, in the general settlement of affairs which followed soon after, the exiles were allowed to return to Himera, where they appear to have settled quietly together with the new citizens. From this period Diodorus expressly tells us that Himera was fortunate enough to escape from civil dissensions, and this good government must have secured to it no small share of the prosperity which was enjoyed by the Sicilian cities in general during the succeeding half-century."}, {"context": " But though we are told in general terms that the period which elapsed from this re-settlement of Himera until its destruction by the Carthaginians (461\u2013408\u00a0BCE), was one of peace and prosperity, the only notices we find of the city during this interval refer to the part it took at the time of the Athenian expedition to Sicily, 415\u00a0BCE. On that occasion, the Himeraeans were among the first to promise their support to Syracuse: hence, when Nicias presented himself before their port with the Athenian fleet, they altogether refused to receive him; and, shortly after, it was at Himera that Gylippus landed, and from whence he marched across the island to Syracuse, at the head of a force composed in great part of Himeraean citizens."}, {"context": " In 409 BC the prosperity of the city was brought to an abrupt end by the great Carthaginian expedition to Sicily. The ostensible object of the expedition was the support of the Segestans against their neighbours, the Selinuntines. The Carthaginians, though, had greater ambitions. Immediately after the destruction of Selinus, Hannibal Mago, who commanded the expedition, hastened to turn his arms against Himera. That city was ill-prepared for defence; its fortifications were of little strength, but the citizens made a desperate resistance, and by a vigorous sally inflicted severe loss on the Carthaginians. They were at first supported by a force of about 4000 auxiliaries from Syracuse under the command of Diocles, but that general became seized with a panic fear for the safety of Syracuse itself and abandoned Himera, leaving the unfortunate citizens to contend singlehanded against the Carthaginian power. Their defenses failed and the city was soon taken by storm. A large part of the citizens were killed and at least 3000 of them, who had been taken prisoners, were put to death by Hannibal as a sacrifice to the memory of his grandfather Hamilcar. The city itself was utterly destroyed, its buildings razed to the ground, and even the temples themselves were not spared."}, {"context": " Diodorus, who relates the total destruction of Himera, tells us expressly that it was never rebuilt, and that the site remained uninhabited down to his own times. It seems at first in contradiction with this statement, that he elsewhere includes the Himeraeans, as well as the Selinuntines and Agrigentines, among the exiled citizens that were allowed by the treaty, concluded with Carthage, in 405\u00a0BCE, to return to their homes, and inhabit their own cities, on condition of paying tribute to Carthage and not restoring their fortifications. And it seems clear that many of them at least availed themselves of this permission, as we find the Himeraeans subsequently mentioned among the states that declared in favour of Dionysius I of Syracuse, at the commencement of his great war with Carthage in 397\u00a0BCE; though they quickly returned to the Carthaginian alliance in the following year. The explanation of this difficulty is furnished by Cicero, who tells us that, after the destruction of Himera, those citizens who had survived the calamity of the war established themselves at Thermae, within the confines of the same territory, and not far from their old town. Diodorus gives a somewhat different account of the foundation of Thermae, which he represents as established by the Carthaginians themselves before the close of the war, in 407\u00a0BCE. But it is probable that both statements are substantially correct, and that the Carthaginians founded the new town in the immediate neighbourhood of Himera, in order to prevent the old site being again occupied; while the Himeraean exiles, when they returned thither, though they settled in the new town, naturally regarded themselves as still the same people, and would continue to bear the name of Himeraeans. How completely, even at a much later period, the one city was regarded as the representative of the other, appears from the statement of Cicero, that when Scipio Aemilianus, after the capture of Carthage, restored to the Agrigentines and Gelenses the statues that had been carried off from their respective cities, he at the same time restored to the citizens of Thermae those that had been taken from Himera. Hence we cannot be surprised to find that, not only are the Himeraeans still spoken of as an existing people, but even that the name of Himera itself is sometimes inadvertently used as that of their city. Thus, in 314\u00a0BCE, Diodorus tells us that, by the treaty between Agathocles and the Carthaginians, it was stipulated that Heracleia, Selinus and Himera should continue subject to Carthage as they had been before. It is much more strange that we find the name of Himera reappear both in Mela and Pliny, though we know from the distinct statements of Cicero and Strabo, as well as Diodorus, that it had ceased to exist centuries before."}, {"context": " The new town of Thermae or Therma called for the sake of distinction Thermae Himerenses, which thus took the place of Himera, obviously derived its name from the hot springs for which it was celebrated, and the first discovery of which was connected by legends with the wanderings of Hercules. It appears to have early become a considerable town, though it continued, with few and brief exceptions, to be subject to the Carthaginian rule. In the First Punic War its name is repeatedly mentioned. Thus, in 260\u00a0BCE, a body of Roman troops were encamped in the neighborhood, when they were attacked by Hamilcar, and defeated with heavy loss. Before the close of the war, Thermae itself was besieged and taken by the Romans. Cicero relates that the Roman government restored to the Thermitani their city and territory, with the free use of their own laws, as a reward for their steady fidelity. They were on hostile terms with Rome during the First Punic War, so it can only be to the subsequent period that these expressions apply; but the occasion to which they refer is unknown. In the time of Cicero, Thermae appears to have been a flourishing place, carrying on a considerable amount of trade, though the orator speaks, of it as \"oppidum non maximum\". It seems to have received a colony in the time of Augustus, whence we find mention in inscriptions of the \"Ordo et Populus splendidissimae Coloniae Augustae Himeraeorum Thermitanorum\": and there can be little doubt that the Thermae colonia of Pliny in reality refers to this town, though he evidently understood it to be Thermae Selinuntiae (modern Sciacca), as he places it on the south coast between Agrigentum and Selinus. There is little subsequent account of Thermae; but, as its name is found in Ptolemy and the Itineraries, it appears to have continued in existence throughout the period of the Roman Empire, and probably never ceased to be inhabited, as the modern town of Termini Imerese retains the ancient site as well as name. The magnificence of the ancient city, and the taste of its citizens for the encouragement of art, are attested by Cicero, who calls it \"in primis Siciliae clarum et ornatum\"; and some evidence of it remained, even in the days of that orator, in the statues preserved by the Thermitani, to whom they had been restored by Scipio, after the conquest of Carthage; and which were valuable, not only as relics of the past, but from their high merit as works of art. The numerous examples of coins from Himera testify to the city's wealth in antiquity."}, {"context": " The exact position of Himera was a subject of controversy until recent times. Cluverius was followed by almost all writers in the 19th century and placed it on the west bank of the river San Leonardo which flows past the west side of Termini. On this supposition the inhabitants moved from one bank of the river to the other; and this would readily explain the texts in which Himera and Thermae appear to be regarded as identical, and where the river Himera is also said to be flowing past Thermae. Fazello identified the Himera river with the Grande, the mouth of which is 8\u00a0miles from Termini and this view is adopted by most modern scholars. This distance is not too great to be reconciled with Cicero's expression, that the new settlement was established \"non longe ab oppido antique\"; while the addition that it was in the same territory would seem to imply that it was not very near the old site. It may be added that, in this case, the new site would have had the advantage in the eyes of the Carthaginians of being nearer to their own settlements of Solus and Panormus, and, consequently, more within their command. But Fazello's view that the site of Torre di Bonfornello on the seacoast (on the west bank of the Fiume Grande, close to its mouth), though having no ruins, is supported by abundant ancient relics, such as vases and bronzes, and numerous sepulchres had also been brought to light."}, {"context": " The only visible remains of the city consist of the Tempio della Vittoria (Temple of Victory), a Doric structure supposedly built to commemorate the defeat of the Carthaginians (although recently some scholars have come to doubt this hypothesis). To the south of the temple was the town's necropolis. Some artifacts recovered from this site are kept in a small antiquarium. However, the more impressive displays are in Palermo's Museo Archeologico Regionale. Himera is said to be the birthplace of the poet Stesichorus but in fact he was born in the Magna Graecian town of Metauros (modern Gioia Tauro) in 630BC. He moved to Himera in later life and wrote his poetry whilst a resident of the town.  Ergoteles, whose victory at the Olympic games is celebrated by Pindar, was a citizen, but not a native, of Himera. On the other hand, Thermae had the honour of being the birthplace of the tyrant Agathocles."}]}, {"title": "Himeraeus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himeraeus or Himeraios (), of the borough of Phalerus in Attica, was son of Phanostratus, and brother of the celebrated Demetrius of Phalerum. We know but little of his life or political career, but it seems certain that he early adopted political views opposed to those of his brother, and became a supporter of the anti-Macedonian party at Athens. He is first mentioned as joining with Hypereides and others in prosecuting before the court of the Areopagus all those who were accused of having received bribes from Harpalus, Demosthenes among the rest."}, {"context": " During the Lamian War he united in the efforts of the Athenians to throw off the yoke of Macedonia, and was in consequence one of the orators whose surrender was demanded by Antipater after his victory at the Battle of Crannon. To escape the fate that awaited him, he fled from Athens to Aegina, and took refuge, together with Hyperides and Aristonicus, in the temple of Aeacus; but they were dragged from this sanctuary by Archias of Thurii, and sent as prisoners to Antipater, who immediately put them all to death in 322 BCE.  Lucian speaks very disparagingly of Himeraeus, as a mere demagogue, indebted to the circumstances of the moment for a temporary influence."}]}, {"title": "Himerarctia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himerarctia is a genus in the subtribe Phaegopterina in the family Erebidae."}]}, {"title": "Himerarctia docis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himerarctia docis is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by H\u00fcbner in 1831. It is found in French Guiana, Guyana, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia."}]}, {"title": "Himerarctia griseipennis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himerarctia griseipennis is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Rothschild in 1909. It is found in Brazil."}]}, {"title": "Himerarctia laeta", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himerarctia laeta is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Watson in 1975. It is found in Brazil."}]}, {"title": "Himerarctia viridisignata", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himerarctia viridisignata is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Watson in 1975. It is found in Brazil."}]}, {"title": "Himeria", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himeria was a city and bishopric in the Roman province of Osrhoene, whose metropolitan see was Edessa. The city, which was destroyed, has not been rediscovered; but it is thought to have been located near the Euphrates and Europos or Carchemish (Djerabis). The 6th-century \"Notitia\" of Anastasius still mentions this episcopal see as being in that province and in the Patriarchate of Antioch (\"Echos d'Orient\", Paris, 1907, 145). Procopius (\"De aedificiis\", II, 9) says that Byzantine Emperor Justinian I rebuilt its walls.  At least seven bishops are known from the 4th to the 6th century, the first of whom, Eustathius, was in correspondence with Saint Basil (Lequien, \"Oriens christianus\" II, 983-86)."}]}, {"title": "Himerios (admiral)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himerios (Greek: ), also Himerius, was a Byzantine administrator and admiral of the early 10th century, best known as the commander of the Byzantine navy during its struggles with the resurgent Muslim navies in the period 900\u2013912. Nothing is known about Himerios's early life. He was the uncle of Zoe Karbonopsina, the mistress and later wife of Emperor Leo VI the Wise (r. 886\u2013912), and his career was the direct result of this relationship. Initially a \"protas\u0113kr\u0113tis\", Himerios was appointed in command of the Byzantine fleet in 904. A Muslim fleet under Leo of Tripoli was heading towards Constantinople and had already driven back the Byzantines under the \"droungarios tou ploimou\" Eustathios Argyros. Eustathios was replaced by Himerios, who, however, did not have to fight, as the Arabs withdrew on their own. The two fleets encountered each other off Thasos, but the Byzantines chose not to give battle. As a result, the Arabs were able to besiege and sack Thessalonica, the Byzantine Empire's second-largest city, and sail home unopposed."}, {"context": " On St. Thomas's day (6 October) in 906, Himerios managed to score his first victory over the Arabs, and it was probably then that he was awarded the high state office of \"logothet\u0113s tou dromou\" (effectively foreign minister). Another victory followed in 909, and in the next year, he led an expedition on the Syrian coast: Laodicea was sacked, its hinterland plundered, and many prisoners captured, with minimal losses. At the same time, Himerios also landed on Cyprus, which for centuries had been demilitarized as a condominium with the Caliphate. The recovery of the island was temporary only, as in 911 or 912, Damian of Tarsus assaulted Cyprus. Eventually, the previous \"status quo\" was restored."}, {"context": " In meantime, in the autumn of 911, Himerios had set out on a new attempt to retake Crete. He commanded a fleet of 177 dromons with 43,000 men, and set the island's capital, Chandax, under siege. The siege had lasted for six months, when news arrived from Constantinople that the emperor was ill and dying. Consequently, Himerios abandoned the fruitless siege and set sail for the capital. However, as his fleet was rounding Chios, they fell into a Saracen ambush set by Leo of Tripoli and Damian of Tarsus (April 912): the Byzantines were annihilated, and Himerios himself only narrowly escaped. Following this defeat and the death of Emperor Leo, he was dismissed by the new emperor, Alexander (r. 912\u2013913), and exiled to the monastery of Kamba, where he died six months later."}]}, {"title": "Himerius", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himerius (; c. 315 \u2013 c. 386) was a Greek sophist and rhetorician. 24 of his orations have reached us complete, and fragments of 12 others survive. Himerius was born at Prusias ad Hypium in Bithynia. He completed his education at Athens, whence he was summoned to Constantinople in 362 by the emperor Julian, possibly to act as his private secretary. After the death of Julian in the following year Himerius returned to Athens, where he established a school of rhetoric, which he compared with that of Isocrates and the Delphic oracle, owing to the number of those who flocked from all parts of the world to hear him. Amongst his pupils were Gregory of Nazianzus and Basil the Great, bishop of Caesarea."}, {"context": " In recognition of his merits, civic rights and the membership of the Areopagus were conferred upon him. The death of his son Rufinus (his lament for whom, called the \u039c\u03bf\u03bd\u1ff3\u03b4\u03af\u03b1, is extant) and that of a favourite daughter greatly affected his health; in his later years he became blind and he died of epilepsy. Although a pagan, who had been initiated into the mysteries of Mithras by Julian, his works show no attacks against the Christians. Himerius is a typical representative of the later rhetorical schools. Photius (cod. 165, 243 Bekker) had read 71 speeches by him, of 36 of which he has given an epitome; 24 have come down to us complete and fragments of 12 others. They consist of epideictic or \"display\" speeches after the style of Aristides, the majority of them having been delivered on special occasions, such as the arrival of a new governor, visits to different cities (Thessalonica, Constantinople), or the death of friends or well-known personages."}, {"context": " The \"Polemarchicus\", like the \"Menexenus\" of Plato and the \"Epitaphios Logos\" of Hypereides, is a panegyric of those who had given their lives for their country; it is so called because it was originally the duty of the polemarch to arrange the funeral games in honour of those who had fallen in battle. Other declamations, only known from the excerpts in Photius, were imaginary orations put into the mouth of famous persons--Demosthenes advocating the recall of Aeschines from banishment, Hypereides supporting the policy of Demosthenes, Themistocles inveighing against the king of Persia, an orator unnamed attacking the philosopher Epicurus for denying the doctrine of divine providence before a court in Athens."}, {"context": " Himerius is more of a poet than a rhetorician, and his declamations are valuable as giving prose versions or even the actual words of lost poems by Greek lyric writers. The prose poem on the marriage of his pupil Severus and his greeting to Basil at the beginning of spring are quite in the spirit of the old lyric. Himerius possesses vigour of language and descriptive powers, though his productions are spoilt by too frequent use of imagery, allegorical and metaphorical obscurities, mannerism and ostentatious learning. But they are valuable for the history and social conditions of the time, although lacking the sincerity characteristic of Libanius."}]}, {"title": "Himerius of Bosto", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Saint Himerius (Imerio, Imier) of Bosto is venerated as a pilgrim and martyr. He is venerated in the province of Varese jointly with Gemolus (Gemolo), who was martyred with him. (Some scholars believe that the two figures are the same man). A tradition from the eleventh century holds that Himerius and Gemolus were Nordic companions of a bishop who was traveling \"Ad Limina Apostolorum\" \u2013that is, on a pilgrimage to the sepulchers of St. Peter and St. Paul at Rome, i.e., to the Basilica of St. Peter and to the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls."}, {"context": " Himerius and Gemolus were killed during an assault on the bishop's entourage at Valganna by a band of men from Uboldo or Seprio. Gemolus was buried at Ganna \u2013where an abbey dedicated to him arose in 1095, built by Atto (Attone), Ardericus (Arderico), Inghizo (Inghizone) with the permission of Arnulf III, Archbishop of Milan. Himerius, who escaped, eventually succumbed to his wounds at Varese, where he was buried in the church of San Michele at Bosto. The church was later named after him. A further elaboration states that Himerius and Gemolus pursued their attackers, and that Gemolus was in fact the bishop's nephew. Camped for the night at Valganna, the bishop was robbed of his horse and other valuables by a band of brigands from Uboldo. Gemolus and Himerius pursued the brigands and caught up with them. Gemolus demanded the booty back in the name of God and the Apostles Peter and Paul. The brigands refused and cut his head off. They attacked Himerius, who escaped, but later died."}, {"context": " Gemolus survived the decapitation and, in the tradition of the cephalophores, collected his own head, climbed on horseback, and reunited with his uncle the bishop on a small mountain before he finally died. The bishop buried him on that spot and erected a small church dedicated to Saint Michael, patron saint of the Lombards and protector of cemeteries. Gemolo's relics were determined to be authentic by a commission set up in 1941, which was headed by Cardinal Ildefonso Schuster. The saints are mentioned in two historical sources: the \"Liber Notitiae Sanctorum Mediolani\", a manuscript of the 13th century, attributed to Goffredo da Bussero and conserved in the archiepiscopal archives of Milan; and the Gospel of the Passion, which is guarded in the archives of the Abbey of Ganna.  Rocks stained red with a particular algae found near the Abbey of Ganna were identified with the drops of Gemolus' blood in popular tradition. This led the monks to construct a second oratory some distance from the road in the 14th century to accommodate veneration of this particular natural phenomenon."}]}, {"title": "Himerius of Cremona", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himerius (Imier, Imerio) of Cremona (d. June 17, ca. 560), also known as Himerius of Amelia or Irnerius, was an Italian bishop. He is venerated as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church and Christian communities of Western Rite Orthodoxy. A native of Calabria, Himerius was a monk at Amelia before being appointed bishop there. He is described as having been an extremely austere, ascetic personality, both in regard to himself and others. Himerius' name does not appear in the ancient martyrologies. However, his name appears in the \"Roman Martyrology\"."}, {"context": " An abbot named Ambrose (Ambrogio), who lived around the twelfth century, wrote a \"Vita\" of Himerius, but only its prologue remains. A later bishop of Amelia, Antonio Maria Graziano (1592\u20131611), also wrote a biography of the saint. Around 965, Himerius' relics were moved from Amelia to Cremona by Liutprand (Liutprando, Luizo), bishop of Cremona from 962 to 972. They were interred in a church that was later destroyed. Rediscovered in 1129, they were placed in a sepulcher. A monk named John (Giovanni) wrote, in the 12th century, a collection of miracles performed by the saint after this rediscovery of the relics. This was composed during the episcopate of the Cremonese bishop Offredo (1168\u20131185).  In 1196, Sicardo, another bishop of Cremona, placed the relics of Himerius in an archway of stone along with those of a martyr named Archelaus (Archelao) and consecrated an altar in their honor. The monastery of Sant'Imerio was built in Cremona in 1606 to house members of the Order of the Discalced Carmelites."}]}, {"title": "Himerius of Tarragona", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himerius of Tarragona (fl. 385) was bishop of Tarragona during the 4th century. He is most notable as being the recipient of the Directa Decretal, written by Pope Siricius in February 385 AD. It took the form of a long letter to Himerius replying to the bishop\u2019s requests on various subjects sent several months earlier to Pope Damasus I. It became the first of a series of documents published by the Magisterium that claimed apostolic origin for clerical celibacy and reminded ministers of the altar of the perpetual continence required of them."}]}, {"title": "Himeroconcha", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himeroconcha is a genus of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Charopidae. Species within the genus \"Himeroconcha\" include:"}]}, {"title": "Himeroconcha fusca", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himeroconcha fusca is a species of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Charopidae. This species is endemic to Guam."}]}, {"title": "Himeroconcha lamlanensis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himeroconcha lamlanensis is a species of gastropod in the family Charopidae. It is endemic to Guam."}]}, {"title": "Himeroconcha quadrasi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himeroconcha quadrasi is a species of gastropod in the Charopidae family. It is endemic to Guam."}]}, {"title": "Himeroconcha rotula", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himeroconcha rotula is a species of gastropod in the Charopidae family. It is endemic to Guam."}]}, {"title": "Himerois", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himerois is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae."}]}, {"title": "Himerometra", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himerometra is a genus of crinoids belonging to the family Himerometridae."}]}, {"title": "Himerometra robustipinna", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himerometra robustipinna is a species of crinoid belonging to the family Himerometridae. \"Himerometra robustipinna\" can reach a diameter of about . It has a cup-shaped body with 33-62 arms (usually ~45) about long, extended out from the central disc. Mouth and anus are both on the upper side of the body. Usually this species has reddish or maroon arms, but it may have yellow or pale brown brachials with maroon pinnules. It feeds on detritus, phytoplankton and zooplankton caught by means of a sticky substance on the arms. It can cling onto corals with short appendages called cirri, but it also can freely swim. The larvae of this feather star swim freely with plankton for a few weeks, then they settle down growing into a stalked form. Mature specimen break the stalk becoming free-living.  This species is widespread in the western Pacific and in the Indian Ocean, from Bay of Bengal up to China Sea, Great Barrier Reef, Indonesia, Philippines, South Japan. \"Himerometra robustipinna\" lives in the coastal waters with a coral reef ecosystem, relatively strong currents, clear water and plankton availability, at a depth of 0 \u2013 57 m."}]}, {"title": "Himeromima", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himeromima is a genus of moth in the family Geometridae."}]}, {"title": "Himeros (Parthian)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himeros (called \"Euhemeros\" by Diodorus) was a Parthian Satrap who controlled Babylonia on behalf of Phraates II (r. 138-128) from 129 BC. Although Himeros never took the title of king, he was of great significance. He is mentioned by various ancient historians, such as Diodorus and Justin on account of his exceptional atrocities. Phraates II was confronted with war on two fronts during his reign. In the west, the Seleucids attacked and in the east the nomadic peoples, who had already destroyed the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, threatened. Phraates II moved east against these nomads and appointed Himeros who was one of his favourites on account of his good appearance as satrap in Mesopotamia."}, {"context": " Himeros' tenure stood out principally for his tyrannical atrocities and constant harassment of his subjects in Babylon and the surrounding cities. He would have even his own underlings sold into slavery. He set fire to the agora and the temple of Babylon and destroyed wide sections of the city. Perhaps because of this, his rule, which also encompassed Seleucia on the Tigris and Ctesiphon, seems to have been very brief indeed. Shortly before 127 BC, Hyspaosines is attested in Babylon as ruler. The later fate of Himeros is unknown."}]}, {"title": "Himertula", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himertula is a genus of bush cricket in the subfamily Phaneropterinae and tribe Letanini. Species can be found mostly in the Indian sub-continent. The Catalogue of Life lists:"}]}, {"title": "Himes", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himes is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}]}, {"title": "Himesh Choudhary", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himesh Choudhary is an Indian television actor and casting director. He has worked in many popular television serials like \"Yudh\" on Sony TV, \"Pukaar\" on Life OK, \"Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah\" on SAB TV, and \"Crime Patrol\" on Sony TV. Additionally, he also works as casting director for variety of projects like television promos, ad shoots, television serials etc.. Choudhary also featured in Vividh Bharati's popular radio program \"Inse Miliye 12 20 to 01\" as a guest to tell his story which was broadcast on 13 July 2016."}]}, {"title": "Himesh Patel", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himesh Jitendra Patel (born 13 October 1990) is an English actor. His best known role is as Tamwar Masood in the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\", which he played from 2007 to 2016. Patel was born in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire. He attended Prince William School & 6th Form in Oundle, Northamptonshire. Patel began his acting career playing Tamwar Masood in the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\". His first appearance was in the episode shown on 1 October 2007. Patel also appears as Tamwar in the 2010 spin-off series \"\", and co-wrote an episode of \"EastEnders: E20\" with \"EastEnders\" co-star Charlie G. Hawkins. Patel's departure from \"EastEnders\" was announced on 12 March 2016. He is currently playing the role of social worker Nitin in Channel 4 sitcom \"Damned\". He is a member of the National Youth Theatre. He will appear in the upcoming film \"The Aeronauts\"."}]}, {"title": "Himesh Ramanayake", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himesh Ramanayake (born 5 October 1997) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2017\u201318 Premier League Tournament on 8 December 2017. He made his Twenty20 debut for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2017\u201318 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 25 February 2018. He made his List A debut for Burgher Recreation Club in the 2017\u201318 Premier Limited Overs Tournament on 10 March 2018. In March 2018, he was named in Dambulla's squad for the 2017\u201318 Super Four Provincial Tournament."}]}, {"title": "Himesh Reshammiya", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himesh Reshammiya is an Indian music director, songwriter, composer, producer, singer, story writer and film distributor who mostly works in Bollywood film industry. As a singer, he has multiple popular songs such as \"Aashiq Banaya Aapne\", \"Tera Suroor\", \"Zara Jhoom Jhoom\", \"Jhalak Dikhlaja\", \"Andaz Apna Apna\", \"Shakalaka Boom Boom\", \"Hookah Bar\", \"Chalao Na Naino Se\" and \"Tandoori Nights\". Reshammiya's music has a style of composition based on a fusion of Western and Indian classical music, Western and Indian Rock music accompanied by techno beats. He started his acting career with his debut film, \"Aap Kaa Surroor\"."}, {"context": " Reshammiya was the first Indian singer to perform at the Wembley Arena and the Heineken music hall in Amsterdam. Reshammiya was actively involved in mentoring and judging the singing competition, \"Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge\" on Zee TV. His group was known as \"Jai Mata Di Let's Rock Gharana\". He was the winning mentor of the show in 2007. In 2009, Vaishali Mhade, a female contestant from his \"Jai Mata Di Let's Rock Gharana\", won the singing competition. He is also the team captain, judge and mentor on Star Plus's show, \"Music Ka Maha Muqqabla\" for the team Himesh's Warriors. Reshammiya was also the judge of the musical reality show \"Sur Kshetra\", which was telecasted on Sahara One. Reshammiya appeared as the special guest in the Grand Finale of \"Jo Jeeta Wohi Superstar\" 2, where he also trained the top four contestants."}, {"context": " On 4 November 2013, it was announced that Reshammiya will be acting and producing a movie named \"The Xpos\u00e9\". In his debut film as an actor, \"Aap Kaa Surroor\", Reshammiya added a song \"Tanhaiyyan\" from Boney Kapoor's proposed film \"Milenge Milenge\". Initially, Reshammiya had composed the song for Kapoor's film, but later decided to use it for his own movie. Tips, which held the audio rights of \"Milenge Milenge\", accused Reshammiya of copyright violation, as audio rights for \"Aap Kaa Surroor \u2013 The Real Luv Story\" were acquired by T-Series. However, Reshammiya defended himself saying that he had made Kapoor listen to the song, but it was not included in \"Milenge Milenge\". He also claimed to have tried to get in touch with Kapoor for seven months, and since there was no progress on the film, he decided to use the song for his own movie."}, {"context": " Reshammiya won the Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer in 2006 for \"Aashiq Banaya Aapne\" and also received several awards like Star Screen Award, IIFA Award, Zee Cine Award for this song and became first ever Bollywood singer to receive Filmfare Award for his debut song. He also received several nominations for his Music Direction. He was presented the Phalke Best Supporting Actor Award for \"Khiladi 786\" at 13th Dadasaheb Phalke Academy Awards. He also won BIG Star Entertainment Awards the best Music director award for \"Prem Ratan Dhan Payo\""}, {"context": " Himesh Reshammiya was born to Vipin Reshammiya, a Gujarati music composer, and Madhu Reshammiya in Dungar, Rajula, Gujarat, on 23 July 1973. At the age of 21, Reshammiya married Komal and they have a son, named Swayam. On 12 September 2016 it was reported that Himesh and Komal have mutually agreed to separate and file for divorce. On Friday, 11 May 2018 Himesh married his long time girlfriend actress Sonia Kapoor After a gap of 10 years since the release of Reshammiya's first studio album, \"Aap Kaa Surroor\", On Thursday, 15 September 2016 he trailer of his second studio album \"Aap Se Mausiiquii\" was released on YouTube. The album has 10 songs composed and sung by Reshammiya, the first song of the album was released on Friday, 4 November 2016. The entire album was released on 5 December 2016.  Reshammiya, along with his father Vipin Reshammiya, has produced and distributed films under the banner \"HR Musik Limited\"."}]}, {"title": "Himesha\u0301za", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himesh\u00e1za is a village in Baranya county, Hungary."}]}, {"title": "Himeshima, O\u0304ita", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The name \"Himeshima\" literally means \"Princess Island\". The village is on a small island, sometimes referred to as Hime Island, just off the Japanese island of Ky\u016bsh\u016b, and is accessible by ferry. As of March 2017, the village has an estimated population of 1,930 and the density of 280 persons per km\u00b2. The total area is 6.98\u00a0km\u00b2. The main occupations are fishing and shrimp farming. Every summer, there is a Shinto religious ceremony featuring dancers dressed as foxes."}]}, {"title": "Himetric", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himetric is a metric measurement of length similar to twips, used in computing. It is one thousandth of a centimeter (i.e. 10\u00a0\u00b5m) and is independent of the display or screen resolution."}]}, {"title": "Himeville", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himeville is a small village/town situated in the foothills of the picturesque Southern Drakensberg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, approx 130\u00a0km from Pietermaritzburg. It is a landmark en route to the world-famous Sani Pass and the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park (UNESCO World Heritage Site). Himeville is the closest town to the Sani Pass which links the town with Mokhotlong in Lesotho. Himeville was named in 1902 after the then Prime Minister of Natal, Sir Albert Henry Hime, a road engineer elected as Prime Minister of Natal in 1889. The town was first established as a police outpost and a branch of the Border Mounted Rifles in 1890 following a spate of gun-running and cattle rustling in the area."}, {"context": " The stone buildings which now comprises the Himeville Museum were built from 1896 to 1899 as the last of Natal's loop-holed forts. it was converted to a prison in 1902 and continued housing prisoners until 1972. An open-air exhibition of settler and agricultural history is surrounded by many display rooms housing themed exhibits. The prison warders house is decorated in the style of the early 20th century. Covering the Bulwer, Underberg and Himeville communities, it commemorates the way of life of all the erstwhile inhabitants of the last frontier of Natal and has fairly extensive archives."}, {"context": " The Himeville Museum is one of the top rural museums in the country due to its wide range of exhibits. From fossils and stone age artifacts to a comprehensive display on the Bushmen, the early settlers as well as African beadwork and artifacts. The display also cover the Anglo Boer War and the two World Wars. There is an old post office and a school room, wild life display and many farming implements and machinery including a blacksmiths forge and a workshop. The museum is housed in the old stone fort or laager started in 1896 by the Border Mounted Rifles sent to police the area after the LeFleur Rebellion of 1895. Completed in 1899 it was only used once during the Bambata rebellion of 1906 although no fighting took place nearby. It was taken over by the Natal Mounted Police after the Anglo Boer War and turned into a prison by the addition of the warders house and magistrates court along with a number of cells. Abandoned as a prison in 1972 it became a museum in 1976 and was declared a National Monument in 1978. It is now affiliated to the KZN Provincial Museum Service."}, {"context": " Located on the corner of Arbuckle and Clayton streets, Himeville, built in 1898 and until recently in constant use as the Magistrate's residence since construction. The reserve stretches along the eastern boundary of Himeville Village and was proclaimed to its present size of 104 ha in 1973. There are a couple of species of antelopes to be seen and birds on the small dams; you can stroll round most of it in about 30 minutes, which makes a pleasant evening walk if you are staying at one of several pleasant accommodation establishments or hotel nearby."}]}, {"title": "Himex", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himex is a Mount Everest guiding company. It was founded in 1996 by New Zealander Russell Brice. The name is a truncated version of the full name \"Himalayan Experience\". \"National Geographic\" said Himex was the \"largest and most sophisticated guiding operation on Everest\" in a 2013 article. Himex's team is known for fixing lines on Mount Everest, although in 2012 other teams did this work. Three of the expeditions of this company were filmed in the television show \"\" between 2006 and 2009. In 2013, David Tait achieved his fifth Mount Everest summiting with a Himex team. (see also List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit)"}, {"context": " Brice has pushed for many years to use helicopters to fly gear over the Khumbu Icefall to the Nepal-side Camp I to enhance safety. In the aftermath of the 2015 Nepal earthquakes Himex pulled out from summiting Everest that season. One of the concerns Himex has voiced is that new mountaineering companies are exploiting their workers, an issue many companies have tried to take steps to improve on. By the 2010s one of Himex's features is to construct a \"tiger dome\" at its Mount Everest base camp. This dome helps support the company's operations and includes a large window to look out, and inside a climate controlled environment with espresso, wine and other drinks, various electronics including television, music, web-connected computers, and gaming devices."}, {"context": " In 2015 Himex attempted an expedition to K2 but had to turn back due to avalanche risk. In 2016, Himex employed 21-time Everest summiter Phurba Tashi, who did not make a summit but in 2016 who was mourning the loss of both his parents. Himex did go to Everest and even manage to finish early. They used the extra time to refurbish some of the gear, such as (re)painting tent poles. Russell Brice founded Himex in 1996 and has also been the lead guide. One of the people from Nepal who has worked for Himex is Phurba Tashi  Climber and guide Adrian Ballinger worked for Himex until 2012. Ballinger then started a climbing company called \"Alpenglow Expeditions\"."}]}, {"title": "Himeyuri Peace Museum", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Himeyuri students", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The , sometimes called \"Lily Corps\" in English, was a group of 222 students and 18 teachers of the Okinawa Daiichi Women's High School and Okinawa Shihan Women's School formed into a nursing unit for the Imperial Japanese Army during the Battle of Okinawa in 1945. They were mobilized by the Japanese army on March 23, 1945. Many of the Himeyuri students thought that the Japanese army would defeat the Americans in a matter of days and accordingly brought school supplies to study and get ready to get right back into the classroom."}, {"context": " During the nearly 3-month-long battle, the Himeyuri students were on the front lines performing surgery and other difficult duties. Near the end of the battle of Okinawa, many were living in dark caves filled with countless gravely injured and dead soldiers. On June 18, 1945, an order of dissolution was given to the unit. Up until the dissolution order was given, only 19 of the students had been killed, but in the early morning of June 19, many of them were killed during an attack by US forces on the Ihara third surgery shelter. In the week following the dissolution order, approximately 80% of the girls and their teachers perished. Eventually, the death toll amounted to 123 out of the original 222 students and 18 teachers. Some committed suicide in various ways because of chastity fears of systematic rape by US soldiers. Some threw themselves off cliffs while others killed themselves with hand grenades given to them by the Japanese soldiers."}, {"context": " The Himeyuri Monument was built on April 7, 1946 in memory of those who died. Many of those who survived helped build and continue to maintain the facilities. As of 2008, there are still Himeyuri students alive. The Himeyuri Peace Museum was modeled after the main school building in which the girls had once studied. The museum has five display chambers displaying photos from the eve of the Battle of Okinawa, the Haebaru Army Field Hospital, portraits of all the young victims who died after the military's retreat to the southernmost tip of the Kyan Peninsula, panels explaining the circumstances under which they died, twenty-eight volumes of testimonials and memoirs by 90 survivors, and a life-sized diorama of Himeyuri Cave. The testimonials bring to life each phase of the battle, as witnessed by the student nurses. Some of the former nurses serve as tour guides at the museum."}]}, {"title": "Himganga", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himganga is a village development committee in Ramechhap District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3793 people living in 631 individual households."}]}, {"title": "Himgiri Superfast Express", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Howrah - Jammu Tawi Himgiri Superfast Express is a superfast train of the Indian Railways connecting Howrah Junction in West Bengal and Jammu Tawi in Jammu and Kashmir. It is currently being operated with 12331/12332 train numbers on three days in week. It covers a total distance of that runs through the major north states of India.The old ICF coaches of the trains were replaced with the new LHB coaches during Mid August 2018. In 1975 in order to bring equality amongst all classes and provide good train experience to all strata of society, the Himgiri Express was launched. The Himgiri Express made its inaugural run on 1 January 1979. It made its first run on Monday. However this idea of bringing in equality failed miserably. It was also in this era that steam engines were brought to an end and paved way for electrified trains. The Himgiri Express was a part of the electrified wagon. It was also when this express was launched that the Indian Railways abolished the third class in trains."}, {"context": " The Himgiri Express train passes through the following stations: Howrah Junction, Asansol Junction, Chittaranjan, Madhupur Junction,Jasidih Junction,Jhajha,Kiul junction, Mokameh,Bakhtiyarpur junction,Patna junction, Danapur, Buxar, Mughal Sarai Junction, Varanasi Junction, Jaunpur City, Sultanpur, Nihalgarh, Lucknow, Bareilly, Moradabad, Saharanpur, Jagadhri, Ambala Cant Junction, Ludhiana , Phagwara Junction, Jalandhar Cant, Chakki Bank and then Jammu Tawi. The halts at these stations vary from each other.  The important halts of the train are : Both trains are hauled by a Howrah Electric Loco Shed based WAP-7 electric locomotives. Occasionally, it has also been hauled by a Howrah Electric Loco Shed based WAP-4 locomotive. The train consist of 24 coaches :"}]}, {"title": "Himgiri Zee University", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himgiri Zee University is a Private university located in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India."}]}, {"title": "Himi Line", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The is a 16.5 km railway line in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West). It connects Takaoka Station in Takaoka with Himi Station in Himi. Although technically different lines, the Himi Line and the J\u014dhana Line are sometimes advertised as a single entity. Both start from Takaoka Station and share train sets with local livery. The line opened on 29 December 1900 between Takaoka and Fushiki, operated by the Chuetsu Railway. It was extended to Himi on 19 September 1912. The company was nationalised on 1 September 1920. With the privatization of JNR on 1 April 1987, the Himi Line was transferred to the ownership and control of JR West."}]}, {"title": "Himi Seaside Botanical Garden", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The is a botanical garden located at 3583 Banchi, Tanagida, Himi, Toyama, Japan. It is open daily except Tuesdays; an admission fee is charged. The garden opened in 1996 beside Matsudae-no-Nagahama, a seaside promenade along a beach of white sands and green pines mentioned in the \"Man'y\u014dsh\u016b\". It is set within a striking building designed by architect Itsuko Hasegawa. The garden specializes in seaside plants, and features a greenhouse with water tank of mangroves, tropical and subtropical plants, climbing plants, seaside plants from various places in Japan, and an insect exhibit."}]}, {"title": "Himi Station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himi Station is the starting point of the Himi Line, and is located 16.5 kilometers from the opposing end of the line at . Himi Station consists of a single ground-level dead-headed island platform, of which only one side is in operation. The station has a \"Midori no Madoguchi\" staffed ticket office. The station opened on 19 September 1912. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR West. In fiscal 2015, the station was used by an average of 843 passengers daily (boarding passengers only)."}]}, {"title": "Himi, Toyama", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himi is in the far northwestern Toyama Prefecture, and is bordered by Ishikawa Prefecture (the Noto Peninsula to the west and north, and the Sea of Japan (Toyama Bay) to the east. Much of the area is a dispersed settlement typical of this region of Japan. Himi has a humid continental climate (K\u00f6ppen \"Cfa\") characterized by mild summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Himi is 13.9\u00a0\u00b0C. The average annual rainfall is 2409\u00a0mm with September as the wettest month.The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.4\u00a0\u00b0C, and lowest in January, at around 2.8\u00a0\u00b0C."}, {"context": " Per Japanese census data, the population of Himi has declined over the past 40 years. The area of present-day Himi was part of ancient Etch\u016b Province. The town of Himi was created within Imizu District, Toyama with the establishment of the municipalities system on April 1, 1889. Izumi District was divided on March 29, 1896 into Izumi District and Himi District. The town annexed the neighboring villages of Kanno and Inazumi in 1940, and the villages of Goishi, Yashiro, Yokawa in 1952. In 1953, the town further annexed the villages of Kubo, Miyata, Kamijo and Kumanashi. In 1954, Himi annexed the villages of Ao, Yabuta, Unami, Mera, Kume, Kojiro, Junicho, Hayakawa, Fuse, and Busshoji, so that in its final form it encompassed the entire district of Himi with the exception of the village of Ota (which was annexed by Takaoka).  Himi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 17 members. Himi has twelve public elementary schools and five public junior high schools operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Toyama Prefectural Board of Education."}]}, {"title": "Himie Voxman", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himie Voxman (September 17, 1912 \u2013 November 22, 2011) was an American musician, music pedagogue and administrator at the university level, and composer who produced volumes of compositions and pedagogical literature for wind instruments. Born in Centerville, Iowa, Voxman studied at the University of Iowa, receiving a bachelor's degree in 1933 in chemical engineering and a master's degree in 1934. He became a faculty member at the university in 1939, and was director of the school of music from 1954 until his retirement in 1980. The Voxman Music Building at the university was named in his honor in 1995. Through his work, Voxman became one of the most well-known and respected music educators in the nation. Eugene Rousseau, the classical saxophonist, is one of his former students. Much of his music was published by Rubank, Inc."}, {"context": " Voxman had served as Chairman of the Commission on Graduate Studies for the National Association of Schools of Music. He also served on the National Commission for Accreditation of Teacher Education and Welfare, on North Central Association of Colleges and Schools, as a field reader for music projects, on the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and as a member of the Academic Panel for cultural exchange projects for the United States Department of State. He received citations and awards from Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, Mu Phi Epsilon, Pi Kappa Lambda, Sigma Alpha Iota, Tau Beta Pi, Phi Lambda Upsilon, Sigma Xi, and also received class honors. The Iowa Bandmaster's Association presented him an Honorary Life Membership, and the Iowa Music Educators Association its Distinguished Service Award. The Bell System awarded him its Silver Baton, and he holds the Honorary Degree of Doctor from Coe College and a Doctor of Humane Letters from DePaul University. In 1984 he was the woodwind judge for the finals of the Canadian National Competitive Festival of Music. He has received the Award of Merit from the Federation of State High School Music Associations and received the Distinguished Service Award from the Missouri State High School Activities Association."}, {"context": " On December 20, 2008, Voxman received an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from the University of Iowa. On July 1, 2009, he was inducted into the Fine Arts category of the National Federation of State High School Associations' National High School Hall of Fame. On December 4, 2013 the University of Iowa regents voted to name the University's to-be-completed music building in honor of Himie. Voxman was born in 1912 to Jewish Ukrainian parents, Morris Voxman (b. 1879 Chernigov, Ukraine; d. 1912 Centerville, Iowa) and Mollie Voxman (b. 1878 Kiev, Ukraine; d. 1943 Chicago), \"\" Tzipanuk, three years after they immigrated to the United States. Until Himie was in high school, spellings of the surname varied among family members, including Vocksman, Vakcman, and Vaksman.  Voxman died in 2011 in Iowa City, Iowa. He was 99 years old."}]}, {"title": "Himig Handog", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himig Handog is a multimedia songwriting and music video competition in the Philippines based in Quezon City. The organization is operated by ABS-CBN and Star Music, the music subsidiary of ABS-CBN. The contest ran from 2000 to 2003 and was later revived in 2013. The theme of the contest has been love songs since 2002. Since its revival, it is popularly regarded as \"the country's premier songwriting contest\" with Pinoy songwriters and composers submitting thousands of original compositions annually, and the country's top singers interpreting the songs in a live event."}, {"context": " Himig Handog was first established in 2000. To date, it only had held five competitions which were in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and in 2013. Each year, the title and theme of the contest changes. In 2000, the contest was titled as \"Himig Handog sa Bayang Pilipino\" which was held on October 1. During the second, third and fourth contests' themes and titles were \"Makabagong Kabataan\", \"Love Songs\" and \"Love Songs 2 \"respectively. From 2001 to 2003, only three songs were rewarded with varying amounts of financial incentives(cash prizes) depending on which entry came in first, second, and third. However, in 2013, the amount of incentives given were raised to five to make up a 'Top Five'. Other award categories were also introduced during this year. Also, it introduced a music video contest where participating tertiary institutions across the country were given the challenge of producing and directing the music videos for each song entry under a certain budget."}, {"context": " The theme of the 2013 contest was \"P-Pop Love Songs: Mga Awit at Kwento ng Pusong Pilipino\" (lit. \"P-Pop Love Songs: The Songs and Stories of Filipino Hearts\"). It was held at the Mall of Asia Arena on February 24, 2013. The competition consists of twelve finalists selected from the 2,500 songs submitted during the auditions. The competition ended with \"Anong Nangyari Sa Ating Dalawa\" as the first place by Jovinor Tan (interpreted by Aiza Seguerra). Also, on second place was \"Hanggang Wakas\" by Soc Villanueva (interpreted by Juris Fernandez); third place was \"If You Ever Change Your Mind\", which was sung and composed Marion Aunor; fourth place was \"Scared to Death\" by Domingo Rosco Jr. and sung by KZ Tandingan; and fifth place was \"Kahit Na\" by Julius James de Belen and interpreted by Toni Gonzaga."}, {"context": " Meanwhile, the song \"Nasa Iyo na ang Lahat\" by Jungee Marcelo which was sung by Daniel Padilla won special awards. These include MOR Listener\u2019s Choice, Tambayan 101.9 Listener\u2019s Choice, Star Records CD Buyer\u2019s Choice and the MYX Choice for Best Video. The competition was judged by Jim Paredes, Louie Ocampo, Olivia Lamasan, August Benitez, Jett Pangan, Freddie Aguilar, Cory Vidanes, Freddie M. Garcia, Jed Madela, Sarah Geronimo and Ogie Alcasid as its chairman. Special guests Anna Fegi, Bituin Escalante, and Martin Nievera performed a Finale production number representing the past winners of the competition."}, {"context": " Special awards: MOR Listener\u2019s Choice; Tambayan 101.9 Listener\u2019s Choice; Star Records CD Buyer\u2019s Choice; MYX Choice for Best Video TFC\u2019s Choice Award This year's contest was titled \"Himig Handog P-Pop Love Songs\" and was held at the Smart Araneta Coliseum on September 28, 2014, where the interpreters performed their songs with an orchestra conducted by Gerard Salonga. The event was hosted by Kim Chiu, Xian Lim, Alex Gonzaga and Robi Domingo. The studio versions of the songs were performed by the interpreters live at the morning lifestyle TV show Kris TV and on Sunday noontime variety show ASAP 19 ahead of the grand-finals night."}, {"context": " Special awards: The Top 15 finalists of the 2016 Himig Handog P-Pop Love Songs was released on January 13, 2016. The grand finals night was held at the Kia Theatre on April 24, 2016 and aired on ABS-CBN's \"Sunday's Best\". This was hosted by Kathryn Bernardo, Enrique Gil, Liza Soberano and Robi Domingo. \"Dalawang Letra\", a song entry composed by Pinoy Dream Academy alumnus Davey Langit and interpreted by Itchyworms band was named as the grand winner, while the song \"O Pag-Ibig\", composed by Honlani Rabe and Jack Rufo and interpreted by Ylona Garcia and Bailey May bagged the most number of special awards."}, {"context": " Special Awards: The Top 10 finalists of the Himig Handog 2017 was released on September 10, 2017. The grand finals day was held on ASAP on November 26, 2017 on ABS-CBN. \"Titibo-Tibo\", a song entry composed by Libertine Amistoso and interpreted by Moira Dela Torre was named as the grand winner, while the song \"Tayo na Lang Kasi\", composed by Soc Villanueva and interpreted by Kyla and Jason Dy bagged the most number of special awards. Special Awards: The Top 10 finalists of the Himig Handog 2018 was released on September 25, 2018 and on September 26, 2018 they revealed their Interpreter. The grand finals day was held on ASAP on November 11, 2018 on ABS-CBN.  Special Awards: \"#BuhayKolehiyo : #HimigHandog2014\" Mj Lising Pineda. September 1, 2014."}]}, {"title": "Himika Akaneya", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Himiko", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The shaman Queen Himiko is recorded in various ancient histories, dating back to 3rd century China, 8th century Japan, and 12th century Korea. The first historical records of Himiko are found in a Chinese classic text, the c. 297 \"Records of the Three Kingdoms\" (\"Sanguo Zhi\" \u4e09\u570b\u5fd7). Its \"Records of Wei\" (\"Wei Zhi\" \u9b4f\u5fd7), which focuses on the Chinese kingdom of Cao Wei (220\u2013265), has also an \"Account of the Wa People\" (\u502d\u4eba\u50b3 \"Woren Zhuan\"; \u502d\u4eba\u4f1d \"Wajinden\" in Japanese). This section is the first description of Himiko (Pimiko) and Yamatai."}, {"context": " The people of Wa [\u502d\u4eba] dwell in the middle of the ocean on the mountainous islands southeast of [the prefecture of] Tai-fang. They formerly comprised more than one hundred communities. During the Han dynasty, [Wa envoys] appeared at the Court; today, thirty of their communities maintain intercourse [with us] through envoys and scribes. (tr. Tsunoda 1951:8) This early history describes how Himiko came to the throne. The country formerly had a man as ruler. For some seventy or eighty years after that there were disturbances and warfare. Thereupon the people agreed upon a woman for their ruler. Her name was Himiko [\u5351\u5f4c\u547c]. She occupied herself with magic and sorcery, bewitching the people. Though mature in age, she remained unmarried. She had a younger brother who assisted her in ruling the country. After she became the ruler, there were few who saw her. She had one thousand women as attendants, but only one man. He served her food and drink and acted as a medium of communication. She resided in a palace surrounded by towers and stockades, with armed guards in a state of constant vigilance. (tr. Tsunoda 1951:13)"}, {"context": " The \"Records of Wei\" also records envoys travelling between the Wa and Wei courts. Himiko's emissaries first visited the court of Wei emperor Cao Rui in 238, and he replied. Herein we address Himiko, Queen of Wa, whom we now officially call a friend of Wei. [\u2026 Your envoys] have arrived here with your tribute, consisting of four male slaves and six female slaves, together with two pieces of cloth with designs, each twenty feet in length. You live very far away across the sea; yet you have sent an embassy with tribute. Your loyalty and filial piety we appreciate exceedingly. We confer upon you, therefore, the title \"Queen of Wa Friendly to Wei,\" together with the decoration of the gold seal with purple ribbon. The latter, properly encased, is to be sent to you through the Governor. We expect you, O Queen, to rule your people in peace and to endeavor to be devoted and obedient. (tr. Tsunoda 1951:14)"}, {"context": " Finally, the \"Records of Wei\" (tr. Tsunoda 1951:15) records that in 247 when a new governor arrived at Daifang Commandery in Korea, Queen Himiko officially complained of hostilities with , the king of (\u72d7\u5974, literally \"dog slave\"), one of the other Wa states. The governor dispatched \"Chang Ch\u00eang, acting Secretary of the Border Guard\" with a \"proclamation advising reconciliation\", and subsequently, When Himiko passed away, a great mound was raised, more than a hundred paces in diameter. Over a hundred male and female attendants followed her to the grave. Then a king was placed on the throne, but the people would not obey him. Assassination and murder followed; more than one thousand were thus slain. A relative of Himiko named Iyo [\u58f9\u8207], a girl of thirteen, was [then] made queen and order was restored. Ch\u00eang issued a proclamation to the effect that Iyo was the ruler. (tr. Tsunoda 1951:16)"}, {"context": " Commentators take this as a miscopy of paralleling the \"Wei Zhi\" writing \"Yamatai\" as \"Yamaichi.\" Two other Chinese dynastic histories mentioned Himiko. While both clearly incorporated the above \"Wei Zhi\" reports, they made some changes, such as specifying the \"some seventy or eighty years\" of Wa wars occurred between 146 and 189, during the reigns of Han Emperors Huan and Ling. The c. 432 \"Book of Later Han\" (\"Hou Han Shu\" \u5f8c\u6f22\u66f8) says \"the King of Great Wa resides in the country of Yamadai,\" (tr. Tsunoda 1951:1) rather than the Queen."}, {"context": " The 636 \"Book of Sui\" (\"Sui Shu\" \u968b\u66f8) changes the number of Himiko's male attendants. During the reigns of the Emperors Huan and Ling, that country was in great disorder, and there was no ruler for a period of years. [Then] a woman named Himiko attracted the populace by means of the practice of magic. The country became unified and made her queen. A younger brother assisted Himiko in the administration of the country. Queen [Himiko] kept one thousands maids in attendance. Her person was seldom seen. She had only two men [attendants]. They served her food and drink and acted as intermediaries. The Queen lived in a palace, which was surrounded by walls and stockades protected by armed guards; their discipline was extremely strict. (tr. Tsunoda 1951:28-29)"}, {"context": " Neither of the two oldest Japanese histories \u2013 the c. 712 \"Kojiki\" nor c. 720 \"Nihon Shoki\" \u2013 mentions Queen Himiko. The circumstances under which these books were written is a matter of unending debate, and even if Himiko were known to the authors, they may have purposefully decided not to include her. (Hideyuki 2005) However, they include three imperial-family shamans identified with her: Yamato-totohi-momoso-hime-no-mikoto, the aunt of Emperor Sujin (legendary 10th Japanese emperor, r. 97-30 BCE); Yamatohime-no-mikoto, the daughter of Emperor Suinin (legendary 11th, r. 29 BCE-70 CE); and Empress Jing\u016b (r. c. 209-269 CE), the wife of Emperor Ch\u016bai (legendary 14th emperor, r. 192-200 CE). These dates, however, are not historically verified."}, {"context": " One remarkable exception to early Japanese histories overlooking Himiko is the \"Nihon Shoki\" quoting the \"Wei Zhi\" three times. In 239, \"the queen [\u5973\u738b] of Wa\" sent envoys to Wei; in 240, they returned \"charged with an Imperial rescript and a seal and ribbon;\" and in 243, \"the ruler [\u738b \"king\"] of Wa again sent high officers as envoys with tribute\" (tr. Aston 1924:245-6). It is revealing that the \"Nihon Shoki\" editors chose to omit the \"Wei Zhi\" particulars about Himiko. , the shaman aunt of Emperor Sujin, supposedly committed suicide after learning her husband was a trickster snake-god. The \"Kojiki\" does not mention her, but the \"Nihon Shoki\" describes her as \"the Emperor's aunt by the father's side, a shrewd and intelligent person, who could foresee the future\" (tr. Aston 1924:156). After a series of national calamities, the Emperor \"assembled the 80 myriads of Deities\" and inquired by divination. Yamato-totohi-momoso was inspired by \u014cmononushi-nushi (\"Great Deity of All Deities and Spirits\", tr. Hori 1968:193) to say."}, {"context": " \"Why is the Emperor grieved at the disordered state of the country? If he duly did us reverent worship it would assuredly become pacified of itself.\" The Emperor inquired, saying: \"What God is it that thus instructs me?\" The answer was: \"I am the God who dwells within the borders of the land of Yamato, and my name is Oho-mono-nushi no Kami.\" (tr. Aston 1924:152) While imperial worship of this god (from Mount Miwa) was \"without effect\", Yamato-totohi-momoso later married him. After this Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime no Mikoto became the wife of Oho-mono-nushi no Kami. This God, however, was never seen in the day-time, but at night. Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime no Mikoto said to her husband: \"As my Lord is never seen in the day-time, I am unable to view his august countenance distinctly; I beseech him therefore to delay a while, that in the morning I may look upon the majesty of his beauty.\" The Great God answered and said: \"What thou sayest is clearly right. To-morrow morning I will enter thy toilet-case and stay there. I pray thee be not alarmed at my form.\" Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime no Mikoto wondered secretly in her heart at this. Waiting until daybreak, she looked into her toilet-case. There was there a beautiful little snake, of the length and thickness of the cord of a garment. Thereupon she was frightened, and uttered an exclamation. The Great God was ashamed, and changing suddenly into human form, spake to his wife, and said: \"Thou didst not contain thyself, but hast caused me shame; I will in my turn put thee to shame.\" So treading the Great Void, he ascended to Mount Mimoro. Hereupon Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime no Mikoto looked up and had remorse. She flopped down on a seat and with a chopstick stabbed herself in the pudenda so that she died. She was buried at Oho-chi. Therefore the men of that time called her tomb the Hashi no haka [Chopstick Tomb]. (tr. Aston 1924:158-9)"}, {"context": " The Kofun in Sakurai, Nara is associated with this legend. , the daughter of Emperor Suinin, supposedly founded the Ise Shrine to the sun-goddess Amaterasu. The \"Kojiki\" records her as the fourth of Suinin's five children, \"Her Augustness Yamato-hime, (was the high-priestess of the temple of the Great Deity of Ise)\" (tr. Chamberlain 1919:227). The \"Nihon Shoki\" likewise records \"Yamato-hime no Mikoto\" (tr. Aston 1924:150) and provides more details. The Emperor assigned Yamatohime to find a permanent location for Amaterasu's shrine, and after wandering for years, the sun-goddess instructed her to build it at Ise \"where she first descended from Heaven\" (tr. Aston 1924:176)."}, {"context": " Empress Consort Jing\u016b (or Jing\u014d \u795e\u529f) supposedly served as regent after the death of her husband Emperor Ch\u016bai (c. 200) until the accession of her son Emperor \u014cjin (legendary 15th emperor, r. 270-310). The \"Kojiki\" (Chamberlain 1919:283-332) and \"Nihon Shoki\" (Aston 1924:217-271) have similar accounts. Emperor Ch\u016bai wanted to invade Kumaso, and while he was consulting with his ministers, Jing\u016b conveyed a shamanistic message that he should invade Silla instead. Compare these. Her Augustness Princess Okinaga-tarashi, was at that time, divinely possessed \u2026 charged him with this instruction and counsel: \"There is a land to the Westward, and in that land is abundance of various treasures dazzling to the eye, from gold and silver downwards. I will now bestow this land upon thee.\" (tr. Chamberlain 1919:284-5)."}, {"context": " At this time a certain God inspired the Empress and instructed her, saying: \"Why should the Emperor be troubled because the Kumaso do not yield submission? It is a land wanting in backbone. Is it worth while raising an army to attack it? There is a better land than this, a land of treasure, which may be compared to the aspect of a beautiful woman \u2013 the land of Mukatsu [Opposite; Across], dazzling to the eyes. In that land there are gold and silver and bright colours in plenty. It is called the Land of Silla of the coverlet of paper-mulberry. If thou worshippest me aright, the land will assuredly yield submission freely, and the edge of thy sword shall not be all stained with blood.\" (tr. Aston 1924:221)."}, {"context": " (The 2005:284 reprint of Chamberlain adds a footnote after \"possessed\": \"Himeko [sic] in the Chinese historical notices of Japan was skilled in magic, with which she deluded the people.\") The Emperor thought the gods were lying, said he had only seen ocean to the West, and then died, either immediately (\"Kojiki\") or after invading Kumaso (\"Nihon Shoki\"). Jing\u016b allegedly discovered she was pregnant, personally planned and led a successful conquest of Silla, gave birth to the future emperor, and returned to rule Yamato. The \"Nihon Shoki\" (tr. Aston 1924:225) adds that since Jing\u016b wanted to learn which gods had cursed Ch\u016bai, she constructed a shamanic \"palace of worship\", \"discharged in person the office of priest\", and heard the gods reveal themselves as coming from Ise (Amaterasu) and Mukatsu (an unnamed Korean divinity). Although the \"Kojiki\" and \"Nihon Shoki\" myth-histories called Jing\u016b first of the Japanese empresses, Meiji period historians removed her from the List of Emperors of Japan, leaving Empress Suiko (r. 593-628) as the first historically verifiable female Japanese ruler."}, {"context": " The oldest Korean history book, the 1145 \"Samguk Sagi\" (\u4e09\u570b\u53f2\u8a18 \"Chronicles of the Three [Korean] Kingdoms\") records that Queen Himiko sent an emissary to King Adalla of Silla in May 173 (Saeki 1988:35, 113, 154). Researchers have struggled to reconcile Himiko/Pimiko between the Chinese and Japanese historical sources above. While the \"Wei Zhi\" described her as an important ruler in 3rd-century Japan, early Japanese historians purposely avoided naming Himiko, even when the \"Nihon Shoki\" quoted the \"Wei Zhi\" about envoys from Wa."}, {"context": " The three Chinese characters (simplified: ) transcribing the Wa regent's name are read or in Modern Japanese and or in Modern Standard Chinese. However, these contemporary readings differ considerably from how \"Himiko\" was pronounced in the 3rd century, both by speakers of the unknown Wa-language and by Chinese scribes who transcribed it. While transliteration into Chinese characters of foreign words is complex, choosing these three particular was puzzling, with literal meanings \"low; inferior; humble\", () \"fill, cover; full; whole, complete\", and \"breathe out; exhale; cry out; call\"."}, {"context": " In terms of historical Chinese phonology, modern \"beimihu\" () is simpler than its presumed 3rd-century late Old Chinese or early Middle Chinese pronunciation. Compare the following reconstructions of the name in \"Archaic\" or \"Middle Chinese\" (Bernhard Karlgren, Li Fanggui, and William H. Baxter), \"Early Middle Chinese\" (Edwin G. Pulleyblank), and, historically closest, \"Late Han Chinese\" (Axel Schuessler). To simplify without using special symbols, the first two syllables with \"p(j)-\" and \"m(j)-\" initial consonants share \"-i(e)\" final vowels, and the third has a either a voiceless fricative \"X-\" or a voiced fricative \"h-\" plus a back mid vowel \"-u(o)\". Thus, \"Himiko\" could be hypothetically reconstructed as *\"P(j)i(e)m(j)i(e)hu(o)\"."}, {"context": " In terms of historical Japanese phonology, \"himiko\" would regularly correspond to Old Japanese \"*Fimeko\". However, Roy Andrew Miller says \"*Fimeko\" is a lexicographic error deriving from the \"Wei Zhi\" transcriptions. \"Hime\" < Old Japanese \"Fime\" ( \"young noblewoman; princess\"), explains Miller, etymologically derives from \"hi\" < \"Fi\" ( \"sun\") and \"me\" < \"me\" ( \"woman\"). Tsunoda (1951:5) notes \"Pimiko is from an archaic Japanese title, \"himeko\", meaning 'princess',\" that is, \"hime\" with the female name suffix , viz. the uncommon given name Himeko). Other Amaterasu-related etymological proposals for the Japanese name Himiko involve and ; or their combination \"hime-miko\" \"princess-priestess\"."}, {"context": " Bentley (2008:18-20) considers the Paekche word * 'west', the honorific prefix * and * 'heir' and thus interprets as 'the honorific heir of the west'. Identifying Himiko/Pimiko of Wa is straightforward within the history of China, but problematic within the history of Japan. The 3rd-century Chinese \"Wei Zhi\" (\"Records of Wei\") provides details about shaman Queen Himiko and her communications with Emperors Cao Rui and Cao Fang. The 8th-century Japanese \"Kojiki\" (\"Records of Ancient Matters\") and \"Nihon Shoki\" (\"Chronicles of Japan\", which quotes the \"Wei Zhi\") disregard Himiko, unless she was the subtext behind their accounts of Empress Jing\u016b, Yamatohime-no-mikoto, or Yamato-totohi-momosohime-no-mikoto."}, {"context": " None of these three legendary Japanese royal shamans adequately corresponds with the Chinese chronology and description of Himiko. Assuming the \"Wei Zhi\" account that Himiko died around 248, if one accepts the dubious Japanese traditional dating, then she was closer to the 3rd-century CE Empress Jing\u016b than to the 1st-century BCE Yamatohime-no-mikoto and Yamato-totohi-momoso-hime. On the other hand, if one accepts the postdating adjustments prior to the 4th century, then Himiko was closer to these Yamato-named shamans. Neither \"Kojiki\" nor \"Nihon Shoki\" mentions Himiko or any of the salient topics that she was unmarried, was chosen as ruler by the people, had a younger brother who helped rule (unless this refers to Jing\u016b's son), or had numerous (figuratively \"1000\") female attendants."}, {"context": " William Wayne reviews the history of scholarly debates over Himiko and her domain Yamatai. The Edo-period philosophers Arai Hakuseki and Motoori Norinaga began the controversies over whether Yamatai was located in Kyushu or Yamato and whether the \"Wei Zhi\" or the \"Nihon Shoki\" was historically more trustworthy. The Confucianist Arai accepted the Chinese history as more reliable, and first equated Himiko with Jing\u016b and Yamatai with Yamato. The Kokugaku scholar Motoori accepted the traditional Japanese myth-history as more reliable, and dismissed its \"Wei Zhi\" quotations as later accretions. He hypothesized that a king from Kumaso sent emissaries who masqueraded as Jing\u016b's officials to the Wei court, thus leading Wei to mistake them for representatives of Himiko. says, \"Motoori's usurpation hypothesis (\"gisen setsu\") carried great weight for the next century.\""}, {"context": " Rather than Yamataikoku, Himiko may have been linked with Nakoku, quoted as \"the Na state of Wa\" in Kyushu, for which was sent a golden royal seal, by Emperor Guangwu of the Han dynasty. Na is said to have existed from the 1st century to the early 3rd century, and seems to have been independent or even a rival of the Japanese Emperors in the Yamato province. After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Japanese historians adopted European historical scholarship, especially the source-based methodology of Leopold von Ranke. Naka Michiyo believed the \"Nihon Shoki\" chronology was inaccurate prior to the 4th century, and thus \"Jing\u016b became a fourth-century queen whose reign could not possibly have coincided with Himiko's.\" The sinologist Shiratori Kurakichi proposed the \"Nihon Shoki\" compilers were tempted to associate Jing\u016b with the religious powers of Himiko. Nait\u014d Torajir\u014d argued that Himiko was the high priestess of the Ise shrine Yamatohime-no-mikoto and that Wa armies obtained control of southern Korea."}, {"context": " Some later Japanese historians reframed Himiko in terms of Marxist historiography. Masaaki Ueda argued that \"Himiko's was a despotic state with a generalized slave system\" , while Mitsusada Inoue idealized Yamatai as a \"balance of small states\" with communal property and popular political expression. Following the late 1960s \"Yamatai boom\", when numerous Japanese historians, linguists, and archeologists published reevaluations of Himiko and Yamatai, the debate was joined by Japanese nationalists, mystery writers, and amateur scholars."}, {"context": " In Japanese historical and archeological periodization, the 2nd- and 3rd-century era of Queen Himiko was between late Yayoi period and early Kofun period. \"Kofun\" (\u53e4\u58b3 \"old tumulus\") refers to characteristic keyhole-shaped burial mounds, and the \"Wei Zhi\" noting \"a great mound was raised, more than a hundred paces in diameter\" for Pimiko's tomb, may well be the earliest written record of a \"kofun\". Several archeological excavations of Yayoi and Kofun sites in kinki region, have revealed Chinese-style bronze mirrors, called \"shinju-kyo\" (\u795e\u7363\u93e1 \"mirror decorated with gods and animals\"). Many scholars who support the Kinki theory associate these \"shinju-kyo\" with the \"one hundred bronze mirrors\" that the \"Wei Zhi\" records Emperor Cao Rui presented to Queen Himiko, while other scholars oppose it (, 1999). Hashihaka kofun in Sakurai, Nara was given a recent boost by radio-carbon dating circa 240\u201360 . The early Chinese records of Himiko/Pimiko and her Yamatai polity remain something of a Rorschach test. To different interpreters, this early Japanese shaman queen can appear as evidence of communalism (Marxists), J\u014dmon priestess rulers (Feminist history), Japanese conquest of Korea , Mongolian conquest of Japan (Namio Egami's \"\"), the imperial system originating with tandem rule by a female shaman and male monarch , the \"patriarchal revolution\" replacing female deities and priestesses with male counterparts , or a shamanic advisor to the federation of Wa chieftains who \"must have looked like a ruling queen to Chinese envoys\" ."}, {"context": " The proper name Himiko has been diversely applied, not only in Japanese society but also in other realms such as astronomy. Himiko (\u5351\u5f25\u547c) is a train on the Amagi Railway Amagi Line and a water bus of Tokyo Cruise Ship designed by Leiji Matsumoto. The name Himiko was given to a Lyman-alpha blob (a massive concentration of hydrogen gas believed to be a protogalaxy) that was discovered in 2009. Massing close to 40 billion suns and located 12.9 billion light years from Earth in the constellation Cetus, as of 2014 it is the largest and most distant known example of its kind.  Himiko was used in the 2018 \"Tomb Raider\" film as a plot device."}]}, {"title": "Himiko (Lyman-alpha blob)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himiko is a large gas cloud found at redshift of z=6.6 that predates similar Lyman-alpha blobs. At time of discovery, researchers said it \"may represent the most massive object ever discovered in the early universe.\" It is located in Cetus at redshift z=6.595, about 12.9 billion light years from Earth, or about miles ( kilometers). This nebular gas cloud is thought to be a protogalaxy, caught in the act of formation. There have been no spectroscopic signatures of anything other than hydrogen or helium, and its luminance cannot be ascribed to gravitational lensing, black holes or exterior excitation. The lack of any chemical signatures other than hydrogen and helium illustrate the extreme primitiveness of the object, and early enough so as not to be polluted by carbon signatures from young stars."}, {"context": " It is 55,000 light years across (half the diameter of our galaxy), and at the time of discovery, said to \"hold more than 10 times as much mass as the next largest object found in the early universe, or roughly the equivalent mass of 40 billion Suns\". Masami Ouchi, a researcher at the Carnegie Institution in Pasadena, California, stated \"I have never heard about any [similar] objects that could be resolved at this distance...[i]t's kind of record-breaking.\" The object was named by a Japanese scientist after the 3rd-century Japanese shaman queen Himiko."}]}, {"title": "Himiko (film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himiko () is a 1974 Japanese fantasy drama film directed by Masahiro Shinoda. It was entered into the 1974 Cannes Film Festival Feature Film Competition. In an unnamed forest, a group of women with white-painted faces and robes wander to a ritual site. One of the women, Himiko, the shaman and translator of the Sun God, lies on the ground while another holds a bronze mirror up which reflects the sun's light. Himiko starts to convulse and moan, imitating an orgasm which symbolizes the Sun God penetrating her body. We see several different tribes, one of the Land People, and one of the Mountain People. The Mountain People are a raggedy, unsightly group, all conjoined together by a single rope, and donned with haunting makeup consisting of heavy paint, cobwebs and strings. They wander around the mountain like insects, twitching and in almost no control of their own limbs and muscles. A lone traveler appears, named Takehiko, from the far side of the mountain and enters the forest."}, {"context": " Himiko spends her days weaving cloth on a loom. She hears of Takehiko's arrival and it pleases her. In a ritual, the king of the Sun-God People, Ohkimi, holds a meeting to discuss the visions of the Sun God seen by Himiko. He also discusses the possibility of Mimaki as his own successor to the throne. Mimaki is pleased at this, but Nashime, servant to Himiko, believes that Himiko will be the successor herself, as direct orders from the Sun God. Mimaki is suspicious of this. He confides in his brother Ikume and King Ohkimi and tells them that Himiko might be losing her ability to communicate properly with the Sun God. That her love for Takehiko, a sympathizer of the Land God People, is not allowing her to translate the Sun God's words properly. Mimaki also states that he believes the Land God and the Mountain God are false Gods because they believe that God is in all things and any human being and living creature is able to communicate with God, and the only way for the Sun God People's kingdom to prosper is to take over the Mountain and Land People's kingdoms and force them to believe in only the Sun God. Anyone who resists will be killed."}, {"context": " In the forest, during a ritual, Himiko sees Takehiko hiding behind a tree, and engages in conversation with him. Nearby, Adahime, one of Himiko's assistants in the ritual, over hears them. Takehiko comes to the kingdom of the Sun-God people and meets Himiko in her quarters after dark. Himiko reveals that Takehiko is her half-brother. Despite this, she seduces him and they have sex. Adahime is not far away, and watches them from behind a pillar. During a ritual in the king's court the next night, Himiko addresses the court subjects of the Sun God's wishes. She states that the Sun God requires the people of the kingdom to also accept the Land God and the Mountain God as valid Gods. This shocks the people of the court. King Ohkimi refuses to believe that this is true. He restates Mimaki's assertion from earlier, that Himiko has lost her powers to speak with the Sun God, and her statement is solely out of her love for Takehiko, who is a sympathizer of the Land God People. Believing that Himiko is not wrong in her assertion, her assistant Nashime assassinates the king while the subjects are all distracted by Himiko's speech. King Ohkimi falls and Himiko takes over rule of the Sun God People. She orders anyone who did not believe in the Sun God's words that she would be ruler to be buried alive in the mountains."}, {"context": " The next night, Himiko and Takehiko again sleep together, but Takehiko is resistant to stay with her. Himiko tries to gain Takehiko's favor by offering him a cloth that she knitted. He accepts but leaves her anyway. Adahime follows him and meets him by a lake. She professes her love to him, pleading him to make love to her. After resisting, he eventually obliges. Himiko is horrified to know that her lover has been with another woman, and orders his arrest. Takehiko is captured in the mountains and brought back to the Kingdom of the Sun God. There, Himiko banishes him, but orders her subjects to first rip out all of his fingernails and tattoo his face in colors of shame. Takehiko leaves the kingdom bloody and in pain. The Mountain God People carry him up the mountain where Adahime reunites with him."}, {"context": " Back in the Sun God Kingdom, Nashime consoles a broken Himiko, who feels betrayed and unloved. Himiko proceeds to perform oral sex on Nashime. Meanwhile, Mimaki and Ikume conspire to take power away from Himiko, who they still believe is not acting on the Sun God's behalf, but rather through her own love. They do their best to convince Nashime, and he eventually succumbs to the belief that Himiko has lost her powers, and he keeps her stashed away in her room and Mimaki takes the throne as the leader of the Sun God People. Nashime then tells Mimaki that the young girl Toyo will take Himiko's place as the shaman and translator of the Sun God."}, {"context": " Mimaki declares war on the Land and Mountain God People. The battle between the kingdoms wages in a field. Takehiko and Adahime decide to run away to be together forever, but they are ambushed in the forest by Mimaki's soldiers who pierce them with arrows. Takehiko and Adehime's corpses are brought back to the Sun God People's Kingdom to show to Himiko. She is angered and sad. Nashime again tries to console her, but she tells him to leave. Nashime realizes that Himiko has lost all her powers and possibly her mind too. While she is knitting cloth, the Mountain God People kidnap her from her room and torture her. She calls out for Nashime's help, but he only watches and cries. Himiko dies and Nashime's falls into depression, crying out in the mountains for her. Ikume and Mimaki are shown battling with swords on a ridge, and Mimaki kills Ikume."}, {"context": " Mimaki has a court ritual in which the new translator, Toyo, comes and declares the Sun God is still within Himiko and that the powerful country of Wei is to be given many slaves and offerings. Mimaki is disturbed by this. Nashime breaks down crying. The film flashes forward several years, and Nashime is walking in the forest, old and fragile, still crying over Himiko. He looks up and sees a helicopter. The camera pans out of the forest to reveal that it is atop a kofun, or ancient keyhole-shaped burial mound, surrounded by a suburban neighborhood with offices, houses, factories and a highway, revealing the film as a mythical fable shrouded from, yet within, modern times. The credits roll with aerial shots of more ancient tumuli and their modern surroundings."}]}, {"title": "Himilce Novas", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himilce Novas (born 1944) is a novelist, historian, journalist and human rights activist. Born in Havana, Cuba, in 1960 her family fled to the United States. Novas was educated in New York City, where she has spent most of her life. Novas\u2019 career spans several decades and encompasses works of fiction and non-fiction. Her published work includes poetry, plays, novels, reference books, and a cookbook about Latin American cuisine. She began her writing career as a teenager, when Nobel Prize laureate Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela published her poems in his literary journal, \"Papeles de son Armadans\". Later, she worked as a journalist, magazine editor and publicist for \"Vanidades\", \"The New York Times\", \"The Connoisseur\", \"The Christian Science Monitor\", and other publications."}, {"context": " As a human rights activist, Novas was an early member of the National Organization for Women. She continues to work on behalf of women and those in the GBLT community and was featured in the book \"Feminists Who Changed America, 1963\u20131975\" (2006). She has served on the Board of Veteran Feminists of America. In 2011, Himilce Novas was the recipient of a National Women's Political Caucus \u201cWomen of Courage\u201d Award. Among Other 2011 eight other recipients included Representative Nancy Pelosi, past Secretary of Labor Alexis Herman and Ambassador Mary Olmsted. The National Women's Political Caucus established the NWPC Women of Courage awards to honor women from diverse backgrounds who have demonstrated courage by taking a stand on or against unpopular or controversial issues to further civil rights and equality, and who typify women\u2019s leadership."}, {"context": " http://www.nwpcca.org/uncategorized/announcing-the-2011-nwpc-women-of-courage-award-recipients/ As a public speaker and visiting professor at educational institutions such as Wellesley College, the University of California, Santa Barbara, and Clark University, Novas has specialized in a wide range of topics, including her own fiction and non-fiction works, Latino culture, feminism, and Gay and Lesbian history and culture. While living in Santa Barbara, Novas hosted the cultural interview radio talk show, \"The Novas Report\", over KQSB 990-AM. She is a frequent contributor and has served as feature editor for \"The Multicultural Review.\""}]}, {"title": "Himilco", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himilco was a Carthaginian navigator and explorer who lived during the height of Carthaginian power in the late 6th century BC. Himilco is the first known explorer from the Mediterranean Sea to reach the northwestern shores of Europe. His lost account of his adventures is quoted by Roman writers. The oldest reference to Himilco's voyage is a brief mention in \"Natural History\" (2.169a) by the Roman scholar Pliny the Elder. Himilco was quoted three times by Rufus Festus Avienus, who wrote \"Ora Maritima\", a poetical account of the geography in the 4th century AD."}, {"context": " We know next to nothing of Himilco himself. Himilco sailed north along the Atlantic coast of present-day Spain, Portugal, England and France. He reached northwestern France, as well as the territory of the Oestrimini tribe living in Portugal probably to trade for tin to be used for making bronze and for other precious metals. Records of the voyages of the Carthaginian Himilco take note of the islands of Albion and Ierne. Avienus asserts that the outward journey to the Oestriminis took the Carthaginians four months. Himilco was not (according to Avienus) the first to sail the northern Atlantic Ocean; according to Avienus, Himilco followed the trade route used by the Tartessians of southern Iberia.  Himilco described his journeys as quite harrowing, repeatedly reporting sea monsters and seaweed, likely in order to deter Greek rivals from competing on their new trade routes. Carthaginian accounts of monsters became one source of the myths discouraging sailing in the Atlantic."}]}, {"title": "Himilco (general)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himilco (died 396 BC) was a member of the Magonids, a Carthaginian family of hereditary generals, and had command over the Carthaginian forces between 406 BC and 397 BC. He is chiefly known for his war in Sicily against Dionysius I of Syracuse. Between 550 BC and 375 BC, the Magonid Family of Carthage played a central role in the political and military affairs of the Carthaginian Empire. Himilco came to prominence after being selected as deputy to his cousin Hannibal Mago in 406 BC for the Carthaginian expedition to Sicily. He took command of the expedition after Hannibal's death and sacked Akragas, Gela and Camarina while fighting off determined Greek opposition led by successive leaders of Syracuse."}, {"context": " The peace treaty Himilco concluded with Dionysius of Syracuse in 405 BC expanded Carthaginian holdings in Sicily to their maximum extent. Elected \"king\" around 398 BC, Himilco then led the Carthaginian effort against Dionysius from that date. Although initially successful, Himilco suffered a reverse at Syracuse in 396 BC when his forces were decimated by the plague and then defeated by Dionysius. He managed to bring the Carthaginian members of his army home after bribing Dionysius and abandoning his other troops. Himilco publicly assumed full responsibility for the debacle, and after visiting all the temples of the city dressed as a slave to offer penance, he is said to have starved himself to death."}, {"context": " Nothing is known about the early life or family of Himilco. His family had been active in Carthaginian politics since 550 BC, expanding the empire in Sicily, Africa, Iberia and Sardinia during between 550 BC and 480 BC. The power of the position of \"king\" diminished after the defeat of his grandfather Hamilcar Mago at Himera in 480 BC with the rise of the council of Hundred and Four with the power to try and punish Carthaginian commanders. The Magonid family continued to be active in Carthaginian foreign affairs while Himilco was alive."}, {"context": " Himilco's father, probably Hanno, led a famous expedition down the west African coast to Cameroon, while his uncle, perhaps the famous Himilco the Navigator, had explored the western coast of Iberia, Gaul and may have reached England, seeking to tap into the tin trade with the Celts. Hanno, Himilco and their brother Gisco, along with Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Sappho (sons of Hasdrubal, the brother of Hamilcar Mago), also were active in expanding the Carthaginian domain in northern Africa and Sardinia and ending the payment of tribute to the Libyans. Gisco, however, had been exiled to Selinus, a Greek city on the south-western coast of Sicily, after the defeat at Himera. Hannibal Mago, son of Gisco, was the suffet of Carthage in 409 BC and led the expedition to Sicily which destroyed both Selinus and Himera and made Segesta a vassal entity. It is not known if Himilco had played a part in these activities, although the army had attracted a large number of Carthaginian citizens at that time. Hannibal Mago was elected \"king\" for his successes in Sicily."}, {"context": " The Carthaginian Senate requested Hannibal Mago to command the Carthaginian expedition to Sicily in 406 BC to punish Hermocrates for raiding Carthaginian possessions around Motya and Panormus. Hannibal initially refused, pleading old age, but accepted when the Carthaginian Senate elected Himilco as his deputy. Hannibal led 60,000 soldiers and 1000 transports, escorted by 120 triremes to Sicily, where the cities of Akragas and Syracuse had gathered soldiers from Sicily and southern Italy to oppose the Carthaginians."}, {"context": " In the spring of 406 BC, Hannibal laid siege to Akragas, the wealthiest city in Sicily by \"straddling\" the city with 2 camps, while the Carthaginian fleet was based at Motya. The main Carthaginian army was in the western camp while the eastern one housed the Iberian and Campanian mercenaries. Akragas could field 10,000 hoplites and some cavalry and also had 1,500 crack mercenaries under the Spartan Dexippus in the city. After the initial Carthaginian assault on the city gate nearest to the main Carthaginian camp with two siege towers failed, Hannibal then began to build siege ramps to assault the city from several directions. However, a plague swept through the Carthaginian army and Hannibal perished with many of his soldiers. Himilco was elected as the commander of the Carthaginian force. Because the Carthaginians had demolished tombs to get materials for the siege ramps, many of the Carthaginian soldiers believed that divine anger had caused the plague."}, {"context": " Himilco's first challenge was to tackle the plague. Left unchecked, the plague would have decimated the Carthaginians, and if Himilco retreated, the Greeks might have carried the war into Carthaginian territories in Sicily. Himilco was in no position to force an advantageous truce \u2013 and defeated generals were often crucified in Carthage. Himilco chose to sacrifice some animals to the sea and also sacrificed a child to a god Greeks associated with Cronos. It is not known if the Carthaginians had taken any practical measures to combat the plague, but the plague stopped. Himilco then resumed the ramp building and also dammed the Hypsas River to gain better access to the city. Before he could complete his siege of Akragas, Daphaenus of Syracuse arrived with 35,000 Sicilian soldiers along with and Greek soldiers from Italian mainland. Himilco kept a part of his army in the main camp to watch Akragas while the mercenaries marched east to fight the Greeks. Daphaenus defeated the mercenaries, drove the survivors to the main camp and occupied the eastern camp, thus lifting the siege. Himilco chose not to offer battle to the victorious Greeks, but he did not abandon his position either."}, {"context": " The Carthaginians were dependent of supplies brought overland from Western Sicily and through foraging. There were no natural harbours near Akragas to house a large supply fleet, while beached ships could be surprised and captured while ships remaining on the open seas could be destroyed by storms. Daphenaus began to harass the Carthaginians using peltasts and cavalry from Akragas and soon the Carthaginians faced a food shortage as less and less supplies got through. With morale falling, the mercenaries came close to mutiny as winter approached."}, {"context": " Himilco temporarily placated the unruly mercenaries by bribing them with the gold and silver tableware of the Carthaginian officers. He still needed to improve his supply situation \u2013 and he seized on opportune information to achieve this. The Greeks were using grain ships escorted by 30 triremes to supply Akragas and their army, and had become lax due to the absence of Carthaginian ships in the vicinity. Just prior to the winter the Carthaginians managed to learn of the approach of one such convoy. Himilco then summoned 40 triremes from Motya and Panormus, which sailed up during the night and remained hidden from Greek scouts, then surprised the Greek flotilla at dawn. The Carthaginians sank 8 Greek triremes and captured the entire supply flotilla. The Carthaginians now had food to last for several months and their morale improved."}, {"context": " The Greeks now faced a problem \u2013 there was not enough food stocked at Akragas to feed both the population and the army until further supplies could be gathered \u2013 and organizing that would take time because of the winter season. Mistrust between Greeks from various quarters now burst open when this news became public \u2013 thus reducing their ability to take a joint decision regarding continuing the conflict. Himilco further aggravated the situation by bribing some Campanian mercenaries \u2013 who deserted to him. Rumours circulated that the Spartan general, Dexippus, leading 1,500 mercenaries, had also been bribed by Himilco. The tension now caused the Greek army to fall apart. Italian Greeks quit Akragas rather than face starvation, and soon other Greeks contingents along the whole population marched east to Gela. Himilco took possession of the city, which was sacked and the Carthaginian army wintered in the city."}, {"context": " In the following spring Himilco levelled Akragas and marched east to Gela. He did not surround the city with siege walls or \"straddle\" it by building several camps, but chose to encamp to the west of the city and capture the city through a direct assault. The Carthaginians duly attacked the west wall of Gela with battering rams but the Greeks beat back the attack and repaired the breaches in the walls during the night. Dionysius soon arrived with a relief force consisting of 30,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry and 50 triremes and camped to the east of the city. Himilco chose to await developments in his camp and did not offer battle."}, {"context": " Following the script used at Akragas, Dionysius harassed Carthaginian supply columns for 3 weeks with light troops. Greek soldiers had other ideas and forced him to attack the Carthaginians. The Greeks then launched a three pronged attack on the Carthaginian camp. The imaginative battle plan, if implemented properly, might have trapped the Carthaginians but for the lack of coordination among Greek army units, which enabled the Carthaginians to defeat the Greeks. Dionysus then abandoned Gela and fell back to Camarina, and then left Camarina for Syracuse, while both the cities were sacked by Himilco's forces as the Carthaginians marched towards Syracuse."}, {"context": " Himilco did not press the pursuit but marched on Syracuse slowly. He thus missed an opportunity to destroy the forces loyal to Dionysius \u2013 because some Greek rebels had managed to seize Syracuse while the Greeks of Gela and Camarina had marched off to Leontini with the Italian Greeks. Dionysius was left adrift between the Carthaginian army and a hostile Syracuse, although he took speedy action and managed to recapture Syracuse. Himilco and the Carthaginians camped near Syracuse but made no attempt to besiege the city. After a few weeks Himilco sent a herald with a peace offer. It has been speculated that a plague had broken out in the Carthaginian camp, causing the Carthaginians to request a truce. During the whole campaign Himilco had lost more than half his army to the plague."}, {"context": " The treaty left Carthaginians supreme in Sicily with Syracuse isolated and Dionysius under suspicion of being a Carthaginian collaborator. The main conditions were: In return for recognizing Dionysius as the ruler of Syracuse, Himilco ensured the total reversal of all the conquests of Gelo and Hieron. Neutral powers now bordered the Syracusan domain, and the independence of these was guaranteed by both Carthage and Dionysius. Gela, Camarina, Akragas and Himera had become tribute paying Carthaginian vassals, while the Sikans and Elymians were part of the Carthaginian domain. Himilco had ensured Carthaginian rule was at its apex in Sicily, a position it would not again reach until 289 BC. Himilco garrisoned Western Sicily and disbanded the army."}, {"context": " Himilco was elected \"king\" between 405 BC and 398 BC, so he was in Carthage part of that time. It is not known if he had any part in ruling the Sicilian territories, where Carthaginian rule was deemed harsh on her new subjects. When Dionysius broke the peace treaty in 404 BC by attacking the Sicel city of Herbessus, Carthage, possibly weakened by the plague, did not respond. In 403 BC Carthage provided mercenaries to restore Dionysius to power after he was besieged in Syracuse by a coalition of Sicilian Greek cities led by Syracusan rebels."}, {"context": " Dionysius massively fortified the city of Syracuse between 400 BC and 398 BC and built up his forces, adding new weapons like the catapult and quinqueremes to his arsenal. In 398 BC he attacked the Carthaginian city of Motya, sparking off the first of four wars he would launch on Carthage. The Greeks and Sicilians rebelled and joined Dionysius, leaving only 5 cities (Panormus, Solus, Segesta, Entella and Ankyara) in Sicily loyal to Carthage. The Greeks besieged simultaneously Motya, Segesta and Entella in Sicily while Himilco began to mobilize Carthaginian forces."}, {"context": " Without a standing army Himilco could not go to the aid of Motya immediately. While Carthage raised mercenaries and organized logistics, Himilco sent 10 triremes to attack Syracuse itself, hoping to draw off the Greeks from Motya. Although the Carthaginians sank whatever was afloat in the harbour of Syracuse, Dionysius did not withdraw his soldiers from Western Sicily. Himilco could not mount an assault on undefended Syracuse as he lacked soldiers. Himilco next manned 100 triremes and sailed to Selinus in Sicily and then arrived at Motya the following day. The Greeks had beached their transports to the south of Motya and their warships to the north, while the crews were busy building siege works. The Carthaginians first burned all beached transports then sailed north, trapping the Greek ships in the shallow waters north of the island of Motya. Had Himilco attacked the beached Greeks warships he may have won a great victory. The Carthaginian ships were positioned superbly on the narrow mouth of the channel between the Island of Motya and the isthmus, so the Greeks would not be able to sail out with their whole fleet, and if they sailed out in small groups they would face difficulty in manoeuvring and reforming."}, {"context": " Himilco's stratagem failed because instead of trying to engage the Carthaginian fleet, Dionysius sent his catapult armed ships and land based catapults to engage the Carthaginians with missiles. While Himilco's crews suffered casualties, Dionysius had his men drag 80 triremes across the base of the isthmus to the north of Motya into the open sea beyond. These ships then sailed south so the Carthaginians in turn were almost trapped between the Greeks firing catapults and the triremes. The Carthaginians sailed back to Carthage, and Motya eventually fell after days of fierce street fighting."}, {"context": " After capturing Motya, Dionysius kept Segesta and Entella under siege, garrisoned Motya and withdrew to Syracuse, while his brother Leptines was posted at Eryx with 120 ships (triremes and quinqueremes). Himilco marshalled an army of 50,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry and 400 chariots, while the Carthaginian navy mobilized 400 triremes and 600 transports. In term of number of warships this was the largest armada ever mobilized by Carthage. To keep any information from leaking to the Greeks, Himilco wrote down the armada's destinations in sealed letters, which were issued to his captains at the last moment. These letters were to be opened only if a storm caused the ships to become separated and lose sight of their flagship. The Carthaginian armada split into two groups: the transports headed straight for Panormus while the warships sailed north before turning east. Leptines managed to sink 50 transports (with 5,000 men and 200 chariots) but the rest of the transports reached Panormus aided by an opportune wind."}, {"context": " The Carthaginians, reinforced by Elymian and Sikan soldiers first marched to Motya from Panormus. Eryx, which had been betrayed to Dionysius through treachery, now fell to Himilco. Himilco next attacked and captured Motya, but decided to establish a city at Lilybaeum to replace Motya before marching north. When the Sikans refused to join Dionysius or leave their cities and the Sicel city Halyciae switched sides, Dionysius retreated to Syracuse after despoiling lands in Western Sicily. The siege of Segesta and Entella was over."}, {"context": " Himilco chose not to march to Syracuse along the southern coast of Sicily, as Dionysius had destroyed all the crops and hostile Greek cities stood on his path. After garrisoning Carthaginian territory, he made treaties with the cities of Thermae and Cephaleodium on the north coast of Sicily to secure his supply route. Himilco attacked Lipari (whose Dorian Greek inhabitants were notorious pirates and could pose a threat to Carthaginian supplies) with 300 triremes and 300 transports, captured the island and forced the Greeks to pay 30 talents as ransom. Then he sailed and disembarked at Cape Pelorum, 12 miles to the north of Messina."}, {"context": " Himilco did not march directly to Messina. When the Messinian army marched north, Himilco sent 200 triremes manned with picked rowers and soldiers to the city. Aided by a favourable wind, this fleet managed to arrive and capture the city before the Greeks doubled back. Had Himilco also defeated the Messinian army his would have won a complete victory, but he allowed the surviving Greeks to take refuge in nearby mountain fortresses, which Carthaginians could not quickly reduce. Himilco chose not to occupy Messina permanently, although it would have given Carthage permanent control over the Strait of Messina. Himilco probably was not confident of holding an area so far from Carthage. He faced a strategic dilemma: if he took time to reduce the mountain fortresses of Messina, Dionysius would have time to prepare or launch an attack on Carthaginian Sicily. If Himilco simply marched off, the Messinian Greeks could harass his rear. Dividing the army would weaken his striking power against Dionysius. Himilco found a clever solution to his strategic problem. The Carthaginians founded a city at Tauromenium, south of Messina and populated it with Sicels. This encouraged all the Sicel cities except Assurous to abandon Dionysius. Thus Himilco weakened his enemy while gaining additional allies and protection from the Messinian Greeks."}, {"context": " The Carthaginians marched south, with the fleet sailing along the coast but an eruption of Mt. Etna made the roads near Naxos impassable. The Carthaginian army under Himilco marched around the mountain while the navy under Mago sailed to Catana, where the army rejoined Mago's force after covering the 110\u00a0km trek in two days. Without the army's protection, the beached Carthaginian ships were vulnerable to the army of Dionysius, which had assembled at Catana. However, Mago managed to defeat the Greek fleet under Leptines, and Dionysius withdrew to Syracuse before Himilco arrived with the Carthaginian army."}, {"context": " From Catana Himilco marched south to Syracuse and camped to the south of the city while the Carthaginian fleet entered the Great Harbour. Himilco built his fortified camp near the temple of Zeus, then built 3 additional forts and employed 3,000 transports to bring in supplies for the Carthaginian force, while 208 warships were stationed at Syracuse. The land around Syracuse was ravaged for 30 days. The winter of 397 BC was spent in small skirmishes. In the spring of 396 BC, the Carthaginians captured the areas of the city not protected by walls and destroyed the temple of Demeter. During the summer a plague swept through the Carthaginian army, decimating their ranks. Dionysius launched a night attack that captured 2 forts but was unable to take the main camp. The Greek fleet also managed to burn and capture many of the Carthaginian ships \u2013 many of which was not properly manned."}, {"context": " Himilco chose to open negotiations with Dionysius. A bribe of 300 silver talents ensured the safe passage of 40 ships bearing all the Carthaginian citizens to Carthage. Himilco abandoned his mercenaries and allies to their fate. The Sicilians went home, the Iberians joined Dionysius while the rest were enslaved. The people of Carthage were outraged by Himilco's actions and the Libyans revolted and besieged the city. It is not known if Himilco was summoned before the tribunal of Hundred and Four. It was said that Himilco accepted full responsibility for the disaster, dressed up as a slave and then went to all the temples of the city, begging forgiveness. After that he bricked himself up in his house, refused to see his family and starved himself to death. His successor was Mago the Second."}]}, {"title": "Himiltrude", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himiltrude (c. 742-c.780?) was the mother of Charlemagne's first-born son Pippin the Hunchback. Little is known about Himiltrude's origins. Paulus Diaconus calls her a \"noble girl\". The appearance of her name in the fraternity books of Alemannian monasteries may suggest an affiliation with the Germanic Alemannian or Alsatian nobility, while other sources make her the daughter of a Burgundian count and a granddaughter of Grimbert\u00a0I, Count of Paris. It is not possible, however, to extrapolate any political ramifications from Charlemagne's relationship with Himiltrude."}, {"context": " Himiltrude probably entered into a relationship with Charlemagne during the lifetime of his father, Pepin the Younger. When Charlemagne acceded to the throne in 768, Himiltrude remained unnamed in official sources \u2013 contrary to the example set by Charlemagne's mother, Bertrada of Laon. Himiltrude bore Charles a son called P\u00e9pin. Shortly after Pepin's birth, an alliance was formulated between Charlemagne and the King of the Lombards, Desiderius. To seal the alliance, it was agreed that Charlemagne should marry Desiderius' daughter (called Desiderata by modern scholars)."}, {"context": " Himiltrude was dismissed at that time and disappears from historical records. A grave excavated in the monastery of Nivelles was found to contain the corpse of a forty-year-old woman, possibly identifiable with Himiltrude. If so, Himiltrude would appear to have died long after 770, although if and when she retired to Nivelles cannot be deduced. Her son P\u00e9pin, who suffered from a spinal deformity and was called \"the Hunchback\", was eclipsed by Charlemagne's sons from his later marriage to Hildegard. Following an attempted rebellion against his father, Pepin was confined to a monastery."}, {"context": " The nature of Himiltrude's relationship to Charlemagne is a matter of dispute. Charlemagne's biographer Einhard calls her a \"concubine\" and Paulus Diaconus speaks of Pippin's birth \"before legal marriage\", whereas a letter by Pope Stephen III refers to Charlemagne and his brother Carloman as being already married (to Himiltrude and Gerberga), and advises them not to dismiss their wives. Historians have interpreted the information in different ways. Some, such as Pierre Rich\u00e9, follow Einhard in describing Himiltrude as a concubine. Others, Dieter H\u00e4gemann for example, consider Himiltrude a wife in the full sense. Still others subscribe to the idea that the relationship between the two was \"something more than concubinage, less than marriage\" and describe it as a Friedelehe, a supposed form of marriage unrecognized by the Church and easily dissolvable. This form of relationship is often seen in a conflict between Christian marriage and more flexible Germanic concepts."}]}, {"title": "Himinbjo\u0308rg", "paragraphs": [{"context": " In Norse mythology, Himinbj\u00f6rg (Old Norse \"heaven's castle\" or \"heaven mountain\") is the home of the god Heimdallr. Himinbj\u00f6rg is attested in the \"Poetic Edda\", compiled from earlier traditional sources, and the \"Prose Edda\" and \"Heimskringla\", both written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. Himinbj\u00f6rg is associated with Heimdallr in all sources. According to the \"Poetic Edda\", Heimdallr dwells there as watchman for the gods and there drinks fine mead, whereas in the \"Prose Edda\" Himinbj\u00f6rg is detailed as located where the burning rainbow bridge Bifr\u00f6st meets heaven. Scholars have commented on the differences between the two attestations and linked the name of the mythical location to various place names."}, {"context": " Himinbj\u00f6rg receives a single mention in the \"Poetic Edda\". In the poem \"Gr\u00edmnism\u00e1l\", Odin (disguised as \"Gr\u00edmnir\"), tortured, starved and thirsty, tells the young Agnar of a number of mythological locations. The eighth location he mentions is Himinbj\u00f6rg, where he says Heimdallr drinks fine mead: Regarding the above stanza, Henry Adams Bellows comments that \"in stanza the two functions of Heimdall\u2014as father of mankind [ . . . ] and as warder of the gods\u2014seem both to be mentioned, but the second line in the manuscripts is apparently in bad shape, and in the editions it is more or less conjecture\"."}, {"context": " In the \"Prose Edda\", Himinbj\u00f6rg is mentioned twice, both times in the book \"Gylfaginning\". The first mention is found in chapter 27, where the enthroned figure of High informs Gangleri that Himinbj\u00f6rg stands where the burning bridge Bifr\u00f6st meets heaven. Later, in chapter 27, High says that Heimdallr lives in Himinbj\u00f6rg by Bifr\u00f6st and there guards the bridge from mountain jotnar while sitting at the edge of heaven. The above-mentioned \"Gr\u00edmnism\u00e1l\" stanza is quoted shortly thereafter. In \"Ynglinga saga\", compiled in \"Heimskringla\", Snorri presents an euhemerized origin of the Norse gods and rulers descending from them. In chapter 5, Snorri asserts that the \u00e6sir settled in what is now Sweden and built various temples. Snorri writes that Odin settled in Lake Logrin \"at a place which formerly was called Sigt\u00fanir. There he erected a large temple and made sacrifices according to the custom of the \u00c6sir. He took possession of the land as far as he had called it Sigt\u00fanir. He gave dwelling places to the temple priests.\" Snorri adds that, after this, Nj\u00f6r\u00f0r dwelt in N\u00f3at\u00fan, Freyr dwelt in Uppsala, Heimdallr at Himinbj\u00f6rg, Thor at \u00der\u00fa\u00f0vangr, Baldr at Brei\u00f0ablik and that to everyone Odin gave fine estates."}, {"context": " Regarding the differences between the \"Gr\u00edmnism\u00e1l\" and \"Gylfaginning\" attestations, scholar John Lindow says that while the bridge Bilr\u00f6st \"leads to the well, which is presumably at the center of the abode of the gods, Snorri's notion of Bilr\u00f6st as the rainbow may have led him to put Himinbj\u00f6rg at the end of heaven\". Lindow further comments that the notion \"is, however, consistent with the notion of Heimdall as a boundary figure\". 19th century scholar Jacob Grimm translates the name as \"the heavenly hills\", and links Himinbj\u00f6rg to a few common nouns and place names in various parts of Germanic Europe. Grimm compares \"Himinbj\u00f6rg\" to the Old Norse common noun \"himinfi\u00f6ll\" for especially high mountains, and the Old High German \"Himil\u00eenberg\" ('heavenly mountains'), a place haunted by spirits in the \"Vita sancti Galli\", a \"Himelberc\" in Liechtenstein and a \"Himilesberg\" near Fulda, Germany, besides more examples from Hesse, a \"Himmelsberg\" in V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland, Sweden and one, \"alleged to be Heimdall's\", in Halland, Sweden. Grimm further compares the Old Norse \"Himinv\u00e2ngar\", cognate to Old Saxon \"hebanwang\", \"hebeneswang\", a term for \"paradise\" and the Old English \"Heofenfeld\" ('heavenly field') mentioned by Bede."}]}, {"title": "Himiona Tupakihi Kamira", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himiona Tupakihi Kamira (1880 \u2013 28 August 1953) was a New Zealand historian and genealogist. Of M\u0101ori descent, he identified with the Te Aup\u014duri and Te Rarawa iwi. He was born in Reena, Northland, New Zealand on 1880."}]}, {"title": "Himitsu (Yui Horie album)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The album achieved a peak position of third in the Oricon Charts, staying in the chart for six weeks."}]}, {"title": "Himitsu (film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " It was chosen as the runner-up in the Best 10 films at the 21st Yokohama Film Festival."}]}, {"title": "Himitsu Kessha Kodomo A", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The band\u2019s lineup also included Nii (\u30cb\u30a4) and Takken (\u30bf\u30c3\u30b1\u30f3) on guitars, and Kouta (\u30b3\u30a6\u30bf) on bass. They were signed to the visual kei indie label UNDER CODE PRODUCTIONS. After releasing five maxi-singles, four live-only distributed singles, five mini-albums, a best-of album, and being featured on five omnibus albums, \u79d8\u5bc6\u7d50\u793e\u30b3\u30c9\u30e2A officially ceased activities on December 18, 2006 after Kouta announced his desire to leave the band, and various personal and legal issues involving Dai. They reformed as \u30ad\u30dc\u30a6\u5c4b\u672c\u8217 (Kibouya Honpo) and resumed activities in April 2007. However, on February 11th, 2008, \u30ad\u30dc\u30a6\u5c4b\u672c\u8217 ceased activities again.  The band revived as \u79d8\u5bc6\u7d50\u793e\u30b3\u30c9\u30e2A for one night on March 24, 2008."}]}, {"title": "Himitsu Sentai Gorenger", "paragraphs": [{"context": " When world peace is threatened by the emergence of a terrorist group called the Black Cross Army, a peacekeeping organization called EAGLE (for Earth Guard League) is formed by the United Nations to combat the threat. The Black Cross Army sends five operatives to destroy each EAGLE branch in Japan, killing everyone except for five agents. These surviving agents are summoned to a secret base located underneath the snack shop \"Gon\", where they are recruited by EAGLE Japan's commander, Gonpachi Edogawa. They become the Secret Squad Gorenger and are given electronic battlesuits that endow them with superhuman strength and speed. The five dedicate themselves to stopping the Black Cross Army and its leader, Black Cross F\u00fchrer."}, {"context": " The is a peacekeeping organization created by the United Nations to protect the world from the terrorist group known as the Black Cross Army. EAGLE develops the battlesuits and advanced technology used by the Gorengers to counteract the Black Cross Army's cyborg technology. The Gorengers transform into their costumes by shouting the word \"Go!\". Prior to battle, the team shouts . The is a terrorist group led by the Black Cross F\u00fchrer whose goal is the eradication of the human race and the absolute domination of the world. They utilize advanced technology and magic to create an army of superhuman operatives to attack EAGLE and Gorenger. Most of the Black Cross operatives are humans who have been enhanced through surgery. They had various secret bases across the globe. The main headquarters was the flying , which orbited high above the ground."}, {"context": " Episodes aired on Saturdays at 7:30\u00a0pm JST. The series was adapted into a manga written and drawn by Ishinomori and published in \"Weekly Sh\u014dnen Sunday\" magazine from May 4, 1975 to August 17, 1975. In this series, the Gorengers are all teenagers and Tsuyoshi's father is the head of EAGLE's Kanto branch. Tsuyoshi is given the Akarenger outfit by his father before he is murdered by the Black Cross Army. Tsuyoshi becomes Akarenger and recruits the others to become the Gorengers and avenge his father's death."}, {"context": " In the Philippines, \"Gorenger\" was dubbed into English and released as \"Star Rangers\" in 1978 and shown on Saturday afternoon on In this version, aside from their color designations, the Gorengers also had numeric designations, in order of their introduction to the enemy prior to battle: Akarenger = Star 1, Aorenger = Star 2, Kirenger = Star 3, Momorenger = Star 4, and Midorenger = Star 5. The series was broadcast in Thailand on Channel 7. In the United States, the original Japanese version was broadcast in Hawaii on Honolulu's KIKU-TV with English subtitles from 1975 through 1976, and the actors made personal appearances to promote the series. An unsubtitled version was also broadcast in California, on Sacramento's KMUV-TV in 1976, San Francisco's KEMO-TV in 1977.  The Blu-Ray release of Gorenger features interviews with the surviving cast of the series, Naoya Makoto (Akarenger), Hiroshi Myauchi (Aorenger), Jiro Daruma (Kirenger 2), Lisa Komaki (Momorenger) and Yukio Ito (Midorenger)."}]}, {"title": "Himitsu no Akko-chan", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The manga was drawn and written by Fujio Akatsuka, and was published in \"Ribon\" from 1962 to 1965. It predates the \"Mah\u014dtsukai Sunny\" (whose name became Sally in the \"Mah\u014dtsukai Sally\" anime) manga, printed in 1966. However, that title is the first magical girl anime as \"Himitsu no Akko-chan\" was not broadcast until 1969. The original anime ran for 94 episodes from 1969 to 1970. It was animated by Toei Animation and broadcast by TV Asahi (then known as NET). It has been remade twice, in 1988 (61 episodes, featuring Mitsuko Horie in the role of Akko-chan and singing the opening and ending themes) and in 1998 (44 episodes)."}, {"context": " Three movies were produced. \"Circus Da Ga Yattekita\" in 1969, and \"Himitsu no Akko-chan Movie\" and \"Umi da! Obake da!! Natsu Matsuri\" both released in 1989. It was adapted into a live action film released in September 1, 2012. Currently, an adaptation the series is running as a web manga, \"\u3072\u307f\u3064\u306e\u30a2\u30c3\u30b3\u3061\u3083\u3093 \u03bc\" (\"Himitsu no Akko-Chan \u03bc\", pronounced \"myu\".) It is written by Hiroshi Izawa, and drawn by Futago Kamikita. Atsuko Kagami is a childlike, arrogant elementary school girl who has an affinity for mirrors. One day, her favorite mirror which was given to Akko by her mother (or in some versions, by her father, as a present from India) is broken, and she prefers to bury it in her yard rather than throw it to the trashcan."}, {"context": " In her dreams, she is contacted by a spirit (or in some cases the Queen of the Mirror Kingdom) who is touched that the girl would treat the mirror so respectfully and not simply throw it away. Akko-chan is then given the gift of a magical mirror and taught enchantments, \"tekumaku mayakon, tekumaku mayakon\" and \"lamipus lamipus lu lu lu lu lu,\" that will allow her to transform into anything she wishes. Atsuko Kagami is often called Akko-chan for short. \u93e1\u30a2\u30c4\u5b50, from the name \u52a0\u8cc0\u7f8e\u3042\u3064\u5b50 but with the family-name part \u52a0\u8cc0\u7f8e, \"Kagami\", replaced by \u93e1. In Japanese, kagami means mirror. She is known as \"Stilly,\" \"Caroline,\" or \"Julie\" in Western versions of the anime."}, {"context": " The only media in the franchise to be officially translated into English is the 1980s run of the manga, translated as \"Akko-Chan's Got a Secret!\" The series briefly aired in its original Japanese on California channel KWHY-TV in the mid 1970's as Akko Chan's Secret. Otherwise largely unknown in the English-speaking world, \"Himitsu no Akko-chan\" enjoyed a good deal of success when it was exported to the European market in the 1980s. All three \"Akko-chan\" series have been screened on TV in Italy."}]}, {"title": "Himitsu no Hanazono", "paragraphs": [{"context": " A 28-year-old magazine editor who is tired of work and feels she doesn't have a life is assigned to be in charge of a very popular cartoonist with a lovely name, Yuriko Hanazono. But as she goes to Hanazono's residence/office, she is met by four men who seem to be her assistants. It turns out the men are brothers who form a team named Yuriko Hanazono by taking roles to create popular comics. The exhausted editor may find the key to being happy while she is being driven crazy by this unique gang of brothers.  2 works with no relation to this TV series:"}]}, {"title": "Himitsu no Kuchizuke", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Himitsu no Recipe", "paragraphs": [{"context": " On manga-news.com, the staff gave it a rating of 14 out of 20. On Manga Sanctuary, two of the staff gave it an averaged rating of 5 out of 10. On AnimeLand, the staff gave both volumes a rating of \"interesting\" (4) out of 6."}]}, {"title": "Himitsu \u2013 Top Secret", "paragraphs": [{"context": " It has been adapted into an anime series, , by Madhouse and broadcast in Japan on NTV between April 8, 2008 and September 30, 2008. The story takes place five decades from now, when brain scanners have been perfected to the point that the government can retrieve up to five years' worth of memories from people's minds \u2014 even if they are dead. The investigators of the National Research Institute of Police Science's 9th Forensics Laboratory must weigh the ethical choices in the ultimate invasion of privacy as they delve into people's minds to solve crimes."}, {"context": " The Director of Section Nine. He is a young beautiful androgynous man who leads his force with strict but fair rules. He used to be more open but became closed off after having to shoot his best friend. It is later revealed in episodes 12-13 that he saved a man from starvation but this man became obsessed with Maki and became a serial murder who murdered 28 boys while alive before committing suicide and hypnotizing ten other boys to commit suicide (though one survives) as these boys all looked like Maki and he wanted to torture and make them suffer the way he wanted to make Maki suffer because he loved and hated him. Despite being colder and more closed off after this incident, he still ultimately retains a kind heart and good sense of justice and is respected and retains the loyalty of his subordinates as a result. He is initially conscious of Aoki due to his similarities to Katsuhiro, his late best friend but also favors him among the newcomers and grows closer to him throughout the series."}, {"context": " The main protagonist. He is a young bespectacled man recently assigned to Section nine. He is kind, earnest and hard working. He was in love with his sister which is part of the reason why he moves away from home. His ability to read people's lips helps greatly when investigating deaths. He also heavily empathizes with the victims and having to reveal their secrets. He showed romantic interest in Yukiko and later Amachi but Yukiko rejects him despite mutual attraction and Amachi is murdered before anything can come of it."}, {"context": " One of the members of section nine. She is kind and playful and close friends with Maki. She reveals an ability of psychometry, or an ability to hear and feel emotions from objects of strong personal value. She showed romantic interest in Aoki but nothing came of it as she is murdered in episode 23. One of the older members of Section Nine. He is older and has more experience with some of the darker cases Section nine has to go through. He is married to a designer. A man with a strong sense of justice and is a recent graduate from the police academy. Because he is a newcomer, he tends to be impulsive and needs to gain more experience."}, {"context": " A scientist in charge of setting up, programming and monitoring the MRI that connects to the victim's brains and shows the images they saw through their memories during their life. He is the student of Professor Schubert who created the MRI system and best friend of American John Considince a world specialist in bionics who helped him repair the MRI machine after Suzuki shot it. John was killed a week before Onogida himself is murdered after Aoki helps him realize someone was stealing MRI data and selling it elsewhere and Onogida himself uncovers a bigger secret before his untimely death."}, {"context": " A technician that works with and monitors the machinery alongside Onogida. She admired Onogida and is particularly heart broken when he dies. Maki's best friend whom he was forced to shoot a year and a half prior to the start of the series. He is similar to Aoki in their earnest personalities and the air around them. It is revealed that in order to spare Maki the grief and guilt of having been indirectly responsible for inspiring a man to become a serial murderer, Katsuhiro decided to look at the criminal's mind. However, the mind was so warped with lust towards killing those boys that it drove Katsuhiro insane and, not wanting Maki to see this and be tainted and \"infected\", destroyed the MRI machine and begged for Maki to shoot him. It is revealed part of the data of Kainuma's memory is missing and it was these files that drove Suzuki insane because by seeing Kainuma's memories Kainuma was able to place a hypnosis spell on Suzuki and anyone who saw the footage, which Suzuki realized and decided must be destroyed so there would be no other victims."}, {"context": " Suzuki's lover prior to his death and friend to Maki. She is a 35-year-old formidable woman and doctor/ medical examiner of Section One who has a strange habit of falling asleep on autopsy tables and refers to the deceased as her \"lovers\". She has bad luck with men. She takes a leave of absence after her carelessness leads her to be infected with a virus and she decides she is getting old and needs a break. She is strong, independent, stubborn to a fault and a formidable opponent with martial arts experience. She is nonetheless kind and devoted to helping others. Aoki falls in love with her but she rejects his advances despite being attracted to him as well due to wanting to treasure her memories of Suzuki."}, {"context": " A stuck up self-centered man who wishes to use MRI to his own benefit and vice Director of Section Nine and leader of the Committee and does not care about the well-being of others, even once sending criminals to suicide as part of an experiment. He constantly clashes with Maki and is ultimately killed in episode 26. The anime uses two pieces of theme music. by ALvino is the opening theme, while by Maki Chang is the ending theme. The \"Himitsu \u2013 Top Secret\" has been recommended by a jury at the 2007 Japan Media Arts Festival and again in 2008.  The fourth volume of \"Himitsu \u2013 Top Secret\" was ranked 4th on the Tohan charts between January 29 and February 4, 2008. The fifth volume of \"Himitsu \u2013 Top Secret\" was ranked 5th on the Tohan Charts between July 29 and August 4, 2008. The sixth volume of \"Himitsu \u2013 Top Secret\" was ranked 29th and 23rd between February 24 and March 9, 2008. The seventh volume of \"Himitsu \u2013 Top Secret\" was ranked 11th on the Tohan charts between October 26 and November 1, 2009, and 28th the following week."}]}, {"title": "Himizu (film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The film competed in competition at the 68th Venice International Film Festival in September. At the festival, Sh\u014dta Sometani and Fumi Nikaid\u014d received the Marcello Mastroianni Award for Best New Young Actor and Actress for their work in the film. The director Sion Sono had already written the film's script when the T\u014dhoku earthquake and tsunami struck Japan on 11 March 2011. After this disaster, he decided to rewrite the script to adapt the film to this disaster. The lead stars of the film were officially announced on 10 June 2011. The lead actor for the film is Sh\u014dta Sometani, who plays the role of Sumida, a 15-year-old who suffers from the violence that his father inflicted onto him. Actress Fumi Nikaid\u014d his co-star, plays Chazawa, a rich girl who is Sumida's classmate."}, {"context": " Additional cast members of the film are Y\u014dsuke Kubozuka, Yuriko Yoshitaka, Anne Suzuki and singer Takahiro Nishijima. Actress Yoshitaka previously starred in the 2006 film \"Noriko's Dinner Table\", which was also directed by Sion Sono. Nishijima is from the music group AAA, and also previously starred in Sion Sono's 2009 award-winning film \"Love Exposure\". Most of the filming took place at a special set in Ibaraki Prefecture during May 2011. \"Himizu\" currently holds a 94% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The film was a \"New York Times\" Critics' Pick, with Miriam Bale praising its sound design and noting Sono \"uses sound, a low, grumbling noise like an earthquake, to convey [dystopian Japan]. He also gives the film a harrowing cacophony and a sense of trauma with sound effects, including subtle echoes.\" Deborah Young of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the film as being \"fraught with brutal violence and needless repetition that draws out its two-hour running time\" and added that the film \"is still not an easy film to like\". However, the reviewer praised the ending of the film, which she describes as \"achingly real\" and \"extraordinarily intense and effective\". She also praised the film's young leads Sh\u014dta Sometani and Fumi Nikaid\u014d, who she said \"grow in stature as the film progresses\"."}]}, {"title": "Himjyoti Talukdar", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himjyoti Talukdar () is an Indian film director, producer and scriptwriter from Assam. He made his directorial debut with the Assamese film, \"Calendar\" which was released on 16 February 2018. It received seven awards at Prag Cine Awards North East 2018 including \"Best Debut Director\". Talukdar was born in Biswanath Chariali, Assam. He completed his school education in Chariali HSMP School. After completing his graduation in Economics from Biswanath College, he moved to New Delhi for his Master of Business Administration course. He completed MBA in Human Resource and PGPM in Marketing from Cosmic Business School."}, {"context": " In 2010, Himjyoti Talukdar started an online archive of Assamese culture named \"Enajori.com\" which contains old articles, photos, songs and even old movies. Subsequently, three more websites were launched which are Xurorenajori.info containing old Assamese songs, Sahityarathi.com on literary works of Lakshminath Bezbaroa, and Dipali Barthakur.info about the Assamese singer Dipali Barthakur. In 2016, he launched an android app under enajori.com initiative as Sahityarathi which contains literary works of Sahityarathi Lakshminath Bezbaroa.  In 2016, he ventured into Assamese filmmaking with \"Marksheet\" where he was the writer and co-producer. His directorial debut \"Calendar\", under the banner of \u2018Enajori Talkies\u2019, was released across Assam on 16 February 2018."}]}, {"title": "Himla Soodyall", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himla (Himladevi) Soodyall (b Durban, 1963) is a South African geneticist involved in finding some of the oldest human genetic lines, mainly focusing on Sub-Saharan Africa. She is Director of the Human Genomic Diversity and Disease Research Laboratory, National Health Laboratory Service and University of the Witwatersrand. She was awarded a Bronze Order of Mapungubwe in 2005 for her \"Outstanding contributions in the field of science\" in South Africa. Soodyall was educated at Gandhi-Desai High School before obtaining a BSc at the University of Durban and an MSc in biotechnology from the University of the Witwatersrand. Her PhD, on human population and evolutionary genetics, was obtained in 1993 under the supervision of Trefor Jenkins.  Soodyall spent 4 years at Pennsylvania State University doing postdoctoral research with Mark Stoneking, before returning to South Africa in 1996 to set up her own laboratory at the South African Institute for Medical Research (now the National Health Laboratory Service). Himla Soodyall is the author of \"A Walk in the Garden of Eden\"."}]}, {"title": "Himle", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himle may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Himle (locality)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himle is a locality situated in Varberg Municipality, Halland County, Sweden, with 278 inhabitants in 2010."}]}, {"title": "Himlea\u030an", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himle\u00e5n is a river in Sweden."}]}, {"title": "Himlen a\u0308r oskyldigt bla\u030a", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himlen \u00e4r oskyldigt bl\u00e5 may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Himlen runt ho\u0308rnet", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himlen runt h\u00f6rnet is a 1992 Lisa Nilsson album. The album was awarded a Grammis Award in the \"album\" of the year. category and a Rockbj\u00f6rnen award in the \"Swedish record of the year\" category. The album was also recorded in an English language-version, as \"Ticket to Heaven\"."}]}, {"title": "Himlen runt ho\u0308rnet (song)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"Himlen runt h\u00f6rnet\" is a song first released as a single by Lisa Nilsson in 1992. In 1995 it was released in English with the title, \"Ticket to Heaven\". The song was given a Grammis award for \"Song of the year 1992\" and won the Rockbj\u00f6rnen award in the \"Swedish song of the year 1995\" category The song was later also performed by its composer Mauro Scocco, Nilsson, and Swedish blues artist Driftwood. The song formed part of his album \"La Dolce Vita - Det B\u00e4sta 1982-2003\"."}]}, {"title": "Himler Coal Company", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himler Coal Company was a cooperative mining company established in 1918 by Hungarian-American immigrant Martin Himler. The company was responsible for the establishment of two company towns, Himler (now Ajax), West Virginia and Himlerville (now Beauty), Kentucky. Its finances exhausted, the company was wiped out by flooding in 1928. Himler Coal Company is remembered for its unique organizational structure, believed to be the only coal mining company ever organized on a cooperative basis. On May 7, 1907, the \"S.S. Carpathia\" arrived at New York City carrying among its passengers an impoverished 18-year old ethnic Jew from Hungary, Martin Himler. The youth obtained his first job working in the coal mines of Thacker, West Virginia, before taking a similar job as a miner in Iselin, Pennsylvania."}]}, {"title": "Himley", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himley is a small village and civil parish in the English ceremonial county of Staffordshire, situated 4 miles west of Dudley and 5 miles southwest of Wolverhampton. At the time of the 2011 Census, Himley had a population of 802. It is most notable for being the location of Himley Hall, the former home of the Lords of Dudley. Himley parish became part of Seisdon Union following the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, and later the Seisdon Rural District until 1974, when it became part of the newly formed South Staffordshire district. Despite these administrative boundaries, Himley Hall is owned by Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council. Located next to Himley Hall is St. Michael\u2019s Church, the only church in the village, which was erected in 1764 and is a Grade II listed building."}, {"context": " Himley is situated off the intersection of the main A449 road between Wolverhampton and Kidderminster, and the B4176 road between Dudley and Telford. Bus routes run along this road, notably National Express West Midlands 256 from Wolverhampton to Stourbridge. Between 1925 and 1932, there was a railway station known as Himley railway station on the Wombourne Branch Line. It was operated by the Great Western Railway. A picnic area now stands on the site of the station. Regular events take place at Himley Hall such as wedding functions and exhibitions, as well as local council-organised firework displays. Himley Golf Club, located within the grounds of Himley Hall, is open to the public."}, {"context": " The Old Rectory, built , is almost as big as the St. Michael\u2019s Church behind it. The building, which had been sold by the Church of England in the 1950s, is now a private residence and is briefly mentioned in Nikolaus Pevsner\u2019s \u2018Buildings of Staffordshire\u2019. When the building was still a working rectory, its garden was once visited by Mary of Teck \u2013 Queen consort as the wife of George V. The rectory for the parish is now in Swindon. There are two parks in Himley: the main park located within the boundaries of Himley Hall; and a second smaller park located on School Road.  The Crooked House pub is just within the boundaries of Himley parish. The grounds of Himley Cricket Club have held one Twenty20 match for Worcestershire. Website of Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council"}]}, {"title": "Himley Cricket Club", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himley Cricket Club is an amateur cricket club in Himley, South Staffordshire, which is near Dudley. Founded in 1883 their 1st XI is currently in the Birmingham and District Premier League Premier division, and their 2nd XI in the first division. They run 3 further sides on Saturdays, 2 in the worcestershire county league and 1 in the staffordshire club cricket championship. The club reached the national village ko final at lords in 1988. They play their home games at Stourbridge Road, Himley. Website: HimleyCC Website"}]}, {"title": "Himley Hall", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himley Hall is an early 17th-century country house situated in Staffordshire, England. It is situated in the south of the county in the small village of Himley, near to the town of Dudley and the city of Wolverhampton. Himley Hall is a Grade II* listed building. Its park and garden, which were extended in the 1770s by Lancelot \"Capability\" Brown, are Grade II listed with the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. In early days, it was a moated manor house, standing beside the medieval church. For over four centuries it served as a secondary home to the Lords of Dudley and their knights. Its occupants included Dud Dudley, whose 17th-century experiments in smelting iron ore with coal were carried out nearby. In 1645, King Charles I encamped in the grounds on his way to defeat at the Battle of Naseby during the English Civil War."}, {"context": " In 1628, the Ward family inherited the title Lords of Dudley through the marriage of Humble Ward to the heiress to the Dudley estates, Frances Sutton. Humble Ward was the son of the jeweller and goldsmith to the court of King Charles I. Following damage to Dudley Castle during the Civil War, Himley Hall became the principal family home. The current hall dates from the 18th century when John Ward demolished the medieval manor to make way for a great Palladian mansion. The village of Himley was relocated at this time, and its church rebuilt on its present site in 1764. In 1774 John Ward died and was succeeded by his son John Ward, Junior, who commissioned Capability Brown to redesign the of parkland. Changes in Brown's 1779 plans included the addition of a lake, fed by a series of waterfalls from a higher chain of smaller pools."}, {"context": " The family left Himley in the 1830s, because it was too close to the Black Country. They instead lived in great grandeur on their mineral wealth at Witley Court at Great Witley in Worcestershire. In 1934, the Duke and Duchess of Kent honeymooned at Himley. The Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII) spent his last weekend there before his abdication. After the Second World War, the property was sold to the National Coal Board for \u00a345,000 in January 1947, only two hours before it was set to go on the auction block. The board planned to use as office space for 250 of its West Midlands staff. Three months later, during its conversion for this new purpose, a fire broke out and gutted the South wing. The house was unoccupied when fire broke out, and all of Lord Dudley's art and furnishings had been removed three days prior. This part of the house was rebuilt, but not according to its former appearance. The decline in the coal mining industry in the area led to the Hall being once more put on the market."}, {"context": " In 1966, it was purchased jointly by Dudley and Wolverhampton County Borough Councils \u2212 despite existing within the Seisdon Urban District (and then South Staffordshire from 1974). The park was opened as a public leisure area. In 1988, Dudley bought Wolverhampton's share, gaining outright ownership. Set in the grounds of Himley Hall, Himley Park was created in the 1970s and is now visited by over 200,000 visitors each year. It features a large lake and hill with many woodland walks along with open parkland. It is well known for its thriving population of ducks. There is a small log cabin cafe which is open for hot food and drinks.  There is also a nine-hole public golf course which was designed by A & K Baker in 1980 and a family pitch and putt within the park, along with public fishing on the lake. Himley Hall sailing club have sailed on the Great Lake since 1970 and are a RYA registered training centre."}]}, {"title": "Himley railway station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himley was a station on the Wombourne Branch Line. Unlike other stops along the route, it was deemed worthy of full station status. It was opened by the Great Western Railway in 1925 and closed in 1932. It served the community around Himley Hall. A picnic area now stands on the site of the station. It is also part of the South Staffordshire Railway Walk but is the final stretch of track still in situ as after the site is a landfill site."}]}, {"title": "Himma", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Himmacia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmacia is a genus of moths of the Depressariidae family."}]}, {"title": "Himmacia diligenda", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmacia diligenda is a moth in the Depressariidae family. It was described by Meyrick in 1928. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Texas. The wingspan is about 25\u00a0mm. The forewings are pale rosy, slightly tinged with greyish-ochreous. The stigmata is faintly infuscated, hardly traceable. The hindwings are ochreous-whitish."}]}, {"title": "Himmacia huachucella", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmacia huachucella is a moth in the Depressariidae family. It was described by August Busck in 1908. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Arizona. The wingspan is 21\u201325\u00a0mm. The forewings are unicolorous salmon ochreous, the costa slightly more red. The hindwings are light ochreous fuscous, slightly darker around the margins. The larvae feed on \"Quercus hypoleucoides\" and \"Quercus arizonica\"."}]}, {"title": "Himmacia stratia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmacia stratia is a moth in the Depressariidae family. It was described by Hodges in 1974. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Arizona. The wingspan is about 20\u00a0mm. Adults have been recorded on wing in July and August."}]}, {"title": "Himmafushi (Kaafu Atoll)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmafushi (Dhivehi: \u0780\u07a8\u0787\u07b0\u0789\u07a6\u078a\u07aa\u0781\u07a8) is one of the inhabited islands of Kaafu Atoll. The island is northeast of the country's capital, Mal\u00e9. It is located in North Mal\u00e9 Atoll. Himmafushi is about from Male Airport. The only way to reach it is by boat. The locals rely on fishing and tourism for their livelihood. The island has its own fish processing company and a boat building facility to ease the demands of its own people. Himmafushi has about 850 locals but the population can rise to over 2000 as Himmafushi also houses the minor delinquent prison and a drug rehabilitation centre. Industry in Himmafushi consists of a water bottling facility and a tuna factory. There are three shops that sell the basic necessities and a few big souvenir shops as well."}, {"context": " Himmafushi is less than a km long and wide. There is a semi legal bikini beach and a seasonal surf beach. There is a harbour restaurant which is an easygoing affair selling meals starting from US$3. There is no alcohol obtainable on the island. The staple diet contains tuna and coconut. The kitchen is simple but good. There are no dogs on the island but a few cats. Wildlife are birds and bats The Locals are very quiet - rarely a loud noise from the men and never from the women. The men are relatively easy going. Muslim faith is upheld thus most women are in hijab. There is no deliberate thieving or violent crime from locals. However, be aware of dishonest conduct such as overcharging visitors etc."}, {"context": " Himmafushi is ideal for the budget conscious traveller that wants to have a relaxing holiday and see a bit of local life. Snorkelling tours etc. can be booked. Be sure to bring some cheap reef shoes/water socks. Snorkelling equipment can be hired and is supplied for the tours. The bikini beach is shallow and warm - so very family friendly. Snorkelling is simply world class. Himmafushi, a local island, is geographically recognized for its world-famous surfing and diving spots. To reach the hotels on Himmafushi Island, a public ferryboat or chartered speedboat can be arranged by hotels, for which payment will be collected upon check-in. Locally arranged airport pickups can be unreliable.  The ferry takes 50 minutes to reach Himmafushi Island and costs approximately USD 2.00 per person per way. The ferry departs from Male\u2019 at 15:30 hrs, and the return journey departs from Himmafushi Island at 08:00 hrs. For flights landing after 13:00 hrs, passengers need to take the speedboat transfer or make arrangements to stay in Male\u2019. There are no ferry services on Friday."}]}, {"title": "Himmanshoo A. Malhotra", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmanshoo A. Malhotra (; born Himanshu Malhotra) is an Indian actor. Himmanshoo first came to light when he was selected to participate in Zee Cinestars ki Khoj in 2004. The actor is a familiar face on Indian television as he has appeared in various shows like Hum Tum, Bindass Champ, Seven, Shubh Kadam, Aap Ki Antara, and Bhagonwali-Baante Apni Taqdeer. Himmanshoo made his Bollywood debut in Raj Sippy's Mr. Khujli. Along with his recurring roles, he has had one-time appearances in several shows like Star One's Horror Nights, Imagine's Kitani Mohabbat Hai 2, and Zee TV's Pavitra Rishta. He can be seen in Sony's Love Marriage Ya Arranged Marriage playing the character of Anoop. He has had appeared in Zee TV's Rab Se Sona Ishq. Along with that he has done episodics in Yeh Hai Aashiqui on Bindass opposite Shivshakti Sachdev, Encounter on Sony Tv and Fear Files on Zeetv. Himmanshoo A Malhotra has been selected to essay an important role in Airlines serial of Star Plus. He participated in Nach Baliye 7 with wife Amruta Khanvilkar and won. He also joined the cast of Ek Nayi Ummeed - Roshni as Dr. Sameer Purohit on Life Ok.  He was seen in Bollywood Crime Thriller film Wajah Tum Ho, which was released in Late 2016."}]}, {"title": "Himmaste", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmaste is a settlement in P\u00f5lva Parish, P\u00f5lva County in southeastern Estonia. Folklorist, theologist, linguist and national awakening figure Jakob Hurt (1839\u20131907) was born as the son of a local schoolteacher in Himmaste."}]}, {"title": "Himmat (1941 film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmat is a 1941 Bollywood Hindi film. It starred Manorama, Radha and Ragni. The film features the first-ever version of the popular song \"Inhi Logon Ne\", sung by Shamshad Begum. This song was then used in the 1943 film \"Aabroo\" and was sung by yesteryear comic actor Yakub. \"Inhi Logon Ne\" gained popularity and recognition from the 1972 film, \"Pakeezah\", in which it was sung by Lata Mangeshkar, and picturised on Meena Kumari."}]}, {"title": "Himmat (1970 film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmat (English: Courage; Hindi: \u0939\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924) is a 1970 Bollywood Action film, produced by P. Mallikharjuna Rao under the Bharathi International Films banner and directed by Ravikant Nagaich. It stars Jeetendra, Mumtaz in the lead roles and music composed by Laxmikant Pyarelal. The film is remake of Telugu movie \"Adrushtavanthalu\" (1968), starring Akkineni Nageswara Rao, Jayalalithaa in the pivotal roles. After the death of his father, Raghu and his mother are left in a destitute way of living, which prompts him to steal food for the survival of his mother. The police then arrest him, while his mother dies in the process; before he could reach the police station he escapes and is taken in by a criminal don only to become an outlaw. When he is asked to abduct a child which results in the death of the mother, his heart changes and he decides to surrender to the law. Years later after his release from jail, Raghu (Jeetendra) challenges the Inspector Mathur (K.N. Singh) that he will go straight and he becomes a truck driver for survival with the help of his friend Tiger (Jagdeep)."}, {"context": " While delivering goods via his truck, Raghu, the truck driver and his sidekick, Tiger, help out a young man, who turns out to be a woman in disguise named Malti (Mumtaz). Malti falls in love with Raghu and gets married. Malti soon gives birth to a baby girl, Banthu (Baby Naaz). Things are going well for this family when a visit from Police Inspector Mathur turns their lives upside down. For Mathur knows Raghu's criminal background and underground links, and refuses to believe that Raghu has now given up his old ways. Because of the interference of Raghu's criminal boss (Prem Chopra) and Inspector Mathur, Raghu not only loses his job but is unable to find any work, disaster strikes, contrived by the gangster who wants Raghu to reunite with the gang. Can Raghu prove to society, the law and to Malti that he has indeed reformed?"}]}, {"title": "Himmat (1996 film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmat (English: Dare) is a 1996 Bollywood action film directed by Sunil Sharma, starring Sunny Deol, Tabu and Shilpa Shetty. The Film released on 5 January 1996. Two Indian Secret Service Agents, Ajay Saxena and Abdul, are not only co-workers, but also live like brothers and family. Their Chief asks Abdul to take charge of Project M, dealing with India's nuclear capability for defense, while Ajay proceeds on a vacation to Switzerland. Once there, he meets with beautiful Anju and both fall in love with each other. When he returns to India, he is told that Abdul has been killed, the file pertaining to Project M is missing, and he is assigned the task of not only recovering the file but also apprehending the culprits. Ajay sets out to Bangalore and finds that Anju also lives there with her wealthy businessman dad, Brij Mohan, alias BM. Ajay will soon find out that his romance with Anju is short-lived as her dad may be connected with the masterminds who had the secret file stolen, and are now determined to do away with Ajay as they had with Abdul.  Music: Anand-Milind The music of the film was composed by Anand Chitragupt and Milind Chitragupt. Lyrics were penned By Sameer. The soundtrack was released in 1994 on Audio Cassettes, on Tips Music, which consists of 7 songs. The full album was recorded by Kumar Sanu, Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik, Poornima, Abhijeet, Bali Brahmabhatt, & Suresh Wadkar"}]}, {"title": "Himmat (app)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmat is women safety mobile application of Delhi Police. It was launched by Home Minister Rajnath Singh on 1 January 2015. The app is freely available for Android mobile phones and can be downloaded from Delhi Police website. Delhi Police plans to launch app for other platforms in future. Uttar Pradesh Police is planning a similar app called Nirbhaya (Mobile App) which is currently launched for Noida by Noida Police."}]}, {"title": "Himmat Aur Mehanat", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmat Aur Mehanat (English: Courage & Effort; Hindi: \u0939\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0939\u0928\u0924) is a 1987 Bollywood drama film, produced by B. S. Shaad under the BRAR Productions banner and directed by K. Bapaiah. It stars Jeetendra, Sridevi in the pivotal roles and music composed by Bappi Lahiri. The film is a remake of the Telugu movie \"Pachani Samsaram\" (1970), starring Krishna, Vanisri in the lead roles. Nurse Jyoti gets hired by a wealthy male, Madan, wins his confidence, and is permitted to virtually run the entire household. When Madan's son, Vijay Kumar, returns from New York, he sexually molests then eventually marries her. Then differences arise between her and Madan, and despite the birth of a son, escalate to the point when Madan and Vijay both accuse her of having an affair with another male, leaving her no choice but to leave the household. Vijay has a change of heart and goes to visit his son and estranged wife, but is shocked to find that they are not alone, and she has had another son."}]}, {"title": "Himmat Kothari", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmat Kothari (born 3 February 1947) is an Indian politician. He is a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party from Madhya Pradesh, and currently serves as chairman of the state finance commission. He is a six time legislator who also served as the state home minister. He was first elected to the legislative assembly in 1977 from Ratlam city. He was re-elected in 1980, 1985, and 1990. He was sworn in as Cabinet minister in the Patwa ministry (1990-1992) and was given the portfolio of PWD department. He was re-elected in 1998 and 2003. He was sworn in as cabinet minister in babulal guar ministry on 1 June 2005 and was given the department of forest and cooperative. He was sworn in as cabinet minister in the Shivraj Singh Chauhan ministry and was given the portfolio of forest and transport. He was given the department of Home and transport in 2007. He was given the best minister award in 2008. He was made the chairman of the state finance commission in 2014.  He is also the only minister who has no corruption charges against him. Even people from the opposition party admire this."}]}, {"title": "Himmat Pura Anand Basti", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmat Pura Anand Basti : is a historic locality in the surroundings of Charminar, The biggest landmark in the locality was two storied building Hidayath Manzil & Rashid Manzil that time,during those days only few buildings were erected.The most of the dwellings were Kutcha houses and only few residence were pucca houses. It has a renowned Old Mosque, Chamkura Masjid, where residents offer their congregational prayers in large numbers."}]}, {"title": "Himmat Rai", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmat Singh Rai (born 18 May 1987) is an Indian professional golfer who won the 2011 ISPS Handa Singapore Classic."}]}, {"title": "Himmat Singh", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Maharaja Himmat Singhji (2 September 1899 \u2013 24 November 1960) was the last ruler of the princely state of Idar State. He was Maharaja of Idar from 1931 to 1948. He was the eldest son of Maharaja Daulat Singh was born on 2 September 1899 at Jodhpur. He was educated at Mayo College at Ajmer. He attended the Coronation of the King George V and Queen Mary, at Westminster Abbey, in London and served as Page-of-Honour to the King-Emperor at the Delhi Coronation Durbar in 1911. He succeeded on the death of his father on 14 April 1931 as Maharaja of Idar state and was installed on the \"gadi\" (throne) at Himmatnagar on 11 July 1931. Upon independence of India, he merged his state in to Union of India on 10 June 1948."}, {"context": " He also held the title of Colonel-in-Chief of Idar Sir Pratap Infantry from 1931-1954. He was an outstanding all-round sportsman with varied interests of sports like - hunting, horse-racing, polo, tent-pegging and pig-sticking, cricket and football. He died on 24 November 1960. He had two sons Maharaja \"Daljit Singh\" (who succeeded him as Maharaja of Idar) and Maharaj Shri Amar Singhji. The town of Himmatnagar, which served as Capital of Idar State, was renamed after him from Ahmadnagar by his father Maharaja Sir Daulat Singhji in year 1912, who was then the heir-apparent to the throne of Idar."}]}, {"title": "Himmat Singh (Sikhism)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Bhai Himmat Singh (1661\u20131705) was one of the Panj Pyare, or the Five Beloved in Sikhism. He was born in 1661 at Jagannath Puri in modern day Odisha, India. (his family business was water supplying). He came to Anandpur at the young age of 17, and attached himself to the service of Guru Gobind Singh. Bhai Himmat, as he was called before his initiation, was one of the five Sikhs who one by one offered to lay down their heads in response to the Guru's successive calls made at an assembly of the Sikhs especially summoned on the occasion of Baisakhi of 1756 Bk corresponding to 14 April 1699. He along with the other four received the vows of the Khalsa at Guru Gobind Singh's hands and was renamed Himmat Singh. Bhai Himmat Singh proved a brave warrior and, while at Anandpur, he took part in battles with the surrounding hill chiefs and imperial commanders. He died in the battle of Chamkaur on 22 December 1705 together with Bhai Sahib Singh and Bhai Mukham Singh."}]}, {"title": "Himmat Singh (cricketer)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmat Singh (born 8 November 1996) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Delhi in domestic cricket. He bats right-handed and bowls right-arm off break. He represented Delhi at the Under-16, Under-19 and Under-23 levels and North Zone at the Under-19 level. Himmat was selected in the Delhi squad for 2014\u201315 Ranji Trophy after his fine performance for the Delhi Under-19s, but did not appear in any of the matches. He made his List A cricket debut at the age of 19 during the 2015\u201316 Vijay Hazare Trophy in December 2015. Later that month, Himmat's father Tejbir Singh filed a criminal defamation case against Kirti Azad, Bishan Singh Bedi, Surinder Khanna and Sameer Bahadur for allegedly stating that Tejbir had exchanged 25 lakh for his son's selection in the Delhi squad for the Vijay Hazare Trophy.  He made his first-class debut for Dehli in the 2017\u201318 Ranji Trophy on 14 October 2017. He made his Twenty20 debut for Delhi in the 2017\u201318 Zonal T20 League on 9 January 2018. In December 2018, he was named in India's team for the 2018 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup. Later the same month, he was bought by the Royal Challengers Bangalore in the player auction for the 2019 Indian Premier League."}]}, {"title": "Himmat Singh Shergill", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmat Singh Shergill is an Indian politician from Punjab. He contested the Lok Sabha election 2014 from Anandpur Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency) as an Aam Aadmi Party candidate . He also contested Punjab assembly election 2017 from Majitha constituency. His late father Shamsher Singh Shergill was a leading Advocate at Punjab and Haryana High Court. After doing his schooling at Lawrence School Sanawar, he did his BA(Hons.) in Political Science and then moved to UK for further studies in Law where he did his LLB(Hons.), P.G.D. in Professional and Legal Skills and Bar-at-Law."}, {"context": " Himmat Singh Shergill contested his first election from Shri Anandpur Sahib Lok Sabha constituency in 2014. He secured 28.15%votes and was leading in 4 out of 9 assembly segments. He was shifted to Majitha Assembly sear from his home seat Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar assembly constituency in 2017 elections. Shergill is very daring person .Despite getting maximum votes in Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar Assembly Constituency in 2014 parliamentary elections ,he shifted to Majitha Assembly Constituency as all others had refused to contest against Bikram Singh Majithia.He had got ticket from Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar Assembly Constituency and after campaigning for 4 months in Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar Assembly Constituency for 2017 Assembly elections he was shifted to Majitha Assembly Constituency on asking of Arvind Kejriwal. During a rally in Majitha while declaring his candidature from Majitha after shifting him from SAS Nagar Arvind Kejriwal had called him \"Mera Chhotta Bhai\" and said that when Himmat Singh Shergill had agreed to leave his home constituency where he had secured maximum votes during Lok Sabha election and fight against Bikram Majithia he(Arvind Kejriwal) got tears in his eyes.  He is an Advocate by profession. He is known for fighting court cases of thousands of Punjabi farmers in Gujrat's Kutch region who were being ousted from Gujarat by Narendra Modi when he was Chief Minister of Gujarat. All these cases were conducted by him without charging any fee. He undertook his Bar-at-Law from Inner Temple, London, which is the same institution from where Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru also studied."}]}, {"title": "Himmatgarh", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmatgarh is a village in the notified area of Zirakpur in district Mohali in state of Punjab in India. Vasant Vihar (Phase-I)"}]}, {"title": "Himmatlal Dhirajram Bhachech", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Er.Ing.Himmatlal Dhirajram Bhachech, Rao Bahadur - (1844-1922) was a Civil Engineer in the PWD (Public Works Department) of British India. Er.Ing.Himmatlal was born into a Brahmin family of Ahmedabad, Gujarat belonging to Nagar sub caste His father,Dhirajram,died when he was age of 10 yr. Although his family struggled with poverty,he received financial assistance that helped him complete his studies.He ultimately received BE degree from University of Bombay;thru College of Engineering;Pune. Er.Ing.Himmatlal worked as Engineer in the PWD for many years.In 1892 he was credited with the re-building of the Ellis Bridge of Ahmadabad, which was originally built in 1869. Himmatlal reconstructed the bridge at a cost of only Rs.407,000/-which was significantly below projected budget of Rs.500,000/- that led British Government to suspect he was using poor quality building materials.An inquiry committee eventually recognized his construction as better than the original work and subsequently honored him for saving the country money.  Er.Ing.Himmatlal was honored in 1893 with title of 'Rao Bahadur' by the Viceroy of India, Lord Lansdowne. He was president of Ahmadabad Municipalityin the 1890s and consulted in the construction of Gujarat College;Ahemedabad in 1897. Er.Ing.Himmatlal Dhirajram Bhachech died on September 30, 1922. In 1979, a street in Ahmedabad was named in his honor as 'Engineer Himmatlal Dhirajram Street'."}]}, {"title": "Himmatnagar Junction railway station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmatnagar Junction railway station is a small railway station in Sabarkantha district, Gujarat. Its code is HMT. It serves Himatnagar town. The station consists of 2 platforms. The platform is not well sheltered. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation."}]}, {"title": "Himmatpura", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmatpura, formerly known as Jusampurais a village in the Moga District of Punjab, India. Guru Hargobind changed the name of the village from Jusampura to Himmatpura following a visit to the area in which his saddle was stolen and later returned. Himmatpura has a total population of about 7,000 people.Nearly 2,680 are scheduled castes. About 3,200 people are literate in this village. There is about 1,135 families living here, according to government figures. The Patwar office for this village is here, and Kanugo Area is Takhtpura near by village.  The nearest Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) to this village is Budh Singh Wala Moga Block-I). Prakash Divas of Guru Nanak Dev and Guru Arjan Dev are the major events, to which all people are welcome. Accommodation: There are six rooms with limited facilities in the Gurudwara premises for pilgrims to stay."}]}, {"title": "Himmatrao Bawaskar", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmatrao Saluba Bawaskar is an Indian physician who has publications in \"The Lancet\". He is well known for his research on treatment for scorpion poisoning. His most cited paper on the subject, \"\"Scorpion Sting: Update\"\" which was published in the Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. It also has been cited 126 times, according to Google Scholar Bawaskar was born in a small village with approximately 500 people in rural Maharashtra to a poor farmer in the early 1950s. His father recognized that education was the only tool that would liberate the family from their sufferings. The determination to educate his children earned his illiterate father the nickname \"barrister.\" His childhood was marked with incessant hardships. He had to take up all kinds of jobs from working in the fields, hotels, temples, bookshops, chemist's shop, brick kiln, and many other odd places to support his education. Adversity taught him that he would have to fight for everything in life and nothing would come easy."}, {"context": " He was enrolled at Government Medical College, Nagpur for his MBBS degree. Misfit in college and with lack of guidance, hard work was the only asset he possessed. He still recounts how he knew complete Gray's anatomy by heart and emphasizes his deep study of pathology, which has proven useful for his research. However, certain circumstances made him depressed and disillusioned during his college days. He lost his confidence, and it was only after the completion of his MBBS degree and a prolonged treatment that he came out of the mental trauma. His strong roots with rural parts prompted him to opt for the position of a Medical Officer at a Primary Health Centre (PHC) rather than a house job at a medical college. Fighting the red tape, he managed to get a posting at a small PHC in the coastal district of Raigad."}, {"context": " PHC presented him with a grim picture of the health system. Rampant corruption, unclean premises, and lazy physician peers were the norm. Yet he decided to work there with a great personal interest and slowly reformed the PHC. In a short time, he established himself as a dedicated, honest, and a skilled doctor. It was here that he was introduced to the problem of scorpion stings for the first time. He had not heard of deaths due to scorpion stings. He was surprised to know that such deaths were common in his area of clinical practice. Added to the problems were the superstitions which denied such cases medical care or worsened them even further. This stimulated the scientist within him, and he started to collect data on such cases from past records, other doctors, and lay people in general. However, he found this information inadequate and unreliable, so he decided to admit all the cases and study them on his own. The need of the people to have a sure, scientific, and a safe cure for this menace formed the base of his work thereafter."}, {"context": " In such a resource-poor setting, his only tools were a stethoscope and a modest sphygmomanometer. However, his keen observation, thorough knowledge, and meticulous record keeping compensated for the lack of resources. He spent sleepless nights sitting beside the patients, monitoring them and noting the subtle changes. He found common symptoms of vomiting, hypertension, profuse sweating, cold extremities, priapism, and mild tolerable pain followed by ropy salivation, arrhythmias, hypotension, frothy expectoration and peripheral circulatory failure. Thus, he observed that the immediate cause of death in these cases was pulmonary edema. He tried traditional methods of symptomatic treatments with Atropine, Beta-blockers, Chlorpromazine, Aminophylline, etc., but these methods did not yield the desired results. He sent his findings to Haffkine Institute where further tests were conducted on guinea pigs. His letter stating these findings was published in The Lancet in 1978."}, {"context": " In the meantime, he realized that his education was inadequate for the needs of his quest. To further his skills and knowledge, he applied for a MD in Medicine at B.J. Medical College, Pune. Here too, he distinguished himself as a keen clinician. He mastered advanced techniques and intensive care. In the light of his new-found knowledge, he prepared a paper on data of 51 cases of scorpion stings and sent it to an Indian journal. It was rejected for editorial reasons like \"English writing not good enough.\" He sent the same paper to the Lancet and received a response within 8 days that the report was accepted with minor changes. Thus, his first individual paper titled \"Diagnostic cardiac premonitory signs and symptoms of red scorpion sting\" was published in The Lancet in 1982. He recounts how a case of scorpion sting succumbed in the tertiary care hospital where he was working. Thus, he wondered, if a person could not be saved in such well-equipped settings, what could a clinician do in a PHC like setup? Also, he was successful in understanding that heart failure due to the sting was similar to a refractory heart failure like condition. He decided to use Sodium Nitroprusside for sting-related heart failure and was successful in managing many cases!"}, {"context": " After he earned the MD degree, another name of Dr. Mrs. Pramodini Bawaskar(Spouse) was added to the academic endeavors of Dr. Himmatrao Bawaskar. The couple returned to Konkan only to find that the problem was the same as he had left it. In Oct 1983, an 8-year-old child was admitted with all the symptoms of severe scorpion envenomation. As he developed pulmonary edema, his chances of survival started declining. Dr. Bawaskar asked for his father's consent to use nitroprusside, explaining the dangers of this drug. He postulated that it would decrease both the preload and afterload on the victim's heart with increased cardiac emptying. With the faith and trust invested by the victim's father, he administered nitroprusside, drop by drop, monitoring the child minute by minute. After 4 hours, the victim gradually started showing signs of recovery, the blood pressure started rising, pulmonary edema subsided, pulse rate dropped and started oral feeds. 24 hours later and almost on the verge of crying, he declared that the boy was saved! When he was monitoring the child, he received a telegram informing the death of his father. He was in a dilemma to choose between his family obligations and his duty as a doctor. He chose the latter and stayed with the child as he believed that there were people who could take care of the funeral, but the child needed him more. This he considers was a far greater tribute he has paid to his father."}, {"context": " The news spread far and wide and patients from all over Konkan started pouring in for the cure. Where death was considered a norm after a poisonous sting, in a short span of one month he cured 65 patients of pulmonary edema. However, the next problem emerged sooner than expected. Sodium nitroprusside is a dangerous drug which has to be rigorously monitored, and even in ICUs it is used with apprehension. Therefore, the next challenge was to find a safer alternative which could be easily administered even in peripheral settings. Again Dr. Bawaskar was back at the library and started an extensive search in journals. Here, he chanced upon a new drug, Prazosin, an alpha blocker. It was advocated for refractory heart failure and was used in Pheochromocytoma to control hypertension caused by catecholamine excess. He had already discovered that the pathophysiology in scorpion sting was the pouring of catecholamines in the blood due to the venom's action on the human adrenal gland. Thus, he decided to use this drug. In 1984, he treated 126 patients with Prazosin; all of them survived. In 1986, in his paper titled \"Prazosin in the management of cardiovascular manifestations of scorpion sting\" which was published in \"The Lancet\", he put forward for the first time Prazosin as a physiological antidote for scorpion stings."}, {"context": " His work started getting recognition internationally as Prazosin's success was duplicated all over the world. His next mission was to spread this treatment among the doctors back home. For this, he arranged various seminars, regularly communicated with other doctors, and regularly sent them academic materials on the same issue. The case fatality rate dropped down from 40% to less than 1% with this treatment. He also kept on improvising and standardizing the regimes with regular publications in international journals such as JAPI, BMJ, Lancet, and the British Heart Journal, etc. Another important facet of his research is that all this work was done with out of pocket funding without any funding from government or external agencies. It makes us think, do we need all types of resources and facilities or pure passion to pursue research that could benefit mankind? Dr. Bawaskar is an exemplar for the fact that research truly related to the upliftment of human life needs a higher level of dedication! He is considered an international authority on scorpion sting and has even authored two chapters in the API textbook of medicine. Prazosin as a treatment for scorpion sting has been incorporated in Satoskar's Textbook of Pharmacology. The January 2011 issue of the British Medical Journal includes a full paper of his randomized trial conducted to compare the efficacy of scorpion antivenom + Prazosin and Prazosin alone. The same issue carries an editorial highlighting the importance of research in resource poor settings and how Dr. Bawaskar had overcome the subjectivity and some shortcomings in his study by his dedication and time tested methods of clinical observation."}, {"context": " Dr. Bawaskar currently has a private practice in Mahad (Maharashtra) assisted by his wife. His hospital is well equipped for primary intensive care, and the couple attends to all the patients without any nursing staff. His other areas of study are the problems he has encountered first-hand in the rural area. Following are some of his areas of studies which have been translated into various publications: All these examples depict how Dr. Bawaskar remains close to reality and his research is driven by day-to-day experience from his surroundings for the betterment of human life, rather than from lucrative offers from private companies that have made medical research a commercial profession that often renders fewer outcomes for improving human health."}, {"context": " Through many of his correspondences in various journals and books, he has voiced the concerns for ethics and principles in medical practice, HIV-related issues and practice and research in rural areas. He is an ardent advocate of the importance of clinical skills in practice and community and need-based research. He has over 60 publications in international and national journals to his credit including seventeen letters, one manuscript, and three case reports in The Lancet. He has been an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. He has written his autobiography in Marathi \"Barristerche karte.\"Barrister's Brat (\"English version\")] He has authored a monogram titled 'Scorpion Sting' for medical professionals with a foreword by Dr. David Warrell, editor of the Oxford textbook of medicine."}, {"context": " Dr. Bawaskar has earned everything the hard way. The techniques used by him may not be sophisticated, yet the dedication, efforts, and knowledge he has put in to sharpen those techniques have turned them into powerful weapons of his work. He proves the golden adage that the most important part of a stethoscope is between the ear pieces! He underlines the fact that research should derive its roots from the real problems of people in the community and it should be directed to solve those problems. An overview of his life finds him demanding \"do not judge me from where I stand, judge me from where I have come.\""}, {"context": " A message from Dr. Bawaskar \"\"We owe our learning, earning, and satisfaction to our ancestors (scientists) who blessed us with their research which gave us direction. It is our moral duty to repay them by engaging ourselves in, contributing to and publishing the research for the benefit of our future generations. This can be done only by performing our honest, sincere, and dedicated duty every single day. Never neglect what the patient or his relatives have to say since they are the sole reason of your existence as a doctor.\"\""}, {"context": " He is involved in fight against corruption in medicine. 5. Bawaskar HS. Majestic Publishing House; 2010. Barristerche Karte. 6. Gaitonde BB, Jadhav SS, Bavaskar HS. Pulmonary oedema after scorpion sting. Lancet. 1978;i:445\u201346. PubMed 7. Bawaskar HS. wDiagnostic cardiac premonitory signs and symptoms of red scorpion sting. Lancet. 1982;i:552\u201356. PubMed 8. Bawaskar HS, Bawaskar PH. Prazosin in the management of cardiovascular manifestations of scorpion sting. Lancet. 1986;i:510\u201311.PubMed 9. Mills EJ, Ford N. Research into scorpion stings. BMJ. 2011;342:c7369.PubMed"}]}, {"title": "Himmatsinhji (general)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Major-General Kumar Shri Himmatsinhji Juvansinhji Jadeja CIE (1897 - January 1973) was the first Lieutenant-Governor of Himachal Pradesh. A descendant of the rulers of Nawanagar State, he served with the Indian Army, reaching the rank of major-general. He was later a member of the two most recent predecessors of the lower house of the Parliament of India \u2013 the Central Legislative Assembly and the Constituent Assembly. He also played several first-class cricket matches, and was the nephew of Ranjitsinhji and brother of Duleepsinhji, both of whom played Test cricket."}, {"context": " Himmatsinhji was a son of Rajkumar Shri Juvansinhji (or Juwansinhji; 1871\u20131942). His father's family were prominent in Sarodar (or Sadodar), a village in Nawanagar State on Gujarat's Kathiawar peninsula. His paternal grandfather was descended from the Jam Sahibs of Nawanagar, and his paternal grandmother was a daughter of Takhatsinhji, the Maharaja of Jodhpur. Himmatsinhji's brothers included Duleepsinhji, a Test cricketer for England, and Digvijaysinhji, who succeeded the brothers' uncle, Ranjitsinhji, as ruler of Nawanagar. A cousin, Rajendrasinhji, was India's first Chief of the Army Staff, while a nephew, Daulatsinhji, was a member of the Jamnagar constituency in the Lok Sabha. Members of the family generally used the surname Jadeja where one was required."}, {"context": " A keen sportsman, like many in his family, Himmatsinhji was introduced to cricket during his education in England, where he boarded at Malvern College in Worcestershire. By his last year at the college, 1916, he was considered good enough to open the batting (and occasionally keep wicket) for the school team, with his best score an innings of 84 runs against Cheltenham College. Later in the season, he captained a combined Public Schools team against a team from the Royal Horse Artillery. The match, played at Lord's and umpired by Himmatsinhji's brother, Digvijaysinhji, included six other (future and former) first-class cricketers: for the Public Schools, Lionel Hedges and Nigel Atkinson, and for the Artillery team, Edward Lee, Graham Doggart, Frank Orr, and Peter Remnant. Himmatsinhji remained in England until at least the following year, when he played a charity match for an Indian XI against an Australian XI, for the benefit of war widows and orphans."}, {"context": " Having returned to India, Himmatsinhji played several matches at first-class level during the 1930s. His debut came for a Viceroy's XI against the Roshanara Club in February 1932, where he kept wicket but scored a duck in his only innings. Himmatsinhji's remaining matches came for Rajputana representative sides, predecessors of the current Rajasthan cricket team, including a match against the touring English season during the 1933\u201334 season and a match against a touring Australian side led by Frank Tarrant during the 1935\u201336 season. He also twice played at Ranji Trophy level, during the 1936\u201337 and 1937\u201338 editions of the tournament. Himmatsinhji's two highest first-class scores, innings of 20 and 39 runs, came during the first of these matches, which Rajputana lost to Central India by 125 runs. He played his last match at first-class level in the following season's tournament, again against Central India, and recorded a pair."}, {"context": " In World War I, Himmatsinhji received a temporary commission in the British Indian Army, and saw service in Mesopotamia. Two of his relatives also served overseas during the war \u2013 a cousin, Savaisinhji Devisinhji, was wounded in African campaign, while a brother, Dajirajsinhji, was killed in action in France in 1917. By the end of the war, Himmatsinhji had been promoted to captain. On 26 March 1919, Himmatsinhji received a substantive commission in the British Indian Army as a second lieutenant, with date from 21 September 1918. He was promoted to lieutenant on 21 September 1919, and to captain on 26 March 1924."}, {"context": " He and two of his brothers, Pratapsinhji and Digvijaysinhji, were on especially good terms with their uncle, Ranjitsinhji, the Jam Sahib of Nawanagar, and regularly vacationed together at Ballynahinch Castle, his residence in County Galway, Ireland. In 1930, the three brothers were recalled from the Indian Army to take up roles in the armed forces of Nawanagar, with Himmatsinhji named Commander-in-Chief. As a result, Himmatsinhji relinquished his British commission on 14 June 1931. However, his time in this position was short. Ranjitsinhji died in April 1933, having named Dijvijaysinhji as his heir."}, {"context": " After a brief period in the diplomatic service, Himmatsinhji returned to the army, seeing service in the Second World War. A war-substantive lieutenant-colonel at the war's end, he eventually reached the rank of major-general. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in the 1946 New Year Honours. He was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly, India's pre-independence lower house, in 1946, and was later a member of the Constituent Assembly, the transitional body established after independence. A member of the Indian National Congress, he was a party whip before being appointed Deputy Minister of Defence in Jawaharlal Nehru's first ministry. In this position he chaired a committee responsible for recommended improvements to India's defences along its border with what was then the Kingdom of Tibet, prior to China's invasion and eventually annexation. Upon retirement, Himmatsinhji was appointed the first lieutenant-governor of Himachal Pradesh, a newly created Part C state of India. He served in the position from 1952 to 1954, when he was succeeded by Bajrang Bahadur Singh. In the role, he drew an initial salary of Rs. 3,500, with a monthly allowance of Rs. 500. Himmatsinhji died in January 1973."}]}, {"title": "Himmatsinhji M. K.", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmatsinhji M. K. (9 October 1928 \u2013 22 February 2008) was a noted ornithologist, politician and scion of the erstwhile Jadeja ruling family of Kutch. Born on 9 October 1928 at Bhuj, Maharaj Kumar Himmatsinhji was the youngest of five sons of Mirza Maharao Vijayrajji Sawai Bahadur, the Maharaja of Cutch and as such younger brother of last Maharaja of Cutch, Shri Madansinhji. His early education was under private tutors and later educated at Rajkumar College, Rajkot. He later studied agriculture at Wadia College, Pune."}, {"context": " In 1947, when India got independence, his father Sri Vijayaraji was away in US for his treatment and Yuvraj Madansinhji was in Delhi. Himmatsinhji, who was at the time a student, hoisted both the flags of Kutch and of India on 15 August 1947, in the grounds of Gangaba Sahib Middle School at Bhuj. He married Princess Padmini Kumari, daughter of Maharaja Pratapsinhji Jhala of Wankaner in 1951. After independence of India, he represented Kutch constituency in 3rd Lok Sabha, for the years 1962\u201367, as a member of Swatantra Party which won over the rival Congress party. He was also President of local caste body of Rajputs \u2013 Sri Cutch Rajput Sabha, for several decades."}, {"context": " He also served as trustee of Ashapura Mata temple at Mata no Madh and Narayan Sarovar Temples. Himmatsinhji's great grandfather, Maharao Pragmalji had formed a museum of natural history in Bhuj while his grandfather Maharao Khengarji was among the first Indian members of the Bombay Natural History Society. Himmatsinhji's father, Maharao Vijayaraji, funded Salim Ali's survey of the birds of Kutch and Himmatsinhji took considerable interest and later became an ornithologist in his own right and regularly published notes on the birds of the Kutch region, most of these were in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society apart from a few books and these include:  He died at Bhuj on 22 February 2008 and is survived by a daughter."}]}, {"title": "Himmatvar", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmatvar is a 1996 Bollywood film directed by Talat Jani, starring Dharmendra, Hitesh and Rubaina Khan."}]}, {"title": "Himmatwala (1983 film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmatwala \"()\" is a 1983 Indian masala film produced by G. Hanumantha Rao under the Padmalaya Studios banner, presented by Krishna and directed by K. Raghavendra Rao. It stars Jeetendra, Sridevi in the lead roles and music composed by Bappi Lahri. The film is a remake of the Telugu film \"Ooruki Monagadu\" (1981).. The film proved to be a breakthrough for Sridevi in Bollywood and launched her to stardom. \"Himmatwala\" on release was a giant commercial success, grossing 50 million, becoming the highest grossing Indian film of 1983 as well as one of the ten highest grossing Indian film of 1980s."}, {"context": " Master Dharam Murti witnesses a murder of a man at the hands of Sher Singh Bandookwala. But Sher Singh with his might, terror, and money are set free. In revenge, he places Dharam Murti in an awkward position with a female teacher, Menaka. Dharam Murti, ashamed of this, vacates his village and abandons his wife and children. His wife Savitri helps her son Ravi (Jeetendra) become an engineer who then resolves to fight against Bandookwala and get his father's spoilt reputation back. Bandookwala has terrorized all the villagers. His daughter Rekha (Sridevi) follows his footsteps and grows into an insensitive woman who tries to harass people. Ravi's sister Padma has to marry Munimji's son Shakti as she is pregnant with his child. After marriage, Shakti and Bandookwala together start harassing Padma. Rekha falls in love with Ravi and decides to play the same trick against the Bandookwala by pretending to be pregnant with Ravi's child. Ravi finds his father as a worker on a dam construction site. Ravi then presents Bandookwala guilty before the panchayat, but is freed by Dharam Murti on condition that he should show affection to the poor and treat them well. Finally, Bandookwala becomes a good man and then Ravi marries Rekha.  A remake of the film starring Ajay Devgn and Tamannaah in lead roles and directed by Sajid Khan, released under the same title on 29 March 2013. The movie opened to negative reviews and was declared a flop at the Box office."}]}, {"title": "Himmatwala (1998 film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmatwala is a 1998 Hindi-language Indian feature film directed by Jayant Gilatar, starring Mithun Chakraborty and Ayesha Jhulka in lead roles. Other important roles were portrayed by Shakti Kapoor, Dina Pathak, Tiku Talsania and Tinnu Anand. The film introduces Rajesh Sharma and Radhika."}]}, {"title": "Himmatwala (2013 film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmatwala (\"Brave Man\") is a 2013 Indian action comedy film written and directed by Sajid Khan and jointly produced by UTV Motion Pictures and Vashu Bhagnani. The film features Ajay Devgn and Tamannaah in the lead roles. It is an official remake of 1983 film of the same name by K. Raghavendra Rao, which was in turn a remake of 1981 Telugu film \"Ooruki Monagadu\". The film was released on 29 March 2013. This movie marks a comeback for the actress Tamannaah, who debuted in the 2005 film \"Chand Sa Roshan Chehra\"."}, {"context": " Set in 1983, the story begins with Ravi (Ajay Devgn) winning a fighting competition at a club. He is known as Himmatwala (\"courageous man\"). He then goes to Ramnagar village, where he meets his mother, Savitri (Zarina Wahab), and his younger sister, Padma (Leena Jumani), who are living a miserable life. Ravi's mother Savitri tells Ravi that Ravi's father (Anil Dhawan) was an honest and respected man, and he was the priest of the temple. His father was framed by Sher Singh (Mahesh Manjrekar), the tyrant zamindar (landlord), for robbing the temple since the latter saw him commit a murder. Disgusted, Ravi's father committed suicide. In revenge, young Ravi tried to kill Sher Singh, but failed. When Ravi's house is burnt, Savitri tells him to run away as Sher Singh will kill him."}, {"context": " With revenge in his mind, Ravi beats up Narayan Das (Paresh Rawal), Sher Singh's manager and brother-in-law, as well as threatening Sher Singh. The next day, he publicly humiliates Sher Singh's daughter, Rekha (Tamannaah) because she was beating up her innocent driver. In response, Rekha unleashes a tiger on the village in front of Ravi. Her plan was unsuccessful, however, as it backfired. Rekha falls down from the terrace and is about to be attacked by the animal, when Ravi jumps and saves her life. Rekha falls in love with Ravi, and afterwards, saves Ravi's life against her father Sher Singh's plans."}, {"context": " On the other hand, Ravi comes to know that Padma is in love with Shakti (Adhyayan Suman), Narayan Das's son. He has his objections and so has Narayan. However, Sher Singh tells Narayan Das that marrying Shakti with Padma would give them an upper hand over Ravi as they can ill-treat Padma and keep Ravi in control. Meanwhile, Padma now knows that Ravi who is living with her, is not the real Ravi (Riteish Deshmukh), and Ravi died in a road accident. Before dying, the real Ravi asked him to take care of his family. Padma is initially upset, but then reconciles after Ravi saves her life."}, {"context": " Shortly after Padma and Shakti get married, both the father and son start ill-treating Padma. In revenge, Ravi uses Rekha against her own father, just like what she advises him. After Rekha tells her father Sher Singh that she is pregnant with Ravi's child, Sher Singh begs Ravi to marry Rekha. Eventually, Ravi punished Narayan Das and Shakti by doing all the household chores. He also wins the Sarpanch election, and Sher Singh finally gives all the property documents back to the villagers, which Sher Singh had illegally taken from them before."}, {"context": " However, Shakti overhears Rekha and Ravi's conversation about the fake pregnancy and that he is not the real Ravi. Angered, Sher Singh tries to kill him by bringing 20 fighters from the city, but failed. While they are beating Ravi, the tiger (which Ravi had fought with) comes and saves his life. Ravi then brutally beats Shakti, and is about to kill Sher Singh when his mother stops him. In the end, Sher Singh, Narayan Das and Shakti ask for the forgiveness from Ravi, Savitri and the rest of the villagers."}, {"context": " The first look poster of \"Himmatwala\" film was released on 8 August 2012, whilst the trailer was released on 24 January 2013. The soundtrack includes remakes of the songs from the original version of the film, \"Taki O Taki\" and \"Nainon Mein Sapna\". The song promo of \"Naino Mein Sapna\" was released on 8 February 2013. The background score was composed by Sandeep Shirodkar, while the songs are composed by Sajid-Wajid and Sachin - Jigar. Lyricist Indeevar wrote for \"Taki O Taki\" and \"Nainon Mein Sapna\", alongside Sameer, who wrote for all the songs except a disco-based song, for which lyricist Mayur Puri wrote.  According to Box Office India, \"Himmatwala\" was a flop."}]}, {"title": "Himmel", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmel means heaven or sky in German. It is also a surname. It may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Himmel Park", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmel Park is a urban park in central Tucson, Arizona. The park's facilities include the Himmel Park Branch Library, a grass amphitheater, two playgrounds, a swimming pool, eight lighted tennis courts, and a multipurpose grass playing field area large enough to accommodate four full-size soccer fields. The park is three blocks from east to west by two-and-a-half blocks from north to south. It is bounded by Tucson Boulevard to the west, 1st Street to the north, and Treat Avenue to the east. Its southern boundary is a half-block north of 3rd Street."}, {"context": " Land for the park was sold to the City of Tucson in 1935 by Alvina Himmel Edmonson for $3,500 with the agreement that the park be named after her parents. In 1936 a pool was built by the Works Progress Administration. In 1944 the park roughly doubled in area with the purchase of three additional city blocks. Himmel Park Branch Library, Tucson Public Library's first branch location, was built in 1961 in the park's northeast corner. From 1962 until 2000 the Southern Pacific 1673 steam locomotive was displayed south of the WPA pool and east of the main playground area before being moved to its present location at the Southern Arizona Transportation Museum in downtown Tucson."}]}, {"title": "Himmel auf", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmel auf (\"Sky Open\") is the fifth studio album by German band Silbermond. It was released on 23 March 2012 by Columbia Records. All song written by Thomas Stolle, Johannes Stolle, Andreas Nowak, and Stefanie Klo\u00df."}]}, {"title": "Himmel och pannkaka", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmel och pannkaka () is a 1959 Swedish film, directed by Hasse Ekman. In the sequel to Seventh Heaven, we follow the now happily married couple Lovisa Sundelius and Villy Lorens. Lovisa is a doctor, and Villy is a popular radio host. But now he will instead lead an entertainment program with quizzes on TV, called \"Land in sight\""}]}, {"title": "Himmel und Erde", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmel und Erde (; in the Rhineland: \"Himmel un \u00c4\u00e4d\") is a traditional German dish most popular in the regions of the Rhineland, Westphalia and Lower Saxony. It was also popular in the past in Silesia. The dish consists of black pudding, fried onions, and mashed potato with apple sauce. It has been known since the 18th century. The name of the dish originates from the name of two of the main ingredients: the apples coming from the trees, i.e. from up in the sky, and the potatoes coming from the ground. (A dialect word in German for potato is \"Erdapfel\" (), or \"\u00c4\u00e4dappel\" in the Rhineland, so there are two kinds of \"apples\" in the dish)."}]}, {"title": "Himmel's Church Covered Bridge", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himmel's Church Covered Bridge crosses over Schwaben Creek on Middle Creek Road, east of Rebuck, Pennsylvania, in Washington Township. It was built in 1874, and rehabilitated in 1973. It is a King post truss style wooden covered bridge, with a length of . It currently remains in use to automobile traffic. The Bridge is located near the site of the Schwaben Creek werewolf, according to local folklore. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 8, 1979."}]}, {"title": "Himmel, Amor und Zwirn", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmel, Amor und Zwirn is a 1960 West German comedy film directed by Ulrich Erfurth and starring Hartmut Reck, Ann Smyrner, Grit Boettcher, Hannelore Schroth and Elke Sommer."}]}, {"title": "Himmel, Missouri", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmel is an extinct town in Stoddard County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The GNIS classifies it as a populated place. A post office called Himmel was established in 1920, and remained in operation until 1923. The community derives its name from the last name of I. Himmelberger, a businessperson in the local lumber industry."}]}, {"title": "Himmelberg", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelberg () is a town in the district of Feldkirchen in the Austrian state of Carinthia in Austria. Himmelberg lies in the center of Carinthia northwest of Feldkirchen. It lies in the Tiebel valley. The highest point in the municipality is the Hoferalmkopf (el. ca. 1600 ) in the northwest. The lowest point is the Tiebel (el. 625) in the south of the municipality."}]}, {"title": "Himmelberg Hills", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himmelberg Hills () are a linear group of hills with prominent rock outcrops, long, at the southwest end of Saratoga Table, in the Pensacola Mountains of Antarctica. Named features in the group include Haskill Nunatak, high, near the center, and Ray Nunatak and Beiszer Nunatak at the southern end. The hills were named after Glen R. Himmelberg of the Department of Geology at the University of Missouri. His laboratory research and scientific reporting with A.B. Ford (1973\u201391) on the petrology of Antarctica and specifically on the Dufek intrusion of the northern Pensacola Mountains was critical for the understanding of the evolution of this major igneous complex."}]}, {"title": "Himmelberger and Harrison Building", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelberger and Harrison Building, also known as the Liberty National Life Building and H & H Building, is a historic commercial building located at Cape Girardeau, Missouri. It built in 1907-1908, and is a five-story red brick, H-shaped structure. It is a steel reinforced concrete building on a poured concrete foundation with a full basement. It features a recessed marble entry flanked by round Tuscan order columns. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003."}]}, {"title": "Himmelbjerget", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelbjerget (\"The Sky Mountain\" or \"The Mountain of Heaven\") is a hill located between Ry and Silkeborg, Denmark in the area known as S\u00f8h\u00f8jlandet. With a height of 147 m (482 ft), Himmelbjerget is one of the highest natural points in the Danish landscape. The hill and surrounding area has been a center for various gatherings and celebrations for more than 200 years and in 1875, a red brick tower was erected at the top. Himmelbjerget was believed to be the highest natural point in Denmark until 1847, when a larger scientific survey revealed the nearby M\u00f8lleh\u00f8j to be the highest, at 170.86 m. However, when it comes to the size of the slope and the topographical prominence (aka peak factor), Himmelbjerget is much more impressive than M\u00f8lleh\u00f8j: There is a height difference of 121 m from lake Juls\u00f8 below to the top of the hill, which is remarkable by Danish standards. An amusing detail is the sign \"to the boat\" at the peak."}, {"context": " Himmelbjerget grew to fame in Denmark during the 19th century, as people gathered here to admire the magnificent views and celebrate the birth of the Danish nation. On top of the hill is a 25.1 m tall tower, that was erected in 1875 to honour King Frederik VII and his role in giving the Danish people the country's first constitution in 1849, thereby ending the preceding era of absolute monarchy. Close to the top are more monuments, most honouring individuals, but also one to commemorate women's right to vote in 1915."}, {"context": " In those days, several steamboats began ferrying visitors back and forth to Himmelbjerget, from various destinations across Juls\u00f8 and The Silkeborg Lakes. This tradition is still alive and the historic steamship \"Hjejlen\" (\"The Golden Plover\"), carries passengers here from the towns of Ry and Silkeborg. There are several hiking routes in the larger area of S\u00f8h\u00f8jlandet and the major route of Hiking Route Aarhus-Silkeborg, is passing through the area of Himmelbjerget. There are also plenty of opportunity to small scale hiking experiences on and around the hill itself."}]}, {"title": "Himmelblau", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelblau is a German language surname, which means \"skyblue\". The name may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Himmelblau's function", "paragraphs": [{"context": " In mathematical optimization, Himmelblau's function is a multi-modal function, used to test the performance of optimization algorithms. The function is defined by: It has one local maximum at formula_2 and formula_3 where formula_4, and four identical local minima: The locations of all the minima can be found analytically. However, because they are roots of cubic polynomials, when written in terms of radicals, the expressions are somewhat complicated. The function is named after David Mautner Himmelblau (1924\u20132011), who introduced it."}]}, {"title": "Himmelbla\u030a", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelbl\u00e5 (in English: Skyblue) is a Norwegian drama series which aired on NRK1 in Norway, on SVT in Sweden and on R\u00daV in Iceland. It is based on the British TV drama \"Two Thousand Acres of Sky\" written by Timothy Prager and produced by Adrian Bate. The drama is about a small community on an island, Ylvingen, in the northern parts of Norway. The school on the island has very few pupils and is about to be closed down unless they can find two more pupils. The future of the island is uncertain. The people who live on the island issues an ad in a national newspaper: they seek a family with two children old enough to join the school, and promise a job in the tourism-industry if the family chose to live there."}, {"context": " <br>In Oslo, single mother Marit (Line Verndal) is working late nights as a chef and feels that she doesn't see her children. Her best friend Kim (Edward Schultheiss) helps her out looking after her children, Robin and Iris, while she's at work. Kim shows Marit the ad, and she sees an opportunity to start fresh and run her own bed-and-breakfast facility on the island. Because they were seeking a family to the island, Kim poses as Marit's 'husband' and after an interview they are offered to stay on the island. The transition from an urban life to a life on an island far away from everything else is challenging for the family. But it's also a big change for the islanders."}, {"context": " The first two seasons were filmed back-to-back in 168 days in 2007-08, and premiered on 7 September 2008. The drama became an instant hit and has averaged more than 1 million viewers, which amounts to a quarter of Norway's total population. A few months later it returned for a second season, of which the finale was viewed by 1 309 000 viewers, making it the most seen drama series in Norwegian television history. The third and final season finished filming in September 2009, and began airing on 7 March 2010. The last episode aired on 25 April 2010.  The first season was released on DVD shortly after airing. After the second series had finished, a second season set was released along with a box set with both seasons. In addition to the DVD releases, the episodes can be viewed free of charge on the channels web site."}]}, {"title": "Himmeldunkberg", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himmeldunkberg or Himmeldunk is a m high, extinct volcano in the High Rh\u00f6n (\"Hohe Rh\u00f6n\") in Germany. It straddles the Bavarian-Hessian state border. The Himmeldunkberg lies in the southwestern part of the \"Langen Rh\u00f6n\" (\"Long Rh\u00f6n\") which is in turn part of the High Rh\u00f6n. 2\u00a0km south is the village of Oberwei\u00dfenbrunn, 4\u00a0km to the southeast is the town of Bischofsheim an der Rh\u00f6n and 3\u00a0km northwest is Gersfeld. The Rhine-Weser watershed runs over the summit of the Himmeldunkberg and neighbouring hill of Hohe H\u00f6lle and forms the boundary between Bavaria and Hesse as well as the long-distance trail, the Rh\u00f6n-H\u00f6hen-Weg (RHW). Border stones erected in 1872 show where the old border between the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Kingdom of Prussia ran."}, {"context": " The Himmeldunkberg consists mainly of the volcanic rocks basalt and tuff. The northern slope falls steeply away and is covered with mixed, deciduous forest. The arc from southwest to east is open; mainly covered by grasses, blackthorn, rose hips, silver thistles and bellflowers. The Himmeldunkberg lies in a nature reserve of the same name; for that reason mountain bikes may only be used on tracks with mountain bike signs. The mountain is however a very important site for unpowered aerial sports because it has the only suitable terrain for the demanding sport of model gliders with an east-west disposition for about 50\u00a0km around and was also previously used by kite flyers and paragliders."}, {"context": " A refuge hut, the \"W\u00fcrzburger H\u00fctte\", belonging to the W\u00fcrzburg branch of the German Alpine Society (\"DAV\") is situated on the western slope at a height of 835\u00a0m. There are plans to move the hut to a \"place more compatible with nature preservation\", and also to reach an agreement with the glider flyers who are not allowed to use the mountain any more. About 50\u00a0m south, below the summit, is the \"Hexenbuchen\" (\"witches' beeches\") nature monument, which is a favourite photographic subject. From the plateau there is a superb view over Bischofsheim to the Kreuzberg, the Osterburg ruins, the Arnsberg, the Black Mountains, the Schachen, the Eierhauck, the Dammersfeld, the Reesberg, the valley of the Brend and the upper Sinn. In very good conditions the Fichtelgebirge mountain range can be seen.  From the northeastern flank the Heidelstein is also visible."}]}, {"title": "Himmeleck", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Himmelev", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelev is a largely residential area in the city of Roskilde in Denmark. It contains primarily parcel houses, but one of the three high schools in Roskilde, Himmelev Gymnasium, is also located there. Himmelev and Veddelev are named for two major land owners from the 7th century, Hemi og Withi (Hemel\u00f8w: Hemi's inherited lot and Withel\u00f8ff, With's inherited lot). Himmelev was located in S\u00f8mme Herred and emerged as a parish some time during the 12th century. The residents were mainly farmers. The parish belonged to Roskilde Abbey. In 1731, the members of the parish obtained the right to elect their own priest. The first school opened in 1741 and was expanded in 1914. In 1906, Himmelev had a population of 600. Roskilde Folk Gigh Scgool opened in Himmelev in 1907. The land was redeveloped with single family detached homes in the 1960s and 1970s."}, {"context": " Himmelev Church dates from the 12th century. It consists of a Romanesque nave with a Late Gothic extension to the east, a Late Romanesque tower and a porch. The vaulted ceiling dates from the 14th century. The old school from 1909 is located immediately to the west of the wall that surrounds the cemetery. The building was designed by H. C. Mayling. It was decommissioned as a school in 1980 and has now been converted into apartments. Himmelev Gymnasium was founded in 1978. In 1980, it moved from its original home on Allehelgensgade to its current premises on Herreg\u00e5rdsvej. Next to the school is a sports centre with six soccer pitches and indoor facilities for eight badminton courts and a court for handball, five-a-side football and other sports. Himmelevg\u00e5rd has been an equestrian centre since 1964."}, {"context": " The 150 room Comwell Roskilde conference hotel is also located in Himmerlev, overlooking Roskilde Fjord. Industry includes the corporate headquarters and a factory for Stryhns meat paste. In 2003, it was decided to establish a new, state forest north of Roskilde, partly to protect ground water resources. In 2010 the first 141 ha of Himmerlev Forest had been planted by the Danish Nature Agency in collaboration with K\u00f8benhavns Energi (now HOFOR) and Roskilde Municipality. They had planted a total of 220,000 plants and established of walking trails and of riding trails."}]}, {"title": "Himmelfahrt", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelfahrt (Eng: Ascension) is an industrial metal album by the German band Megaherz, released in 2000. It is their third full album."}]}, {"title": "Himmelfahrtskirche, Dresden", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himmelfahrtskirche (\"Church of the Ascension\") is a Protestant church in the Leuben district of Dresden. It was designed by Karl Emil Scherz and completed in 1901, replacing the Alte Kirche. It is a listed monument."}]}, {"title": "Himmelfarb", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelfarb is German or Yiddish for \"color of the sky\". Notable people with the surname include:"}]}, {"title": "Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library was completed in 1973 during the presidency of Lloyd Elliott. The library serves the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, the Milken Institute School of Public Health, and the George Washington University School of Nursing. The building is part of the Ross Hall Medical Complex, and has three floors above ground and one below ground. The library was named after Paul Himmelfarb. North of the Library is the George Washington University Hospital and the Foggy Bottom\u2013GWU Station."}]}, {"title": "Himmelhorn", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Himmelkron", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelkron is a municipality in the district of Kulmbach in Bavaria in Germany. Himmelkron is arranged in the following boroughs:"}]}, {"title": "Himmelpforten", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelpforten (Low Saxon: \"Himmelpoorten\") is a municipality west of Hamburg (Germany) in the district of Stade in Lower Saxony. It is located on the creek. Himmelpforten is also part and the seat of the \"Samtgemeinde\" (\"collective municipality\") Oldendorf-Himmelpforten. Himmelpforten belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. The families \"von Brobergen\" and \"von Haseldorf\" had donated a Cistercian nunnery in near Lamstedt. In 1255 it moved to Himmelpforten, then named \"Eulsete\". The Himmelpforten Convent used to be called in (heaven's gate), which became the place's name \"Himmelpoorten\" (in Low Saxon) or \"Himmelpforten\" (in High German) respectively. The church of the nunnery was also used as a parish church. The nuns elected a provost, first mentioned in 1255 (a certain Albert), who had the privilege to nominate priests to the churches in the Himmelpforten parish, to wit the churches in Himmelpforten itself, in Gro\u00dfenw\u00f6rden, Hechthausen and in ."}, {"context": " Nunneries had traditionally been institutions to provide unmarried daughters of the better off, who couldn't be provided a husband befitting their social status or who didn't want to marry, with a decent livelihood. So when an unmarried woman of that status joined a nunnery she would bestow earning assets (real estate) or \u2013 restricted to her lifetime \u2013 regular revenues paid by her male relatives, on the nunnery, making up in the former case part of the nunnery's estates. In 1556 Himmelpforten's then Lutheran Provost Segebade II von der Hude appointed the first Lutheran pastor, Peter Schlichting, in Himmelpforten. When in the mid-16th century the majority of the population in the Prince-Archbishopric adopted Lutheranism, the function of the nunnery, to provide sustenance for unmarried women, wasn't to be given up. So the formerly Roman Catholic nunnery of Himmelpforten with its estates was turned into a Lutheran foundation (, more particular: Frauenstift, literally in )."}, {"context": " During the Leaguist occupation under Johan 't Serclaes, Count of Tilly (1628-1630), the administrator regnant of the Bremian See, John Frederick had to agree to Catholic visitations in the nunneries. By November 1629 the Roman Catholic \"visitors\" issued an ultimatum to the prioress of the Lutheran conventuals to convert to Catholicism or to leave the nunnery. No conversion had been recorded, so on 6 August 1630 all Lutheran conventuals left, the day before their announced forced eviction from the nunnery. In accordance with the Edict of Restitution the estates of Himmelpforten's nunnery were then bestowed to the Catholic Jesuits, in order to finance them and their missioning in the course of the Counter-Reformation in the Prince-Archbishopric. The expelled conventuals were denied restitution of the real estate which they bestowed on the nunnery when they had entered it."}, {"context": " After the Leaguist troops left Himmelpforten, the Lutheran conventuals returned and elected a new provost in 1638, Casper Schulte. After the Swedes had occupied Himmelpforten in 1645, on 27 October 1647 Queen Christina of Sweden promised Himmelpforten's nunnery and its estates to Count Gustaf Adolf Lewenhaupt as a fief heritable in the male line (Mannlehen). On 30 July 1651 Lewenhaupt was officially invested with the nunnery, while the eleven still remaining conventuals under Prioress Gertrud von Campe were to be supplied a livelihood until their death. New conventuals were not to be accepted anymore. Since the enfeoffment of Lewenhaupt the estates and jurisdictions of the Himmelpforten Convent formed the seigniorial Amt Himmelpforten, seated in Himmelpforten."}, {"context": " In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown - interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712-1715) - and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. After a Prussian and then French occupation from 1806 to 1810, the ephemeric Kingdom of Westphalia annexed the Duchy in 1810, replacing the Amt Himmelpforten by the \"Canton of Stade and Himmelpforten\", established on 1\u00a0September 1810 and seated in Stade. With effect of 1 January 1811 France annexed all the South Elbian German coast and its hinterland and the area of the former Amt Himmelpforten formed part of the Himmelpforten-based \"Canton de Himmelpforten\" in the Bouches-de-l'Elbe Department."}, {"context": " In 1813 the Duchy was restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which - after its upgrade to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 - incorporated the Duchy in a real union and the ducal territory, including the restituted Amt Himmelpforten with Himmelpforten, became part of the new Stade Region, established in 1823. Since in 1885 the Amt Himmelpforten merged in the new District of Stade Himmelpforten forms part of it. Himmelpforten is one of Germany's oldest Weihnachtspost\u00e4mter or Christmas Post Offices, to which children can write letters to Santa and volunteers send responses."}, {"context": " When in 1255 the Conventus Porta Coeli moved to Himmelpforten it still bore the name Eylsede/ Eulsete (literally: Eylo's/Eilhard's seat). The Latin name Porta Coeli () refers to the Christian imagery of Mary of Nazareth as the Gate of Heaven derived from Ezekiel's \"closed gate\" (), considered to have been opened by Mary as an incarnation of this prophecy. Eylsede later adopted the Low Saxon translation \"tor Hemmelporten\" or \"to der Himilporten\" of the convent's Latin name, now given in modern Low Saxon as Himmelpoorten and in standard High German as Himmelpforten.  Today's Himmelpforten comprises the following localities and formerly independent municipalities: Himmelpforten is connected by the B 73 highway with the net of federal routes. Since 1 July 1881 the town is connected to the railway net with Himmelpforten station located almost at the middle of the Niederelbebahn line with towards Hamburg-Harburg station and towards Cuxhaven station."}]}, {"title": "Himmelpforten (Samtgemeinde)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelpforten is a former \"Samtgemeinde\" (\"collective municipality\") in the district of Stade, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Its seat was in the village Himmelpforten. It was disbanded on 1 January 2014, when it was merged with the \"Samtgemeinde\" Oldendorf to form the new Samtgemeinde Oldendorf-Himmelpforten. The \"Samtgemeinde\" Himmelpforten consisted of the following municipalities:"}]}, {"title": "Himmelpforten Abbey", "paragraphs": [{"context": " There are several abbeys in Germany with the name Himmelpforten (\"Gates of Heaven\", ) See also: and the Lower Saxon municipality:"}]}, {"title": "Himmelpforten Convent", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelpforten Convent (Low Saxon: \"Klooster Hemelpoorten\", ; ) was founded as a monastery of nuns following the Cistercian Rule during the 13th century in Himmelpforten, in today's Lower Saxony, Germany. During the 16th century, it was converted into use as a Lutheran Damsels' Convent. The Himmelpforten Convent was founded before 1255 and finally dissolved in 1647. The convent complex was built between 1300 and 1330. After 1645 the buildings, including the abbey, increasingly decayed, until they were little by little demolished. The dilapidated abbey was demolished in 1737 and replaced by today's St. Mary's Church which partially covers the foundations of the former abbey."}, {"context": " The convent was founded in the mid-13th century on Westerberg hill in , a location later indicated by St. Andrew's Chapel. As the Cistercian Order had restricted the incorporation of the growing number of women's monastic communities who followed the Cistercian Rule, and since no existing deed neither records the incorporation of the Himmelpforten Convent, nor the appointment of a Father Abbot, as usual for an affiliated community of women, Porta Coeli most likely never officially joined that Order."}, {"context": " In 1244 and 1245 the Cistercian general chapter had determined that a monastery of nuns could be incorporated into the Cistercian Order only if the competent bishop and the competent cathedral chapter exempted the community's temporalities and spiritualities from their control. However, such a wide-ranging exemption from their sovereignty is exactly what Bremen's cathedral chapter and the prince-archbishop did not want, as is described below. The convent's main benefactor, the Brobergen family (also spelt Broc(k)bergen, extinct in 1745) intended to make it their proprietary monastery. The , holding allodial estates, tried to establish the nunnery as their power base out of the immediate prince-archiepiscopal reach, an idea also pursued by the Brobergens' kinsman , but failed."}, {"context": " In their aim to establish unrivalled territorial control, the Bremen Cathedral Chapter, led by its then Provost Gerard of Lippe, besides fulfilling religious tasks of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bremen also wielding the secular rule in the much smaller Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, together with the prince-archbishop of Bremen, then Gerard's sick granduncle , since 1251 represented by Coadjutor , Prince-Bishop of Paderborn, being Gerard's uncle and Gebhard's nephew, managed to integrate the Porta Coeli convent and its holdings as a temporality within the prince-archiepiscopal sovereign territory."}, {"context": " With establishing Porta Coeli as a prince-archiepiscopal outpost to observe and surveil the peasants' ambitions Gerard and Simon of Lippe pursued Prince-Archbishop Gebhard's long-term project of enforcing the reign over the free peasants, e.g. manifesting in Gebhard's earlier subjection of the Stedingers. The integration of Himmelpforten Convent into the prince-archiepiscopal temporalities was fixed in a deed, issued in 1255, on the occasion of moving the convent to then Eylsede/ Eulsete village (literally: Eylo's/Eilhard's seat), later adopting the Low Saxon translation \"tor Hemmelporten\" or \"to der Himilporten\" of the convent's Latin name \"Porta Coeli\" (Gate of Heaven; modern standard German: Himmelpforten)."}, {"context": " Eylsede was most likely chosen because its location adjacent to the Osten jurisdiction (Gericht Osten; in the Oste Marshes) and to Kehdingen, both forming corporate bodies of free peasants upholding a certain inner autonomy, claiming and at times gaining seat and franchise at the diets of the estates of the prince-archbishopric (Stiftsst\u00e4nde) and therefore suspected by the chapter and the prince-archbishop to rival their reign. The deed of 1\u00a0May 1255, empowering the convent's Provost Albertus to steward its possessions and waiving the prince-archiepiscopal overlordship, explicitly mentions the donation of Gro\u00dfenw\u00f6rden village by Frederick of Haseldorf, later canon at the Hamburg subchapter, who in 1250 on the occasion of joining clergy bestowed part of the allodial holdings of his family (extinct in the 1280s) in the Lamstedt Geest and the Oste Marshes on the nunnery. He also donated to other monasteries ( in Stade, in Zeven, in Harsefeld), but preferred Porta Coeli. The capitular deed also declared that the convent held all its possessions, donated by whom so ever, only by the virtue of the Bremen cathedral chapter, thus denying any exemption from territorial prince-archiepiscopal sovereignty."}, {"context": " In his will, Frederick of Haseldorf, meanwhile Prince-Bishop of Dorpat, bequeathed his personal belongings to Porta Coeli Convent, however Vitslav II, Prince of R\u00fcgen, captured and withheld the bequest, so that in 1291 the abbess of Porta Coeli waived its claim, likely in return for some form of compensation. The deed of waiver of 17\u00a0March 1291 shows the oldest preserved version of the nunnery's seal, since 1955 officially used by the Himmelpforten municipality. Besides the Brobergens and Haseldorfs further noble families from the Elbe\u2013Weser triangle (Bremian ministerialis such as the ) bestowed land and dues on the convent. The Cistercian nuns elected a male provost as their legal warden as well as their representative at the diets of the prince-archbishopric. The provost and the convent's prioress stewarded its possessions together. Until the secularisation Porta Coeli's provosts were usually simultaneously capitular canons residing in Bremen city. This was because any candidate for provostship had to be confirmed in advance by the Bremen Cathedral Chapter."}, {"context": " The provost also wielded the summary jurisdiction in Porta Coeli's temporal judicature precinct. Furthermore the provost held the \"ius collationis\" in the Hechthausen parish. Besides the provost there was also a (ad)vocate (), exerting military protection, managing the Vorwerke, and exercising police function in the convent's jurisdictions. Each nun, and later each conventual, had a home of her own, with her personal maid. All feudal estates (Meierh\u00f6fe) in Eulsete (Himmelpforten) were let out on socage (Meierverh\u00e4ltnis) to farmers, and each comprised less land than a family needed for self-sustenance, so that the farmers, men and women alike, depended on work for the convent as farmhands and maids. The convent ran a village school, usually staffed with an educated schoolmaster, and therefore known for its higher standard than ordinary village schools."}, {"context": " In ecclesiastical respect Porta Coeli formed part of the archdeaconry connected in personal union with the Bremen cathedral provost, presiding over the cathedral chapter. His archdeaconry comprised Kehdingen, Vieland and the then vast Oldendorf parish. Before the establishment of Porta Coeli's abbey, which simultaneously served as the local parish church too, Eulsete had formed part of the . Thus the new Himmelpforten parish with the affiliate parishes of Gro\u00dfenw\u00f6rden and formed part of the cathedral provost's archdeaconry too."}, {"context": " After having become Regent of Hadeln Magnus, the heir apparent of Saxe-Lauenburg, on 24\u00a0November 1498 allied with his father John V and Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg in order to conquer the Land of Wursten, an autonomous peasants' corporation under the loose Bremian prince-archiepiscopal overlordship. For the threat of Wursten Bremen's Prince-Archbishop Johann Rode was prepared, since already on 16\u00a0November he and Hamburg's three burgomasters (upcoming, presiding, and outgoing), Johannes Huge, Hermen Langenbeck and Henning Buring had concluded a defensive alliance."}, {"context": " Rode appealed at the burghers of Bremen, Hamburg and Stade, which considered the areas downstream the rivers Elbe and Weser their own front yard existential for their free maritime trade connections, so the three Hanseatic cities supported Rode, who further won the Ditmarsians, free peasants under Bremen's loose overlordship. On 1\u00a0May 1499 Rode, the Land of Wursten, Hamburg and Bremen concluded a defensive alliance in favour of Wursten in case of another invasion by John XIV of Oldenburg, who had conquered westerly neighbouring Butjadingen in April with the help of the \"Great\" or \"Black Guard\" of ruthless and violent Dutch and East Frisian mercenaries."}, {"context": " Wursten was thus threatened by Oldenburg from the west and by Magnus from the east. In order to avoid war on two fronts Rode tried to ease the relation with Magnus, but in vain. On 1\u00a0August Rode, Bremen's cathedral chapter, more prelates from the prince-archbishopric, as well as the cities of Bremen, Buxtehude, Hamburg, and Stade stipulated to supply 1,300 warriors and equipment to defend Wursten and / or invade Hadeln. Finally on 9\u00a0September 1499 Rode waged feud against John\u00a0V and Magnus. The allied forces easily conquered the Land of Hadeln, defeating Magnus and even drove him out of Hadeln."}, {"context": " By 20\u00a0November 1499 Magnus hired the \"Great\" or \"Black Guard\", prior operating in Oldenburg, for his purposes. They invaded the prince-archbishopric through the neighbouring Prince-Bishopric of Verden. The Guard southerly by-passed the fortified Buxtehude and Stade, leaving behind a wake of devastation on the countryside and in the monasteries (, Neukloster, both localities of today's Buxtehude). Still in 1499 the Guard also looted Porta Coeli, which, however, could ransom itself from being set on fire, before in mid-January 1500 King John of Denmark finally hired the Guard and guaranteed for its safe conduct to his Holstein."}, {"context": " Under the squandering reign of Prince-Archbishop the indebted ruler in 1541 ceded his revenues from Porta Coeli to his Chancery Secretary Steffen vom Stein for three years in lieu of a repayment. Christopher's financially burdensome prodigal lifestyle fostered the spreading of the Reformation in the prince-archbishopric. The conversion of the nuns followed the adoption of Lutheranism among the noble families from whom they originated. The convent's aim was to care for noble women, which was to be maintained and thus it became a Lutheran Damsels' Convent. \"The ancestors primarily dedicated, founded and endowed noble \u2026 monasteries with estates so that their descendants \u2026 who had no desire or were uncomfortable to get married, could be admitted to them and sustained in them.\" As far as known today, there were no commoners accepted among the nuns and later Lutheran conventuals. The nuns and conventuals originated - amongst others - from the families Brobergen, von der Brock, von Campe, von der Decken, Drew(e)s, , von Hadeln, Haken, , von Issendorff, , von der Lieth, Marschalck, , von Reimershausen, , , and von Weyhe."}, {"context": " By 1550/1555 the convent's provost, wielding the \"ius nominandi\" in Gro\u00dfenw\u00f6rden, Hechthausen and in Horst upon Oste nominated the first Lutheran preacher for St. Peter's Church in Horst, whom then the competent archdeacon, in personal union the cathedral provost of the Bremen chapter, invested according to his \"ius investiendi\". This is taken as evidence that by then the Reformation of the conventuals must have been completed. In 1556 the provost also nominated the first Lutheran preacher for the abbey of Porta Coeli, who was also invested. In 1581 a fire destroyed farms and convent buildings in Himmelpforten."}, {"context": " In the Thirty Years' War after the Battle of Lutter on 17/27\u00a0August 1626 the Catholic Leaguist forces invaded the Bremian prince-archbishopric, capturing one fortified city after the other. After the surrender of Stade on 27\u00a0April/7\u00a0May 1628 the Leaguists occupied all the state, including Himmelpforten. Between 1628 and 1629 most Protestant preachers fled the area. In September 1629 the Imperial Commission of Restitution ordered Himmelpforten Convent to hand in a complete register of all its possessions and revenues. Prioress Gerdruth von Campe informed Provost Franz Marschalck, then residing in safe Bremen out of reach for the Leaguist occupants and the Restitution Commission, who on 8/18\u00a0October 1629 personally delivered the demanded information to the Commission then residing in Verden upon Aller."}, {"context": " On 19/29\u00a0November the Commission's subdelegates, Jacob Brummer and Wilhelm Schr\u00f6der, arrived at Himmelpforten Convent in order to sight the situation there. Much of the chattels had been plundered by the Leaguists since their invasion. The livestock then counted four horses, two cows and one calf, 15 fattening pigs, 25 breeding pigs, five piglets and uncounted geese, ducks and chickens. The subdelegates found the abbey church untouched with all its furnishings, such as altars, religious paintings, pews, paraments, chasubles and other liturgical devices. They ordered the prioress to deliver all liturgical devices which they appropriated in favour of the Restitution Commission and brought them to Stade. The prioress made the men aware of the fact that the convent had more liturgical devices stored in a house in Stade. On 22\u00a0November/ 2\u00a0December 1629 all the seized liturgical devices from Himmelpforten and in Stade were handed over to the Jesuit Father Matthias Kalkhoven, and disappeared with the Jesuits in April 1632."}, {"context": " Only one chalice from 1422, preserved until today, remained with the convent. On 23\u00a0November/ 3\u00a0December 1629 the subdelegates returned to Himmelpforten and interrogated the conventuals as to alienations of convent possessions, but without learning anything new. Then the conventuals were ordered to the abbey quire to acknowledge the seizure of the convent by the Restitution Commission. They were told, that those who would convert to Catholicism until Christmas 1629, would be granted a lifelong annuity, whereas the others would lose their sustenance by Easter 1630 (i.e. 31 March)."}, {"context": " Provost Marschalck refused to deliver the convent's archive, which Henrich Moller in Hamburg held in pledge for an earlier credit to the convent. What happened to the archive is unclear, the credit was obviously never repaid so the archive was never restituted. Marschalck pleaded the Restitution Commission to have mercy on the conventuals who on their entry into the convent had bestowed estates or revenues on it and were without any means if expelled. With the prince-archbishopric plundered and suffering from occupation the conventuals could not hope to find any other refuge. However, the Restitution Commission refused."}, {"context": " On 6/16\u00a0May 1630 the Restitution Commission commissioned Philipp L\u00fctringhausen, Albert Treckel and Chamber Councillor Thomas Runge to evict the conventuals and hand over the convent to the Jesuits in Stade. For 19/29\u00a0July these three men, accompanied by Father Kalkhoven, gathered in Drochtersen the Kehdingen farmers tithing to the convent, and declared that from then on the tithe would be collected by the Jesuits. On 21/31\u00a0July the three men, now coming from Stade, arrived again in Himmelpforten and the day after they requested the conventuals to leave their convent since they all steadfastly held on to the Lutheran faith. The men repeated that as Catholic converts the conventuals would be granted alimony."}, {"context": " The conventuals' pleas to allow them to stay acknowledging their steady service to the benefit of the convent and in respect of their faith, did not help it. On 6\u00a0August Provost Marschalck personally intervened again at the three men in favour of the conventuals, but in vain. Kalkhoven offered each conventual Rixdollar (Rtlr) 75 and two barrels of rye, if they would leave. The conventuals rejected any gifts. The conventuals were then announced to be violently evicted by noon 28\u00a0July/7\u00a0August. With the administrator regnant, John Frederick, deposed and in exile, the conventuals and the provost were on their own and could not help it. So on 27\u00a0July/ 6\u00a0August 1630 the conventuals finally left."}, {"context": " Thereafter the three men formally seized the convent in favour of the new Jesuit college founded in Stade in order to Catholicise the local population. Jesuit Father Kalkhoven literally appropriated the abbatial ring, the kitchen pothook, the keys of the convent, and a sod from the convent garden, representing its landed estates. Kalkhoven also took possession of the Lutheran former abbey church by ceremonially posing his hands over the altar. Already on 26\u00a0July/ 5\u00a0August 1630 socage farmers from Himmelpforten had been gathered in order to make them render homage to their new lord, the Society of Jesus. Kalkhoven then usurped the title of Provost of Himmelpforten. Kalkhoven appointed Erich Raschke as administrator, later expelled by the Swedes who took Himmelpforten in early May 1632.<ref name=\"Nistal 2008 123/126\">Matthias Nistal, \u201eDie Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anf\u00e4nge des Drei\u00dfigj\u00e4hrigen Krieges (1511\u20131632)\u201c, in: \"Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser\": 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogt\u00fcmer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogt\u00fcmer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol.\u00a0I 'Vor- und Fr\u00fchgeschichte' (1995; ), vol.\u00a0II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ), vol.\u00a0III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogt\u00fcmer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7\u20139), vol.\u00a0III: pp. 1\u2013158, here pp.\u00a0123 and 126. .</ref>"}, {"context": " In the second half of April 1632, after the Swedish victory in the Battle of Rain, the Imperial and Leaguist forces, altogether 23,000 men billeted in the area of Himmelpforten, Stade, Buxtehude, the Stade Geest and the Bremian Elbe Marshes, left the prince-archbishopric and with them the foreign Catholic clergy. Now the allied troops of Sweden, the city of Bremen and the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen under Achatius Tott captured the prince-archbishopric and John Frederick resumed his office as its Administrator regnant. Highly indebted as he was after recruiting and arming his troops allied with the Swedes, he brought in a bill to confiscate all the monasteries in the prince-archbishopric. However, on 20 and 28\u00a0May 1633 on the diet in Basdahl the estates of the prince-archbishopric rejected that, but allowed the Administrator regnant to collect the revenues of the monasteries until the Thirty Years' War would end."}, {"context": " With John Frederick's death in 1634 the greatest antagonist to the continued existence of the convents had disappeared, since the estates supported them. By then the conventuals managed to recapture the buildings, however, without the previous revenues then granted to the ruler. After Provost Marschalck had died in June, on 22\u00a0November/ 2\u00a0December 1638 the conventuals elected Casper Schulte their new provost. In 1646 Prioress Gerdruth von Campe started recompleting the set of liturgical devices and donated a new chalice, and two years later her fellow conventual Anna Vo\u00df bestowed a new paten on the convent, both till this day owned by the Lutheran parish."}, {"context": " Following the Treaty of Br\u00f6msebro on 13/23 August 1645 Sweden seized the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, with Swedish troops anyway in the country as concluded by the war alliance between the kingdom and the prince-archbishopric. On 27\u00a0October/ 9\u00a0November 1647 Queen Christina of Sweden promised the convent with all its revenues to Count Gustaf Adolf Lewenhaupt/L\u00f6wenhaupt (1619\u20131656), who on 30\u00a0July/ 9\u00a0August 1651 was invested with the convent as a fief heritable in the male line (Mannlehen). In 1647 there were twelve conventuals, and 14 women aspirants held abeyances to a sustenance in the convent."}, {"context": " By the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 the prince-archiepiscopal elective monarchy was secularised as the heritable Duchy of Bremen, which was jointly ruled with the new Principality of Verden, as Bremen-Verden, since both imperial fiefs were bestowed on the Swedish crown. By the 1650s the previous religious bodies, such as the Lutheran cathedral chapter or the archdeaconries, had been abolished, their revenues mostly confiscated, with only few of them not granted to Swedish war veterans. On 2/12 September 1651 the general government of Swedish Bremen-Verden appointed the first general superintendent for the new , the state church of Bremen-Verden, presiding over the consistory in Stade. The General Diocese of Bremen-Verden became a subdivision of the Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Hanover on its formation in 1864. Since 1936 its locally competent church district, the General Diocese, is succeeded by the Stade Diocese (Sprengel Stade)."}, {"context": " On 21/31 May 1650 Lewenhaupt/L\u00f6wenhaupt's plenipotentiary Johann Friedrich [von] Arensen, Privy Councillor Nicolaus von H\u00f6pken, general government of Swedish Bremen-Verden, and the conventuals concluded a settlement about the latter's future sustenance. The abeyances were not acknowledged, their aspirants came away empty-handed. The acknowledged conventuals would receive their annuities for all their lives (or until their marriage) and usually lived in the former convent buildings until their death (or marriage). In the fiscal year 1668/1669 still eight conventuals were alive, one married and seven still receiving their annuities."}, {"context": " In today's Himmelpforten a number of toponyms recall the former monastery (), such as Klosterfeld, a former field now a scheme of detached houses built in the 1970s, the Klostergraben, a drainage trench now forming the border between Himmelpforten and Burweg, the Klostermoor, a bog on Himmelpforten's eastern border to . The secondary schools in Himmelpforten (Hauptschule and Realschule), founded in 1966, and on 27 November 1975 moved to its present location, have later commonly adopted the Latin name (PCS)."}, {"context": " Since the enfeoffment of Count Lewenhaupt/L\u00f6wenhaupt with the former convent this seigniorial entity with its three Vorwerke, its socage farmers and revenues from dues and fines in its jurisdictions was called the \"Amt Himmelpforten\". The last Convent Scribe Erich Everdt Gr\u00f6ning(k) officiated as administrator of the Amt between 1658 and 1663, in 1663 and 1666 his sons Franz and then Heinrich Gr\u00f6ning became Himmelpforten's first bailiffs (Amtmann/Amtleute [sg./pl.]). The term convent continued to be in use, but referred more to the buildings and the pertaining glebe and socage farms than to the wider administrative subdivision, also including neighbouring villages (Breitenwisch, Gro\u00dfenw\u00f6rden, Horst upon Oste) subject to the former convent's jurisdiction and to dues to be collected."}, {"context": " On 11/21 February 1673 Michael Grabo, Bremen-Verdian land fiscal, reported to Governor-General Henrik Horn that Bailiff Michael Riedell had removed bricks from dilapidated convent buildings, demolishing even complete structures, in order to sell them. Under the Brandenburgian-Lunenburgian occupation (1675\u20131679) during the Bremen-Verden Campaign billeting (in Himmelpforten mostly M\u00fcnster troops staying 11 weeks) and requisitioning goods impoverished the area, with most revenues anyway lacking as they had been already previously deducted for Count Gustaf Mauritz Lewenhaupt/L\u00f6wenhaupt (1651\u20131700), the conventuals did not get their annuities and the convent buildings reached a stage of progressed dilapidation. In 1676 still two conventuals lived in the convent, two lived with relatives, and all the four still claimed their annuities. However, the annuities had not been paid since the start of the campaign in 1675, leaving the three conventuals still alive in 1677 without any means. All the three had then left the convent after it had been plundered by soldiers in the occupying army."}, {"context": " Also the convent house opposite the western fa\u00e7ade of the former abbey, now serving as the bailiff's office, called the \"Amtshaus\", was uninhabitable. On 30\u00a0March 1677 the competent occupational Lunenburgian government ordered to evacuate the Amtshaus due to dilapidation. The new occupational bailiff Albertus Hartmann blamed the deposed former bailiff Michael Riedell to have alienated convent possessions, when he had built for himself a new house, using also the materials of Catharina von der Kuhla's former house, which this conventual had built on her family's own expenses and had been sold for demolition to Riedell after her death. Hartmann lost his position in 1680 again, when Bremen-Verden was restituted to the Swedish crown, he was succeeded by late Michael Riedell's son Samuel Friedrich Riedell."}, {"context": " In the course of the Great Reduction of 1680 in the following year the general government of Swedish Bremen-Verden revoked the enfeoffment of seignorial Himmelpforten to the Lewenhaupt/L\u00f6wenhaupt counts, so that Gustaf Mauritz Lewenhaupt/L\u00f6wenhaupt lost the Amt Himmelpforten to the Swedish crown. In 1681 two conventuals were still alive and received again their annuities. In 1684 the reestablished Bremen-Verden general government ordered a greater repair of the decayed former abbey church, and also the remaining convent buildings were restored to some extent, all carried out by the socage farmers. At that time the former Vorwerke were not run with the labour of the socage farmers any more, but all leased to tenants."}, {"context": " As of 1712, under the Danish occupation in the Great Northern War, the plague reached Himmelpforten, killing 84 persons. The Danes enlarged the Amt Himmelpforten by the Oldendorf jurisdiction (B\u00f6rde Oldendorf). In 1715 they ceded Bremen-Verden to their ally Great Britain-Hanover for Rtlr 600,000, which in 1719 again compensated Sweden with Speziestaler 1,000,000 for its loss, thus gaining the Swedish consent. British-Hanoverian Bremen-Verden retained the Amt Himmelpforten, then \"Royal and Electoral Bailiwick of Himmelpforten\" (i.e. K\u00f6nigliches und Churf\u00fcrstliches Ampt Himmelpforten) as a rather administrative subdivision, but reorganised it according to the Hanoverian Bailiwick Ordinance (Amtsordnung) of 1674. In the subsequent years the government of British-Hanoverian Bremen-Verden demolished and rebuilt all the remaining convent buildings, such as the church (1738), the schoolhouse, the mill, the bailiff's office and the pastorate."}, {"context": " During the short-lived Westphalian annexation (1810) the territory of the Amt Himmelpforten formed part of the \"Canton of Stade and Himmelpforten\", established on 1\u00a0September 1810 and seated in Stade. With effect of 1\u00a0January 1811 all the South Elbian German coast and its hinterland was annexed to France and the area of the Amt Himmelpforten formed the \"Canton de Himmelpforten\" in the Bouches-de-l'Elbe Department. In 1813 after the French annexation the Amt Himmelpforten was restituted, and Bremen-Verden was reestablished too, however, all its grown local peculiarities in administration were levelled when this Hanoverian province became the High-Bailiwick of Stade in 1823."}, {"context": " The Amt, having lost its seignorial character through the abolition of feudalism in the 18th and 19th century (In the Kingdom of Hanover farmers became proprietors of the land they tilled in 1832.), became a mere administrative subdivision. In 1834 the Amt Stade-Agathenburg merged in the Amt Himmelpforten which by large existed in this new extension until 1885, when the Prussian district organisation was also applied to the Province of Hanover. In 1852 the Amt Osten took over the municipalities of Gro\u00dfenw\u00f6rden and with from the Amt Himmelpforten, also ceding the , which in 1859 became part of the Bremerv\u00f6rde district, now merged in the Rotenburg District. The remaining area of the former Amt Himmelpforten forms part of the District of Stade since 1885. Today's Oldendorf-Himmelpforten collective municipality pretty much covers the former Amt Himmelpforten in its extent of 1712."}, {"context": " The Cistercian convent buildings comprised the abbey, the actual convent and outbuildings, erected between 1300 and 1330. There were an abbey, a priorate, a granary, a threshing barn, a cart shed, a stable, a bakehouse, a mill, nuns' homes and a janitor's house, the latter along the northern wall of the abbey. The abbey served from the beginning on also as the parish church of the Himmelpforten parish (Kirchspiel Himmelpforten). By 1320 the actual abbey church was completed. The abbey was a typically Cistercian plain building in early Gothic style. As the church of a mendicant order the abbey had no spire but a wooden ridge turret."}, {"context": " In 1728 the convent school was demolished due to dilapidation and replaced by a new school. In the same year the convent building, then called the Amtshaus (bailiff's office), west of the abbey, was demolished and replaced by the new Amtshaus, completed in 1729, now housing the Birkenhof home for the elderly. Already in 1673 in his report Land Fiscal Grabo judged the pastorate dilapidated, its roof leaky and its posts sinking into the ground. In 1706 Preacher Michael Schreiner complained to the government about the bad state of repair. In 1732 the old pastorate south of the main street opposite to the abbey was torn down and replaced by a new building, itself again demolished in 1972. The convent's watermill on the creek close to the main street was demolished in 1739, and a new one was built more downstream. Bricks of cloister format size, stemming from the demolished convent, were found in the western fa\u00e7ade of St. Mary's Church, the new mill and private buildings in the convent's vicinity."}, {"context": " In 1779 the janitor's house was enforced to become the local jail. After the jail was relocated to Stade the chairman of the Ortsarmenkasse (local poor relief fund) lived in the janitor's house, later the court usher, before the building, then the last of the original convent, was demolished in 1877/1878. All farmers of Himmelpforten village were subject to serjeanty (Hofdienst, i.e. estate service) in favour of the nunnery. The nunnery ran three Vorwerke, outlying agricultural farm estates employing farmhands and additionally farmers obliged to serjeanty. The Vorwerke were managed by the (ad)vocate (Vogt). Thus the nunnery ran a Vorwerk on Stubbenkamp (on fields now named the Herrlichkeit, i.e. seigniority, which is a part of today's Himmelpforten), the Vorwerk at Horst and a third in Neuland upon Oste, a part of today's Engelschoff."}, {"context": " The Vorwerk farm buildings on Stubbenkamp, a main timber-framed building measuring Bremian ft 236 () times Bremian ft 50 () and a barn measuring Bremian ft 120 () times Bremian ft 50, were demolished in 1717, subsequently the site was let out on socage to a farmer. At the Stubbenkamp Vorwerk and at the Diekenbrook plot there were stewponds for the fish as fasting dishes at lent. The former Vorwerk in Neuland comprised five buildings, a residential house, a bakehouse, a pigsty, a granary and a crop barn. It is recalled by the field name Vorwerk in Neuland. The Vorwerk at Horst was in fact located in Breitenwisch on a plot now covered by the Jarck Farm. The outlying former socage farms attached to the Vorwerk at Horst, located at bit more northwest of the Vorwerk now form the village of Horst upon Oste."}, {"context": " A deed of 17\u00a0March 1291 shows the oldest preserved version of the nunnery's seal, the model to today's coat of arms used by the municipality of Himmelpforten. The Amt Himmelpforten, however, used an altered variant of that coat of arms showing in the arch instead of the nun the ducal Bremian Saint Peter's crosswise keys. Porta Coeli never developed a sustainable farming of its own. Its landed estates and other revenue-yielding assets did not form a closed compound but were dispersed in the central and northeastern part of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (Stade Geest and Bremian Elbe Marshes). Like many other nunneries Porta Coeli lived of feudal leases, tithes and other dues, earlier often in kind, such as also socage and serjeanty. Porta Coeli let out most of its farmland on socage to farmers, and ran only smaller and closer parts of all its lands through its Vorwerke using labour of farmers subject to serjeanty. The Vorwerke were managed by the (ad)vocate (Vogt). Besides his military task of protecting, his task was to prevent farmers from poaching, pasturing on nunnery's land, forbidden lumbering and peat-cutting and of pursuing culprits, collecting the dues and leases."}, {"context": " For the fiscal year 1625/1626 the overall revenues of the convent amounted to Mark 3,014 Shilling\u00a01 and Pfennig\u00a010, its expenses were Mk 3,118:14:7. For 1626/1627 the corresponding numbers were 3,498.14.7 and 3,617.11.10. By the end of the 17th century the convent's revenues divided into Mk 2,671.28.4 of fix and Mk 1,854.25.3 of variable receipts. The farmers in Himmelpforten were all subject to serjeanty to the convent and had to pay a lease for the land, which they tilled. All of the convent's estates (Meierh\u00f6fe) leased under feudal law were heritable under the principle of ultimogeniture (Minorat). Originally most dues were in kind, later they were monetised, and even partially collected by third parties such as publicans, sometimes being the collective of tax-payers themselves, such as the tithing farmers of Isensee, Twielenfleth, Uthwege, Gro\u00dfenw\u00f6rden, , Kehdingen or Altes Land, who thus economised their charges."}, {"context": " The watermill charged the suckeners with the sixteenth part of the grist as the multure (Low Saxon: Matte) in favour of the convent. The inhabitants of , , Burweg, D\u00fcdenb\u00fcttel, Hammah, , Himmelpforten, Mittelsdorf, , and were thirled to the convent's mill. Only the nuns (later the conventuals), the pastor and the local officials were exempt from the multure. In 1645 the convent's annual revenues amounted to Rixdollar (Rtlr) 3,501. In 1650 the convent's estates earned the second lowest revenues of all Bremian-Verdian monasteries, only Neuenwalde Convent earned even less. Therefore also the convent's share in levying war taxes was rather low, it was 0.012% (or formula_1) of the total revenues from taxes to be levied. Other charges on the convent were the triannual delivery of 15 cows to the prince-archiepiscopal residential V\u00f6rde Castle in Bremerv\u00f6rde."}, {"context": " Single possessions and revenues, besides the Vorwerke mentioned above (see #Vorwerke) were the following: Abbesses, prioresses, provosts and (ad)vocates of the nunnery and subsequent convent: At Porta Coeli with a rather few nuns and conventuals, respectively, the term prioress prevailed over abbess for their chairwoman. The (ad)vocates (), exerted military protection, managed the Vorwerke, and exercised police functions in the convent's jurisdictions. Thus they had to prevent farmers from poaching, pasturing on nunnery's land, forbidden lumbering and peat-cutting and to pursue culprits, furthermore they collected the dues and leases.  The Amt Himmelpforten was presided over by the Amtmann (pl. Amtleute; bailiff), later also granted other titles such as Drost (bailiff), Oberamtmann (superior bailiff) or Kreishauptmann (district captain). The list follows Georg von Issendorff."}]}, {"title": "Himmelpforten Monastery (Harz)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelpforten Monastery () was an Augustinian hermitage in the Harz Mountains of Germany, halfway between Hasserode (in the borough of Wernigerode ) and Darlingerode. The name \"Himmelpforten\" means the \"Gates of Heaven\". The monastery was founded in 1253 by the lords of Hartesrode in a sheltered, wooded valley, northwest of Hasserode. They chose this site because Hermits of St. William had previously resided here. The Augustinian friars bred fish and even grew vineyards. Martin Luther visited Himmelpforten on 6 August 1517, where he met his friend and fellow friar, at that time the Vicar General of the Order, Johann von Staupitz, with whom he discussed the sale of indulgences.  The Luther memorial tablet (\"Luthergedenkstein\") erected in 1917 commemorates that meeting. The noted theologian and preacher, , served in this monastery as prior until his death in 1503."}]}, {"title": "Himmelried", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelried is a municipality in the district of Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Himmelried is first mentioned in 1288 as \"in villa Heimenriet\". Himmelried has an area, , of . Of this area, or 30.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 58.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 10.7% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.2% is either rivers or lakes and or 0.2% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 7.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.3%. Out of the forested land, 56.3% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.0% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 4.8% is used for growing crops and 24.0% is pastures, while 1.8% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water."}, {"context": " The municipality is located in the Thierstein district, on the southern slope of Homberg mountain and above the Kaltbrunnen valley. It consists of the village of Himmelried and the hamlets of Steffen, Baumgarten and Schindelboden as well as scattered farm houses. The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is \"Argent a Juniper Tree Vert issuant from a Mount of the same between two Mullets Gules.\" Himmelried has a population () of . , 8.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999\u20132009 ) the population has changed at a rate of -4.7%. It has changed at a rate of -4.2% due to migration and at a rate of 1.3% due to births and deaths."}, {"context": " Most of the population () speaks German (898 or 94.9%), with French being second most common (11 or 1.2%) and English being third (9 or 1.0%). , the gender distribution of the population was 51.3% male and 48.7% female. The population was made up of 426 Swiss men (45.1% of the population) and 58 (6.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 416 Swiss women (44.1%) and 44 (4.7%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 283 or about 29.9% were born in Himmelried and lived there in 2000. There were 108 or 11.4% who were born in the same canton, while 430 or 45.5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 104 or 11.0% were born outside of Switzerland."}, {"context": " In there were 6 live births to Swiss citizens and were 5 deaths of Swiss citizens and 1 non-Swiss citizen death. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 1 while the foreign population decreased by 1. There was 1 Swiss man and 2 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there was 1 non-Swiss woman who emigrated from Switzerland to another country. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 34 and the non-Swiss population decreased by 3 people. This represents a population growth rate of -3.8%."}, {"context": " The age distribution, , in Himmelried is; 57 children or 6.0% of the population are between 0 and 6 years old and 164 teenagers or 17.3% are between 7 and 19. Of the adult population, 47 people or 5.0% of the population are between 20 and 24 years old. 318 people or 33.6% are between 25 and 44, and 258 people or 27.3% are between 45 and 64. The senior population distribution is 81 people or 8.6% of the population are between 65 and 79 years old and there are 21 people or 2.2% who are over 80. , there were 385 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 463 married individuals, 38 widows or widowers and 60 individuals who are divorced."}, {"context": " , there were 381 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 104 households that consist of only one person and 26 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 386 households that answered this question, 26.9% were households made up of just one person and there were 2 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 122 married couples without children, 139 married couples with children There were 11 single parents with a child or children. There were 3 households that were made up of unrelated people and 5 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing."}, {"context": " The historical population is given in the following chart: The Kastelh\u00f6hle, a paleolithic cave is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 29.14% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (20.28%), the FDP (18.72%) and the SP (16.86%). In the federal election, a total of 344 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 46.7%. , Himmelried had an unemployment rate of 2%. , there were 35 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 18 businesses involved in this sector. 12 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 3 businesses in this sector. 47 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 24 businesses in this sector. There were 534 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 40.1% of the workforce."}, {"context": " , there were 16 workers who commuted into the municipality and 451 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 28.2 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 19.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 66.9% used a private car. From the , 426 or 45.0% were Roman Catholic, while 190 or 20.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 7 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.74% of the population), there were 10 individuals (or about 1.06% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 33 individuals (or about 3.49% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish, and 8 (or about 0.85% of the population) who were Islamic. There was 1 person who was Buddhist. 235 (or about 24.84% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 35 individuals (or about 3.70% of the population) did not answer the question."}, {"context": " In Himmelried about 378 or (40.0%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 147 or (15.5%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a \"Fachhochschule\"). Of the 147 who completed tertiary schooling, 55.8% were Swiss men, 31.3% were Swiss women, 7.5% were non-Swiss men and 5.4% were non-Swiss women. During the 2010-2011 school year there were a total of 67 students in the Himmelried school system. The education system in the Canton of Solothurn allows young children to attend two years of non-obligatory Kindergarten. During that school year, there were 11 children in kindergarten. The canton's school system requires students to attend six years of primary school, with some of the children attending smaller, specialized classes. In the municipality there were 56 students in primary school. The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling, followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. All the lower secondary students from Himmelried attend their school in a neighboring municipality.  , there was one student in Himmelried who came from another municipality, while 88 residents attended schools outside the municipality."}]}, {"title": "Himmelsbrief", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelsbrief also known as a \"heaven's letter\" (Bilardi, 2009), OR a \"heavenly letter\" (Kerr, 2002), is a name for religious documents said to have been written by God or a divine agent. Their purpose is to protect the bearer or place from all evil and danger; however, there is a price for their protection. Bearers will only be protected so long as they abide by the moral covenants detailed in the letter. (Bilardi, 2009) They are often said to have miraculously \"fallen from sky\", claim protection for owners of a copy (encouraging memetic replication) and punishment for disbelievers."}, {"context": " Some authors reserve the name for Christian apocryphal documents, but similar pieces are found in Islam, Hinduism and pre-Christian religions. Hippolytus of Rome mentions one in \"Refutation of All Heresies\" (third century), and the earlier full text is a Latin one dated in the 6th century. While preaching, Jacob, the organizer of the Crusade of the Shepherds, held one which was allegedly given by the Virgin Mary. In the Pennsylvania German community, they are part of Pow-wow tradition and contained Bible verses and other charms and assurances that their owners would be protected from death, injury, and other misfortune. The text of these letters is often written according to a long established formula (Herr, 2002) This is why it is sometimes believed that Himmelsbrief are the original chain letters. Pow-wow practitioners charged handsome sums for these magical letters; the price they commanded depended on the reputation of the practitioner. However, some traditions call for it to be given free of charge. A hand-written letter produced by a respected Hexenmeister or Braucher is regarded as a powerful talisman (Herr, 2002). Himmelsbrief may be written in order to communicate with someone departed, or to request assistance from God in heaven. (Herr, 2002) According to C.R.Bilardi in his book, The Red Church: or the Art of Pennsylvania German Braucherei (2009), two well known examples of these letters are the Koenigsberg Fire Brief of 1714 and the Magdeburg Himmelsbrief of 1783.  Bilardi, C.R. (2009) The Red Church: or the Art of Pennsylvania German Braucherie; Pendraig Publishing, Los Angeles, CA Herr, Karl (2002) Hex and Spellwork: The Magical Practice of the Pennsylvania Dutch; Weiser Books, Boston, MA"}]}, {"title": "Himmelschrofen", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Himmelsheim", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelsheim is a 1989 German comedy film directed by Manfred Stelzer and starring Elke Sommer, Sigi Zimmerschied and Hanns Zischler."}]}, {"title": "Himmelskibet", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelskibet may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Himmelsko\u0308nig, sei willkommen, BWV 182", "paragraphs": [{"context": " ' (King of Heaven, welcome), ', is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach. He composed it in Weimar for Palm Sunday, and first performed it on 25 March 1714, which was also the feast of the Annunciation that year. In Weimar, Bach was the court organist of Johann Ernst von Sachsen-Weimar. On 2 March 1714, he was promoted to , an honour which included a monthly performance of a church cantata in the . According to Bach scholar Alfred D\u00fcrr, this cantata is Bach's first cantata in a series which was meant to cover all Sundays within four years. However, \"Widerstehe doch der S\u00fcnde\", BWV 54 has also been proposed as the first."}, {"context": " In any event, BWV 182 preceded . Bach composed the cantata for the Marian feast of the Annunciation, always celebrated on 25 March, which fell on Palm Sunday in 1714. Other than in Leipzig, where \"tempus clausum\" was observed during Lent and no cantatas were permitted, Bach could perform in Weimar a cantata especially meant for the entry of Jesus into Jerusalem. The prescribed readings for the day were from the Epistle to the Philippians, \"everyone be in the spirit of Christ\" (), or from the First Epistle to the Corinthians, \"of the Last Supper\" (), and from the Gospel of Matthew, the entry into Jerusalem ()."}, {"context": " The poetry was written by the court poet Salomon Franck, although the work is not found in his printed editions. Bach's biographer Philipp Spitta concluded this from stylistic comparison and observing a lack of recitatives between arias. The poetry derives from the entry into Jerusalem a similar entry into the heart of the believer, who should prepare himself and will be given heavenly joy in return. The language intensifies the mystical aspects: (King of Heaven), \"\" (You have taken our hearts from us), \"\" (Lay yourselves beneath the Savior). The chorale in movement 7 is the final stanza 33 of Paul Stockmann's hymn for Passiontide \"Jesu Leiden, Pein und Tod\" (1633)."}, {"context": " A da capo sign after the last aria in some parts suggests that originally the cantata was meant to be concluded by a repeat of the opening chorus. Bach first performed it in the Schlosskirche on Palm Sunday, 25 March 1714. As Bach could not perform the cantata in Leipzig on Palm Sunday, he used it on the feast of the Annunciation on 25 March 1724, which had coincided with Palm Sunday for the first performance as well. He performed it in Leipzig two more times. The cantata in eight movements is scored for alto, tenor, and bass soloists, a four-part choir, recorder, two violins, two violas and basso continuo."}, {"context": " The cantata is intimately scored to match the church building. An instrumental \"Sonata\" in the rhythm of a French Overture depicts the arrival of the King. (In his cantata , for Advent that same year on the same reading, Bach went further and set a chorus in the form of such an overture). The recorder and a solo violin are accompanied by \"pizzicato\" in the divided violas and the continuo. The first chorus is in da capo form, beginning with a fugue, which leads to a homophonic conclusion. The middle section contains two similar canonic developments."}, {"context": " The following biblical quotation is set as the only recitative of the cantata. It is given to the bass as the \"vox Christi\" (voice of Christ) and expands to an arioso. The instrumentation of the three arias turns from the crowd in the Biblical scene to the individual believer, the first accompanied by violin and divided violas, the second by a lone recorder, the last only by the continuo. The chorale is arranged as a chorale fantasia in the manner of Pachelbel; every line is first prepared in the lower voices, then the soprano sings the cantus firmus, while the other voices interpret the words, for example by fast movement on \"\" (joy). The closing chorus is, according to conductor John Eliot Gardiner, \"a sprightly choral dance that could have stepped straight out of a comic opera of the period\"."}]}, {"title": "Himmelsrichtungen", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelsrichtungen (Cardinal Points) is the eighth studio album by pianist/composer Juan Mar\u00eda Solare, released on 20 March 2016 in the label Janus Music & Sound (based in Germany). The album is a digital only release. Recorded at the Theatersaal of the university of Bremen (Germany) on 30 September 2014. Grand piano B\u00f6sendorfer. Cover image by the British artist Alban Low. UPC: 5054227090752 During the first month after release, the first track (Siesta Norte\u00f1a) was included in Spotify's official playlist \"Fresh Finds - Cyclone\". As for 31 August 2016, two of the six tracks are among Solare's top five listened tracks on Spotify.  Himmelsrichtungen is a piano cycle in which to the usual four cardinal points two were added (zenith and nadir), to achieve a three-dimensional room. The piano cycle has been composed in September\u2013October 2004. The whole cycle (20 minutes long) is dedicated to different members of the Dehning family. ISWC (International Standard Musical Work Code): T-802.175.109-8"}]}, {"title": "Himmelstadt", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelstadt is a community in the Main-Spessart district in the \"Regierungsbezirk\" of Lower Franconia (\"Unterfranken\") in Bavaria, Germany and a member of the \"Verwaltungsgemeinschaft\" (Administrative Community) of Zellingen. Because of the community\u2019s \u201cheavenly\u201d name \u2013 \"Himmel\" means \u201cheaven\u201d or \u201csky\u201d in German \u2013 the \"Weihnachtspostamt Himmelstadt\" (\u201cHimmelstadt Christmas Post Office\u201d) has existed since 1986, jointly run by Deutsche Post and the community. Himmelstadt lies in the W\u00fcrzburg Region."}, {"context": " The community has only one \"Gemarkung\" (traditional rural cadastral area), also called Himmelstadt. The community was founded by a woman named Immina. After she died in 741, ownership passed to Bishop Burchard of W\u00fcrzburg. In 840, the community had its first documentary mention as \"Immestat\". The \"Himmelspforten\" (\u201cHeaven\u2019s Gates\u201d) Convent (not to be confused with the religious houses named Himmelpforten, without an , in Hamburg and the Harz) was founded in Himmelstadt by Bishop Hermann I of Lobdeburg, but in 1253 it was moved to Himmelspforten near W\u00fcrzburg. The convent, however, kept its economic holdings in Himmelstadt right up until Secularization in 1803. As part of the Prince-Bishopric of W\u00fcrzburg, Himmelstadt was secularized in 1803, and then in the Peace of Pressburg in 1805 passed to Archduke Ferdinand of Tuscany to form the Grand Duchy of W\u00fcrzburg, with which it passed in 1814 to Bavaria."}, {"context": " Within town limits, 1,425 inhabitants were counted in 1970, 1,558 in 1987 and in 2000 1,752. The mayor is Harald F\u00fchrer (CSU/Freie B\u00fcrgerliste). In 2002 he succeeded G\u00fcnter Hofmann (Freie W\u00e4hlergemeinschaft). Municipal taxes in 1999 amounted to \u20ac2,520,000 (converted), of which net business taxes amounted to \u20ac457,000. The community\u2019s arms might be described thus: Argent a fess wavy azure surmounting the main stem of a twig of three roses gules in pale, in base the letters H and P ligatured of the last."}, {"context": " The tinctures argent and gules (silver and red) recall Himmelstadt\u2019s long history as a W\u00fcrzburg holding. The ligatured HP is a monogram used by the \"Himmelspforten\" Cistercian Convent to mark its estate. It can still be found on old boundary stones. The rose twig comes from the convent\u2019s seal and is a Marian motif referring thereto. The wavy blue fess stands for Himmelstadt\u2019s location on both sides of the Main. The arms have been borne since 1975. According to official statistics, there were 37 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls working in agriculture and forestry in 1998. In producing businesses this was 592, and in trade and transport 122. In other areas, 1,016 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls were employed, and 1,684 such workers worked from home. There was one processing business. Nine businesses were in construction, and furthermore, in 1999, there were 103 agricultural operations with a working area of 2\u00a0104\u00a0ha.  In 1999 the following institutions existed in Himmelstadt:"}]}, {"title": "Himmelstalund", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelstalund is a large park/open space in Norrk\u00f6ping, Sweden. The park is famous for having one of Sweden's biggest collection of petroglyphs with more than 1660 pictures. Some of the depicted boats having a similar shape as the Hjortspring boat."}]}, {"title": "Himmelstalundshallen", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmelstalundshallen is an indoor arena in Norrk\u00f6ping, Sweden. It is home arena for the ice hockey team HC Vita H\u00e4sten. It opened in 1977 and holds 4,280 people. The arena hosted the preliminary games of group B at the 2003 EuroBasket."}]}, {"title": "Himmelthal Monastery", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himmelthal Monastery (German: \"Kloster Himmelthal\") was a Cistercian nunnery in Elsenfeld in Bavaria. It was founded by 1232 by Count Louis II von Rieneck and his wife Adelheid von Henneberg. It was extinct by 1568, when the Archbishopric of Mainz reused it as a Kameralhof. This was used by the Jesuits from 1595 and formally passed to them in 1626. After the German Jesuits were dissolved in 1773, the estate reverted to the Archbishopric of Mainz, which assigned it to an educational establishment. Since 1814 it has been owned by the Gymnasiumsfonds des Stiftungsamtes Aschaffenburg. Some eighteenth-century panels showing the organisation's holdings are now in the Stiftsmuseum of Aschaffenburg."}]}, {"title": "Himmerland", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmerland is a peninsula in northeastern Jutland, Denmark. It is delimited to the north and the west by the Limfjord, to the east by the Kattegat, and to the south by the Mariager Fjord. The largest city is Aalborg; smaller towns include Hobro, Aars, L\u00f8gst\u00f8r, St\u00f8vring and Nibe. In northeastern Himmerland is the Lille Vildmose, Denmark's largest raised bog, which sustains a rich bird life of international importance. It is generally assumed that the name Himmerland is derived from the tribe of the Cimbri since, in the \"Geography\" of Ptolemy (2nd century AD), the \"Kimbroi\" (in Greek \"\u039a\u03af\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\") are located in the northernmost part of the peninsula of Jutland, called \"Kimbrik\u0113 cherson\u0113sos\" in Greek (\u039a\u03b9\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03a7\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2). The Latin \"c\" and Greek \"k\" attest an earlier stage of Germanic in which the Germanic sound shift was not yet completed (*\"k\" > *\"\u03c7\" > \"h\"), or it has been assumed the Latin form may be derived through Celtic which substituted \"ch\" for \"h\" (Germanic *\"himbr-\", Celtic *\"chimbr-\", Latin \"cimbr-\")."}]}, {"title": "Himmerland Open", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himmerland Open was a golf tournament on the Challenge Tour, played in Denmark. It was held from 1994 to 1998 at Himmerland Golf & Spa Resort in Fars\u00f8."}]}, {"title": "Himmerland Rundt", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himmerland Rundt is a Danish One-day race for professional road bicycle racers organized as a part of the UCI Europe Tour in the Danish region of Himmerland. It was first organized in 2011."}]}, {"title": "Himmerod Abbey", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmerod Abbey (Kloster Himmerod) is a Cistercian monastery in the community of Gro\u00dflittgen in the \"Verbandsgemeinde\" of Manderscheid in the district of Bernkastel-Wittlich, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, located in the Eifel, in the valley of the Salm. Himmerod Abbey was founded in 1134 by Saint Bernard and is a direct foundation of Clairvaux. In its turn it founded a daughter house, Heisterbach Abbey, in 1189. The Baroque church was completed in 1751, but after secularisation from 1802 under French occupation fell into ruin."}, {"context": " In 1922 the monastery was re-founded by the settlement here of German Cistercian monks from the former monastery of Mariastern in the present Bosnia. The church was re-built under Abbot Vitus Recke (abbot from 1937 to 1959), and completed in 1962, and contains a famous organ by Johannes Klais. The new abbey founded the Abbey of the Holy Cross, Itaporanga near S\u00e3o Paulo in Brazil, in 1936. The abbey has a museum, a book - and art shop, a caf\u00e9, a guesthouse and retreat-house and a fishery. The last abbot (as of 2006) is Bruno Fromme, in post since 1991."}, {"context": " \"German news agency dpa on Saturday quoted the monastery\u2019s head, Abbot Johannes, as saying the financial situation and especially the small number of monks had played a key role in the decision. The monastery\u2019s property, near the village of Grosslittgen, will be transferred to the Catholic diocese of Trier, while the six monks will move to other monasteries. It was not clear what would happen to the monastery\u2019s other staff.\" The abbey also has its own publishing house, the \"Himmerod Drucke\", which to date has published over 50 works by a number of authors, especially Father Stephan Reimund Senge, a monk at Himmerod. The journal \"Unsere Liebe Frau von Himmerod\" (\"Our Lady of Himmerod\") appears three times a year, and the newsletter \"Himmeroder Rundbrief\" (ed. Father Stephan) about 10 times a year."}, {"context": " From 5 October to 9 October 1950, officers of the former \"Wehrmacht\", on the authority of the West German government, met in conference at Himmerod Abbey to prepare for Chancellor Konrad Adenauer to launch the re-armament of Germany. The conference produced the Himmerod memorandum (German: \"Himmeroder Denkschrift\"), which laid out the prerequisites for re-armament and suggested what Germany could contribute to the defense of western Europe. This was an important step toward the official founding of the Bundeswehr in 1955."}]}, {"title": "Himmerod memorandum", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himmerod memorandum () was a 40-page document produced following a 1950 secret meeting of former Wehrmacht high-ranking officers invited by Chancellor Konrad Adenauer to the Himmerod Abbey to discuss West Germany's \"Wiederbewaffnung\" (rearmament). The resulting document laid foundation for the establishment of the new army (Bundeswehr) of the Federal Republic. The memorandum, along with the public declaration of Wehrmacht's \"honor\" by the Allied military commanders and West Germany's politicians, contributed to the creation of the myth of the \"clean Wehrmacht\"."}, {"context": " The Potsdam Conference held by the Soviet Union, United Kingdom and United States from 17 July to 2 August 1945 largely determined the occupation policies that the defeated country was to face. These included demilitarization, denazification, democratization and decentralization. The Allies' often crude and ineffective implementation caused the local population to dismiss the process as \"noxious mixture of moralism and 'victors' justice'\". For those in the Western zones of occupation, the advent of the Cold War undermined the demilitarization process by seemingly justifying the key part of Hitler's foreign policies \u2014 the \"fight against Soviet bolshevism\". In 1950, after the outbreak of the Korean War, it became clear to the Americans that a German army would have to be revived to help face off the Soviet Union, and both American and West German politicians confronted the prospect of rebuilding the armed forces of the Federal Republic."}, {"context": " From 5 to 9 October 1950, a group of former senior officers, at the behest of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, met in secret at the Himmerod Abbey (hence the memorandum's name) to discuss West Germany's rearmament. The participants were divided in several subcommittees that focused on the political, ethical, operational and logistical aspects of the future armed forces. The resulting memorandum included a summary of the discussions at the conference and bore the name \"Memorandum on the Formation of a German Contingent for the Defense of Western Europe within the framework of an International Fighting Force\". It was intended as both a planning document and as a basis of negotiations with the Western Allies."}, {"context": " The participants of the conference were convinced that no future German army would be possible without the historical rehabilitation of the Wehrmacht. The memorandum therefore included these key demands: Adenauer accepted these propositions and in turn advised the representatives of the three Western powers that German armed forces would not be possible as long as German soldiers remained in custody. To accommodate the West German government, the Allies commuted a number of war crimes sentences."}, {"context": " A public declaration from Supreme Allied Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower followed in January 1951, attesting to the Wehrmacht's \"honor\". Prior to signing the declaration and discussing it with the press, Eisenhower met with former Wehrmacht generals Adolf Heusinger and Hans Speidel, both participants in the Himmerod conference, and was impressed by them. The declaration read in part: I have come to know that there was a real difference between the German soldier and Hitler and his criminal group. (...) For my part, I do not believe that the German soldier as such has lost his honor."}, {"context": " In the same year (1951), some former career officers of the Wehrmacht were granted war pensions under Article 131 of the Common Law. Eisenhower's public statement gave the former Wehrmacht generals the ability to expand on the revisionist work they had already done for the United States Army Historical Division, getting their message beyond the small circle of Allied intelligence officers. Chancellor Adenauer made a similar statement in a Bundestag debate on Article 131 of the Common Law, West Germany's provisional constitution. He stated that the German soldier fought honorably, as long as he \"had not been guilty of any offense\". These declarations laid the foundation of the myth of the \"clean Wehrmacht\" that reshaped the West's perception of the German war effort, leading to Wehrmacht's eventual rehabilitation in the eyes of the public and the Allied authorities."}]}, {"title": "Himmetli, Saimbeyli", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmetli is a village in the Saimbeyli, Adana Province, Turkey."}]}, {"title": "Himmetoglu oil shale deposit", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himmeto\u011flu oil shale deposit is located in the southwestern part of Bolu Province, Turkey. It occurs in the form of a successive, predominantly brown and brownish grey oil layers between pyroclastic outcrops. Himmeto\u011flu oil shale basin is of Neogene age. Volcanism and tectonic activities had considerable influences on the environmental conditions during the deposition period. The deposition of the organic matter was controlled by the volcanism and the initial characteristics have been preserved without further improvement in the maturity of the organic matter. The drill-hole data shows three main zones. From top to bottom are bituminous marl (BLM), bituminous banded marl (BBM) and the major oil shale formation of Himmeto\u011flu (HOS) seam. Himmeto\u011flu Oil Shale strata overlie a lignite zone and extend throughout the deposit. The amount of the organic matter decreases from the outermost layer towards the bottom parts while the amount of zeolites increases. Himmeto\u011flu oil shale seam consists of more than 50% liptinite, 20 \u2013 50% huminite and 0 \u2013 20% inertinite maceral groups and is characterized by its high organic content ."}, {"context": " The origin of the organic matter is mainly algae and plants. The major inorganic constituents in the organic rich zones are calcite, dolomite, silica and considerable amounts of pyrite. Economic Grade Oil Shale (EGOS) over an oil shale deposit was defined by 5 m minimum seam thickness, 750 kcal/kg minimum upper calorific value and 4% minimum oil content. The average calorific value of the EGOS zone is around 4900 kcal/kg. The in-place oil content of Himmeto\u011flu oil shale is 43% by weight or approximately 482 l/ton shale. However, the average total sulphur content is high (2.5%) due to considerable amount of pyrite. Himmeto\u011flu oil shale is the highest quality oil shale deposit in Turkey. Himmeto\u011flu oil shale zone is being excavated to exploit an underlying high quality lignite seam, utilized for domestic heating. On accounts of its high thermal quality, Himmeto\u011flu oil shale is an attractive alternative for thermal power generation in Turkey, which relies mostly on poor quality lignites."}]}, {"title": "Himmetog\u0306lu, Go\u0308ynu\u0308k", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmeto\u011flu is a village in the District of G\u00f6yn\u00fck, Bolu Province, Turkey. As of 2010 it had a population of 600 people."}]}, {"title": "Himmetog\u0306lu, Zonguldak", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmeto\u011flu is a village in Zonguldak District, Zonguldak Province, Turkey."}]}, {"title": "Himmighofen", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmighofen is a municipality in the district of Rhein-Lahn, in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany."}]}, {"title": "Himmiste", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmiste is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia. Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in L\u00e4\u00e4ne-Saare Parish."}]}, {"title": "Himmiste, Po\u0303lva County", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Himmler (surname)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmler is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}]}, {"title": "Himmler-Kersten Agreement", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himmler-Kersten Agreement was a document signed on 12 March 1945 by Reichsf\u00fchrer-SS Heinrich Himmler and his personal physician Felix Kersten, in which Himmler made four pledges 'in the name of humanity' concerning the fate of Nazi concentration camps upon the approach of Allied forces at the end of the Second World War. The four points of the agreement were that on the approach of Allied forces: The document was signed in secret, in the presence only of SS physician Karl Brandt, in a room at the SS Sanatorium in Hohenlychen.  This agreement saved the lives of 60,000 Jews as well as more than 15,000 people who were rescued during the White Buses operations in March-April 1945."}]}, {"title": "Himmo, King of Jerusalem", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himmo, King of Jerusalem (Hebrew: \u05d7\u05d9\u05de\u05d5 \u05de\u05dc\u05da \u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd, tr. \"Himmo Melech Yerushalaim\") is an 84-minute 1987 Israeli Hebrew-language independent underground dramatic art film directed by Amos Guttman. Adapted by from an eponymous 1966 novel by Yoram Kaniuk, the film, set in an abandoned monastery-turned-clinic (the film was shot at the Monastery of the Cross), unfolds during the siege of Jerusalem in 1948. A young and beautiful volunteer nurse, Hamutal Horowitz (Alona Kimhi), is romantically drawn to the enigmatic Himmo Perach (Ofer Shikartsi), a mortally wounded and mutilated soldier and former charismatic philanderer who cannot speak (except when he asks to be shot, though nobody in the monastery has the courage to do so) or move as he had most of his limbs removed without anesthesia due to severe shortages. Jealousy amongst the other patients, all in love with Hamutal though receiving only professional care, soon begins to emerge. The film, financed by the and developed at , stars \"inter alia\" , Mika Rottenberg, , , , Amos Lavi, , , and and has cinematography by , production by Enrique Rottenberg, and music by (in addition to the 1946 song \"\", written by Haim Hefer and , performed by Shoshana Damari). It was screened and won several prizes at the 1988 Toronto International Film Festival, San Francisco International Film Festival, Haifa International Film Festival, and 1988 Chicago International Film Festival, despite being a commercial flop with only 21,000 tickets sold."}, {"context": " Journalist Meir Schnitzer dismissed the film for its \u201clack of plot\u201d and \u201cvisual ugliness,\u201d and similar pontifications were voiced by other journalists such as , who dismissed its \u201cpretentiousness\u201d and called it a stain on the Israeli film \u201cindustry,\u201d and , who called it \u201cmiserable, tiring, heavy, a boring and slow film in which nothing happens\u201d and complained that it utilized \u201ctoo much dialogue and too little action.\u201d Outside Israel, where the film was distributed by the National Center for Jewish Film, \"TV Guide\" also dismissed the \u201cstagy, with a fair amount of speechmaking\u201d approach. The film was released on DVD in Israel by as part of a boxset containing the complete filmography of Guttman and an equivalent boxset was released in France by . Several nowadays notable Israeli film people, such as Rony Gruber, Samuel Maoz, , and started out as crew bit parts on this film."}]}, {"title": "Himna kosovskih junaka", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"Himna Kosovskih junaka\", or in English \"The Hymn of the Kosovo Heroes\", written by Ljubomir Simovi\u0107 and composed by Du\u0161an Karuovi\u0107 is a song from historical war drama film \"Battle of Kosovo\" (1989). It was also the anthem of the Special Operations Unit (JSO)."}]}, {"title": "Himnaera Him!", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Girls' Generation's Himnaera Him! (; lit. Girls' Generation's Cheer Up!), is a South Korean television reality show starring the South Korean girl group Girls' Generation. The show and cast operated under the goal of being the Republic of Korea's cheering squad, with the intention of cheering up the citizens during an economic slump. After the cancellation of the MBC Sunday Sunday Night program \"Daemang\" (), it was replaced by a new variety show starring Girls' Generation titled \"Girls' Generation's Horror Movie Factory\" (). This show too however, was unable to raise the ratings of the MBC corner and was cancelled after a 6 episode run. It was announced that a new show starring the popular group titled 'Himnaera-Him!' or 'Cheer Up!' was chosen to take the timeslot, and began airing the week after the last episode of Horror Movie Factory. However, as the group released their new EP 'Tell Me Your Wish (Genie)' and became busier with promotions, the show was discontinued after only 2 episodes when the group's management decided to have them leave the MBC Sunday Sunday Night segment. On the broadcast date of the final episode of Cheer Up!, it was announced the group would be starring in a new reality show on KBS rather than MBC titled Girls' Generation's Hello Baby, for which the group received a much more positive reaction than anything previously done on MBC's Sunday Sunday Night segment."}, {"context": " In this episode, the Girls' Generation members (excluding Yoona) along with the MCs of the show meet up and introduce the concept of the show at the MBC Dream Center, calling themselves the Republic of Korea's civil cheering squad. The cast then head to a bus rigged with cctv monitors hooked up to a tiny camera installed in a pair of sunglasses, as well as a few hand-held cameras. The first half of the show consists of the members pretending to be normal civilians and infiltrating different restaurants and ordering samgyeopsal, and trying to weigh the meat on a hidden scale without being caught. The goal is to find an honest store that gives the correct amount of meat for the paid price. The second part of the episode has the members splitting into teams and helping promote the honest stores as a competition to see which group can generate the most profit."}, {"context": " The second and last episode of the show revolves around a widowed Environment Maintenance Worker in Songpa-dong named Lee Hyesuk. A friend of Lee named Jung Kyusoon cooperates with the Cheer Up! production team and helps them in helping keep the set up a secret. Girls' Generation members Tiffany, Taeyeon and Sooyoung pose as workers at a restaurant where comedian Kim Shinyoung is acting as the manager while Jessica and Shin Junghwan act as customers. Jung Kyusoon is able to convince Lee Hyesuk to enter the store, after which she wins several \"hit-or-miss\" draws that allow her to eat for free and receive special prizes, not knowing that it has been set up so that it is impossible for her to lose. Afterward she attends a street event performed by Boom, Yuri, Hyoyeon, Seohyun and Sunny, where she wins prizes after answering quiz questions, although it has been set up so that she will win despite what she answers. The MCs have a meet up with Lee Hyesuk at the end of the show, at which the Girls' Generation members are finally able to introduce themselves properly to the woman and give her one last gift."}]}, {"title": "Himne de l'Exposicio\u0301", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himne de l'Exposici\u00f3 (, \"Anthem of the Exposition\") or Himne de Val\u00e8ncia (\"Anthem of Valencia\") is the official anthem of the Valencian Community, Spain. The song was composed by Jos\u00e9 Serrano Sime\u00f3n with lyrics written by Maximiliano Thous Orts for the 1909 Valencian Regional Exhibition. The music is based on a 16th-century anthem dedicated to Saint George, who was the patron saint of the Kingdom of Valencia. It was approved by the mayors of Alicante, Castell\u00f3n and Valencia in May 1925, and it was declared as the official anthem of the Valencian Community in 1981, with the approval of the Valencian Statute of Autonomy."}, {"context": " There has been some controversy over some of the words used. Some lines are considered as being too pro-Spain and some sectors of the community are pushing for an alternative tune, the Muixeranga, to be adopted instead. The Muixeranga has no lyrics, and hails from the local holidays of the town of Algemes\u00ed. However, the official anthem is widely used, especially during Falles celebrations, days celebrating Valencian patrimony, and any matches featuring the Valencian Community autonomous football team.  On 5 December 2008, a version both in Valencian and Spanish was sung and recorded by Pl\u00e1cido Domingo with the Orquestra de la Comunitat Valenciana. This updates the previous recording by Francisco."}]}, {"title": "Himni", "paragraphs": [{"context": " In religion, according to the Book of Mormon Himni () was a Nephite missionary and one of the sons of King Mosiah, and brother to the prophet Ammon. According to the Book, Himni and his three brothers Ammon, Omner, and Aaron left their father, and his people, to travel to the land of the Lamanites in order to preach the gospel to them. During their sojourn there, Himni was imprisoned and beaten, but eventually aided in the conversion of thousands of Lamanites, who later became the Anti-Nephi-Lehis."}]}, {"title": "Himni i Flamurit", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himni i Flamurit or Betimi mbi Flamur () is the national anthem of Albania. The music of the anthem was adapted from an original composition by the Romanian composer Ciprian Porumbescu, for the song \"Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire\" (or \"E scris pe tricolor unire\"). The words were written by the Albanian poet Asdreni (\"Aleksand\u00ebr Stavre Drenova\"), and are close to the original Romanian lyrics which Andrei B\u00e2rseanu wrote for Porumbescu's piece. The hymn was first published as a poem in \"Liri e Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb\" (in English: \"Freedom of Albania\"), an Albanian newspaper in Sofia, Bulgaria, on April 21, 1912. The original title of the poem was \"Betimi mbi flamur,\" (\"The Pledge on the Flag\"). It was later printed in a volume of poems by Drenova titled \"\u00cbndra e lot\u00eb\" (in English: \"Dreams and tears\"), which was published in Bucharest. According to Lasgush Poradeci's memoirs, the anthem, created by the adaptation of the text to the music, was not originally intended to be a national anthem, yet, it was so much liked from people that it was proclaimed as the national anthem in 1912, and it was under its music that the Albanian flag was raised during the Albanian Proclamation of Independence in 1912 in Vlore, Albania."}, {"context": " A Hungarian musicologist, Gy\u00f6rgy Ligeti, opinionated that the music composed by Porumbescu is rooted in Germanic and Austrian musical traditions, though not a definitive groundbreaking explanation of its influence and later creation. It is a view based on Porumbescu's musical formation, since he had studied at the University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna. The view has been shared by Albanian musicologist, Ramadan Sokoli. There are two versions of the anthem: a long and a short one. Below is the text for the long version. The second stanza is considered as refrain and is repeated at the end. The short version makes use of the first two stanzas only and repeats the last two verses of the second stanza. Usually, in sportive events among national teams, the short version is the one officially used. (The original poem has three more stanzas that are not part of the anthem \u2013 which are added at the end.)"}]}, {"title": "Himno Al Trabajo", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himno Al Trabajo (English Translation: Hymn to Labor/ Filipino Translation: Dalit sa Paggawa) is a poem written by Dr. Jos\u00e9 Rizal. The said poem was requested by his friends from Lipa, Batangas in January 1888 because of the existing Becerra Law, and to rejoice the hardships of Lipenos. The hymn was basically a poem praising Lipenos, who are working hard for the country. The poem is composed of conversation by men, maidens, wives and children that praises men who are making a living in the farm and agriculture. The song also states that agriculture is the solution towards the poverty and the road to progress."}]}, {"title": "Himno Istmen\u0303o", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himno Istme\u00f1o (English: \"Isthmian Hymn\") is the national anthem of Panama (). The music was written by Santos A. Jorge, and the lyrics by Jeronimo de la Ossa. The song is directed to the average, working-class Panamanian with such lyrics as \"Ahead the shovel and pick; At work without any more dilation\". The usual length of singing the anthem is Chorus, Stanza I & II, then the Chorus again. Coro \"At last we reached victory\"<br> \"In the joyous field of the union;\"<br> \"With ardent fires of glory\"<br>"}, {"context": " \"A new nation is alight.\" (Repeat last 2 lines.) \"It is necessary to cover with a veil\"<br> \"The past times of Calvary and cross;\"<br> \"Let now the blue skies be adorned with\"<br> \"The splendid light of the concord.\" \"Progress caresses your path.\"<br> \"To the rhythm of a sublime song,\"<br> \"You see both your seas roar at your feet\"<br> \"Giving you a path to your noble mission.\" \"In your soil covered with flowers\"<br> \"To the kisses of the warm terrestrial breeze,\"<br> \"Warrior roars have ceased;\"<br>  \"Only fraternal love reigns.\" \"Ahead the shovel and pick,\"<br> \"At work without any more dilation,\"<br> \"and we will be as such at work and gala\"<br> \"of this fruitful world of Columbus\"."}]}, {"title": "Himno Nacional Mexicano", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The \"Mexican National Anthem\" (), also known by its incipit \"Mexicans, at the cry of war\" (), is the national anthem of Mexico. The anthem was first used in 1854, although it was not officially adopted \"de jure\" until 1943. The lyrics of the national anthem, which allude to historical Mexican military victories in the heat of battle and including cries of defending the homeland, were composed by poet Francisco Gonz\u00e1lez Bocanegra after a Federal contest in 1853. Later, in 1854, he asked Jaime Nun\u00f3 to compose the music which now accompanies Gonz\u00e1lez's poem. The national anthem, consisting of ten stanzas and a chorus, effectively entered into use on September 16, 1854."}, {"context": " On November 12, 1853, President Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna announced a competition to write a national anthem for Mexico. The competition offered a prize for the best poetic composition representing patriotic ideals. Francisco Gonz\u00e1lez Bocanegra, a talented poet, was not interested in participating in the competition. He argued that writing love poems involved very different skills from the ones required to write a national anthem. His fianc\u00e9e, Guadalupe Gonz\u00e1lez del Pino (or Pili), had undaunted faith in her fianc\u00e9's poetic skills and was displeased with his constant refusal to participate in spite of her constant prodding and requests from their friends. Under false pretenses, she lured him to a secluded bedroom in her parents' house, locked him into the room, and refused to let him out until he produced an entry for the competition. Inside the room in which he was temporarily imprisoned were pictures depicting various events in Mexican history which helped to inspire his work. After four hours of fluent (albeit forced) inspiration, Francisco regained his freedom by slipping all ten verses of his creation under the door. After Francisco received approval from his fianc\u00e9e and her father, he submitted the poem and won the competition by unanimous vote. Gonz\u00e1lez was announced the winner in the publication Official Journal of the Federation (DOF) on February 3, 1854."}, {"context": " A musical composition was chosen at the same time as the lyrics. The winner was Juan Bottesini, but his entry was disliked due to aesthetics. This rejection caused a second national contest to find music for the lyrics. At the end of the second contest, the music that was chosen for Gonz\u00e1lez's lyrics was composed by Jaime Nun\u00f3, the then Catalan-born King of Spain's band leader. At the time of the second anthem competition, Nun\u00f3 was the leader of several Mexican military bands. He had been invited to direct these bands by President Santa Anna, whom he had met in Cuba. About the time that Nun\u00f3 first came to Mexico to start performing with the bands, Santa Anna was making his announcement about creating a national anthem for Mexico. Nun\u00f3's anthem music composition was made like masterpieces of classical music, with a high quality in composition, and was chosen. Out of the few musical compositions submitted, Nun\u00f3's music, titled \"God and Freedom\" (Dios y libertad), was chosen as the winner on August 12, 1854. The song was officially adopted as the Mexican national anthem on Independence Day, September 16 of that same year. The inaugural performance was directed by Juan Bottesini, sung by soprano Claudia Florenti and tenor Lorenzo Salvi at the Santa Anna Theatre (now known as the National Theatre of Mexico)."}, {"context": " Officially since 1943, the full national anthem consists of the chorus and 1st, 5th, 6th, and 10th stanzas. The modification of the lyrics was ordered by President Manuel \u00c1vila Camacho in a decree printed in the Diario Oficial de la Federaci\u00f3n. When the national anthem is played at sporting events such as the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup, an abridged form (chorus, stanza I, chorus) is used. An unofficial semi-abridged form (chorus, stanza I, chorus, stanza X, chorus) has gained some acceptance in television and radio programming."}, {"context": " An urban legend about the copyright status of the anthem states that years after its first performance, family sold the musical rights to a German music publishing company named Wagner House. Originally, Nun\u00f3 was supposed to have turned the music rights over to the state in exchange for a prize from the Mexican government. However, according to the myth, the copyright changed hands again, this time to Nun\u00f3 himself and two Americans, Harry Henneman and Phil Hill. In reality, however, this is not correct. It is true that Nun\u00f3, Henneman and Hill did register the music with the company BMI (BMI Work #568879), with the Edward B. Marks Music Company as the listed publisher of the anthem. This might be the version that some have suggested is copyrighted in the United States. However, United States copyright law declares the Mexican anthem to be in the public domain inside the United States, since both the lyrics and music were published before 1909. Furthermore, under Mexican copyright law, Article 155 states that the government holds moral rights, but not property rights, of the national symbols, including the anthem, coat of arms and the national flag."}, {"context": " In the second chapter of the Law on the National Arms, Flag, and Anthem (), the national anthem is described in very brief terms. While Articles 2 and 3 discuss in detail the coat of arms and the flag, respectively, Article 4 mentions only that the national anthem will be designated by law. Article 4 also mentions that a copy of the lyrics and the musical notation will be kept at two locations, the General National Archive and at the National Library, located in the National Museum of History ()."}, {"context": " Chapter 5 of the Law goes into more detail about how to honor, respect and properly perform the national anthem. Article 38 states that the singing, playing, reproduction and circulation of the national anthem are regulated by law and that any interpretation of the anthem must be performed in a \"respectful way and in a scope that allows [one] to observe the due solemnity\" of the anthem. Article 39 prohibits the anthem from being altered in any fashion, prohibits it from being sung for commercial or promotional purposes, and also disallows the singing or playing of national anthems from other nations, unless you have permission from the Secretary of the Interior () and the diplomatic official from the nation in question. The Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Public Education (), in Article 40, must grant permission for all reproductions of the national anthem to be produced, unless the anthem is being played during official ceremonies carried on radio or television. Article 41 states that the national anthem is required to be played at the sign-on or sign-off of radio and television programming; with the advent of 24-hour programming schedules in the 1990s and 2000s, many stations now do so at or as close to midnight and 6 a.m. local time as possible by interpretation of the former traditional times of sign-on and sign-off. The extra requirement for television programming is that photos of the Mexican flag must be displayed at the same time the anthem is playing."}, {"context": " Article 42 states that the anthem may only be used during the following occasions: solemn acts of official, civic, cultural, scholastic or sport character. The anthem can also be played to render honors to the Mexican flag and to the President of Mexico. If the national anthem is being used to honor the national flag or the President, the short version of the anthem is played. Article 43 says that special musical honors may be paid to the President and the flag, but no more than once during the same ceremony. Article 44 says that during solemn occasions, if a choir is singing the anthem, the military bands will keep silent. Article 45 says that those who are watching the national anthem performance must stand at attention (\"firmes\") and remove any headgear. Article 46 states that the national anthem must be taught to children who are attending primary or secondary school; this article was amended in 2005 to add pre-school to the list. The article also states that each school in the National Education System () will be asked to sing the national anthem each year. Article 47 states that in an official ceremony in which is need to play another anthem, the Mexican anthem will be played first, then the guest state's national anthem. Article 48 states that at embassies and consulates of Mexico, the national anthem is played at ceremonies of a solemn nature that involves the Mexican people. If the anthem is played outside of Mexico, Article 48 requires that the Secretary of External Relations (), through proper channels, must grant permission for the national anthem to be played and will also ensure that the anthem is not sung for commercial purposes."}, {"context": " At the time the Mexican national anthem was written, Mexico was still facing the effects of a bitter defeat in the Mexican\u2013American War at the hands of the United States. The country felt demoralized and also divided, due to the cession of more than half of its territory due to its defeat to the United States. According to historian Javier Garciadiego, who spoke at a 2004 ceremony commemorating the 150th anniversary of the national anthem's adoption, the song disregards divisions and strife and encourages national unity. On that same date, Mexico City and other parts of the country stopped what they were doing and performed a nationwide singing of the national anthem. Individuals from other countries also participated, mostly at diplomatic offices or at locations where a high concentration of Mexican expatriates are found. The national anthem has also been described as one of the symbols of the \"Mexican identity\"."}, {"context": " On the rare occasions when someone performs the national anthem incorrectly, the federal government has been known to impose penalties to maintain the \"dignity\" of the national symbols. One example is when a performer forgot some of the lyrics at a soccer match in Guadalajara, she was fined 400 MXN by the Interior Ministry and released an apology letter to the country through the Interior Ministry. In addition, the national anthem is sometimes used as a tool against people who might not be \"true Mexicans\". In one case, a young man of Afro-Mexican descent was stopped by police and forced to sing the national anthem to prove his nationality. In a separate incident in Japan, police officers asked four men to sing the Mexican national anthem after they were arrested in Tokyo on charges of breaking and entering. However, when the men could not sing the song, it was discovered that they were Colombians holding forged Mexican passports. They were later charged with more counts on theft of merchandise and money."}, {"context": " Though the \"de facto\" language of Mexico is Spanish, there are still people who only speak indigenous languages. On December 8, 2005, Article 39 of the national symbols law was adopted to allow for the translation of the lyrics into the native languages. The official translation is performed by the National Institute of Indigenous Languages (). Officially, the national anthem has been translated into the following native languages: Chinanteco, H\u00f1a H\u00f1u, Mixteco, Maya, Nahuatl and Tenek. Other native groups have translated the anthem into their respective language, but it has not been sanctioned by the Government."}]}, {"title": "Himno Zapatista", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Zapatista Anthem () is the anthem of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN), a political group which launched a rebellion in the Mexican state of Chiapas on 1 January 1994. The music was taken from a Mexican Revolution corrido \"Carabina 30-30\"."}]}, {"title": "Himno a Chiapas", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Anthem to Chiapas () is the name of the anthem of the Mexican state of Chiapas. Was officially adopted on December 8, 1913. The lyrics of the state anthem were composed by Jos\u00e9 Emilio Grajales and the music composed by Miguel Lara Vasallo. On the proposal of General Bernardo A. Z. Palafox, interim Governor of the State of Chiapas and Chairman of the Organising Board of Guadalupe Fair in Tuxtla Gutierrez, was included in the program of celebrations of the Virgen de Guadalupe the \"Union Day of Chiapas\" which included a special civic and literary program for each of the Departments in which the state was divided politically, in order to unify after the terrible events between the cities of San Cristobal de las Casas and Tuxtla Guti\u00e9rrez by dispute over the seat of the Powers of the State in 1911. In the same program was considered the call for a contest of creation of the Anthem to Chiapas, in order to make a call for peace and unity between the people of Chiapas.  In mid October 1913, was issued the call for the contest of \"words and music\" of the Anthem to Chiapas, on 20 November were completed to receive the proposals and the 25th was the winner, unanimously, the \"Anthem to Chiapas\"."}]}, {"title": "Himno a Flores", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himno a Flores ('Flores hymn') is the departmental anthem of Flores, an administrative division of Uruguay. The music and lyrics were written by Danilo Pallares Echeverr\u00eda. Uruguay is notable because many of its departments have also adopted their own anthems aside from the national one in an effort to promote civic identity and responsibility. The anthem consists of three stanzas. The first two stanzas consist of eight lines while the third stanza is of nine lines. It celebrates the beauty of Flores and the achievements of its people. These are linked to the patriotic values of Uruguay and universal values of humanity evoked as being encapsulated in Flores."}]}, {"title": "Himno a Leo\u0301n", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himno a Le\u00f3n was composed by the musician Od\u00f3n Alonso, director of the \"Orfe\u00f3n Leon\u00e9s\" in 1934. The lyrics were written by J. Pinto Maestro. It was composed o commemorate the fifth centennial of the epic \"El Paso Honroso\". Since 1978, it is the official anthem of the city of Le\u00f3n, Spain, and it is often used as the anthem of the Province of Le\u00f3n."}]}, {"title": "Himno a Tlaxcala", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himno a Tlaxcala English Anthem of Tlaxcala or Como que corona el matlacuelyetl is official Mexican National anthem of Tlaxcala Choir Como el sol que coronal el Matlacuelyetl Con un halo de luz casi divino Es Tlaxcala el futuro exprendoroso que te forja invensible nuestra fe... Tu pasado de gestas prodigiosas Que ilumina imponente tu destino Es la fuerza que impulsa vigorosa El anhelo creador en nuestro ser. Choir As The sun crowns The matlacuelyetl With The nemesis of almost divine light Tlaxcala is The Bright future  You forging invencive our faith Your Past prodogious feats Illuminating improsing your destination Is the driving force behind The creator vigorous longing our being."}]}, {"title": "Himno a la Montan\u0303a", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himno a la Monta\u00f1a (, \"Hymn to the Mountain\"), or Himno de Cantabria (\"Anthem of Cantabria\"), is the official anthem of the Spanish autonomous community of Cantabria. It was composed in 1926 by Juan Guerrero Urresti at the behest of the then Provincial Council of Santander (\"Diputaci\u00f3n Provincial de Santander\") and subsequent arrangements by Jos\u00e9 del R\u00edo Sainz, in the region's official anthem."}]}, {"title": "Himno de Aguascalientes", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Anthem of Aguascalientes (), officially \"Himno en Honor de Aguascalientes\", is the official anthem of the Mexican state of Aguascalientes. It was composed by Esteban \u00c1vila Mier, former governor, and music by Miguel Meneses on 1867. Short version:"}]}, {"title": "Himno de Arago\u0301n", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himno de Arag\u00f3n (, \"Anthem of Aragon\"), is the official anthem of the autonomous community of Aragon, in Spain. Its music, based on the oldest Aragonese musical tradition, was written by Aragonese composer Ant\u00f3n Garc\u00eda Abril, with lyrics written by Aragonese poets Ildefonso Manuel Gil, \u00c1ngel Guinda, Rosendo Tello and Manuel Vilas. This anthem highlights values such as freedom, justice, reason, truth and open land, which have historically been associated with Aragonese as a people. Its use was regulated by a 1989 Aragonese Act, which states that the Anthem of Aragon will be played in all relevant official public events organized by the autonomous community of Aragon, or other local level Aragonese administration. The Act also indicates that the Anthem can be sung in any of the languages of Aragon. However, the Act does not supply an official version of the lyrics in Aragonese or Catalan.  A different song, the \"Canto a la libertad\" (\"Song for Freedom\"), written by Jos\u00e9 Antonio Labordeta, is often regarded as the unofficial anthem of Aragon."}]}, {"title": "Himno de Riego", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The \"Himno de Riego\" (\"Anthem of Riego\") is a song dating from the Liberal Triennium and named in honour of Colonel Rafael del Riego, composed by Jos\u00e9 Melchor Gomis to words by . It was the national anthem of Spain during the Trienio Liberal (1820\u20131823) and the First (1873\u20131874) and Second Spanish Republics (1931\u20131939). <poem lang=\"es\" style=\"float:left;\">Serenos y alegres, valientes y osados, Cantemos, soldados, el himno a la lid. De nuestros acentos el orbe se admire Y en nosotros mire los hijos del Cid."}, {"context": " \"Refrain:\" Soldados, la patria nos llama a la lid. Juremos por ella vencer o morir. El mundo vio nunca, m\u00e1s noble osad\u00eda, Ni vio nunca un d\u00eda m\u00e1s grande el valor, Que aquel, inflamados, nos vimos del fuego, Excitar a Riego de Patria el amor. \"Refrain\" La trompa guerrera sus ecos al viento, Horror al sediento, ya ruge el ca\u00f1\u00f3n. A Marte sa\u00f1udo la audacia provoca Y el ingenio invoca de nuestra naci\u00f3n. \"Refrain\"</poem> <poem style=\"margin-left:2em; float:left;\">Serene and happy, brave and daring, Let us sing, soldiers, the battle hymn."}, {"context": " Our voices shall astonish the world Which will see on us the children of the Cid. \"Refrain:\" Soldiers, the fatherland calls us to the fight. Let us swear for her to vanquish or to die. The world never saw more noble daring, Nor any day greater valour was shown, Than that, inflamed, we showed at the fire Awaken in Riego the love of his land. \"Refrain\" The war trumpet echoes to the winds; Affrighting the greedy, the cannon now roars. at Mars, wrathful provokes the audacity And the ingenuity of our nation."}, {"context": " \"Refrain\"</poem> This alternative version was extremely popular amongst Spaniards, particularly in Catalonia, during the Spanish Civil War. The rudeness of the lyrics reflects the dislike of Republican Spain for the church and the monarchy. After the war, these lyrics continued to be sung by Franco's detractors and enemies. <poem lang=\"es\" style=\"float:left;\">(Spanish) Si los curas y frailes supieran, la paliza que les van a dar, subir\u00edan al coro cantando: \"\u00a1Libertad, libertad, libertad!\" Si los Reyes de Espa\u00f1a supieran"}, {"context": " lo poco que van a durar, a la calle saldr\u00edan gritando: \"\u00a1Libertad, libertad, libertad!\" La Reina vol corona? Corona li darem... que vingui a Barcelona I el coll li tallarem! Un hombre estaba cagando, y no ten\u00eda papel, pas\u00f3 el Rey Alfonso XIII \u00a1Y se limpi\u00f3 el culo con \u00e9l!</poem> <poem style=\"margin-left:2em; float:left;\"> If priests and monks knew; the beating they're going to receive, they'd make a chorus and sing: \"Liberty, liberty, liberty!\" If the Kings of Spain knew how little they're going to last,"}, {"context": " they'd go out on the street and sing: \"Liberty, liberty, liberty!\" The queen wants a crown? We'll give her a crown... Let her come to Barcelona And we'll cut her head off! A man was pooping But had no paper. King Alfonso XIII came by So he wiped his ass with him.</poem> <poem lang=\"es\">\"Spanish translation of Catalan verse\" \u00bfLa reina quiere una corona? Corona le daremos que venga a Barcelona \u00a1Y el cuello le cortaremos!</poem> At the 2003 Davis Cup finals held in Australia, James Morrison performed \"Himno de Riego\" instead of Spain's current national anthem, the \"Marcha Real\" (Royal March). Australian tennis officials claimed there was an error on the CD provided to the musician, but Spanish sport authorities still issued an official protest."}]}, {"title": "Himno de Yucata\u0301n", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Anthem of Yucat\u00e1n () was officially adopted on September 15, 1867. The lyrics of the state anthem were composed by Manuel Palomeque and the music composed by Jacinto Cuevas. The Anthem of Yucat\u00e1n was the first state anthem in Mexico (the second was the state of Veracruz). During almost all the 20th century, the anthem was sung in schools. On In mid-2000, after many years of not being heard at an official ceremony, the Anthem of Yucat\u00e1n was heard in the fifth governance report of then Governor V\u00edctor Cervera Pacheco. Some media called it a political campaign of the then governor against then President Vicente Fox Quesada."}, {"context": " Similarly there was a resurgence of the Flag of Yucat\u00e1n, which made its appearance in several places and items such as stickers (attached to motor vehicles and homes), cups, mugs, clothing and caps. Also by order of the Ministry of Public Education in Yucat\u00e1n the anthem began to be sung again in schools. Currently, the flag of Yucat\u00e1n still appears in public acts but has not been officialized. Short version: This anthem refers to the victory of the Republic over the Empire imposed after the Second French intervention in Mexico and the execution of Maximiliano of Habsburgo in \"Cerro de las Campanas\" in the state of Quer\u00e9taro."}]}, {"title": "Himno di Ko\u0300rsou", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Anthem of Cura\u00e7ao (Papiamentu: Himno di K\u00f2rsou) is the national anthem of Cura\u00e7ao. It consists of eight stanzas, although only the first and last two are commonly sung. Its theme is best summed up by the first stanza, praising the grandeur of Cura\u00e7ao, as small as the island may be. The lyrics were first written by a friar of Dutch origin, Friar Radulphus, in celebration of the coronation of Queen Wilhelmina in 1898. The song was known as \"\"Den Tur Nashon Nos Patria Ta Poko Konos\u00ed\"\" (\"In Every Nation Our Fatherland Is Little Known\"). During the celebrations, the pupils of a local elementary school, the St. Jozefschool, sang this to the melody of the Tyrolean hymn \"Andreas-Hofer-lied\"."}, {"context": " It wasn't until the 1930s when Friar Candidus Nouwens composed the melody to which the anthem is sung today. For many years since, the song was sung on the Dutch national holiday Koninginnedag (or Queen's Day), and on other official occasions. In 1978, the government commissioned a group to rewrite the lyrics before it would be adopted as the official anthem of Cura\u00e7ao. The assumed belittlement of the Island by the Title and the first phrase one of the motifs for the adaptation ordered by the insular government. The website of the insular government of Cura\u00e7ao cites Guillermo Rosario, Mae Henriquez, Enrique Muller, and Betty Doran as the writers of the anthem's lyrics."}, {"context": " On June 18, 2003, the insular government of Cura\u00e7ao defined regulations on the official use of the anthem. Typically, only the first two and last two stanzas are sung. The only occasions where all eight are officially sung are: As for all television and radio broadcasts, the anthem is played at midnight on New Year's and every day at the beginning and end of transmission. Various radio stations on the island play the anthem at noon as well. The anthem may only be sung in Papiamentu. \u00b9 The phrase \"\"yu di K\u00f2rsou\"\" literally means \"child of Cura\u00e7ao\", but is the demonym for someone born on Cura\u00e7ao in Papiamentu."}]}, {"title": "Himnusz", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"Himnusz\" (; ) is the national anthem of Hungary. It was adopted in the 19th century and the first stanza is sung at official ceremonies. The words were written by Ferenc K\u00f6lcsey, a nationally renowned poet, in 1823, and its currently official musical setting was composed by the romantic composer Ferenc Erkel in 1844, although other less-known musical versions exist. The poem bore the subtitle \"\"A magyar n\u00e9p zivataros sz\u00e1zadaib\u00f3l\"\" (\"From the stormy centuries of the Hungarian people\"); it is often argued that this subtitle \u2013 by emphasising past rather than contemporary national troubles \u2013 was added expressly to enable the poem to pass Habsburg censorship. The full meaning of the poem's text is evident only to those well acquainted with Hungarian history."}, {"context": " The lyrics of \"Himnusz\" are a prayer beginning with the words \"Isten, \u00e1ldd meg a magyart\" () (). The title in the original manuscript is \"\"Hymnus\"\"\u2014a Latin word meaning \"song of praise\", and one which is widely used in languages other than English (e.g. French or German) to mean \"anthem.\" The phonetic transcription \"Himnusz\" replaced the original Latin spelling over time, and as the poem gained widespread acceptance as the de facto anthem of Hungary, so too the word \"himnusz\" took on the meaning \"national anthem\" for other countries as well."}, {"context": " Although K\u00f6lcsey completed the poem on 22 January 1823, it was only published first in 1829 in K\u00e1roly Kisfaludy's \"Aurora\", without the subtitle, despite it being part of the manuscript. It subsequently appeared in a collection of K\u00f6lcsey's works in 1832, this time with the subtitle. A competition for composers to make the poem suitable to be sung by the public was staged in 1844 and won by Erkel's entry. His version was first performed in the National Theatre (where he was conductor) in July 1844, then in front of a larger audience on 10 August 1844, at the inaugural voyage of the steamship Sz\u00e9chenyi. By the end of the 1850s it became customary to sing Himnusz at special occasions either alongside V\u00f6r\u00f6smarty's Sz\u00f3zat or on its own."}, {"context": " In the early 1900s, various members of the Hungarian Parliament proposed making the status of Himnusz as the national anthem of Hungary within Austria-Hungary official, but their efforts never got enough traction for such a law to be passed. Later, in the 1950s, R\u00e1kosi made plans to have the anthem replaced by one more suited to the Communist ideology, but the poet and composer he had in mind for the task, Illy\u00e9s and Kod\u00e1ly, both refused. It wasn't until 1989 that Erkel's musical adaptation of Himnusz finally gained official recognition as Hungary's national anthem, by being mentioned as such in the Constitution of Hungary."}, {"context": " The public radio station Kossuth R\u00e1di\u00f3 plays Himnusz at ten minutes past midnight each day at the close of transmissions in the AM band, as do the state TV channels at the end of the day's broadcasts. Himnusz is also traditionally played on Hungarian television at the stroke of midnight on New Year's Eve. \"Sz\u00f3zat\" (), which starts with the words \"Haz\u00e1dnak rend\u00fcletlen\u00fcl l\u00e9gy h\u00edve, \u00f3h magyar\" (To your homeland be faithful steadfastly, O Hungarian) enjoys a social status nearly equal to that of \"Himnusz\", even though only \"Himnusz\" is mentioned in the Constitution of Hungary. Traditionally, Himnusz is sung at the beginning of ceremonies, and Sz\u00f3zat at the end (although the Himnusz, resembling a Protestant Chorale, is substantially easier to sing than the difficult rhythm of the Sz\u00f3zat, which is often only played from recording)."}, {"context": " Recognition is also given to the \"R\u00e1k\u00f3czi March\", a short wordless piece (composer unknown, but sometimes attributed to J\u00e1nos Bihari and Franz Liszt) which is often used on state military occasions; and the poem \"Nemzeti dal\" written by S\u00e1ndor Pet\u0151fi. Another popular song is the \"Sz\u00e9kely Himnusz\" (), an unofficial ethnic anthem of the Hungarian-speaking Szekler living in Eastern Transylvania, the Sz\u00e9kely Land (now part of Romania) and in the rest of the world. Two English versions are given below; both are free translations of the Hungarian words. As Hungarian is a genderless language, masculine pronouns in the English translations are in fact addressed to all Hungarians regardless of gender."}, {"context": " !Hungarian lyrics !Phonetic transcription (IPA) !Literal translation !Poetic translation !colspan=\"4\" bgcolor=\"#DC143C\"|First stanza <poem>]</poem> <poem>O God, bless the nation of Hungary With your grace and bounty Extend over it your guarding arm During strife with its enemies Long torn by ill fate Bring upon it a time of relief This nation has suffered for all sins Of the past and of the future!</poem> <poem>O, my God, the Magyar bless With Thy plenty and good cheer! With Thine aid his just cause press,"}, {"context": " Where his foes to fight appear. Fate, who for so long did'st frown, Bring him happy times and ways; Atoning sorrow hath weighed down Sins of past and future days.</poem> !colspan=\"4\" bgcolor=\"#FFFFFF\"|Second stanza <poem>[\u00f8\u02d0\u0283\u025bin\u02c8k\u025bt f\u025bl\u02c8hoza\u02d0d \u02c8ka\u02d0rpa\u02d0t \u02c8s\u025bnt be\u02d0r\u02c8t\u0361se\u02d0r\u025b a\u02d0lt\u0252\u02c8l\u0252t \u0272\u025brt se\u02d0p \u02c8h\u0252za\u02d0t b\u025bnd\u025b\u02c8gu\u02d0zn\u0252k ve\u02d0r\u025b \u0283m\u025br\u025b \u02c8zu\u02d0gn\u0252k h\u0252pj\u0252i ti\u02c8sa\u02d0n\u0252k du\u02c8na\u02d0n\u0252k a\u02d0rpa\u02d0d h\u00f8\u02d0\u0283 m\u0252gs\u0252cj\u0252i f\u025blvi\u02c8ra\u02d0goza\u02d0n\u0252k]</poem> <poem>You brought our ancestors up Over the Carpathians' holy peaks By You was won a beautiful homeland  For Bendeguz's sons And wherever flow the rivers of The Tisza and the Danube \u00c1rp\u00e1d our hero's descendants Will root and bloom.</poem> <poem>By Thy help our fathers gained K\u00e1rp\u00e1t's proud and sacred height; Here by Thee a home obtained Heirs of Bendeg\u00faz, the knight. Where'er Danube's waters flow And the streams of Tisza swell \u00c1rp\u00e1d's children, Thou dost know, Flourished and did prosper well.</poem> !colspan=\"4\" bgcolor=\"#2E8B57\"|Third stanza"}]}, {"title": "Himo", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The word HIMO comes from the Syriac old language which is a dialect of Middle Aramaic that was once spoken across much of the Fertile Crescent and Eastern Arabia. Classical Syriac became a major literary language throughout the Middle East from the 4th to the 8th centuries. The world HIMO written( \u071a\u0718\u0712\u0710 ) in the Syriac language is literary translated into \u201clove\u201d in English and its roots are still obvious in the Arabic language as the World HIYAM (\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0645) means someone deeply in love and it is known to be the highest level of love in the Arabic language, however the Arabic word changed the letter O of HIMO into A as the Syriac language didn\u2019t have an A and most of the words taken from the Syriac language had their Os changed into As to match a more modern Arabic alphabet.  HIMO Jewelry: HIMO jewelry is a Jewelry company that was established in 1973, and currently has twelve branches that spread all over the city of Beirut and over a hundred shops that sell its jewelry all over Lebanon."}]}, {"title": "Himo, Tanzania", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himo is a village in the Makuyuni ward of Kilimanjaro Region in Tanzania. Himo is located at . Its growth in the 1980s was boosted when it became the centre of a thriving smuggling trade across the Kenyan border. Himo is a central point town of the Kilimanjaro district. It is about east of Moshi and about from the Kenyan border and the town of Taveta. Himo is the start of the road north to Marangu, which is near the start of the Marangu Route to the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro. Himo started to thrive in the 1950s with the arrival of the Moshi Trading company where they built a local railway system to work in the sisal plantations nearby. At that time some of the prominent Indian and Arab merchants made a foothold on the business and some are still present to this day."}]}, {"title": "Himod", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himod is a village in Gy\u0151r-Moson-Sopron county, Hungary."}]}, {"title": "Himon", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himon is a fictional character. Created by Jack Kirby, the character is one of the New Gods, a fictional race of gods in publications from DC Comics. The \"gray-haired mystic\" is Mister Miracle's mentor and \"look[s] like convention promoter Shel Dorf.\" Himon is a citizen of New Genesis who secretly lives on the planet Apokolips, which is ruled by Darkseid. He maintains an identity as a \"Hunger Dog\", one of the lowest classes. He is an inventor and scientist and created the Mother Box, the semi-sentient computers that most New Gods wear. He also discovered \"Element X\", which was used to create the Mother Boxes. He has one daughter, Bekka."}, {"context": " Mister Miracle, the son of New Genesis' ruler Highfather, had long ago been traded to Darkseid as part of a truce. Unsatisfied with his life, Mister Miracle snuck out of an orphanage run by Granny Goodness and participated in Himon's rebel cell. It was partly a class, where Himon taught various people ways of building devices, such as a Mother Box, matter manipulators, or a small screen that translated thoughts into pleasing imagery. The latter was anathema to life on Apokolips. It was at this time that Mister Miracle met Big Barda, another dissatisfied soldier under Granny Goodness. Himon taught Scott how to make a Mother Box, which was his way of rebelling against Darkseid. Himon's class was caught one by one and murdered by the local Darkseid enforcer, Wonderful Willik. This would cause disastisfaction to rise in Big Barda, for one of her misguised students was also part of Himon's class. In revenge, Himon snuck into Willik's home and detonated a bomb in his face, killing him. Mister Miracle and Big Barda came under pursuit by Darkseid's forces. They fled and Himon and Metron, their allies, opened a teleportational gateway for Miracle to escape, knowing full well this would be all the excuse needed for Darkseid to go to war against New Genesis."}, {"context": " Himon also tries to reform the Female Fury code-named \"Knockout\". His efforts seem to have an effect, but are later revealed to have failed. Metron and Himon share, at the very least, a professional respect for one another, which is significant since Metron is seldom seen shaking hands with any other Fourth World characters. Himon had earlier designed a fortress planet, Tartaros. This, along with Himon's daughter, Bekka, play a role in an adventure in which a brainwashed Superman tries to repower Darkseid."}, {"context": " Himon has resurfaced in the \"Death of the New Gods\" mini-series, in which he helps various heroes investigate the rash of god murders. Eventually it is highly suspected that the God Killer is Himon, whose ultimate goal is helping the Source destroy the Fourth World and make a Fifth World. It was revealed that Infinity Man was the killer and had been posing as Himon to avoid detection. Superman saw Himon trapped on the Second Source Wall revealing the ruse. In this slightly altered continuity, Himon is the mentor of the Forever People. He comes into conflict with the Infinity Man when he loses supervision over the group. Mister Miracle believes Himon has been slain at the hands of Kanto.  Himon is functionally immortal, stronger, faster and more resistant than a human of his weight and build. Himon is a genius in formulating new scientific theories and in inventing and designing advanced technology. Through the use of his devices, such as the Mother Box, his phasing (teleportation) circuitry in his costume, and his android replicas of himself, he has become a brilliant escape artist."}]}, {"title": "Himontagon Hills", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himontagon Hills are a group of hills located in Loay, Bohol, Philippines, about 20 kilometers from the Tagbilaran City. The hill is a very scenic place overlooking the Bohol Sea. Getting there is not quite easy as partly of the road is rough. Only 4x4 vehicles and rural motorcycles (popularly known as habal-habal) can literally succeed to the top. Little by little Himontagon or Morning Hills is gaining attention to some Boholanos and tourists due to its scenic surrounding. This is ideal spot for hikers and nature photographers. During clear weather, Mount Hibok-Hibok in Camiguin is very visible."}]}, {"title": "Himorogi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " During the Aoi Festival in Kyoto the \"himorogi\" is a square space surrounded by green branches with an evergreen tree at the center as a \"yorishiro\". A more elaborate \"himorogi\" can also be made with a straw mat on the ground with on it a ceremonial 8-legged stand called an \"\" decorated with \"shimenawa\" and sacred emblems. The etymology of the word is unclear, but it appears already in the \"Nihon Shoki\" and in the \"Man'y\u014dsh\u016b\". The term \"himorogi\" refers equally to the focal point \"tree\" and to the sacred space, both of which are deemed to be purified or \"unpolluted\".  \"Himorogi\" in Japan are most commonly seen at construction sites, where after use they stand for a while before actual work begins. They are built for a Shinto priest, who comes to bless the site during a ground-breaking ceremony called"}]}, {"title": "Himotica thyrsitis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himotica thyrsitis is a moth in the Depressariidae family, and the only species in the genus Himotica. It was described by Meyrick in 1912 and is found in Brazil. The wingspan is about 23\u00a0mm. The forewings are ochreous-whitish with the upper part of the cell posteriorly, and the whole space between the cell and termen except towards the costa suffused with light brownish-ochreous, with more or less pale streaks on the veins, and some dark fuscous suffusion between the veins, especially posteriorly. There is a fuscous marginal line around the apex. The hindwings are grey, the costa whitish-suffused to the apex."}]}, {"title": "Himouto! Umaru-chan", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The series follows Umaru Doma, a high school girl who lives with her older brother Taihei. At school, Umaru appears to be the ideal student with good looks, top grades, and a lot of talent. Once she gets home, however, she reverts into a layabout who spends her time lying around, playing video games, and constantly depending on her older brother, much to his dismay. Over the course of the series, Umaru's alternative personalities help her become friends with her female classmates Kirie Motoba, who has a reputation of glaring at people; and Sylphynford Tachibana, her competitive school rival; both of whom turn out to be little sisters of Taihei's coworkers."}, {"context": " The manga first appeared in Shueisha's monthly magazine \"Miracle Jump\" in 2012 for two chapters: first in the 10th issue on August 16 and again in the 11th issue on October 16. It was then serialized in \"Weekly Young Jump\" from March 14, 2013. A total of Twelve \"tank\u014dbon\" volumes were published. A spin-off focused on Nana Ebina, titled that is currently running on Niconico Seiga website and other platforms after ranked first on the website's popularity poll. Seven Seas Entertainment have announced that they will release the manga in English. The manga ended serialization on November 9, 2017. A sequel manga titled \"Him\u014dto! Umaru-chan G\" began serialization on November 30, 2017 and ended on April 19, 2018."}, {"context": " An anime television series adaptation by Doga Kobo was produced, starring Aimi Tanaka as Umaru and Kenji Nojima as Taihei. The series was directed by Masahiko Ohta and written by Takashi Aoshima, with character design by Aya Takano and sound direction by Yasunori Ebina. It was broadcast on the Asahi Broadcasting Corporation in Japan from July 9 to September 24, 2015, and was simulcast worldwide by Crunchyroll. The opening theme is performed by Aimi Tanaka, while the ending theme is performed by Aimi Tanaka, Akari Kageyama, Haruka Shiraishi, and Yurina Furukawa, who voiced the four main girls. The series is licensed in North America by Sentai Filmworks. An original video animation was bundled with the manga's seventh volume on October 19, 2015, with another to be bundled with the tenth volume of the manga in Q2 2017. In the \"Weekly Young Jump\" magazine's 20th issue of 2017, a second season of the anime series titled \"Himouto! Umaru-chan R\" was announced for fall 2017, with the cast staff from the first season returning to reprise their roles. The second season is currently simulcasting on Anime Strike in the United States, on Hidive outside of the US, and on AnimeLab in Australia and New Zealand. Sentai Filmworks has announced on September 27, 2017 that they have licensed \"Himouto! Umaru-chan R.\" In the UK, MVM Films announced they had licensed \"Himouto! Umaru-chan R\".  A PlayStation Vita sister-raising simulation game developed by FuRyu, titled , was released on December 3, 2015. As of November 2015, the manga had sold 2.2 million copies. The manga had 2.7 million copies in print as of March 2017."}]}, {"title": "Himpunan Hijau", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himpunan Hijau (English: \"Green Assembly\") is a Malaysian environmentalist movement protesting against the Lynas Advanced Materials Plant (LAMP), a rare earth processing plant operating in Gebeng, Kuantan, Pahang set up by the Australian company Lynas. The refinery process is accused of dumping tonnes of toxic and radioactive waste on the local lives, livelihoods, the environment and the health of future generations. The \"Save Malaysia Stop Lynas\" (SMSL) group is currently led by Bentong parliamentary candidate Wong Tack.  The refining facility entered production in 2013, producing 1,089 tonnes of rare earth oxides in the first quarter of 2014, with a target of 11,000 tonnes per annum. On 2 September 2014, Lynas was issued a 2-year Full Operating Stage License (FOSL) by the Malaysian Atomic Energy Licensing Board (AELB)."}]}, {"title": "Himriksmole", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Himriksmole, also known as Groene Ster after the recreational area and nature reserve where it is located, is a drainage mill near the village of Tytsjerk, Friesland, Netherlands. It is a hollow post windmill of the type called \"spinnenkop\" by the Dutch. The mill is listed as a Rijksmonument, number 35675, and is used to raise the water level in the nature reserve. The mill was originally built for draining the Hemrikspolder near Huizum, with parts of an 18th-century mill from Wergea being used in its construction. It was replaced by an electric pumping station and moved in 1952 to Rijperkerk and in 1977 to its current location, where it was put to a new use, supplying water to the nature reserve. The mill was destroyed by arson in 1995 but rebuilt the following year."}, {"context": " The Himriksmole is what the Dutch describe as a \"spinnenkop\" (English: spiderhead mill). It is a small hollow post mill wound by a winch. The four common sails have a span of and are carried on a cast iron \"windshaft\". The \"brake wheel\" on the windshaft drives the \"wallower\" at the top of the \"upright shaft\" in the body (on a spinnenkop called the head), which passes through the main post into the substructure. At the bottom of this shaft, a pair of \"crown wheels\" drive the scoop wheel axle. The scoop wheel itself is located outside the mill. The Himriksmole is the only drainage mill with a scoop wheel in Friesland; other Frisian drainage mills use an Archimedes' screw. The head and substructure are weatherboarded.  The mill is easily reached from the public footpath running past the mill."}]}, {"title": "Himrod", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himrod is a white table grape, released in 1952 by the New York Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, New York. It is seedless and known for ripening quickly and its sweet flavor. Himrod is considered very productive and reliable. Himrod resulted from a cross of Ontario by Thompson Seedless, a particularly successful cross which resulted in the eventual release of four cultivars, the others being Interlaken, Romulus, and Lakemont. All were named for towns in the Finger Lakes region, near Geneva. These grapes are all quite productive, but they have some differences.  Lakemont (grape)<br> Interlaken (grape)"}]}, {"title": "Himrod Baptist Church", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himrod Baptist Church, also known as First Baptist Church of Milo, is a historic Baptist church located at Milo in Yates County, New York. It is a Greek Revival style structure built about 1833. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994."}]}, {"title": "Himrod Junction, New York", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himrod Junction is a railroad junction located in the town of Himrod, New York. It currently is where the Finger Lakes Railway accesses Norfolk Southerns's Corning Secondary line. Finger Lakes Railway uses trackage rights over Norfolk Southern's Corning Secondary from Geneva to Himrod Junction to access its branch line which spans from Penn Yan in the north to Watkins Glen, New York in the south. Norfolk Southern runs a local, round-trip freight train, symboled H06, from Corning to Geneva to interchange with FGLK Sunday through Thursday. This train usually runs in the early/late evening hours.  Southwest of Himrod Junction, FGLK has a small yard in which staging and run-arounds for the local to Watkins Glen or Penn Yan is made. GW2 (Geneva, NY to Watkins Glen NY, round trip) serves the branch line on an as needed basis. GW2 will run to Penn Yan if needed. Runs to Watkins Glen are more regular than runs to Penn Yan."}]}, {"title": "Himrod, New York", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himrod is a hamlet in Yates County, New York, United States. The community is north-northeast of Dundee. Himrod has a post office with ZIP code 14842, which opened on December 28, 1831."}]}, {"title": "Himroo", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himroo is a fabric made of silk and cotton, which is grown locally in Aurangabad. Himroo was brought to Aurangabad in the reign of Mohammad Tughlaq, when he had shifted his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad, Aurangabad. The word himroo originated from Persian word Hum-ruh which means 'similar'. Himroo is a replication of Kum-khwab, which was woven with pure golden and silver threads in olden days, and was meant for the royal families. Himroo uses Persian designs, and is very characteristic and distinctive in appearance. Himroo from Aurangabad is in demand for its unique style and design. Some historians believe that Himroo was the innovation of local craftsmen with very little Persian influence. Himroo Is woven near Zaffar Gate at the Himroo Fabrics"}, {"context": " According to historians this art originated in Persia, though it has not been proved, himroo is associated with the times of Mohammad Tughlaq who ruled in the 14th century. When Mohammad Tughlaq shifted his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad many weavers came and settled here. During the migration, the weavers instead of returning to Delhi chose to stay back here. They did not want to go back to Delhi. During the reign of Malik Ambar many people were attracted to the city and came and settled here from far and wide. Aurangabad during Aurangzeb's Governorship and the times of Mughal became the capital and the weavers had a gala time making money and becoming prosperous. The handicraft industry in Aurangabad attracted hundreds of craftsman and artisans. Members of the royal family and an elite few used the famous Aurangabad himroo. Himroo weaving is very characteristic and different. Fabrics and shawls from Aurangabad are much in demand for their unique style and design."}]}, {"title": "Himsa", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himsa is an American heavy metal band from Seattle, Washington. Formed in 1998, their band name is from the Sanskrit word himsa, which means \"harm\" or \"violence\". The group released four full-length studio albums, two EPs and one DVD before their disestablishment in 2008. The band formed in 1998 and released an independent EP and full-length album in 1999 on Revelation Records. Before being signed to Prosthetic Records, the band released one more EP in 2001, which was also on Revelation. 2003 saw Himsa record and release their album \"Courting Tragedy and Disaster\". Following the release of the album the band toured extensively throughout the US and other parts of the world. They spent the latter half of 2005 in Denmark, recording their follow-up album, \"Hail Horror\"."}, {"context": " In December 2006, Himsa announced that they have signed with Century Media Records. On April 23, 2007, Himsa entered the studio to work on their new album, \"Summon in Thunder\", which was released on September 18, 2007. This was their only studio album released on Century Media Records. This album added a more melodic death metal sound to the band. In the summer of 2016 they reunited and played a few practice shows opening for other bands. They played under various names including Crushpile and Metalmucil. Their official reunion show was October 31, 2016 at El Corazon."}, {"context": " They are set to play Northwest Terror Fest May 31-June 2, 2018. The reunion lineup is all of the final lineup except Chad Davis on drums. John Pettibone has stated the band won't do any touring other than playing in the Seattle area. In early 2006, Himsa toured with Darkest Hour, The Acacia Strain, A Life Once Lost, and Dead To Fall. During November 2006, Himsa toured Australia with Parkway Drive and Cry Murder. Himsa advertised that their August 16, 2008 at El Corazon in Seattle was to be their last show ever."}, {"context": " On June 20, 2008, bassist Derek Harn issued a statement via blabbermouth.net as follows: \"After 10+ years, four releases, countless tours and almost incomprehensible (yet constant) upheaval, the last three years of the band have been relatively stable. Having sacrificed everything we had in order to ensure the band's survival it's time to let it go. We made a great CD ('Summon in Thunder', Century Media); reportedly, our best. We've got a great label. We're getting along, we've toured and we\u2019re fine. It's all good. We're leaving it at that. A relatively unremarkable closing to HIMSA's gi-normously dramatic career, there appears to be no acrimony or unpleasantness, simply the end of a blistering, phenomenal, tumultuous era of the metal that HIMSA permeated into the modern musical landscape. References have been made to the band's evolving difficulties with the relentless"}, {"context": " touring schedules that have been the hallmark of HIMSA's career. If we can't tour, and our reality is we can't tour as we have in the past, then it's not HIMSA. Better to hang it up than fade away.\" Vocalist John Pettibone said that he will devote all his time to side bands such as The Vows and has said he is done with touring. Pettibone has since joined Seattle band Heiress, which has released a self-titled 7\" and a split 7\" with Narrows. Derek Harn - Bass Kirby Charles Johnson - Guitar John Pettibone - Vocals  Josh 'Sammi Curr' Freer - Guitar Joe Frothingham - Drums Xtian- Vocals Brian Johnson - Guitar Henry - Guitar Aaron Edge - Guitar Mike Green - Drums EJ Bastien - Guitar Chris LaPointe - Vocals Tim Mullen - Drums Clay Layton - Turntables, Samples Matt Wicklund - Guitar Chad Davis - Drums"}]}, {"title": "Himsagar", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 'Himsagar' mango is an extremely popular mango cultivar, originating from Rajshahi Division in Bangladesh and West Bengal province in India. The inside is yellow to orange in colour and does not have any fibre. The fruit is medium-sized and weighs between 250 and 350 grams, out of which the pulp content is around 77%. It has a good keeping quality. Himsagar ripens in May and it is available in the market from the second week of May to the end of June. It is mainly grown in the Rajshahi and Chapainawabganj districts of Bangladesh and Nadia, North and South 24 Parganas and Hooghly districts of West Bengal. It is also cultivated in Odisha and Bihar where this variety is generally called Maldahi. \"Khirsapati (Himsagar) Mango\" is tagged under the protected Geographical Indication index. It has a G.I. Registration No. 112."}]}, {"title": "Himsagar Express", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himsagar Express is a weekly express train of the Indian Railways running between Kanyakumari in India's southernmost state of Tamil Nadu to Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra in Jammu and Kashmir- the northernmost state of India. It is currently the third longest running train on the Indian Railways in terms of distance and time, surpassed by the Dibrugarh\u2013Kanyakumari Vivek Express and . In 72hours, the train covers a distance of 3787\u00a0km at a speed of 52\u00a0km/h, and transverses twelve of India's states halting at a total of 73 stations."}, {"context": " It runs weekly, starting every Friday at 14:05 hours from Kanyakumari, reaching Katra on Mondays at 15:20 hours. It starts from Katra on Mondays at 21:55 hours and reaches Kanyakumari on Thursdays at 21:30 hours. Because of this schedule, it needs just one rake to complete its entire run. There is a Slip Route of this train, running from Erode Junction to Tirunelveli Junction & Chhindwara Junction to Bhopal Junction. The train travels through states of Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu."}, {"context": " Katra to Kanyakumari: There are several long halts for this train like New Delhi (150 min) and in Thiruvananthapuram Central, Ernakulam Town, Kottayam Railway Station, Erode Junction, Bhopal Junction, Nagpur, Itarsi Junction, Jhansi, Gwalior Junction and Vijayawada (10-15 min each). Kanyakumari to Katra: The fastest speed is achieved near Kila Raipur (108\u00a0km/h) and the slowest speeds on the Hazrat Nizamuddin to New Delhi (24\u00a0km/h) and Bhopal Habibganj to Bhopal Junction (19\u00a0km/h) . It takes around three hours for the train to clear the Delhi area.  The train has 19 coaches comprising One Second AC (2AC), Two Third AC (3AC), Ten Sleeper class (SL), Three Unreserved coaches (UR/GS), Two Luggage rakes (SLR) and One Pantry car (PC)."}]}, {"title": "Himself (Akinori Nakagawa album)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himself is the second studio album from Akinori Nakagawa."}]}, {"title": "Himself (Bill Cosby album)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himself is the 18th comedy album by Bill Cosby. The album contains highlights from the stand-up comedy film . This is his only album released on Motown Records."}]}, {"title": "Himself (Gilbert O'Sullivan album)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himself is the debut album by Irish singer-songwriter Gilbert O'Sullivan, first released in the United Kingdom in August 1971 by MAM Records, following the success of the Top 10 hit \"Nothing Rhymed\", which features on the album. It was produced by Gordon Mills, whom O'Sullivan had contacted after failing to achieve success for three years. The album was originally conceived by O'Sullivan to feature only his voice and piano playing, until Mills persuaded him to use full instrumentation and arrangements by Johnnie Spence. Mills also aided O'Sullivan with his songwriting, which incorporates an observational style and word play, the usage of the latter being influenced by Spike Milligan."}, {"context": " Upon release, \"Himself\" was a commercial success in the UK, reaching No. 5 on the UK Albums Chart. It received a warm reception from critics, and O'Sullivan became noted for his satirical lyrics and eye-catching, atypical dress style, which included a cloth cap and short trousers. The album was released with a revised track list in the United States in 1972, this time boasting the hit single \"Alone Again (Naturally)\". It reached No. 9 on the US \"Billboard 200\". The original version of \"Himself\" was remastered and re-released by the Salvo label in 2011 as part of the \"Gilbert O'Sullivan - A Singer & His Songs\" collection."}, {"context": " After moving to Swindon around the age of seven, O'Sullivan first started playing the piano, later explaining: \"I come from a working class background, but we always had a piano, the thinking of my parents was that if one of your kids could play it, you could make some money at it.\" A period of going to piano lessons was short-lived, as O'Sullivan was not enamoured with music theory and played the pieces by ear instead. After several years in Swindon, he left the town in 1967, moving to London determined to get a record deal. Looking to stand out, he created an eye-catching visual image comprised a pudding basin haircut, cloth cap and short trousers. O'Sullivan has said his love of silent film inspired the look."}, {"context": " He scored a five-year contract with April Music, CBS Records' house publishing company, after coming to the attention of the professional manager Stephen Shane, who also suggested changing his name from Ray to Gilbert as a play on the name of the operetta composers Gilbert & Sullivan. His first single was \"Disappear\", produced by Mike Smith and released on CBS credited to the mononym 'Gilbert'. It failed to chart, as did the second single \"What Can I Do\". A switch to the Irish record label Major Minor in 1969 yielded a third single \"Mr. Moody's Garden\", again unsuccessful. O'Sullivan then sent some demo tapes to Gordon Mills, the manager of Tom Jones and Engelbert Humperdinck, whereupon O'Sullivan was signed to Mills' newly-founded label, MAM Records. Mills reportedly hated his image, but O'Sullivan insisted on using it initially. O'Sullivan's debut single on MAM Records, \"Nothing Rhymed\", was released in October 1970. It became MAM's second major success when it peaked at number 8 on the UK Singles Chart on 19 December 1970, after \"I Hear You Knocking\" by Dave Edmunds had topped the chart that same month. \"Nothing Rhymed\" was followed in February 1971 by the uptempo \"Underneath The Blanket Go\" which charted at a disappointing No. 40."}, {"context": " Gordon Mills produced \"Himself\", which was recorded at Audio International Studios in London with sessions beginning in November 1970. With engineer Peter Rynston, recording sessions would last three hours and would also feature arranger Johnnie Spence. Gilbert O'Sullivan's original intention was to record the album with just piano and voice, but Mills persuaded him to use full instrumentation and string arrangements. In a 1971 interview, O'Sullivan elaborated: \"Gordon says work up to it gradually so probably by the time of my third album it will be done like that. If I'd done it with piano and voice it wouldn't have been successful. It's a question of what fits the songs and I think the backings are appropriate\". Mills had a strong influence even on the structure of the songs, as O'Sullivan would write \"three middle eights and three times as many verses\" and Mills would pick out which lyrics he found best. O'Sullivan considered it \"an awful lot of fun\" to have alternatives to play around with."}, {"context": " Musically, \"Himself\" is characterised by O'Sullivan's piano and Spence's arrangements, while guitar also appears courtesy of Chris Spedding. Several styles are explored on the album; songs such as \"January Git\" and \"Matrimony\" feature what one writer refers to as a \"true dancehall- tradition,\" while \"Thunder and Lightning\" and \"Houdini Said\" feature a piano-driven rock and roll style. Several songs on the album also feature a distinct, percussive piano pattern that Gilbert would use on many on his songs over his career. These include \"Independent Air\", \"Susan Van Heusen\" and \"Doing The Best I Can\". He has attributed this style to the influence of drumming, having drummed in a band called Rick's Blues during his time at Swindon College of Art, explaining: \"My left hand is hitting the high hat and the right hand is the snare.\""}, {"context": " The album's lyrics are often observational and conversational. O'Sullivan has commented: \"I reflect the way people talk, and even though I'm Irish, I'm a very English songwriter in the way I observe things.\" \"Melody Maker\"\u2019s Michael Watts observed that \"if his lyrics don't exactly flow it's because they are true to the invariable inelegance of language,\" while Stephen Thomas Erlewine described the album's lyrics as \"bedsit introspection.\" Word play is another common feature in the songs, something O'Sullivan has attributed to the influence of Spike Milligan. Examples of word play in the album's lyrics include \"Have yourself A-tomic bomb\" in \"January Git\" and \"Bonaparte shandy\" substituting for \"Napol\u00e9on brandy\" in \"Nothing Rhymed\"."}, {"context": " The album begins with a short intro in which O'Sullivan introduces \"this, my first LP debut\". This is followed by \"January Git\", which features a show tune-style horn arrangement by Johnnie Spence. \"Permissive Twit\" was recorded solo in a spare half-hour at the end of a recording session. It tells the story of \"Our Linda\" and her unwanted pregnancy with the baby of the titular twit (\"She thinks his name was Ronald or was it Sid or Len\"). Her family, trying to uphold working class respectability, are mortified about the neighbours knowing but are resigned to letting nature takes its course. Watts singled out \"Permissive Twit\" as \"the best song Gilbert has written so far.\" \"Matrimony\", concerning a couple getting wed at the registrar's, garnered much airplay. It saw a belated single release in November 1976 but failed to chart. Despite this lack of chart success, it has become one of O'Sullivan's most famous songs. \"Independent Air\" was one of two songs recorded in the first session for the album, the other being \"Nothing Rhymed\"."}, {"context": " Side one ends with \"Nothing Rhymed\", the album's hit single. It spent four weeks at No. 8 at the end of 1970 and the beginning of 1971. O'Sullivan has often attributed its success to its unique quality: \"It was not a common-sounding song though people liked it, the feeling was that it could make it, or it might not\". He has said seeing footage of starving children in Africa on television for the first time prompted him to write the song. Renowned session bassist Herbie Flowers features on the recording. Pop historian Paul Gambaccini described it as \"one of the great songs of all time\" in the 2007 BBC documentary \"Kings of 70s Romance\". In 2012, Paul Weller declared \"Nothing Rhymed\" and \"Alone Again (Naturally)\" as \"two of my favourite songs, great lyrics, great tunes\"."}, {"context": " \"Too Much Attention\" is a \"dismissal of a culture that leads to negative figures attracting notice beyond their import, sung from the point of view of one of them\". O'Sullivan named it as among his favourite songs he had written in a 1972 interview. \"Thunder and Lightning\", one of the album's most uptempo numbers, often opens O'Sullivan's live sets. \"Houdini Said\" is one of the album's most ambitious pieces. In the lyrics, O'Sullivan wonders why so many young people take part in riots where \"all men in blue are the targets to destroy\". \"Melody Maker\"'s Michael Watts has written that song reflects \"working class bewilderment\" at the \"negativity of the middle-class young\". The song has become a fan-favourite, and has been included in O\u2019Sullivan\u2019s concert setlists. \"Doing The Best I Can\", written from the perspective of an impoverished father, has been described by O'Sullivan as a \"Beatle-influenced, McCartney-esque track\". The album ends with an outro, identical to the intro but this time with lyrics thanking listeners who have bought the album."}, {"context": " During the promotion for \"Himself\", O'Sullivan's unique signature look garnered much attention, and often saw him compared to the Bisto Kids. Biographer Jason Ankeny attributes much of O'Sullivan's early success to his unusual image. O'Sullivan explained his thinking behind his appearance in a 1971 interview: \"My mother probably doesn't like Neil Young because she hates the way he looks, his hair and everything. If you can get them interested in the way you look then they tend to like the music. The thing which I'm trying to create is of the thirties; Keaton and Chaplin\". The vintage aesthetic is accentuated further by the album's sleeve, designed by Don Bax. The gatefold features a collage showing O'Sullivan at a wheel of an elongated Hispano Suiza with Charlie Chaplin, Jackie Coogan and Clara Bow among the passengers."}, {"context": " \"Himself\" was released by MAM Records in the United Kingdom in August 1971. It entered the UK Albums Chart at No. 44 on 25 September, and climbed steadily, reaching a peak position of No. 5 in March 1972. It remained in the top 50 for most of 1972 and 1973, ultimately making its last appearance in February 1974 after spending 82 non-consecutive weeks on the chart. O'Sullivan opted not to tour in promotion of the album. He did however make a number of appearances on British television during 1971, including \"The Marty Feldman Comedy Machine\". He performed \"If I Don't Get You (Back Again)\", \"Susan Van Heusen\", \"January Git\", \"Nothing Rhymed\", \"Permissive Twit\" and \"Bye Bye\" from the album, as well as his 1969 single \"Mr. Moody's Garden\" and \"We Will\", in an edition of \"BBC In Concert\" broadcast 18 December 1971."}, {"context": " A revised version of \"Himself\" was released in the United States in 1972, adding the non-album singles \"Alone Again (Naturally)\" and \"We Will\" and omitting \"Susan Van Heusan\" and \"Doing the Best I Can\". This version featured a new sleeve, showing O'Sullivan in his second, more conventional signature look. In August 1972, it entered the \"Billboard\" Top LPs and Tape chart at No. 107, and peaked at No. 9 on 30 September 1972, ultimately spending 29 weeks on the chart. \"Alone Again (Naturally)\" went on to sell 500,000 copies in the US and was certified Gold. A remastered version of \"Himself\" was released by the Salvo label in November 2011 as part of an extensive reissue programme titled \"Gilbert O'Sullivan - A Singer & His Songs\". This edition uses the original British track list and adds 8 bonus tracks, in addition to a 20-page booklet featuring new sleevenotes, lyrics and rare photos."}, {"context": " Upon its release in the UK, \"Himself\" received a warm critical reception. Michael Watts of \"Melody Maker\" considered O'Sullivan to be totally unlike his stablemates Tom Jones and Engelbert Humperdinck, adding: \"He's got talent, for a start, which reaches beyond their superficialities of glam and glossy presentation.\" Watts compared O'Sullivan to Paul McCartney but noted he lacked \"the cloying sentimentality to which the ex-Beatle has occasionally been prone.\" He also felt O'Sullivan's \"satirical view of life\" was similar to that of Randy Newman, and noted a \"total feeling of Englishness about his songs and him\" that mirrored Newman's \"quintessentially American insights.\" Andrew Tyler of \"Disc\" felt that \"[t]he songs, like the man, are 100 per cent originals,\" but was less taken by the production style, adding that \"to coat the music he offers with a stale, sticky candy covering is a giant boob\". The \"NME\"'s Tony Norman considered Gilbert's melodies to be \"among the strongest you can hear today,\" and praised his ability to get inside a real situation and \"capture the whole mood of the moment in his jumping selection of words.\""}, {"context": " When the album was released in altered form in the US in 1972, it was met with more mixed reviews. \"Billboard\" considered it a \"dynamic package,\" while Robert Christgau, writing for \"Creem\", characterised O'Sullivan as \"uneven\" but \"a complete original.\" Like Michael Watts, Christgau noted the disparity between O'Sullivan and Jones and Humperdinck. John Mendelsohn of \"Rolling Stone\" was more critical, writing that O'Sullivan's singing \"wears rather poorly\" and commenting: \"I doubt anyone could characterize him as a great melodist with a straight face.\" He also wrote: \"The English Randy Newman (which I, for one, somehow suspected he might be) he definitely is not.\" Following the US success of \"Alone Again (Naturally)\", the album was reviewed again in \"Rolling Stone\", this time by James Isaacs, who said that although Sullivan \"had a proclivity for becoming mired in the overbearing scores and especially in his own verbosity and Gaelic sentimentality,\" the hit single had \"brought a tear to my eye on more than one occasion.\""}, {"context": " Among retrospective reviews, Allmusic's J. Scott McClintock commented that \"Gilbert O'Sullivan could be as good as Ray Davies at painting touching pictures of the ordinary,\" and considered the album \"essential to any lover of Beatles-tinged Brit-pop, and any fan of the mundane made profound.\" In \"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music\", writer Colin Larkin called the album \"highly accomplished.\" Reviewing the 2011 reissue, Oregano Rathbone of \"Record Collector\" rated the album five stars out of five and compared its melodies to \"White Album-era McCartney at the pinnacle of his game\" and its lyrics to \"Alan Bennett displaying an unmatched daring with scansion.\" \"Himself\" was one of many albums released in 1971 included David Hepworth's book \"1971 - Never a Dull Moment: Rock's Golden Year.\" In 2009, \"Hot Press\" ranked \"Himself\" at number 100 in their list of the \"250 Greatest Irish Albums Of All Time.\"  All songs written by Gilbert O'Sullivan. Titled \"Gilbert O'Sullivan Himself featuring Alone Again (Naturally)\" Catalog number MAM-4"}]}, {"title": "Himshikha", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himshikha is a planned, small township located near Pinjore in district Panchkula, Haryana, India on the Pinjore\u00a0\u2014 Mallah Road. The township was built by the Haryana Housing Board between 1985-1989. The Government of Haryana acquired the land from the nearby villages of Naggal Sodhiyan, Ishar Nagar and Islam Nagar to build the township. It has a picturesque location in the foothills of Shivaliks. A lake near Himshikha will form part of a dam on the Kaushalya River."}]}, {"title": "Himshikhar English Boarding School", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himshikhar English Boarding School is a private boarding school located at Kalanki, Kathmandu, Nepal."}]}, {"title": "Himshikhar Television", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himshikhar Television (Nepali: \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0936\u093f\u0916\u0930 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u093f\u092d\u093f\u091c\u0928) is a private television station based in Damak, in the Eastern Region of Nepal and Kathmandu the capital city of Nepal. It was established in 2010 and started full phase broadcasting on January 19, 2011, under a terrestrial and cable television transmission license. It has offered programming on human rights and social issues, highlighted tourism places and area of prosperity, along with analysis on aspects of economic development in the Eastern Development Region."}]}, {"title": "Himsi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himsi or Homsi is an Arabic locational surname, which means a person from Homs, Syria. The name may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Himson Teleda", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himson Teleda (born 28 August 1992) is a footballer comes from Solomon Islands. He plays as a midfielder for Western United FC in Solomon Islands National Club Championship. He is a member of Solomon Islands national football team. He made his debut during the 2012 OFC Nations Cup and he scored one goal against New Zealand. In stage 3 he scored one goal against Tahiti."}]}, {"title": "Himu", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himu or Himalay () is a popular fictional character created by the Bangladeshi writer Humayun Ahmed who appears in a disjunct series of novels. The character was first appeared in the novel titled \"Mayurakkhi\" published in 1990. The real name of the character is Himalay, a name given by his father. He follows a lifestyle that was instructed by his psychopathic father who wanted him to be a great man. Himu wears a yellow panjabi that does not have a pocket and lives like a vagabond or a gypsy. He walks barefoot on the streets of Dhaka without certain destination. He does not have a job and, therefore, no source of income. He prefers the life of a beggar than that of a hard worker, often praising begging. However, Himu walks endlessly \u2013 never using any form of transportation. The charterer is decidedly eccentric and unorthodox in outlook.  He can make fans for his spiritual power of predicting future events including police officer, beggar, neighbor, relatives and tea stall proprietor. Most of the time he indifferently speaks unpleasant truth about the person with whom he talks. Himu unlike Misir Ali, argues that the beliefs make things happen not inspecting or asking questions. Which makes him a person who lives by the magical side of the world, not using logic."}]}, {"title": "Himura", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himura (written: \u65e5\u6751) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}]}, {"title": "Himura Kenshin", "paragraphs": [{"context": " , known as Kenshin Himura in the English-language anime dubs, is a fictional character and protagonist of the \"Rurouni Kenshin\" manga created by Nobuhiro Watsuki. Kenshin's story is set in a fictional version of Japan during the Meiji period. Kenshin is a former legendary assassin known as (rendered as \"Battousai the Manslayer\" in the Media Blasters English anime dub, as \"Battousai: The Slasher\" in the Sony English dub, and as \"The Unsheather\" on the Japanese \"kanzenban\" covers), more properly named . At the end of the Bakumatsu, he becomes a wandering swordsman, now wielding a \u2014a \"katana\" that has the cutting edge on the inwardly curved side of the sword, thus being nearly incapable of killing. Kenshin wanders the Japanese countryside offering protection and aid to those in need as atonement for the murders he once committed as an assassin. In Tokyo, he meets a young woman named Kamiya Kaoru, who invites him to live in her dojo, despite learning about Kenshin's past. Throughout the series, Kenshin begins to establish lifelong relationships with many people, including ex-enemies, while dealing with his fair share of enemies, new and old."}, {"context": " When creating Kenshin, Watsuki designed him to be the physical opposite of Hiko Seij\u016br\u014d, a character that appears in his first one-shot manga, \"Crescent Moon in the Warring States\"; a character with the same name appears in \"Rurouni Kenshin\" as Kenshin's swordsmanship teacher. As a result, he was given a feminine appearance with long red hair as well as cross-shaped scar in his face. He was also based on the \"hitokiri\" Kawakami Gensai. In Japanese, Kenshin has been voiced by Megumi Ogata for the drama CDs and Mayo Suzukaze for the animated adaptations. In the live-action films he was portrayed by Takeru Satoh. For the English dubs of the series, Richard Cansino voiced him in the first anime, J. Shanon Weaver replaced him for original video animation (OVA), and the duology film \"New Kyoto Arc\". Micah Solusod did the dub for the live-action film trilogy."}, {"context": " Kenshin's character was well received by fans, with his holding the top spot in all reader popularity polls for the series. Critics of the series praised his strong personality and backstory which most critics found appealing. However, though some complained about his development during the OVA series; while his role in the prequel OVAs were praised, his role in the ones that created a new story arc resulted in criticism by various critics including Watsuki himself. Satoh's acting in the live-action film received positive comments due to how he fits the character as well as his fight choreography. A variety of collectibles based on Kenshin have been created, including figurines, key chains, plushies, and replicas of his \"sakabat\u014d\" sword."}, {"context": " Manga author Nobuhiro Watsuki discovered and used the story of Kawakami Gensai, a executed by the Meiji Government. According to Watsuki, when he found that Kawakami maintained a duty to his dead comrades, he decided to create the title character. Since Watsuki's debut work contained a tall, black-haired man in \"showy\" armor, he wanted to make a character \"completely opposite\" to the debut character; the new character ended up \"coming out like a girl\". According to Watsuki, he used \"no real motif\" when creating Kenshin and placed a cross-shaped scar on his face \"not knowing what else to do.\" Watsuki enjoys drawing Kenshin due to how he tends to sacrifice himself for others. While writing the series, once he thought Kenshin should think more about his future since he is more connected to his past. He also stated he would like to be as Kenshin but he does not believe their lives' style match."}, {"context": " During the development of the series' pilot chapter, \"Rurouni, Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story\", Watsuki and his editor argued over Kenshin's speech patterns, settling for a \"slangy\" one. For the final version of the first \"Romantic Story\", Watsuki adjusted the dialogue; in his view, he made Kenshin sound \"more as I prefer him now\". Nevertheless, Kenshin was concerned about how Kenshin's manner abruptly changed when facing his opponent. Watsuki added Kenshin's trademark as a placeholder to be an expression of the English speech disfluency \"huh\". Watsuki notes that he was surprised at how well it caught on, and how much he ended up having Kenshin use the sound during the series. Watsuki also planned to make Kenshin more 30 years old; his editor commented that it was strange that the main character of a manga for teenagers to be of such an age, so he instead made him 28 years old."}, {"context": " Watsuki based most of Kenshin's abilities on a real swordsman of the Tokugawa period named , who was skilled in acrobatic techniques. However, one of Kenshin's moves where he stops an enemy's flamethrower by rotating his sword received multiple complaints with Watsuki admitting the move as somewhat out of place and \"not really organic\" to his world. By early publication of \"Rurouni Kenshin\", Watsuki was unsure whether or not Kenshin and Kamiya Kaoru would become lovers in future chapters. Sagara Sanosuke was created to be Kenshin's best friend who would punch him order to make him retain his composure. However, Watsuki did not think the idea worked as much as possibly. During his fight against Shishio Makoto's army, Kenshin is given a new sword with a sheath made of wood. Though it is more difficult to draw, Watsuki decided to redesign the sword to make it look like the first one Kenshin had in the series. For the final fight between Kenshin and Shishio, Watsuki admitted he expressed more joy in drawing Shishio than Kenshin. During this arc and mostly the final fight between Kenshin and Shishio's fight Watsuki kept listening to the song \"In The Blue Sky\" from the video game \"Virtual On\"; the song's title was used in the final chapter of the Kyoto arc. Additionally, the final shot of Kenshin returning to Kaoru's dojo was inspired by the final shot of the \"Rurouni Kenshin\" anime's first opening theme:\"Sobakasu\" by Judy and Mary."}, {"context": " In the next and final arc of the manga, the story took a darker tone as most of the characters believed Kaoru was killed by Yukishiro Enishi which made Kenshin question his own way of living and escape to a village of wanderers. Watsuki did not enjoy angst in Kenshin so his friend My\u014djin Yahiko took the place as the series' protagonist until Kenshin recovered. In order to make Kenshin recover, Watsuki introduced Tomoe's father, who is simply referred as \"Geezer\", who assists him in finding an answer to atone for his sins. Once Kenshin recovered, he runs back to the city in order to save Yahiko from Enishi's former comrade, Kujiranami Hy\u014dgo. The fight was originally planned to last longer than the one-chapter shot but due to difficulties in drawing explosions Kujinarami made with his weapons, the fight ended with Kenshin cutting Kujinarami's weapon. In this arc's climax, Watsuki kept listening to the song \"Hurry Go Round\" by late musician hide which felt it suited the relationship between Enishi as well as Kenshin but in his darker persona. The author also commented he would like to have given both Kenshin and Enishi's characters a bigger contrast. A reader also asked Watsuki whether Kenshin could defeat his rival Sait\u014d Hajime since they never got a final duel. Watsuki responded, saying the two are equally matched but the result might depend whether or not Kenshin had something to protect. At the end of the series, Kenshin appears with short hair. Initially, Watsuki had planned to make his hair shorter before the end; however, he found this to be similar to the character Multi in \"To Heart\". Additionally, Himura Kenji was introduced in the finale as the son of Kenshin and Kaoru; even though the character was \"clich\u00e9\" Watsuki felt that Kenji had to appear."}, {"context": " When the live-action of the manga was made, Watsuki had several ideas about Kenshin's mind about his early appearances in the series. This resulted in the manga reboot \"Rurouni Kenshin: Restoration\" where Kenshin's characterization was expanded by the author who thought in retrospective about what he could add to him. Although there were some changes to the cast, Watsuki wanted them to be subtle such as Kenshin wearing a scarf. He also wrote a prequel chapter to the original series which helped the readers to understand why Kenshin would stay in Kaoru's dojo."}, {"context": " In the first \"Rurouni Kenshin\" \"kanzenban\", published in Japan in July 2006, Watsuki included a draft page featuring a redesign of Kenshin's character. To make his X-shaped scar more notable, Watsuki made it long enough to cross his nose. Kenshin's hair is tied in two tails, which are flowing to make him look younger, and shorter, and less androgynous. Watsuki also added a \"Habaki\" to Kenshin's sword to make it easier to draw by simplifying its structure, while also emphasizing strength. Kenshin's \"hitokiri\" look was also redesigned slightly, by making his clothes more worn and giving him Yukishiro Tomoe's neck scarf."}, {"context": " Watsuki received letters from fans describing Megumi Ogata's audiobook voice as a \"good fit\" for Kenshin. Watsuki said that he imagined Kenshin's voice to be \"more neutral\". The fact that the audiobook voice actors, especially Ogata and Tomokazu Seki, who portrayed Sanosuke, did not voice their corresponding roles in the anime disappointed Watsuki. In the anime adaptation of \"Rurouni Kenshin\", Watsuki's designs were combined with the voice talents of voice actress Mayo Suzukaze. She said that she started feeling like Kenshin after years of work as his voice, but says that providing the voice for his character was one of her best experiences. In producing the English dub version of the series, Media Blasters considered following suit, with Mona Marshall considered a finalist to voice Kenshin. Richard Hayworth was eventually selected for the role, giving Kenshin's character a more masculine voice in the English adaptation. Marshall was also selected to voice the younger Kenshin during flashback scenes. Clark Cheng, Media Blasters dub script writer, said that localizing Kenshin's unusual speech was a difficult process. His use of \"de gozaru\" and \"oro\" were not only character trademarks that indicated his state of mind, but important elements to the story. However, neither is directly translatable into English, and in the end the company chose to replace \"de gozaru\" with \"that I did,\" \"that I am,\" or \"that I do.\" Kenshin's signature \"oro\" was replaced with \"huah\" to simulate a \"funny sound\" that had no real meaning. Daryl Surat of \"Otaku USA\" said that the grammar in Kenshin's dialogue in the Media Blasters dub and subtitles resemble the grammar in the dialogue of Yoda, a character in \"Star Wars\"."}, {"context": " In the live-action trilogy of the series, Kenshin was played Takeru Satoh. In casting Satoh, director said the actor was a good fit for the character, citing their physical similarities. Producer Shinz\u014d Matsuhashi shared similar feelings as \u014ctomo. During the making of this film, both Watsuki and his wife found Satoh as an ideal actor him. Watsuki was surprised by Satoh's work as well as the special effects in the first film which made Kenshin's character realistic. For the Kyoto duology films, \u014ctomo said he did not have to put much advice to Satoh as his acting in the first film attracted multiple positive reactions by the staff and the audience. He then stated \"Even without saying this or that from the side, he created an image of Kenshin, including his behavior, swordplay, and speech, through the necessary preparation and hard work. So I didn\u2019t worry at all\"."}, {"context": " During an interview, Satoh said \"Rurouni Kenshin\" was one of the first manga he read to the point he would play sword-fights with his friends. Additionally, once he was cast as Kenshin, Satoh started intense swordsmanship training. Satoh said he liked Kenshin's character to the point of enjoying role in the three films. However, the actor expressed pressure in doing the role as a result of having to take part in multiple fighting scenes. Nevertheless, Satoh said he enjoyed Kenshin's lines due to the impact they have on most characters, most notably his enemies. Due to the Kyoto films showing a darker characterization of Kenshin as he struggles against different strong rivals, Satoh also said his work became more challenging. Still, he found it interesting. A scene that Satoh enjoyed was Kenshin's fight against Sawagej\u014d Ch\u014d due to the fact Kenshin is forced to attack his enemy even though he does not know his weapon is deadly which goes against his morals; as a result, Satoh briefly showed Kenshin's \"hitokiri\" side for a brief moment. The actor said he discussed this scene with the director who pleased with the result. Kenshin's strongest technique, the \"Amakakeru Ry\u016b no Hirameki\", was Satoh's favorite move as he likes its meaning. While Kenshin shouts his attacks' names in both manga and anime, Satoh instead decided to say the names after performing those moves."}, {"context": " Himura Kenshin, born is a legendary former assassin. He is an extremely powerful swordsman with virtually unmatched skills. He practices the , a fictional ancient sword art based on Batt\u014djutsu, that enables him to exercise superhuman speed and reflexes, study and predict his opponent's movements in battle, as well as perform many powerful sword techniques. Most of his techniques were originally intended to be lethal, but Kenshin has since modified the use of these techniques in accordance with his vow never to kill. To this end, he fights using his \"sakabat\u014d\" (a reverse-edge sword). After finishing his job as the murderer Hitokiri Batt\u014dsai in the Ishin Shishi, Kenshin assumes the life of a wanderer. Ten years after the Revolution, he arrives in Tokyo, where he meets Kamiya Kaoru. She invites him to stay in her dojo even after she discovers that Kenshin is the \"\"Batt\u014dsai\"\". Kenshin wants to protect every individual from danger without harming others. Formerly known as \"the strongest \"hitokiri\",\" Kenshin is the main target of many old enemies and people who want to gain his title. Thus, he avoids letting others get too close to him for their own protection. However, he eventually begins to rely on his friends, allowing them to fight alongside him."}, {"context": " During his stay in Tokyo, Kenshin establishes lifelong relationships with many people, including ex-enemies, such as the former Shinsengumi member Sait\u014d Hajime. Sait\u014d's arrival is a test ex-Ishin Shishi \u014ckubo Toshimichi made in order see Kenshin's power to see if he can defeat Shishio Makoto. Shishio is the brutal, once-successor to Kenshin's position as Ch\u014dsh\u016b's \"hitokiri\", masterminds a movement seeking to overthrow the Meiji Government, Kenshin leaves Tokyo to stop him. To defeat such a foe, Kenshin is forced to resume his training and mend his relationship with his teacher Hiko Seij\u016br\u014d, who taught and took care of him as a child. He learns the , which deals nine simultaneous strikes to the fundamental targets of swordsmanship. The \"Kuzu-ry\u016bsen\", however, is a by-product used for the initiation in learning his strongest technique: , a \"batt\u014djutsu\" that surpasses the speed of the \"Kuzu-ry\u016bsen\". Even if the technique is defeated, it can generate a vacuum in its wake and sucking the opponent in; as this happens, the body is spun around for a second stronger strike. Throughout the training, Kenshin increasingly wants to survive to any combat so that Kaoru will not be shocked by his death. After finishing his training, Kenshin's friends reunite with him and help him defeat Shishio and his army."}, {"context": " Months later, a man known as Yukishiro Enishi starts attacking all the people Kenshin meets as an act of revenge for the death of his sister Yukishiro Tomoe. At this point, it is revealed that Kenshin was married to Tomoe in the Bakumatsu, but accidentally killed her while trying to rescue her from a group of assassins. When Enishi learns of Kenshin's feelings towards Kaoru, he sets out to kidnap her. He succeeds and leaves behind a professionally made decoy of Kaoru with a sword in her heart, making everyone believe that she has been murdered. Kenshin falls into a severe depression and runs off to a village of wanderers to mourn. However, he comes out of his depression after his friends discover Kaoru is alive. The group goes to rescue her on Enishi's island. A battle between Kenshin and Enishi follows. When Kenshin wins, he and Kaoru return home. Afterwards, Kenshin learns that since the \"Hiten Mitsurugi-ry\u016b\" is only suitable for a wide-framed muscular build like that of Seij\u016br\u014d's, his body will eventually begin to deteriorate and he will soon be unable to use it again. Five years later, Kenshin is married to Kaoru and has a son named Kenji. After an encounter with Kaoru's student My\u014djin Yahiko, Kenshin gives his \"sakabat\u014d\" to him as a gift for his coming-of-age."}, {"context": " Kenshin first appeared in two chapters of \"Rurouni, Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story\", the pilot chapters of the manga, in which he arrives in Tokyo and defeats several groups of villains attacking families. In these stories, Kenshin is given a similar personality to the one he has in the series, but his name is not mentioned. Following the original series' ending, Watsuki wrote two shorts where Kenshin makes brief appearances; in \"Yahiko no Sabato\" Kenshin and Kaoru entrust Yahiko with taking care of a dojo whereas in \"Haru ni Sakura\" he reunites with all his friends and learn about the place where Saito left and learn of his friend Sagara Sanosuke through a letter after he left Japan."}, {"context": " In the 1997 movie \"Rurouni Kenshin: The Motion Picture\", Kenshin meets a samurai named Takimi Shigure, who tries to overthrow the Meiji Government and avenge the deaths of his family during the Bakumatsu. Kenshin encounters Shigure and defeats him to avoid the start of a war. In the OVAs of the series, Kenshin is given a more humanized design. There are also numerous changes to his life story compared to that of the manga, including the way he received his X-shaped scar in \"\" from 1999. In \"\" released in 2001, as time passes, Kenshin becomes tortured with guilt for leading a happy life after such a destructive past. He decides to wander again, and Kaoru strongly supports him, promising to welcome him home with a smile and their child. Kenshin eventually becomes ravaged by an unknown disease. However, he decides to assist in the First Sino-Japanese War as he had promised the Meiji Government. After the war's end, Sanosuke discovers a gravely injured Kenshin on the shore, who has lost his memory and cannot return to Japan. Sanosuke arranges for Kenshin's return to Tokyo and Kaoru. The two finally meet, and Kenshin collapses into her arms as he clutches her. Kaoru then notices Kenshin's scar has faded away, signifying his death. After watching the last OVA, Nobuhiro Watsuki was quite unhappy with how the story ended, saying that \"Kenshin went through so much crap and deserved a happy ending.\""}, {"context": " Kenshin also appears in other animated retelling of the series titled \"New Kyoto Arc\" from 2011 and 2012. In the live-action movie trilogy, Kenshin is portrayed by Takeru Satoh. The first film retells Kenshin's arrival to Tokyo while making new allies and enemies whereas the second and the third ones from 2014 show his fight against Shishio's forces. Kenshin is a playable character in all of the \"Rurouni Kenshin\" video games, as well as the crossovers \"Jump Super Stars\" and \"Jump Ultimate Stars\". In June 2013, Kenshin was confirmed to be a playable character alongside \"Bleach\"s protagonist Ichigo Kurosaki in \"J-Stars Victory Vs\" for the PlayStation 3. In celebrating the 50th anniversary of the mangazine \"Weekly Shonen Jump\", a cardgame was developed by Bandai Namco Entertainment with Kenshin appearing as a character card."}, {"context": " The manga's reboot, \"Rurouni Kenshin: Restoration\", follows Kenshin's stay in Tokyo as in the original series. After attacking a drug dealer known as Takeda Kanryu, Kenshin becomes the target of many of his warriors. This leads to a fight against his old enemy Jin-e from the Shinsengumi who tries to encourage his \"hitokiri\" be reborn by using Kaoru as a hostage and nearly killing her. However, as Kenshin is about kill Jin-e, Kaoru stops him; following Jin-e's suicide, Kenshin stays in Kaoru's dojo. Before the reboot, Watsuki also wrote a prequel chapter where Kenshin meets a western doctor during his years of wandering."}, {"context": " In 2016, Watsuki wrote a sidestory named \"The Ex-Con Ashitaro\" in which Kenshin appears to save the young title character from a group of enemies. Shueisha later revealed \"Ashitaro\" is the prequel to an upcoming from \"Rurouni Kenshin\": the Hokkaido Arc. In the Hokkaido arc, Kenshin's group learns that Kaoru's father is alive and decide to go to Hokkaido to find him. It was announced in November of 2018 that Kenshin Himura along with Shishio Makoto would be playable characters in the \"Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump\" cross-over video game\", Jump Force,\" developed by Bandai Namco Entertainment. It was set to release on February 15, 2019 for the Playstation 4, Xbox One, and PC."}, {"context": " Kenshin has been highly popular with the \"Rurouni Kenshin\" reader base, having ranked first in every \"Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump\" popularity poll of the series, always with more than double the votes of the second place character. Two polls by the official \"Rurouni Kenshin\" anime featured Kenshin as one of the series' most popular characters. In the first, Kenshin was at the top, while in the second, he placed second. His Batt\u014dsai incarnation was also fifth in the latter poll. Kenshin has also been featured various times in the \"Animage\"s Anime Grand Prix polls, ranking as one of the most popular male anime characters. In a \"Newtype\" poll in March 2010, Kenshin was voted the eighth most popular male anime character from the 1990s. An abundance of merchandise have been released in Kenshin's likeness including keychains, action figures, and plush dolls. Since the manga was published, non-functional and functional \"sakabat\u014d\" have been produced for purchase by collectors and fans. In a poll by Anime News Network, Kenshin was voted as the second best male anime character with long hair, being surpassed by Edward Elric from \"Fullmetal Alchemist\". In 2014, IGN ranked him as the fifth greatest anime character of all time, saying that: \"Although Kenshin's momentary lapses make him a complete badass and set the stage for some of the most epic sword battles ever animated, Kenshin always goes back to his sweet persona once the danger is gone.\" Kenshin was also fifth in IGN's Top 25 Anime Characters of All Time with writer Chris Mackenzie describing him as: \"A classic example of a classic anime type, the peace-loving killing machine.\" Kenshin's \"Amakakeru Ry\u016b no Hirameki\" technique has ranked third in a Japanese survey that featured the most popular moves in manga and anime. In a poll by Anime News Network, he was voted as the top \"guy\". In a Japanese TV special from August 2017, Kenshin was voted as the 16th \"strongest hero\" from the Showa Era as well as the 15th one from the Heisei Era."}, {"context": " Several publications covering manga, anime, video games, and other media have praised and criticized the character. Tasha Robinson from SciFi.com remarked \"Kenshin's schizoid personal conflict between his ruthless-killer side and his country-bumpkin\" side was a perfect way to develop good stories which was one of the factors that made the series popular. Marco Oliveier from the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University said that the sakabat\u014d symbolises Kenshin's oath not to kill again which has been found challenging by other warriors. Megan Lavey from Mania Entertainment highly praised Kenshin's characterization in the manga due to his seriousness as well how he intends to tell his friends his feelings contrasting some episodes from the anime where Kenshin is more comical. Lavey also highly praised the fight between Kenshin and Saito Hajime in the manga's seventh volume and Kenshin's killing intent displayed against his rival. Similarly, his first fight against Saito in the anime adaptation earned high praise by Anime News Network writer Mark A. Grey considering one of the best ones from the series. \"Entertainment Weekly\" found comical how whenever Kenshin is not fighting he is doing the laundry or cleans the dojo which brings a light tone that appealed the writer. T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews website criticized Kenshin's super deformed appearance in comedy scenes claiming it does not suit the context of the character or the series. Mania.com remarks that Kenshin has a \"smartass\" attitude in a review of volume 8; while they noted that is a common attitude in the anime that makes him look out-of-character. Anime News Network's Mike Crandol praised Kenshin for being a character that all people enjoy watching due to his comedy scenes. In About.com's Top 8 Anime Love Stories, Kenshin and Kaoru's relationship ranked 8th with Katherine Luther noting it is a \"classic romance.\" Serdar Yegulalp from ThoughtCo. also listed the series as one of the \"Best anime romances\" with a bigger focus on Kenshin and Kaoru. Bamboo Dong from Anime News Network highly criticized Kenshin in the OVA's retelling of the Kyoto arc for lacking all the development he faced in both the manga and anime of this arc."}, {"context": " For Sony's OVAs of the franchise, there have also been multiple response. Matthew Anderson from DVD Vision Japan found the series' title \"Samurai X\" unfitting for Kenshin as the reviewer regarded the character as a hired killer rather than as a samurai as seen across the prequel OVAs. Rio Ya\u00f1ez from \"Animerica\" said one of the major themes of \"Trust\" is understanding the repercussions and after-effects murder can have, something that Kenshin has yet to comprehend though others have tried to point it out to him. Mike Crando from Anime News Network highly enjoyed Kenshin's characterization in the prequel as he refers it as \"it is a fascinating and emotional character study in its own right\" due to Kenshin's character development across these four episodes from \"an idealistic youth to a cold-hearted killer, only to be redeemed through love lost and the realization that swinging his sword is destroying his own life as well as the lives of the people on the receiving end\". Additionally, the reviewer enjoyed the OVA's director's cut for showing more fights between Kenshin and Shinsenguimi, the special forces where Saito originated from. Earl Cressey from DVD Talk found Kenshin as a \"complex\" character and said his relationship with Yukishiro Tomoe might appeal the viewers. Carlos Ross from THEM Anime Reviews shared similar feelings and enjoyed the romance between Kenshin Tomoe despite its tragic outcome. Yegulalp from ThoughtCo. also listed the series as one of the \"Best anime romances\" with a bigger focus on Kenshin and Tomoe."}, {"context": " Kenshin's development in the \"Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection\" OVA series has received negative reviews by many publications. Anime News Network also adds that in \"Reflection\" he \"continues to be his old mopey self\" and criticizes the fact that he never says \"oro\", while IGN felt that some moments of the relationship between Kenshin and Kaoru were depressing. While criticizing the characters' sad decisions, Serdar Yegulalp from About.com wondered whether the OVAs had to make viewers accept Kenshin's death wish after so much time of wandering and feeling a mortal disease. However, some reviewers noted Kenshin's personality in the OVAs was one of the most complex ever to be animated remarking on the fact that he can not forget his bloody past, despite having a peaceful life. Don Houston from DVD Talk noted the controversy between the fandom as they refrained from treating \"Reflection\" as canon due to how tragic the life of Kenshin's family became. Ridwan Khan from Animefringe shared similar feelings, but noted Kenshin had no new enemies to fight after Enishi, leaving him with his disease story arc."}, {"context": " Besides the printed series and its animated adaptations, there have been comments regarding Kenshin's role in the live-action trilogy where he is played by Takeru Satoh. Deborah Young from \"The Hollywood Reporter\" comically compared the character to Michael Jackson but praised his portrayal of swordsmanship. Matt Schley from \"Otaku USA\" commented that Satoh did a good performance making Kenshin into likeable protagonist. Both Nick Creamer and Ko Ransom from Anime News Network shared similar opinions, noting Satoh managed to adapt the character well. Schley once again praised Satoh's role in the finale alongside other actors. For the last movie, Creamer expressed that Satoh kept doing a fine work as acting as Kenshin, praising his battles like Young. While enjoying the final duel between Kenshin and Shishio Makoto, Hayley Scanlon from UK Anime Network felt it took too much screentime to let supporting characters play a larger role in the finale. Lito B. Zulueta from The Enquirer also enjoyed the fight between Kenshin and Shishio, the actors, as well as how the character of Kenshin has helped popularized the term of samurai in western culture. For the live action film \"Rurouni Kenshin: The Legend Ends\", David West from \"Neo\" criticized Kenshin's long training with his teacher but still found that in the film, Kenshin's vow of not killing anybody remains true. For the 9th Asian Film Awards, Satoh was nominated in the \"Best Actor\" category for his portrayal of Kenshin. In the Japan Action Awards 2012, Satoh also won an award in the category \"Best Action Actor\"."}]}, {"title": "Himuro Shrine", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himuro Shrine (\u6c37\u5ba4\u795e\u793e, \"Himuro Jinja\") is a Shinto shrine in Nara, Nara Prefecture, Japan. It was established in 710. Kami enshrined here include Emperor Nintoku and Nukata no Onakatsuhiko no Mikoto (\u984d\u7530\u5927\u4ef2\u5f66\u547d). The shrine's main festival is held annually on October 1."}]}, {"title": "Himuro Yoshiteru", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himuro Yoshiteru is an electronic music musician and DJ from Japan. Himuro's first album Nichiyobi was released in 1998 by the English record label Worm Interface, alongside artists like Tom Jenkinson (Squarepusher) and Freeform. His releases are mostly within the electronic music genres of drum and bass, Electronica, Hip hop and Braindance, with a significant jazz influence . His style is often described in the media as very playful. It consists of finely chopped, fast rhythms in combination with jazzy bass and synthesizer lines and 8bit sounds (like video game music). In this area he is one of the prominent Japanese musicians of this time.  Some of his pieces have been featured on John Peel\u00b4s Radio show on BBC Radio 1 and one was later released as an mp3 on the Tribute to John Peel Series, as a free download. In his Live Acts he uses primarily his laptop, MIDI controllers and effects processors."}]}, {"title": "Himwitsa", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himwitsa or Himwits'u is derived from the Nuu-chah-nulth language, translated as \"Story Telling and the passing of knowledge from Elder to Youth\". In the Canadian First Nations this category includes the mythologies of those peoples, as well as fables about \"The Raven\" and other animals. Wakashan languages Nuu-chah-nulth"}]}, {"title": "Himya", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himya is a village in the Leh district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is located in the Leh tehsil. According to the 2011 census of India, Himya has 52 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 74.26%."}]}, {"title": "Himyar (horse)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himyar (1875\u00a0\u2013 December 30, 1905) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. Although successful as a racehorse he is most notable as the sire of 1898 Kentucky Derby winner Plaudit and Domino, the grandsire of Colin and Peter Pan. Himyar lived to be thirty years old, outliving both Domino and his famous grandson Commando, who both died young. Himyar was a light bay colt sired by Alarm, who was a son of the British-bred stallion Eclipse (by Orlando). His dam Hira was sired by the 19th-century foundation sire, Lexington. Himyar was foaled in 1875 at Dixiana Farm, the Lexington stud farm of Major Barak Thomas, who also owned Himyar's sire Alarm. Himyar did not have a gentle disposition but did develop into a promising runner as a two-year-old, winning many high dollar stakes races. Himyar was second in the 1878 Kentucky Derby, losing to Day Star by two lengths. Himyar injured his leg in May 1881 and was retired from racing at six years old."}, {"context": " Himyar stood at stud for 16 years at Dixiana Farm but was sold in 1897 by Thomas, who was experiencing financial difficulties and was then bought by Edwin Sumner Gardner of Saundersville, Tennessee for $2,500. Himyar died at Gardner's Avondale Stud farm on December 30, 1905, of old age and was buried with the epitaph, \"From his ashes speed springs eternal.\" Himyar's most notable offspring are the colts, Domino, who was nicknamed 'the black whirlwind' during his racing career, and Plaudit. He also sired the filly Correction in 1888, who won 38 major stakes races and was considered one of the fastest fillies of the time. Through Plaudit, Himyar appears in the pedigrees of many Quarter Horses and his tail-male line is carried through the descendants of Holy Bull (through Plaudit) and Broad Brush (through Domino). The Himyar sire-line also produced the 1983 Epsom Derby winner Teenoso.  The town of Himyar, Kentucky was named in honor of the racehorse."}]}, {"title": "Himyar ibn al-Harith", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himyar ibn al-Harith () was the last governor of the Yemen for the Abbasid Caliphate, prior to the Yu'firid conquest of Sana'a in 847. Himyar was appointed to the Yemen by al-Mutawakkil in 847, following the departure of Ja'far ibn Dinar al-Khayyat from the province. He was quickly forced to confront the Yu'firids, whose rebellion had already consumed the Yemeni highlands for over a decade, but was defeated in battle and forced to flee. Himyar then departed from the Yemen, allowing the Yu'firids to enter the chief city of Sana'a and occupy much of the country between Sana'a and al-Janad."}]}, {"title": "Himyar, Kentucky", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himyar is an unincorporated community and coal town in Knox County, Kentucky, United States. A post office was established in the community in 1906. The town's namesake is the racehorse Himyar, who placed second in the 1878 Kentucky Derby."}]}, {"title": "Himyarite Kingdom", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The \u1e24imyarite Kingdom or \u1e24imyar (, \"Mamlakat \u1e24imyar\", Musnad: \ud802\ude62\ud802\ude63\ud802\ude7a\ud802\ude67\ud802\ude63, ) (fl. 110 BCE\u2013520s CE), historically referred to as the Homerite Kingdom by the Greeks and the Romans, was a kingdom in ancient Yemen. Established in 110 BCE, it took as its capital the ancient city of Zafar, to be followed at the beginning of the 4th century by what is the modern-day city of Sana'a. The kingdom conquered neighbouring Saba' (Sheba) in c. 25 BCE (for the first time), Qataban in c. 200 CE, and Ha\u1e0dramaut c. 300 CE. Its political fortunes relative to Saba' changed frequently until it finally conquered the Sabaean Kingdom around 280. Himyar then endured until it finally fell to invaders from the Kingdom of Aksum in 525 CE."}, {"context": " The \u1e24imyarite Kingdom maintained nominal control in Arabia until 525. Its economy was based on agriculture, and foreign trade centered on the export of frankincense and myrrh. For many years, the kingdom was also the major intermediary linking East Africa and the Mediterranean world. This trade largely consisted of exporting ivory from Africa to be sold in the Roman Empire. Ships from \u1e24imyar regularly travelled the East African coast, and the state also exerted a large amount of Influence both cultural, religious and political over the trading cities of East Africa whilst the cities of East Africa remained independent. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea describes the trading empire of Himyar and its ruler Charibael (Karab El Watar Yuhan'em II), who is said to have been on friendly terms with Rome:"}, {"context": " During this period, the Kingdom of \u1e24imyar conquered the kingdoms of Saba' and Qataban and took Raydan/Zafar for its capital instead of Ma'rib; therefore, they have been called Dhu Raydan (Ar: \u0630\u0648 \u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646). In the early 2nd century AD Saba' and Qataban split from the Kingdom of \u1e24imyar; yet in a few decades Qataban was conquered by Hadhramaut (conquered in its turn by \u1e24imyar in the 4th century), whereas Saba' was finally conquered by \u1e24imyar in the late 3rd century. \u1e92af\u0101r's ruins cover scattered over 120 hectare on Mudawwar Mountain 10 km north-north-west of the town of Yarim. Early, Empire and Late/Post art periods have been identified."}, {"context": " \u1e92af\u0101r was first agriculturally self-sufficient. The 6th century reveals a drastic loss of towns and population. Until the early 3rd century, trade flourished. Later it failed perhaps because of the Nabataean domain over the north of [[Hijaz|\u1e24ij\u0101z]] and because of intertribal warfare. Families of [[Qahtanite|Qa\u1e25\u1e6d\u0101n]] were disunited and scattered over Arabia, particularly to the east. [[File:Dhamar Ali Yahbur II.jpg|thumb|150px|Bronze statue of Dhamar\u02bfal\u012by Yuhbabirr \"King of Saba, Dhu Raydan, Hadhramawt and Yamnat\" (Himyarite Kingdom) 170-180 AD.]]"}, {"context": " The Himyarite kings appear to have abandoned polytheism and converted to [[Judaism]] around the year 380, several decades after the conversion of the [[Ethiopian]] [[Kingdom of Aksum]] to Christianity (328). No changes occurred in the people's script, calendar, or language (unlike at Aksum after its conversion). This date marks the end of an era in which numerous inscriptions record the names and deeds of kings, and dedicate buildings to local (e.g. Wagal and Simyada) and major (e.g. Almaqah) gods. From the 380s, temples were abandoned and dedications to the old gods ceased, replaced by references to \"Rahmanan\", \"the Lord of Heaven\" or \"Lord of Heaven and Earth\". The political context for this conversion may have been Arabia's interest in maintaining neutrality and good trade relations with the competing empires of [[Byzantium]], which first adopted Christianity under [[Constantine the Great]] and the [[Sasanian Empire]], which alternated between [[Zurvanism]] and [[Manichaeism]]."}, {"context": " One of the first Jewish kings, [[Tub'a Abu Kariba As'ad]] (r. 390\u2013420), is believed to have converted following a military expedition into northern Arabia in an effort to eliminate Byzantine influence. The Byzantine emperors had long eyed the Arabian Peninsula and sought to control the lucrative spice trade and route to India. The Byzantines hoped to establish a protectorate by converting the inhabitants to Christianity. Some progress had been made in northern Arabia but they had little success in \u1e24imyar."}, {"context": " Abu-Kariba's forces reached [[Yathrib]] and, meeting no resistance, they passed through the city, leaving the king's son behind as governor. Abu-Kariba soon received news that the people of Yathrib had killed his son. He turned back in order to wreak vengeance on the city. After cutting down the palm trees from which the inhabitants derived their main income, he laid siege to the city. The Jews of Yathrib fought side by side with their pagan neighbors. During the siege Abu-Kariba fell severely ill. Two Jewish scholars in Yathrib, Ka'ab and Asad by name, called on the king in his camp and used their knowledge of medicine to restore him to health. While attending the king, they pleaded with him to lift the siege and make peace. The sages' appeal is said to have persuaded Abu-Kariba; he called off his attack and also embraced Judaism along with his entire army. At his insistence, the two Jewish scholars accompanied the \u1e24imyarite king back to his capital, where he demanded that all his people convert to Judaism. Initially, there was great resistance. After an ordeal had justified the king's demand and confirmed the truth of the Jewish faith, many Himyarites supported Judaism. Some historians argue that the people were not motivated by politics, but that Judaism, by its philosophical, simplistic, and austere nature, was attractive to the nature of the Semitic people."}, {"context": " Abu-Kariba continued to engage in military campaigns and met his death under unclear circumstances. Some scholars believe that his own soldiers killed him. He left three sons, [[Hassan Ibn Tubba' As'ad Abi Karib|\u1e24asan]], 'Amru, and Zorah, all of whom were minors at the time. After Abu-Kariba's demise, a pagan named [[Dhu Shanatir|Dh\u016b-Shanatir]] seized the throne. In the reign of Subahbi'il Yakkaf, Azqir, the son of Abu Karib Assad and serving as a Christian missionary from [[Najran|Najr\u0101n]], was put to death after he had erected a chapel with a cross. Christian sources interpret the event as a martyrdom at Jewish hands: the site for his execution, Najr\u0101n, was said to have been chosen on the advice of a rabbi, but indigenous sources do not mention persecutions on the grounds of faith. His death may have been intended to deter the extension of Byzantine influence."}, {"context": " The first Aksumite invasion took place sometime in the 5th century and was triggered by the persecution of Christians. Two Christian sources, including the \"[[Zuqnin Chronicle]]\" once attributed to [[Dionysius I Telmaharoyo]], which was written more than three centuries later, say that the Himyarite king prompted the killings by stating, \"This is because in the countries of the Romans the Christians wickedly harass the Jews who live in their countries and kill many of them. Therefore I am putting these men to death.\" In retaliation the Aksumites invaded the land and thereafter established a bishopric and built Christian churches in Zafar."}, {"context": " The Jewish monarchy in \u1e24imyar ended with the reign of Y\u1e73suf, known as [[Dhu Nuwas|Dh\u016b Nuw\u0101s]], who in 523 attacked the Christian population of Najr\u0101n. A coup d'\u00e9tat ensued, with Dhu Nuwas, who had attempted to overthrow the dynasty several years earlier, assuming authority after killing the Aksumite garrison in Zaf\u0101r. He proceeded to engage the Ethiopian guards, and their Christian allies in the [[Tihamah|Tih\u0101ma]] coastal lowlands facing Abyssinia. After taking the port of [[Mocha, Yemen|Mukhaw\u0101n]], where he burnt down the local church, he advanced south as far as the fortress of Maddab\u0101n overlooking the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]], where he expected [[Kaleb of Axum|Kaleb Ella A\u1e63be\u1e25a]] to land his fleet. The campaign eventually killed between 11,500 and 14,000, and took a similar number of prisoners. Mukhaw\u0101n became his base, while he dispatched one of his generals, a Jewish prince named Shara\u1e25'\u012bl Yaqbul dhu Yaz'an, against [[Najran|Najr\u0101n]], a predominantly Christian oasis, with a good number of Jews, who had supported with troops his earlier rebellion, but refused to recognize his authority after the massacre of the Aksumite garrison. The general blocked the caravan route connecting Najr\u0101n with Eastern Arabia."}, {"context": " During this period, references to pagan gods disappeared from royal inscriptions and texts on public buildings, and were replaced by references to a single deity. Inscriptions in the Sabean language, and sometimes Hebrew, called this deity \"Rahman\" (the Merciful), \u201cLord of the Heavens and Earth,\u201d the \u201cGod of Israel\u201d and \u201cLord of the Jews.\u201d Prayers invoking Rahman's blessings on the \u201cpeople of Israel\u201d often ended with the Hebrew words \"shalom\" and \"amen\". There is evidence that the [[solar goddess]] [[Shams (goddess)|Shams]] was especially favoured in Himyar, being the national goddess and possibly an ancestral deity."}, {"context": " [[File:SouthArabianCoin1stCenturyCE.jpg|thumb|Coin of the Himyarite Kingdom, southern coast of the [[Arabian Peninsula]], in which ships passing between Egypt and India would stop. This is an imitation of a coin of [[Augustus]]. 1st Century CE.]] Kahlan septs emigrated from Yemen to dwell in the different parts of the Arabian Peninsula prior to the Great Flood (Sail Al-\u2018Arim of Ma\u2019rib Dam), due to the failure of trade under the Roman pressure and domain on both sea and land trade routes following Roman occupation of Egypt and Syria."}, {"context": " Naturally enough, the competition between [[Kahlan]] and [[Himyar|\u1e24imyar]] led to the evacuation of the first and the settlement of the second in Yemen. The emigrating septs of Kahlan can be divided into four groups: Another tribe of Himyar, known as [[Banu Quda'a|Ban\u016b Qu\u1e11\u0101'ah]], also left Yemen and dwelt in [[Samawah|Sam\u0101wah]] on the borders of Iraq. However, it is estimated that the majority of the \u1e24imyar Christian royalty migrated into Jordan, Al-Karak, where initially they were known as Ban\u016b \u1e24imyar (Sons of \u1e24imyar). Many later on moved to central Jordan to settle in Madaba under the family name of Al-Hamarneh (pop 12,000, est. 2010)"}, {"context": " It is a matter of debate whether the \u1e62ayhadic [[Himyarite language]] was spoken in the south-western Arabian peninsula until the 10th century. The few 'Himyarite' texts seem to be rhymed. After the spread of Islam in Yemen, Himyarite noble families were able to re-establish control over parts of Yemen. [[Category:Ancient history of Yemen]] [[Category:Former kingdoms]] [[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]] [[Category:Semitic-speaking peoples]] [[Category:110 BC]] [[Category:110s BC establishments]]  [[Category:520 disestablishments]] [[Category:520s disestablishments]] [[Category:States and territories established in the 2nd century BC]] [[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 6th century]] [[Category:Groups who converted to Judaism]]"}]}, {"title": "Himyaritic language", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himyaritic or Al-Himyariah ( \"lu\u0121at \u1e24imyar\", \"Language of Himyar\") is a Semitic language that was spoken in Yemen, according to some by the Himyarites. Others consider it to have existed after the demise of the Himyarite period. It was a Semitic language, but did not belong to the Old South Arabian (Sayhadic) languages. The precise position inside Semitic is unknown because of the limited knowledge of the language. Although the Himyar kingdom was an important power in South Arabia since the 1st century B.C., the knowledge of the Himyaritic language is very limited, because all known Himyarite inscriptions were written in Sabaean, an Old South Arabian language. The three Himyaritic texts appeared to be rhymed (sigla ZI 11, Ja 2353 and the Hymn of Qaniya). Himyaritic is only known from statements of Arab scholars from the first centuries after the rise of Islam. According to their description, it was unintelligible for speakers of Arabic. Amharic, the language of the Amhara and official language of Ethiopia is likely an altered form of Himyaritic, according to the \"Penny Cyclopaedia of the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge\" (p. 451). Dr Steven L. Danver, also wrote in \"Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures, and Contemporary Issues\"(p. 15), that the name \"Amhara\" (the Amharic-speaking Ethio-Semitic people inhabiting the Ethiopian plateau) is believed to be derived from Himyarites."}, {"context": " Unlike the Old South Arabian languages, which were supplanted by Arabic in the 8th century, if not much earlier, Himyaritic continued to be spoken in the highlands of southwestern Yemen after the rise of Islam. According to Al-Hamdani (893\u2013947), it was spoken in some areas in the highlands of western Yemen in the 10th century, while the tribes at the coast and in eastern Yemen spoke Arabic and most tribes in the western highland spoke Arabic dialects with strong Himyaritic influence. In the following centuries, Himyaritic was completely supplanted by Arabic, but the modern dialects in the highlands seem to show traces of the Himyaritic substrate."}, {"context": " The most prominent known feature of Himyaritic is the definite article \"am-\"/\"an-\". It was shared, though, with some Arabic dialects in the west of the Arabian Peninsula. Furthermore, the suffixes of the perfect (suffix conjugation) in the first person singular and the second person began with \"k-\", while Arabic has \"t-\". This feature is also found in Old South Arabian, Ethiosemitic and Modern South Arabian. Both features are also found in some modern Yemeni Arabic dialects in Yemen, probably through Himyaritic substrate influence. The article \"am-\" is also found in other modern dialects of Arabic in the Arabian peninsula and in Central Africa.  Only a few Himyaritic sentences are known. The following sentence was reportedly uttered in 654/5 A.D. in Dhamar. Since it was transmitted in unvocalized Arabic script, the precise pronunciation is unknown; the reconstruction given here is based on Classical Arabic. There is also a short song, which seems to show Arabic influence. Furthermore, Al-Hamdani quotes alleged Old South Arabian Inscriptions, which were probably forged on the basis of the Himyaritic language."}]}, {"title": "Himzo Polovina", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himzo Polovina (11 March 1927 \u2013 5 August 1986) was a Bosnian singer and songwriter, and one of the most famous and widely revered sevdalinka artists in the region. In addition, Dr. Himzo Polovina was a neuropsychiatrist by profession. Polovina was born in March 1927 in Mostar, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. His father, Mu\u0161an Polovina, was an Austro-Hungarian soldier during World War I. During his service in Ljubljana, he met and married Ivanka Hlebec, making Himzo Polovina the child of an ethnically mixed marriage between a Bosniak father and a Slovene mother."}, {"context": " Himzo was introduced to music and singing as a young child. His father played the \u0161argija and would often sing sevdalinka songs. As their father sang, Himzo and his siblings sang along in unison. In the late 1930s, right before World War II broke out, Polovina was taught to play the violin by renowned Czech professor and violinist Karla Malaceka. From 1947 until he left for Sarajevo, he was a member of the folk ensemble \"Abra\u0161evi\u0107\", with whom he toured cities and villages across Yugoslavia. He loved the \"richness\" of the Bosnian national costume, and wore it every time he performed."}, {"context": " While he was a student of medical school in 1950, he was a member of the student cultural club \"Slobodan Princip \u2013 Seljo\" and performed with several other cultural clubs. During this, he successfully completed medical school and became a psychiatrist. In practice, he successfully applied methods of psychiatry, socio-therapy and music therapy. He continued to work in his profession even after becoming a successful singer. Polovina was a respected doctor in the Jagomir mental rehabilitation hospital in Sarajevo until his death."}, {"context": " In January 1953, his medical colleagues persuaded him to audition live for Radio Sarajevo. He performed the sevdalinka song \"Mehmeda je stara majka karala\", despite the fact that he had a speech impediment which made it difficult for him to pronounce the letter \"r.\" He was admitted and received excellent feedback from skilled musical artists. He frequently performed at gala concerts for charity, in hospitals, for pensioners, for the decrepit, the elderly and for children in orphanages. At one point in his career, Polovina went on a five-year hiatus from Radio Sarajevo, due to disagreements with the heads of that company. The matter was resolved and he continued performing."}, {"context": " During his three-decade long career, he performed in virtually every city in Bosnia and Herzegovina. His cover of the Bosnian sevdalinka, \"Emina\", is considered by many to be the best version of the song. His 1960s version featured added verses, which were written after the subject of the song, Emina Sefi\u0107, died in 1967. Upon hearing Emina's death, Polovina went to poet Sevda Katica's home in the village of Donja Mahala. He found her in the yard of the family home, informed her of Emina's death and she shuddered with grief and spoke the verses:  Polovina was married to a woman named Fikreta Medo\u0161evi\u0107. They had a daughter Rubina and a son Edmir. He died at the age of 59 from a heart attack while on vacation with his family in Montenegro. According to his brother Mirza, the final song Himzo sang was \"Emina\", shortly before his sudden death. Himzo Polovina was buried in the Bare (\"Puddles\") Cemetery in Sarajevo. The following is the complete list of albums, singles and extended plays (EPs) released by Himzo Polovina:"}]}, {"title": "Himzo Selimovic\u0301", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Himzo Selimovi\u0107 (born 23 March 1961) served as the Head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, or Director of the Directorate for Coordination of Police Bodies, until 2014 when he resigned as a result of countrywide anti-government riots in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Selimovi\u0107 originally became a police officer in the early 1980s in Fo\u010da, and later in Gora\u017ede, Fojnica and the Sarajevo suburb Ilija\u0161. Between 2002 and 2010 he served as the Police Commissioner of the Ministry of the Sarajevo Canton. Selimovi\u0107 was elected the Head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs on 9 March 2010."}, {"context": " Selimovi\u0107 submitted his resignation as the Head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (a.k.a. Ministry of Security) on 9 February 2014 during the riots and protests throughout his country. Unlike other politicians and leaders who left post during the countrywide unrest, Selimovi\u0107 was not forced to resign by protesters; telling reports during a press conference in Sarajevo that the reason behind his resignation was due to his inability to guarantee security for the politicians of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the riots. He said during the news conference that Ministry of Interior did everything it could in cooperation with the police to prevent riots in Sarajevo, but failed. Multiple government buildings were set ablaze between 6\u20137 February, including the 130-year-old Bosnian Presidency Palace."}, {"context": " After two days of peaceful protests, the demonstrations turned into riots and Selimovi\u0107 said he would withdraw his candidacy for re-election as the Head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. \"When the members of the Bosnian Presidency asked if I could guarantee security, I told them that in these conditions with the constant tension, that can not be guaranteed,\" Selimovi\u0107 was quoted as saying. Not long after withdrawing his candidacy, he also filed resignation paperwork, saying he would officially resign when his position had been filled by someone else. Selimovi\u0107 was the Head of the Ministry of Security during the 2013 JMBG protest in Sarajevo."}]}, {"title": "Hin Channiroth", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hin Channiroth (; born April 15, 1990) is a Cambodian MC and actress. She is a MC at Bayon TV for a program called Cha Cha Cha. In addition, Channiroth is also a model for some magazines. Channiroth began her entertainment career when she was only seventeen. 1. \u17a0\u17ca\u17b7\u1793 \u1785\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1793\u17b8\u179a\u17d0\u178f\u17d2\u1793 \u1792\u17d2\u179c\u17be\u1780\u17b6\u179a\u1794\u1780\u179f\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1799\u1787\u17b6\u179b\u17be\u1780\u178a\u17c6\u1794\u17bc\u1784 \u1791\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1791\u17b7\u1793\u1793\u17b9\u1784\u179a\u17bc\u1794\u1797\u17b6\u1796 \u178a\u17c2\u179b\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u179b\u17c1\u1784\u17a0\u17d2\u179c\u17c1\u179f\u1794\u17ca\u17bb\u1780\u1799\u1780 \u1798\u1780\u1785\u17c2\u1780\u1785\u17b6\u1799. Khmer Load. Retrieved 7 July 2016. 2. \u17a0\u17ca\u17b7\u1793 \u1785\u17b6\u1793\u17cb\u1793\u17b8\u179a\u17d0\u178f\u17d2\u1793 \u1794\u1789\u17d2\u1787\u17b6\u1780\u17cb\u1796\u17b8\u17a2\u179c\u178f\u17d2\u178f\u1798\u17b6\u1793\u179b\u17be\u179c\u17b7\u179f\u17d0\u1799\u1797\u17b6\u1796\u1799\u1793\u17d2\u178f. Sabay News. Retrieved 20 March 2017."}]}, {"title": "Hin Gong Railway Halt", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hin Gong Railway Halt is a railway halt located in Phong Prasat Subdistrict, Bang Saphan District, Prachuap Khiri Khan. It is located from Thon Buri Railway Station."}]}, {"title": "Hin Heup massacre", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hin Heup massacre was a massacre of Hmong civilians in Laos by Pathet Lao forces in 1975."}]}, {"title": "Hin Hua High School", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hin Hua High School () is a Chinese Independent High School in Malaysia. One of the four Chinese Independent Schools in Selangor (and more specifically Klang), it is arguably one of the best-known Chinese independent schools in Selangor. Founded in 1947 by the joint efforts of parents, teachers and fellow students, the institution has undergone multiple restructuring and reformation activities since 1969, especially flourishing under the leadership of Madam Chang Sa Yeok. Today, Hin Hua High School is a prominent Chinese Independent institution equipped with one of the most modern facilities in the area. It also holds the prestige of having one of the highest student counts, boasting 3313 students and 163 teaching staff as of May 2017."}, {"context": " The school was founded on June 15, 1947 by a group of Klang Chinese parents, teachers and students. Renamed to Hin Hua High School and established together with Hin Hua Primary School, it was first run by Mr. Lu Ji Pu as chairman and Zhang Lian Zong as principal, with rudimentary Atap-roofed buildings to support an initial 209 students and a nominal teaching staff. In 1949, Zeng Bing Mei, led by the school's Development Committee raised funds to purchase 4 acres of land. This was followed by the construction of a more modern school compound, laying the foundation for the development of our school. A \"Group Education Society\" was also established, performing a similar function as a student council. A society was also created for the school to publish its only literature."}, {"context": " In 1960, the school faced a crisis. The government's new education act (see Razak Report, 1956) called for a national school system consisting of Malay-, English-, Chinese- and Tamil-medium schools at the primary level, and Malay- and English-medium schools at the secondary schools, with a uniform national curriculum regardless of the medium of instruction. This went against the school's Chinese and English-only education philosophy. After intense counsel, the school decided to persevere with its current course and refuse to adhere to the Razak Report."}, {"context": " However, under the influence of the new Education Act, the number of students decreased year by year. At first student numbers stayed high, with 451 students at 1960, but by the end of 1968 only 30 students attended the school. Faced with a hopeless situation, Principal Zhang Lian Zong retired that year. In 1969, the board of directors was reorganized. Six remaining teachers decided to rejuvenate the rundown institute and ran three classes themselves, teaching 64 students. To raise awareness for parents concerned about Chinese education, the teachers began a campaign to invite newly-graduated primary school students for enrollment. These activities became a \"tradition\" of the school and is still organized yearly to this day.. By 1970, student numbers managed to increase to more than 200."}, {"context": " In 1972, under the leadership of Zhang Han Wen, the school received its first library, as well as upgraded scientific facilities. He also organized the first ever Lim Lian Yu Marathon. In 1974, Ms. Cheng Rui Yu, assisted by the School Administrative Committee, managed to raise funds and buy large amounts of literature to enrich the school's library. She was also pivotal in the establishment of Chinese traditional activities as well as Mathematics and Art societies to encourage students to engage in the arts."}, {"context": " 1976 was the year Hin Hua held a large-scale charity entertainment city, raising USD120,000 and shattering numerous fund-raising records. With the funds, two additional classroom and two double student dormitories were subsequently built, opening the school to accommodate a larger number of students. The remaining money was used to host a scholarship system for incoming pupils. A second reformation was held in 1977, expanding the school facility extensively and reorganizing the school's systems. In 1979, the number of students reached 854, and a second donation movement to raise funds managed to raise RM1.5 million (about USD700,000, 1980 conversion rate), paving the way for more expansion."}, {"context": " A new project was held to reconstruct the school, marking a massive expansion. The first phase was completed at 1982, its second phase was completed in 1983, and finally, 1983 also marked the implementation of a new salary system, and the installation of a new board of directors to better serve the school. This board of directors proved to have a profound effect in making the school flourish in the following years. A computer lab was installed for high school students as well. Apart from the above changes, more co-curricular activities were organized, including sports, music and mass media societies."}, {"context": " Annual funding was increased in 1985, in part supplemented by multiple funding activities. That year, to promote traditional Chinese activity participation, the Lion Dance group was also created, boasting 30 teams by 1988. From then on, funding was steady, with the flow of cash from the vibrant Chinese community supporting these schools with ever-increasing passion. The school has undergone multiple renovations, most notably building the Science and Technology Tower in 2013, providing the school with scientific facilities that rival those of some local universities. To this day, Hin Hua High School remains one of the best Chinese Independent schools in Malaysia, consistently holding one of the best records in the UEC examination."}]}, {"title": "Hin Keng station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hin Keng () is an under-construction station on the East West Corridor of the MTR rapid transit network in Hong Kong, being built as part of the Sha Tin to Central Link project. The station is located near Hin Keng Estate in Tai Wai, Sha Tin District, New Territories. It will be an elevated station situated to the west of Hin Keng Estate and south of Hin Tin Playground. There will be one entrance approximately in the middle of the fa\u00e7ade facing Che Kung Miu Road. The station was built on the site of the New Territories South Animal Management Centre and Shatin Plant Quarantine Station, facilities of the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, which were relocated to a new facility on To Shek Street in November 2013."}, {"context": " The station and approach structures were built under MTR contract number 1102. Worth HK$1.039 billion, the contract was awarded to Japanese construction firm Penta-Ocean on 5 July 2013. Major sub-contractors employed on the project include Hong Kong company Ngai Shun Construction & Drilling Company as well as the Chinese state-owned China Geo-Engineering Corporation. Construction of Hin Keng Station began with a ceremony on 13 November 2013. A topping-out ceremony for the station was held on 30 April 2015, making Hin Keng the first Sha Tin to Central Link station to be topped out."}]}, {"title": "Hin Lat, Phitsanulok", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hin Lat () is a subdistrict in the Wat Bot District of Phitsanulok Province, Thailand. \"Hin Lat\" means \"stone slope\" in Thai. Hin Lat lies within the Nan Basin, which is part of the Chao Phraya Watershed. The subdistrict is subdivided into 9 smaller divisions called (\"muban\"), which roughly correspond to the villages within Hin Lat. There are 6 villages, but portions of Ban Noi occupy three muban. Hin Lat is administrated by a Tambon administrative organization (TAO). The muban in Hin Lat are enumerated as follows:  The following is a list of active Buddhist temples in Hin Lat:"}]}, {"title": "Hin Namno", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hin Namno or Hin Namno National Biodiversity Conservation Area is a nature reserve in Khammouane Province, Laos. This area borders Phong Nha-Ke Bang of Vietnam to the east. The area protects the biodiversity of Laos and Southeast Asia. Hin Namno topography and geology feature karst formation. If this area and Phong Nha-Ke Bang are combined into a contiguous area, then this would be one of the largest karst region in the world. Key species living in the reserve include Douc and Francois\u2019s langur, giant muntjac, fruit bat, harlequin bat, great evening bat, wreathed and great hornbills and the sooty babbler.  Certain habitats and forestry in the reserve include evergreens, both mixed deciduous and dipterocarp forest. Due to Hin Namno being located between the Central Indochina Limestone and Annamite Chain there are many caves and limestone escarpments including a 5\u00a0km cave along the Xe Bangfai River."}]}, {"title": "Hin recombinase", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hin recombinase is a 21kD protein composed of 198 amino acids that is found in the bacteria Salmonella. Hin belongs to the serine recombinase family of DNA invertases in which it relies on the active site serine to initiate DNA cleavage and recombination. The related protein, gamma-delta resolvase shares high similarity to Hin, of which much structural work has been done, including structures bound to DNA and reaction intermediates. Hin functions to invert a 900 base pair (bp) DNA segment within the salmonella genome that contains a promoter for downstream flagellar genes, fljA and fljB. Inversion of the intervening DNA alternates the direction of the promoter and thereby alternates expression of the flagellar genes. This is advantageous to the bacterium as a means of escape from the host immune response."}, {"context": " Hin functions by binding to two 26bp imperfect inverted repeat sequences as a homodimer. These hin binding sites flank the invertible segment which not only encodes the Hin gene itself, but also contains an enhancer element to which the bacterial Fis proteins binds with nanomolar affinity. Four molecules of Fis bind to this site as a homodimers and are required for the recombination reaction to proceed. The initial reaction requires binding of Hin and Fis to their respective DNA sequences and assemble into a higher-order nucleoprotein complex with branched plectonemic supercoils with the aid of the DNA bending protein HU. At this point, it is believed that the Fis protein modulates subtle contacts to activate the reaction, possibly through direct interactions with the Hin protein. Activation of the 4 catalytic serine residues within the Hin tetramer make a 2-bp double stranded DNA break and forms a covalent reaction intermediate. The DNA cleavage event also requires the divalent metal cation magnesium. A large conformational change reveals a large hydrophobic interface that allows for subunit rotation which may be driven by superhelical torsion within the protein-DNA complex. After this 180\u00b0 rotation, Hin returns to its native conformation and re-ligates the cleaved DNA, without the aid of high energy cofactors and without the loss of any DNA."}]}, {"title": "Hin und zuru\u0308ck", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindemith wrote the piece for a collection of miniature operas presented on 17 July 1927 at the Baden-Baden Music Festival in the Theater Baden-Baden. The work lasts for just 12 minutes. Other short works by Darius Milhaud ('), Kurt Weill (\"Mahagonny-Songspiel\") and Ernst Toch (') were performed the same evening. The performance was re-enacted in October 2013 by the Gotham Chamber Opera in New York City. In a kind of dramatic palindrome, a tragedy unfolds involving jealousy, murder and suicide, which is then replayed with the lines sung in reverse order to produce a happy ending."}]}, {"title": "Hin vordende sod & s\u00f8", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hin Vordende Sod & S\u00f8 is the first full-length album by the Norwegian viking/folk metal band \u00c1smegin. It was released on August 25, 2003 by Napalm Records. Album lyrics are written in Norwegian, Old Norse, and older Norwegian."}]}, {"title": "Hina (given name)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina () is a female name. In South Asia and the Middle East, derived from Henna. In Japan derived from light or sun. In the Pacific Islands, derived from a goddess of various Polynesian cultures. It may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Hina (goddess)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina is the Eastern Polynesian variant for the given name Sina. Hina/Sina is the name assigned to a number of Polynesian goddesses and queens. Among the Iwi of New Zealand, Hina is usually considered to be either the elder sister or the wife of Maui. The most common story that presents Hina as the wife of Maui tells of Te Tunaroa, the father of all eels, who one day visited the pool where Hina bathed. One day, as Hina was bathing, the eel-god rubbed against her. This occurred over a number of visits until Te Tunaroa grew bold enough to rub against Hina's genitals, molesting her."}, {"context": " When Maui heard of this act he went and attacked Te Tunaroa cutting his body into bits, the tail landed in the sea and became the conger eel, whereas the other end landed in the swamps as the fresh water eels. Smaller pieces became lamprey and hagfish. A number of stories are told about Hina as the elder sister of Maui. Some iwi say that it was Hina who taught Maui to plait the ropes needed to capture the sun, using a strand of her own sacred hair to give the ropes supernatural strength. This legend recognizes important ritual status that elder sisters held in traditional Maori society."}, {"context": " Hina was associated with phases of the moon under the names Hinatea (Fair Hina) and Hinauri (Dark Hina). The moon is also known by the name Mahina. Initially Hinatea (Fair Hina) was married to a man named Irawaru. During a fishing trip Irawaru antagonized Maui who had failed to catch any large fish. In revenge Maui assaulted Irawaru when they returned to shore, pushing his brother-in-law under the keel of their boat, breaking his back and other bones. Irawaru was turned into a dog (kuri) one breed of which was known as Irawaru."}, {"context": " When Hina heard what Maui had done she threw herself into the sea, but did not die and was instead carried across the waves to Motutapu (Sacred Isle). Her name was changed to Hinauri (Dark Hina) due to her darker mood. Eventually Hinauri would be welcomed by the people of Motutapu and was taken to the house of chief Tinirau god of fishes, becoming his new wife. The existing wives were jealous and tried to assault Hinauri, but using her supernatural power Hinauri killed the other wives of Tinirau and so become the senior wife. (Biggs 1966:450)."}, {"context": " Hina was the mother of Tuhuruhuru, for whom the ritual intiation ritual was performed by the tohunga (priest) Kae. After this is done, Tinirau lends Kae his pet whale to take him home. In spite of strict instructions to the contrary, Kae forces the whale, Tutunui, into shallow water, where it becomes stranded and is killed, roasted and eaten by Kae and his people. When he learns of this Tinirau is furious and sends Hinauri with a party of women (often they are Tinirau's sisters) to capture Kae. The sisters perform indecent dances to make him laugh so they can see his crooked teeth. Then the women sing a magic song which puts Kae into a deep sleep, and carry him back to Motutapu. When Kae wakes from his sleep he is in Tinirau's house. Tinirau taunts him for his treachery, and kills him (Grey 1970:69, Tregear 1891:110, Biggs 1966:450)."}, {"context": " A girl named Hina-moe-aitu (\"Hina-sleeping-with-a-god\") liked to bathe in a pool that housed many eels. One day, as Hina was bathing, one of the eels transformed into a young man. Hina took him as her lover. His name was Tuna. After they had been together for a while, one day Tuna told Hina that there would be a great downpour the next day. He would be washed up onto the threshold of her house in his eel-form. When that happened, Tuna said, Hina must cut off his head and bury it, and then regularly visit the place where the head had been buried."}, {"context": " Hina obeyed Tuna, returning faithfully to watch the place where she had buried his head. After many days, she saw a shoot sprout from the spot. Another shoot appeared, and the two shoots grew into a pair of coconut trees\u2014the first coconut trees known to man. In Mangaian tradition, the coconut's white flesh is called \"Tuna\u2019s brains\", and it is said that one can see a face when one looks at the shell of a coconut. For a time, the goddess Hina lived as the wife of Te Tuna, the god of eels. But she grew tired of him and decided to seek love elsewhere. Telling Tuna that she was going to get him some delicious food, Hina left him and went onto land."}, {"context": " Hina went from place to place, seeking a lover. But all the men she met were afraid to take Tuna\u2019s wife, fearing the eel-god\u2019s vengeance. Finally she met Maui, whose mother Taranga urged him to take the goddess as his wife. When the people round about learned that Maui had taken Hina as his wife, they went to tell Tuna. At first, Tuna didn\u2019t care, but the people annoyed him about it so much that he eventually vowed to win back his wife from Maui. Along with four companions, Tuna rushed toward Maui\u2019s home, carried by a huge wave. But Maui\u2019s power turned back the wave and left Tuna and his companions beached on the reefs. Maui killed three of Tuna\u2019s companions, while one escaped with a broken leg. Tuna himself Maui spared."}, {"context": " Tuna actually lived in peace in Maui\u2019s home for some time. But one day, Tuna challenged Maui to a duel. Each would take a turn leaping into the others\u2019 body and trying to kill him. If Tuna killed Maui, then Tuna would take his wife back. Tuna\u2019s turn came first: he made himself small and entered Maui\u2019s body. When he came back out, Maui was intact. Now it was Maui\u2019s turn: Maui made himself small and entered Tuna\u2019s body, tearing it apart. Maui cut off Tuna\u2019s head and, at his mother\u2019s suggestion, buried it in a corner of his house."}, {"context": " In time, a shoot sprouted from Tuna\u2019s buried head and grew into a coconut tree. That was how humankind acquired coconuts. In Hawaiian mythology, there are variations of the name Hina, including Hina-puku-i\u02bba (Hina-gathering-seafood) the goddess of fishermen, and Hina-\u02bbopu-hala-ko\u02bba who gave birth to all reef life. Many stories about the goddess Hina, especially in connection with the moon, can be found in chapter 15 (\u201cHina Myths\u201d) of Martha Beckwith\u2019s \"Hawaiian Mythology\". Hina is mostly described as a very attractive, smart, beautiful, determined young woman pursued by men and other creatures. Hina becomes tired of living in the crowd, flees to the moon, and eventually becomes goddess of it."}, {"context": " In Samoa, the equivalent the name \"Sina\" referred to in many different stories in mythology. One example is the legend Sina and the Eel which is associated with the Mata o le Alelo pool on the island of Savai'i. In Rapa Nui mythology, Hina takes the form of Hina-Oio, a goddess of sea animals who was married to Atua-Metua. Richard Adams wrote a poem retelling the Tahitian story of Hina and Maui, published as a book, \"The Legend of Te Tuna\". Also, in his popular book \"The Seven Daughters of Eve\", Bryan Sykes used Hina's name, (spelled therein \"Ina\") to denote the clan matriarch of mtDNA haplogroup B.  David Lee Roth recorded a song called \"Hina\", contained on the hard rock album \"Skyscraper\", released in 1988."}]}, {"title": "Hina Aoyama", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Hina Baig", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Dr. Hina Saeed Baig is a Senior Research Scientist at the National Institute of Oceanography in Karachi, Pakistan. Her work centres on microscopic and macroscopic marine plants as well as microorganisms. She is best known for her leadership in Pakistani oceanography as the only woman Senior Research Scientist at the country's National Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Science & Technology, Biological Oceanography division. Baig attended obtained both her M. Phil in Marine biology (2000) and then her PhD in Marine science (2004) from the Institute of Marine Science, University of Karachi, Pakistan. Her PhD focused on sargassum and dinoflagellates in Pakistan's coastal waters."}, {"context": " Baig has worked at the Pakistan's National Institute of Oceanography. Baig represents Pakistan on the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the UNESCO Harmful Algal Bloom Programme (IOC-HAB). Baig is also one of the NIO's representative members at the International Union for Conservation of Nature (Mangroves for the Future Programme). She is a founding member of both the Pakistan Whale and Dolphin Society and the Pakistan Aquaculture and Fisheries Society, for which she is also society secretary.  She is also a member of the Third World Organization for Women in Science organisation and the North West Indian Ocean Research Group."}]}, {"title": "Hina Dastagir", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina Dastagir is a Pakistani politician who has been a member of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh since August 2018. She was elected to the Provincial Assembly of Sindh as a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) on a reserved seat for women in Pakistani general election, 2018."}]}, {"title": "Hina Dilpazeer", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina Dilpazeer (; born 16 January 1969) is a Pakistani actress, Comedian, television presenter, director, and singer. She is best known for her role \"Momo\" in \"Bulbulay\" which became one of the most watched comedy dramas in Pakistan due to her performance. Other notable works include Mitthu in \"Mitthu Aur Aapa\", Shakooran in \"Quddusi Sahab Ki Bewah\" and Saeeda in \"Burns Road Ki Nilofar\" for which she won Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role at Kara Film Festival. Her role as \"Momo\" in \"Bulbulay\" received extremely positive feedback worldwide and she gained a cult following. The Bollywood star Anil Kapoor bestowed her with the title of \"Art Diva\" and praised her effortless performances and her adaptability."}, {"context": " Dilpazeer was born to a pakistani family in Karachi, Pakistan. After completing her early education in Karachi, she was relocated to UAE with her family because of her father's employment. After spending some years in Dubai, Dilpazeer returned to Karachi in 2006. In her family, Dilpazeer was closest to her father. She remembers him as her \"friend\" and credits him for her many of her qualities. Besides being involved in television and theatre, Dilpazeer enjoys poetry and music and adores Roshan Ara Begum, Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Master Madan and Begum Akhtar."}, {"context": " While Dilpazeer was in UAE, she pursued a career in radio. She wrote and performed radio plays. After returning to Pakistan, she started her career in 2006 in the Pakistani TV industry by obtaining the role of \"Saeeda\" in Burns Road Ki Nilofar, a telefilm by ARY Digital. Her acting in Burns Road Ki Nilofar was highly appreciated by the critics and the public. Dilpazeer loves theater work very much and has performed in several theatre plays with one being National Academy of Performing Arts' \"Dil Ka Kya Rang Karoon\"."}]}, {"title": "Hina Hayata", "paragraphs": [{"context": " , is a female Japanese international table tennis player. She won the bronze medal at the 2017 World Championships with Mima Ito."}]}, {"title": "Hina Jamelle", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina Jamelle is an architect living in the United States. She is a director at Contemporary Architecture Practice (CAP) in New York City, which she joined in 2003, as well as a lecturer at the University of Pennsylvania School of Design and the Pratt Institute. At PennDesign she directs the urban housing studio curriculum for the second year Master of Architecture design studio, and the final semester of the visual studies curriculum. Her work has focused on the use of digital design techniques to create elegant aesthetics and integration of form and systems in design.  Before Joining CAP Jamelle was a Client Partner at Razorfish in New York. Her work with CAP has been exhibited at MOMA, the Serpentine Gallery in London, amongst others. Her work has been published in news and scholarly organizations from \"The New York Times\", to \"Architectural Design\" and \"Spa-De\" in Japan. Hina Jamelle edited a volume of \"Architectural Design\" with Ali Rahim:"}]}, {"title": "Hina Jilani", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina Jilani () (born 1953) is an advocate of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and a human-rights activist from Lahore in Punjab, Pakistan. Jilani commenced practising law in 1979, while Pakistan was under martial law. Jilani is internationally recognised for her expertise in critical human rights investigations. In February 1980 with her sister Asma Jahangir, she co-founded Pakistan's first all-female legal aid practice, AGHS Legal Aid Cell (ALAC) in Lahore. Initially the activities were confined to providing legal aid to women, but gradually these activities increased to including legal awareness, education, protection from exploitation, legal research, counselling and providing legal assistance as well. She is also one of the founders of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan and the Women\u2019s Action Forum (WAF) (a pressure group established in 1980 campaigning against"}, {"context": " discriminatory legislation) and also founded Pakistan's first legal aid center in 1986. In addition to providing pro bona legal aid, she has also helped set up a shelter for women fleeing violence and abuse, called \"Dastak\" in 1991. In addition to managing a shelter, Dastak also organises workshops to create awareness of human rights and the protection of women. A lawyer and civil society activist and active in the movement for peace, human rights and women's rights in Pakistan for the last three decades, she specialises in human rights litigation, and is especially concerned with the human rights of women, children, minorities, bonded and child labour, political and other prisoners. She has conducted several cases which have become landmarks in setting human rights standards in Pakistan. Her battle for the rights of children, especially the protection of child labourers engaged in hazardous work, led to the promulgation an act regulating the employment of children in 1991."}, {"context": " Jilani is often invited to speak at various events pertaining to human rights. On 17 September 2009, she delivered the 2009 Hal Wootten Lecture, at the Faculty of Law at the University of New South Wales. On 25 November, she was invited as guest lecturer at McGill University's Faculty of Law, the McGill Centre for Human Rights & Legal Pluralism, on the topic of \"\"The Promise of International Law for Civilian Victims of War: The Goldstone Report\"\". On 27 November 2009 Jilani was invited as a speaker at the Halifax International Security Forum in Canada on \"\"Law vs. Power: Who Rules? Who Makes the Rules?\"\"."}, {"context": " Jilani is also affiliated with the United Nations Human Rights Council, the Carter Center, and the UN Conference on Women. From 2000 to 2008, Jilani was the United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Human Rights Defenders. During that period, she was also appointed to the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, Sudan, in 2006. In 2009, Jilani was appointed to the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict. In 2017, Jilani co-chaired (alongside Tarja Halonen) the World Health Organization/Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights High-Level Working Group on the Health and Human Rights of Women, Children and Adolescents."}, {"context": " On 11 July 2013, Jilani joined The Elders, a group of statesmen, peace activists and human rights advocates, brought together by Nelson Mandela. In addition, Jilani holds the following positions: As a result, their work in the field of women's activism, Jilani and Jahangir have been arrested, received death threats, and faced hostile propaganda, intimidation, public abuse and murder attempts on themselves and their family. In 1999 after representing the case of Samia Sarwar, a young woman who was seeking divorce from her abusive husband, Jilani and Jahangir were again subject to death threats. Samia's mother came with a gunman to her office on the pretext of seeking reconciliation with her daughter. The gunman shot Samia dead and fired at Hina who managed to escape. Another time, gunmen entered her house and threatened members of her family. She herself was away from home: the threats put pressure on her to migrate, but she refused, and continues to live and work in Lahore."}, {"context": " \"\"The problem with the cases of honour killings and their non-prosecution lies in the permission that the law grants to the family of the victim to compromise the offence, and that's why the person who actually pulls the trigger walks free... although in the case of honour killing it's mostly a conspiracy between more than one member of the family, and that's the major issue here. I don't think the government wishes to address that issue.\"\" \"\"I always had this feeling that if you see injustice, you have to speak out against it; otherwise you are not in a position to complain.\"\""}, {"context": " \"\"It was anger against state-sponsored injustice that forced me to enter courtrooms in the 1970s. [...] For all these years I have retained that outrage so I have been able to fight for human rights and against bonded labour, blasphemy laws...\"\" (Monday, 15 March 1999, in \"Tribune India\") \"\"The right to life of women in Pakistan is conditional on their obeying social norms and traditions.\"\" \"\"There is a real danger of this occurring. The military have an agenda of supporting the extremists and are ideologically very akin to the extremists. It is very important that the world understand how important it is to act in a wise way.\"\""}, {"context": " \"\"The United States totally misread the situation. If Musharraf had been successfully countering terrorism, we would not have a situation eight years down the road where (terrorists) actually control territory. Nobody has tried to find the source of the money or the source of the weapons.\"\" \"\"When you put them on trial, you show the wickedness of their crime. Once it becomes abundantly clear that the terrorists' victims are almost entirely Pakistani civilians, only then will sympathy for their cause be lost. We have to deal with terrorism as a criminal element.\"\""}, {"context": " \"\"The civilian government must be supported thoroughly, otherwise we will lose it.\"\" \"\"The administration of justice can be severely hampered if laws emerge from different understandings or perceptions of religion, and their application becomes uneven because of the religious, moral and social beliefs of those administering these laws. Islam and almost all other religions of the world have sectarian and denominational differences. If a national polity is founded on religion, these differences will be manifested in political tensions as well as oppressive restraints on dissent.\"\""}]}, {"title": "Hina Kamimura", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Hina Kaware", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina Kawre is an Indian politician and a member of the Indian National Congress party. She became an MLA for the first time in 2013."}]}, {"title": "Hina Khan", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina Khan ( born 2 October 1987) is an Indian television actress. She is known for playing the role of Akshara in \"Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\". She is one of the highest paid actresses in the Indian television industry. Khan was born in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. She belongs to a family of 4 - her parents, herself and her younger brother Aamir Khan, who is the owner of a travel agency company. She completed her Master of Business Administration (MBA) in 2009 at the CCA School of Management, Gurgaon, Delhi."}, {"context": " Khan is dating the supervising producer Rocky Jaiswal since 2014. She had confirmed on \"Bigg Boss 11\" that she suffers from asthma. Khan made her television debut in 2009, when she starred on Indian soap opera \"Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\" as Akshara. After eight long years, she decided to quit the show in 2016 to pursue other projects. In 2017, she joined Colors TVs \" Season 8\" as a contestant where she finished up as the 1st runner up. On 30 September, she entered the \"Bigg Boss 11\" house as a celebrity contestant. She became the first runner up of the show. Khan earned the title of Sher Khan in \"Bigg Boss 11\". In November 2017, she was named the most loved contestant on Bigg Boss 11 house by Ormax Media. On 25 December, she was named one of the Top 30 TV Personality of 2017 by Sabras Radio. She was also named the Most Favorite Actress of 2017 by Biz Asia. Including winning the Pinkvilla's award for the Most Stylish TV Actress of 2017. She was known for her controversial fights with Shilpa Shinde."}, {"context": " In late February 2018, she wrapped up the shooting of a Punjabi music video with Sonu Thukral which is set to release in March 2018. On 31 March, it was announced that she has signed on to make her digital debut with Ankoosh Bhatt's short film 'SmartPhone' opposite actor Kunaal Roy Kapur. In July 2018, Hina appeared in a Sonu Thukral's Punjabi music video \"Bhasoodi\". Few months later, she bagged the role of Komolika, an antagonist in \"Kasautii Zindagii Kay\". In the same year, she signed her debut film \"Lines\" opposite actress Farida Jalal which is directed by Hussain Khan and written by Rahat Kazmi and Shakti Singh."}, {"context": " She has also appeared as a guest in many serials. Her first guest appearance was in \"Kayamath\" in 2009. After that she appeared as a guest in \"Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai\" and \"Chand Chupa Badal Mein\" in 2010. In 2011 she appeared as a Guest in Chef Pankaj Ka Zayka a cooking show. In December 2016, Khan made an appearance on Bigg Boss 10 as a panellist to support good friend Rohan Mehra. She was named in the Top 50 Sexiest Asian Women List by \"Eastern Eye\" in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017. In 2014, she was listed eight among the \"35 Hottest Actresses In Indian Television\" by MensXP.com, an Indian lifestyle website for men. She was included in fourth place on \"Television's Top 10 Actresses\" list by Rediff."}, {"context": " On 25 January 2018, she won the Most Stylish TV Personality Award at the \"Hindustan Times\" Style Awards. On 2 Feb 2018, she debuted as a showstopper on Lakme Fashion Week for the Kolkata-based label Osaa by Adarsh. In the same year, she became the victim of troll for posting the image of her teddybear named 'Pooh' which she have lost it when saving her co-contastant Luv Tyagi during the task in \"Bigg Boss\". Again, she was trolled for her Dubai photos which she posted on Twitter, but this time, she also replied to trollers. On 7 March 2018, a day before Women's Day, Hina also received a \"Power Woman\" award at Power Women Fiesta Awards 2018. In March 2018, she appeared on the magazine cover of Fitlook magazine for March issue."}, {"context": " On 2 April, she walked the ramp for Streax Professional in Mumbai for marigold collection. On 21 April, Hina Was awarded \"Dada Saheb Phalke Excellence Award\" for the Best Entertainer in Reality Show \"Bigg Boss\". On 20 May 2018 in Delhi, the Former Chief Minister of Delhi Smt. Sheila Dikshit awarded her the \"Rajiv Gandhi Global Excellence Award\". Hina was awarded \"Style Diva of Television Industry\" at 11th Gold Awards and \"Stylish Personality Of The Year\" at Iconic Achievers Awards 2018, held in Mumbai."}]}, {"title": "Hina Khawaja Bayat", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina Khawaja Bayat () is a Pakistani actress whose appearances include \"Uraan, Ishq Gumshuda, Aunn Zara, Humsafar, Zindagi Gulzar Hai, Muqaddas\" and \"Shehr-e-Zaat\" and \"Baaghi\". Hina is ethnically Kashmiri and lives in Karachi. Her parents are originally from Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir who migrated to Pakistan in 1947 after the Partition of India. Her parents were staunch supporters of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Pakistan movement."}]}, {"title": "Hina Ki Khushboo", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina Ki Khushboo was a 2017 Pakistani drama serial directed by Sami Sani, produced by Babar Javed and written by Shabnam Sani. The drama starred Shameen Khan, Babar Khan and Syed Arez in lead roles, and first aired on 29 November 2017 on Geo Entertainment, where it aired on three evenings weekly on Thursday, Friday and Saturday at 9:00 P.M. The story revolved around the life of an innocent young woman named Hina who faces complications after her marriage. Cast of the serial include;"}]}, {"title": "Hina Kino", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kino was born in Saitama Prefecture on February 12, 1997. She had been interested in anime and manga from an early age, particularly liking the series \"One Piece\" and \"Daily Lives of High School Boys\". During her junior high school years, she became aware of the career of voice acting after watching a talk show produced by the gaming magazine Famitsu; her interest in voice acting was further influenced by watching the film \"One Piece: Episode of Chopper: Bloom in the Winter, Miracle Sakura\". Due to these reasons, she decided to pursue a voice acting career upon entering high school."}, {"context": " Kino enrolled in a voice acting training school during her third year of high school. After finishing her training, she made her debut as a voice actor in the 2014 video game \"Thousand Memories\". According to her, as it was her first role and she was nervous about how it would turn out, she decided to \"practice rigorously\" for the role. Her first anime followed that same year when she played the role of a waitress in an episode of the anime series \"A Good Librarian Like a Good Shepherd\". In 2016, she played her first main role as Silvia Silkcut in the anime series \"Hybrid \u00d7 Heart Magias Academy Ataraxia\". In 2017, she played the role of Collon in the anime series \"WorldEnd\". In 2018, she played the roles of Sayaka Itomi in \"Katana Maidens ~ Toji No Miko\" and Hanako Honda in \"Asobi Asobase\"; she together with her \"Asobi Asobase\" co-stars performed the series' opening and closing themes and respectively."}]}, {"title": "Hina Pervaiz Butt", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina Pervaiz Butt (; born 19 January 1982) is a Pakistani politician who was a Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, from May 2013 to May 2018. Butt was born on 19 January 1982 in Lahore.<ref name=\"pap/2013\"></ref> She received her initial education from Convent of Jesus and Mary, Lahore. She earned the degrees of Bachelor of Science (Hons) in 2004 and received the degree of Master of Business Administration in 2010 from Lahore University of Management Sciences. In 2016, she earned Master of Arts in International Relations from Middlesex University campus in Dubai.  She was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) on a reserved seat for women in Pakistani general election, 2013. She was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML-N on a reserved seat for women in Pakistani general election, 2018."}]}, {"title": "Hina Rabbani Khar", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina Rabbani Khar (Urdu: ; born 19 November 1977) is a Pakistani politician who served as the 21st Foreign Minister of Pakistan from February 2011 until March 2013. Appointed at age 33, she was the youngest person and the first woman to have held the position. Khar is a member of an influential feudal family in Multan. She studied business at LUMS and U Mass - Amherst before entering politics as a member of the national assembly in 2002, representing the PML-Q and becoming a junior minister responsible for economic policy under the Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz. In 2009, after switching parties and winning re-election with the Pakistan Peoples Party, she became the Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs and the same year became the first woman to present the national budget. She was appointed by Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani as the Foreign Minister of Pakistan in July 2011, and served until shortly before the 2013 election, when she retired from active politics. She has continued to push for stronger ties with India."}, {"context": " She remains a member of the Pakistan People's Party, and is a public speaker on foreign policy. As of 2018, she is a Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan on a reserved seat for women. Hina Rabbani Khar was born in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Khar is the daughter of the powerful oligarch and politician Ghulam Noor Rabbani Khar. Her father is a prominent national politician and serves as a member of the National Assembly. She is a niece of Ghulam Mustafa Khar, the former Governor and Chief Minister of Punjab."}, {"context": " Khar is a graduate of the Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) where she holds a BSc (with honors) in Economics conferred in 1999. She subsequently attended the University of Massachusetts at Amherst in the United States where she earned an MSc in Business Management in 2002. Khar has retained ties with LUMS since her graduation. In 2012, she delivered a lecture there on \"Foreign Policy and Young Democracy\", and secured funding for the Abdus Salam Institute of Physics. In the 2002 general elections, Khar was elected as a member of the National Assembly, representing the NA-177 (Muzaffargarh-II) constituency in Punjab. Her father, veteran politician Ghulam Noor Rabbani Khar, had represented the constituency previously, but he and most of the members of her family had been disqualified. A new law requiring all parliamentary candidates to hold a university degree meant that he and they could not run that year. With the financial support of her father who addressed rallies on her behalf, she campaigned on a newly founded PML-Q platform against the Pakistan Muslim League, with her face not appearing on her own election posters."}, {"context": " Khar came to prominence during the Shaukat Aziz government and was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Economic Affairs and Statistics in 2003, and being named Minister of State for Economic Affairs the following year, a post she retained until 2007. As minister of state, she worked with international relief funds and charities after the deadly 2005 earthquake in Northern Pakistan, and also worked on proposals for the Turkmenistan\u2013Afghanistan\u2013Pakistan\u2013India pipeline. In 2007, she made an unsuccessful attempt to renew her alliance with the PML-Q, but the party denied her a ticket platform to campaign for re-election in 2008. She was subsequently invited to join the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and successfully campaigned for her constituency for a second time. The PPP secured a plurality of the votes and formed a left-wing alliance with the Awami National Party, MQM and PML-Q."}, {"context": " After her 2008 re-election, she was appointed Minister of State for Finance and Economic Affairs in the cabinet of Yousaf Raza Gillani. She worked on the financial budget and economic policies in the absence of the then Finance Minister and on 13 June 2009 she successfully presented the 2010 federal budget in the Parliament and has the distinction of being the first woman politician to present the Pakistani budget in the National Assembly. She also worked on reducing Pakistan's circular debt within the energy sector."}, {"context": " Khar was appointed as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs\u2014the deputy head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs\u2014on 11 February 2011, as part of Gillani's cabinet reshuffle. Gillani did not reappoint Shah Mehmood Qureshi as Foreign Minister, and that position was left empty. In the absence of any Foreign Minister, she was the acting Minister of Foreign Affairs for five months until her formal appointment as Foreign Minister on 18 July; she was sworn in on 19 July, becoming the youngest and first female Minister of Foreign Affairs. President Asif Ali Zardari, who succeeded Pervez Musharraf in 2008, said the appointment was \"a demonstration of the government's commitment to bring women into the mainstream of national life\". She was appointed foreign minister during a difficult time in Pakistan: when the country's armed forces were confronting extreme elements in Western Pakistan and anti-American emotions ran high over the Raymond Davis incident."}, {"context": " Shortly after her appointment, Khar visited India and held peace talks with her Indian counterpart, S. M. Krishna. Relations between the two countries had been suspended following the 2008 Mumbai attacks, and did not resume until February 2011, five months before her visit. The Indian media reported extensively on her fashion and appearance, including her Birkin bag, sunglasses, Jimmy Choo stilettos and pearl necklaces. She held talks with leaders of the Hurriyat Conference before meeting Indian government representatives, a decision which was criticised by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), India's biggest political party, which said it was a breach of protocol and demanded an inquiry into the matter. She later led an unsuccessful move to grant India most favoured nation status. In August 2011 she visited China and held talks with Yang Jiechi, the Chinese Foreign Minister. \"Hindustan Times\" reported that, in contrast to her reception in India, she was largely ignored by the Chinese media."}, {"context": " The NATO strike which killed 24 Pakistani troops was one of the most notable incidents during her tenure and Foreign Minister Khar stated that the government of Pakistan and defense committees had approved a measure\u2014similar to a parliamentary resolution put forward after bin Laden's May 2011 death\u2014that formally bars NATO and ISAF forces from using Pakistan's supply routes. Pakistan continued to demand a U.S. apology, and on 6 June 2012, Khar argued that \"higher principles should take precedence over politically popular considerations\", and challenged the U.S. to \"live up to its democratic ideals by respecting the will of Pakistan\u2019s elected legislature\". On 15 December 2011, when the United States suspended financial aid to Pakistan, Khar warned that their actions would be responsible for losing the war on terror, since Pakistan could not win without U.S. assistance."}, {"context": " On 21 January 2012, Khar secretly left for Moscow with an agenda of strengthening bilateral relations, with Pakistan's relationship with the United States strained. On this trip invited the Russian leadership to visit Pakistan and to maintain bilateral cooperation and commitment and support for \"Afghan-led and Afghan-owned\" efforts for peace in the country. On 12 August 2012, while speaking at the 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Tehran, Khar maintained that regional stability was imperiled due to the increasing tensions relating to Iran's nuclear program, and a \"peaceful resolution of this issue is still possible on the basis of reciprocal confidence-building measures and security assurances against external threats\"."}, {"context": " During her short visit to Bangladesh on 9 November 2012, Khar was approached by the Foreign Minister of Bangladesh Dipu Moni to sort out post-independence issues between the countries. Khar called for the two countries to move ahead together. While the election was being scheduled, the PPP completed five-year election term in March 2013, so the government was replaced by a caretaker prime minister and cabinet, in which Khar was not a member, until the election took place. This ended Khar's two year role as Foreign Minister. In April 2013, Khar announced that she was standing down at the next general election, so that her father, who had previously been ineligible to stand as a candidate, could succeed her. The condition requiring parliamentary candidates to hold a university degree, which had led to Khar replacing her father in 2002, had been lifted since the most recent general election. The PPP came second in the election, losing 74 seats; Khar's father was defeated in his bid to regain his former seat."}, {"context": " During her two-year-long appointment as the country's foreign minister she attracted significant global attention on her status as Pakistan's first woman foreign minister. She was interviewed by \"Charlie Rose\", \"CBS News\" and \"Washington Post\" among others. She served as a high-ranking member of the Central Executive Committee of the Pakistan Peoples Party from 2008 until 2013, when she retired from politics. Since standing down, Khar has been an active public speaker. In an interview with Al Jazeera in December 2015, she accused the US government supporting military regimes in Pakistan. She has written op-ed's for Newsweek Pakistan and was interviewed by Mehdi Hasan at the Oxford Union in December 2015. In June 2016, she appeared on \"Jirga with Saleem Safi\", speaking out against Pakistan's aggressive stance in the Kashmir conflict. In an appearance at the Islamabad Literature Festival, she continued her support of a closer Indian-Pakistan relationship.  She was nominated on a reserved seat for women in the National Assembly by the Pakistan People's Party. Khar is married to Feroze Gulzar. Khar is co-owner of a restaurant called the \"Polo Lounge\". The initial branch opened at the Lahore Polo Ground in 2002. A second Polo Lounge has since opened in Islamabad's Saidpur Village."}]}, {"title": "Hina Shah", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina Shah is an Indian entrepreneur. She began her career in 1976 in the plastic packaging industry, and since then has become a prominent speaker, writer, and academician on entrepreneurship and micro-small-medium enterprise development. Shah has won numerous awards, including the Stree Shakti Award by the President of India for her contribution in the field of economic development of the country, the Bharat Jyoti Award, the Titan Be More Legend title, and the Best Project Award from the Project Management Institute."}, {"context": " Shah's first programme, termed Entrepreneurship Development Programme for Women, was started with 25 women from Gujarat, out of which 16 women established non-traditional businesses, and all of them are still in business in 2011. In 1986, she transformed her own entrepreneurial experience into a developmental initiative and started The International Centre for Entrepreneurship and Career Development (ICECD). Shah was instrumental in initiating and institutionalizing women's economic empowerment strategies in countries such as Zambia, Bangladesh, Lesotho, Botswana, Cameroon, Malaysia, Philippines, Jordan, Sri Lanka, Guyana, Ivory Coast, and St. Kitts."}]}, {"title": "Hina Shaheen", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina Shaheen (born 13 February 1971) is a Pakistani TV, film stage actress and stage dancer. Shaheen was born in Dhalla Bazaar Kot Lakhpat Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan in a middle class Muslim, Rehmani family. She graduated in Commerce from the Lahore College of Commerce. She started her career as a television actress and acted in a few TV serials in earlier 1990s. She has also worked with Ad producer/Director Masood Rizvi brother of famous film director Saeed Rizvi. Afterwards she turned towards Film industry and acted in few films. Dil in 1991 was her debut movie with, Reema, Shan, but she never got much success and she never ended up getting any lead roles. After failure in film she turned towards stage dramas. Her stage performances brought her much needed fame. Shaheen is only working in stage dramas these days."}, {"context": " She is quite popular because of her super hit dance in stages plays. She acted in a large number of stage plays and earned fame from it. People like her dances very much and come to see her dance in stage dramas. She performed in Punjabi theater in Lahore and other cities of Punjab. In 2009 Due to her fame in stage dramas she got a role in Saleem Bajwa movie Chana suchi muchi starring, Saima, Moamar Rana and Baber Ali. Cast:- Hina Shaheen, Iftikhar Thakur, Tariq Teddy, Zafri Khan, Deedar, . Cast:- Hina Shaheen, Iftikhar Thakur, Tariq Teddy, Tahir Naushad, Khushboo,"}, {"context": " Cast:-Hina Shaheen, Tariq Teddy, Zafri Khan, Gulfaam, Anjuman Shehzadi Cast:- Hina Shaheen, Amanullah Khan, Iftikhar Thakur, Kodu. Cast: Hina Shaheen, Iftikhar Thakur, Naseem Vicky, Amanat Chan, . Cast:- Hina Shaheen, Iftikhar Thakur, Zafri Khan, Saajan Abbass, Kodu, Shezah. Cast: Hina Shaheen, Nasir Chinyoti, Tariq Teddy, Sakhawat Naz, Deedar, Naseem Vicky, Zafri Khan. Cast:- Hina Shaheen, Amanullah Khan, Sohail Ahmed, Amanat Chan, Akram Udas, Nawaz Anjum, Jawad Waseem, Megha, Zara Akbar. Cast:-Hina Shaheen, Sohail Ahmed, Mastana, Shouki Khan, Anwar Ali, Tariq Javed, Ismail Tara, Irfan Khoosat."}, {"context": " Cast:- Hina Shaheen, Amanullah Khan, Amanat Chan, Naseem Vicky, Sheeza, Saajan Abbass. Cast:- Hina Shaheen, Iftikhar Thakur, Tariq Teddy, Amanat Chan, Saajan Abbass. Garam Garam Cast:-Naseem Vicky, Anjuman Shehzadi, Tariq Teddy, Nasir Chinyoti, Kodu, Hina Shaheen, Sohail Ahmed, Iftikhar Thakur, Zafri Khan, Nadia Ali,Nawaz Anjum, Zara Akbar. Cast: Hina Shaheen, Iftikhar Thakur, Nasir Chinyoti, Deedar, Zafri, Kodu, Sakhawat Naz. cAST:- Hina Shaheen, Iftikhar Thakur, Sohail Ahmad, Zara Akbar, Nasir Chinyoti, Ayesha Chaudhry, Zafri Khan, Sohni, Amanat Chann, Beena Saher, Akram Udas, Shahzada.  cAST:- Hina Shaheen, Iftikhar Thakur, Nasir Chinyoti, Deedar, amanat chann, asif iqbal, nida chaudhri, badar awan, naheed khanam, arshad chaudhri."}]}, {"title": "Hina Spani", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina Spani (15 February 189611 July 1969) was an Argentine soprano. Her real name was Higinia Tu\u00f1\u00f3n and she enjoyed a major opera career centred on Italy during the 1920s and 1930s. Spani was born in Pu\u00e1n, Province of Buenos Aires, an old town located in the pampas of Argentina. When it was discovered that she had a clear, pleasing voice, a landowner from the vicinity of her home town agreed to help her to meet the costs of studying voice, first in Buenos Aires with Amalia Campodonico and later in Milan with Vittorio Moratti."}, {"context": " She made her operatic d\u00e9but at La Scala, Milan, in 1915, in the secondary r\u00f4le of Anna in Alfredo Catalani's \"La Wally\". She sang regularly at La Scala\u2014Italy's most important theatre\u2014and in all the leading Italian theaters until 1934. She also toured Australia with a first-rate troupe composed of some of La Scala's leading singers. At the Teatro Col\u00f3n she was heard between 1915 and 1940, creating the title part in the world premi\u00e8re of Respighi's Maria Egiziaca in 1934, as well as several operas by Argentine composers. She sang over 70 r\u00f4les ranging from Ottavia in Monteverdi's 17th century opera \"L'incoronazione di Poppea\" to works by then living composers."}, {"context": " After retiring from the operatic stage, she taught at the Vocal Art Institut of the Teatro Col\u00f3n, which she directed. Spani died in Buenos Aires on 11 July 1969. Spani made some 40 sides for the Italian Columbia and HMV recording companies. Reissues of her best 78-rpm records can be heard on excellent CDs produced by the Preiser and Pearl labels. Spani's style and technique were typical of a Latin soprano of the 1920-1945 period, but her rich tone was much smoother and her musicianship more subtle than that of most of her contemporaries. She was an outstanding spinto with a constant appreciation of the expressive limits of the music that she sang; as a result, she invested her operatic interpretations with a unique combination of intensity and restraint."}, {"context": " Inter-war opera-goers spoke admiringly of the \"grand\", expansive quality that her voice possessed when it was experienced in the acoustics of a theatre as opposed to a boxy recording studio. She also had a vast concert repertory which she had been encouraged to acquire by her first teacher in Buenos Aires. Very little of this is documented on record (although she did leave a handful of lovely song recordings), but those who saw her in recital remembered the joy that she communicated. In this respect, she was a real cosmopolitan artist."}]}, {"title": "Hina Station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina Station was opened on December 20, 1951. Hina Station has a single island platform serving two tracks for passenger service. In addition, multiple tracks are used for container freight services."}]}, {"title": "Hina Sugita", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sugita was born in Kitakyushu on January 31, 1997. After graduating from high school, she joined L.League club INAC Kobe Leonessa in 2015. She debuted as midfielder in 2015. She became a regular player in 2016 and was selected Best Young player award in 2016 season. In September 2012, when Sugita was 15 years old, she was selected Japan U-17 national team for 2012 U-17 Women's World Cup. She played all 4 matches and scored 2 goals. In 2013, she played at 2013 AFC U-16 Women's Championship and Japan won the champions for 2 championship in a row. She also scored 6 goals and was selected MVP award. In 2014, she was selected U-17 Japan for 2014 U-17 Women's World Cup. She played 5 matches as captain and scored 5 goals. Japan won the champions first time. She was also selected Golden Ball (MVP) award. In November 2016, she was selected Japan U-20 national team for 2016 U-20 Women's World Cup. She played all 6 matches and Japan won the 3rd place. She was also selected Golden Ball award.  On August 2, 2018, Sugita debuted for Japan national team as substitute midfielder from the 72th minute against Australia."}]}, {"title": "Hina language", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Mina language, also known by the names Hina and Besleri, is a Chadic language spoken in Northern Cameroon by 10,000 people. Speakers of Mina are generally bilingual, with Fulfulde (Fula) being the second language. Fulfulde is often joined by French as a third language in educated speakers. Frajzyngier & Johnston (2005) list three Mina dialects: Marbak, Kefedjevreng and Dzundzun. \"Ethnologue\" also lists three: Besleri, Jingjing (Dzumdzum), Gamdugun. While the correspondence of \"Jingjing\" and \"Dzundzun\" is clear, the identity of the others is not. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is difficult to ascertain, but Frajzyngier & Johnston (2005:3) demonstrate one-way intelligibility between Dzundzun and Mina (presumably meaning the Marbak dialect)."}]}, {"title": "Hina palace", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina palace is an apartment building located in the heart of Karachi City, close to Cantt Station Karachi. The building is located on Hoshang Road, close to Karachi Club, Clifton Bridge and Clifton Flyover, Frere Hall and Karachi Cantonment Railway Station. Construction began in 1984. All three buildings are 50 feet tall with ground plus four floors. It consists of 94 apartments comprising two and three bedrooms depending on type. There is no elevator in any of these buildings. The three buildings are"}, {"context": " Maintenance is collected monthly by an elected committee called Hina Palace Flat Owners Welfare Committee. The apartment has its own masjid named \"Masjid-e-Hina\", where prayer is held five times a day. The building front is located on Hoshang Road, and is connected by two separate entrance gates, of which one remains closed as it is converted in motorcycle parking. The building faces serious maintenance issues, with respect to water, electrical wiring, paint and leaking sewage lines. Due to crisis faced from the KWSB, the maintenance committee in 2011 decided to go forward with boring and get a sustained supply of water, but the water supplied is not fit for drinking and plantation and hence can only be used for washing clothes and bathing. As a result, between 2011 and 2012, all metal-body water tanks in the apartments were switched with plastic water tanks along with the pipes for sewage and water supply, hence raising the cost of maintenance in high-inflation economy."}, {"context": " The second important issue is the depleting condition of maintenance. The building is in dire need of paint works, last paint being done in 2005\u201306. However, the maintenance committee strives to protect the falling conditions; however, they were unable to keep up with it due to frequent change of hands. The building wiring caught fire twice during 2010, and the electricity had to be cut for almost twenty-four hours each time. The building has three guards which operate round the clock and keep an eye on the things."}, {"context": " On 14 August, the Independence day of Pakistan is celebrated since 1997 and the youth take an active part in performing a musical evening worth remembering. The kids present tableau, sing and dance to the live music, professional singers are also hired to play. Separate portion for ladies and gents are kept. Eatables were served for the first time in 2008. Since 2009, 14 August is falling in the midst of the holy month of Ramadan, which is why this festive night was postponed over the period between 2009 till 2012.  List of streets in Karachi"}]}, {"title": "Hina, Cameroon", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina is a town, commune and political sub division in the Department of Mayo-Tsanaga in the Far North Region of Cameroon."}]}, {"title": "Hina-Di", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina-Di is a web feed format created in Japan. It transfers metadata of a feed not in XML like the RSS or Atom feeds, but in ASCII characters. codice_1 only Kazehakase is known to support Hina-Di, but there is the ability to read the feed by installing a Greasemonkey-script called RSS Panel X."}]}, {"title": "Hina-Lau-Limu-Kala", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina-Lau-Limu-Kala is the goddess of the sea in Hawaiian mythology."}]}, {"title": "Hina-Oio", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina-Oio is a goddess of the sea animals in the mythology of Easter Island. She was married to Atua-Metua and represented the mother of all animals of the sea. Hina is a divine figure common throughout the Polynesian narrative, with prominent variants also found in M\u0101ori mythology, Samoan mythology, and Hawaiian religion. The creation chant of the Rapa Nui people of Easter Island references Hina-Oio twice in the following passage: This passage was sung from memory by an old man named Ure-vai-ko to William Thomson, an American on an 1886 Smithsonian expedition to Easter Island. The chant was written in Rongorongo on tablets, which Ure-vai-ko refused to read for religious reasons. However, under the influence of alcohol, he agreed to recite the stories and chants on the tablets from photographs of them which had been made by Thomson's expedition."}]}, {"title": "Hina-au-kekele", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina-au-kekele (also known as Hina-au-aku, Hinauapu, or simply Hina) was a Hawaiian noble lady and the Chiefess of the Island of Hawaii (Big Island). She was the sister-wife of the High Chief Pilikaaiea of Hawaii, and they were the founders of the dynasty named Pili line (Hawaiian: \"Hale o Pili\"). Hina was born on Tahiti as the daughter of Hawaiian nobleman Laau and his sister-wife, the noble lady called Kukamolimaulialoha (Kukamolimolialoha). It is unknown why her father and mother went to Tahiti. Hina's grandfather was the High Chief Lanakawai of Hawaii (a descendant of Ulu). Hina was named after the goddess Hina.  The brother of Hina was Pilikaaiea, who is often simply known as Pili. They were married, and their sexual union was considered sacred, according to the Hawaiian customs and laws. Their children were: Hina and Pili came to Hawaii together with the wizard Pa\u02bbao, and Pili became a successor of Kapawa. Pili and Hina were the ancestors of Pili\u02bbs successor, Chief Kukohou (died in 1185)."}]}, {"title": "Hina-chan no Nichijo", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"Hina-chan no Nichijo\" was written and illustrated by Hiroko Minami. Sankei Shimbun published the manga's four \"bound volumes\" between March 2005 and March 2009."}]}, {"title": "Hina-puku-ia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hina-puku-ia is the goddess of fishermen in Hawaiian mythology."}]}, {"title": "Hinabangan, Samar", "paragraphs": [{"context": " ', officially the ', is a in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people. Hinabangan was formed in 1948 from the former municipal districts of Concord and Hinabangan. Hinabangan is politically subdivided into 21 barangays. Hinabangan has 19 public primary and elementary schools: Hinabangan also has two public high schools:"}]}, {"title": "Hinachi Dam", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Hinacourt", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Hinaga Station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinaga Station is the name of two train stations in Japan:"}]}, {"title": "Hinaga Station (Aichi)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinaga Station was opened on February 18, 1912 as a station on the Aichi Electric Railway Company. The Aichi Electric Railway became part of the Meitetsu group on August 1, 1935. The station has been unattended since September 1970. In January 2005, the Tranpass system of magnetic fare cards with automatic turnstiles was implemented. Hinaga Station has two opposed side platforms. Both platforms are short, and can handle trains of only four carriages or less."}]}, {"title": "Hinaga Station (Mie)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinaga Station has a single side platform and a triangular island platform serving three tracks. The station is unattended. Hinaga Station was opened on August 14, 1912 as a station on the Mie Tramway Line, which became the Mie Railway in 1916. On February 11, 1944, due to mergers, the station came under the ownership of Sanco. On February 1, 1964 the Railway division of Sanco split off and formed a separate company, the Mie Electric Railway, which merged with Kintetsu on April 1, 1965. The Utsube Line and the Hachi\u014dji Line have been operated by the Yokkaichi Asunarou Railway since April 1, 2015."}]}, {"title": "Hinagama", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinagama is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province."}]}, {"title": "Hinagdanan Cave", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinagdanan Cave is a cave in the municipality of Dauis on Panglao Island, in Bohol Province, in the Philippines. It is a naturally lighted cavern with a deep lagoon and many large stalactites and stalagmites. The cave is lit by sunlight which filters through holes in the ceiling. The underground lake is a popular swimming spot, but it has been known to test for high levels of various pollutants, since it is fed by ground runoff. Hinagdanan Cave is made of limestone. The entrance of the cave is a hole of about 1 metre wide in diameter, visible from a limestone hill. Cemented steps lead to the interior of the cave. The cave is slippery, but there's a railing made of rope to hold on to avoid accident due to slippery stones of the cave. The cave is filled with sleeping birds in small holes in the ceiling. The sunlight that permeates is unsuitable for bats."}, {"context": " Hinagdanan Cave was accidentally discovered when the owner of the area was clearing the decaying branches of the land when he found the hole. The owner threw a stone into the hole, then he heard a splash. Then he built a ladder to get into the cave. They named it Hinagdanan, means \"laddered\" used to get into the cave's interior. The cave is about 100 metres long of beautiful rock formations. The stalactites and stalagmites stick out from the ceiling and floor of the cave as though trying to meet each other. Inside the cave, there's also a lagoon with a greenish surface produced by the green limestone at the bottom of the pool, where people used to bath in the lagoon, however, it has been advised to not go dip into the lagoon because of the karst pollutants present in the water."}]}, {"title": "Hinagu Onsen Station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The station consists of two platforms at street level. Platform 1 services trains bound for , platform 2 for trains to ."}]}, {"title": "Hinah", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinah (Arabic: \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0629) is a Syrian village in the Qatana District of the Rif Dimashq Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Hinah had a population of 1,524 in the 2004 census. Historical geography Samuel Klein has pointed out that in the immediate environs of Hinah and Rimah there is a large reservoir (\"birket\") containing more than of water for irrigation of crops."}]}, {"title": "Hinahanap-Hanap Kita", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"Hinahanap-Hanap Kita\" is a song recorded by Filipino rock band Rivermaya in 1997. It was released as the first single from their third album \"Atomic Bomb\". David Gonzales from AllMusic wrote that \"Hinahanap-hanap Kita\" (\"\"Always Looking for You\"\") and \"Kung Ayaw Mo, Huwag Mo\" (\"\"If You Don't Like, You Don't Like\"\") are geared towards Filipino pop, and were hit singles for the band. \"Hinahanap-Hanap Kita\" is the first digital single by Filipino actor Daniel Padilla, which was released online as a radio single on April 20, 2012 and later on his self-titled debut album, \"Daniel Padilla\" on May 27, 2012. It also featured in his prime-time show \"Princess and I\" and on its soundtrack \"Love Songs from Princess and I\" which was released on June 15, 2012."}, {"context": " \"Hinahanap-Hanap Kita\" was the first commercial digital single released from Padilla's self-titled debut album, which was released on April 20, 2012. The song became a mainstream radio hit, and was also used as one of the theme songs of ABS-CBN's television series, \"Princess and I\", in which he had a lead role alongside Kathryn Bernardo. It was adopted as well for a television commercial of Whisper. The song has been covered by Regine Velasquez (2003), Sitti (2007), Jolina Magdangal and Dennis Trillo (2009), Rey Cantong (2014) and by Harana (2017)."}]}, {"title": "Hinahina", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinahina is a Hawaiian language common name for several plants and may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Hinai, Akita", "paragraphs": [{"context": " In 2003, the town had an estimated population of 11,665 and a density of 56.79 persons per km\u00b2. The total area was 205.39 km\u00b2. On June 20, 2005, Hinai, along with the town of Tashiro (also from Kitaakita District), was merged into the expanded city of \u014cdate."}]}, {"title": "Hinaishin", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinaishin (\u76ae\u5185\u937c \"Hinaishin\") is a form of Japanese acupuncture treatment in which an extremely thin and short needle is inserted inside the skin tissue and detained for one or several days secured in place by an adhesive plaster. The needles used in the \"hinaishin\" method are about 5 mm in length and from 0.16 mm to 0.2 mm in diameter. The dragon head-shaped needle handle (\u7adc\u982d \"tatsugashira\") is about 2 mm in length."}]}, {"title": "Hinakaimauli\u02bbawa", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinakaimauli\u02bbawa (also spelled as Hina-kai-mauli-\u02bbawa) was an ancient Hawaiian High Chiefess, a Princess of Ko\u02bbolau Range on the island of Oahu. She was a member of the royal house of Maweke, who was of Tahitian ancestry, and also the first cousin of very High Chiefess Nuakea of Molokai. Her parents were Chief Kalehenui of Ko\u02bbolau and his spouse, Chiefess Kahinao (Kahinalo). Hinakaimauli\u02bbawa is their only known child mentioned in the chants and was named after goddess Hina. Hinakaimauli\u02bbawa married a man named Kahiwakapu (Ka-hiwa-ka-\u02bbapu), whose parents are unknown.  The only known child of Hinakaimauli\u02bbawa and her husband was Princess Mualani of Ko\u02bbolau, a successor of her mother."}]}, {"title": "Hinaki Eel Trap Bridge", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hinaki Bridge, also known as the Eel Trap Bridge, is a 20 metre long footbridge located in War Memorial Park (off Gifford Avenue), Mount Roskill, Auckland, New Zealand. The bridge spans over Oakley Creek and is used by cyclists and pedestrians. The cuturally enriched architectural footbridge forms part of the wider Dominion Road Upgrade project led by Auckland Transport. The design and construction team comprises Beca (bridge architects and engineers), Dempsey Wood (contractor) and Eastbridge (steel fabricators)."}, {"context": " The concept for the bridge was developed by Beca in close collaboration with six iwi groups, the Puketapapa Local Board and Auckland Council Parks. The bridge is owned by Auckland Transport. Beca began the concept stage in May 2014 and led the project through to stakeholder buy-in, detailed design, building consent, through to construction. Beca were responsible for Bridge Architecture, Landscape Design and Engineering for all works associated with the bridge. Strong consultations with Ngati Whatua Orakei, Ngati Tamaoho, Te Akitai Waiohua, Ngati Maru, Ngai Tai ki Tamaki, Ngati Te Ata, Puketapapa Local Board, Auckland Transport and Auckland Parks were prevalent throughout the duration of the project."}, {"context": " The steel work for the bridge was fabricated by Eastbridge (located in Napier) between October 2014 and February 2015. Construction began in January 2015 by Dempsey Wood. The bridge was officially opened by a culturally significant dawn blessing attended by all stakeholders on 5 June 2015. The bridge is a steel I-girder and timber footbridge. Plan and cross-sectional lateral stability is provided by EA and PFC members. The \"hinaki\" form itself is made of inner hoops and outer hoops. The purpose of using outer hoops only at midspan terminating at balustrade height, is to create a sense of openness and to also contrast the sense of tightness created by the full-height inner and outer hoops at each end of the bridge. The curving lines of the bridge are juxtaposed by a swarm of light and dark grey steel-plated eels, swimming towards the centre of the bridge."}, {"context": " The design of the bridge reflects the shape of a traditional double-headed Maori \"h\u012bnaki\" (eel trap). The bridge not only creates a unique user experience and leaves the local community with a bridge it can be proud of, but it also helps educate and share Maori culture with the local and regional communities. The bridge embraces the craftsmanship of traditional Maori weaving patterns for eel traps traditionally used along Oakley Creek and reinterprets this into modern steel fabrication. The pavement surfaces, alignments, pou, lighting and interpretive signages (in both Maori and English), in combination with the bridge, showcases the cultural story of Tuna Roa.  The architectural concept of the bridge is based on the legend of Maui and Tuna Roa"}]}, {"title": "Hinako", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinako is a feminine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:"}]}, {"title": "Hinako (anime character)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinako is a fictional character appearing in the OVA animes \"Issho ni Training: Training with Hinako\", \"Issho ni Sleeping: Sleeping with Hinako\" and \"Issho ni Training 026: Bathtime with Hinako & Hiyoko\". In Japanese, the character is voiced by Mai Kadowaki. In the first OVA, \"Training with Hinako\", Hinako is transformed into an anime figure through a television and then talks to the viewer. After that, she begins to exercise to lose some weight, providing the viewer with fan service in the process. The video is in an interactive format, allowing the viewer to rearrange the scenes in the video. The second OVA, \"Issho ni Sleeping: Sleeping with Hinako\", shows Hinako going to bed and sleeping, while again addressing the viewer directly at the beginning. This second OVA has been criticized for sometimes distracting from its main premise of showing the character sleep."}]}, {"title": "Hinako Ashihara", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Hinako Islands", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hinako Islands are a group of small islands off the west coast of Nias Island in the Sirombu District of the West Nias Regency, part of the North Sumatra Province of Indonesia. The islands are a popular surfing destination, specifically Bawa Island, and nearby Asu Island. The waves at Bawa favor a northwest wind and the waves at Asu favor a southeast wind. The two islands are approximately 45 minutes apart by speedboat. The waves at Bawa were revealed in magazine articles and a surf film in 1994, featuring surfers Tom Curren (USA) and Francis Desmond \"Frankie\" Oberholzer (RSA) riding some of the biggest waves ever seen in Indonesia at that time photographed by Ted Grambeau (AUS) and filmed by Sonny Miller (USA).  The breaking pattern of the waves at both Bawa and Asu was significantly affected by the nearby earthquake of 28 March 2005, measuring 8.6 on the Richter scale. The seafloor in the region was raised by up to two meters and over 900 people were killed on Nias Island. The Hinako Islands have long been infamous for malaria, and have few accommodations for visitors."}]}, {"title": "Hinako Note", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Having always had an interest in theater but struggling to talk with others, Hinako Sakuragi moves to Tokyo to attend Fujiyama High School, staying as a resident at the Hitotose bookstore. Upon learning that the school's theater club is actually on hiatus, Hinako and the other residents form their own theater troupe. \"Hinako Note\" is a four-panel manga series by Mitsuki, a Japanese manga artist who mainly draws adult comics. It began serialization in \"Comic Cune\"'s October 2014 issue released on August 27, 2014; At first, \"Comic Cune\" was a \"magazine within a magazine\" placed in \"Monthly Comic Alive\", later it became independent of \"Comic Alive\" and changed to a formal magazine on August 27, 2015. \"Hinako Note\" is also available on Kadokawa Corporation's \"ComicWalker\" website. Four \"tank\u014dbon\" volumes of the manga were released between August 27, 2015 and May 27, 2017.  An anime television series adaptation by Passione was announced. The series is directed by Toru Kitahata, with Takeo Takahashi credited as chief director. The anime aired in Japan between April 7, 2017 and June 23, 2017 and was simulcast by Crunchyroll. The series ran for 12 episodes. The opening and ending themes respectively are and , both performed by Gekidan Hitotose (M.A.O, Miyu Tomita, Yui Ogura, Hisako T\u014dj\u014d, and Marika K\u014dno)."}]}, {"title": "Hinako Saeki", "paragraphs": [{"context": " She has also appeared in a handful of other popular Japanese horror films including \"Uzumaki\" (2000) which was based on a Junji Ito manga of the same name, and \"Eko Eko Azaraku: Misa the Dark Angel\" (1998). In addition, she played a featured role as the character Colonel in Mamoru Oshii's \"Assault Girls\" (2009). She also portrayed in \"Ultraman X\" as the Underground Woman/Ryoko Mabuse. She is also familiar in China for her role as Sadako in the sequel to the Hong Kong TV drama series, \"My Date with a Vampire II\".  She was previously married to football player Daisuke Oku, though that marriage ended in divorce. He died in a traffic collision on October 17, 2014."}]}, {"title": "Hinako Sakurai", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sakurai is represented with Incent. Sakurai won the \"Bish\u014djo Grand Prix\" at the \"Okayama Bish\u014djo Bijin Contest\", by CroCom published by \"Okayama Bish\u014djo Zukan\", held in July 2014. She is currently belonged to the office Incent. Sakurai's acting debut was in the play \"Soreiyu\" in May 2016. Later in July her first drama appearance was in Nippon TV's \"Soshite, Dare mo inaku natta\"."}]}, {"title": "Hinako Sano", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Before becoming an actress, Sano was a magazine model. She appeared in the photo collection \"Hare Nochi Tsuint\u0113ru\", and served as a model in \"After School Tails\". She was nominated in the Horipro Scout Caravan 2012 contest. Although Sano missed the Grand Prix, she was associated with Horipro. In March 2013, she graduated from Tama University Meguro High School. In April, Sano went on to attend a university. In July 13, 2013, she appeared in \"Weekly Young Magazine\" (Kodansha) which marked her debut in gravure. In August 2014, Sano became an exclusive Beauty Muse of \"Vivi\"."}]}, {"title": "Hinako Sugiura", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sugiura was the assistant of Murasaki Yamada, a prominent feminist manga artist. Sugiura published her first manga, \"Tsugen Muro no Ume,\" in the alternative manga magazine \"Garo\" in 1980. Her distinctive style drew heavily on ukiyo-e techniques and breathed life into her depictions of Edo-period life and customs, helping her win popularity as well as the Japan Cartoonists Association Award for her manga \"Gass\u014d\" (\"Joint Burial\") in 1984 and the Bungei Shunj\u016b Manga Award for \"F\u016bry\u016b Edo Suzume\" in 1988."}, {"context": " In 1993, Sugiura announced that she was retiring from her life as a manga artist to dedicate herself to research on Edo period lifestyles and customs. She wrote numerous books on the subject, which she considered to be her life's work, and frequently appeared in the media as an expert on the period. She was well known and liked for her commentary during the ending segment of a popular NHK program, \"Comedy: O-Edo de Gozaru\", which was set in the Edo period. Sugiura was usually seen in public wearing traditional kimono."}, {"context": " Sugiura was married for a time to novelist, translator, and bibliophile Hiroshi Aramata, a pairing the Japanese media referred to as \"the beauty and the beast.\" She was also famous for her love of soba buckwheat noodles as well as a preference for sak\u00e9. When Sugiura left the \"Comedy: O-Edo de Gozaru\" program, she told the public that she was going to fulfill a long-cherished dream by taking a world cruise. That she was actually undergoing treatment for cancer of the throat (the hypopharynx) at a hospital in Kashiwa, Chiba, first become known when the public learned of her death at 46 on July 22, 2005."}]}, {"title": "Hinako Takanaga", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinako Takanaga was born on September 16 in Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. Her first manga story, , was published by Hanamaru Comics in 1995. As the story continued it was later retitled \"Challengers\", and it spawned a spinoff series titled \"The Tyrant Falls in Love\". She currently lives in Osaka. She was a guest at Yaoi-Con in 2007 and 2010, invited by Digital Manga Publishing, the US publishers of her popular series \"Little Butterfly\" and \"The Tyrant Falls in Love\"."}]}, {"title": "Hinaldag", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinaldagh is (Azerbaijani:Hinalda\u011f) located in the territory of the Dashkasan region of the Republic of Azerbaijan, in the western part of the Tanriyokhush, source section of the Levchay, Shamkhor and Ganja rivers. It is the main peak of the Shahdag Range, which passes in the eastern part of the Caucasus. There are alpine and subalp meadows. Height is 3367 meters. List of the highest major summits of Azerbaijan"}]}, {"title": "Hinaleimoana Wong-Kalu", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinaleimoana Kwai Kong Wong-Kalu, also known as Kumu Hina, is a native Hawaiian \"m\u0101h\u016b\" - a Hawaiian term referring to individuals who embody both male and female spirit - as well as a modern transgender woman. She is known for her work as a \"kumu hula\" (Hawaiian for \"hula teacher\"), cultural practitioner, and community leader. She has been described as a \"powerful performer with a clear, strong voice\". Hinaleimoana was born in the Nuuanu district of O\u02bbahu. She attended Kamehameha School (1990) and the University of Hawai\u02bbi at Manoa (1996\u20132004) where she began her activism. She was a founder of the Kulia Na Mamo transgender health project, cultural director of a Hawaiian public charter school, and candidate for the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, one of the first transgender candidates for statewide political office in the United States. She also served as the Chair of the O'ahu Island Burial Council, which oversees the management of Native Hawaiian burial sites and ancestral remains."}, {"context": " Wong-Kalu was the subject of the feature documentary film \"Kumu Hina\", directed by Dean Hamer and Joe Wilson. \"Kumu Hina\" premiered as the closing night film in the Hawaii International Film Festival in 2014 and won several awards including best documentary at the Frameline Film Festival and the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Documentary. It was nationally broadcast on PBS in 2015 where it won the Independent Lens Audience Award. An educational children's version of the film, \"A Place in the Middle\" premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival and Toronto International Film Festival for Kids and is featured on PBS learning media."}]}, {"title": "Hinamatsuri", "paragraphs": [{"context": " , also called Doll's Day or Girls' Day, is a special day in Japan. Celebrated each year on 3March, platforms covered with a red carpet-material are used to display a set of representing the Emperor, Empress, attendants, and musicians in traditional court dress of the Heian period. Hinamatsuri is one of the that are held on auspicious dates of the Chinese calendar: the first day of the first month, the third day of the third month, and so on. After the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, these were fixed on 1January, 3March, 5May, 7July, and 9September. The festival was traditionally known as the , as peach trees typically began to flower around this time. Although this is no longer true since the shift to Gregorian dates, the name remains and peaches are still symbolic of the festival."}, {"context": " The primary aspect of Hinamatsuri is the display of seated male and female dolls (the and , literally \"male doll\" and \"female doll\" respectively, which represent a Heian period wedding, but usually described as the Emperor and Empress of Japan), usually on red cloth. These may be as simple as pictures or folded paper, or intricately carved three-dimensional dolls. More elaborate displays will include a multi-tiered of dolls that represent ladies of the court, musicians, and other attendants, with all sorts of accoutrements. The entire set of dolls and accessories is called the . The number of tiers and dolls a family may have depends on their budget."}, {"context": " Families normally ensure that girls have a set of the two main dolls before their first Hinamatsuri. The dolls are usually fairly expensive ($1,500 to $2,500 for a five-tier set, depending on quality) and may be handed down from older generations as heirlooms. The \"hinazakari\" spends of most of the year in storage, and girls and their mothers begin setting up the display a few days before 3March (boys normally do not participate, as 5May, now Children's Day was historically called \"Boys' Day\"). Traditionally, the dolls were supposed to be put away by the day after Hinamatsuri, the superstition being that leaving the dolls any longer will result in a late marriage for the daughter, but some families may leave them up for the entire month of March. Practically speaking, the encouragement to put everything away quickly is to avoid the rainy season and humidity that typically follow Hinamatsuri. Historically, the dolls were used as toys, but in modern times they are intended for display only. The display of dolls usually discontinues when the girls reach 10 years old."}, {"context": " During Hinamatsuri and the preceding days, girls hold parties with their friends. Typical foods include (rice crackers), (raw fish and vegetables on rice in a bowl or \"bento\" box), (multicolored rice cakes), (strawberries wrapped in adzuki bean paste), and (clam soup, as clam shells represent a joined pair). The customary drink is (lit. \"white sake\"), also called (lit. \"sweet sake\"), a non-alcoholic sake. The actual placement order of the dolls from left to right varies according to family tradition and location, but the order of dolls per level is the same. The layer of covering is called or simply , a red carpet with rainbow stripes at the bottom. The description that follows is for a complete set."}, {"context": " The top tier holds two dolls, known as . The words \"dairi\" means \"imperial palace\". These are the \"obina\" holding a and \"mebina\" holding a fan, also known as and (lord and princess) or and (honored palace official and honored doll). Although they are sometimes referred to as the Emperor and Empress, they only represent the positions and not the actual individuals themselves (with the exception of some dolls from the Meiji period that actually depict Emperor Meiji and Empress Sh\u014dken). The two are usually placed in front of a gold folding screen and placed beside green Japanese garden trees."}, {"context": " Optional are the two lampstands, called , and the paper or silk lanterns that are known as , which are usually decorated with cherry or plum blossom patterns. Complete sets would include accessories placed between the two figures, known as , composing of two vases of artificial . Generally speaking, the Kansai style arrangement has the male on the right, while Kant\u014d style arrangements have him on the left (from the viewer's perspective). The second tier holds three court ladies who serve sake to the male and female dolls. Two of them are standing with serving utensils, one with a and the other with a . The , placed in the middle, holds a small table and may be standing or sitting/kneeling."}, {"context": " Accessories placed between the ladies are , stands with round table-tops for seasonal sweets, excluding \"hishi mochi\". The third tier holds five male musicians . Each holds a musical instrument except the singer, who holds a fan: There are ancient sets with seven or ten musicians, and at least one with female musicians. Two may be displayed on the fourth tier. These may be the emperor's bodyguards, or administrators in Kyoto: the and the . Both are sometimes equipped with bows and arrows. When representing the ministers, the Minister of the Right is depicted as a young person, while the Minister of the Left is older because that position was the more senior of the two. Also, because the dolls are placed in positions relative to each other, the Minister of the Right will be on \"stage right\" (the viewer's left) and the Minister of the Left will be on the other side."}, {"context": " Between the two figures are covered , also referred to as , as well as bearing diamond-shaped \"hishi mochi\". Just below the ministers: on the rightmost, a , and on the leftmost, a . The fifth tier, between the plants, holds three or of the Emperor and Empress: On the sixth and seventh tiers, a variety of miniature furniture, tools, carriages, etc., are displayed. These are items used within the palatial residence. These are items used when away from the palatial residence. The \"Kojiki\" contains a story where Izanagi, one of the mythical founders of Japan, purifies himself in the river after visiting Yomi, the land of the dead. This is the source of the Shinto purification rites known as . In its earliest form, this involved human, animal, property, or food sacrifice, and was punishment for crimes or sin. Archaeological evidence indicates this being done as early as the Kofun period, possibly imported from Shang dynasty China (similar river purification rituals existed in ancient Korea). During the Nara period, sacrifices were seen as barbaric, and the use of pottery, effigies, or monetary offerings became standard. Documentary evidence discovered in Kyoto links these changes to similar practices in Tang dynasty China."}, {"context": " \"O-harae\" was practiced by the imperial court twice a year (in the 6th and 12th months of the Chinese calendar) and became a society-wide custom. The Heian period novel \"The Tale of Genji\" mentions that the 3rd day of the 3rd month (the traditional date of the Peach Festival) as an auspicious day to perform purification by means of transferring them to dolls made of paper, wood, or straw called , and throwing them into the river or ocean. Although it is unclear if \"Genji\" influenced the association of dolls with that date, diaries of women in the imperial court mention dolls as gifts for girls around that time of year."}, {"context": " The \u014cnin War of 1467\u20131477 brought an end to \"o-harae\" at the imperial court, but it was still practiced among the common folk and was popular at Shimogamo Shrine in Kyoto and at Sumiyoshi taisha in Osaka. As time passed, the 12th month purification was abandoned, and the 6th month one became increasingly popular. The earliest record of displaying the dolls as part of the Peach Festival comes from 1625, for Emperor Go-Mizunoo's daughter Oki-ko. Imperial court ladies set up equipment for her to engage in . After Oki-ko succeeded her father as the Empress Meish\u014d, Hinamatsuri legally became the name of the holiday in 1687. Doll-makers began making elaborate dolls for the festival (some growing as tall as 3 feet (1 meter) high before laws were passed restricting their size) and over time, the \"hinazakari\" evolved to include fifteen dolls and their accessories. As dolls became more expensive, tiers were added to the \"hinadan\" so that the expensive ones could be placed out of the reach of young children."}, {"context": " During the Meiji period as Japan began to modernize and the emperor was restored to power, Hinamatsuri was deprecated in favor of new holidays that focused on the emperor's supposed bond with the nation, but it was revived. By focusing on marriage and families, it represented Japanese hopes and values, and as the dolls were said to represent the emperor and empress, it also fostered respect for the throne. The holiday then spread to other countries via the Japanese diaspora, although it remains confined to immigrant Japanese communities and their descendants."}]}, {"title": "Hinamatsuri (manga)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"Hinamatsuri\" has been serialized in Kadokawa's magazine \"Harta\" since 2010, and has fourteen \"tank\u014dbon\" volumes. English manga publisher One Peace Books has licensed the series for publication in North America. A 12-episode anime television series adaptation by Feel premiered on April 6, 2018. The series is being directed by Kei Oikawa with Keiichir\u014d \u014cchi writing the scripts and Nippon Columbia producing the music. Rie Murakawa is performing the opening theme song \"Distance\", while Yoshiki Nakajima is performing the ending theme as his character, Yoshifumi Nitta. The second ending theme titled (ep 6) and the final two ending theme in episode 12 is performed by Haruka Chisuga and Ari Ozawa as her character, Mao titled and respectively. Crunchyroll is simulcasting the anime, while Funimation is streaming the anime in English dub."}]}, {"title": "Hinamutawa Philip", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinamutawa Philip is a Papua New Guinean cricketer. She played for the Papua New Guinea women's national cricket team in the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier in February 2017."}]}, {"title": "Hinanit", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinanit (, \"lit.\" Daisy) is an Israeli settlement in the northern West Bank. It is organised as a community settlement and falls under the jurisdiction of Shomron Regional Council. Hinanit is located just across the Green Line border with Israel in the northern West Bank's Jenin Governorate, and to the north abuts the Palestinian village of 'Anin, from which it is separated by Israel's West Bank barrier. It lies approximately 9 miles (15\u00a0km) west of Jenin city. In it had a population of . The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.  The village was established in 1981 by Mountain Jews from the Caucasus. Originally a moshav and a member of the Moshavim Movement, it was later converted to a community settlement."}]}, {"title": "Hinano Yoshikawa", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinano Yoshikawa (\u5409\u5ddd\u3072\u306a\u306e, born Ai Takada; December 21, 1979) is a Japanese actress, fashion model and singer. Yoshikawa was born on December 21, 1979. In Higashikurume, Tokyo, Japan. She started her fashion model career at the age of 14 and still is a model. She made her acting debut in 1997 in \"Moonlight Serenade\" (\"Setouchi munraito serenade\"). The following year she made her international debut in Jean-Pierre Limosin's \"Tokyo Eyes\", a Franco-Japanese film, in which she played Hinano. This movie earned her the Best Debut Actress award at the Japanese Professional Movie Awards in 1999.  The first TV series she appeared in was \"The Last Song\" (\"Seikimatsu no uta\") broadcast in 1998. In 1999, Yoshikawa married Izam, singer of Japanese visual kei rock band Shazna, only to file for separation two months later and divorce two months after that. Both the marriage and divorce caused a scandal. 2.Patronage cosmetic of Yoshikawa doll"}]}, {"title": "Hinarani de Longeaux", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinarani de Longeaux (born June 12, 1990 in Tahiti, France) is a French model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned 2013 Miss France 1st runner-up. Hinarani later replaced Marine Lorphelin (The winner of Miss France) as France's represented at Miss Universe 2013. Hinarani De Longeaux worked as a model in France and executive assistant in an online travel agency. Hinarani De Longeaux, was crowned Miss Tahiti Saturday, 22 June 2012, in Papeete, Tahiti. Prior to winning, Hinarani was the candidate that has been chosen by the public in order to be one of the four finalist of Miss Tahiti."}, {"context": " During the show, the question she had to answer was \"What does represent the beauty for you?\" Her answer was \"Tastes and color cannot be debating, beauty is present in the eyes of the one who watch, it's a subjectivity issue. As the former first lady, Eleanor Roosevelt said future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams and tonight I want to believe in mine. The one who'll get the crown will beautifully finish the evening.\" This title allowed her to participate in Miss France which was held on December 8 in Limoges."}, {"context": " Her first runner-up, Ariirau Sandras competed in Miss International 2012. Second runner-up is Ina Pater and Miss Heiva is Vaea Terorohauepa. Hinarani de Longeaux was crowned the 1st runner up at Miss France 2013. Even if she was the favorite, she did not get the crown, she's Marine Lorphelin first runner up. This place allow her to participate in international pageants such as Miss World. After the Miss France show, she fulfilled her duties as first runner up by assisting in regional pageants and events, for the moment she's living in Paris."}, {"context": " Hinarani later replaced Marine Lorphelin as France's representative at Miss Universe 2013. Hinarani was appointed as Miss Universe France 2013 due to Miss France, Marine Lorphelin being unable to participate in Miss Universe due to a busy schedule (Preparations for Miss France 2014 and Miss Universe 2013 were at the same time). Miss France 2013/2014 was held in December. De Longeaux represented France at Miss Universe 2013. Although considered a favourite, she failed to place in the semifinals, ending France's four-year streak of consecutive placements in Miss Universe, from 2009 through 2012."}]}, {"title": "Hinarere Taputu", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinarere Taputu (born in Tahiti, France) is a French model and beauty pageant titleholder who was the 1st Runner-up of Miss France 2015 contest and competed at Miss World 2015. Taputu lives in Tahiti. On 29 June 2014, she went on to be crowned Miss Tahiti 2014 in Papeete and received the right to represent Tahiti in Miss France 2015. She placed as first runner up at the Miss France 2015. As Miss World France 2015, Taputu competed at the Miss World 2015 where she made the top 11. She placed in the Top 24 of the Miss World Sport special event challenge as a member of the Blue Team."}]}, {"title": "Hinari", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinari Domestic Appliances or Hinari LP is a British manufacturer of budget domestic electrical products. Hinari was acquired by Alba plc in 1989. Hinari has recently produced an electrical product named 'Hinari Aqua-Flow made using Brita's water filteration design and Hinari's 'style'. Hinari has also produced televisions along with Schneider. Hinari is based at Elstree office along with Bush and Grundig UK. Joanne Wood Design is the current designer for Hinari LP."}]}, {"title": "Hinase Station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " !colspan=5|JR West"}]}, {"title": "Hinase, Okayama", "paragraphs": [{"context": " On March 22, 2005, Hinase, along with the towns of Yoshinaga (also from Wake District), was merged into the expanded city of Bizen. As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,347 and a density of 232.44 persons per km\u00b2. The total area was 35.91\u00a0km\u00b2. Hinase is best accessed via train, along the Ako line from Okayama station, on the train terminating at Banshu-Ako. Upon arrival at Hinase station, visitors are greeted by the sight of a bay with a huge hill on the other side. Upon the side of the hill is pruned the word Hinase in Hiragana text (\u3072\u306a\u305b). At night, this large sign is lit up with light in a beautiful display."}, {"context": " Hinase's main industry is Oyster (kaki) farming. The waters in the area contain many oyster-rafts and are quite picturesque at sunset when viewed from local hilltops. Oyster season is in winter (December to February) and many people come from other towns just to buy oysters from the local fish-market. In mid-February, Hinase hosts its annual Oyster Festival (Kaki-Matsuri. On this day oysters can be purchased fresh and cooked in public BBQ areas for consumption. Local delicacies, such as Kaki-Oko (Oyster Okonomiyaki), a pancake-type dish with cabbage, vegetables, oysters and a piquant sauce) are proudly served up to visitors and locals alike."}, {"context": " Also famous in the area are Kaki-Fry (fried oysters) which can be served with a sauce, or in a soft-serve ice-cream covered in soya-sauce. Every summer, on August 13, the town hosts its annual summer fireworks festival (Minato Matsuri). From mid-afternoon, food stalls start selling their fare and amusement stalls offer entertainment for the children. In the evening, the highlight of the festival starts - a display of fireworks over the bay. On a stage nearby, locals perform dances (traditional Japanese-style and modern hip-hop), Taiko (drums) displays and even showcase local bands."}]}, {"title": "Hinasuri", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinasuri is an extinct genus of rhea from the Pliocene. Its fossils have been found in Argentina."}]}, {"title": "Hinata", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinata is both a unisex Japanese given name and a Japanese surname. Hinata can be written using different kanji characters and can mean: The name can also be written in hiragana: \u201c\u3072\u306a\u305f\u201d or katakana: \u201c\u30d2\u30ca\u30bf\u201d."}]}, {"title": "Hinata (kickboxer)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinata Watanabe (born August 26, 1986 in Hiratsuka), or HINATA, is a Japanese welterweight kickboxer fighting out of Hiratsuka, Japan for the Shonan Kakuto Club. He is the 2008 R.I.S.E. champion currently competing in R.I.S.E. and K-1 MAX. Hinata made his pro debut with R.I.S.E. at the G-Bazooka Tournament event in 2005 losing in a non-tournament match. Over the next couple of years he had a fairly unspectacular fight record on the local circuit winning nine and losing six between 2005 and 2007. He had his first taste of success in 2008 winning a playoff at R.I.S.E. 46 to earn himself a shot at the organizations middleweight title, against a fighter who had defeated Hinata the previous year, at R.I.S.E. 48. This time Hinata would have his revenge, beating Ryuji to win the R.I.S.E. middleweight title -70 kg. As champion he had an additional bonus - qualifying for the following year's K-1 MAX Japan tournament \u2013 as R.I.S.E. was a feeder for the larger K-1 organization."}, {"context": " In 2009 Hinata entered the annual K-1 World MAX Japan tournament with the victor having a chance at qualification for the K-1 World MAX final later that year. Hinata caused an upset by defeating the reigning K-1 MAX Japan champion Yasuhiro Kido by decision in the quarter finals. This victory did, however, come at a cost, with the young fighter being unable to continue in the tournament due to a broken nose suffered in the win. His performances at the K-1 MAX Japan lead to him being called up for a super fight at the K-1 World MAX 2009 Final 8 where he lost to The Contender Asia Series 1 fighter Dzhabar Askerov. He made a further appearance for K-1 before the end of the year at the K-1 World MAX 2009 Final in another super fight, this time shocking MAX regular and multiple world champion Mike Zambidis by taking a unanimous victory."}, {"context": " By now a well known face on the local circuit Hinata re-entered the K-1 World MAX Japan 2010 where he caused another upset by defeating 2009 K-1 World MAX semi finalist Yuya Yamamoto in the quarter finals, only to suffer a KO defeat to fellow up and coming fighter Hiroki Nakajima in less than a minute of their semi final bout. This defeat meant that Hinata would miss out on qualification for the MAX final and showed that he still had some work to do. In his very next fight Hinata burst on to the global scene where he upset top five middleweight fighter and heavy favourite Artur Kyshenko with a spectacular crescent kick TKO. The victory meant that Hinata moved up to 12 in the international middleweight division rankings on HeadkickLegend in their October 2010 rankings."}, {"context": " He lost to Warren Stevelmans via unanimous decision (30-28, 28-27 and 29-28) at \"Shootboxing 2012 - Act 4\" on September 17, 2012 in Tokyo, Japan, failing to qualify for the 2012 S-Cup. Hinata knocked out Norihisa Amimoto in round two at \"REBELS.13\" on October 28, 2012. He rematched Andy Ristie in a reserve bout at the \"Shoot Boxing World Tournament 2012\" in Tokyo, Japan on November 17, 2012 and lost by TKO in the first round once again. He beat Masatoshi Hyakutake by unanimous decision at \"Shoot Boxing 2013 - Act 1\" in Tokyo on February 22, 2013."}, {"context": " He defeated Takuma Konishi via unanimous decision for the vacant REBELS -70\u00a0kg/154\u00a0lb title at \"REBELS 15\" in Tokyo on April 14, 2013. He knocked out Kanai Kenji with a second round high kick at \"Shootboxing 2013 - Act 3\" in Tokyo on June 23, 2013. He stopped Johann Fauveau with low kicks in round three at \"\" in Ontario, California, United States on September 28, 2013. He defeated Josh Jauncey by unanimous decision at \"Shoot Boxing Battle Summit Ground Zero Tokyo 2013\" in Tokyo, Japan on November 15, 2013."}]}, {"title": "Hinata Hyuga", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kishimoto had originally created Hinata as person who would not fight across the story, but in the end he chose to portray her as a kunoichi. In the making of the series, Kishimoto had decided Hinata would marry Naruto; however, the plot regarding their romance was conceived by screenwriter Maruo Kyozuka. Hinata's design has been modified by Kishimoto throughout the franchise's story in order to fit the character's growth. She is voiced by Nana Mizuki in the original animated series and Stephanie Sheh in the English adaptations. Critical reception to the character has been mostly positive due to her actions in the series and her bigger role in \"The Last\" \u2014 her interactions with Naruto and her engagement in a conflict with the film's villain have been praised. Hinata has also been very popular with the \"Naruto\" reader base, placing high in polls. Merchandise based on Hinata have been released, including action figures, key chains and figurines."}, {"context": " In creating Hinata Hyuga, Masashi Kishimoto originally designed a sketch which was shown to one of his assistants. In this sketch, Hinata was not a ninja and instead wore a fashion dress. Kishimoto remarked he had created this design for fun, emphasizing that he wanted Hinata to have a different personality. Nonetheless, the final design changed drastically, with Hinata becoming a ninja and a modern girl at the same time. For the series' Part II, Hinata was designed to look like a woman who is beautiful but avoids using make-up and is more focused on fighting."}, {"context": " In 2017, Kishimoto said in an interview that he had decided on Naruto Uzumaki and Hinata getting married from the early stages of the manga. He felt that their relationship was meant to be as Hinata had been supportive of Naruto since the beginning, even before Iruka Umino; however, this angered his wife, who wanted Naruto to end up with Sakura Haruno instead. As the character's popularity was increasing, Kishimoto decided that Hinata would have a bigger role in the final arc. As a result, he conceived the idea of killing Hinata's cousin, Neji Hyuga, in order for her to offer support to Naruto while being protected by Neji before his death. Stephanie Sheh, Hinata's English voice actress, originally auditioned for both Hinata and Sakura Haruno. She felt pleasure when she received Hinata's role as she found her relatable due to her self-esteem issues. Sheh stated that she wanted her character to end up with Naruto due to her feelings for him."}, {"context": " In the film \"\" (2014), Hinata knits a red scarf for Naruto. This was based on how Kishimoto's wife had actually once done for him, which brought laughs to the staff while developing the film. Screenwriter Maruo Kyozuka said he wanted to depict a love triangle between Naruto, Hinata, and Toneri Otsutsuki in \"The Last\". Hinata's character was also developed in the film, with Kyozuka saying that she had to put aside her feelings for Naruto to accept Toneri's proposal so that she could rescue Hanabi Hyuga, her sister. Nana Mizuki, Hinata's Japanese voice actress, was surprised by the focus her character received. After seeing Hinata as a young adult, Mizuki commented that she was amazed by how womanly and mature Hinata had become. She expressed similar feelings regarding Hinata's interactions with Naruto's young adult self. The character's attributes such as her personality and her unwillingness to give up regardless of the situation were what made Mizuki like Hinata. Her favorite scene in the film was Naruto's love confession to Hinata. Mizuki was happy for what this meant to her character, but she did not enjoy the moment when Hinata took Toneri's side. Kishimoto felt embarrassment when it came to the romance in the film, stating that he was not sure if he would be able to look at the scene depicting Naruto and Hinata's kiss. Nevertheless, he felt a combination of satisfaction and sadness due to the couple's development, stating that he considered them his children."}, {"context": " Hinata's appearance was altered when she became a young adult. The clothing she wore varied from girlish clothing to clothing that brought about an adult atmosphere. The character viewed being able to move her feet as important, so she wore clothes with low heels. To make her more like an adult woman, Kishimoto designed her with a strong image in mind. However, drawing Hinata with a pretty and feminine face was difficult, so he largely left the task to Tetsuya Nishio, who was in charge of aiding the author with the character designs. Also, he conceptualized her with a fixed design behind her waist so that her pouch would not get in the way. Different from always being embarrassed in front of Naruto, Hinata wore a languorous expression, which is characteristic of a woman that is deeply in love."}, {"context": " For the film \"\" (2015) and the following projects, Hinata was further redesigned. Kishimoto made her hair shorter since it had become a hindrance for her due to her often interactions with her children. Her clothes were created in order to fit her growth as a housewife while still retaining the fashion Hinata likes. Hinata, the eldest of Hiashi Hyuga's two children, is raised as the heiress to Hyuga clan's main household due to Hiashi being the elder between him and his twin brother, Hizashi, and thereby making Hiashi head of the clan while Hizashi is demoted to the Branch House whose only purpose is to serve the upper branch. Hinata is nearly kidnapped at a young age, though saved by her father; this serves as the catalyst of the Hyuga Affair, which ends with Hizashi willingly taking the place of Hiashi to compensate for the death of the head ninja who tried to kidnap Hinata so that a breach in the treaty between the Hyuga clan's village of Konohagakure and Kumogakure is prevented. Growing up, Hinata is trained by Hiashi, but he begins to have doubts about her ability to lead the clan after seeing her struggles during their sessions. As a result, he apparently disowns her, having her younger sister, Hanabi Hyuga, as the heiress. Hinata also meets Naruto Uzumaki during her youth, developing an interest in him after he defends her while she is being bullied because of her eyes. That event and Naruto's refusal to give up against adversity inspire Hinata to become a stronger person. However, Hinata's admiration for Naruto gradually turns into romantic feelings."}, {"context": " Hinata is introduced in Part I of the \"Naruto\" manga during the Chunin Exams, a series of tests that are meant to upgrade her status as a rookie, along with her teammates \u2014 Kiba Inuzuka and Shino Aburame. She reaches the third examination, where she is forced to fight her cousin, Neji Hyuga. Despite her fears, Naruto encourages her to battle him. She is nearly killed in combat, and Naruto decides to avenge her. At the end of Part I, after Naruto leaves to be trained by Jiraiya, Hinata vows to become a stronger person. In Part II, two-and-a-half years after the events of Part I, Hinata has been promoted to Chunin and reunites with Naruto, fainting at seeing him for the first time in years. Hinata and her team aid Team Kakashi on a collaborative mission to find both rogue ninja Sasuke Uchiha and his brother, Itachi Uchiha, though the mission is ultimately a failure. After the Akatsuki terrorist leader, Pain, attacks Konohagakure and overwhelms Naruto in combat, Hinata attempts to save the youth while finally admitting her feelings for him. Though impaled by Pain as means to force Naruto to see the world from his perspective, Hinata survives and her injuries are healed soon afterward by Sakura. When the Fourth Great Ninja War begins, Hinata is placed in the same division as Neji, and she joins Naruto in the battle against the Ten-Tails after her cousin sacrifices himself to protect them. She manages to defeat the clone of the Ten-Tails but later gets caught in the Infinite Tsukuyomi, imaging a relationship with Naruto before being released. After Naruto is able to defeat and reform Sasuke, Hinata and everyone else are released from the Infinite Tsukuyomi. She later attends Neji's funeral alongside Naruto and the rest of the Konohagakure shinobi. In the following years, Hinata and Naruto marry and have two children, a son named Boruto Uzumaki and a daughter named Himawari Uzumaki."}, {"context": " The events of \"The Last: Naruto the Movie\" take place two years after the Great Ninja War in the series' Part II. At the age of 18, Hinata hopes to give Naruto a red scarf she knitted herself as a gift of love. Soon after this, Toneri Otsutsuki infiltrates Konohagakure and kidnaps Hinata's sister, Hanabi, in order to use her as his new eyes. Hinata joins Team Kakashi and Shikamaru Nara on the mission to save her sister. During their journey through the abandoned Shinobi village of the Otsutsuki Clan, Naruto returns Hinata's feelings for him. Despite this, Hinata has been contacted by the spirit of her ancestor, Hamura Otsutsuki, to aid him as the \"Byakugan Princess\"; thus, she allows herself to be captured by Toneri on the assumption that she will become his bride so that she can destroy the . However, Toneri realizes the deception and brainwashes Hinata after destroying the scarf she originally created for Naruto. Naruto's team finally catches up, and a massive attack on Toneri's palace begins. The team splits, with Naruto rescuing Hinata from the wedding ceremony while the others secure Hanabi. Hinata carries out Hamura's will by helping Naruto destroy the Tenseigan and stop Toneri. In spite of this, Toneri's Tenseigan chakra cloak grants him the power to slice the moon in half, placing Hinata in a giant bird cage. Naruto enters Nine-Tails Chakra Mode, and a huge duel ensues. Near the end, Naruto grasps the last remaining shred of Hinata's scarf and channels his chakra to deliver a punch strong enough to pin Toneri against the wall and depower him, stopping the moon from falling. Hinata takes Hanabi's eyes back from Toneri and returns them to her sister. Soon after, Hinata and Naruto reaffirm their mutual love as they enter into a relationship that leads to their marriage and the start of their family."}, {"context": " In \"Boruto: Naruto the Movie\", Hinata tries to make the best of Himawari's birthday by planning a party in Naruto's absence due to his new duties as Hokage. She then watches Boruto while he competes in the Chunin Exams, being approached by Naruto to use her Byakugan to confirm his suspicions that their son is cheating by using a particular ninja tool. After Momoshiki Otsutsuki and Kinshiki Otsutsuki attack and subsequently kidnap Naruto, Hinata tries to rescue him by giving chase to the pair, only to be wounded and healed by Sakura. While Hinata is against Boruto joining Sasuke's rescue team, she eventually gives in. With Naruto then rescued, Hinata tends to the damage of Boruto's jacket before he declines."}, {"context": " Besides \" The Last: Naruto the Movie\" and \"Boruto: Naruto the Movie\", Hinata appears in five other \"Naruto\" feature films; in \"Naruto Shippuden the Movie\" (2007), she and Shino briefly cross paths with Team 7; in \"\" (2008), Hinata, Naruto and Sakura are on a mission to escort Amaru and Shinno to their respective villages, with Hinata incorrectly confirming the death of Amaru and being captured along with the villagers, though later being freed by Amaru; in \"\" (2009), she goes in search of Naruto and Sakura who are themselves looking for Kakashi Hatake, and she joins Neji in attacking the flying beast fusion of Ni, Ichi and San, afterward combining their attacks to destroy it; in \"\" (2011), Hinata works in a team to bring Naruto back from the Blood Prison; in \"\" (2012), taking place prior to the Fourth Great Ninja War, Hinata fights off an attack from the Akatsuki while an alternate version of her, who wears less clothing and has more confidence and assertiveness, appears in the Genjutsu World created by Obito Uchiha, who has used the tailed beasts in his possession. A light novel titled \"Sakura Hiden: Thoughts of Love, Riding Upon a Spring Breeze\" (2015), written by Tomohito \u014csaki and illustrated by Kishimoto, details a date between Hinata and Naruto, the pair trying to save Sakura after her kidnapping by Kido Tsumiki but being too late to rescue her as she has already saved herself."}, {"context": " Hinata is a popular character among \"Naruto\" fans, ranking 10th in the first annual character popularity poll, 6th in both the second and third, 12th in the fourth, 9th in the fifth, 13th in the sixth, and 10th in the seventh. Amy McNulty of \"Anime News Network\" complimented the voice work of Stephanie Sheh for \"simultaneously conveying the character's shyness, anxiety and determination\". Hinata merchandise has been released, including figurines. Reviewing one of the series' early story arcs, Carl Kimlinger of \"Anime News Network\" said that her fight stimulated her \"determination to change\" because of her weak personality. \"IGN\"s Charles White enjoyed Hinata's character arc in the first anime series, praising how she fought alone in order to save Naruto from the antagonist Jiga. During the series' final arc, Chris Beveridge of \"The Fandom Post\" liked the way Hinata supported Naruto and helped him to keep fighting against their enemies alongside her. Critic Yukari Fujimoto stated that Hinata, along with other female characters, prioritized love, treating it as more important than excelling as a ninja. After seeing her in the series' Part II for the first time, Jason Thompson enjoyed Hinata's design and expected that she and Naruto would form a couple in the future. For the finale, Ramsey Isler of \"IGN\" stated that while Hinata and Naruto ending up together was not a surprise, it nonetheless disappointed some fans who wanted Naruto to start a relationship with Sakura Haruno."}, {"context": " Critical reception to the development of Naruto and Hinata's relationship in \"The Last\" was generally positive. Charles Solomon of \"Los Angeles Times\" regarded their relation in the film as an \"awkward romance\", while \"Japanator.com\" wrote that Hinata's struggles with romance were part of the film's favorable aspects. McNulty said that, while the romance might have come off as awkward at first, it became much more appealing to the viewers as the film went on. Brendan Ha of \"Otaku USA\" felt that while many readers had known Hinata's feelings for Naruto ever since her early appearances in the series, Naruto's feelings for her had never been seen and thus \"The Last\" helped to show them. Ha praised the way Hinata tried to confess her love to Naruto, making the film \"touching\". Beveridge found the two characters' development appealing, but he also stated that he wished the film had been condensed in order to focus on the main couple only. \"UK Anime Network\" writer Dan Rhodes agreed with Beveridge, saying the main storyline's focus was Hinata and Naruto's relationship rather than the appearance of the film's villain, whom he considered forgettable. Chris Homer, another \"The Fandom Post\" writer, felt that \"Naruto\" fans had wanted to see this particular pair together for over fifteen years and stated the film \"delivers\"; he also praised the relationship between Hinata and Sakura as the latter tried to help Hinata confess her love to Naruto. David West of \"Neo\" said that Hinata and Naruto's relationship was well executed, and he praised the inclusion of previous events from the series in which the two characters were together. He also enjoyed Hinata's role in the film and what happened between her and the antagonist.  In March 2018, Chinese animator Chengxi Huang posted a video of Naruto and Hinata embracing each other naked. The image got disapproval from young fans as they considered it \"gross\". Huang's apology stated that the animation was simply practice, and that he wanted to portray the everyday life of a married couple but still deleted the video in response."}]}, {"title": "Hinata Kashiwagi", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Hinata Kida", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinata Kida joined J1 League club Cerezo Osaka in 2017."}]}, {"title": "Hinata Miyazawa", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Miyazawa was born in Minamiashigara on November 21, 1999. After graduating from high school, she joined Nippon TV Beleza in 2018. She was selected Best Young Player Award in 2018 season. In September 2016, Miyazawa was selected Japan U-17 national team for 2016 U-17 World Cup. She played at all 6 matches and Japan won the 2nd place. In August 2018, she was selected Japan U-20 national team for 2018 U-20 World Cup. She played at all 6 matches. At final against Spain, she scored a opening goal and Japan won the championship.  November 11, 2018, she debuted for Japan national team against Norway."}]}, {"title": "Hinata Station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinata Station is a station on the Tarumi Line, and is located 28.3 rail kilometers from the opposing terminus of the line at . Hinata Station has one ground-level side platform serving a single bi-directional track. The station is unattended. !colspan=5|Tarumi Railway Hinata Station opened on March 25, 1989."}]}, {"title": "Hinata Takeda", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Takeda has a sister named Enaga Senno, who is an illustrator and is four years younger than her. In January 2017, she died due to illness. It was made public by the entry by Kazuki Sakuraba, author of \"Dragon Age\" released on 9 May of the same year, June 2017 issue of the same day and \"Gosick\" on the same day."}]}, {"title": "Hinatawada Station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinatawada Station is served by the \u014cme Line, located 21.4 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Tachikawa Station. This station consists of a single side platform serving a single bi-directional track. The station opened on 1895. It was nationalized in 1944. It became part of the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) with the breakup of the Japanese National Railways in 1987. In fiscal 2014, the station was used by an average of 893 passengers daily (boarding passengers only)."}]}, {"title": "Hinatayama Station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinatayama Station is served by the Hisatsu Line."}]}, {"title": "Hinatua River", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hinatua River is a small river in the Westland District of New Zealand's South Island. Its headwaters are on Mount Hercules, near State Highway 6 as it runs between Harihari and Te Taho. The Hinatua River then flows in a general northerly direction, passing just to the east of the Saltwater Lagoon before flowing close to the Tasman Sea coastline before joining the Poerua River at its rivermouth."}]}, {"title": "Hinatuan Enchanted River", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hinatuan Enchanted River, also called the Hinatuan Sacred River, is a deep spring river on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. It flows into the Philippine Sea and the Pacific Ocean at Barangay Talisay, Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur. It is found between the boundaries of Barangays of Talisay and Cambatong. It earned the moniker \"enchanted river\" from the diplomat Modesto Farolan who described the river in his poem entitled \"Rio Encantado\". Hinatuan Bay, which is the habitat of various species of turtles, is located at its mouth. Its mouth also offers a safe anchorage against storms and typhoons."}, {"context": " The first exploration to the cave of the Hinatuan Enchanted River was made by Alex Santos in 1999. The major exploration to the cave system started eleven years later when a group of three cave divers led by Dr. Alfonso Amores with team members Bernil Gastardo and Emgee Guillermo entered the cave in February 2010. The major exploration led to the discovery of a hidden cave opening at 30 meters' depth. Succeeding expeditions have been made that led to the discovery of the underwater cave's chamber. During its sixth expedition on June 17, 2014, Dr. Amores perished after failing to exit the narrow entrance to the cave due to a cardiac arrest at 40 meters' depth inside the narrow tunnel to the Mayor's Chamber of the cave in the Hinatuan Enchanted River."}, {"context": " Explorations have continued in March 2015 aiming to discover its unexplored area beyond its 82 meters' depth and is now led by Bernil Gastardo under contract with GIZ, University of San Carlos-Biology Department, and DENR-BMB under the project Hinatuan Enchanted River Underwater Cave System Rapid Source Assessment (HERUCS). Beginning on March 20, a collaborative 5-day assessment and mapping of the ecosystem was conducted by the University of San Carlos and the Filipino Cave Divers (FCD). The river's unusual colors and unexplored depths has inspired various local legends. One story tell of fairies that added the colors of sapphire and jade to the river to make its unique shade. Local fisherfolk also report seeing fish in the river that cannot be caught through any means. According to locals, the river was called the Enchanted River because of the \"engkantos\" that dwell there. Their legends also say that the river is haunted by supernatural beings which act as its protectors.  Since 2017, the local government of Hinatuan prohibits tourists from swimming on the main pool due to preservation and maintenance. However, they still designated a swimming area for tourists near the center of the lagoon which is 10 meters away from the main pool. Daily fish feeding schedule was also changed from 12 noon to 3 in the afternoon. This is done by playing the \"Hymn of Hinatuan\"."}]}, {"title": "Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinatuan is a second class municipality in the province of Surigao del Sur, Philippines. According to the , it has a population of people. Hinatuan is approximately 44 kilometers (27 miles) north of Bislig, a component city in the same province. Hinatuan is politically subdivided into 24 barangays. Clear blue waters of the underground river in Brgy. Talisay, Hinatuan, popularly called as the \"Hinatuan Enchanted River\" is a known attraction among tourists both locally and internationally."}]}, {"title": "Hinau", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinau may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Hinault", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinault is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}]}, {"title": "Hinauri", "paragraphs": [{"context": " In M\u0101ori mythology, Hinauri is the sister of M\u0101ui and the wife of Irawaru. M\u0101ui becomes annoyed with Irawaru and stretches out his limbs, turning him into a dog. When Hinauri asks M\u0101ui if he has seen her husband, M\u0101ui tells her to call \u201cMoi! Moi!\u201d whereupon the poor dog runs up, and Hinauri, learning the truth, throws herself into the sea (Tregear 1891:107)."}]}, {"title": "Hinava", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinava is a traditional native dish of the Kadazan-Dusun people in the state of Sabah. It is made from fish and mixed with lime juice, bird's eye chili, sliced shallots and grated ginger. While the Kadazan are famous with their \"Hinava tongii\"."}]}, {"title": "Hinawi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The name Hinawi is derived from \"Bani Hina\". The Hinawis migrated to Oman in 200 AD following the catastrophe caused by the failure of the Marib Dam. Selection of the Ibadi Imamate in 8th century Oman was secured by an agreement which included Hinawis and Ghafiri leadership. When the tribes migrated to Oman, there were two distinct groups of Yemeni descent, one was the Azdites which included Ibadi and Hinawi creeds while the Sunnis and Gh\u0101fir\u012b creeds belonged to the second group of Nizari (Nejdi)."}, {"context": " Frequent conflicts between the two groups came to the fore during the election of the Imamate in 1719, which was contested by one Hinawi and one Ghafiri candidate. A typical trait of the rivalry was witnessed in the support each confederation provided to ruling sultans to further their own interests. During the conflicts between the confederations, and the rivalry of the imam and the sultan, the British played an intermediary role which resulted in a stable Sultanate in Oman during the period of 1920-54. Although feuds still persist, the outburst is generally limited in the present day to football rivalry between the teams of both confederations.  The following were recorded as Hinawi associated tribes in northern and central Oman:"}]}, {"title": "Hinayana", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"H\u012bnay\u0101na\" () is a Sanskrit term literally meaning the \"inferior vehicle\". Tibetan teachers translate it \"smaller vehicle\". The term was applied to the \"\u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na\", the Buddhist path followed by a \u015br\u0101vaka who wished to become an arhat. This pejorative term appeared around the first or second century. H\u012bnay\u0101na was often contrasted with \"Mah\u0101y\u0101na\", which means the \"great vehicle\". In 1950 the World Fellowship of Buddhists declared that the term H\u012bnayana should not be used when referring to any form of Buddhism existing today."}, {"context": " In the past, the term was widely used by Western scholars to cover \"the earliest system of Buddhist doctrine\", as the \"Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary\" put it. Modern Buddhist scholarship has deprecated the pejorative term, and uses instead the term \"Nikaya Buddhism\" to refer to early Buddhist schools. \"Hinayana\" has also been used as a synonym for Theravada, which is the main tradition of Buddhism in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia; this is considered inaccurate and derogatory. Robert Thurman writes, \"'Nikaya Buddhism' is a coinage of Professor Masatoshi Nagatomi of Harvard University, who suggested it to me as a usage for the eighteen schools of Indian Buddhism to avoid the term 'Hinayana Buddhism,' which is found offensive by some members of the Theravada tradition.\""}, {"context": " Within Mahayana Buddhism, there were a variety of interpretations as to whom or to what the term \"Hinayana\" referred. Kalu Rinpoche stated the \"lesser\" or \"greater\" designation \"did not refer to economic or social status, but concerned the spiritual capacities of the practitioner\". The Chinese monk Yijing, who visited India in the 7th century, distinguished Mah\u0101y\u0101na from H\u012bnay\u0101na as follows: The word \"h\u012bnay\u0101na\" is formed of \"h\u012bna\": \"little\", \"poor\", \"inferior\", \"abandoned\", \"deficient\", \"defective\"; and \"y\u0101na\" (\u092f\u093e\u0928): \"vehicle\", where \"vehicle\" means \"a way of going to enlightenment\". The Pali Text Society's \"Pali-English Dictionary\" (1921\u201325) defines \"h\u012bna\" in even stronger terms, with a semantic field that includes \"poor, miserable; vile, base, abject, contemptible\", and \"despicable\"."}, {"context": " The term was translated by Kum\u0101raj\u012bva and others into Classical Chinese as \"small vehicle\" (\u5c0f meaning \"small\", \u4e58 meaning \"vehicle\"), although earlier and more accurate translations of the term also exist. In Mongolian (\"Baga Holgon\") the term for hinayana also means \"small\" or \"lesser\" vehicle, while in Tibetan there are at least two words to designate the term, \"theg chung\" meaning \"small vehicle\" and \"theg dman\" meaning \"inferior vehicle\" or \"inferior spiritual approach\". Thrangu Rinpoche has emphasized that \"hinayana\" is in no way implying \"inferior\". In his translation and commentary of Asanga's \"Distinguishing Dharma from Dharmata\", he writes, \"all three traditions of hinayana, mahayana, and vajrayana were practiced in Tibet and that the hinayana which literally means \"lesser vehicle\" is in no way inferior to the mahayana.\""}, {"context": " According to Jan Nattier, it is most likely that the term H\u012bnay\u0101na postdates the term Mah\u0101y\u0101na and was only added at a later date due to antagonism and conflict between the bodhisattva and \u015br\u0101vaka ideals. The sequence of terms then began with the term \"Bodhisattvay\u0101na\" \"bodhisattva-vehicle\", which was given the epithet Mah\u0101y\u0101na \"Great Vehicle\". It was only later, after attitudes toward the bodhisattva teachings had become more critical, that the term H\u012bnay\u0101na was created as a back-formation, contrasting with the already established term Mah\u0101y\u0101na. The earliest Mah\u0101y\u0101na texts often use the term Mah\u0101y\u0101na as an epithet and synonym for Bodhisattvay\u0101na, but the term H\u012bnay\u0101na is comparatively rare in early texts, and is usually not found at all in the earliest translations. Therefore, the often-perceived symmetry between Mah\u0101y\u0101na and H\u012bnay\u0101na can be deceptive, as the terms were not actually coined in relation to one another in the same era."}, {"context": " According to Paul Williams, \"the deep-rooted misconception concerning an unfailing, ubiquitous fierce criticism of the Lesser Vehicle by the [Mah\u0101y\u0101na] is not supported by our texts.\" Williams states that while evidence of conflict is present in some cases, there is also substantial evidence demonstrating peaceful coexistence between the two traditions. Although the 18\u201320 early Buddhist schools are sometimes loosely classified as H\u012bnay\u0101na in modern times, this is not necessarily accurate. There is no evidence that Mah\u0101y\u0101na ever referred to a separate formal school of Buddhism but rather as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines. Paul Williams has also noted that the Mah\u0101y\u0101na never had nor ever attempted to have a separate vinaya or ordination lineage from the early Buddhist schools, and therefore bhik\u1e63us and bhik\u1e63u\u1e47\u012bs adhering to the Mah\u0101y\u0101na formally adheres to the vinaya of an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia and the M\u016blasarv\u0101stiv\u0101da ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Mah\u0101y\u0101na was never a separate sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mah\u0101y\u0101na and non-Mah\u0101y\u0101na monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side."}, {"context": " The Chinese Buddhist monk and pilgrim Yijing wrote about the relationship between the various \"vehicles\" and the early Buddhist schools in India. He wrote, \"There exist in the West numerous subdivisions of the schools which have different origins, but there are only four principal schools of continuous tradition.\" These schools are the Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika Nik\u0101ya, Sthavira nik\u0101ya, M\u016blasarv\u0101stiv\u0101da Nik\u0101ya, and Sa\u1e43mit\u012bya Nik\u0101ya. Explaining their doctrinal affiliations, he then writes, \"Which of the four schools should be grouped with the Mah\u0101y\u0101na or with the H\u012bnay\u0101na is not determined.\" That is to say, there was no simple correspondence between a Buddhist school and whether its members learn \"H\u012bnay\u0101na\" or \"Mah\u0101y\u0101na\" teachings."}, {"context": " To identify entire schools as \"H\u012bnay\u0101na\" that contained not only \u015br\u0101vakas and pratyekabuddhas but also Mah\u0101y\u0101na bodhisattvas would be attacking the schools of their fellow Mah\u0101y\u0101nists as well as their own. Instead, what is demonstrated in the definition of \"H\u012bnay\u0101na\" given by Yijing is that the term referred to individuals based on doctrinal differences. Scholar Isabelle Onians asserts that although \"the Mah\u0101y\u0101na ... very occasionally referred to earlier Buddhism as the Hinay\u0101na, the Inferior Way, [...] the preponderance of this name in the secondary literature is far out of proportion to occurrences in the Indian texts.\" She notes that the term \u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na was \"the more politically correct and much more usual\" term used by Mah\u0101y\u0101nists. Jonathan Silk has argued that the term \"Hinayana\" was used to refer to whomever one wanted to criticize on any given occasion, and did not refer to any definite grouping of Buddhists."}, {"context": " In the 7th century, the Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang describes the concurrent existence of the Mah\u0101vihara and the Abhayagiri vih\u0101ra in Sri Lanka. He refers to the monks of the Mah\u0101vihara as the \"H\u012bnay\u0101na Sthaviras\" and the monks of Abhayagiri vih\u0101ra as the \"Mah\u0101y\u0101na Sthaviras\". Xuanzang further writes, \"The Mah\u0101vih\u0101rav\u0101sins reject the Mah\u0101y\u0101na and practice the H\u012bnay\u0101na, while the Abhayagirivih\u0101rav\u0101sins study both H\u012bnay\u0101na and Mah\u0101y\u0101na teachings and propagate the \"Tripi\u1e6daka\".\" Mahayanists were primarily in philosophical dialectic with the Vaibh\u0101\u1e63ika school of Sarv\u0101stiv\u0101da, which had by far the most \"comprehensive edifice of doctrinal systematics\" of the nik\u0101ya schools. With this in mind it is sometimes argued that the Theravada would not have been considered a \"Hinayana\" school by Mahayanists because, unlike the now-extinct Sarvastivada school, the primary object of Mahayana criticism, the Theravada school does not claim the existence of independent dharmas; in this it maintains the attitude of early Buddhism. Additionally, the concept of the bodhisattva as one who puts off enlightenment rather than reaching awakening as soon as possible, has no roots in Theravada textual or cultural contexts, current or historical. Aside from the Theravada schools being geographically distant from the Mahayana, the Hinayana distinction is used in reference to certain views and practices that had become found within the Mahayana tradition itself. Theravada, as well as Mahayana schools stress the urgency of one's own awakening in order to end suffering. Some contemporary Theravadin figures have thus indicated a sympathetic stance toward the Mahayana philosophy found in the \"Heart Sutra\" and the \"M\u016blamadhyamakak\u0101rik\u0101\"."}, {"context": " The Mahayanists were bothered by the substantialist thought of the Sarv\u0101stiv\u0101dins and Sautr\u0101ntikins, and in emphasizing the doctrine of \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101, David Kalupahana holds that they endeavored to preserve the early teaching. The Theravadins too refuted the Sarv\u0101stiv\u0101dins and Sautr\u0101ntikins (and followers of other schools) on the grounds that their theories were in conflict with the non-substantialism of the canon. The Theravada arguments are preserved in the \"Kathavatthu\". Most western scholars regard the Theravada school to be one of the Hinayana schools referred to in Mahayana literature, or regard Hinayana as a synonym for Theravada. These scholars understand the term to refer to schools of Buddhism that did not accept the teachings of the Mah\u0101y\u0101na s\u016btras as authentic teachings of the Buddha. At the same time, scholars have objected to the pejorative connotation of the term Hinayana and some scholars do not use it for any school."}]}, {"title": "Hinba", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinba () is an island in Scotland of uncertain location that was the site of a small monastery associated with the Columban church on Iona. Although a number of details are known about the monastery and its early abbots, and various anecdotes dating from the time of Columba of a mystical nature have survived, modern scholars are divided as to its whereabouts. The source of information about the island is Adomn\u00e1n's late 7th-century \"Vita Columbae\". The islands of Eileach an Naoimh, Jura and Oronsay are the most likely candidates, although Seil and Canna are also possibilities."}, {"context": " The origin of the name 'Hinba' is Goidelic. The Hebrides remain the stronghold of the modern G\u00e0idhealtachd and unsurprisingly this language has had a significant influence on the island names still found there. Why then would an island name vanish from the records? As a result of the Norse impact on Scotland from some point prior to 900 AD and for several centuries thereafter many of the Hebridean island names were altered or replaced. It has been argued that these changes to the onomasticon only applied to the islands north of Ardnamurchan and that original Gaelic place names predominate to the south. However, recent research suggests that the obliteration of pre-Norse names throughout the Hebrides was almost total and Gaelic derived place names on the southern islands are of post-Norse origin."}, {"context": " Columba (521\u2013597), the first patron saint of Scotland, arrived in the kingdom of D\u00e1l Riata in modern Scotland from his homeland of Ireland in 563, and in the same year was granted land on Iona. This became the centre of his evangelising mission to the Picts. The Celtic monastic system made use of isolated retreat centres they called 'deserts' and there were two or more smaller monastic settlements associated with Iona. Mag Luigne on Tiree was one, Hinba the other, the latter being a favourite destination of Columba's for a period of contemplation. There may also have been similar outlying colonies on \"Elene Insula\" (possibly Nave Island off Islay) and \"Scia\" (Skye)."}, {"context": " It is uncertain when Hinba was founded, but the best estimates put it between 564 and 574, as there is a story (see below) of Columba receiving a message from an angel to ordain Aedan mac Gabrain as King of Dal Riata, which occurred in the year 574. The text of Adomnan's book, also seems to be written as though there was only one monastery on Hinba. St. Ernan, Abbot of Hinba was an uncle of St. Columba and one of the twelve who accompanied Columba from Ireland to Iona. He was appointed head of the community which Columba established on Hinba."}, {"context": " According to Columba's biographer, Ern\u00e1n was only abbot for a few days. In the story recorded, he was told by his nephew before leaving to Hinba that he did not expect to see him again in this life, and several days later, Ern\u00e1n became sick and went back to Iona to see his nephew, according to his own wish. When Columba was told his uncle had returned, Columba happily went out to meet him in the harbour, but when they were only 50 yards distant, Ern\u00e1n fell down dead. Baith\u00e9ne mac Br\u00e9naind was the second abbot of Iona (597\u2013600), and known to have administered the monasteries of both Hinba and Mag Luigne before succeeding to this position."}, {"context": " Adomn\u00e1n recorded several stories about the monastery on the island in relation to Columba in its early history. In one story, Columba arrived on Hinba and he granted a relaxation of the dietary rule for penitents. But one penitent, named Neman mac Cathir, refused to take this indulgence. Columba then told him that he and Baithene had given him this relaxation, which he refused, but someday he would find himself in the forest among thieves eating the flesh of a stolen mare. And after his penance was finished and he returned to the world, he one day found himself among thieves and eating this meat with them."}, {"context": " In another story he was in Hinba, excommunicating the sons of Conall mac Domnaill due to their attacks on churches and one of these men came to Columba and attacked him with a spear. One of the monks, who was wearing Columba's cowl, jumped in the way of the attacker and miraculously this garment prevented the spear from penetrating. The attacker then left, thinking he had killed Columba. This is a rocky islet in the Garvellach group in the Firth of Lorn. Columba is believed to have visited Eileach an Naoimh and it may be the burial site of his mother Eithne. However, Adomn\u00e1n the chronicler of the life of Columba, describes a settlement that may suggest a larger island than this one, which extends to only 56\u00a0ha (138\u00a0acres). Adomn\u00e1n also refers to a place name associated with the island called \"Muirbolcmar\". This is Gaelic for \"the great sea-bag\" and its interpretation has proven to be controversial. Watson took the view that it is not an obvious description of anywhere on the rocky coast of Eileach an Naoimh and that Hinba must therefore have been elsewhere."}, {"context": " However, Adomn\u00e1n notes that Brendan the Navigator set sail from Ireland to visit Columba and unexpectedly found him en route at Hinba. The elderly Brendan might well have chosen to stop off at a monastic settlement he himself had founded many years before on the island of \"Ailech\". Ailech is \"beyond reasonable doubt\" Eileach an Naoimh, suggesting that Hinba may have been Ailech continuing under another name. However, Watson suggests that it is \"most improbable\" that Adomnan would have given \"Ailech\" another name (i.e. Hinba) and points out that tiny Eileach an Naoimh is \"fitted for a penitential station rather than for a self-supporting community such as Columba's monasteries were\"."}, {"context": " An alternative proposed by Watson is Jura, some 6 miles south east of the Garvellachs. This much larger island is on the main sea route between the heartlands of D\u00e1l Riata and Ireland. It contains Loch Tarbert, a large arm of the sea that fits the description of a 'great sea-bag'. An alternative derivation of the name \"Hinba\" is that it is from the Old Irish \"inbe\" meaning 'incision', a description that could fit either Loch Tarbert or the prominent gap between the island's main hills, the Paps of Jura."}, {"context": " However, other scholars have taken the view that there is no reason to interpret Adomn\u00e1n's text to mean that 'Muirbolcmar' is a place on Hinba, but rather that it describes Hinba's position. A 'great sea-bag' is a fair description of the Firth of Lorn. According to Murray (1973), the name \"Hinba\", derives from the \"old\" Gaelic \"in\" (island) and \"ba\" (sea). He speculates that the original name would have been \"Na Hinba\", meaning \"the isles of the sea\". The English version of this name is a modern variant for the Garvellachs, further conflating Hinba with Eileach an Naoimh and its immediate neighbours. Murray goes so far as to say that Watson was \"confused\" and quotes four other authorities as being satisfied that Eileach an Naoimh and Hinba are the same."}, {"context": " On the other hand, Marsden (1995) describes Watson's arguments as \"a very convincing alternative\" noting that Watson records a local name for Jura of \"t-Eilean Ban\" ('the blessed isle') and a cave on Jura's shores called \"Uaimh mhuinn tir Idhe\" ('the cave of the folk of Hy'). Marsden adds to this that Ernan the one-time prior of Hinba is known to have been buried at Kellernandale on Jura and that an (unidentified) Ancient Monument's Commission report on Iona contains an entry of 'Hinba (Jura?)'."}, {"context": " Watson also discusses Oronsay as a possible candidate. This tidal islet had a medieval priory, the tidal bay between the isle and Colonsay has a \"bag-like horn\" to the north and it is \"en route\" from Ireland to Iona. Indeed, Columba first landed here on his initial journey from Ireland to Iona, but continued onwards when he discovered he could still see Ireland from the summit of Oronsay. The derivation of the name 'Oronsay' may be from Oran's Isle, St Oran being a companion of Saint Columba and the founder of the island's original monastery in 563. Murray (1966) states that the original Gaelic name was \"Eilean Orain\". Oran's original monastery may have been a dependency of Kiloran Abbey on nearby Colonsay."}, {"context": " The micro-climate of Colonsay/Oronsay is also similar to that of Iona and Tiree, being both sunnier and drier than Jura or Seil. Another possible site is Canna near R\u00f9m, about 64 miles north west of the Garvellachs. However, Canna is a most unlikely landfall on the journey Brendan took as it is well to the north of and thus beyond Iona and Tiree. The island of Seil lies to the north east of the Gravellachs and close to the mainland. Rae (2011) has suggested it as possible location of Hinba on various grounds. These include its association with Brendan, its location on an inshore trade route from Antrim to the north and its suitability for a substantial settlement. He suggests that the \"Muirbolcmar\" could refer to the Seil Sound and narrows at Clachan Bridge where the \"bag\" captures the rapidly flowing water that floods under the bridge and also argues for this location on etymological grounds. Equating \"Hinba\" with the Gaelic \"Inbhir\", he notes that the adjacent mainland parish of Kilninver means \"church of Inbhir\" and suggests that the derivation of \"Seil\" maybe of Scandinavian origin with similarities to the East Frisian place name \"Zijl\" or \"Syl\" meaning a \"seep or passage of water\". This, he proposes, could have been a Norse interpretation of Hinba/Inbhir. However, Mac an T\u00e0illeir (2003) notes that Kilninver or \"Cill an Inbhir\" \"appears to mean 'church by the river mouth', although an older form of \"Cill Fhionnbhair\", 'Finbar's church' appears."}, {"context": " It has also been suggested that Seil may be the \"Innisibsolian\" referred to in the \"Chronicle of the Kings of Alba\", which records a victory of the Scots over a Viking force during the time of Donald II in the 9th century. \"Innisibsolian\" is of Goidelic origin and if \"Solian\" is derived from 'Seil' as this early date it is hardly likely to have had a different Gaelic name prior to the arrival of the Norse. Furthermore, although south of Iona, Seil is not on a direct route to Iona from Ireland and the very strong tides in the area would make it an unlikely stopping off point. On the other hand, any sailor will tell you that tides can be of great help to boats that must be sailed or rowed. If the journey is well timed, fair tides aid a journey from Antrim to the sheltered sound of Jura, which (according to Neil Oliver) was a well used trade route in those days. If this route is taken Seil is a natural stopping off point with a choice if sheltered anchorages. The onward journey avoids tha dangerous rocks and unsheltered water of a direct route from Iona to Ireland. There is no need to pass through the gulf of corryvreckan when conditions are unfavourable."}, {"context": " Adomn\u00e1n records that Columba was visited on Hinba by St. Comgall, St. Cannich, St. Brendan, and St. Cormac. During a Mass, Brendan saw a luminous globe of fire above Columba's head that \"continued burning and rising up like a column of flame, till the Holy Mysteries had been completed\". According to the same source, on another occasion whilst visiting Hinba, Columba saw \"heavenly visions and revelations\" that lasted for three days and nights. In another story from Adomnan, Columba was living on the island of Hinba, at night he entered into a mental trance and he saw an angel of God coming to him holding a glass book on the ordination of kings. Columba received the book from him and began to read it. In the book, the command was given that he should ordain \u00c1ed\u00e1n mac Gabr\u00e1in as king of Dal Riata. Columba did not want to do so, because he considered \u00c1ed\u00e1n's brother Eogan\u00e1n as better. The angel then struck Columba with a whip, which gave him a scar that Columba carried the rest of his life. The angel then sternly spoke to Columba and told him that he had been sent by God with this glass book to have Columba ordain \u00c1ed\u00e1n as king, but if he refused, then the angel would strike him again. The angel came back to Columba each night for three days, and Columba then left Hinba to go to Iona where \u00c1ed\u00e1n had already come in order to ordain him as king."}]}, {"title": "Hinca Panjaitan", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinca Panjaitan (born September 25, 1964 in Asahan, North Sumatra) is an Indonesian politician. He is the Secretary General of the Democratic Party since May 2015. Hinca also served as Chairman of the DPP-Public Communication Division Democrat and a member of the convention committee election of Democratic presidential candidate. Hinca is also a PSSI board member. He had become Chairman of the Discipline Commission Football Association of Indonesia. At the PSSI congress on April 18, 2015 in Surabaya, Hinca was elected Vice Chairman of PSSI along with Erwin Dwi Budiawan.  Hinca is an advocate and a member of the Indonesian Advocates Association. Hinca had worked as Assistant Lecturer at the Faculty of Law of HKBP Nommensen University, Medan from 1987 to 1999."}]}, {"title": "Hincaster", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hincaster is a small hamlet and civil parish in the South Lakeland district of Cumbria, England, located between Kendal and Milnthorpe. It has a population of 195 increasing to 209 at the 2011 Census. Hincaster is most famous for the Hincaster Tunnel which is the longest tunnel on the Lancaster Canal. The building of Hincaster tunnel removed the major obstacle on the northern section of the canal. Faced with limestone, long, it is lined with something like four million bricks; these in a district where bricks were generally scarce as building material, were made from clay dug at Mosside Farm, on the canalside about south south east of Milness, by the present A65. On 4 February 1817, it was reported that 'two million bricks had been made and half the length of the tunnel completed'."}, {"context": " The Mosside brickworks were too efficient, for in 1818, Thomas Fletcher, the canal engineer, put up for sale 10,000 bricks, left over from the tunnel. These clay pits and the brickworks were resuscitated in 1845, employing over 100 men and 30 horses; these bricks were made for the new Lancaster to Carlisle railway. Navvies, the tough canal 'navigators' who were to dig the Hincaster section, attended the contract meeting in Kendal, afterwards causing a considerable riot in the town'. The \"Westmorland Advertiser\" promptly declared 'Sound policy demands that the ruffians should be held as an example to the unruly multitude which the culling of the canal will shortly bring to this populous neighbourhood'."}, {"context": " The Hincaster Branch was a single track railway branch line of the Furness Railway which ran from Arnside on the Furness main line to a junction with the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway (later the London and North Western Railway) at Hincaster Junction (Conolly, 1997). Intermediate stations were provided at Sandside and Heversham. The branch was opened in 1867, but passenger services ended on 4 May 1942 and the track between Sandside and Hincaster Junction was lifted in 1966. A short stub from Arnside to Sandside lasted into the 1970s to serve local quarries."}]}, {"title": "Hincaster branch line", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hincaster branch was a single-track railway branch line of the Furness Railway which ran from on the Furness main line to a junction with the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway (later the London and North Western Railway) at Hincaster. Intermediate stations were provided at and Heversham, with the main engineering work being a substantial 26-arch viaduct over the River Bela near Sandside. It was built primarily for use by mineral trains carrying coke and iron ore from County Durham to various ironworks in and around Barrow-in-Furness which had previously had to travel (and reverse) via the busy junction at . The branch was opened in 1876 and also carried a passenger service between and known locally as the \"Kendal Tommy\".  The passenger service ended on 4 May 1942 and the track between Sandside and Hincaster Junction was lifted in 1966 (through traffic having ceased three years earlier). A short stub from Arnside to Sandside lasted until 1972 to serve local quarries. Sections of the old trackbed survive and are used as a footpath and cycleway, though the viaduct and both intermediate stations have been demolished."}]}, {"title": "Hinca\u0306ut\u0326i", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinc\u0103u\u0163i is a commune in Edine\u0163 district, Moldova. It is composed of three villages: Cli\u015fc\u0103u\u0163i, Hinc\u0103u\u0163i and Poiana."}]}, {"title": "Hince", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hince is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}]}, {"title": "Hinch", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinch is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}]}, {"title": "Hinch Live", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinch Live is an Australian television current affairs and commentary program, broadcast on Sky News Australia and hosted by Derryn Hinch. The program initially aired as a twice weekly program on Saturday and Sunday nights (later airing solely on Sundays), and was originally scheduled to premiere on 31 January 2015, however the launch date was moved back a day to 1 February 2015. The format is a continuation of weeknight Sky News program \"Paul Murray Live\", which Hinch had been both guest host and a regular contributor."}, {"context": " Natasha Chadwick, a producer on the program and then-girlfriend of Hinch, quit the program on 27 March 2015 following the couple's separation. Despite announcing his intention to stand for a Senate seat as head of the Derryn Hinch Justice Party in October 2015, Hinch remained as host of \"Hinch Live\" until the election campaign, in a decision supported by Sky News. The show's final episode aired on 24 April 2016, ahead of the impending 2016 election campaign, with Hinch telling viewers the show was entering either \"semi or permanent recess\" depending on Hinch's success in winning a Senate position. Hinch was successful in his campaign and was elected as a Senator for Victoria, therefore ending the program."}]}, {"title": "Hinch, Missouri", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinch is an unincorporated community in Crawford County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. A post office called Hinch was established in 1896, and remained in operation until 1954. The community was named after William Hinch, an early settler."}]}, {"title": "Hinch, West Virginia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinch is an unincorporated community in Mingo County, West Virginia. Their Post Office no longer exists."}]}, {"title": "Hinchcliff House", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchcliff House is a heritage-listed former wool store, hostel for homeless men and university campus at 5-7 Young Street, Sydney, City of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The southern section was built , while the northern section was built in the 1880s. It is also known as Hinchcliff's Woolstore, Ozanam House and EF House. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. Andrew Hinchcliff, who developed a reputation as one of the best judges of wool in the colony, erected an iron shed in Young Street, at the corner of Custom House Lane, in 1845, and by about 1860 the firm of A Hinchcliff, Son & Co had built a stone wool store next door. In the late 1880s the iron shed was replaced by a building matching the stone store and erected against its north wall. These are the two connected components that survive today. The Bank of New South Wales, as mortgagor, leased the property in 1937 to German woolbuyers. A mortgagee sale in 1945 saw the property acquired by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney."}, {"context": " In 1949 it passed to the Society of St Vincent de Paul and was named Ozanam House in acknowledgment of the founder of the Society. In 1952 part of the building was used as the Matthew Talbot Hostel for Homeless Men. It included dormitories, a bookshop and soup kitchen on the ground floor, and barber's shop, and laundry in the basement. With the departure of the Hostel to larger premises, a new chapel was created on the ground floor of the 1880s structure in 1966. Today it is the only part of the building recalling 40 years of the Society of St Vincent de Paul's occupancy. The property was sold in 1988 to the AMP Society. It was occupied by the EF International School from 1992, and was then the Sydney campus of Southern Cross University, both of which subsequently relocated to other locations."}, {"context": " The building is presently being converted to a retail and dining venue as part of the Loftus Lane redevelopment, itself part of the broader Quay Quarter development. Hinchcliff House, formerly Hinchcliff Wool Stores, 5-7 Young Street, is one of only two known examples of its building type left in Sydney. (The other is the building now called Gallipoli House, in Loftus Street, whose appearance has been much compromised.) It has historic significance, evoking a bustling period in Sydney's history, when Circular Quay was the centre of the international shipping trade, and wool was Australia's chief export. It demonstrates the form and quality of the woolstore type that preceded the entrepreneurial display of wool in larger south lit buildings. The building is a handsome element in the streetscape and an intrinsically interesting architectural composition. The remaining timber internal structure, cathead beam structures, and a large hoist pulley characterising the manual lifting of wool to the upper floors, provide the building additional scientific significance."}, {"context": " Ozanam House was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. This building represents a distinctive period when Circular Quay was the centre of the international shipping trade, and wool was Australia's chief export. Its form and quality typify the kind of woolstore, now very uncommon, that was built merely to store wool as opposed to later woolstores with saw tooth southlight roofs which were built to display the wool as well. It is historically important for its association with the St Vincent de Paul Society which occupied the building for forty years, including its use as a hostel in the 1950s. Has historic significance at a State level."}, {"context": " The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. The interior structure of heavy timber posts, girders seated on stone bolsters, joists and timber flooring is typical of the pre-southlight type of warehouse constructed later in the century. The roof trusses, formed of dressed timber members with common rafters underlaid by boarding to form an attractive ceiling, are unusual. The cathead beam structures and large hoist pulley that characterise the manual lifting of wool to the upper floors are significant. The many loading doorways must have facilitated rapid handling of the wool. Has aesthetic significance at a State level."}, {"context": " The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. Intrinsically attractive, this building is an intact and small composition. Its facade, which addresses three streets, makes an important contribution to the streetscape of Circular Quay. It is also an interesting example of matching designs used in two periods of construction and for its evidence of several campaigns of adaptive re-use. It has aesthetic significance as a representative of the older gable roofed warehouse style, the function of which can still be interpreted.  The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. It is now a rare example of a building type that preceded the period when wool was displayed and sold to agents locally."}]}, {"title": "Hinchcliff, Mississippi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchcliff is an unincorporated community in Quitman County, Mississippi. Hinchcliff is located on Mississippi Highway 3, north of Marks."}]}, {"title": "Hinchcliffe", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchcliffe is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}]}, {"title": "Hinche", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinche (; ) is a commune in the Centre department Haiti. It has a population of about 50,000. It is the capital of the Centre department. Hinche is the hometown of Charlemagne P\u00e9ralte, the Haitian nationalist leader who resisted the United States occupation of Haiti that lasted between 1915\u20131934. The island of Hispaniola was discovered by the navigator Christopher Columbus in 1492. The original population of the island, the Tainos, were gradually destroyed by the Spanish conquistadors. The village of Hincha was founded in 1704, by Spanish settlers from the Canary Islands."}, {"context": " In 1739 its population was of 500 colonists, in 1760 its population reached 3,092 people, of whom 1,443 were slaves; in 1783 its population dropped to 2,993, this decline is explained by the founding of San Rafael de La Angostura and San Miguel de la Atalaya, these cities, located in the Central Plateau, along with San Francisco de B\u00e1nica and Dajab\u00f3n then totaled 18,000 inhabitants (14% of the Spanish colony\u2019s population). Its economy was primarily focused on the export of beef to the incipient French colony of Saint-Domingue, where the meat was 750% more expensive. In 1743 it had 19,335 livestock (the second largest in the Spanish colony), and in 1772 the number of livestock rose to 30,000 head, the largest one in the colony."}, {"context": " In 1776, the governors of Saint-Domingue and Santo Domingo agreed in San Miguel de la Atalaya to the creation of a joint commission that would draw the border between the two colonies. The following year, Spain and France signed the Treaty of Aranjuez (1777), and the border between the Spanish and French colonies was plotted. Hincha was the scene of armed conflict during the War of the First Coalition. At the end of this war, Spain was to yield to France under the Peace of Basel, their rights over all the Hispaniola island in exchange for the regions of the Basque Country, Navarre, Catalonia and Valencia, occupied by France during the war. However France did not take possession of the Spanish colony under the treaty until 1802. In 1801, amid the Haitian Revolution, Toussaint Louverture captured Santo Domingo and proclaimed the emancipation of the slaves. The next year, Napoleon Bonaparte sent an army commanded by his brother-in-law, General Charles Leclerc, who captured L\u2019Ouverture and sent him to France as prisoner. In 1809, during the course of the Napoleonic Wars, Spain regained its former possessions on the island and slavery was restored."}, {"context": " On December 1, 1821 it was declared in Santo Domingo the independence of the Republic of Spanish Haiti by the European-born and Criollo white colonial aristocracy, but this action was not supported by the population with any degree of African descent (including many slaves and servants who were phenotypically white), who were wary of the rule of pure whites, and preferred to unite with the \"French\" Haiti, because there was no slavery. On late 1821 and early 1822, Haiti sent emissaries to the central and northern Spanish Haiti to promote the accession of the country to Haiti, and the people began to raise the Haitian flag on public buildings and plazas, among them Hincha, but also in another large cities like Puerto Plata (13 December 1821), Dajab\u00f3n (15 December), Santiago (29 December) and La Vega (4 January 1822).The Haitian government proceed to annex the Eastern side of the island in February 1822 and the Haitian army entered in Santo Domingo city with no resistance on March 1, 1822, commanded by President Jean-Pierre Boyer. After political and economic crises and growing discontent, most people felt cheated. In 1844 the former Spanish Haiti declared its independence and became the Dominican Republic."}, {"context": " Neighboring towns and cities like Hincha (now \"Hinche\"), Juana M\u00e9ndez (now \"Ouanaminthe\"), San Rafael de La Angostura (now \"Saint-Rapha\u00ebl\"), San Miguel de la Atalaya (now \"Saint-Michel-de-l\u2019Atalaye\"), or Las Caobas (now \"Lascahobas\"), among others, remained isolated with little communication with the Dominican capital whilst there were a growing Haitian influence as the gourde circulated and in addition to the Spanish language, Haitian Creole was also spoken. Eventually these cities would be disputed between the two countries."}, {"context": " Hinche is the native town of Pedro Santana, first President of the Dominican Republic, as well of Jos\u00e9 de Guzm\u00e1n, 1st Viscount of San Rafael de la Angostura, and Charlemagne P\u00e9ralte, Haitian nationalist leader of Dominican origin who resisted the occupation of Haiti by the United States (1915\u20131934). On 18 March 2016, at least 7 people were killed and 30 injured in Henche when a fuel truck exploded while delivering fuel to a Total station in the city. Four homes and 22 vehicles were also destroyed in the accident."}, {"context": " The majority of the population are of African descent with a minority having Dominican ancestry. The official religion is Roman Catholicism, but the constitution allows the free choice of religion. There are also many non Catholic Christian churches in the city and the surrounding communities. Groups, like the Haiti Endowment Fund (HEF) of Southern California send medical missionaries several times a year to provide medicines and basic healthcare. HEF has also helped build community churches. Some of the people also practice vodou."}, {"context": " The cuisine is Cr\u00e9ole, French, or a mixture of both. Cr\u00e9ole cuisine is like other Caribbean cuisines, but more peppery. Specialties include griot (deep-fried pieces of pork), lambi (conch, considered an aphrodisiac), tassot (jerked beef) and rice with djon-djon (tiny, dark mushrooms). As elsewhere in the Caribbean, lobster is well known here. A wide range of microclimates produces a large assortment of fruits and vegetables. Vegetarians will have a difficult time here, because pig fat is often used in food preparation, so even beans are to be avoided."}, {"context": " The people enjoy a strong, sweet coffee\u2014Rebo is one brand. The Barbancourt rum is also popular. Interesting cuisine-related features of Hinche, include a market and the \u201cFoyer d\u2019Accueil\u201d, an unmarked guesthouse above a school that is behind a blue and white church on the eastside of the main square. In the wake of January 12, 2010, while no casualties or serious damage were reported in Hinche, thousands of refugees began pouring into the town. Hinche can be accessed by road or plane. It has one of the major Haitian airports which has a dirt runway that will allow a small Cessna and single engine planes to land. Usually, these flights are chartered from Port-au-Prince. Mission Aviation Fellowship offers charter flights to Hinche. East of Hinche, Bassin Zim is a 20 m waterfall in a lush setting, a 30-minute drive from town. In the city you will also find the Cath\u00e9drale de Sacr\u00e9-Coeur."}, {"context": " Route Nationale 3, the 128-km semi-dirt road northeast from Port-au-Prince to Hinche requires a four-wheel drive and takes at least three hours (much longer by public transport). About 70 percent of this road is now paved as of January 2010. It starts by crossing the Cul-de-Sac plain via Croix-des-Bouquets. Here, Route Nationale 8, a newly improved road, branches off southeast through a parched, barren region, skirting Lake Saum\u00e2tre before reaching the Dominican border at Malpasse. Mission Aviation Fellowship charters flights to the airport in town Hinche Airport. Before a flight comes in livestock and people must be cleared from the airstrip. The airport is located right near center city and right across the street is the hospital. The RN3 heads north out of Mirebalais on to the Central Plateau, where the military crackdown was especially harsh after the 1991 coup because peasant movements had been pressing for change here for years. After skirting the Peligre Hydroelectric Dam, now silted up and almost useless, the road passes Thomonde and reaches this city."}]}, {"title": "Hinche Airport", "paragraphs": [{"context": " A\u00e9rodrome d'Hinche is a small airport that serves Hinche in the Centre department of Haiti. It supports only small aircraft and has some domestic flights."}]}, {"title": "Hinche Arrondissement", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinche () is an arrondissement in the Centre department of Haiti. As of 2015, the population was 264,943 inhabitants. Postal codes in the Hinche Arrondissement start with the number 51. The arondissement consists of the following communes:"}]}, {"title": "Hinchey", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchey is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}]}, {"title": "Hinchey Classification", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchey Classification is used to describe perforations of the colon due to diverticulitis. Diverticulosis (the presence of bowel diverticula) is an essentially ubiquitous phenomenon. With age, all people develop 'out-pouching' of the bowel wall as pressure from the inside of the bowel pushes the mucosa outwards. The pouches (diverticula) occur where there is a gap between or weakness within the muscle fibres of the bowel wall, classically at sites of vessel protrusion into the wall. Although the majority of diverticula are asymptomatic, the most commonly noticed symptom of diverticula is bloody stool. When diverticula (singular: diverticulum) become sites of inflammation the condition is termed \"diverticulitis\" and occurs when the diveritcula become infected. This classically causes lower abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits (diarrhea or constipation) and signs of inflammation (fever/chills, nausea/vomiting). Unlike diverticulosis (the condition of having out-pouchings), diverticulitis is not typically associated with active bleeding."}, {"context": " There are several complications that can arise from diverticulitis, and one of the more serious complications of this is perforation of the bowel. \"Perforation\" in this sense refers to rupture of the diverticulum, resulting in air leaking into the abdominal cavity. If the perforation is very small, it may be contained (often referred to by surgeons as a localized perforation). However, if it is not contained it leads to faecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity (faecal peritonitis) which is often fatal.  The Hinchey classification - proposed by Hinchey \"et al\". in 1978 classifies a colonic perforation due to diverticular disease. The classification is I-IV: The Hinchey classification is useful as it guides surgeons as to how conservative they can be in emergency surgery. Recent studies have shown with anything up to a Hinchey III, a laparoscopic wash-out is a safe procedure, avoiding the need for a laparotomy and stoma formation."}]}, {"title": "Hincheyville Historic District", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hincheyville Historic District is a historic district in Franklin, Tennessee. It is one of seven local historic districts in Franklin and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Hincheyville was Franklin's first residential addition, subdivided in 1819. It was located outside the original town boundaries and was subdivided for development by Hinchey Petway, a wealthy merchant for whom the area is named. Its streets are wide and lined with trees. A few substantial homes were built in Hincheyville before the Civil War, but significant residential development did not occur until the latter decades of the 19th century. The oldest building in the area dates from circa 1828 and most were built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Colonial Revival, Bungalow and English Tudor architectural styles were popular in the 1920s and 1930s."}, {"context": " When listed, the National Register historic district included 70 contributing buildings, 20 non-contributing buildings, and one non-contributing site. Most are single-family residences. The antebellum St. Paul's Episcopal Church is located in the district and is separately listed on the National Register; in 1988 a National Register nomination document described it as \"one of the finest remaining\" Gothic Revival style churches in middle Tennessee. The Hincheyville historic district is one of five National Register historic districts in the city of Franklin. Four of these, including Hincheyville, are also designated as local historic districts by city ordinance, making them subject to design review. Franklin has seven local historic districts."}]}, {"title": "Hinchinbrook", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchinbrook is the name of several places and ships, ultimately named for Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich, Viscount Hinchinbrooke:"}]}, {"title": "Hinchinbrook Bay", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchinbrook Bay is a natural bay on the coast of Labrador in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada."}]}, {"title": "Hinchinbrook Channel", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hinchinbrook Channel is a channel between the Australian mainland and Hinchinbrook Island. It runs for 50\u00a0km between Oyster Point, just south of Cardwell, and Lucinda in Far North Queensland. The Aboriginal name for the channel is Bolan Milbirmi. The Herbert River flows into the channel's southern point. The Hinchinbrook Channel is protected within the Hinchinbrook Island National Park, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. Dugong feed and seek habitat in the sea grass patches along the channel seafloor. The channel is bordered by extensive, deltaic mangrove forests.  The residence time of the channel is roughly 50 days. This long period is due to the lack of mixing of water in creeks and mangrove forests with offshore water."}]}, {"title": "Hinchinbrook Farm Society", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchinbrook Farm Society is a volunteer and non-profit organization for families of special needs children. The farm is located in Blockhouse, Nova Scotia and maintains standards set forth by the Canadian Therapeutic Riding Association (CanTRA). Hinchinbrook Farm provides Therapeutic riding to families with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) by employing the Horse Boy Method. The therapeutic riding program is one of four in Nova Scotia which is registered with the Nova Scotia Equestrian Federation."}, {"context": " Hinchinbrook Farm was created by Patricia McGill in 2007 in order to provide therapeutic riding to children who are mentally challenged. In 2010 the decision was made to have it run as a registered charity. This was formed with aid from the original volunteer parents and community leaders (Hinchinbrook Farm Society). In 2014 there were 41 volunteers and 35 children in the Therapeutic Riding Program and 25 families on the Horse Boy Method. An hour long documentary is to be aired next spring. This documentary will appear on CBC's documentary program as part of a Tell Tale Inc. documentary. Filming started in August with producer Jackie Torrens, and co-producers Erin Oakes and Edward Peill."}]}, {"title": "Hinchinbrook Island", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchinbrook Island (or Pouandai to the original Biyaygiri inhabitants) lies east of Cardwell and north of Lucinda, separated from the northern coast of Queensland, Australia by the narrow Hinchinbrook Channel. Hinchinbrook Island is part of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and wholly protected within the Hinchinbrook Island National Park, except for a small and abandoned resort. It is the largest island on the Great Barrier Reef. It is also the largest island national park in Australia. Hinchinbrook Island is made up of late Palaeozoic igneous rocks. The main pluton in the east of the island, the Hinchinbrook Granite, is composed of various hypersolvus granites and intrudes volcanics, granodiorites, and granites. The island and coastal ranges are thought to have been thrust up as blocks with subsidence between them to form the coastal plain with the summit level of the island being an older dissected surface that has been uplifted to approximately or more above sea level. The Hinchinbrook Channel that separates the island from the mainland is considered to be fault controlled."}, {"context": " Since the last Ice Age 18,000 years ago sea level has risen. Once there was a significant rugged coastal range, now there is Hinchinbrook Island. To the west is the mangrove-fringed Hinchinbrook Channel with 164\u00a0km of robust mangrove estuaries. The channel is the valley of the Herbert River flooded following the last glacial period. The island is only separated from the mainland at times of high sea-level such as the present and is thought to have had dry land connections to the mainland for most of the past few million years. Further west is the Cardwell Range Escarpment rainforest. East of Hinchinbrook Island lies the Coral Sea, Great Barrier Reef Lagoon and Great Barrier Reef."}, {"context": " To the north of Hinchinbrook Island, Rockingham Bay hosts densely vegetated continental islands e.g. Garden Island, Goold Island, Brook Islands Group, Family Island Group, Bedarra Island and Dunk Island east of Mission Beach. South of Hinchinbrook Island, the Cardwell Range gives way to the Herbert River floodplain and delta. Missionary Bay is at the northern end of Hinchinbrook Island National Park. Natural features of this biodiverse area include 50\u00a0km of dense mangrove communities lining the shoreline. Many botanists believe the mangrove forests along the island's western coast are the most diverse in the country. 31 different species of mangrove has been identified. A shallow subhorizontal tidal zone has extensive offshore sea grass beds grazed by dugong. The beach stone-curlew thrives on the island, unlike on mainland beaches because vehicles are banned."}, {"context": " The eastern coastline of Hinchinbrook Island is punctuated with headland outcrops, incised drainage conduits, forest, secluded sandy pocket beaches and sand dunes. Mangroves are in proximity to freshwater streams. At Ramsay Bay on the northeast coast, a transgressive dune barrier or tombolo links Cape Sandwich, a granite outlier at the northeastern tip of the island, to the main part of the island. The barrier is widest in the north with a maximum width of about and narrows to the south to a width of about . The barrier, which consists mainly of aeolian sands, extends more than below the present sea level in places. It is thought to have been formed in two major episodes, the older dunes being partly drowned during an early Holocene marine transgression (9500-6000 C-14 years BP) with the later generation of dunes forming within the last 900 C-14 years BP."}, {"context": " Hinchinbrook Island is described as a \"wilderness area,\" wild and rugged with soaring mountainous peaks. Hinchinbrook Island's highest mountain is Mount Bowen, above sea level. Terrestrial vegetation types include thick shrubs, heath, bushland and forest. The island habitat provides refuge for numerous endangered species, both flora and fauna such as the giant tree frog. The local climate is tropical, warm to mildly cool and dry during the winter months. The summer monsoon wet is warm to hot and humid, coinciding with the tropical cyclone season. The island has no reefs in the waters surrounding it, most likely due to fresh water runoff from the island."}, {"context": " Hinchinbrook Island or Pouandai was originally inhabited by the indigenous Biyaygiri people. Shell middens and fish traps are evidence of their activities. Fish were an important source of food for Aboriginal people living in the area. The Bandjin fish trap rock formations exploited the cyclic tidal regime, not only capturing fish, but also holding their catch alive for days. At times, many fish would be caught in the traps. These fish would not be killed nor eaten, instead they were left for the birds. To this day fish are still captured by these traps feeding the local birds."}, {"context": " In 1770, British Captain James Cook on sailed past at some distance to the east, naming Mount Hinchinbrook without realising that it was an island. Lieutenant Phillip Parker King on his surveying voyage in 1819 suspected it was separated from the mainland but could not confirm this. It was not until 1843, when Captain Blackwood on stayed two weeks in the area, that the British were able to verify that it was a distinct landmass, naming it Hinchinbrook Island. The name is from Hinchingbrooke House, in Huntingdon, England, as John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich was First Lord of the Admiralty, and the naming of Hinchinbrook Island, Brampton Island and Montague Island in the South Sandwich Islands are evidence of Cook's thanks to the 4th Earl."}, {"context": " Early interactions between British navigators and the Biyaygiri were mostly amicable. Lieutenant Jeffreys of landed there in 1815 as did Lieutenant P.P. King in 1819 and both reported friendly dealings with the indigenous population. In his 1843 voyage, Captain Blackwood of HMS \"Fly\" also had peaceful communications with the Biyaygiri initially, but conflict occurred on several occasions when the sailors were pelted with rocks, resulting in a number of islanders being shot. Following the establishment of the township of Cardwell in 1864 on the mainland across from Hinchinbrook, relations between the British and the Biyaygiri soon deteriorated. Inspector John Murray of the Native Police led a group of settlers and troopers on a month long expedition through the island in 1867, abducting and interrogating the native people in order to obtain information about some possible shipwreck survivors. In 1872, after the killing of two white fishermen at nearby Goold Island, a large punitive mission led by sub-Inspector Robert Arthur Johnstone scoured Hinchinbrook Island administering summary justice and returning with several captured young Indigenous children. A visitor to Cardwell at the time reported that one of these children was raped by the police and that the settlers openly talked of \"the slaughter of whole camps not only of men, but of women and children\". Through violent incidents such as these, the population of Hichinbrook Island was rapidly reduced to a handful of survivors. Reverend Edward Fuller attempted to set up a mission on the island in 1874 but was forced to abandon it after being informed of the massacres and consequently not seeing \"a solitary black\" in nine months living there."}, {"context": " In the following decades Europeans settled on Hinchinbrook Island. Their main activities were fishing, farming and mining. In 1932 Hinchinbrook Island was declared a national park. In 1942, during World War II, an American B-24 Liberator bomber of the United States Army Air Force crashed into a mountain on the island, killing all 12 crewmen on board. After World War II, commercial crocodile hunting in the area reduced numbers nearly to the point of extinction by the 1960s. The 2008 feature movie \"Nim's Island\" was partly filmed on the island."}, {"context": " The island had a single provider of accommodation called the Hinchinbrook Island Wilderness Lodge, however it closed in 2010 as a result of financial difficulties caused by the global financial crisis. Several months later it was struck by Cyclone Yasi. The infrastructure has since been looted and left to decay. It is located on the north-eastern corner of the island at Cape Richards. Hinchinbrook Island, Hinchinbrook Channel and the coastal plain south to the Herbert River Delta(Lucinda) is a unique biogeographical region."}, {"context": " Along the east coast of the island is the long Thorsborne Trail. The trail was named in honour of environmental activists Arthur and Margaret Thorsborne. Marine nature based activities include; sightseeing cruises, sailing, outrigger canoeing, swimming, snorkelling and scuba diving. Sea kayaking is possible east of Hinchinbrook Island; west, the island is known saltwater crocodile habitat. Hinchinbrook Island camping is by permit only. Visitor numbers to the island is restricted. The aim is to preserve the islands biodiversity and limit environmental degradation. Open fires are not permitted."}, {"context": " The Bruce Highway connects Townsville, Lucinda, Cardwell, and Cairns. Locally the Bruce Highway within Cardwell town limits is known as Victoria Street. Regular scheduled coach services operate from the transit zone in Brasenose Street, Cardwell and Townsville Road in Ingham. Hinchinbrook resorts and Helloworld in Ingham run bus shuttles to Townsville and return to Lucinda for people hiking the Thorsborne trail. Queensland Rail has regular services operating, transiting from the Cardwell Rail Station in Roma Street.  In 2011, the shipwreck of a longboat was discovered on the shores of Ramsay Bay by a fisherman. It is thought that the wreck is about 130 years old and was uncovered by Cyclone Yasi."}]}, {"title": "Hinchinbrook Island (Alaska)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchinbrook Island is an island in the Gulf of Alaska lying at the entrance to Prince William Sound in the state of Alaska, United States. The island has a land area of 171.98 sq mi (445.438\u00a0km\u00b2), making it the 37th largest island in the United States. There was a population of five permanent residents as of the 2000 census. Cape Hinchinbrook Light is located on the southwest side of the island. Also on the southwest side is the abandoned village of Nuchek on Port Etches (bay). The Chugach Alaska Corporation now runs the Nuchek Spirit Camp at this site."}, {"context": " During the Cold War, a US Government White Alice radar site was located on the northeast corner of the island. This site is now abandoned, and all that remains is a trail to the former antenna site on a small hill to the southwest and several of the buildings. Nearby Boswell Bay Airport is the landing strip that formerly served this site. A few houses comprise the hamlet of Boswell Bay across the bay to the south. The State of Alaska maintains Boswell Bay Marine State Park nearby on Boswell Bay."}, {"context": " In 1792, a battle occurred on Hinchinbrook Island between Yakutat Tlingit and a group of Russians and Kodiak Sugpiaq led by Alexander Baranov. The Tlingit had likely come to the island seeking retribution after the Chugach Sugpiaq had raided them the previous year. In 1797, Baranov visited Fort Konstantinovsk, built by the Lebedev-Lastochkin Company, on the island he called Nuchek Island. Most of these men joined his Shelikhov-Golikov Company. In the middle of May, 1920, the 1,502 ton United States Lighthouse Service Tender Armeria became stranded on the rocks near Cape Hinchinbrook. She was attempting to rescue the barge Haydn Brown but ended up a casualty herself. The crew of 36 were rescued by the steamer Admiral Sampson. The vessel, valued at $344,000, became a total loss. Some of the $70,000 cargo of coal, buoys and supplies for area lighthouses was salvaged."}]}, {"title": "Hinchinbrook Island National Park", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchinbrook Island National Park is situated along the Cassowary Coast Queensland, Australia. The nearest capital city is Brisbane approxrimately 1240\u00a0 Lucinda is 135km or 1.5 hours drive north of Townsville being the closest North Queensland provincial city. Cairns a Far North Queensland provincial city is two and a half to 3 hours drive north from Cardwell. The main geographical features in the park are the rugged Hinchinbrook Island, including Mount Bowen. The Hinchinbrook Island National Park includes 393\u00a0km\u00b2 area of Hinchinbrook Island, being Australia's largest island National Park. The continental island has a mountainous interior providing diverse refuges for endemic and Endangered Species.  These continental islands which are part of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park are Goold Island National Park, Brook Islands National Park and Family Islands National Park."}]}, {"title": "Hinchinbrook Shire Library", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchinbrook Shire Library is a public library servicing the Hinchinbrook Shire, Queensland, Australia. It is located at 73-75 McIllwraith Street in the town of Ingham. The current Hinchinbrook Shire Library opened in 2011 in Ingham."}]}, {"title": "Hinchinbrook, New South Wales", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchinbrook is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Hinchinbrook is located 39 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Liverpool. It is bordered by Hoxton Park and Green Valley. The main shopping precinct features the Valley Plaza. Schools include Hoxton Park High School, Hinchinbrook Public School and Good Samaritan Catholic College. Hinchinbrook is known for its affordable new family homes. It is also homes to various clubs, such as the Uruguyan Social & Sporting Club. Population has boomed as a result of new housing developments. New facilities have been developed to cater for the area, most notably the M7 Motorway."}, {"context": " Hinchinbrook is quite a new suburb, having only been formed in 1986 from what was then the southern part of Green Valley and the northern part of Hoxton Park. Its name comes from Hinchinbrook Creek which runs through the suburb. The creek was named after a property in adjacent Cecil Hills which had belonged to former Supreme Court Judge Barron Field, who in turn had named the property after the English estate of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. A Hinchinbrook Post Office was open from 1 August 1883 until 1885."}, {"context": " At the 2016 census, there were 11,222 residents in Hinchinbrook. About half of people were born outside of Australia, with countries of birth including Iraq (7.0%), Fiji (5.7%), Vietnam (4.6%), Philippines (3.0%) and New Zealand (2.1%). The majority of people spoke a language other than English at home, with the most common languages spoken being Arabic (9.7%), Vietnamese (7.6%), Hindi (6.9%), Spanish (5.5%) and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (4.6%). The top responses for religious affiliation were Catholic (32.6%), Islam (11.4%) and No Religion (9.9%).  Hinchinbrook is home to the Hinchinbrook Hornets Junior Rugby League Club, and compete in the Western Suburbs District Junior Rugby League competition and the Sydney combined competition"}]}, {"title": "Hinchinbrooke, Quebec", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchinbrooke is a rural community in southern Quebec, in the Ch\u00e2teauguay Valley, in the MRC de Le Haut-Saint-Laurent. The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 2,242. Since the 1980 dissolution of Huntingdon County, Hinchinbrooke is within Le Haut-Saint-Laurent Regional County Municipality. The municipality is situated along the Canada\u2013United States border. The following locations reside within the municipality's boundaries: The following waterways pass through or are situated within the municipality's boundaries:  The primary industries in Hinchinbrooke are agriculture, with dairy cattle and apple farming being the most prevalent sub-sectors. Sir William Hales Hingston, physician and mayor of Montreal from 1875 to 1877, was born in Hinchinbrooke. <br> <br>"}]}, {"title": "Hinchingbrooke", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchingbrooke may refer to the following things near Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire:"}]}, {"title": "Hinchingbrooke Hospital", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchingbrooke Hospital is a small district general hospital in Hinchingbrooke near Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire. Opened in 1983, it serves the Huntingdonshire area, and has a range of specialities as well as an Accident and Emergency. The hospital is managed by the North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust. The hospital was opened in 1983 to replace Huntingdon County Hospital which closed that year. It was administered by Hinchingbrooke Health Care NHS Trust which developed financial problems and was obliged to borrow \u00a327.3\u00a0million in Public Dividend Capital in the year ended 31 March 2007."}, {"context": " In accordance with the powers contained in the National Health Service Acts 2001 and 2006 and the Health and Social Care Act 2001, the Government decided that this was an opportunity \"to bring in another person or organisation to manage an NHS hospital\". A completion was arranged by the NHS East of England Strategic Projects Team. It was announced on 25 November 2010 that Circle Health had been selected to manage the hospital under a 10-year contract. Mitie continued to provide domestic cleaning services, waste collection, pest control and external window cleaning at the hospital. Although the hospital was managed privately, the buildings remained in the ownership of the NHS. This process was widely criticised as a significant step in the privatisation of the NHS in England."}, {"context": " BBC Newsnight produced a programme about the hospital in August 2012 where Ali Parsa of Circle Health showed how \"reactive, motivated staff treat patients better; happy, well-fed patients heal better\". However in November 2012 a National Audit Office (NAO) report into the franchising arrangement was published. It found that while Circle had made early improvements in some clinical areas, the projected deficit for the year ending 31 March 2013 was already \u00a32.2\u00a0million higher than planned. Circle would have to make unprecedented levels of savings to eliminate the deficit and most of those savings were expected in the later years of the ten-year franchise, so the value for money of the project would not be capable of being easily be assessed for some time. The NAO also found that while NHS East of England had assessed bidders' savings proposals, the relative risks had not been fully considered, which had the potential to encourage over-optimistic bids."}, {"context": " Matters started to deteriorate further. In the 2013 NHS staff survey involving 28 key findings, Hinchingbrooke came out worse than the NHS average on two-thirds of the findings (19 of them), and was in the lowest 20% of trusts in almost half of the findings (13 of them). In April 2014 it was reported that the hospital was likely to record a deficit in the region of \u00a3600,000 to \u00a3700,000 for the year ending 31 March 2014 and in July 2014 Hinchingbrooke Hospital was referred to the Secretary of State for Health for failure to meet their statutory duty to break-even financially."}, {"context": " The hospital made an offer in September 2014 to pay local GPs a \u00a350 'administrative fee' for surgery referrals in an email, signed by Hinchingbrooke chief executive Hisham Abdel-Rahman, which was rapidly withdrawn when the company was accused of bribery. A visit by inspectors from the Care Quality Commission in September 2014 highlighted severe issues with patient care: inspectors observed that \"staff treat patients in an undignified and emotionally abusive manner\" and they spoke to patients who had been \"told to soil themselves\"."}, {"context": " In November 2014 Jenny Raine the chief financial officer left. UNISON called for Circle to be 'sacked', claiming that papers tabled for the Board meeting in October - which did not include a financial report - showed the organisation faced (i) potential penalties of up to \u00a3200,000 per month for failure to meet targets for patients waiting longer than four hours in the accident and emergency department (ii) potential penalties for failing to reach electronic discharge summary targets which already stood at \u00a3138,000 and (iii) potential penalties of a further \u00a3150,000 for failing to increase the number of patients discharged at weekends. The Union said staff turnover was more than 13 per cent. In response Circle said: \"We are a bit bemused as we haven't changed our financial forecasts for the year and Hinchingbrooke's clinical outcomes remain very strong.\""}, {"context": " In January 2015 Circle Health announced that, because Hinchingbrooke Hospital was \"no longer [financially] viable under current terms\", it wanted to withdraw from operating the hospital under the exit terms of the contract. Later the same day it was revealed that the Care Quality Commission had recommended the Trust should be placed into special measures after it was rated 'inadequate' on the questions of whether it was caring, safe and well led. They had concerns about the Trust's leadership because both the Circle Health management team and the Trust Board said that the other was responsible for holding the Trust's executive team to account. Circle Health's chief executive Steve Melton said before the report was published: \u201cWe understand their report will be published soon, and fully expect it to be unbalanced and to disagree with many of its conclusions\". He said the pressures on the Trust could only be resolved through \"joined up reform in Cambridgeshire across hospitals, GPs and community services\"."}, {"context": " Dr Suzanne Hamilton, chair of the Medical Advisory Committee at the hospital wrote to the local paper to say that the CQC report was not consistent with \"the vast reams of verified statistical data\" about the hospital. Fiona Allinson, head of hospital inspection told the CQC board meeting \"It was one of the worst inspections that I had ever been to. I drove home and wanted to drive back again with my nurse's uniform on to sort it out.\" In January 2015 Hinchingbrooke was said to be the second least efficient hospital in England, according to Lord Carter's review of NHS efficiency, with potential savings that could have been made of \u00a320.5\u00a0million a year."}, {"context": " Circle Health handed the management of the hospital back to the NHS on 31 March 2015. The Trust then announced in April 2015 that it expected the deficit for the year ended 31 March 2015 to be \u00a314 million, which was considerably worse than had been forecast by Circle. This was attributed to (i) reductions in local prices during commissioning negotiations costing the Trust in excess of \u00a33 million (ii) a high demand for agency staff generated by increased volumes and acuity of non-elective patients increasing the interim staffing bill by nearly \u00a312 million for the year (iii) the impact of failed cost improvement programme schemes and (iv) a charge of \u00a31.3 million being Hinchingbrooke\u2019s share of the losses of the Pathology Partnership joint venture."}, {"context": " The hospital came out of special measures with a rating of 'good' in August 2016. This was one of the fastest exits from special measures in England and, at the time, this was the first time that a Trust had exited with a rating of 'good'. Despite this the small size of the Trust was making it hard to sustain high quality clinical services and so alternative management solutions were sought. Accordingly in April 2017 Hinchingbrooke Health Care NHS Trust merged with Peterborough and Stamford Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust to form the North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust."}]}, {"title": "Hinchingbrooke House", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchingbrooke House in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, was built around an 11th-century Benedictine nunnery. After the Reformation it passed into the hands of the Cromwell family, and subsequently, became the home of the Earls of Sandwich, including John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, reputedly the \"inventor\" of the modern sandwich. On 8 March 1538, Richard Williams (alias Cromwell) had the grant of the nunnery of Hinchinbrooke, in Huntingdonshire, for the undervalued price of \u00a319. 9s. 2d. while he was an official Visitor overseeing the dissolution of the monasteries. His son, Henry Williams (alias Cromwell)\u2014a grandfather of Oliver Cromwell\u2014built the house adjoining to the nunnery, and upon the bow windows he put the arms of his family, with those of several others to whom he was allied."}, {"context": " There was a serious fire in 1830 and the house was restored/rebuilt by Edward Blore; it was further restored in 1894 and again in the 1960s. During the most recent restoration the entrance to the chapter house was discovered, but otherwise little of the medieval fabric is visible. In 1970, it became part of Hinchingbrooke School, housing the 6th form. Hinchingbrooke School was formerly Huntingdon Grammar School which, on the site of what is now the Cromwell Museum in Huntingdon, was attended by Oliver Cromwell and Samuel Pepys. The school now has around 1900 pupils.  More recently, while still being used as a school, Hinchingbrooke House is turned into a critically acclaimed scare attraction in the Halloween season called 'The Horror at Hinchingbrooke House'. It is also used as a conference centre, and is also for, dinner dances and as a wedding venue. It is a Grade I listed building and is open for tours on Sunday afternoons in the summer season."}]}, {"title": "Hinchingbrooke School", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchingbrooke School is a large secondary school situated on the outskirts of Huntingdon in Cambridgeshire. Originally all of the surrounding land\u2014including what is now Huntingdon Town\u2014comprised the grounds of Hinchingbrooke House. There is still an avenue of trees leading from the start of Hinchingbrooke House towards the town, which was the old entranceway through the grounds. It is now an academy. Hinchingbrooke School was founded as Huntingdon Grammar School in 1565. Among its pupils in its early history were Oliver Cromwell and Samuel Pepys."}, {"context": " On 1 September 1939 it opened in a new building on Brampton Road. The girls from Highbury Hill High School in London were evacuated for safety and attended the premises from 1939 to 1943. In 1970 the school began to take pupils of all abilities and soon became fully comprehensive. At the same time the school changed its name and moved to new premises in Hinchingbrooke Park and the renovated Hinchingbrooke House. In 2006 Hinchingbrooke School became a Specialist Sports College. It is now an academy.  The sixth form is located in the historic Hinchingbrooke House itself, with most classrooms and student areas within the grade 1 listed building. The main school includes sports facilities, such as a swimming pool, the Fisherhall Dance Studio, a 3rd generation Artificial Grass Pitch and a fitness suite. Some of these are open to the public. A new sports hall has recently been constructed."}]}, {"title": "Hinchingham", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchingham is a historic home located at Rock Hall, Kent County, Maryland, United States. It is a -story brick house with a -story brick wing, situated directly on the shore of Chesapeake Bay. It was built in 1774. Hinchingham was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975."}]}, {"title": "Hinchiris\u0326 River", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hinchiri\u0219 River is a tributary of the Cri\u015ful Negru River in Romania."}]}, {"title": "Hinchley Wood", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchley Wood is a largely residential suburban village approximately 12.3 to 13.4 miles south-west of Charing Cross in central London, and within the Greater London Urban Area. It developed largely around its railway station at its heart on the New Guildford Line \u2014 and many of its homes house at least one commuter to Central London. The village has one main parade of convenience shops, local services and a petrol station; throughout the area is a light smattering of small businesses. A double-width section of the A309 bisects the village which acts as a local spur road to a semi-urban section of the motorway-standard A3 road. The village's main retail area is directly north of a traffic light intersection adjoined by a large set of the village's retirement flats. The village has no high-rise buildings and gained its first place of worship in 1953 (meaning the place meets the conventional criterion for villages in England). Hinchley Wood, also considered a suburb, has the London dialling code 020."}, {"context": " The only old listed building is the 16th century Old Farm House in the town. Its listing states '... C16 with C18 addition to front left, C19 addition to right. Timber framed core, stuccoed over with plain tiled roofs. Large brick stack to rear and ends. 2 storeys with 2 tripartite wood casements to centre of first floor...' and is now on an ordinary street. Initially the farmland on which Hinchley Wood was to be built was part of Thames Ditton. In 1925 Esher Council considered a petition from the small number of residents of Manor Road, in which ribbon development from Thames Ditton was taking place, for the provision of a new station between Surbiton and Claygate on the railway that had opened in 1885. The Southern Railway was not interested in a new station; the low population would create negligible new custom; the opening of the Kingston Bypass changed the commercial viability of new station."}, {"context": " Immediately the speculative possibilities created by the bypass were considered. Furthermore, even as it was being built a sewer was laid under it, at Manor Road, to facilitate development. The opening of Hinchley Wood railway station brought about the rapid emergence of Hinchley Wood as a coherent, identifiable settlement, with a housing stock so plainly superior to that typical of the 1930s. At its annual general meeting in 1927, the chairman called attention to \"great increment in the value of the land, which goes into the pockets of vigilant people at our expense\". G.T. Crouch agreed to contribute \u00a32,500 towards the cost (about one-third) of the building of the station. Having been given planning permission to build Hinchley Wood in September 1929, Crouch struck a deal with the Southern Railway for the construction of the station. To persuade the Southern Railway to build it, Crouch had to help pay for it. Although the Southern Railway knew that a new settlement would bring new business, it also knew the benefit to Crouch."}, {"context": " The Inland Revenue had large offices on the north side of the railway station that have become a housing development. In 1953, the community's church in the Church of England, St. Christophers Church was built. In 1999 residents took on McDonald's to defeat a plan to take over and convert a public house. The pub had been visited two years before by the Soviet leader from 1985 to 1991 Mikhail Gorbachev and his wife when their flight home to Russia was delayed. Hinchley Wood railway station was built at the point where conveniently the tracks forked already, making it the more economically built and manned. Additionally, the regionally monopolised owner-operator, Southern Railway bought some more land on which to build a goods yard, which in the event was never built because competition from road haulage became too great, but the land was retained; ultimately this allowed a car park to be provided."}, {"context": " When the station opened, Hinchley Wood comprised a couple of dozen houses and a petrol filling station in a field that bordered the bypass. Development took place around the shops that were built next to the station. The speed at which the houses in Hinchley Wood were built was phenomenal, with the peak years being in 1933\u201334 when 750 residents moved in, many of whom were London commuters. The Hinchley Wood Residents' Association was formed in 1931 and quickly became an effective voice for the community on Esher Council."}, {"context": " Hinchley Wood is served by the K3 bus route through Claygate to Esher to the south and through Surbiton to Kingston to the north. The local authority has varied from Conservative to Residents Association since its 1974 formation. Many residents visit Littleworth Common, where it meets Esher Eagles Rugby League club, a community rugby club. These are followed by, in the south west, a historic but now small woodland named Hinchley Wood. Telegraph Hill is also southwest of Hinchley Wood and is the largest nearby walking spot and has some visitor attraction for its Grade II (architecture) listed 'Semaphore House' semaphore tower described as \"c1822. Rendered brick on projecting plinth with hipped slate roof. 3-storey square tower to centre...C20 glazing bar sash windows throughout\"."}, {"context": " Hinchley Wood has two schools, Hinchley Wood Primary School and Hinchley Wood School, one of the main secondary schools in the area. The average level of accommodation in the region composed of detached houses was 28%, the average that was apartments was 22.6%. The proportion of households in the settlement who owned their home outright compares to the regional average of 35.1%. The proportion who owned their home with a loan compares to the regional average of 32.5%. The remaining % is made up of rented dwellings (plus a negligible % of households living rent-free)."}, {"context": " Hinchley Wood has independent caf\u00e9s and small supermarkets. Nonetheless in 1999 McDonald's sought to widen its reach, by opening a rare pure suburbia outlet. Hinchley Wood residents, organised as Residents Against McDonald's (RAM), took on McDonald's to defeat a plan to turn their local pub into a drive-through fast-food outlet. The residents defeated McDonald's on 16 June 2000 after a 552-day continuous occupation. The pub has since been demolished and has been replaced by retirement flats. Hinchley Wood unwittingly featured in an irreverent semi-comical book \"Crap Towns\" to be ranked \"48th worst\" in the United Kingdom. In response to the ranking, the local councillor stated \"People like it here because it is a quiet place, very convenient for the city and, if you want to get to Kingston, it is easy as well. You have all the peace and quiet you want and it is near the countryside and the rivers. While we do not have a pub in the village we do have a strong community spirit\". The town lost the status in later editions."}]}, {"title": "Hinchley Wood School", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchley Wood School is a secondary school with academy status in Hinchley Wood Surrey, England. Hinchley Wood School admits pupils from the age of eleven to between sixteen and eighteen. The school has a Sixth Form which provides a total of 20 AS level/A level subjects: one year and two year non-workplace courses respectively. Next to the grounds is Hinchley Wood Primary School, one of the three main contributing schools, the other equal status partnership schools being Long Ditton St Mary\u2019s Junior School and Thames Ditton Junior School. A lesser partner is Claygate Primary School as currently preference affecting half of Claygate applies foremost: a roughly eastern division, which is subject to removal under pending proposals to rely more on certain Claygate feeder schools as the secondary feeder schools. Regard is also had a to a geographical catchment based on homes."}, {"context": " Hinchley Wood School has Music College specialism. Government statutory reports on the school praise its jazz band: \"Banda di Jazz\" and samba band which hold regular concerts, and overall variety of music taught and equipment. Although all of the teachers from the music department resigned in 2017 due to poor standards. The school's \"Sustainability Group\" supports for instance its Green Flag Award balancing trees, grass, wildlife, hardstanding/buildings and outdoor sports. Allowing for reduction in fossil fuel use and in daytime energy costs, the school has a large array of photovoltaic cells which also lowers carbon dioxide emissions."}, {"context": " Kingston Day Commercial School and the Hinchley Wood Central County Council School are its predecessors on the existing site, which merged in 1947. The Central Council School opened on 4 March 1940 with 360 children drawn exclusively from five schools in Thames Ditton, Claygate and Long Ditton; there was no primary school in Hinchley Wood until after the war, which in itself was a breakaway area as was Claygate, from Thames Ditton. The students were aged 10 \u2013 14 years reflecting the statutory minimum leaving age at that time and the school had nine forms of 40 children each."}, {"context": " In 1996 after an absence of many decades the school successfully bid for funds (based on local need and teaching experience) with Surrey County Council to resume education in a sixth form. The school has a lower degree of Speech, Language and Communications Needs ('SCLN') and SEN children than nearby schools. Children who struggle in these area receive extra support wherever achievable within the school's financial constraints and it is natural that these children are totally integrated into all aspects of the school community."}, {"context": " In 2012, 3.6% of pupils were supported by school action plus or with a statement of SEN, compared with the national average of 8.1%, an decrease of 0.4% on the previous year. The classrooms and specialist facilities such as the technology and food rooms incorporate technology in teaching spaces to emulate that used in leading employers' workplaces and/or further education. All halls and rooms are purpose-built for the size of the school and their intended use. The school has regular concerts. The sixth form take the main role in arranging their own local and West End theatre trips and it has a dedicated stage for stage productions.  Clubs and sessions within the timetable are allocated for fitness an wellbeing, organised sport and the study of physical education The school was judged Outstanding in 2013 and achieved this in the context of a reformed and more critical inspection regime. Depending on which of the main three subjects is analysed, results in 2012 were from the top to the 2nd quintile (five equal groups) nationally as one was in the second highest quintile. Overall results were in the top quintile."}]}, {"title": "Hinchley Wood railway station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchley Wood railway station is in the centre of the compact suburban village of Hinchley Wood in Surrey, England. It is down the line from and opened in 1930 after the New Guildford Line first passed through the area in 1885. It is the northernmost station on the line, following which the line merges into the four-track South Western main line and is outside of the Transport for London area. The station has a hardstanding island layout linked by footbridges from each side of the line. Its layout and simplicity constrasts with older stations further down the line such as Claygate, the next station. The centre platform tapers as tracks curve more to the north after the station, the London-bound track is on a flyover west of Surbiton station enabling grade segregation \u2014 fast trains on the main line's middle, fast tracks are not affected by trains entering the slow track from this line."}, {"context": " A modern ticket machine, Help Point and waiting room (open when the station is staffed) exist. The station is staffed from Monday to Friday between 06:30 and 11:00 and covered by Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) at all times. Electronic displays provide updates as to scheduled trains. The station is immediately outside of the area covered by the London Travel Card Zones (and Oyster readers). Buses running on the north/south minor road east of the station are in the London transport schemes, principally the K3 service."}, {"context": " The station was first opened on 20 October 1930 by the intersection of the Kingston Bypass. At the time the Bypass was the A3 London-Portsmouth Road. The site is approximately half a mile south of Hampton Court (Branch Line and New Guildford Line) Junction where these opposing lines join the South Western main line. The line was opened on 2 February 1885. Electric service applied from the outset as it was withdrawn during World War I, to be reinstituted along the route from 12 July 1925, before this station opened."}, {"context": " Since built, operators have been successively: South Western Railway operate the services (transport of passengers) on the New Guildford Line which includes the station. In both directions, trains call at the station every 30 minutes during peak and off-peak hours; the half which run to Waterloo call at Surbiton then run fast to Wimbledon then call at all stations apart from Queenstown Road. Additional, faster trains run in peak hours, skipping the stations between Surbiton and London Waterloo. Standard trains are scheduled to take 33 minutes to reach Waterloo. To Guildford from this point trains call at all stops."}]}, {"title": "Hinchliffe", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchliffe is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}]}, {"title": "Hinchliffe Brewing", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchliffe Brewing and Malting Company is a historic brewery in Paterson, Passaic County, New Jersey. Hinchliffe Brewing was founded in 1861 by John Hinchliffe . The brewery expanded with new investors, so it was known as Shaw, Hinchliffe, & Penrose. In 1872 the brewery opened a then state-of-the-art malt house on Governor Street, which still stands today,but was partially destroyed by a fire in 1997. In 1878 Thomas Penrose retired and John Shaw bought him out, then in 1881 Shaw passed leaving Hinchliffe as sole owner, until his death in 1886. Hinchliffe's three sons John, William, and James took over operations.  At its peak the 75,000 barrels a year. Ultimately, Prohibition caused the end of the brewery."}]}, {"title": "Hinchliffe Stadium", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchliffe Stadium () is a 10,000-seat stadium located in Paterson, New Jersey, USA. The venue was completed in 1932 and sits on a dramatic escarpment above Paterson's National Historic Landmark Great Falls, and surrounded by the city's National Landmark Historic District, the first planned industrial settlement in the nation (chartered 1792). It is one of only a handful of stadiums surviving nationally that once played host to significant Negro league baseball during America's Jim Crow era. The stadium was designated a National Historic Landmark in March 2013 and a Paterson Historic Landmark in May 2013. In December 2014 legislation passed in the United States Congress to in include the stadium in the Great Falls National Landmark District."}, {"context": " The stadium, a large concrete oval with near-continuous seating laid out like a classical amphitheater, was inspired by a decade-long popular \"stadium movement\" in the 1920s, and was finally brought to fruition through the persistent efforts of Mayor John Hinchliffe, for whom it is named. It opened on July 8, 1932, as a combination athletic facility and a \"paying investment\" for the working people of industrial Paterson, New Jersey, who were by then struggling through the early years of the Great Depression. Many workers laid off from the mills found work under a New Deal-financed program to provide enhancements to the stadium in 1932\u201334."}, {"context": " The stadium immediately played host to Negro League and \"barnstorming\" games. In 1933, the stadium's first complete season hosting baseball, Hinchliffe hosted the Colored Championship of the Nation, the Negro League equivalent of the World Series. That following year, the New York Black Yankees made the stadium their home, a tenure that lasted till 1945 and was interrupted only once, when the team booked Triborough Stadium on Randall's Island in New York for the 1938 season. After World War II, the Black Yankees left Hinchliffe and took up residency at Red Wing Stadium in Rochester, New York. Hinchliffe was also home to the New York Cubans in 1935 and 1936."}, {"context": " The baseball played at Hinchliffe Stadium was some of the best and most competitive in the game, including prodigious athletes like Monte Irvin, Josh Gibson, Oscar Charleston, and \"Cool Papa\" Bell, among many others. Hall-of-Famer Larry Doby, the legendary player who broke the American League color barrier in 1947, grew up in Paterson playing football and baseball in Hinchliffe Stadium for Paterson's Eastside High School, and was scouted from Hinchliffe for the Newark Eagles in 1942. Hinchliffe became an important venue for boxing (Diamond Gloves, precursor to the Golden Gloves), auto racing (precursor to NASCAR featuring pre-Indianapolis racing and midget car racing events), and professional football. Racers that appeared at Hinchliffe included Dutch Schaefer, Ted Horn, Bill Schindler, Art Cross, and Tex Keene. Victory Bond rallies held at the stadium during World War II drew sports stars and New York and Hollywood celebrities by the dozens. Among the many notable events headlined at Hinchliffe were shows performed by Abbott and Costello. (Lou Costello was born and raised in Paterson's Eastside section.)"}, {"context": " Throughout its history, though, Hinchliffe Stadium's primary use was as a venue for Paterson high school sports. Its two high schools, Eastside High School and Central High School, shared the stadium for various sports including football and baseball until the late 1960s. (Kennedy High School, opened in 1965, also used Hinchliffe.) The schools' annual intercity Thanksgiving Day matchup was always held at Hinchliffe, and the venue would also play host to other schools' teams who took advantage of its large capacity; for instance, Paterson's neighbor Clifton used the stadium for its football team during the 1940s and 1950s as they did not have a stadium in town (and would not until the 1960s)."}, {"context": " At first Hinchliffe, sometimes called \"City Stadium\", was municipally owned. In 1963, as the schools assumed full ownership, they undertook an array of repairs and upgrades that included repositioning the baseball diamond and adding fill to the area above and along the river (the \"cliff\" area, called \"The Valley of the Rocks\") in order to enlarge the football field and lengthen the track. In the following decades, the stadium did yeoman service for both school sports and major public events, including\u2014from the 1970s on\u2014concerts, antique car shows, and the fireworks displays for the Great Falls Festivals that have become a favorite feature of Paterson's Labor Day celebrations. Duke Ellington held one of his last major concerts here in 1971."}, {"context": " In 1983, the field received another upgrade under Mayor Frank X. Graves, Jr.. These repairs made previously temporary stands permanent, added handicap access and storage facilities, and resulted in the installation of an Astroturf field surface. In 1988 Hinchliffe Stadium became the home of the New Jersey Eagles of the American Soccer League, and the Eagles called the stadium home for two seasons before moving to another venue for their third and final season. The general decline of the school system in Paterson over the next decade meant the diversion of maintenance resources away from the stadium. Although the facility continued to be used through the 1990s, Hincliffe Stadium fell into further and further disrepair due to underfunding and was eventually closed at the end of the 1996-97 school year and threatened with demolition. This forced Eastside High School and Kennedy High School to play their entire 1997 football seasons on the road and both schools returned to playing in Paterson for the 1998 season at Bauerle Field, located near Eastside High School."}, {"context": " The threat of demolition sparked a new movement to find ways and means of restoring and revitalizing this historic venue. A group of local citizens formed the non-profit Friends of Hinchliffe Stadium, announcing in September 2002, on the 70th anniversary of the stadium's dedication. A month later, Schools Superintendent Edwin Duroy announced a proposal to revitalize the facility into a stadium complex. The National Register of Historic Places designation by the State Office of Historic Preservation deemed Hinchliffe as only \"locally significant,\" regardless of the fact that segregation and the Negro Leagues were of national prominence. This cost the stadium much needed funding from \"Save America's Treasures,\" a grant funding program which no longer exists."}, {"context": " Hinchliffe Stadium continues on the public radar even as it continues to deteriorate. Former Mayor Jose Torres's non-binding bond resolution for restoring the stadium received round public endorsement on the local ballot in 2005. The schools have shown interest in mounting a funding drive that will not only bring the stadium back to its former glory but envision it as both a multiplex sports facility (basketball, swimming, ice hockey) and a Sports Business Academy for the school district. There has been some discussion about making it an enhancement to New Jersey's planned \"urban park\" for the Great Falls. Some see a logical extension of landmark protection to the stadium, a project that would incorporate into a single thematic cultural landscape this cluster of three great historic sites: Paterson's Great Falls, the National Landmark Industrial District, and Hinchliffe Stadium. On May 19, 2010, the stadium was designated one of the 11 Most Endangered Historic Places for 2010 by the National Trust for Historic Preservation."}, {"context": " The voters of Paterson approved a ballot initiative to renovate the crumbling stadium in November 2009. The Hinchliffe renovations are part of a large-scale project which will also see renovations to Bauerle Field, the current home of Paterson's public high school football and track teams, and the Paterson Armory; the majority of the money, nearly $13 million, will go to restoring Hinchliffe Stadium. The former mayor of Paterson, Joey Torres, had committed to seeing the restoration of the stadium by the end of his term in 2018. He left office in 2017 and accepted a plea deal in response to charges of corruption. Further improvements to the stadium may come with the efforts to upgrade the area around the Paterson Great Falls National Historic Park. In March 2018, a $500,000 grant from the federal African American Civil Rights grant program of the National Park Service and the federal African American Civil Rights grant program was provided to renovate the facility's exterior facade.  Some Negro League ballparks that are still standing or rebuilt elsewhere include:"}]}, {"title": "Hinchman Formation", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hinchman Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Jurassic period."}]}, {"title": "Hinchman H-1 Racer", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hinchman H-1 Racer is a 1980s American single-seat autogyro designed by Hank Hincham with plans or a kit available from Hincham Aircraft Company for amateur construction. By 1998 the kit and plans were being offered by Winners Circle Engineering Inc. of Monrovia, Indiana. The aircraft was designed to comply with the US \"Experimental - Amateur-built\" aircraft rules. It features a single main rotor, a single-seat enclosed cockpit with a windshield, tricycle landing gear with wheel pants, hydraulic disk brakes and a self-aligning nosewheel, plus a tail caster. The acceptable power range is and the standard engine used is a twin cylinder, air-cooled, two-stroke, single-ignition Rotax 503 engine in pusher configuration. The cabin width is ."}, {"context": " The aircraft fuselage structure is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing has a full aerodynamic, bullet-shaped, composite cockpit fairing that adds to the aircraft's empty weight. Its two-bladed rotor has a diameter of and an optional pre-rotator. The aircraft has a typical empty weight of and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of the payload for the pilot and baggage is . The standard day, sea level, no wind, take off with a engine is and the landing roll is . The manufacturer estimated the construction time from the supplied kit as 150\u00a0hours.  By 1998 the company reported that 100 plans and kits had been sold and three aircraft were completed and flying. In April 2015 one example was registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration to the designer."}]}, {"title": "Hinchman, Michigan", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchman is an unincorporated community located in Berrien County, Michigan. It is centrally located near the intersection of Scottsdale and East Hinchman Road in Oronoko Township near the cities of Bridgman and Stevensville."}]}, {"title": "Hinchman-Lippincott House", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchman-Lippincott House is located in Haddon Heights, Camden County, New Jersey, United States. The house was built in 1699 and added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 17, 1995."}]}, {"title": "Hinchwick", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinchwick is a small village in Gloucestershire, England at . Hinchwick Manor was built by architect Charles Robert Cockerell in 1826."}]}, {"title": "Hinckaert knot", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hinckaert knot, a type of decorative unknot, is a heraldic knot used primarily in Dutch heraldry. It is most notable for its appearance on the Hinckaert family heraldic badge, where a semi-angular form is used as canting arms, a common practice with heraldic badges. The name \"Hinckaert\" is delineated as a derivation of \"hincken\", \"to limp\", in the badge. Hence the center crutch, and the buckle on the knot, implying that it is a strap used to attach the crutch to the leg. The dexter \"P\" and sinister \"G\" are traditionally translated as standing for Philip (Hinckaert), with whom the knot originated, and his wife, n\u00e9e Gasparine."}]}, {"title": "Hinckange", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckange () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France."}]}, {"title": "Hinckford (hundred)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hinckford Hundred was one of the 19 historic Hundreds of Essex, covering an area of approximately 110566 acres it lies to the north of Essex occupying most of what is now Braintree district. Alternate Spellings Hinckford Hundred, Hidincfort, Hidincforda, Hiding(a)forda, Hiding(a)fort, Hiding(h)afort, Hidingh(e)forda, Hidingeforda, Hedingfort 1086 DBHengham 1161-2 P, 1198 Cur, 1264 Misc, 1285 IpmHaingeford, He(y)ing(e)ford 1167-90 P, 1185 RotDom, 1219 Fees, 1235 AssHaingesford 1167 ChancRHeng(e)ford 1190 P, 1235-55 Ass , 1238 SR, 1280 Ipm, 1346 FAHainford 1259 IpmHynkford p.\u00a01420 FA hundred de Hynham 1470 MinAcct"}, {"context": " The 47 parishes of Hinckford are as follows: Alphamstone, Ashen, Belchamp Otten, Belchamp St Paul, Belchamp Walter, Birdbrook, Bocking, Borley, Braintree, Bulmer, Steeple Bumpstead, Bures, Felsted, Finchingfield, Foxearth, Gestingthorpe, Gosfield, Halstead, Great Henny, Little Henny, Haverhill, Castle Hedingham, Sible Hedingham, Lamarsh, Liston, Great Maplestead, Little Maplestead, Middleton, Ovington, Panfield, Pebmarsh, Pentlow, Rayne, Ridgewell, Great Saling, Shalford, Stambourne, Stebbing, Stisted, Sturmer, Tilbury Juxta Clare, Toppesfield, Twinstead, Wethersfield, Wickham St Paul, Great Yeldham, Little Yeldham"}]}, {"title": "Hinckley", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley is a market town in southwest Leicestershire, England. It is administered by Hinckley and Bosworth Borough Council. Hinckley is the second largest town in the administrative county of Leicestershire, after Loughborough. Hinckley is situated approximately at the midpoint between the cities of Leicester and Coventry and is near to the larger town of Nuneaton in Warwickshire. Hinckley has a history going back to Anglo-Saxon times; the name Hinckley is Anglo Saxon: \"Hinck\" is someone's name and \"ley\" is a meadow. By the time of the Domesday Book in 1086, Hinckley was quite a large village, and grew over the following 200 years into a small market town\u2014a market was first recorded there in 1311. There is evidence of an Anglo Saxon church \u2013 the remnants of an Anglo Saxon sun-dial being visible on the diagonal buttress on the south-east corner of the chancel."}, {"context": " In 2000, archaeologists from Northampton Archaeology discovered evidence of Iron Age and Romano-British settlement on land near Coventry Road and Watling Street. In the 17th century, the town developed a hosiery industry, producing stockings and similar items. Hinckley played a prominent part in the English Civil War. Its proximity to several rival strongholds\u2014the royalist garrisons at Caldicote, Ashby de la Zouch and Leicester, those of the Parliamentarians at Tamworth and Coventry, and the presence of parties of troops or brigands occupying several fortified houses in nearby Warwickshire\u2014ensured frequent visits by the warring parties. The local townsfolk were forced to decide whether to declare their allegiances openly or attempt to remain neutral\u2014with the risk of having to pay levies, ransoms, and fines to both sides. In March 1644, Hinckley was occupied by a group of Royalist troops, though they were soon driven out by a force of Parliamentarians, who took many prisoners."}, {"context": " The Civil War years were a particularly unsettled time for the clergy in and around Hinckley. Parsons with parliamentary leanings like Thomas Cleveland, the vicar of Hinckley, suffered sequestration by the Leicester County Committee, like some of his \"malignant\" neighbours accused of visiting royalist garrisons or preaching against Parliament. The town was visited by both parliamentary and royalists troops from the rival garrisons, particularly parliamentary troops from Tamworth, Coventry and Astley Castle in Warwickshire. Troops from Coventry garrison were particularly active in the town, taking horses and \"free quarter\" and availing themselves of 'dyett and Beere', and taking some of the inhabitants hostage for ransom. Royalist troops raided the town to threaten those with parliamentary sympathies. The notorious Lord Hastings of Ashby de la Zouch is recorded to have \"coursed about the country as far as Dunton and Lutterworth and took near upon a hundred of the clergymen and others, and carried them prisoners \u2026 threatening to hang all them that should take the Parliament's Covenant\". Parliamentary newssheets record that on the night of 4 March 1644, Hastings's men brought in \"26 honest countrymen from several towns\" intending to take them to Ashby de la Zouch, along with a huge herd of cattle, oxen and horses from the country people and a minister named Mr Warner. These prisoners were herded into Hinckley church and asked \"in a jeering manner, 'Where are the Round-heads your brethren at Leicester? Why come they not to redeem you?'\""}, {"context": " The Parliamentarians responded in a memorable \"Skirmish or Great Victory for Parliament\". Colonel Grey with 120 foot-soldiers and 30 troopers from Bagworth House rushed to Hinckley and re-took the town, routed the Royalists, rescued the cattle and released their imprisoned countrymen. No doubt the inhabitants of the town were as relieved as any when Ashby finally surrendered, as Vicars records, \"a great mercy and mighty preservation of the peace and tranquility of all those adjacent parts about it.\""}, {"context": " At the time of the first national census in 1801, Hinckley had a population of 5,158: twenty years later it had increased by about a thousand. The largest industry in the early 19th century was the making of hosiery and only Leicester had a larger output of stockings. In the district, it was estimated ca. 1830 that 6,000 persons were employed in this work. Joseph Hansom built the first Hansom cab in Hinckley in 1835. In 1899 A Cottage Hospital was built to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria two years earlier. Money was raised by the local townspeople and factory owners notably John and Thomas Atkins who also had a hand in building many of the key buildings of Hinckley. The corner stone was laid by Sir John Fowke Lancelot Rolleston."}, {"context": " This hospital was central to the people of Hinckley and supported by local workers who donated one penny a week for its upkeep until it was adopted by the NHS in 1948. Over the years it expanded to align with the town. Sadly now, this historic beautiful building, appears dilapidated in some areas and is currently threatened with closure, sale and demolition by West Leicestershire Clinical Commissioning Group and NHS Properties LTD. The local community is facing a fight to save it for the town and petitions gave been signed both online and on paper."}, {"context": " The area was subject to new housing developments in the 1950s, 1960s and 1990s. Hinckley became an urban district under the Local Government Act 1894, covering the ancient parish of Hinckley. In 1934, under a County Review Order, Hinckley urban district expanded to include the ancient parishes of Barwell, Burbage and Earl Shilton and most of Stoke Golding. In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972 the Hinckley urban district was abolished, becoming an unparished area in the borough of Hinckley and Bosworth. Since then, the civil parishes of Barwell, Burbage, Earl Shilton and Stoke Golding have been re-established. The core urban area remained unparished."}, {"context": " Hollycroft, Middlefield, and Wykin are suburbs of Hinckley. Burbage is often thought to be a suburb of Hinckley but is in fact separate. It is a large village merging with Hinckley to the south, separated by the railway line. Sketchley is another small village which has merged into Burbage. Hinckley is a traditional centre of the hosiery industry. The first framework knitting machine was brought here by Joseph Iliffe in the 17th century and by the 19th century Hinckley was responsible for a large proportion of Britain's hosiery production. Since the Second World War the hosiery industry has steadily shrunk in size although several textile firms remain in the area. Hinckley & District Museum, which is housed in a range of former framework knitters' cottages, tells the story of the hosiery industry and contains some examples of framework knitting machines."}, {"context": " Hinckley also has a history of engineering and is home to the Triumph Motorcycle company. Ultima Sports Ltd, a manufacturer of sports cars is based in Hinckley as is Paynes Garages Ltd, one of the oldest family-owned Ford Motor Dealerships in the UK. Established by JA Payne in 1907, the firm became Ford Dealers in 1922. The business remains family owned with Nigel Payne, grandson of the founder, one of the current Directors. The town's central location and good links to the UK motorway network have made it a popular location for distribution warehouses. Hammonds Furniture, a family owned nationwide fitted furniture company, was established in the town in 1926 by Thomas Hammonds, and currently employs over 850 people in its two Hinckley factories."}, {"context": " Hinckley has housed the Triumph Motorcycles facility since 1990. Founded in 1902 Triumph is one of the oldest motorcycle producers still in activity. In the summer of 2017 there are plans for the reopening of a visitors centre and cafe, namely 1902, opening six days a week. Hinckley is home to a well-established creative and technology community with designers, illustrators, artists and photographers taking up residence in the town, particularly in converted buildings such as the renovated Atkins Building (formerly Atkins Hosiery, also home to the Hinckley Times newspaper) and Graphic House on Druid Street, also a former factory converted to modern office and studio use."}, {"context": " The town is equidistant (19\u00a0km/12 miles) from Coventry and Leicester and to the east of Nuneaton. The small town of Ibstock is to the north on the A447. The A47 was by-passed around the town during the early 1990s when the Northern Perimeter Road (Normandy Way) was completed. As well as relieving congestion in the town centre, new commercial developments have been built along the route. Hinckley is served by the A5 and the M69. The M69 links Hinckley to the nearest cities, Coventry, and Leicester, and the M1 and M6 motorways."}, {"context": " Hinckley Bus are the main operator of bus services within the town centre operating services to Leicester, Burbage, Earl Shilton, Nuneaton and Barwell from their depot. Arriva originally operated a number of services to villages around the town until 2008 when they were sold to Centrebus Holdings, a joint venture between Arriva and Centrebus. During September 2013, Arriva purchased Centrebus' stake in Centrebus Holdings and regained control of the Hinckley depot. Arriva Fox County and Stagecoach in Warwickshire are another two major operators serving Leicester, Nuneaton and Coventry (Stagecoach)."}, {"context": " Hinckley railway station is on the Nuneaton to Leicester section of the Birmingham to Peterborough Line and has regular services between Birmingham and Leicester via Narborough and Nuneaton. Journeys to London can be made via the West Coast Main Line through Nuneaton to London Euston or the Midland Main Line via Leicester to London St Pancras. The nearest airports are East Midlands and Birmingham. The local radio station, Fosse Radio, 107.9 fm serves the town and the surrounding area. The main local newspaper is the weekly \"Hinckley Times\", which has its own website. The daily \"Leicester Mercury\" no longer publishes a Hinckley edition. The free (advertising-funded) \"Hinckley Herald & Journal\" is distributed to most houses. Hinckley has its own community website and online news resource. take5 community news is a full colour gloss community magazine distributed free to homes and businesses. Hinckley also has its own hospital radio station Castle Mead Radio, which serves the patients and staff of Hinckley's two main hospitals."}, {"context": " There is a 400-seat theatre located near the centre of the town in Stockwell Head (Concordia Theatre), which holds regular productions. Further, the local council holds an annual 'Proms in The Park' event. Hinckley Past & Present setup in February 2014 for the local people of Hinckley to find out more about local history, current events, finding old friends, colleagues, photos, etc. New people to the area as well as people who have left the area find the friendly group very useful. The group has an extensive website at www.hinckleypastpresent.org and a popular Facebook Group."}, {"context": " Hinckley Photographed, was created in August 2011 and is an ongoing photographic social documentary of the town's stories, characters and events. Hinckley Photographed is a non-profit organisation for the benefit of the local and wider arts community. Online forum... https://www.facebook.com/HinckleyPhotographed and the official website is www.hinckleyphotographed.co.uk Hinckley remembers the contribution of Simon V de Montfort to participatory democracy. Montfort's banner described as the 'Arms of Honour of Hinckley', \"per pale indented argent and gules\", shown in the stained glass image in Chartres Cathedral, is used by the town of Hinckley in the town coat of arms, various local sports teams and other organisations. Combined with his personal Coat of Arms, it also forms part of the club crest for the town's football club Hinckley A.F.C."}, {"context": " The town has had six notable football clubs over the years \u2013 The only rugby union club, Hinckley Rugby Club, were formed in 1893 and have been based at the Leicester Road Sports ground since 1968. Hinckley RFC have been involved in league rugby since 1987, during which time the first team has been as high as National League 2 North (level 4). They currently reside in National 2 North (level 4). The town's largest school, Hinckley Academy (formerly John Cleveland College), is noted for its many achievements on the rugby field and has produced many professional players, many of whom have gone on to play for England; these include England and Leicester Tigers players Graham Rowntree and Dean Richards, as well as current pros Ollie Smith, Sam Vesty and Manu Tuilagi. Tuilagi is the most recent ex-JCC man to make his international bow, starting in the World Cup warm-up match against Wales at Twickenham on 6 August 2011."}, {"context": " Hinckley has one basketball team, the Hinckley 69ers, a name derived from the town's proximity to the M69 motorway. It was founded, by Terry Byng and Paul Ferrier, in 1974, and has involved some staff, ex-students and students of John Cleveland College, as well as other interested, local players, throughout most of its history. The team last played in Division 2 of the Leicestershire men's league. The 2007\u201308 season was one of the team's best performances, with promotion and a cup win too. The team were based at John Cleveland College. The team folded after the 2012\u201313 season, due to a shortage of players. However it was re-formed, for the 2014\u201315 season, the club's 40th anniversary."}, {"context": " Hollycroft Park, in the centre of Hinckley, is recognised as a great area for sports \u2013 the park contains two tennis courts, a golf pitch'n'putt and a lawn bowls green with pavilion. Hinckley has one high-performance Gymnastics Club based at Clarendon Park. In its 30 years of existence, it has never failed to have a number of its members competing for their home nations or for Great Britain. Hinckley Ladies' Netball Club is based at the Leicester Rd Sports Club and has four senior teams in the Coventry and Warwickshire Netball League."}, {"context": " Club Republic is a short drive. Greentowers is a youth club at Richmond Park; it has a climbing wall, skate park, astro turf, and BMX track; it is a self-funded charity and is not owned by Hinckley and Bosworth Borough Council. On 8 May 2014, the second stage of the first ever Women's Tour of Britain cycle race, The Friends Life Women's Tour, departed from Hinckley. The main primary schools in the area are Battling Brook CP, Richmond, Hinckley parks, St. Peter's Catholic, St. Mary's Church of England, Westfield Infant/Junior and Sketchley Hill Primary School (in Burbage ). The high (secondary) schools include Redmoor, St Martin's Catholic Voluntary Academy (in Stoke Golding) and Hastings (in Burbage)\u2014 all feeder schools for Hinckley Academy, the two schools in the town for Years 10 and 11. The school also operates a sixth form. North Warwickshire & Hinckley College, a Further Education college, is also in the town. The only other major college in the area is William Bradford (Earl Shilton). Within Hinckley there is also Dorothy Goodman Special School that caters for both juniors and seniors with disabilities, with units integrated within other local schools."}, {"context": " Hinckley was known to its residents for many years as \"Tin 'At\" (tin hat). It is reputed that, many years ago, one of the itinerant sheep drovers bragged that he could drink a hat full of ale. The local landlord put this man to the test by getting the local blacksmith to make a tin hat, which he then filled with ale. Thereafter, the town became known as \"Tin 'At\". Another explanation is that the people of Hinckley used to place buckets on water pumps to keep them clean and prevent the spread of illness, the bucket obviously being the \"Tin 'At\". A tin hat can be seen on top of the flag pole which sits on the roof of the Coral branch at the corner of Castle Street and Market Place. There is also a pub called The Tin Hat.  For a few more examples of Folklore Hinckley is twinned with Le Grand-Quevilly, France, and joined with Herford, Germany in the early 1970s. Hinckley is also twinned with Midland, Ohio, United States."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley (surname)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}]}, {"title": "Hinckley A.F.C.", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley Association Football Club is a football club, from Hinckley, Leicestershire, who play home games at Ibstock's Welfare Park. The club was formed in January 2014 when fans of the dissolved Hinckley United formed their own Community Trust football club, owned and democratically run by its supporters. The club competes in the . Following the demise of Hinckley United in October 2013, people formed a working group and at a public meeting in December announced their intentions to form a co-operative community trust to launch a new football club for Hinckley."}, {"context": " After discussions with Supporters Direct the working group decided to adopt the same model as F.C. United of Manchester and AFC Wimbledon with a membership scheme allowing a 'one member one vote' ethos. In January 2014 at the next public meeting it was voted that the name of the new football club would be Hinckley AFC. Further to that in February 2014 the club's badge and playing colours were voted on. The club crest chosen represented the town's history and future, and the playing colours would be a home kit of red & blue, with away colours of violet & white. At that same meeting the working group announced a bid by a local businessman to purchase the De Montfort Park ground, and that his favoured tenant for the stadium would be Hinckley AFC."}, {"context": " In March 2014 the working group announced that the co-operative trust had finalised its constitution. Members were informed that the club had applied to join the Midland Alliance, but would have to wait until the FA had fully scrutinised the business plan before they would make a final decision. The club were informed in June 2014 that they had been allocated a place in the newly formed Midland Football League First Division, level 6 of the Non League Pyramid. The club won their opening league game 3-0"}, {"context": " away at Southam United and a week later set a club record victory beating Pelsall Villa 13-0, but a run of 7 games without winning followed, leaving the club in the bottom reaches of the league table. On 18 October Hinckley AFC beat Cadbury Athletic 2-1, and then proceeded to set a Midland League record of 26 games unbeaten in a season culminating with a final day victory over Southam United winning 5-1. This unbeaten run lifted Hinckley AFC into a final league position of 3rd, ahead of Bolehall Swifts by virtue of goals scored. In cup competitions, an early exit in the FA Vase losing 2-1 at Tipton Town was balanced by reaching the final of the Leicestershire and Rutland Senior Cup, finishing runners-up to Bardon Hill, losing 1-0."}, {"context": " Historically the football clubs in Hinckley have either played in red, blue or a mixture of both. Hinckley Athletic played in red, Hinckley Town played in blue, and Hinckley United played in red & blue. The fans of Hinckley AFC voted to keep the tradition and the new club's home colours would be red & blue. The away kit was voted as being violet & white. Six designs of club crest were presented to members to vote on, each representing the town of Hinckley in a different way. The crest voted for by the members was an amalgamation of all the designs incorporating elements of each. The Arms of Honour of Hinckley (white & red divided vertically with a serrated line) has long been established with Hinckley, relating to Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester famously represented in a stained glass window at Chartres Cathedral, and has been incorporated in the previous clubs football crests, schools and other establishments in the town of Hinckley. The White Lion rampant also represents Simon de Montfort, considered to be one of the progenitors of modern parliamentary democracy, and represents the one member one vote ethos of the club. The Hansom Cab represents part of the history of Hinckley, as Joseph Hansom first developed and tested his Hansom Cab design in Hinckley. Finally the Phoenix represents the rebirth of the new football club after the dissolving of Hinckley United."}, {"context": " In March 2014 Steve and Joy Jelfs, who run a local business in Hinckley, and founder members of Hinckley AFC, made a bid to BDO Liquidators in regards to the De Montfort Park Stadium, former home of Hinckley United. Subsequently, Hinckley AFC entered an agreement with the Jelfs family for a 50-year lease upon completion of the Stadium purchase. The bid was accepted by the creditors of Hinckley United Ltd, but legal issues regarding ownership and security of tenure, meant that any purchase could not be completed."}, {"context": " On 31 March 2014 Hinckley AFC announced plans to ground share at St John's Park the home of Heather St John's, for the 2014\u201315 season. Hinckley AFC have since ground shared at Heather St John up to the 2017\u201318 season. On 9 April 2018 the club announced an agreement had been reached to play home matches at the Miners Welfare Ground in Ibstock for the 2018\u201319 season, the former home of Ibstock United and the current home of the Hinckley AFC under 18\u2019s team. On 6 May 2014 Hinckley AFC announced the appointment of the club's first manager, Carl Abbott, former manager of Wolverhampton Casuals. He was joined by his assistant, Paul Tomlinson and coach Simon Mellor. On 3 October 2017, Abbott stepped down from his role as manager after three and a half successful years in charge, in order to take the managerial position at Market Drayton Town, with his fellow backroom staff joining him at his new club."}, {"context": " Two days later it was announced that former Hinckley United player and manager Dean Thomas would take interim charge of the team whilst the search for a new man continued. On 13 October 2017, Dale Belford was appointed as the new permanent manager, with Richard Lavery to assist him alongside his playing duties. However, after just over two months in charge, Belford stepped down as manager on 27 December 2017. Richard Lavery took on the role of interim manager whilst continuing his playing duties, alongside former first team coach Tom Cherry. Following mixed results and the conclusion of the 2017/18 season, the duo decided to step down from their roles at the club.  On 29 May 2018 Lavery\u2019s former player, James Jepson, took over as manager with John Ramshaw as his assistant. At the end of November Jepson resigned as manager after 21 competitive games in charge. Leicestershire and Rutland Senior Cup Midland Football League Cup"}]}, {"title": "Hinckley Academy", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley Academy (formerly John Cleveland College) is a coeducational secondary school located in Hinckley, Leicestershire, England. The school also includes the John Cleveland Sixth Form Centre. Whilst also Exceeding Expectations within the Science Department with achieving a 'Specialist Science College' Title. This was the first school within the area to have it, and was then followed by Mount Grace High School. The school had five houses, which include Illife, Brame, Cheshire, Hansom and Nichols, although houses were disbanded in 2015. There are currently around 1750 students and 250 teachers and staff."}, {"context": " Hinckley Grammar School was first mentioned in the parish records of 1629, though it was certainly in existence before this time. It was located in Castle Road, in the very centre of Hinckley. However, in 1791 it was noted by the Universal British Directory that \"The old town hall and school house remain, but are ruinous\". In 1831 it was noted by the same organisation as \"In a very dilapidated state\", and the old grammar school was pulled down 21 years later in 1852, eventually being replaced by houses and shops. In 1877 a new school was opened. In 1891 it had 50 pupils and in 1894 moved to new purpose built premises on Leicester Road, close to the current site and in 1901 the school admitted girls for the first time. In 1963 the grammar school moved to Butt Lane and the Leicester Road buildings were taken over by Mount Grace High School."}, {"context": " In more recent times the school gained specialist Science College status, before converting to academy status in 2012. Previously an upper school for pupils aged 14 to 18, in September 2015 the age range expanded to 11 and the school was renamed from John Cleveland College to Hinckley Academy. The school campus consists of various buildings and facilities including a main hall, a swimming pool, a large canteen, a lecture theatre, a sports hall, a gym, astro turf pitches, a hospitality block, a media room, tennis courts, football pitches, rugby pitches, land athletics pitches and tracks, store rooms and a library (known as the Learning Resource Centre). During May\u2013September 2010 phase 1 of the sports centre refurbishment took place, this consisted of modern and vibrant changing facilities. During December 2010 work started on phase 2 which consists of upper changing facilities and swimming pool. The new facilities opened March 2011. During August 2011 the Design Technology Foyer and Washrooms received a complete re-design and refurbishment.  Awards include Investors in People, Artsmark Gold, International Schools Award and Healthy Schools Award status. During 2004, John Cleveland College became the first state comprehensive school to win the Under 15s Daily Mail Cup, a national Rugby Union cup championship open only to schools. The school also has many award-winning Football, Rugby, Basketball and Hockey teams."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley Airport", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley Airport is a privately owned, public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) west of the central business district of Hinckley, a village in DeKalb County, Illinois, United States. Hinckley Airport covers an area of at an elevation of 760 feet (232 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 9/27 with a 2,640 by 100 ft (805 x 30 m) turf surface. For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2006, the airport had 48,000 aircraft operations, an average of 131 per day, all of which were general aviation. At that time there were 35 aircraft based at this airport: 71% glider, 26% single-engine and 3% multi-engine."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley Athletic F.C.", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley Athletic F.C. was an English association football club based in Hinckley, England. The club was formed as Hinckley United in 1906 after the dissolution of Hinckley Town. They played in the Leicestershire Senior League until 1914, when they joined the Birmingham Combination In 1925, a year after winning the Combination for the first time, they reached the last qualifying round of the FA Cup in 1925, losing 0\u20133 to Grimsby Town. They won their second Combination title in 1927. After the end of World War II, the club changed its name to Hinckley Athletic. In 1955 they reached the 1st round proper of the FA Cup for the first time, eventually losing in the 2nd round to Rochdale. In 1959 they moved to play in the Southern League, and in 1963 again reached the 2nd round of the FA Cup, this time losing out to Queens Park Rangers. After a decade in the Southern League they moved back to the Combination, by now renamed the West Midlands (Regional) League.  In 1997 they merged with Hinckley Town to form Hinckley United."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley F.C.", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley F.C. was a football club based in Hinckley, Leicestershire, England. Until 2010\u201311 they played in the East Midlands Counties Football League, having joined from the Leicestershire Senior League at the end of the 2007\u201308 season. They resigned from the league in 2011. The club was established in 1967 as Downes Sports\u00a0\u2014 initially playing in the South Leicestershire League. For season 1974\u201375, whilst members of the Leicester & District League, they changed their name to Downes Athletic but reverted to Downes Sports the following season."}, {"context": " After finishing in third place in the Premier Division of the Leicester & District League, they joined the Leicestershire Senior League Division One for the 1987\u201388 season. They gained promotion to the Premier Division by finishing third in 1991\u201392, where they have remained ever since. Their highest-placed finish was in 2007\u20132008, when they claimed third place. Season 2003\u201304 saw Downes Sports finish as runners-up in the Leicestershire Senior Cup. After ending the 2006\u201307 season in 17th place (of 18 clubs), the club was reprieved from relegation due to a lack of suitable promotion candidates from the First Division."}, {"context": " The club changed its name from Downes Sports to Hinckley Downes in time for the 2007\u201308 season, when they effectively became the Reserve side to Hinckley United, who played their home games at Greene King Stadium. Their best seasons in the F.A. Vase were in 2001\u201302 and 2006\u201307 (as Downes Sports) and 2007\u201308 (as Hinckley Downes), when they lost in the First Round Proper on each occasion. In the summer of 2010, the club again changed their by dropping the 'Downes' part to become simply Hinckley. The club resigned from the league in 2011."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley Greyhound Stadium", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley Greyhound Stadium was a greyhound racing stadium on Nutts Lane in Hinckley, southwest Leicestershire. A man called Joe Grant started the Hinckley Greyhound and Whippet Racing Association in 1936 and a track was constructed in Nutts Lane directly on the north side of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway South Leicestershire branch. The track opened in 1936 and the racing was independent (not affiliated to the sports governing body the National Greyhound Racing Club). During the 1930s and 1940s the stadium ran mixed meetings where the greyhound races were supplemented by whippet racing. Joe Grant purchased an extra one and a half acres in 1947 and the track was extended. A McWhiter hare system was installed and the track established itself as one of the leading flapping tracks in the country. Flapping was the nickname given to independent tracks."}, {"context": " By 1960s the McWhirter hare system was replaced by the 'Inside Sumner' on a track measuring a 400 yard circumference with race distances over 300, 500, 710 and 900 yards. Racing was held on Wednesday and Saturday evening at 7.30pm. In 1972 Tom Grant took over from Joe after his death in 1972. During the 1980s and 1990s the track had a covered stand, car parking for 200 vehicles and a computerised totalisator. The stadium also held a Sunday market. The council granted Crest Nicholson planning permission in 2006 for 84 homes. The stadium was demolished making way for housing called Greyhound Croft."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley Hill Historic District", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hinckley Hill Historic District encompasses a well-preserved collection of stylish mid-19th century residences in Calais, Maine. Built mostly between 1820 and 1860, it includes a trio of high-quality Gothic Revival houses from the 1850s near the eastern edge of the town. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. The Hinckley Hill area is located on River Road, the eastward extension of Main Street beyond the central town grid. The district includes five properties on the south side of River Road, just east of Franklin Steet, and another five on the north side, extending eastward from just opposite the last of the southern five. All are residential properties with wood frame houses, 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 stories in height. The oldest house is a c. 1820 Cape with Federal style decoration, while the most recent historic property is an early 20th century Colonial Revival house. Two houses built after 1950 are not historically significant."}, {"context": " The most visually distinctive of the district's houses are a trio of Gothic Revival buildings on the north side of River Road. Built between 1850 and 1855, they are among the town's most architecturally sophisticated buildings, constructed at a time when the town still had a frontier feel to it. Of these, the George Washburn House and the Alexander Gilmore House are both also individually listed on the National Register for their architecture. The Gilmore House is one of two with a known architect: it was designed by New Brunswick architect Matthew Stead."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley Homestead", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hinckley Homestead is a historic house located at 1740 South County Road in the Marstons Mills area of Barnstable, Massachusetts. The 1-1/2 story Cape house was probably built c. 1750, although local historians assert it may have been built earlier. Its likely builder was Edmund Hinckley, grandson of early settler Samuel Hinckley. It has remained in the hands of his descendants; many of its exterior and interior Georgian details have been preserved. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 18, 1987."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley Institute of Politics", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hinckley Institute of Politics is a nonpartisan institute located on the University of Utah campus in Salt Lake City, Utah. Its purpose is \"to engage students in transformative experiences and provide political thought leadership\" through involving students in practical politics and in governmental, civic and political processes. Known for its internship program which has sent thousands of students to local, national, and global internship opportunities, the Hinckley Institute also provides educational programs for students, public school teachers and the general public."}, {"context": " The Hinckley Institute was founded by Robert H. Hinckley in 1965 as a way to engage students in government and \u201cencourage the youngest and best minds to enter into politics.\u201d Since that time, the Hinckley Institute has helped to provide more than 7,000 students with internships opportunities. Students have been placed with various organizations, such as public offices, elected officials, non-government organizations, for-profit corporations, political campaigns, and non-profits. In addition to internships, the Hinckley Institute offers publicly available political forums, scholarships, classes, excursions to Washington DC and a campaign management minor."}, {"context": " Since its founding in 1965, the Hinckley Institute has been led by five directors. The Hinckley Institute has provided University of Utah students with internship opportunities since 1966 and currently sends around 350 students every year to local, legislative, national, and global internships. The Hinckley Institute sends approximately 150 students each year to the most prestigious organizations in the Salt Lake City area. Students must register for at least three hours of course credit to participate. HNKLY classes are subject to standard tuition rates. Students can calculate their tuition costs here. Internships are available all semesters and open to students of all majors. Hinckley interns who have worked in local internships have done things like: serve as campaign managers, scheduling coordinators, and volunteer supervisors for races in Utah and have worked in local offices for U.S. Senators and Congressmen, mayors, the Utah Lt. Governor\u2019s office, the Attorney General\u2019s office and the Chamber of Commerce. They have also worked in a number of non-profit organizations such as the American Cancer Society and the Utah Disability Law Center."}, {"context": " Hinckley Interns function as support staff to aid legislators during the spring semester of each year. An intern may be asked to track legislation, write speeches, attend committee meetings, research issues, and analyze bills. Hinckley interns at the Utah State Legislature must adapt to a rigorous work schedule, take initiative in planning and organizing, and develop an effective working relationship with legislators. The Utah State Legislature Internship program offers students unparalleled access to the Utah legislative process. Interns serve as full-time staff to legislators, lobbyists, and the media during the 45-day legislative session that begin in late January and work on a part-time basis in the weeks preceding the start of the session. Legislative interns are not able to take other classes during this session due to the full-time work schedule. Each legislative intern is paid $2,775 by the Office of Legislative Research and General Counsel. State legislative interns represent the University of Utah and the Hinckley Institute of Politics, and therefore, the highest conduct is expected."}, {"context": " The Hinckley Institute of Politics has sent interns to Washington, D.C. since 1973, providing more than 100 students annually with full-time, paid internships in a variety of government institutions, public advocacy groups, and media/consulting firms. Hinckley interns are provided internship scholarships to cover expenses (if internship is unpaid), subsidized housing in central DC apartments, and up to 12 hours of academic credit. These interns work for members of the Utah delegation on Capitol Hill, the U.S. Supreme Court, and major think tanks that affect American national policy. Offices that have hosted Hinckley interns include the Department of Health and Human Services, the Democratic National Committee, the Republican National Committee, the House Committee on International Relations, and the White House. Students shadow legislators, congressmen and senators as well as learn the methods of lobbying, media coverage, and communication within the U.S. national government."}, {"context": " In 2008 the Hinckley Institute of Politics teamed up with the Li Ka-shing Foundation in Hong Kong, China to send five students from the University of Utah and seven students from Shantou University in Shantou, China to work as student journalists during the 2008 presidential election. The students were led by Frank Folwell, former photography editor of \"USA Today\" and his wife Sherry Riccardi. The students attended both the Democratic and Republican Conventions. From there they traveled to Washington, D.C. where they established their headquarters in the offices of Policy Impact, a lobbying and public relations organization under the leadership of William Nixon (a Fellow of the Hinckley Institute of Politics)."}, {"context": " The Hinckley Institute runs the University of Utah\u2019s Global Internship Program for all University of Utah students. The program has grown into what is considered in U.S. academia one of the most comprehensive and prestigious international internship programs. Global internships are available for undergraduate and graduate students of all disciplines in more than 50 countries. Academic credit and funding are available for fall, spring, and summer semesters. The goal of the Hinckley Institute's global internship program is to provide students with full-time, global work, cultural immersion, and career development opportunities."}, {"context": " Examples of internships include working with the Scottish or Australian parliament, doing humanitarian work in South America and Africa, and teaching women and children in India about AIDS prevention. The Hinckley Institute facilitates political forums during the academic school year, offering students the opportunity to hear from leading local, national, and global experts and opinion leaders, on topics ranging from local and municipal government and elections, resource management, environmental sustainment, housing, employment and education policies, national and international issues such as human rights, health care, constitutional law, the rights of women and minorities, the effects of the media, international relations and policies pertaining to the Middle East, Europe, South America and Asia, and the effects that U.S. national policy has on international events, terrorism and the economy."}, {"context": " The Hinckley Institute has hosted such notable guests as: The Hinckley Institute offers several scholarships to University of Utah students who have exhibited outstanding academic performance, civic engagement and service to their local community. Scholarships are available as general academic scholarships and internship-specific scholarships. Loans are also available to students through the Hinckley Institute of Politics. As part of the Hinckley Institute\u2019s mission to engage students in practical politics, the Hinckley Institute offers several courses on campaign management, the U.S. Presidency and money\u2019s influence in government. Students may receive credit for attending political forums, in addition to increasing their awareness of current local, national, and global events."}, {"context": " Each semester, University of Utah students are provided with the opportunity to visit Washington D.C. with one of the University of Utah\u2019s political science professors and the Hinckley Institute's program director over national internships. During Capital Encounter, students experience DC and the politics that surround it by visiting places and offices like Washington D.C.'s national monuments and memorials, meeting with members of the Utah delegation, touring the U.S Supreme Court, and visiting the headquarters of the CIA. In this one week excursion, students study the functions and inter-workings of the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches of government, and are given the opportunity to meet with members of the President\u2019s cabinet and discuss current events with top government officials."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley Priory", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley Priory was a small medieval monastic house in the town of Hinckley, Leicestershire, England. Hinckley Priory was founded as a small alien house: one that owes allegiance to a foreign mother house. In Hinckley's case, this mother house was Lyre Abbey \"(Abbaye Notre-Dame de Lyre)\", in La Vieille-Lyre, Normandy, France. The exact year of foundation is unknown, but it was before 1173. The priory was only small, with only two monks and the prior recorded in 1220. However, the priory played an important role as many of its priors served as Lyre Abbey's Papal Judge Delegates and as Proctors General in England and Wales."}, {"context": " The 15th-century wars between England and France brought trouble for the priory. As an alien house with allegiance to a French mother house, it was vulnerable. In March 1399 Hinckley was removed from the control of Lyre Abbey and granted to the Carthusian monks of Mount Grace Priory in North Yorkshire, for the duration of the wars. A truce with France meant the priory was returned in January 1400. A return to hostilities changed this again. In 1409 Hinckley priory's revenue was granted to Queen Joan (wife of King Henry IV) for her lifetime."}, {"context": " The priory was finally dissolved around 1414, with its property transferred again to Mount Grace Priory, and a pension awarded to Queen Joan. A list of the known Priors of Hinckley Priory: In 1543 King Henry VIII granted the former priory's land to the Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey. The former prior's residence was extended and converted into a domestic house known as \"The Priory House\" or \"Hall House\". Wings were added to the main block of the house in the later 16th century. The house was, however, demolished in 1827."}, {"context": " The priory was thought to have been located on the site now occupied by the Parish Hall, however this could not previously be confirmed. Vicar Brian Davies asked the Hinckley Field Walking Group, in 2004/2005, to dig test pits and try to locate any buried remains of the priory. The excavations discovered the remains of the priory: they were to the south of the present church. Not all of the priory has been excavated. In 2007 Lockett and Wallis published a \"Report on the Archaeological Excavation of the Priory Site\", recording the extent of current excavations."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley RFC", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley Rugby Club is an English rugby union team based in Hinckley, Leicestershire. The club runs six senior sides, a ladies team and a full set of junior teams. The first XV currently plays in National League 2 North, a fourth tier league in the English rugby union system. Hinckley Rugby Club was formed in 1892 with the first matches being played the following year. As with many clubs, Hinckley moved regularly during the early years of the 20th-century before moving to Coventry Road in 1929 and to its current Leicester Road location just under forty years later. After a strong 1970s, the 1980s were unkind to Hinckley and when the league system was formed the club suffered three consecutive relegations. However, fortunes improved in the 1990s and they started to move back up the rugby hierarchy and reached the National leagues by the end of the 1990s."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley Reservoir", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley Lake is located by Hinckley, New York. The lake serves water to 130,000 people in the greater Utica, New York area, is a source of hydropower, and supports recreation during all seasons. The lake is located in the towns of Russia in Herkimer County, and Remsen in Oneida County. Gregory B. Jarvis Plant is named in honor of the 41-year-old payload specialist from the Mohawk Valley who was killed aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1986. This 9,000-kW facility began operation in June of that year. The plant is located about 20 miles from Mohawk Central High School, where Jarvis graduated in 1963."}, {"context": " The topography of its watershed of 372 square miles is rugged and varies in altitude from about 1,165 to 3,100 feet above sea-level. The drainage basin of this creek, like that of the upper Mohawk, is located in the region which has the maximum precipitation of the state, a precipitation which is exceptionally high during the winter months, in the form of snow. No constricted gorge, where a short dam might be built, was available on the site of this reservoir. The dam has a total length of 3,700 feet, of which there is a 400-foot masonry section, embodying gate chambers and spillway. The major, or earthen, portion of the dam has a concrete core wall running through most of its length. The masonry content of the dam is 110,020 cubic yards, while there are 611,200 cubic yards of embankment in the earthen section. The masonry has a maximum height of 82 feet above rock and the overfall at the spillway is 61 feet. The maximum height of the earthen dam is 56 feet above the natural surface."}, {"context": " The lake forks into two parts, which have a combined length of about thirteen miles but no great width, only about a half mile. Its area is 4.46 square miles and its capacity 3,445,000,000 cubic feet. The maximum depth at crest level is 75 feet and the average depth, 28 feet. It necessitated the removal of 209 buildings, which made up parts of three villages, and it submerged seven miles of highways. This lake too is of much value for flood regulation, the maximum rate of flood discharge being very materially reduced."}, {"context": " The lake also offers sport fishing. Fish species that are present in the reservoir are smallmouth bass, rock bass, black bullhead, pickerel, trout, and yellow perch. There is a boat launch that requires a fee, located on the west shore off NY-365. It accommodates launching of all boat sizes. There is also a boat rental business on the lake. The public water supply of Utica was owned and operated by the Consolidated Water Company. The original supply was installed in 1850 and consisted of a reservoir supplied by the so-called Graftenberg springs, located in the hills south of the city. As the population increased additional reservoirs were constructed and surface streams impounded, constituting what is known as the southern supply. In about 1907 the supply from the West Canada creek was introduced into the city. In 1915 the barge canal reservoir at Hinckley was completed. It is from this reservoir that the West Canada Creek supply was taken, at least through 1918."}, {"context": " In February, 1917, a rather serious but localized break of typhoid fever occurred in Utica, New York which upon an investigation by this Department was attributed to an infection of the water in the mains through cross connections between auxiliary fire supplies from polluted sources. The results of analyses of the raw water from the Hinckley supply have shown in the past a moderate amount of active contamination as indicated by the total bacterial counts and the presence of organisms of the E. coli type."}, {"context": " In 1928, the name was officially changed to Kayuhoora Lake after land owners encouraged the state committee of geographic names to alter the name but it never took as people continued to call it Hinckley Lake. The intake at the Hinckley Lake consisted of a gate house located about midway of the dam, the point of intake being about 25 feet below the water surface. From this intake the water flowed by gravity through about 10 miles of 24-inch mains to a diverting reservoir located in the town of Marcy about 6 miles north of Utica. From this lake water was diverted to 2 distributing reservoirs, one known as the Marcy reservoir, located in the town of Marcy and the other, known as the Deerfield Reservoir, located in the town of Deerfield. The Marcy reservoir was an open reservoir formed by earthen embankments paved on the inner slopes and with a capacity of 15,000.000 gallons. From this reservoir a 24-inch main led to the northwestern section of the city's distribution mains. The Deerfield reservoir was of similar construction to that of the Marcy reservoir and had a storage capacity of approximately 106,000,000 gallons. From this reservoir a 20-inch main led into the city distribution system at the foot of Genesee street."}, {"context": " On the New Hartford distribution system was a stand-pipe with a capacity of 150,000 gallons and on the Oriskany distribution system is a stand-pipe with 250,000 gallons capacity. Another supply has been obtained in the past from a small intake dam on Keels creek not far from the Deerfield reservoir. This however is not now used. The water company is required to maintain a monthly patrol of the watersheds and to maintain sanitary conditions thereon in accordance with the stipulations of the rules."}, {"context": " Built across the West Canada Creek near the village of Hinckley. The dam was constructed by the State of New York and completed in 1915 for the purpose of supplying water to the enlarged canal. Hinckley Reservoir was located at its present site primarily because of its proximity to the canal and its elevation above the canal. The dam is 3,700 feet long, mainly an earthen structure with a concrete core wall. At the creek channel there are gate chambers and a spillway 400 feet long. The masonry contents of this dam are 110,020 cubic yards, while the embankment amounts to 611,200 cubic yards. The maximum height of masonry above rock is 82 feet and the overfall at the spillway, 61 feet. The area of the reservoir at crest level is 4.46 square miles, its maximum depth is 75 feet and average depth of 28 feet. The reservoirs capacity is 3,445,000,000 cubic feet.  On May 5, 2010 the reservoir reached a new daily recorded low elevation of 1215.4', which is 9' lower than the average recorded elevation for that day. Record low elevations continued through May until mid-June. As of June 8, the reservoir was at 1215.1' which is 2.6' below recorded low levels for that day, and 8.8' below average."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley Rock", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley Rock () is a rock northwest of Gillies Rock in the northern Neptune Range of the Pensacola Mountains, Antarctica. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1956\u201366, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Neil Hinckley, a member of the Electronic Test Unit in the Pensacola Mountains, 1957\u201358."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley Rural District", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The rural district of Hinckley was set up in 1894, covering the rural area around Hinckley, Leicestershire, England. It was named for Hinckley, but did not include it. It was created by the Local Government Act 1894 based on the Hinckley Rural Sanitary District. The district was abolished in 1935, under the review caused by the Local Government Act 1929, with part going to Hinckley Urban District, most of the rest going to Blaby Rural District and Market Bosworth Rural District. Very small parts went to Nuneaton and Atherstone Rural District."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley Subdivision", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hinckley Subdivision or Hinckley Sub is a railway line operated by BNSF Railway between Coon Rapids, Minnesota, and Boylston Junction between Foxboro and Superior, Wisconsin. Before the Burlington Northern merger of 1970, this line was formerly owned by Great Northern Railway. The line branches off to the north from the Staples Subdivision at Coon Creek Junction in Coon Rapids, and ends where it meets the Lakes Subdivision that brings the rails into Superior and Duluth, Minnesota. This is the only active rail line between Duluth\u2013Superior and Minneapolis\u2013Saint Paul, so the other Class I railroads operating in Minnesota, including Canadian Pacific, Canadian National and Union Pacific have at times acquired trackage rights on the route. As of May 2013, about 14 trains per day used the route."}, {"context": " The Hinckley Subdivision has also recently hosted steam train excursions in 2013, and planned 2014, in the form of Milwaukee Road 261. Passenger trains used this route until 1985 when Amtrak's \"North Star\" service ended. As of 2010, a proposed train dubbed the \"Northern Lights Express\" (\"NLX\") is in planning stages. While the previous train was limited to between , the \"Northern Lights Express\" would run at up to . The \"North Star\" stopped in Cambridge and Sandstone, and the \"NLX\" is also expected to stop in those cities as well as Hinckley.  Milepost 139.9 is at Coon Creek Junction."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley Town F.C.", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley Town F.C. was an English association football club based in Hinckley, England. The club was the first from the town of Hinckley, being formed in the 19th century., playing their games at the Holywell Ground. They played in the Leicestershire Senior League and Midland League before dissolving in 1906. The club was re-formed in 1972 and subsequently played in the FA Cup, FA Trophy and FA Vase In 1997 they merged with Hinckley Athletic to form Hinckley United."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley Township", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley Township may refer to the following townships in the United States:"}]}, {"title": "Hinckley Township, Medina County, Ohio", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley Township is one of the eighteen townships of Medina County, Ohio, United States, located in the northeast corner of the county. The 2010 census found 7,646 people in the township. Located in the northeast corner of the county, it borders the following townships and cities: No municipalities are located in Hinckley Township. Hinckley Township was established in 1825. Named for Samuel Hinckley, the original proprietor, it is the only Hinckley Township statewide. The township became known across Ohio and the United States as the home of the buzzards. On March 15 of every year, buzzards arrive in large flocks at the town, as if on a very exact biological clock. The town began celebrating the arrival of the birds in 1957, and today as many as 50,000 visitors visit the Hinckley Reservation in the town annually on \"Buzzard Day\" to witness the return of the avian residents. The event is used to mark the beginning of spring for Hinckley and the surrounding towns."}, {"context": " The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officer position or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley Township, Pine County, Minnesota", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley Township is a township in Pine County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 820 at the 2000 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , all land. Hinckley Township was organized in 1872, and named for Isaac Hinckley, president of the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad. As of the census of 2000, there were 820 people, 297 households, and 220 families residing in the township. The population density was 22.9 people per square mile (8.8/km). There were 345 housing units at an average density of 9.6/sq\u00a0mi (3.7/km). The racial makeup of the township was 95.98% White, 0.12% African American, 1.22% Native American, 0.49% Pacific Islander, 0.37% from other races, and 1.83% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.98% of the population."}, {"context": " There were 297 households out of which 39.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.9% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.6% were non-families. 19.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.13. In the township the population was spread out with 30.5% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.1 males.  The median income for a household in the township was $38,500, and the median income for a family was $42,639. Males had a median income of $31,146 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,118. About 8.3% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.0% of those under age 18 and 14.8% of those age 65 or over."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley United F.C.", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley United Football Club was an English football club, from Hinckley, Leicestershire who last played in the Southern Football League Premier Division during the 2013\u201314 season. They were formed in 1997 as the result of a merger between Hinckley Athletic and Hinckley Town. The club latterly played their home games at De Montfort Park, having moved to the purpose built football stadium in March 2005. On 7 October 2013 Hinckley United were wound up in the High Court. After the club was dissolved, supporters of Hinckley United formed Hinckley A.F.C. as a Community Trust football club. This \"Phoenix\" club was accepted into the Midland Football League 1st division for the 2014\u201315 season."}, {"context": " The town of Hinckley had an established football team for over one hundred years. The earliest recorded team was Hinckley Town, formed in 1889 and competed in the Leicestershire Senior League, playing their games at the Holywell Ground, behind the Holywell Inn pub. A short spell in the Midland League in 1900 was followed by a name change to Hinckley United and a return to the Leicestershire Senior League in 1905, where the club remained until the outbreak of the First World War. After the war Hinckley United competed in the Birmingham Combination, becoming champions twice in 1923\u201324 and 1926\u201327."}, {"context": " After the war, the brewery owners of the Holywell Ground decided they wanted the land for other uses and the football club found themselves without a ground. The club managed to purchase land on Middlefield Lane, for the sum of \u00a3500, in August 1946, and following a name change to Hinckley Athletic in September 1946, the club resumed playing in the Nuneaton Combination league. Hinckley Athletic subsequently competed in the Birmingham Combination again, the Southern League and West Midlands League before becoming founder members of the Midland Alliance. At the height of their success manager Dudley Kernick took the club into the Southern League Premier Division in 1964, before a financial crisis led to a relegation and eventual resignation from the Southern League. The club struggled to survive in the West Midlands League for the next 25 years. The early 1990s saw a turn around in fortunes for Hinckley Athletic and manager John Hanna saw the club become founder members of the Midland Alliance."}, {"context": " Meanwhile, in 1958 Westfield Wanderers were formed and played in the Hinckley District League. In 1972 they changed their name to Hinckley Town and joined the Leicestershire Senior League, before their successful period in the 1980s with a switch to the Central Midlands League, then the West Midlands (Regional) League and gaining promotion to the Southern League in 1990. Hinckley United, was formed on Wednesday 18 June 1997. A meeting on that date saw shareholders of Hinckley Athletic approve a merger with neighbours Hinckley Town."}, {"context": " Merger moves were made immediately at the end of the 1996\u201397 season when Athletic narrowly missed out on promotion to the Southern League for the third consecutive campaign following finishes of 2nd, 3rd and 2nd again. A meeting of the respective chairmen, Mick Voce (Athletic) and Kevin Downes (Town), established there was some common ground with each club having something positive to offer, and the merger was completed. Consequently, the new club were to play at Middlefield Lane with Town's Leicester Road set up being used as a training ground, and once the FA and Southern League had approved the merger, United inherited Town's Southern League Midland Division place."}, {"context": " The aim was to provide better quality football in Hinckley and this success was achieved within four years. After a mid table finish in their first season, Hinckley United improved with finishes of fourth, third and then won the Southern League Midland/West Division in season 2000\u201301. That season saw Hinckley score 102 league goals and extend an unbeaten home record to 51 games. This success was further compounded by becoming founder member of the Conference North. The first two seasons in the Southern League Premier Division Hinckley had mid-table finishes, but the following season finished in sixth place, also meaning they finished in a position to be accepted into the newly established Conference North division for 2004\u201305."}, {"context": " After two mid table finishes consolidating in Conference North, season 2006\u201307 was accepted as the season Hinckley would make a serious challenge for the title. However, after a good start tragedy struck the club when popular defender Matt Gadsby collapsed and died on the pitch at Harrogate on 9 September 2006. The practical response in the days following Gadsby's death included fans voluntarily organising bucket collections at games across the country to donate to Gadsby's widow and daughter. These events culminated in a memorial match at the Marston Stadium featuring a Legends XI and a Gadsby Select XI, featuring players from Gadsby's previous clubs. Hinckley players took a month away from football and spent the rest of the season playing catch up. When Hinckley returned to action the season was one of up and down, but held on to a play-off spot, eventually rallying on and off the field to secure fourth place in the league, reaching the play-off final, but missing out on promotion conceding a last minute penalty."}, {"context": " Off the pitch things gathered pace with the development of the club. Middlefield Lane was sold for \u00a34\u00a0million which funded De Montfort Park, a purpose built 4329 capacity football ground. The move away from Middlefield Lane happened on 5 March 2005 when the first game at the new De Montfort Park Stadium was played. Attendances increased at the new stadium and a home league attendance record was set for Hinckley when nearly 2900 watched Hinckley draw with Nuneaton on boxing day 2006. Following from the play-off final defeat, Hinckley United struggled the following season and were involved in a relegation battle throughout. Despite being bottom of the league at Christmas, relegation was avoided by a nine-game unbeaten run at the end of the season, ensuring survival in the penultimate game."}, {"context": " The next few season were treated as consolidation, as financial hardship hit the club off the field. Lack of proper budgeting the previous seasons meant the club were unable to meet debts, and the HMRC petitioned the courts for a winding up order. The football club was also sanctioned with a registration embargo, limiting the number of players at the club to a maximum of 16. Over two years were spent with the club trying to finance and settle the debts, gaining adjournments from the courts, and the debt was finally settled in November 2010."}, {"context": " Players left the club, due to the financial issues, and season 2010\u201311 saw a virtual fresh team of players start for Hinckley. Again it was a battle against relegation, but after the registration embargo was lifted in November 2010, some new players were brought in and Hinckley dragged themselves away from the relegation zone towards a mid table finish. Another season of struggle and financial hardship followed in season 2011\u201312 and the club were relegated on the final day of the season, though finished on 48 points, the highest points total to be relegated from the Conference North. On 25 May 2012, the F.A published their proposed club allocations for the 2012\u201313 non-league season proposing Hinckley United would be in the Conference North after both Darlington and Kettering Town were relegated further divisions after financial problems. In June this reprieve was officially confirmed at the Football Conference AGM."}, {"context": " On 10 October the only manager in the club's history, Dean Thomas, resigned following a poor start to the season and increasing financial restrictions and was replaced by assistant manager, Carl Heggs. The club were again playing under a transfer embargo, even having to postpone one home game due to lack of players, and in other matches playing Youth team players. The team went on a winless run and, following a 4\u20131 defeat at Gloucester City, they were relegated. Heggs resigned, and long-serving player and 1st team coach Stuart Storer became the new manager."}, {"context": " On 7 October 2013 Hinckley United were wound up in the High Court of Justice. In August 1997 Dean Thomas became team manager with former Hinckley Athletic boss John Hanna being appointed general manager, although Hanna relinquished his position in the new year of 1998, leaving Thomas in sole charge. He won the Southern League Western Division championship with Hinckley United in season 2000\u201301, and guided the club to the FA Cup 2nd round in December 2001 and December 2004. His assistant manager during that time was former Notts County player Charlie Palmer, however at the start of the 2007\u201308 season Palmer was replaced by Nick Platnauer. Platnauer had previously managed Rothwell Town, Kettering Town and Bedford Town."}, {"context": " For the 2010\u201311 season Platnauer, took more of a coaching role, whilst first team coach Stuart Storer took over the role of assistant manager. In July 2011 Platnauer started the season again in the assistant manager's role, but left the club in August 2011, and was replaced by Mark Faulkner. In June 2012 Marc Faulkner was replaced as assistant manager by former Hinckley United striker Carl Heggs. Following a very poor start to the 2012\u201313 season, and after an early exit in the FA Cup, Thomas resigned as manager on 10 October 2012. Thomas had been Hinckley United's manager for 16 years and was granted a testimonal season in 2007\u201308. Assistant manager Carl Heggs was placed in temporary charge and said on several occasions he would love the job on a permanent basis. On 15 November Heggs was offered the job on a permanent basis until the end of the 2012\u201313 season in a board meeting, but on a further reduced budget after the discovery of more debt being placed upon the club. On 28 February 2013, it was announced in the Hinckley Times that Heggs had signed a new contract until the end of the 2013\u20132014 season after being given the assurances he was looking for from the board. However, on 21 May 2013, Carl decided to resign as manager after being offered the chance to become a PE teacher at Ascot College, Derbyshire. The job was offered to long-serving first team coach, Stuart Storer, who accepted the offer on 27 May. Stuart Storer's first move as boss was to appoint former Knitters' defender Andrew Penny as his assistant, having formally worked as reserve team manager at Chasetown since 2011."}, {"context": " The club colours are red and blue, a blend of the main colours of the former clubs. Athletic played in red and Town played in blue. The original playing kit was red and blue stripes, blue shorts, blue socks\u00a0\u2013 but that has evolved over the past 10 years. Now the playing kit is a solid blue body with red sleeves, and red flashes down the side of the body, blue shorts and red socks. The original club crest for Hinckley United was the Arms of Honour of Hinckley, basically a red and white halved shield divided in half by a serrated line. The club crest was relaunched in 2004 still incorporating the Arms of Honour of Hinckley but also taking elements of the Borough of Hinckley and Bosworth crest and mascots of the two merged clubs Hinckley Athletic and Hinckley Town. The rams were added from the Borough crest signifying the hosiery industry in the town, and Hinckley Town's eagle plus Hinckley Athletic's robin were placed atop the crest."}, {"context": " At the formation of the club, a competition was held for fans to come up with a nickname and The Knitters was chosen. This reflects one of the longest standing industries associated with the town, the wool and hosiery trade, having been factories in Hinckley since the 17th century. Hinckley United began playing their games in 1997 at Middlefield Lane, former home to Hinckley Athletic. Although having the required grade for Southern League and Conference North, it was old and would take a lot of work to upgrade to a better level. Hinckley United spent two years financing, securing land and building a new ground, and in 2005 phase 1 of the stadium was completed. Phase 2 was finished by 2007 adding a full size all weather floodlit pitch and junior changing facilities to the complex."}, {"context": " Marston's Brewery signed a 10-year sponsorship of the ground and it became known as the Marston's Stadium. However, the deal ended early in December 2008 and the name reverted to the original De Montfort Park Stadium. In January 2009 the club announced a deal for the stadium to be sponsored by the Greene King Brewery and the stadium was renamed the Greene King Stadium. In total the complex covers and includes 3 full size pitches, 2 three-quarter size pitches, 3 half size pitches and an All Weather floodlit pitch. The flagship of the complex is the De Montfort Park Stadium, a 4329 capacity purpose built football ground, also comprising gymnasium, sports injury clinic and a social club too."}, {"context": " The first match in the stadium was on 5 March 2005 when Stalybridge Celtic were the first team to play Hinckley United on the ground, and drew 1\u20131, in front of a crowd of over 2000. The FA gave the stadium international recognition in July 2012 when it was selected for two international under-17 matches, alongside Burton's Pirelli Stadium and Northampton's Sixfields Stadium, as part of a friendly tournament involving England, Italy, Turkey and Portugal. The stadium hosted the Portugal U17s 1\u20130 Italy U17s, and Italy U17s 3\u20131 Turkey U17s matches."}, {"context": " After the end of the 2012\u20132013 season, Hinckley chairman Mike Sutton confirmed that Greene King Brewery had decided not to renew their deal to sponsor De Montfort Park. Hinckley United have only ever reached beyond the 1st round of the FA Cup on two occasions, both times losing to Football League opposition in the second round. In 2001\u201302 Hinckley United beat Grays Athletic 1\u20132 at the New Recreation Ground in the First Round, then lost to Cheltenham Town 0\u20132 at Middlefield Lane. In 2004\u201305 Hinckley United recorded one of their most famous victories by beating Torquay United 2\u20130 at Middlefield Lane. In the Second Round Brentford played at Middlefield Lane live on BBC TV as the match was scheduled to be shown on \"Match of the Day\". The game finished 0\u20130 with Tommy Whittle, the then Hinckley goalkeeper facing a penalty that John Salako put wide of the post. The replay took place at Griffin Park and Brentford won 2\u20131, after Hinckley United defender Brad Piercewright was sent off for 'handling the ball on the line'."}, {"context": " In the short history of Hinckley United the furthest progression has been to the 4th round. Yeovil Town beat Hinckley United 3\u20132 at Huish Park in 1998\u201399. During the 2011\u20132012 season Hinckley had another successful cup run, beating Wrexham away in the 1st round, who at the time were top of the Conference National, and eventually bowing out after taking Luton Town to a replay in the 2nd round. Striker Andre Gray impressed in both games against Luton, later leading to the Conference Premier side to signing him on loan with a view to a \u00a330,000 permanent transfer.  Players whose careers progressed in the professional game, or gained international honours include: Local rivals include Nuneaton Town, Shepshed Dynamo, Barwell and Bedworth United. Nuneaton Town and Barwell being the biggest rivals."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley Yachts", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley Yachts, founded in 1928, manufactures, services and sells luxury sail and powerboats. The company is based in Maine. The company has developed yacht technologies including JetStick and Dual Guard composite material, and was an early developer of the fiberglass hull. Currently, Hinckley operates service yards in seven locations along the east coast of the United States, making it one of the most integrated boating concerns in the United States. Hinckley\u2019s present yacht line includes boats ranging in size from 29 to 55 feet. All of Hinckley\u2019s yachts are built to order with customization of the interior and exterior cosmetics as required by the purchaser."}, {"context": " Hinckley was founded in 1928 by Benjamin B. Hinckley after he purchased a small boatyard in Southwest Harbor, ME. In 1932 Benjamin\u2019s son, Henry R. Hinckley, an engineering graduate from Cornell, took control of the company. A 36-foot \u201cfisherman motorboat\u201d dubbed \u201cRuthyeolyn\u201d built in 1933 was Hinckley\u2019s first boat. Five years later, in 1938, Hinckley came out with its first sailing vessel, a 28-foot Sparkman & Stephens sloop. Hinckley would go on to produce 20 of these sloops, making them the company\u2019s first mass production line. Straying away from boatbuilding, Hinckley opened Manset Marine Supply Company in 1940 for which he designed many fittings for fuel tanks, stanchions, deck plates, and the like that are still utilized today."}, {"context": " At the start of World War II, Hinckley turned to manufacturing war-designed boats. At the end of the war Hinckley\u2019s contributions totaled nearly 40% of all war boats built in Maine, for which the company was awarded two Army-Navy \u201cE\u2019s\u201d for excellence in 1942 and 1943. Hinckley\u2019s production of pleasure boats began soon after the war. In 1945 the Sou\u2019wester sailboat was created. 62 original Sou\u2019Westers were built, making it the largest fleet of single design cruising boats of its time. During the 1950s, Hinckley began experimenting with the use of fiberglass to construct his yachts\u2019 hulls. His first fiberglass boat, the Bermuda 40 sailing ship, was released in 1959. The last Hinckley-built wooden boat was the 1960 \u201cOsprey.\u201d Throughout the 1960s the company provided navigation systems along with auto-pilot and electric-powered furling mainsails."}, {"context": " In 1979 Henry Hinckley sold the company to Richard Tucker, but after Tucker\u2019s death in 1980 Henry\u2019s son Bob bought the company back with the help of his business partner Shepard McKenney. The two released Hinckley\u2019s first fiberglass powerboat christened \u201cTalaria\u201d in 1989. The last of the Bermuda 40\u2019s was produced in 1991, bringing the total number of B40\u2019s produced to 203 over its 32-year lifespan. Hinckley became the first American boat company to use SCRIMP technology (a method of making composite material with nearly no volatile organic compound emissions) in its yachts, for which Hinckley was awarded the United States Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s Environmental Merit Award in 1994. Also in 1994, the company first used its jet propulsion technology."}, {"context": " The company again fell under new ownership in 1997 when it was purchased by The Bain, Willard Companies for approximately $20 million. William Bain, Ralph Willard, and Alexander Spaulding took over operations. Under the new ownership, Hinckley began to market power boats equipped with jet drives. The company also developed more advanced fiberglass construction techniques dubbed \"Dual Guard\", which aimed to create a stronger hull. In 2001 Bain, Willard Companies sold a 51% controlling interest in The Hinckley Company to Cambridge, Massachusetts based Monitor Clipper Partners for $40 million in debt and equity."}, {"context": " Hinckley currently conducts operations in twelve U.S. locations. Due to economic forces the company reduced its workforce in mid-2008 to 305 at the end of August 2009. By May 2017, The Hinckley Company employed 685 workers in its boatyards, boat building and corporate facilities in the U.S. Hinckley acquired Hunt Yachts in August 2014 and Morris Yachts the following year. The acquisitions added two boat building facilities and one additional yacht yard which are all continuing operations. Hinckley\u2019s current line of yachts includes seven powerboats ranging in length from 29 to 55 feet and two sailing vessels from 42 to 50 feet (each boat\u2019s length is represented by the number preceded by its name). The powerboats are made up of three Talaria models, which are offered with or without flyybridges so some may consider this six models; two Picnic Boats; three runabouts and one center console. The Talaria fleet was first built in 1989. The present line includes: Center Console 29; Runabout 29, Runabout 34, Runabout 38, Picnic Boat 34, Picnic Boat 37, Talaria 43 FB/MY, Talaria 48 FB/MY and Talaria 55 FB/MY The Runabout 38 includes a \u201chydraulically operated convertible top\u201d and is \u201call about curves, shadows, highlights, and reflections\u201d. The Talaria 43 was lauded by the press and appeared on the covers of Powerand Motoryacht magazine and Yachting magazine in October 2014 following its introduction that year."}, {"context": " The Bermuda 40, designed by William H. Tripp, Jr., was introduced in 1959 as Hinckley\u2019s first fiberglass boat. According to Jack Humor of spinsheet.com \u201cthe B-40 was to become the bellwether for future production and established Hinckley as the premier North American Yacht builder of exceptional quality sailing yachts\u201d. The last B40 was built in 1991, ending its 40th year of production with the 203rd rendition of the trendsetting yacht. In 1994 Hinckley put forth the first Picnic Boat. \"Many explanations for the phenomenal success of the Picnic Boat have been proffered, but all eventually come down to aesthetics. The sinuous shape perfectly manages to express the two worlds from which this boat sprang--yachts and lobster boats-- and its proportions are inherently pleasing to the nautical eye.\""}, {"context": " The Picnic Boat style was created by Hinckley and is a registered trademark of the company. Originally designed with jet propulsion, the Picnic Boat led to the development of the JetStick. Hinckley introduced the JetStick, Dual Guard composite material, and the use of fiberglass. The first experiments with fiberglass began during the 1950s and concluded with the creation of the B40 in 1959. Despite much criticism such as the comparison of fiberglass to \u201cfrozen snot,\u201d Hinckley used the material in boatbuilding . Hinckley created Dual Guard technology in 1999, a composite composed of an aramid and carbon fiber, aimed at creating a stronger and more efficient hull. In 2016, the company launched a remote monitoring system called OnWatch. OnWatch uses a series of sensors to track numerous data points on a boat and relay them via a cellular system to servers that update a mobile Web site (it feels like an app when you add the OnWatch icon to your smartphone homescreen). Once you log in, it gives you a homescreen with an at-a-glance understanding of how your boat is doing, from technical details such as engine status, bilge, battery, and fuel-tank levels, to the state of your shore power connectivity.  The JetStick, designed by Control Engineering, Inc., was first used in 1998. The computer-integrated design allows the skipper to control and dock the boat through the use of a joystick. To use the JetStick the driver pushes a button to engage docking mode, this in turn disengages the wheel while a computer determines the amount of bow thruster and jet needed to move the boat sideways."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley and Bosworth", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley and Bosworth is a local government district with borough status in south-western Leicestershire, England, administered by Hinckley and Bosworth Borough Council. Its only towns are Hinckley, Earl Shilton and Market Bosworth. Villages include Barwell, Burbage, Stoke Golding, Groby, Shackerstone and Twycross. The population of the Borough at the 2011 census was 105,078. As of the 2015 local election, the council is controlled by the Conservative Party. The district is broadly coterminous to the Bosworth parliamentary constituency, which is represented in Parliament by David Tredinnick (Conservative)."}, {"context": " The Borough was formed in 1974 by the merger of the Hinckley Urban District and the Market Bosworth Rural District less Ibstock. It was originally to be known as Bosworth, but the council changed its name on 20 November 1973, before it came into its powers. It was granted borough status in 1974. There are a number of geographical features which shape the landscape of Hinckley & Bosworth. Two large neighbouring urban areas lie to the south of the borough: Hinckley and Burbage and Barwell and Earl Shilton. A narrow green wedge separates the two conurbations, which is increasingly being occupied by leisure facilities such as the Marston's Stadium and a new leisure centre. To the east of the wedge lies Burbage Common and Woods, a large popular green recreational area."}, {"context": " The west of the borough is largely flat in nature, dominated by the River Sence flood plain. This area of the borough is largely rural, consisting of a number of very small villages and hamlets. At the northern and eastern edges of the borough lie several settlements (including Bagworth, Desford, Groby, Markfield, Ratby and Thornton) which largely relate to Leicester; in particular the most northern villages have little to do with the main administrative centre of Hinckley. The northern area of the borough also forms part of Charnwood Forest, an area which it is hoped can be enhanced to provide an attractive natural resource."}, {"context": " Three railways remain in existence across the borough, including two owned by Network Rail the third being the preserved Battlefield Line. The only railway station on the National Rail network is Hinckley railway station on the South Leicestershire Line opened by the LNWR between 1862 and 1864. Currently there are direct services to Birmingham New Street and Leicester only with additional services to/from Cambridge and Stansted Airport in the peak. An earlier railway which remains is the former Leicester and Swannington Railway which opened in 1832 and only carries goods and special passenger services only.  Hinckley and Bosworth is the second largest borough by population in Leicestershire and has seen significant population growth over recent decades; a trend forecast to continue at least into the short-medium term. In May 2006, a report commissioned by British Gas showed that housing in Hinckley and Bosworth produced the 10th highest average carbon emissions in the country at 7,209\u00a0kg of carbon dioxide per dwelling."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley and Bosworth Borough Council elections", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley and Bosworth Borough Council is elected every four years. No overall control 1973 - 1976 Conservative 1976 - 1995 No overall control 1995 - 2003 Conservative 2003 - 2007 Liberal Democrat 2007 \u2013 2015 Conservative 2015 - present"}]}, {"title": "Hinckley and Rugby Building Society", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hinckley & Rugby Building Society is a building society based in Hinckley, Leicestershire, UK, with origins dating back to 1861. The Hinckley & Rugby Building Society's history dates back to 1861 when the Rugby Provident Building Society was founded. Much of the Rugby's history was lost when it was merged with its Hinckley counterpart in 1983. However, the same is not true of the organisation originally known as the Hinckley Freehold Land and Permanent Building Society. The Society opened for business in November 1865, when it was resolved that Thomas Kiddle would become manager and would run the Society from his draper\u2019s shop in Castle Street, Hinckley. The society changed its name to The Hinckley Permanent Building Society in 1907 and, throughout the first half of the century, the management of the society continued to be a family affair."}, {"context": " George Kiddle took over the reins from his father Thomas in 1907, being succeeded by Harold, his brother and the youngest son of Thomas, in 1923, when he became joint manager with Mr F G Brise. Harold retired from the position of manager in 1946 and his son Geoffrey Oliver Kiddle took his place. By this time, assets had grown to \u00a3878,801. Geoffrey saw a real need for modernization, including the introduction of calculating machines and a new regime of more modern practices. By 1950 assets had exceeded \u00a31,000,000 for the first time and, in 1959, Geoffrey Kiddle moved on to pastures new ending the Kiddle family\u2019s almost century-long association with the Society. A new manager, Eric Faulkner, succeeded him. During the 1960s further developments were made, such as the introduction of an automatic addressing system to help cater for extra administration."}, {"context": " The Society\u2019s first proper branch opened in 1964 in Friar Lane, Leicester, swiftly followed by further branches in South Wigston and Barlestone. 1965 was a special year for the Society, as it celebrated its centenary and, a year later, total assets passed the \u00a37million mark for the first time. Future development was high on the agenda and a new head office was built at the current site in Upper Bond Street, Hinckley, and officially opened in 1970. The Society wanted to keep a presence in the town centre, which meant acquiring 37 Castle Street, where the Society can still be found to this day. By 1975 assets had grown to \u00a324.7 million, increasing to \u00a332 million in 1977 despite the fact that the decade had seen unsettled economic conditions."}, {"context": " In 1979, the Society\u2019s name changed once more to Hinckley Building Society. However, just three years later in 1982 it was agreed to merge with the Rugby Provident Building Society. On March 1, 1983 Hinckley & Rugby Building Society, as it is now known, was born. The 1980s saw an improvement in the economic climate that meant the housing market improved rapidly and, in 1983, the Society lent a record \u00a316.5 million. Eric Faulkner retired from his post as general manager in 1985 after 26 years of service, during which time assets had grown from \u00a32 million to over \u00a3100 million. Anthony Payne was appointed his successor as general manager and secretary, becoming chief executive two years later in 1987."}, {"context": " Hinckley & Rugby, in common with all other building societies went through very tough times in the early 1990s, as house prices slumped by up to 30% and mortgage interest rates soared to over 15%. Following Anthony Payne\u2019s retirement from the Society in December 1992, Barry Hunt was appointed chief executive, and he led a change of strategy that put sound building blocks in place to assist the Society in weathering the challenges of the credit crunch in 2007. It was also this year that Barry Hunt retired and Chris White, previously Finance Director, was promoted to the role of chief executive.  All images and information are from Hinckley and Rugby Building Society's company records."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley railway station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley railway station serves the towns of Hinckley and Burbage in Leicestershire, England. The station is on the CrossCountry Birmingham to Peterborough Line between and and is about east of . The station is owned by Network Rail and managed by East Midlands Trains, who do not operate services from this station. Only CrossCountry operate trains from here. A full range of tickets for travel is available from the station ticket office when it is open (0640\u20141300 hrs), or at other times from the guard on the train at no extra cost."}, {"context": " The station was opened in 1861 as part of the South Leicestershire Railway, which was taken over by the London and North Western Railway in 1867. There are services to and : usually one train in each direction every hour. There are three trains per day to Stansted Airport. Buses operate from outside the station around the town and also to Magna Park and Lutterworth. The station is also just a short walk from The Crescent bus station where a large number of services can be caught to farther destinations and also smaller nearby villages."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley's Corner Historic District", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hinckley's Corner Historic District, also known as Paine Hollow, is a historic district including three properties located at 0, 25, and 40 Way #112 in Wellfleet, Massachusetts. This small cluster of properties are a representative of the outer Cape's life in the 19th century. All three houses are fairly utilitarian 1-1/2 story Cape style houses, with only modest traces of late Georgian or Federal styling. The oldest house, the Jonathan Young House at 40 Way #112, was built c. 1790-91, and was owned for a significant portion of the 19th century by members of the Hinckley family. This property includes a 19th-century barn, a c. 1920 structure whose uses have included a retail store and an art studio, and a c. 1950 garage. The John Lewis House at 25 Way #112 was built c. 1820, and has a Federal style fanlight over the main entrance. Its property includes a garage/guesthouse built c. 1924, originally to house a Model T firetruck, and an oysterhouse built 1827-28."}, {"context": " The third house is the Robert Paine House at 0 Way #112; it was also built c. 1820, and is the most-altered of the three, with additions on either end. It stands on a larger property (neary 5 acres, compared to the 1-2 acre lots on which the others stand), and includes a small shed built c. 1820 and a boatbuilding shop built c. 1915. This house is further notable for housing a worker who helped build the Wellfleet Marconi Station in the early 1900s. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley, Illinois", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley is a village in Squaw Grove Township, DeKalb County, Illinois, United States. The population was 2,070 at the 2010 census, up from 1,994 in 2000. The village of Hinckley has a memorable history. In the 1830s, a Mr. Hollenbeck (who lived near Ottawa) was traveling the then-unsettled territory. He found a fine grove of trees west of the present-day Hinckley, and named the grove after the Native American women who were tending camp. Back in Ottawa, word spread of the undeveloped land, and in the spring of 1835, John Sebree built a log house. The next year saw more families come to the area and soon a small town was started at the west edge of what is now Hinckley. The town's name was Squaw Grove."}, {"context": " Hinckley was conceived in the 1870s as the brainchild of Francis Hinckley, president of the Chicago and Iowa Railroad. The rail line was placed one-half mile east of the Village of Squaw Grove, which was then named Hinckley. From this early birth, much change and innovation would come to Hinckley. Some key dates follow: Methodist Church (1835), first store (1872), Hinckley has 20 businesses (1876), St. Paul's Church (1885), volunteer fire brigade organized (1886), tornado destroys most of village (1889)."}, {"context": " On January 7, 1927, the Harlem Globetrotters played their first road game in Hinckley before a crowd of 300. Hinckley-Big Rock Community Unit School District #429 operates 3 schools. Hinckley-Big Rock Elementary School is located on the westside of Hinckley on US HWY 30. Hinckley-Big Rock Middle School is located in the center of Big Rock on US HWY 30. Hinckley-Big Rock High School is located on the eastside of Hinckley on US HWY 30. Hinckley is located at (41.771389, -88.640526). According to the 2010 census, Hinckley has a total area of , of which (or 99.06%) is land and (or 0.94%) is water."}, {"context": " As of the census of 2000, there were 1,994 people, 730 households, and 556 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,100.7 people per square mile (810.4/km\u00b2). There were 761 housing units at an average density of 801.7 per square mile (309.3/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the village was 90.69% White, 1.80% African American, 0.20% Native American, 1.30% Asian, 0.60% from other races, and 1.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.51% of the population. There were 730 households out of which 38.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.8% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.8% were non-nuclear families. 18.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.14."}, {"context": " In the village, the population was spread out with 28.9% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 33.5% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.2 males. The median income for a household in the village was $58,043, and the median income for a family was $65,726. Males had a median income of $45,179 versus $27,500 for females. The per capita income for the village was $23,491. About 3.8% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.0% of those under age 18 and 5.1% of those age 65 or over.  Hinckley was home to the first Harlem Globetrotters away game on January 7, 1927. In 1981, Hinckley served as stand-in for fictional North Crawford in Jonathan Demme's film adaptation of \"Who Am I This Time?\" by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.. Christopher Walken and Susan Sarandon portray two painfully shy people who find one another through a community theater production of \"A Streetcar Named Desire\", in which they portray the tempestuous Stanley and Stella Kowalski."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley, Minnesota", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley is a city in Pine County, Minnesota, United States, located at the junction of Interstate 35 and Minnesota State Highway 48. The population was 1,800 at the 2010 census. Hinckley's name in the Ojibwe language is \"Gaa-zhiigwanaabikokaag\", meaning \"the place abundant with grindstones\" due to being located along the Grindstone River. Portions of the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation are located within and adjacent to Hinckley. On September 1, 1894, the Great Hinckley Fire killed more than 400 people."}, {"context": " Hinckley is generally considered the halfway point on Interstate 35 between Minneapolis\u2013Saint Paul and Duluth in East Central Minnesota. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Interstate Highway 35 and Minnesota Highway 23 (co-signed); and Minnesota Highway 48 are two of the main routes in Hinckley. Interstate 35 runs north\u2013south; and Highway 48 (Fire Monument Road) runs east\u2013west. Pine County 61 passes through downtown Hinckley."}, {"context": " Hinckley is along the Grindstone River. The Kettle River is also nearby. Hinckley is the home of Grand Casino Hinckley, sister casino to Grand Casino Mille Lacs; which holds an associate count equal to the population of the city of Hinckley itself. \"Camp Nathanael\" is located east of Hinckley on Highway 48. The Ojibwe Indians were the first people to settle the Hinckley area. They trapped and hunted on the land and traded furs at the Mille Lacs and Pokegama trading posts. When European settlers came to the Hinckley area, it was a heavily forested area with thick forests of white pine, some of the largest in the state. The first railroad arrived in Hinckley in 1869; and so began a logging and railroad expansion."}, {"context": " Hinckley was founded as the Village of \"Central Station\" in 1885, the village was re-incorporated as the City of Hinckley in 1907. Both names were after Hinckley Township where the city is located within. Surrounding Hinckley Township was known as \"Central Station\" by the railroads because of its position halfway between the Twin Ports of Duluth and Superior as well as the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul. Hinckley Township was named in 1870 after Isaac Hinckley, president of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad."}, {"context": " By 1894, Hinckley was a prosperous community that had everything needed to serve residents and the fast-expanding lumber industry. On September 1, 1894, everything changed with a firestorm wiping out Hinckley and many northeastern Minnesota towns. Today the Hinckley Fire Museum, nine blocks west of Interstate 35 in downtown Hinckley, tells the devastating story of what came to be called the Great Hinckley Fire and the town\u2019s recovery from it. The museum is located in a restored railroad depot downtown, an exact replica of the pre-fire depot, built just after the fire."}, {"context": " After the fire, the burned stumps of the forests were cleared to take advantage of the now nutrient-rich soil. Hinckley\u2019s recovery would hinge on agriculture. Some of the main crops were potatoes, fruits and vegetables. The early harvests were bountiful. Abundant clover helped feed milk cows for a brisk dairy industry. Following the national trend in farming , Hinckley has lost most of its agricultural underpinnings. The Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe opened Grand Casino Hinckley in 1992. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,800 people, 736 households, and 409 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 785 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 82.4% White, 1.1% African American, 10.3% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.5% of the population."}, {"context": " There were 736 households of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.0% were married couples living together, 17.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.4% were non-families. 35.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.05. The median age in the city was 32.5 years. 28.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.3% were from 25 to 44; 21.4% were from 45 to 64; and 14.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.5% male and 51.5% female."}, {"context": " As of the census of 2000, there were 1,291 people, 551 households, and 332 families residing in the city. The population density was 454.3 people per square mile (175.5/km\u00b2). There were 614 housing units at an average density of 216.0 per square mile (83.5/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 91.87% White, 0.15% African American, 5.81% Native American, 0.70% Asian, 0.08% from other races, and 1.39% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.08% of the population. There were 551 households out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.2% were married couples living together, 17.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.7% were non-families. 34.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.95."}, {"context": " In the city, the population was spread out with 28.4% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 71.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $29,338, and the median income for a family was $37,313. Males had a median income of $29,167 versus $21,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,537. About 12.5% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.8% of those under age 18 and 11.6% of those age 65 or over.  The following list includes those who were either born in, or who have resided (or presently reside) in Hinckley:"}]}, {"title": "Hinckley, Ohio", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley is an unincorporated community in Medina County, in the U.S. state of Ohio. A post office called Hinckley has been in operation since 1825. The community has the name of Judge Samuel Hinckley, a land speculator from Massachusetts. A variant name was Hinckey Center."}]}, {"title": "Hinckley, Utah", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinckley is a town in Millard County, Utah, United States, in the middle of the Sevier Desert. Irrigation water from the Sevier River, passing nearby, has been used to turn Hinckley into a farming oasis. The mountains that are common in Utah are seen only in the distance, and beyond the reach of the river, a severe desert prevails. The population was 696 at the 2010 census. Hinckley was first settled by Erastus F. Pack, a son of John Pack. The area was part of the Latter Day Saints Deseret Ward until 1891 when that ward was split and the area now known as Hinckley was made the Hinckley Ward, named after Ira N. Hinckley. Thomas George Theobald surveyed the town and divided it into 14 blocks of 5 acres each."}, {"context": " According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 5.0\u00a0square miles (13.0\u00a0km\u00b2), all of it land. According to the K\u00f6ppen Climate Classification system, Hinckley has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated \"BSk\" on climate maps. As of the census of 2000, there were 698 people, 218 households, and 180 families residing in the town. The population density was 138.8 people per square mile (53.6/km\u00b2). There were 245 housing units at an average density of 48.7 per square mile (18.8/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.71% White, 0.43% African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.14% Asian, 0.57% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.15% of the population."}, {"context": " There were 218 households out of which 43.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.5% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.0% were non-families. 16.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.20 and the average family size was 3.61. In the town, the population was spread out with 38.0% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.3 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $35,625, and the median income for a family was $39,375. Males had a median income of $32,333 versus $25,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,700. About 9.5% of families and 13.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.9% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over."}]}, {"title": "Hincks", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinck and Hincks are surnames, and may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Hincks Conservation Park", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hincks Conservation Park is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia on the Eyre Peninsula located about north of Port Lincoln and south east of Lock in the gazetted locality of Tooligie. The conservation park was proclaimed under the \"National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972\" in 1972 in relation to a parcel of land of which part had enjoyed protected area status since 1941. The majority of the land forming the conservation park as of 2014 was part of a conservation reserve proclaimed under the \"Crown Lands Act 1929\" in 1993 and which was added to the conservation park in 2004 prior to the majority of the land holding being excised to create the Hincks Wilderness Protection Area.  One source states that the conservation park was named after Sir Cecil Stephen Hincks, SA Minister of Lands, Irrigation and Repatriation (1946\u20131963) while another states that its name was derived from the former Hincks Conservation Reserve. It is classified as an IUCN Category VI protected area."}]}, {"title": "Hincks Wilderness Protection Area", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hincks Wilderness Protection Area is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located in the gazetted locality of Hincks about north of Port Lincoln and south east of Lock on the Eyre Peninsula. The wilderness protection area was proclaimed under the \"Wilderness Protection Act 1992\" on 30 September 2004 on land excised from the Hincks Conservation Park. The following qualities have been identified by the government agency managing the wilderness protection area:Originally set aside as a flora and fauna reserve in 1941, it is one of the largest expanses of mallee on Eyre Peninsula. The area has recorded 420 species of vascular plants including 28 orchids. Of the 420 species, 91 (including four species of orchid) had not previously been recorded on any other reserve in South Australia. The wilderness protection area is dominated by Mallee, with a small portion covered by forest, woodland, or shrubland. Visitors occasionally travel through the reserve or camp on the North-South Track.  It is classified as an IUCN Category Ib protected area."}]}, {"title": "Hincks and Burnell", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hincks and Burnell (originally Hinchliffe, Hincks and Burnell) were a firm of stained glass designers and manufacturers based in Nottingham in the early years of the 20th century. The company produced stained glass windows in the East Midlands from around the mid 1920s. Their makers mark was a crown, with HHB Nottm. When Hinchcliffe left the firm in 1935, the company was renamed Hincks and Burnell and the makers mark was changed to a crown with H&B Nottm. Originally based at 23 Heathcote Street in Nottingham, the company moved in 1932 to Hermit Street in Sneinton, Nottingham. where it stayed until after 1941. In the 1950 Hincks and Burnell was formally dissolved, and Horace Hincks continued on his own based at 50 High Pavement, Nottingham."}, {"context": " Horace Turrell Hincks (1886 - 1964) married Louisa Sharp on 22 August 1911 in the Primitive Methodist Chapel, Leicester. He served in the Machine Gun Company in the Sherwood Foresters. They lived at 26 Ryland Road, Beeston, Nottingham, but by 1941 had moved to Church Lane, Attenborough. He died in Runton, Norfolk in 1964. George John Burnell (1877 - 1965) was born in London, the son of John Burnell (glass cutter) and Selina Margaret Thompson. He married Ethel Amy Hartley in 1903. In 1941 he was living at 111 Marlborough Road, Beeston."}]}, {"title": "Hincks, South Australia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hincks is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on the Eyre Peninsula about west of the state capital of Adelaide. Its name and boundaries were both adopted and created in 1998. Its name is derived from both the Hundred of Hincks in which it is partly located and the Hincks Conservation Park which covered its full extent in 1998. As of 2004, the full extent of Hincks is covered by the protected area known as the Hincks Wilderness Protection Area. Hincks is located within the federal division of Grey, the state electoral district of Flinders and the local government areas of the District Council of Cleve and the District Council of Tumby Bay."}]}, {"title": "Hincmar", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hincmar (; 806 \u2013 21 December 882), archbishop of Reims, was the friend, advisor and propagandist of Charles the Bald. He belonged to a noble family of northern Francia. Hincmar was born in 806 to a distinguished family of the West Franks. Destined to the monastic life, he was brought up at Saint-Denis under the direction of the abbot Hilduin (died 844), who, went appointed court chaplain in 822, brought him to the court of the emperor Louis the Pious. There he became acquainted with the political as well as the ecclesiastical administration of the empire. When Hilduin was disgraced in 830 for having joined the party of Lothair I, Hincmar accompanied him into exile at Corvey in Saxony. Hincmar used his influence with the emperor on behalf of the banished abbot, and not without success: for he stood in high favour with Louis the Pious, having always been a faithful and loyal adherent. He returned with Hilduin to Saint-Denis when the abbot was reconciled with the emperor and remained faithful to the Louis during his struggle with his sons."}, {"context": " After the death of Louis the Pious (840) Hincmar supported Charles the Bald (see Capitularies of Charles the Bald), and received from him the abbacies of N\u00f4tre-Dame at Compi\u00e8gne and Saint-Germer-de-Fly. Archbishop Ebbo had been deposed in 835 at the synod of Thionville (Diedenhofen) for having broken his oath of fidelity to the emperor Louis, whom he had deserted to join the party of Lothair. After the death of Louis, Ebbo succeeded in regaining possession of his see for some years (840-844), but in 844 Pope Sergius II confirmed his deposition. In 845 Hincmar obtained through the king's support the archbishopric of Reims, and this choice was confirmed at the Synod of Beauvais (April 845). He was consecrated archbishop on 3 May 845; in 847 Pope Leo IV sent him the pallium."}, {"context": " One of the first cares of the new prelate was the restitution to his metropolitan see of the domains that had been alienated under Ebbo and given as benefices to laymen. From the beginning of his episcopate Hincmar was in constant conflict with the clerks who had been ordained by Ebbo during his reappearance. These clerks, whose ordination was regarded as invalid by Hincmar and his adherents, were condemned in 853 at the Council of Soissons, and the decisions of that council were confirmed in 855 by Pope Benedict III."}, {"context": " This conflict, however, bred an antagonism of which Hincmar was later to feel the effects. During the next thirty years the archbishop of Reims played a very prominent part in church and state. His authoritative and energetic will inspired, and in great measure directed, the policy of the West Frankish kingdom until his death. As an expert on government and court ceremonial, an aggressive advocate of ecclesiastical privilege Hincmar took an active part in all the great political and religious affairs of his time, and was especially energetic in defending and extending the rights of the church and of the metropolitans in general, and of the metropolitan of the church of Reims in particular. In the resulting conflicts, in which his personal interest was in question, he displayed great activity and a wide knowledge of canon law, but did not scruple to resort to disingenuous interpretation of texts."}, {"context": " His first encounter was with Gottschalk, whose predestinarian doctrines claimed to be modelled on those of St Augustine. Hincmar placed himself at the head of the party that regarded Gottschalk's doctrines as heretical, and succeeded in procuring the arrest and imprisonment of his adversary (849). For a part at least of his doctrines Gottschalk found ardent defenders, such as Lupus of Ferri\u00e8res, Prudentius of Troyes, the deacon Florus, and Amolo of Lyons. Through the energy and activity of Hincmar the theories of Gottschalk were condemned at the second council of Quierzy (853) and Valence (855), and the decisions of these two synods were confirmed at the synods of Langres and Savonni\u00e8res, near Toul (859)."}, {"context": " To refute the predestinarian heresy, Hincmar composed his \"De praedestinatione Dei et libero arbitrio\", and against certain propositions advanced by Gottschalk on the Trinity he wrote a treatise called \"De una et non trina deitate\". Gottschalk died in prison in 868. The question of the divorce of Lothair II, king of Lorraine (r. 855\u2013869), who had repudiated his wife Theutberga to marry his concubine Waldrada, engaged Hincmar's literary activities in another direction. At the request of a number of great personages in Lorraine he composed in 860 his \"De divortio Lotharii regis et Theutbergae reginae\", in which he vigorously attacked, both from the moral and the legal standpoints, the condemnation pronounced against the queen by the Synod of Aix-la-Chapelle (February 860)."}, {"context": " Hincmar energetically supported the policy of Charles the Bald in Lorraine, less perhaps from devotion to the king's interests than from a desire to see the whole of the ecclesiastical province of Reims united under the authority of a single, sympathetic sovereign, and in 869 it was he who consecrated Charles at Metz as king of Lorraine. In the middle of the ninth century there appeared in Gaul the collection of 'false decretals' commonly known as the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals. The exact date and the circumstances of the composition of the collection are still an open question, but it is certain that Hincmar was one of the first to know of their existence, and apparently he was not aware that the documents were forged. The importance assigned by these decretals to the bishops and the provincial councils, as well as to the direct intervention of the Holy See, tended to curtail the rights of the metropolitans."}, {"context": " Rothad, bishop of Soissons, one of the most active members of the party in favour of the pseudo-Isidorian theories, immediately came into collision with his archbishop. Deposed in 863 at the council of Soissons that was presided over by Hincmar, Rothad appealed to Rome. Pope Nicholas I, supported him zealously, and in 865, in spite of the protests of the archbishop of Reims, Arsenius, bishop of Orte and legate of the Holy See, was instructed to restore Rothad to his episcopal see. Hincmar experienced another check when he endeavoured to prevent Wulfad, one of the deposed clerics ordained by Ebbo, from obtaining the archbishopric of Bourges with the support of Charles the Bald. After a synod held at Soissons, Pope Nicholas I pronounced himself in favour of the deposed clerics, and Hincmar was constrained to submit (866)."}, {"context": " He was more successful in his contest with his nephew Hincmar, bishop of Laon, who was at first supported both by the king and by his uncle, the archbishop of Reims, but soon quarrelled with both. Hincmar of Laon refused to recognize the authority of his metropolitan, and entered into an open struggle with his uncle, who exposed his errors in a treatise called \"Opusculum LV capitulorum\", and procured his condemnation and deposition at the Synod of Douzy (871). The bishop of Laon was sent into exile, probably to Aquitaine, where his eyes were put out by order of Count Boso. Pope Adrian protested against his deposition, but it was confirmed in 876 by Pope John VIII, and it was not until 878, at the council of Troyes, that the unfortunate prelate was reconciled with the Church."}, {"context": " A serious conflict arose between archbishop Hincmar on the one side and Charles and the pope on the other in 876, when Pope John VIII, at the king's request, entrusted Ansegisus, archbishop of Sens, with the primacy of the Gauls and of Germany, and created him vicar apostolic. In Hincmar's eyes this was an encroachment on the jurisdiction of the archbishops, and it was against this primacy that he directed his treatise \"De iure metropolitanorum\". At the same time he wrote a life of St Remigius, in which he endeavoured by audacious falsifications to prove the supremacy of the church of Reims over the other churches. Charles the Bald, however, upheld the rights of Ansegisus at the synod of Ponthion."}, {"context": " Although Hincmar had been very hostile to Charles' expedition into Italy, he figured among his testamentary executors and helped to secure the submission of the nobles to Louis the Stammerer, whom he crowned at Compi\u00e8gne (December 8, 877). During the reign of Louis, Hincmar played an obscure part. He supported the accession of Louis III and Carloman, but had a dispute with Louis, who wished to install a candidate in the episcopal see of Beauvais without the archbishop's assent. To Carloman, on his accession in 882, Hincmar addressed his \"De ordine palatii\", partly based on a treatise (now lost) by Adalard, abbot of Corbie (c. 814), in which he set forth his system of government and his opinion of the duties of a sovereign, a subject he had already touched in his \"De regis persona et regio ministerio\", dedicated to Charles the Bald at an unknown date, and in his \"Instructio ad Ludovicum regem\", addressed to Louis the Stammerer on his accession in 877. In the autumn of 882 an irruption of the Normans forced the old archbishop to take refuge at \u00c9pernay, where he died on 21 December 882."}, {"context": " Hincmar was a prolific writer. Besides the works already mentioned, he was the author of several theological tracts; of the \"De villa Noviliaco\", concerning the claiming of a domain of his church; and he continued from 861 the \"Annales Bertiniani\", of which the first part was written by Prudentius, bishop of Troyes, the best source for the history of Charles the Bald. He also wrote a great number of letters, some of which are extant, and others embodied in the chronicles of Flodoard. Hincmar's works, which are the principal source for the history of his life, were collected by Jacques Sirmond (Paris, 1645), and reprinted by Migne, \"Patrol. Latina\", vol. cxxv and cxxvi. See also Carl von Noorden, \"Hinkmar, Erzbischof von Reims\" (Bonn, 1863), and, especially, Heinrich Schr\u00f6rs', \"Hinkmar, Erzbischof von Reims\" (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1884). For Hincmar's political and ecclesiastical theories see preface to Maurice Prou's edition of the \"De ordine palatii\" (Paris, 1885), and the abb\u00e9 \u00c9mile Lesne, \"La hi\u00e9rarchie \u00e9piscopale en Gaule et en Germanie\" (Paris, 1905)."}]}, {"title": "Hincmar of Laon", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hincmar, called the Younger, was the Bishop of Laon in the West Frankish Kingdom of Charles the Bald from 858 to 871. His career is remembered by a succession of quarrels with his monarch and his uncle, archbishop Hincmar of Rheims. After initial loyalty to Charles trouble occurred from 868 due to the allocation of benefices on the see's estates. The conflict grew dangerous as it became embroiled in the larger dispute of Lotharingian succession following Lothair II\u2019s attempted divorce from his wife. Hincmar\u2019s struggle against his king provides a Carolingian example of early Medieval clerical exemption."}, {"context": " Hincmar was born near Boulogne sometime between 835 and 838. His mother died while he was young and thus he was moved to Rheims and brought up under the care of his maternal uncle. It appears that Hincmar was a child prodigy, mastering Latin grammar, elements of Greek and the work of the Church Fathers. His appointment as Bishop of Laon in 858 was the work of his uncle. Due to Hincmar of Rheims\u2019s close relationship with Charles the Bald he was able to \u2018secure the appointment of the episcopal candidates he favoured, including that of his own nephew to the strategically key bishopric of Laon. As a bishop Hincmar of Laon held a retinue of thirty to forty men, he was not the only Carolingian bishop to have a retinue of laymen. In 858 Charles the Bald\u2019s brother Louis the German invaded the Kingdom of West Francia. As a vassal to Charles, Hincmar provided Charles with \u2018active military service.\u2019 Hincmar evidently impressed his monarch by allowing Charles to raise troops from his episcopal see, as in 860 Charles returned much lost land to the church of Laon as a reward for this service."}, {"context": " After a decade as bishop of Laon, Hincmar came into conflict with Charles the Bald. In 868 charges were brought against the bishop regarding benefices within his see. Two vassals alleged that Hincmar was treating them unjustly, and that Hincmar had seized their benefices without justification. Another vassal also claimed that Hincmar had taken without reason from him a benefice that had previously been held by father. Charles the Bald demanded that Hincmar defend himself before a panel of secular judges. Hincmar disputed this, requesting clerical exemption from the royal court, and turned to his uncle for support. Hincmar of Rheims was \u2018always zealous to guard the rights of the church.\u2019 As a result, Hincmar of Reims produced the \"Rotula\" in order to protect the right of his nephew to only be tried in an ecclesiastical court."}, {"context": " The \"Rotula\" was a reactionary piece defending episcopal privileges, centrally clerical exemption. In effect Hincmar of Rheims collected various sources which espoused the right for a cleric to be tried in a secular court or punish those who tried clerics at a secular court. For example, \u2018that no one should dare to accuse a bishop before public judges\u2019 from the \u2018Roman Laws declared by Gratian, Valentinian and Theodoric\u2019. These referral to older authorities of canon law increased the persuasiveness of the Rotula. Hincmar of Rheims also warned Charles that \u2018it was not the place of a king to publicly recriminate against a bishop, to summon him before a secular court.\u2019 Both Hincmars travelled to P\u00eetres to meet the king in August 868. It was evident here that Charles was angered by Hincmar of Laon's actions and thus Hincmar of Reims watered down his defence of his nephew. Charles had previous experience of dealing with unruly bishops. Thirty years earlier at the trial of Bishop Samuel of Toulouse he stated that he;\u2018would not suffer bishops to be examined outside of the royal and lay jurisdiction in matters pertaining to regalian rights and to the laws of the kingdom.\u2019Because of Hincmar of Reims's support for his nephew Charles ordered that the question would be handled by a synod. Hincmar of Laon then turned his attention over the Alps for support in preparation for his next conflict with the king. The bishop of Laon sent secret messengers to Pope Hadrian II regarding a disputed villa at Poilly, which Hincmar claimed belonged to Laon.At Quierzy in December 868 Hincmar produced the papal responses to the king which chided the king. Hadrian also commanded that the villa of Poilly was to be returned to Hincmar. Following this Charles's attempts to forcefully bring Hincmar into line were unsuccessful, partly due to the continued support of Hincmar of Rheims."}, {"context": " Before attending the council of Verberie in April 869 Hincmar of Laon set up precautions in his see in case the council was a trap. While Charles did attempt to accuse Hincmar here he was halted by Hincmar of Rheims who again reiterated the principles detailed in the \"Rotula\" and presented at P\u00eetres the year before. Hincmar of Laon still enjoyed his uncle's support. In this case, however, Hincmar of Rheims's concern was now for the church and for canon law rather than for his nephew. Again Hincmar of Laon turned to Pope Hadrian for support. He claimed that Charles was \u2018no more than a tyrant, an oppressor of the church and an invader of her property.\u2019 Furthermore, he also accused his uncle of failing in his duty to protect the church and his nephew."}, {"context": " On May 27 869, Charles imprisoned Hincmar of Laon. As a result, Hincmar put into action his plan prepared before Verberie a month prior. Thus, all holy offices in the diocese of Laon were prohibited. This only achieved in angering both Charles and Hincmar of Rheims. His uncle thus supported his imprisonment and wrote to Hincmar to raise this interdict. A month later, on June 24 at another annual assembly at P\u00eetres Hincmar had yielded to the king. This occurred without his uncle's knowledge. This reconciliation with Charles was due to private agreement. Hincmar swore an oath of allegiance to the king in return for the disputed villa of Poilly's return to the see of Laon."}, {"context": " Throughout this conflict it appears that Charles's response to Hincmar is somewhat overbearing. But alongside Hincmar's threats to involve the papacy he also threatened to switch allegiance to King Lothar II. This interfered with the key issue of diplomacy and politics in the realm. Indeed, in 868 following the death of Pope Nicholas I \u2013 Hadrian's predecessor \u2013 Lothar had tried to secure his position against his uncles; Charles the Bald and Louis the German. Thus, Lothar tried to enlist Hincmar of Laon, due to the bishop's current dispute with Charles. Lothar's attempted divorce from Theutberga was a key political issue as it potentially left him without an heir, thus providing an easy opportunity for Charles and Louis to seize the kingdom of Lotharingia. Therefore, threats to desert to Lothar were serious. Evidently Charles believed Hincmar was sincere in this as the monarch accused Hincmar of \u2018conspiring with Lothar II to desert his own king.\u2019"}, {"context": " On June 16 870 Hincmar of Laon was called to the Synod of Attigny where Charles instructed Hincmar to renew his oath to his uncle. Hincmar was reluctant but eventually the pressure of the king and the archbishop was successful. At Attigny more accusations of a similar ilk to 868 were brought against Hincmar. Two days later, on June 18 there was a royal tribunal. Two of Hincmar's men \u2013 Ragenardus and Grivo \u2013 accused him of expropriation. In his defence Hincmar asserted that the witnesses who knew the truth of what happened were not present, yet Charles forced him to answer. As a result, Hincmar accused both Ragenardus and Grivo of wrongdoing yet he was unable to substantiate these claims or back them up under oath. Fearing imprisonment, Hincmar fled back to Laon. This fear was not without basis, yet was an irrational and self-destructive move."}, {"context": " Following the death of Lothar II in August 869 there is evidence linking Hincmar to the conspiracy of Carloman. Carloman was son of Charles the Bald who from an early age was excluded from inheriting his father's crown. Following Lothar's death, he was able to gather an aristocratic following in Lotharingia and vie in a grab for power around 870. Both Peter McKeon and Janet Nelson subscribe to the view that Hincmar was sympathetic to Carloman. The timings of Hincmar's renewed oaths, the backing of the pope to both Hincmar and Carloman, and both men's connections to Lotharingia offer a \u2018tantalising persistent thread.\u2019 While Nelson admits that none of the charges against Hincmar mention complicity with Carloman the timings of events \u2018seem more than a coincidence.\u2019 Only two days after Hincmar swore allegiance at Attingy (June 16) Carloman was arrested by Charles (June 18) and taken to the stronghold of Senlis."}, {"context": " In 871 Hincmar of Rheims drew up a Synodal document to excommunicate Carloman and cease his grab for power. Hincmar of Laon's refusal to endorse this document proved to be a desperate and final act of defiance.\u2018Already embroiled in major disputes with both his uncle and Charles the Bald, and already suspected of conspiring with Lothar II, Hincmar of Laon now brought down on himself the full extent of the king\u2019s wrath.\u2019In August 871 Hincmar was seized by royal agents at taken to Douzy where he appeared before an ecclesiastical court. Charles summoned eight archbishops and twenty-two bishops to preside over the Synod of Douzy. At Douzy Hincmar was deposed from episcopal and priestly rank. Pope Hadrian II attempted to intervene but Charles the Bald was successful in defending royal rights within his realm, and following his death in 872 the most powerful dissenting voice to the deposition of Hincmar was removed."}, {"context": " Carloman was retried and blinded in 873, permanently ending his attempts to be king. Later in the year Hincmar of Laon was also blinded, by order of Count Boso. Nelson states that by doing this, Charles the Bald \u2018took vengeance for what he clearly believed was continued complicity with Carloman.\u2019 Despite the decision reached at the Synod of Douzy it was not until 876, and with the permission of Pope John VIII that Archbishop Hincmar ordained his nephew's successor, Hedenulf, to the see of Laon.  Charles the Bald died in October 877 and following the passing of Hincmar's antagonist he enjoyed some recompense. At the Council of Troyes in 878 Pope John VIII restored Hincmar to the performance of priestly offices. He was also allowed part of the revenues of his former see. It was in these circumstances that Hincmar died in 881."}]}, {"title": "Hincovce", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hincovce is a village and municipality in the Spi\u0161sk\u00e1 Nov\u00e1 Ves District in the Ko\u0161ice Region of central-eastern Slovakia. In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1320. The village lies at an altitude of 435 metres and covers an area of 6.488\u00a0km\u00b2. It has a population of about 205 people. The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive \"Statny Archiv in Levoca, Slovakia\""}]}, {"title": "Hind (1800 ship)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind or Hinde was launched at Hull in 1800. After a voyage to Russia she made one voyage for the British East India Company. She then became a West Indiaman. She was wrecked in April 1815. \"Hind\", of Hull, enters \"Lloyd's Register\" in 1800 with a burthen of 305 tons, Farthing, master, Foster, owner, and trade Hull\u2014Archangel. In the 1801 edition her burthen is 385 tons, and her owner M. Foster. The other information is the same. EIC voyage: Captain William Cattin (or Caitline) sailed from the Downs on 8 January 1801, bound for Bengal. William Catline tendered her to the EIC to bring back rice from Bengal. She was one of 28 vessels that sailed on that mission between December 1800 and February 1801."}, {"context": " \"Hind\" arrived at Calcutta on 24 June. Homeward bound, she was at Culpee on 5 September, reached Saint Helena on 31 December, and arrived at the Downs on 23 February 1802. On 30 March 1802 the Court of Directors of the United Company of Merchants trading with the East Indies (the EIC), announced that on 22 April they would offer for sale 37,000 bags of rice brought by the \"Hind\", , , , and . \"Lloyd's Register\" for 1802 makes no mention of the voyage to India. It shows \"Hind\"s master changing from M. Farthing to E.Darby, her owner from Foster to Crosbie & Co., and her trade from Hull\u2014Archangel to London\u2014Jamaica. However, the \"Register of Shipping\" for 1802, which published earlier in the year than \"Lloyd's Register\", shows \"HInd\"s master changing from Caitling to E. Darby, her owner from Foser to Crosby, and her trade from London\u2014India to London\u2014Jamaica."}, {"context": " The \"Register of Shipping\" volume for 1815 shows \"Hind\", of 384 tons (bm), launched at Hull in 1800, with J. Johns, master and owner, and trade London\u2013Surinam. \"Hind\", Johns, master, from Surinam, was surveyed there and found unseaworthy. Still, Johns decided to sail on to England, possibly after repairs. On 14 April 1815 \"Hind\", Johns, master, from Surinam to London, ran on shore in the back of the Goodwin Sands. She was totally lost but her master and crew landed at Margate. Only four bales of cotton and 90 bags of coffee were saved.  Notes Citations References"}]}, {"title": "Hind (crater)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind is a lunar impact crater that lies to the southeast of the walled plain Hipparchus (distance from the crater rim is about 25\u00a0km), and about 20\u00a0km due east of the crater Halley. The rim of Hind is relatively free of wear and distortion, except for a break at the north rim. The floor of Hind is relatively uneven, however, compared to the interior of Halley. Hind and the craters Hipparchus C and Hipparchus L form a line with diminishing diameters that point to the northeast. Its diameter is 29\u00a0km long and is 3,000 meters deep, also, the area is around 550\u00a0km\u00b2."}, {"context": " The crater is named after the 19th century British astronomer John Russell Hind, it was named by William Radcliffe Birt. On the 1645 map by Michael van Langren, the crater is called \"Trautmansdorfii\", after a Trautmansdorf. On the 1647 map by Johannes Hevelius, the crater called it \"Cimanus Mons\" and grouped it with Halley, it was named after the Cimanus of the ancient world. By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Hind."}]}, {"title": "Hind (name)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind is both an English surname and an Arabic female given name , it means the smart atractive girl and the brave beautiful one ; it also means SWORD and 100 years . Notable people with the name include: Surname: Given name:"}]}, {"title": "Hind (singer)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind (Arabic language:), also spelled \"Hend\", is a female singer from Bahrain. Her work includes popular Arabic music as well as traditional Khaliji music. She was discovered by the musician Anwar Abdullah, and gave her the nickname \"Hind\", but her real name is Suhair. Hind's debut album \"Rabeie El Galb\" was released in 2000, off the album she became well recognized in Bahrain and the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. It was only after she signed her latest album \"Al Ghroob\" with Rotana, that's when she became recognized and famous around the Persian Gulf region."}, {"context": " Hind was born in the Kingdom of Bahrain (5/5/1979) she grew up with her parents and five siblings (three sisters, and two brothers). Her father worked in the ministry of Social Security, and her mother was a full devoted housewife. She graduated from high school in 1997 (the same year she joined in creating as a co-finder of the Bahraini Traditional music group). She enrolled into Bahrain University majoring in Business Management. In the year of 1999, Hind left the university to pursue a music career after she was recognized by the well known musician Anwar Abdullah. She was signed to the company \"Fanoon El Emarat\" which produced her first album \"Rabeie El Galb\" also known as \"Hind 2000\"."}, {"context": " In 2002, she got married. Ten months later on, she gave birth to her first child \"Abdullah\". In 2003, she released her second album \"Hind 2003\" also known as \"Sodfa\", which did not leave a big remark in the music business as the first one did. Also in the same year, her fan website was launched and she was given the nickname \"Farashat Al-Khalij (the gulfs butterfly)\". Sadly, her marriage did not last long where it ended in 2004. 2005 was the turn point in Hind's life, where she signed with the well known music company Rotana her third album titled \"Hind 2005\" also known as \"Al Ghroob\". Off that album Hind have made a tremendous entry in the music industry where that was her key to success throughout 2005 to 2007.  Hind released an album in 2008. The album included twelve songs which were sung in different dialects such as Khaleeji, Lebanese and finally Egyptian. She released her latest album titled \"Hind 2012\" in 2012. Her official site is www.hindworld.com"}]}, {"title": "Hind (video game)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind is a computer game released by Digital Integration in 1996 for MS-DOS and Windows 95. The game is a combat flight simulator which features the Soviet Mi-24 Hind attack-helicopter. It came with a detailed 99 page printed manual. Hind is rated as a PC Gamer editors choice game. The game features several game modes. From the main menu the player can choose single missions (playing either alone or in networked multiplayer), a campaign consisting of missions strung together or to undergo training at the Soviet airbase at Saratov. The training is very extensive and teaches the use of weapons and avionics systems, navigation, battle tactics etc."}, {"context": " Combat can take place in three locales: Kazakhstan, Korea or Afghanistan. The Campaign mode features video clips as well as a detailed briefing before each mission, complete with a mission description, a detailed map and the ability to choose the desired ordnance. The flight itself can be in novice mode, stable mode and realistic mode. It can be linked over IPX and analog modem networks with \"Apache Longbow\", making it one of the first multiplayer, multisimulator games - something Digital Integration has trademarked as 'virtual battlefield'."}, {"context": " As with its predecessor, \"Apache Longbow\", \"Hind\" features a cooperative multiplayer mode where two players can occupy the same helicopter, with one piloting the helicopter while the other manages weapons (as Weapons System Officer, or WSO). The game's graphics utilise Gouraud shading. The game features a quite realistic flight model. Many complex physics effects are modelled, including ground effect, vortex ring, retreating blade stall and autorotation. Options are included to simplify the flight model for beginners."}, {"context": " Some of the missions and campaigns in the game are fictional, but the Afghanistan campaign is based on the 1980s Soviet War in Afghanistan. Ground battles between individual soldiers can be seen taking place, since AI controlled infantry have been added. Soldiers can also be carried aboard the Hind helicopter and are a vital part of some missions. If the player does nothing, an (almost) endless, semi-random war will be played out in each mission via a combination of scripted scenarios and very basic AI. The 'war' can be passively watched using the features for zooming in on and moving about each active unit. It is possible to pass some missions this way, as the AI units on the players side are sometimes capable of achieving the objectives without help."}, {"context": " The game received generally positive reviews. Both \"GameSpot\" and \"Next Generation\" said the selection of realism modes open up the game to players of all skill levels and inclinations. \"GameSpot\" reviewer Chet Thomas further praised the mission design for being appropriate to the intended uses of the real-world Hind, and complimented the AI, graphics, and head-to-head options. The \"Next Generation\" reviewer summarized that \"as with \"Apache\", if you're the least bit interested in flight sims \"Hind\" is a keeper.\" He noted that though the graphics are somewhat primitive, they are an improvement over \"Apache\", and the primitiveness makes it one of the few good sims that can be played on an Intel 80486. He also deemed the ability to link up with \"Apache\" in head-to-head mode \"a bold and welcome move\". A Game Revolution critic said that both its best and worst features are its realism. He found the controls in all but the lowest realism mode to be excessively difficult for all but flight sim experts. He criticized that the use of polygons for the graphics makes objects hard to make out, but praised the selection of alternate camera views.  \"Hind\" was nominated as \"Computer Games Strategy Plus\"s and \"Computer Gaming World\"s 1996 simulation of the year, but lost both awards to \"Jane's AH-64D Longbow\". In 1997, it was named the 30th best computer game ever by \"PC Gamer UK\", whose editors called \"Hind\" a \"seminal helicopter simulation\"."}]}, {"title": "Hind Al-Abadleh", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Al-Abadleh is a multi-award winning Professor of Chemistry at Wilfrid Laurier University. She studies the physical chemistry of environmental interfaces, aerosols and climate change. Al-Abdaleh grew up in the United Arab Emirates, where she became interested in chemistry during high school. She was excited that science could be used to protect the environment. She eventually studied chemistry at the United Arab Emirates University, graduating in 1999. She joined the University of Iowa in 1995 for her postgraduate studies, earning her PhD in 2003. She was awarded the University of Iowa Dissertation Prize in Mathematics, Physical Sciences and Engineering. Whilst she loved Iowa, 9/11 made America a hostile climate for Muslim women (and men)."}, {"context": " She moved to Northwestern University for a postdoctoral scholarship working with Franz Geiger. She was appointed to the Department of Chemistry at Wilfrid Laurier University as an Assistant Professor in 2005 and was eventually promoted to Associate Professor. She was awarded a Research Corporation Cottrell College Science Award to study the surface interactions of organoarsenical compounds with geosorbents spectroscopically. In 2007 she joined the University of Guelph, where she was an associate member of faculty until 2010. She has also held positions at the University of Waterloo and University of Toronto. The 2008 Petro-Canada award allowed her to study organic arsenic in soil and water. Her research has been supported by the American Chemical Society, Ontario's Ministry of Research and Innovation, Imperial Oil and Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences. She is studying the ageing of aerosols using computational chemistry, mathematical modelling and spectroscopy. She gave a talk at 2014 TEDx Laurier University, \"To Dream and To Act\". In 2015 she studied Guaiacol and Catechol and found that in the absence of light, these organics interact with iron in aerosols, forming polymers that go on to react with atmospheric gases.  In 2018 she was named the Fulbright Canada Research Chair in Climate Change, and will work at University of California, Irvine, for 2019. This will allow her to study air pollution, focussing on ground-ozone, a component of smog. Ground-level ozone forms forms most at high temperatures and is primarily produced from burning fossil fuels. She is a board member of \"Nano Ontario.\""}]}, {"title": "Hind Al-Fayez", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Al-Fayez is a member in Parliament of Jordan. She gained worldwide attention after a Jordanian member of parliament told her to sit down after she interrupted him, she was featured on many western news channels such as CNN."}]}, {"title": "Hind Azouz", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Azouz (sometimes Azzuz) (August 18, 1926 - February 8, 2015) was a Tunisian writer. Born in Tunis, Azouz was an autodidact. She published short stories and essays in a variety of organs during her career, including \"al-Hayah al-thaqafiya\", \"al-Fikr\", \"Qisas\", \"al-Idha'a\", \"al-Mar'a\", \"al-Tarbiya al-shamila\", \"al-'Amal\", and \"al-Sabah\"; she also published a volume of short stories, \"Fi-l-darb-al-tawil\" (\"On the Long Road\"), in 1969. She received numerous medals from the government of Tunisia during her career, including the Medal of Culture, the Medal of Employment, and the Medal of National Struggle; she was also awarded certificates by numerous other groups. She belonged to the Tunisian Writers' Union and the Story Club in Tunis, and was secretary to the women's arm of the Democratic Constitutional Rally. Employed by Tunisia's national radio broadcaster as an announcer, she also headed its projects department. Her stories touch upon themes of interest to middle-class women, and cover such controversial topics as birth control and abortion. She was recognized as a pioneer in the field of broadcasting during her career."}]}, {"title": "Hind Dehiba", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Dehiba Chahyd (born 17 March 1979, Beja\u00e2d, Morocco) is a Moroccan-French runner who specializes in the 1500 metres. Her first podium finish at the 2005 European Athletics Indoor Championships came with controversy. She took the bronze medal but impeded fourth-placed Helen Clitheroe in the final stages of the 1500\u00a0m. However, Clitheroe's appeal was not successful and Dehiba came away with her first European medal. At the age of 14, she ran 1500m in 4 min 21 s barefoot and 3000m in 9 min 26 s. She was subsequently selected by Said Aouita (DTN Moroccan at the time) for his first international competition in 1994 at the African Junior Championships in Algiers (Algeria). She was placed sixth in the 3,000 m junior when she was still only 14 years. She became vice-world champion High school cross country in 1996 in Turkey (youngest world champion cross country team)."}, {"context": " To complete her education Hind completely stopped competing from July 1998 to June 2003. On resumption of her running in 2003 qualified for the Championship of France Elite 2003 Narbonne at 800m. In December 2002, she met her husband, Fodil Dehiba in France, and married in 2003 and obtained French nationality before the close of entries for the Athens Olympic Games. At the Athens Olympics, she ran for France and ranked eighth in the third qualifying round of the 1500 m, taking the last qualifying spot in the semifinals."}, {"context": " Hind won the bronze medal at the European Indoor Championships in Madrid in 1500 m. in March 2005 and in 2010 she won the silver medal at the European Championships in Barcelona at 1500m. In 2005, she was the second meeting of the Paris Saint-Denis and set a new record of France of 1500 m in Rieti in 4 min 00 s 49. During the winter of 2006, it ranks 4th in the final of the World Indoor Championships in 1500 m in Moscow, she beat the record of France in 4'05 \"63. During the winter of 2012, it ranks fifth of the World Indoor Championships in Istanbul in 1500.She will recover the world bronze medal after the disqualification of two athletes for doping."}, {"context": " The 16 july 2010, Hind take the second place in the 1500m Diamond league Paris, she breake for the second time the National French Record 1500m, 3'59\"76. At the European Athletics Championships in 2010 (1st August 2010, Hind Dehiba won the silver medal in the 1500\u00a0m in 4\u00a0min 1.17\u00a0s, losing to Spain's Nuria Fern\u00e1ndez. A month later in Split, the French won the 1500\u00a0m very tactical Continental Cup (formerly World Cup of Nations) in the Europe team, beating out the Kenyan Olympic champion Nancy Langat in a very sprint tight. The latter suffered a drop to ten meters from the finish. She ended her season by winning the rally Carmaux (Tarn), where she established the world's best performance of the year on the mile in 4\u00a0min 29\u00a0sec 06."}, {"context": " During her career, Hind had three podiums in Diamond League (second in Paris in 2005, second in Paris in 2010 and third in Lausanne in 2011). It was ranked 4th in the World Ranking in 2005 and 2010 to 1500. She won three times France Indoor Championships 1500\u00a0m (2004-2005 and 2011), five times the championships of France Elites outdoor 1500\u00a0m (2005, 2006, 2009, 2011 and 2012) as well as championships in France 800m in 2009. She became the first and only French athlete to date to have run a 1500\u00a0m in less than 4 minutes, with a time of 3'59\"76 at the Diamond League Meeting in Paris at the Stade de France on 16 July 2010. Hind ran 35 times during her career in less than 4\u00a0min 10\u00a0sec and 15 times in less than 4'05\" at 1500\u00a0m. In the 800\u00a0m, she ran four times in less than 2 minutes. Twice Hind ran in less than 4\u00a0min 30\u00a0sec in the mile and two times in less than 9 minutes about 3000\u00a0m."}, {"context": " October 13, 2012, at Meaux, she was elected a member of the Steering Committee of the Board of Seine-et-Marne Athletics for a period of four years. Hind seat on the Commission's High Level Sport and chairman of the Athletes Commission. Hind was a professional athlete for two years in the National Athletics League (LNA) from 1\u00a0January 2011 to 31\u00a0December 2012. She graduated with honors from the University Diploma of European Physical Preparator at the University of Lyon1, Brussels and Lausanne (Degree Coach Condition Trainer).  Hind gave birth to a baby girl named In\u00e8s in Albuquerque, United States, on July 23, 2013. On November 14, 2016 in Corbeil Essonnes (France), Hind gave birth to \"triplets\" named Adam, Jana and Salma. They live in Fontainebleau, in the Paris region. In January 2018, the IAAF informed her that she was winning the bronze medal in the 1500m at the 2012 Indoor World Championships, after the disqualification of 2 athletes for doping."}]}, {"title": "Hind Etin", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"Hind Etin\" (Roud 33, Child 41) is a folk ballad existing in several variants. Lady Margaret goes to the woods, and her breaking a branch is questioned by Hind Etin, who takes her with him into the forest. She bears him seven sons, but laments that they are never christened, nor she herself churched. One day, her oldest son goes hunting with Hind Etin and asks him why his mother always weeps. Hind Etin tells him, and then one day goes hunting without him. The oldest son takes his mother and brothers and brings them out of the woods. In some variants, they are welcomed back; in all, the children are christened, and their mother, churched."}, {"context": " The meeting in the woods is often similar, when not identical, to Tam Lin's meeting with Fair Janet. In some variants, the mother's grief expresses itself as hostility to the children, wishing they were rats and she a cat, as in \"Fair Annie\"; her comments inspire a child's suggestion that they try to leave, which is accomplished easily, with no reason why they could not have fled before. The etin of the Scottish version is, in Scandinavian and German versions, an elf-king, a hill-king, a dwarf-king, or even a merman. Only in the Danish is the ballad found before the nineteenth century; a sixteenth-century Danish form, \"Jomfruen og Dv\u00e6rgekongen\" (DgF 37, TSB A\u00a054). In some versions, she is lured or forced back to her husband; this may end tragically, with her death from sorrow. The German variant, \"Agnes and the Mermaid\", has the husband say they must divide the children, and since they have an odd number, they must split one in two."}]}, {"title": "Hind Hariri", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Rafik Hariri (Arabic: \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a) (born in 1984) is the youngest child of Lebanese businessman and politician Rafik Hariri. She graduated from the Lebanese American University in Beirut and campaigned for her half-brother Saad in recent Lebanese elections. In 2008, \"Forbes\" magazine listed her as \"one of the world's youngest billionaires\". In 2009, she married Mohammad Anas Al Karout. They had their first son, Mohammad in 2010, and in December 2011 they had their second son, Rafik. In November 2018, Hind Hariri was reported to be behind the controversial decision to relocate the historic Lyc\u00e9e Abdel Kader School. Hind Hariri allegedly put on sale the high school with the goal to construct a mall in its location. L'Orient Le Jour, a Lebanese Francophone newspaper reported that students, their parents and professors rejected the move in a protest in front of the school's main entrance."}]}, {"title": "Hind Hind Legs", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Hind Legs is an album released by Montreal-based indie band The Lovely Feathers by Equator Records on April 18, 2006 (see 2006 in music). Mark Kupfert - Vocals, Guitar Richard Yonofsky - Vocals, Guitar, Entertainment Noah Bernamoff - Bass Daniel Suss - Keyboard, Vocals Ted Suss - Drums"}]}, {"title": "Hind Horn", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"Hind Horn\" (Child 17, Roud 28) is a traditional English and Scottish folk ballad. Hind Horn and the king's daughter Jean fall in love. He gives her a silver wand, and she gives him a diamond ring and tells him when the stones grow pale, he has lost her love. One day, on his travels, he sees it growing pale and sets out for her father's castle. A beggar tells him that the king's daughter is going to marry, and he persuades him to trade clothing. Hind Horn gets to the castle and begs a cup of wine; when the king's daughter gives it to him, he drops the ring in. She asks where he got, and he told her she gave it to him. She declares she will throw off her fine clothing and beg with him from town to town, and he tells her that his clothing is only a disguise, she will be a great lady."}, {"context": " It was tradition at the time that any beggar who came to the back door of a house to beg from the bride on a wedding day would receive whatever reasonable thing he asked for. The popular ballad contains little more than the climax of a tale that is told at much great length in several manuscripts: the English \"King Horn\", the latest parts of which are thirteenth century; the French romance, \"Horn et Rymenhild\"; and the fourteenth-century \"Horn Childe and Maiden Rimnild\", also English, but closer to the French version."}, {"context": " It appears to contain a stanza from \"The Whummil Bore\". Several Swedish variants are known, including \"Herr Legman och Herr Thor\", from the sixteenth century. The hero's absence, return, disguised arrival at the wedding feast, and recognition by dropping a ring into the bride's wine cup is a common motif found in both ballads and fairy tales, such as \"Soria Moria Castle\" and \"The Raven\". The magic ring is also found, with the same properties, in the ballad \"Bonny Bee Hom\". The ballad was published by William Motherwell in his \"Minstrelsy: Ancient and Modern\" (Glasgow, 1827). It was collected in US, South England, Scotland, and Canada.  This can be found on Bandoggs (now unobtainable) eponymous LP, and Maddy Prior's 1998 CD \"Flesh & Blood\" and 1999 live \"Ballads & Candles\"."}]}, {"title": "Hind Institute of Medical Sciences", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Institute of Medical Sciences is a private medical college hospital which is located near Lucknow city in Barabanki district, In safedabad Uttar Pradesh, India."}]}, {"title": "Hind Inter College, Sambhal", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Inter College \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u0947\u091c is Primary and Higher Secondary School in Sambhal City."}]}, {"title": "Hind Jamili", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Jamili (born 11 December 1998) is a Moroccan slalom canoeist who has competed since 2013. She finished in 21st place in the K1 event at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro."}]}, {"title": "Hind Ka Lal", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Ka Lal is a Bollywood film. It was released in 1940. The film was directed by Homi Wadia and Ramji Arya. It starred Radharani, Sardar Mansur, Boman Shroff, Mithu Miyan and Gulshan. The music was composed by Madhavlal Damodar Master."}]}, {"title": "Hind Ka Napak Ko Jawab: MSG Lion Heart 2", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Ka Napak Ko Jawab - MSG Lion Heart - 2 is a sequel to that released on 7 October 2016. The film is directed by Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh and his daughter, Honeypreet Insan. The film stars Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh and is based on the 2016 Uri attack and 2016 India\u2013Pakistan military confrontation. The film was announced soon after the military strikes by Indian Army in Pakistani Kashmir, on 19 October. The film premiered on 8 February in Mumbai and released on 10 February 2017. Singh worked in 43 departments in film and got a place in Asia Book of Records for it.  The music is composed by Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh. The soundtrack album consists of 4 songs, all written and sung by Singh. The film was released on 10 February 2017. The film is tax free in Haryana and Rajasthan states."}]}, {"title": "Hind Kabawat", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Aboud Kabawat is a Syrian-Canadian international counsel, Director of Interfaith Peacebuilding at George Mason University's Center for World Religions, Diplomacy, and Conflict Resolution and deputy head of the Syrian Negotiation Commission's Geneva Office. Hind Kabawat is the deputy head of the Syrian Negotiation Commission's Geneva Office, which is headed by Ambassador Abdullatif Dabbagh, former Syrian ambassador to the UAE. The Syrian Negotiation Commission was formerly known as the High Negotiations Committee (HNC). In her position at the then HNC, she participated in all eight rounds of the Geneva peace talks on Syria (2017). Hind Kabawat also serves as Director of Interfaith Peacebuilding at George Mason University's Center for World Religions, Diplomacy, and Conflict Resolution (CRDC). As part of her position at CRDC, she directs CRDC's Syria program, which includes yearly overseas seminars in which she serves as an adjunct professor for graduate and undergraduate students to learn about conflict resolution interventions and civil society development. Through this program, she has also directed civil society and interfaith collaboration training for Syrians of various ages and with IDP and refugee status."}, {"context": " Hind Kabawat is a founding member of Tastakel , a women's center dedicated to using non-violence and dialogue to address the ongoing conflict in Syria. This includes the running of multiple women's centers in Syria which provide education and counseling services, as well as hosting workshops on political engagement and peace-building for Syrian women both inside Syria and living as refugees in neighboring countries. Until 2015, Hind Kabawat was a Senior Program Officer at the United States Institute of Peace. She formerly served as an advisory board member and consultant for the World Bank and is a frequent contributor to the Huffington Post. From 1989 to 2014, Hind worked as international counsel in various law firms in Toronto."}, {"context": " In 2007, Hind Kabawat was named a Peacemaker in Action by the Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding. In 2009, Hind received the Public Diplomacy Award from CRDC at George Mason University. Hind Kabawat has a BA in Economics from Damascus University, and a law degree from the Arab University in Beirut. She holds an MA in International Relations from Tufts University's Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, and certificates in Conflict Resolution and Strategy Leadership from the University of Toronto and in Negotiation from Harvard University."}]}, {"title": "Hind Kamel", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Kamel (Arabic; \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644) is a well-known Iraqi actress and film director now residing in Jordan. Born in Baghdad, Kamel has a Bachelor of Arts from the Academy of Fine Arts in Baghdad in 1984. She rose to fame as an actress between the eighties and nineties across Iraq and the Persian Gulf region, in particular, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates."}]}, {"title": "Hind Kesari", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Kesari is an Indian-style wrestling championship, established in 1958. It is affiliated to the Indian Style Wrestling Association of India (ISWAI). In 2011, women were allowed to compete for the first time."}]}, {"title": "Hind Kesari (film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Kesari (Hindi: \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0947\u0938\u0930\u0940, \"Caesar of India\") is a 1935 Hindi action adventure film directed by Homi Wadia, and starring Husn Banu, Sardar Mansoor, Gulshan, Jal Khambatta, Tarapore and Master Mohammed. The film was a remake of the 1932 film of the same name, directed by Homi Master for Jayant Pictures. The film did well for a \"stunt film\" breaking \"records\" at the box office. King Mansingh (Tarapore) falls prey to the machinations of his minister Zalim Singh and loses his throne. Prince Randhir leading an easy life now disguises himself wearing a mask and turns into the dreaded Hind Kesari. He is assisted in his endeavour to help the needy by Princess Hansa (Husn Banu)."}, {"context": " The film was produced by Wadia Movietone, with cinematography by M. A. Rehman and story by H. E. Khatib. Its music director was Master Mohammed and the lyricist was Joseph David. The Wadia brothers preferred using Master Mohammed as music composer and actor and he was present in most of their films including \"Hind Kesari\". The character of Hind Kesari, played by Sardar Mansoor was based on the Douglas Fairbanks Sr. role in \"The Thief of Baghdad\". The horse, Punjab Ka Beta (Son of Punjab) a feature of most Wadia Movietone films of that time, had prominent billing. This movie is made in San Ramon.  The music director was Master Mohammed and the lyrics were written by Joseph David."}]}, {"title": "Hind Khel Wazir", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Khel Wazir or Hindi Khel is a town and union council of Bannu District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 32\u00b047'38N 70\u00b030'29E and has an altitude of 327 metres (1076\u00a0feet)."}]}, {"title": "Hind Khoury", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Khoury (, born 12 June 1953) is a Palestinian economist. She was the delegate general of the Palestine Liberation Organization in France from March 2006 until June 2010. Born in Bethlehem, West Bank, then under Jordanian rule, to a Christian family, Khoury was educated in a school run by nuns. She studied economics at Birzeit University near Ramallah, then at the American University of Beirut before the start of the Lebanese Civil War. She then returned to Bethlehem and married an architect with whom she has three children."}, {"context": " After the First Intifada, she studied management at Boston University in its Beersheba campus, while working with the United Nations Development Programme. In March 2005, she became Minister of Jerusalem Affairs in the Palestinian National Authority, in the government formed shortly after the election of Mahmoud Abbas to the presidency. Little known, she did not succeed in the legislative elections of January 2006. She was later sent to France as a representative of Palestine. She is General Secretary of Kairos Palestine."}]}, {"title": "Hind Laroussi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Laroussi Tahiri (born 3 December 1984), known professionally as Hind, is a Dutch singer of Moroccan descent. Hind Laroussi Tahiri was born on 3 December 1984 in Gouda, Netherlands. She has a Moroccan father and a Dutch mother. When Hind was eight years she sang and acted in public for the first time. Shortly thereafter she started taking singing lessons. At her high school she performed in numerous music shows. Her talent did not go unnoticed; she received an invitation to sing during the TMF dancemasters party of the year in Germany. All this resulted in a role in Tracks, a contemporary theatre group. Singing, dancing and cabaret lessons followed. At national level Hind came to the fore when she participated in the Soundmixshow 2002, and took part in the finals, where she imitated Vanessa Williams. Hind also took part in the first edition of the talent show Idols in 2003, finishing in third place. She also performed with the Arab Orchestra of Nazareth from Israel."}, {"context": " Hind, who sings R&B, pop and fado, is not afraid of experimenting with different musical styles in different languages such as Arabic and Portuguese. One of her ambitions is to star in a major role in a musical. While her Idols colleagues Jim Bakkum and Jamai Loman stormed the charts with their singles, Hind kept quiet, preparing her debut album, \"Around the World\". The first single, \"Summer All Over Again\", was released in September 2003 and became a success. The subsequent singles Weak and Sure As were not as successful. In 2004 the singer received an Edison for her debut album and on 25 October the same year she sang the song \"A Felicidade\" at a concert by Danny Malando in Tuschinski. In September 2005, her second album, \"Halfway Home\". came out. The first single. \"Give Me A Sign\" was a moderate success, but the singles that followed (\"Halfway Home\" and \"Habaytek Besaif2) were not as successful. Recently it was announced that Hind's deal with record label SONY & BMG had ceased, apparently due to poor sales. Hind has, however, found a new record label to accommodate her music: PIAS"}, {"context": " Hind participated in the first edition of the Dutch \"Idols\" in the season 2002\u20132003, where she reached the finals, finishing in third place. Her debut album \"Around The World\" (2003) contains pop and R&B songs, but is also influenced by Portuguese and Arabic music. The album sold over 40,000 copies. In 2004, she received an Edison award for Best New Dutch Artist. In 2005, Hind released her second album \"Halfway Home\", which she herself called \"Arabpop\" due to the Arabic influences in several of the songs. The single \"Habbaytek Besaif\" (2006) is a Fairuz cover."}, {"context": " Hind represented the Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 in Serbia with the song \"Your Heart Belongs to Me\". However, she failed to make it past the semi-final stage. On 23 November 2009 Hind started to raise \u20ac 40.000 for her next CD on Sellaband. The believers funded the sum in just 11 days. On 8 December 2009 the second phase started, collecting \u20ac 24.000 for promotion. This target was reached on 11 January 2011. Finally it was announced, Hind will collect an additional \u20ac 30.000 to produce three videos. The third phase never started. Hind announced her new album Crosspop on 4 October 2010 in \"De Melkweg\" in Amsterdam."}, {"context": " On Saturday 16 October 2010 the new album broke at number 8 in the Dutch album top 100, a great success for Hind and a new personal record for her (the highest score so far with one of her albums). Her debut album entered the charts at number 9 after all of the exposure of Idols. Hind Crosspop was produced by the legendary Steve Power. Together with her boyfriend and manager Eddie Tjon Fo she released the album as an independent label. Lots of good critics and even the direct attention of the German Livedome.de group that took the exclusieve rights to broadcast the CD release party from the Melkweg (Amsterdam) with around 900 people present. Livedome broadcast the show live on 13 October as a live stream through 36 portals, creating huge exposure and lots of great compliment for Hind as a singer as well as for her new very interesting music style Crosspop.  On 29 August 2009 Hind performed for the satirical program \"Let's Dance\" on Dutch network RTL4 where she had her own nipple-gate. During her dance the dress she wore dropped and revealed her left breast. Hind was aware of the happening but hoped no-one saw it. When she looked back at the footage she was shocked as she never intended to pose nude she stated to the \"De Telegraaf\" newspaper."}]}, {"title": "Hind Mahila", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Mahila also called \"Woman\u2019s Challenge\" is a 1936 Hindi social film directed by Premankur Atorthy. It was produced by Kolhapur Cinetone. Premankur Atorthy Moved from New Theatres and worked for Kohlapur Cinetone making Bhikharan and \"Hind Mahila\" for them before going to Imperial Film Company. The music direction was by H. C. Bali. The cast included Rattan Bai, Shahu Modak, Master Vithal, and Hafisji."}]}, {"title": "Hind Mazdoor Kisan Panchayat", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Mazdoor Kisan Panchayat (India Workers Peasants Council), is a national trade union confederation in India. Its national president is George Fernandes."}]}, {"title": "Hind Mazdoor Sabha", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS, a Hindi name with approximate meaning 'Workers Assembly of India') is a national trade union centre in India. The HMS was founded in Howrah in west bengal on 29 December 1948, by socialists, Forward Bloc followers and independent unionists. Its founders included Basawon Singh (Sinha), Ashok Mehta, R.S. Ruikar, Maniben Kara, Shibnath Banerjee, R.A. Khedgikar, T.S. Ramanujam, V.S. Mathur, G.G. Mehta. R.S. Ruikar was elected president and Ashok Mehta general secretary. HMS absorbed the Royist Indian Federation of Labour and the Hind Mazdoor Panchayat, which was formed in 1948 by socialists leaving the increasingly communist dominated AITUC. In March 1949, HMS claimed to have 380 affiliated unions with a combined membership of 618 802."}, {"context": " According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, HMS had a membership of 3,342,213 in 2002.(13% of the total trade union membership in the country). All India Railwaymen's Federation, the largest trade union in the Indian Railways with a membership of 1.4 million is affiliated with Hind Mazdoor Sabha. All India Port and Dock Workers Federation, the largest trade union representing workers at India's 12 major government-owned ports is also affiliated with the Hind Mazdoor Sabha. In 1949 HMS became a founding member of the ICFTU. Currently, it is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation."}]}, {"title": "Hind Meddeb", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Meddeb is a French-Tunisian journalist and documentary film director. In 2005, she won a Daniel Pearl Prize for multiculturalism for a story on young Muslims growing up in France. Meddeb was born in Ch\u00e2tenay-Malabry, Paris, France. Her father was Tunisian poet Abdelwahab Meddeb. She graduated from Sciences Po and holds a Master of Philosophy degree from Paris West University Nanterre La D\u00e9fense. Meddeb worked as a journalist for France 24 from 2006 to 2008 before joining France Info. From 2010 to 2011 she was a reporter for the show \"\u00c7a balance \u00e0 Paris\" on Paris Premi\u00e8re and served as art reporter for \"Tracks\" magazine."}, {"context": " She was arrested on 13 June 2013 in Tunis and released the same day. She was accused of disturbing public order and insulting police officers after having defended the Tunisian rapper Weld El 15 who had recorded a song comparing the Tunisian police with dogs. As a documentary filmmaker, Meddeb has co-directed \"De Casa au Paradis\", a documentary about a group of Moroccan suicide bombers, and helmed \"Electro Chaabi\" which covers the emergence of a new electronic genre called Mahraganat in Cairo. She is also directed \"Tunisia Clash\", a film about young rappers fighting for freedom of speech in Tunisia."}]}, {"title": "Hind Mohammed", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Mohammed (; born 1981) is a Saudi Arabian actress. She co-starred in Rotana's comedy-drama film \"Keif al-Hal?\", the country's first big-budget film, produced by Ayman Halawani. Ayman Halawani told the BBC in May 2006 that the film is potentially significant in charting the developing role of women in Saudi Arabia: \"Hind was brave in taking on the role of Dunya. She\u2019s shown that a Saudi actress can both be attractive and dignified.\" The part involved Hind playing a woman who was struggling with her particularly conservative family, a topical issue both within and outside of the Arab world."}]}, {"title": "Hind Motor", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Motor is a town in the Kolkata metropolitan area, West Bengal, India. More specifically it lies in Uttarpara Kotrung Municipality, of the Srirampore subdivision of Hooghly District. It is situated on the western bank of the Hooghly River. It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority. The town is prominent as it developed, and named, for a Hindustan Motors factory, shared with the neighbouring Uttarpara and Konnagar suburbs. The factory had been in the area since 1948, and was the sole manufacturing site of the famous Hindustan Ambassador. At its peak the town had its own schools, temples and hospitals. However, in the early 2000s Hindustan Motors had been struggling, with accusations of corruption and mismanagement. The factory shut down in 2014, and since then the town has declined.  Hind Motor is well connected by road and rail. Hind Motor railway station connects the town to Howrah Station via the Howrah-Bardhaman Main Line. A portion of the Grand Trunk Road passes through the town."}]}, {"title": "Hind Motor railway station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Motor railway station is a small railway station in Hooghly district, West Bengal. Its code is HMZ. It serves Hind Motor area of Kolkata."}]}, {"title": "Hind Nawfal", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Nawfal (, 1860\u20131920) was a Syrian Antiochian Greek Orthodox journalist and feminist writer. She was the first woman in the Arab world and the broader MENA area to publish a women's magazine and an early promoter of feminism. Hind Nawfal was born in coastal Syria. Her mother, Maryam al-Nahhas was raised during the civil unrest and economic depression in Beirut before marrying Nawfal's father, Nasim when she was 16 and he was 10 years her senior. Nasim Nawfal was from a Greek Orthodox Tripolian family and raised Hind as a Christian."}, {"context": " The family moved to escape the Ottoman censorship in Syria and settled in Alexandria in the 1870s, where Hind attended a covenant school. During the reign of Khedive Isma'il Pasha, Egypt had abandoned its monopoly on publishing and from the time of the British occupation of Egypt in 1882 had also limited its censorship on the press. As the low and middle class began to invest in upper class literature, the number of printing presses had increased and thus the circulation of literary material as well."}, {"context": " Hind Nawfal was unique at the time in that she came from a household where both her mother and father were writers. Hind's mother, Maryam, completed a biographical dictionary, \"Ma\u2019rid al-Hasna\u2019 fi Tarajim Masharhir al-Nisa\u2019\" (The beautiful woman's exhibition for the biographies of female celebrities), of Eastern and Western women. She dedicated it to Princess Cheshmat Hanim, third wife of Isma\u2019il, who sponsored its personification. Hind's father and uncle worked as journalists and translators in the Egyptian government. Her father would end up directing the office of Hind's magazine where her sister, Sarah, would also assist."}, {"context": " Nawfal started her journal, \"al-Fatah\" (The Young Woman), on 20 November 1892, at a time when there were a growing number of newspapers and scientific journals in circulation and also an increase in female readership. However, al-Fatah was the \u201cfirst of its kind under the Eastern sky,\u201d Nawfal said, in that it was a journal written for, by, and about women. Nawfal had intended to \u201cadorn its pages with pearls from the pens of women.\u201d In her first issue, she outlined her goals for the magazine, which included defending women's rights, expressing their views and drawing on their responsibility and duties. She subtitled the magazine \u201cscientific, historical, literary, and humorous.\u201d It would not however discuss politics and had \u201cno aim in religious controversies.\u201d"}, {"context": " Nawfal was inspired by women's periodicals abroad which had existed almost a century and a half earlier than when she first published hers. The magazine covered issues such as marriage, divorce, veiling, seclusion, education, work, domestic instruction and entertainment. It had publications that contained biographies of Western women like Queen Victoria or interesting facts pertaining to women like there are 252 female medical students in France along with 121 novelists, 280 poets, and 425 essayists. The magazine encouraged debate by discussing topics like the different standards of beauty that exist among different countries."}, {"context": " Sometimes, Nawfal would ask questions for readers to write in and answer. In her February 1893 issue, for example, she asked the question, \u201cwhose labour is more strenuous, men or women?\u201d Thus \"al-Fatah\" became a forum for discussion and debate over women's roles. To urge women's participation in \"al-Fatah\", Nawfal emphasized that a woman who wrote in journals was \u201cnot compromising her modesty or violating her purity and good behavior.\u201d Additionally Nawfal made an effort to acknowledge indigenous women of ages where women had been role models in society. She referenced Semiramis, an Assyrian queen, Bilquis, queen of Sheba, along with the women of the Pharaonic times, who for a \u201cperiod of two thousand years showed extreme gentleness and refinement and demonstrated achievements and perfection which women of the West have not yet reached.\u201d She did, however, discuss American and European female writers by saying that their writing had not compromised their societal status and, on the contrary, had earned them respect."}, {"context": " Nawfal married Habib Dabbana in August 1893 who was a Syrian who worked in the legal section of the Ministry of Finance and stopped her journal to return to life of domesticity and philanthropy in 1894. Though al-Fatah only lasted two years, it was the first of the genre of Arab Feminist known as al-majallat al-nisa'iyya written by women, which reached almost 30 and coincided with the Egyptian Revolution of 1919. According to Nabila Ramdani, \"\"al-Fatah\" is viewed as the first wholly feminist publication in a sizeable list of Arabic periodicals.\" Beth Baron states that, \"The Arabic women's journals present us with a unique historical source and give us an opportunity to recover the voices of women so that we can balance other accounts of their lives with their own descriptions. Collectively the journals are one of the earliest troves of materials of this sort, for this was the first generation of women in the Arab world to write in numbers and to produce and publish their works as printed texts.\""}]}, {"title": "Hind Rassam Culhane", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Professor Hind Rassam Culhane (born in Mosul, Iraq) was born to an Iraqi Assyrian father, a lawyer and a Lebanese mother, Sophie Bekhaazi who was a teacher. She and her family later moved to the United States and she studied at Cazenovia College in New York and later on at Rockford College in Illinois where she gained a bachelor's degree and master's degree in Psychology and Early Childhood Education. She then met her husband there, John Culhane who was a journalist working at the Rockford newspaper, in which they have two children together, Michael and Thomas. She later moved to New York City with her husband when he was hired by Newsweek magazine. She later became a professor at Mercy College and began her doctorate at Teachers College at Columbia University.  She often gives lectures on Iraq's history and civilization as a way of embracing her culture and heritage. She is the chair of the Division of Social and Behavioral Sciences at Mercy College, New York. She was also a popular teacher at the Faculty of Medicine of Damascus University in Syria, where she taught courses on child development, adolescent disorders and health service delivery."}]}, {"title": "Hind Rattan", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hind Rattan (Hindi phrase translated to English as \"Jewel of India\") is one of the highest Indian diasporic awards granted annually to non-resident persons of Indian origin (NRIs) by the NRI Welfare Society of India. The award is granted at the Society's annual congress on the eve of India's Republic Day, in conjunction with national Pravasi Bharatiya Divas celebrations. The award ceremony is attended by senior members of the Government of India and of the Supreme Court of India. The number of awardees varies each year, but is generally about 25 to 30. Criteria for award selection are not published by the Society; award selections are made among the Society leadership and awardees are invited to attend the conference in New Delhi to accept their awards. This award is considered the highest award for NRIs, PIO. The award carries no financial benefit other than its own honour; no cash or other benefit accrues to the awardee. Former President of India ( Shri Pranab Mukharjee, Smt. Pratibha Devi Patil) former Prime Ministers of india ( Sri HD Devegowda, Dr. Manmohan Singh) and other eminent dignitaries were invited to give this award."}, {"context": " At the same annual congress, the NRI Welfare Society also selects nine honorees (generally from among previous Hind Rattan honorees) for their Nav Rattan (\"Nine Jewels\") award, and on occasion, a single Sword of Honour awardee. The NRI Welfare Society of India, with chapters in various countries, was founded in 1981 by Harbhajan Singh (died 2006), member of the Press Council of India (1982-1988), editor of the English fortnightly \"The Indian Observer\", president of the All India Small & Medium Newspapers Federation, and recipient of the 2000 UNESCO Mahatma Gandhi Gold Medal. The NRI Welfare Society of India serves to link members of the Indian diaspora with the Government of India."}]}, {"title": "Hind Rostom", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Nariman Hussein Murad, more commonly known by her stage name Hind Rostom, ( \u00a0; November 12, 1931 \u2013 August 8, 2011) was an Egyptian actress and one of the greatest icons in the golden era of Egyptian cinema. Her physical appearance earned her the name Marilyn Monroe of the east \"\"\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\"\". Hind Rostom starred in more than 80 movies throughout her career. Hind Rostom was born in the neighborhood of Moharram Bek, Alexandria, Egypt on November 12, 1929. She was born to an Egyptian-Circassian father and an Egyptian mother. She started her career at the age of 16 with the film \"Azhaar wa Ashwak\" (\"Flowers and Thorns\"). Her first true success was in 1955 when the famous director Hassan Al Imam offered her a role in \"Banat el Lail\" (\"Women of the Night\"). Her famous films include \"Ibn Hamidu\" in 1957, Youssef Chahine's \"Bab El Hadid\" (\"Railway Station\") with Farid Shawki in 1958, Salah Abu Seif's \"La Anam\" (\"Sleepless\") with Faten Hamama, Omar Sharif, and Rushdy Abaza in 1958, \"Sira' fi al-Nil\" (\"Struggle in the Nile\") with Omar Sharif and Rushdy Abaza in 1959, and \"Chafika el Koptia\" (\"Chafika the Coptic Girl\") in 1963. Rostom was known as the queen of seduction in Egyptian cinema, the \"Marilyn Monroe of the East (or of the Egyptian cinema)\""}, {"context": " She decided to retire acting in 1979 because she wanted the audience to remember her at her best. Rostom once more turned down an offer of one million Egyptian pounds for her biography in December 2002. The offer was made by an Egyptian satellite channel to portray her life as a drama series. She was asked to submit a complete history of her past achievements, and work experiences with prominent actors of the past, such as Farid Shawki, Youssef Chahine, Shukri Sarhan, and Shadia. The actress stated that she refused to sell her life as a means of entertainment and felt that her personal life was of her concern and no one else. Rostom made a statement when she turned down belly dancer Fifi Abdo's invitation to attend a party held in Hind Rostom's honour."}, {"context": " In 2004, she refused to accept Egypt's State Merit Award in Arts, \"The award came too late, I'm not placed on the shelf for them to pick me whenever they want, there's only one Hind Rostom in the middle east, and let's consider that the number of my generation star actresses isn't that big enough to ignore us, and also it's not appropriate to honor me after years of honoring people who are less than me, another point is that I also refuse to honor me before Shadia, she'd deserved it and she was a star longtime before me\", Rostom commented.  On August 8, 2011, Rostom died in a hospital in Al-Mohandeseen, Giza due to a heart attack, at the age of 81. On November 12, 2018, Google recognized her with a doodle."}]}, {"title": "Hind Sabeeh Barak Al-Sabeeh", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Sabeeh Barak Al-Sabeeh is a government minister in Kuwait in charge of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour and the Ministry of Economic Affairs. Hind worked in Kuwait Industries Union as the general manager in 2012. In 2014 she was made the Minister of Social Affairs and Labor and in the 2016 cabinet reshuffle she was also made the Minister of Economic affairs. She is the only woman in the Cabinet of Kuwait. She established the first minimum wage in the Kuwait oil industry and private sector on June 2017 at $247.02. Forbes Middle East placed her on 4 on a list of most powerful women politicians in Arab governments. She met Turkish Development Minister Lutfi Elvan in September 2016, were they discussed ways to improve Kuwait-Turkey ties and encourage Turkish contractors in Kuwait. She sponsored the Sharakah Forum and workshop from 19 to 23 March 2017. The Sharakah foorum and workshop is organized to bring social welfare participants and built collective capacity. She helped launch the Huawei Kuwait Innovation and Training Center which was built to provide technological training to young Kuwaitis. She represented Kuwait in the 4th Ministerial Consultation of Abu Dhabi Dialogue held in Colombo, Sri Lanka."}]}, {"title": "Hind Samachar", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Samachar is a daily Urdu newspaper that is circulated in Mumbai. It was one of the three newspaper started by the Punjab Kesari Group back in 1948. Combined these three newspapers have combined circulation of 975,000 copies on weekdays and 1.05 million copies on weekends. The head office is located in Civil Lines in Mumbai, and the newspaper is printed from Jalandhar, Ambala and Jammu. At the height of Punjab insurgency in the 1980s, founder Jagat Narain, who opposed terrorism was killed by terrorists in 1981, his son Ramesh Chander, an editor of the paper formed a 'Shaheed Parivar Fund' (Martyr Family Fund) for victims of terrorism in 1983, though a year later he himself was killed by terrorists. In all the newspaper lost 62 newspaper agents, hawkers, sub-editors and senior-sub editors to terrorists. Even today, the 'Shaheed Parivar Fund' continues to disburse funds to terrorist victims across India.  In August 2009, Vijay Kumar Chopra, Editor-in- Chief of the Hind Samachar group, was elected by the Chairman of the Press Trust of India."}]}, {"title": "Hind Shoufani", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Shoufani (Arabic:\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0634\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a) is a poet, director, and producer. Born 1978 in Lebanon and raised in Damascus and Amman, Shoufani has remained a refugee. She currently resides in the Middle East, but has traveled and lived in many cities. Both of her parents are Palestinian activists. Her father went to Princeton and has served as Palestine Liberation Organization leader and politician. He has written over twenty-five publications. Her mother is an American citizen with an English Literature degree. Shoufani began her education at the Lebanese American University in Beirut where she studied communicative arts. Later she received a scholarship for NYU in New York where she received a master's degree in filmmaking."}, {"context": " Shoufani has performed poetry at several events, including the Alwan for the Arts center in NYC, Howard University in Washington D.C., the Institute for Policy Studies in Washington, and the Berlin Poetry Festival in Germany. She has also hosted the Emirates Literacy Festival and the Sikka Art Fair. Shoufani is also the founder of Poeticians, an organization that hosts events for multilingual poets of all backgrounds gather in Dubai and Beirut to read their spoken word and poetry. She has two publications of poetry, \"More Light Than Death Could Bear\" (Beirut, 2007) and \"Inkstains on the Edge of Light\" (Beirut, 2010). Her poetry often includes themes of love, death, lust, identity, Palestinian interests, freedom, and feminine issues."}, {"context": " In 2011, she participated in the International Writing Program Fall Residency at the University of Iowa in Iowa City, IA. Shoufani's poetry tackles issues of Palestine, freedom, feminist issues in the Arab world and promotes a different perspective on Arab women. Love, Lust, death and identity are main themes in the free verse poetry. She is the founder of what is called Poeticians collective which is where all poets of all backgrounds read multilingual spoken word and poetry in Dubai and Beirut"}, {"context": " Inkstains on the Edge of Light (Shoufani's second compilation of poetry) is a 300-page volume divided into four chapters - death, life, home and lust. It is a frank and personal journey through the loss of her beloved mother to cancer, she died at the young age of 42 when Hind was only 19. The distance from and simultaneous bond she feels with her activist father, the struggle and plight of being a Palestinian refugee and the sadness of unrequited love. Her language is uncensored, vivid and at times painful to read. Whether she tackles war, love or family, her passion shines through the pages."}, {"context": " \"It is a form of possession,\" Shoufani says of her work. \"Whether I am possessed by a thought or a feeling or a spirit that takes over my body, I'm not sure, but I have to write. When something moves me, poetry comes out and it is not in my control. I know it can be tiring to read, but it is meant to be easily understood and accessible.\" She says her character as a poet is parallel to her character in life - strong, independent, nonconformist and non-conservative. One of her aims is to convey her situation to other Arab women in order to empower them."}, {"context": " \"I wish mine was the experience of all Arab women,\" she says, \"and one of the reasons I still live in the Arab world is because I want to rally people around me and influence young people not to be confined by society or relationships or family or gender roles. I can only do this through film and poetry.\" Born in Lebanon and raised in Damascus and Amman, Shoufani says she belongs \"nowhere and everywhere\". For the reader new to her work Shoufani has a humble aim. \"I hope it helps them mourn and I hope it helps them appreciate lovers and friends,\" she says. \"And, of course, I hope it helps tell a Palestinian story.\"  4.http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/books/telling-a-palestinian-story-through-poetry-hind-shoufani 5.http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/books/hind-shoufani-on-war-love-and-loss 6.http://www.alwanforthearts.org/event/3"}]}, {"title": "Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule is a book written by Mohandas K. Gandhi in 1909. In it he expresses his views on Swaraj, modern civilization, mechanisation etc. Mohandas Gandhi wrote this book in his native language, Gujarati, while traveling from London to South Africa on board SS \"Kildonan Castle\" between November 13 and November 22, 1909. In the book Gandhi gives a diagnosis for the problems of humanity in modern times, the causes, and his remedy. The Gujarati edition was banned by the British on its publication in India. Gandhi then translated it into English. The English edition was not banned by the British, who concluded that the book would have little impact on the English-speaking Indians' subservience to the British and British ideas. It has also been translated to French."}, {"context": " Gandhi's \"Hind Swaraj\" takes the form of a dialogue between two characters, The Reader and The Editor. The Reader essentially serves as the typical Indian countryman whom Gandhi would have been addressing with \"Hind Swaraj\". The Reader voices the common beliefs and arguments of the time concerning Indian Independence. Gandhi, The Editor, explains why those arguments are flawed and interject his own arguments. As 'The Editor' Gandhi puts it, \"it is my duty patiently to try to remove your prejudice.\"  In the dialogue that follows, Gandhi outlines four themes that structure his arguments. In September 1938, the philosophical magazine \"The Aryan Path\" published a symposium on \"Hind Swaraj\". The contributors were several noted writers: Frederick Soddy, Claude Houghton, G. D. H. Cole, C. Delisle Burns, John Middleton Murry, J. D. Beresford, Hugh Fausset, Gerald Heard and Irene Rathbone. Their responses to \"Hind Swaraj\" varied from \"enthusiasm to respectful criticism\"."}]}, {"title": "Hind Turret", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind Turret () is a peak at the south (hind) side of Obelisk Mountain in the Asgard Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. The descriptive name, suggestive of the appearance and position of this peak, was recommended by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in consultation with the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee."}]}, {"title": "Hind al-Husseini", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind al-Husseini () (April 25, 1916 in Jerusalem \u2013 September 13, 1994 in Jerusalem) was a Palestinian woman notable for rescuing 55 orphaned survivors of the Deir Yassin massacre, after they were dropped off in Jerusalem and left to fend for themselves. She later converted her grandfather, Salim al-Husayni's mansion into an orphanage to house them, which became a school providing education to orphans and other children from Palestinian towns and villages. Hind was also dedicated to women's issues, establishing a college for women, and serving in the Arab Women's Union."}, {"context": " Hind was born to the prominent al-Husseini family in Jerusalem, and was a cousin of the Palestinian military leader Abd al-Qader al-Husseini. She was active in several social work organizations. In the 1930s, Hind joined student unions and was a member of the Women's Solidarity Society. She completed social work courses and she was an educator, becoming headmistress of a Jerusalem girls' school. Later on in the 1940s, she became coordinator of the Arab Women's Union. In April 1948, near the Holy Sepulcher Church, al-Husseini found a group of 55 children. Because of the dangers posed by the ongoing war, she told the children to go back to their homes. Shortly later, she returned to find the children had not left. One of the children explained that they have no home to return to and that they had survived the Deir Yassin Massacre where the Irgun had killed their families and torn down their homes."}, {"context": " Al-Husseini provided the children shelter in two rooms rented by the Social Work Endeavour Society, a women's charity headed by Al-Husseini. She visited daily, accompanying and feeding the children. Fearful for al-Husseini putting herself at risk by making these trips in a warring area, the head of the Sahyoun convent convinced her to bring the children to the convent. Shortly after, the rooms were hit. Al-Husseini later relocated the children from the convent to her grandfather's mansion after the ceasefire. The mansion, which was built by her grandfather in 1891 and was her birthplace, was renamed Dar al-Tifl al-Arabi (Arab Children's House). She transformed the mansion into an orphanage providing shelter to children survivors. Al-Husseini raised money, receiving funds from across the world. The orphanage grew and orphans from different villages and cities received their schooling at the orphanage including two Jewish girls who were not accepted at other schools."}, {"context": " Except for preschool level, kindergarten level, and boarding students under 6, the school became a girl-only school in 1967. The student body consisted of 300 orphans in 1995 but soon decreased by half after Gaza Strip was closed off to Jerusalem and Gazan orphans had to return. The number of orphan dropped by every passing year. As of mid-2008, of the 2,000 students, only 35 were orphans. Committed to the education of women, al-Husseini created the Hind al-Husseini College for Women in 1982. Al-Husseini received awards for her work: the Jordan Globe Medallion for social work (1983), the Jordan Globe Medallion for education (1985), and the First Degree Medallion from Germany (1989)."}, {"context": " Actress Hiam Abbass portrayed Husseini in the 2010 film \"Miral\" which was directed by Julian Schnabel. The life and work of Husseini is the subject of the film, largely through the perspective of the titular orphan, Miral (Freida Pinto), Rula Jebreal. Is a Palestinian educational and charitable institution with several activities and branches, the most important of which is the Arab Children's House in Jerusalem.Established on 25 April 1948 by the late Mrs. Hind Al Husseini, the Foundation was established to serve orphans and needy Palestinians by providing care, accommodation, food and entertainment for them. The Foundation was registered on July 7, 1965 in the working records of the Jordanian Ministry of Social Affairs, No. C 254 as a charity on behalf of the Arab Child House Foundation. And was registered as a charitable association with the Palestinian National Authority on 1/1/2010."}, {"context": " After the famous massacre of Deir Yassin, located on the borders of Jerusalem in 1948 ,demolition of homes, and the killing of most of its residents there. However, some Palestinian Muslims there survived after leaving their village to places close to the city of Jerusalem. Of these, 55 were children whose parents and relatives were killed. They managed to reach the old town in their sleepwear. They were exhausted, tired, desperate, barefoot until they settled in a corner there, leaning on a wall beside the Church of the Holy Sepulcher and Omar Mosque."}, {"context": " They were seen by Hind al-Husseini, who surrounded them and protected them in two small rooms in a small market inside the town called Souq al-Husr. After the situation calmed down slightly and the number of orphans and needy children increased daily as a result of the 1948 war and its economic, social and psychological devastation, it decided to open an institution that cares for orphans, needy Palestinians and even Arabs. I established a Board of Trustees which was its President, with the assistance and expertise of those members and with the support of its friends and benefactors."}, {"context": " Over the years, its services have developed and expanded to the Palestinian community in many areas. Hind al-Husseini died in 1994, and since 1995 she has served as the chairperson of the Board of Trustees. -The Board of Trustees of the Foundation and good friends of individuals and institutions inside and outside Palestine have expanded the institution to include the following sections: The first administrative body of the Foundation was formed in 1949, which consisted of members: There have been many changes to this body, with the withdrawal of members and the accession of other members until Ms. Hind Al-Husseini died in 1994 and a new Board of Trustees was formed in 1995 to manage the Foundation."}]}, {"title": "Hind bint Awf", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind bint Awf was Muhammad's mother-in-law and Ibn Abbas' grandmother. As the mother of several companions of Muhammad, she was known as the \"grandest mother-in-law on earth\". Hind was also known by the name Khawla. Her father, Awf ibn Zuhayr ibn al-Haarith ibn Humaatah ibn Juraysh/Jarsh, was from the Himyar tribe in Yemen. Her mother was Aisha bint Al-Muhazzam. Hind apparently married four times and had at least nine children. Her first husband was Al-Jaz'i al-Zubaydi. Al-Tabari mentions one child from this union."}, {"context": " She also married Al-Harith ibn Hazan ibn Jubayr ibn Al-Hazm ibn Rubiya ibn Abdullah ibn Hilal. The Hilal were residents of Mecca; although they were wealthy, they did not have the political power of the Quraysh. By this husband, Hind was the mother of at least four children. By her husband Khuzayma ibn Al-Harith al-Hilali, Hind had one daughter: Hind's fourth husband was Umays ibn Ma'ad ibn Tamim ibn Al-Harith ibn Kaab ibn Malik Al-Khathmi. This marriage produced three children: Al-Harith ibn Hazan also had at least three daughters by another wife, Fakhita bint Amir ibn Muattib ibn Malik al-Thaqafi. Hind's stepchildren from this marriage were:"}]}, {"title": "Hind bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sheikha Hind bint Hamad Al-Thani of Qatar (born 15 August 1984) serves as Vice Chairperson and CEO of Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development (QF), a private non-profit organization founded in 1995 by His Highness the Father Amir Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al Thani, and Her Highness Sheikha Moza bint Nasser, Co-Founder and Chairperson of Qatar Foundation. Sheikha holds a bachelor's degree from Duke University in the United States. Sheikha Hind is actively involved in education across Qatar. She has played an important role in launching and supporting various national projects, with a particular focus on educational initiatives and the teaching profession."}, {"context": " In addition to her work at Qatar Foundation, Sheikha Hind serves as Co-Chairperson of the Joint Advisory Board of Northwestern University in Qatar, a partner of Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU); Vice Chair of Qatar Foundation Board of Directors; Member of the Board of Trustees of Qatar Foundation; and Chairperson of the Board of Directors of an organization that aims to develop the quality of education in Qatar. During the years 2008 to 2013, Sheikha Hind served as Director of His Highness the Amir\u2019s Office. Concurrently, she held the posts of Chairperson of the Joint Oversight Board and Chairperson of the Executive Committee of the College of the North Atlantic Qatar.  Sheikha Hind has also served as Vice Chairperson and Chairperson of the Executive Committee of the Supreme Education Council (now the Ministry of Education and Higher Education), and as a member of the Governing Council of Interpeace, an international organization. She married Sheikh Faisal bin Thani Al-Thani on 2 April 2010 in the Al-Wajbah Palace, Doha."}]}, {"title": "Hind bint Maktoum bin Juma Al Maktoum", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sheikha Hind bint Maktoum bin Juma Al Maktoum (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u064f\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0645; born 12 February 1962) is the senior wife and consort of Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, ruler of Dubai. They were married on 26 April 1979. She is the mother of twelve of her husband's twenty-three children, including his heir apparent Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum, the Crown Prince of Dubai. Sheikha Hind is the paternal granddaughter of Juma bin Maktoum Al Maktoum, brother of Emir Saeed II of Dubai, grandfather of the current Sheikh. She is also the niece of Sheikh Ahmad Bin Juma Al Maktoum who died in 2009."}, {"context": " Her mother Sheikha Shaikha bint Saeed bin Maktoum Al Maktoum (who died on 28 January 2017) is the daughter of Emir Saeed II of Dubai, making Sheikha Hind a first cousin to her husband through her mother as well as second cousin of her husband through her father. In 1979, at the age of 17, Hind Bint Maktoum married her cousin, Sheikh Mohammed Rashid, almost 13 years older than her. Their wedding was Dubai's first major public event. Elaborate arrangements were made to celebrate the event; the wedding was a lavish one that one could easily have mistaken it for a national festival rather than a nuptial. A 20,000 seater stadium was built to host the wedding which featured displays of horse and camel riding, and an aerobatics display by the Dubai Air Force. The total cost of the wedding celebrations was estimated to be around $100 million. After her marriage, Sheikha Hind remained a traditional Arab wife and faithfully follows the Islamic \"purdah\" system by never accompanying her husband to his race meetings. She is rarely seen in other public events. Even her photograph has never been shown publicly."}, {"context": " Being the Sheikh's senior wife and consort, Sheikha Hind is the royal family's chief matriarch and resides with her family in the Zabeel Palace (Ruler's palace) in Dubai. The Sheikh's junior wife leads a separate existence. Sheikha Hind oversees the upbringing of her children and orphans she has adopted out of charity. Sheikha Hind has 12 children The tournament was launched on December 17, 2012, at the Dubai World Trade Centre and was organized by the Women's Sport Committee of the Dubai Sports Council, under the patronage of Sheikha Hind, and under the guidance of her son, Shiekh Hamdan, the Crown Prince of Dubai and Chairman of Dubai Sports Council (DSC). The sports tournament is meant to encourage women to come out and actively participate in fitness and sports activities."}, {"context": " In January, 2013, Sheikha Hind, donated three planes to airlift the United Arab Emirates national football team\u2019s fans from Manama in Bahrain to Dubai following UAE's splendid 1-0 victory over Kuwait in the semi-final of the 2013 Gulf Cup of Nations. The initiative was highly appreciated by the sports community in general and the UAEFA in particular. In June 2013, The Mohammed bin Rashid Charity and Humanitarian Establishment distributed 4100 smart cards of Ramadan Ration by donation of Sheikha Hind bint Maktoum in its charitable programmes for the Holy Month of Ramadan, aiming at distributing basic foodstuff to the needy and poor families in the emirate of Dubai and northern areas. Ibrahim Boumelha, Vice Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Foundation, expressed his gratitude and thanks to Sheikha Hind for her moral and material support for various charitable projects, undertaken by the Foundation for the benefit of the citizens and residents expatriates, particularly in the Holy Month of Ramadan."}]}, {"title": "Hind bint Utbah", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind bint \u2018Utbah () was an Arab woman who lived in the late 6th and early 7th centuries CE; she was the wife of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, a powerful man of Mecca, in western Arabia. She was the mother of Muawiyah I, the founder of the Umayyad dynasty, and of Hanzala, Juwayriya and Umm Hakam. Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan, who became one of Muhammad's wives, was her stepdaughter. Both Abu Sufyan and Hind originally opposed the Islamic prophet Muhammad before their conversion to Islam in 630. She was born in Mecca, daughter of one of the most prominent leaders of the Quraysh, Utbah ibn Rabi'ah, and of Safiya bint Umayya ibn Abd Shams. Hence Safiyya and Utba are cousin. She had two brothers: Abu-Hudhayfah ibn 'Utbah and Walid ibn Utbah. She also had two sisters: Atika bint Utba and Umm Kulthum bint Utba. Her father and her paternal uncle Shaibah ibn Rab\u012b\u2018ah were among the chief adversaries of Islam who eventually were killed by 'Ali in the Battle of Badr."}, {"context": " Her first husband was Hafs ibn Al-Mughira from the Makhzum clan, to whom she bore one son, Aban.<ref name=\"Ibn Saad/Bewley p. 165\">Ibn Saad/Bewley p. 165.</ref> Hafs died young after an illness. Hind then married his brother al-Fakah, who was much older than she was, but she accepted him because she wanted her son to grow up within his father's family. Al-Fakah owned a banqueting hall that the public were allowed to enter freely. One day he left Hind alone in the hall and returned home to see one of his employees leaving in a hurry. Assuming that his wife had a lover, he kicked her and asked her who the man had been. She replied that she had been asleep and did not know that anyone had entered; but al-Fakah did not believe her and he divorced her immediately."}, {"context": " Hind then found herself the subject of gossip. Her father Utbah asked her to tell the truth about her divorce. \"If the accusations are true, I will arrange to have Hafs murdered; and if they are false, I will summon him to appear before a soothsayer from Yemen.\" Hind swore by the gods that she was innocent, so Utbah called the soothsayer. Hind was sitting among a crowd of women; the soothsayer walked up, struck her on the shoulder and said, \"Arise, you chaste woman and no adulteress. You will give birth to a King!\" Al-Fakah then took her hand, ready to accept her back as his wife; but Hind withdrew her hand and said, \"Go away, for I shall make sure to bear him to some other man.\""}, {"context": " Hind refused another suitor in order to marry Abu Sufyan, who was her maternal first cousin and paternal second cousin, c.599. Her family borrowed the jewellery of the Abu'l-Huqayq clan in Medina so that she could adorn herself for the wedding. From 613 to 622, Muhammad preached the message of Islam publicly in Mecca. As he gathered converts, he and his followers faced increasing persecution. In 622 they emigrated to the distant city of Yathrib, now known as Medina. They were at war with the Meccans and attacked Meccan caravans. The Meccans sent out a force to defend the caravans. The Meccans and the Muslims clashed at the Battle of Badr. The Muslims defeated the Meccans and Hind's father, son, brother and uncle were all killed in that battle.<ref name=\"Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume p. 337\">Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume p. 337.</ref>"}, {"context": " Hind's anger at the Muslims was of the greatest and most intense; she kept wailing publicly in the open desert and pouring dust over her face and her clothes, while lamenting her deceased relatives; and she did not stop not until her husband Abu Sufyan urged her to weep no more and promised her to avenge the death of her father and brother. Hind accompanied the Meccan forces to the Battle of Uhud. She was among the women who sang and danced, urging on their warriors.<ref name=\"Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume p. 371\">Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume p. 371.</ref>"}, {"context": " <poem>\"On, ye sons of Abdaldar,\" \"On, protectors of our rear,\" \"Smite with every sharpened spear!\" \"If you advance we hug you,\" \"spread soft rugs beneath you;\" \"if you retreat we leave you,\" \"leave and no more love you.\"</poem> During this battle, Jubayr ibn Mut'im bribed his slave Wahshi ibn Harb with manumission to kill Muhammad's uncle Hamza. Whenever Hind passed Wahshy, she called, \"Come on, black man! Satisfy your vengeance and ours!\" because Hamza was the one who had killed her uncle. Wahshy speared Hamza in the height of the battle; after Hamza had fallen, Wahshy returned to retrieve his spear and then left the battle. After the battle, Hind and the women went to mutilate the corpses of the dead Muslims. They cut off noses and ears and made them into necklaces and anklets (Hind gave hers to Wahshy). She gouged out Hamza's liver and bit into it; but she was unable to swallow the bite and spat it out. (Ibn \u2018Abdu l-Barr states in his book \"al-Ist\u012b\u2018\u0101b\" that she cooked Hamza's heart before eating it.) Then she climbed a rock and \"shrieked at the top of her voice\":"}, {"context": " <poem>\"We have paid you back for Badr\" \"and a war that follows a war is always violent.\" \"I could not bear the loss of Utbah\" \"nor my brother and his uncle and my first-born.\" \"I have slaked my vengeance and fulfilled my vow.\" \"You, O Wahshy, have assuaged the burning in my breast.\" \"I shall thank Wahshy as long as I live\" \"until my bones rot in the grave.\"</poem> After the occupation of Mecca in 630, however, Hind accepted Islam. Sunni Muslims now consider her to be among the ranks of the companions of Muhammad."}, {"context": " In the Battle of Yarmouk the Muslims were outnumbered by the Byzantines, but with the help of the women and boys amongst them, defeated the Eastern Roman Empire. The battle is also considered to be one of Khalid ibn al-Walid's greatest military victories. It cemented his reputation as one of the greatest tacticians and cavalry commanders in history. Two of the earliest history books on Islam pay great tribute to Hind for her action in the midst of the battle. They show how the early Muslim women, including Hind bint Utbah and Asma bint Abi Bakr, were instrumental in the Battle of Yarmouk. The Muslims were hugely outnumbered. Every time the men ran away, the women turned them back and fought, fearing that if they lost, the Romans would enslave them. Every time the men fled, the women would sing:"}, {"context": " <poem>\"O you who flees from his loyal lady!\" \"She is beautiful and stands firmly.\" \"You're abandoning them to the Romans\" \"to let them the forelocks and girls seize.\" \"They will take what they want from us to the full\" \"and start fighting themselves.\"</poem> Hind sang the same song she had sung when she fought against the Muslims in the battle of Uhud: <poem>\"Night star's daughters are we,\" \"who walk on carpets soft they be\" \"Our walk does friendliness tell\" \"Our hands are perfumed musk smell\" \"Pearls are strung around these necks of us\""}, {"context": " \"So come and embrace us\" \"Whoever refuses will be separated forever\" \"To defend his women is there no noble lover?\"</poem> After seeing the women fight, the men would return and say to each other: \"If we do not fight, then we are more entitled to sit in the women's quarter than the women.\" At one point, when arrows started raining down on Abu Sufyan and he tried to turn his horse away, Hind struck his horse in the face with a tent-peg and said: \"Where do you think you're going, O Sakhr? Go back to battle and put effort into it until you compensate for having incited people in the past against Muhammad.\" An arrow later hit Abu Sufyan in the eye and he became blind."}]}, {"title": "Hind the wife of Amr", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind was a sahaba, or companion, of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. She was married to Amr ibn Jamooh, one of the chieftains of the Banu Salmah clan in Medina. Her husband was an ardent devotee of the deity Man\u0101t, one of the three chief goddesses of Mecca and he had a wooden image of the idol in his prayer room, made of fine materials, an idol which he used to perfume and take good care of. Hind and her three sons Muawwaz ibn Amr, Muaaz ibn Amr and Khallad ibn Amr adopted Islam after hearing the Dawah of Masab ibn Umair, but all four kept their faith a secret from Amr."}, {"context": " Her husband was unaware of her new religion and had warned her of the \"danger\" posed by Masab to the traditional faith of Medina and asked her to guard their sons against it. Hind advised him to listen to what their second son Muaaz had to tell them, Muaaz then recited the surah Fatihah. The recitation made an impact on her husband, but he was reluctant to abandon Man\u0101t. After much prayer, and the repeated theft of the statue by his sons, Amr decided that Man\u0101t was not worthy of worship and also adopted Islam."}]}, {"title": "Hind's Kidnap", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind's Kidnap: A Pastoral on Familiar Airs is Joseph McElroy's second novel. Ostensibly it is a mystery concerning a six-year-old unsolved kidnapping, one that the 6'7\" protagonist Jack Hind had tried to solve at the time. His marriage falling apart, Hind obsessively follows a treasure hunt of planted clues that lead him around New York and New England, but he finds nothing helpful concerning the kidnap. Culminating in his wife, she delivers a long monologue, and Hind then obsessively tries to reverse the hunt."}, {"context": " As the novel proceeds, Hind is revealed to be obsessive in general, given to focusing on all sorts of trivialities in his life, both past and present. Six years before the novel begins, Jack Hind was obsessed with solving the Hershey Laurel kidnapping. With the Laurel parents Sears and Shirley dead, and no ransom note received, the police effectively closed the case, and told Hind to quit. Which he did upon marriage to Sylvia. Several aspects of Hind's life are revealed in pieces during the novel. Central is the fact that Hind's parents died when he was young, and had willed that Hind be raised by a guardian who was a batchelor and unrelated to Hind. Hind seems to have inherited well\u2014the guardian left him a \"viaticum\"\u2014the closest Hind does to work is recording people for a radio show, \"Naked Voice\", and some substitute teaching at a college."}, {"context": " Towards the end of the novel, we learn the guardian's name, John \"Fossy\" Foster, and that he is the real father of Hind. The novel itself is divided into three parts. The novel begins with Hind running down three flights of stairs in his building. Intending to visit Sylvia, his estranged wife living one block away, on a peace mission, he surprises a very tall\u2014she reaches up to his shoulder\u2014elderly woman putting a note in his mailbox. Unusually, she is not fazed by his height. As the woman leaves, Hind takes the note, which reads \"If you're still trying to break the kidnap, visit the pier by the hospital.\" Immediately, Hind is obsessed with the Laurel case all over again, and heads to the pier. He begins a daily vigil, eventually awarded when he overhears two Orientals, one of whom mentions Hershey Laurel, the other one shushing the first one. They take off, and Hind follows after them."}, {"context": " Hind loses them when they go into the headquarters of Santos-Dumont Sisters, Incorporated. His friend, Madison \"Maddy\" Beecher runs the Center for Total Research, a spin-off of S-D housed in the same building complex. Hind visits Beecher, but Beecher likes to talk, so Hind is unable to get the help he expected. Beecher dragoons Hind into joining Beecher with his wife Flo and their 9-year old son for dinner. While talking away, Beecher mentions a somewhat crazed phone call at work about a mad genius named, to the best of Beecher's memory, \"Lowell, Lawlor, Laura\". The closeness to Laurel is enough to convince Hind that this is a clue."}, {"context": " Returning home, Hind thinks he sees the same elderly woman again. Rather than chase after the woman, he heads to his vestibule to see what note she may have left, and is rewarded with \"Hooked with a wood, into the forest, it will lead you well beyond the pier\u2014if you're interested.\" Hind interprets it as a reference to Ashley Sill and his golf-course-country-club. Hind waited two weeks, and then drove the three hundred miles to the Sills' place, located about 10\u201320 miles from the Laurel home and the last place young Hershey had been seen."}, {"context": " Hind is surprised to learn that he was expected, tipped off by Sylvia. The next morning, meditating on the clue, the word \"well\" catches his attention, and he thinks it's a reference to the well on the Laurel property. Visiting, he talks with the current resident, whose polite talk is interpreted by Hind as another clue, veiled references to his friend Dewey Wood, back in the city. So Hind hangs out with Wood, hanging on to his every word, expecting a clue to drop out. But Wood mostly wants to talk about Oliver Plane, who has irresponsibly abandoned his summer teaching duties, just as classes are about to begin. At some point, another acquaintance comments on Plane's general lack of maturity, referring to \"a child inside Oliver trying to get out.\" At which point Hind realizes he must talk to Plane."}, {"context": " Hind ends up substituting for Plane. He tries to see clues on campus or in anything connected with his students. He has an affair with one of the students, Laura Rosenblum, and naturally discusses the Laurel case with her. But her final essay for the course refers to the kidnapping in ways that taunt Hind: \"Call the kidnapers Sylvia and Jack, Mr. Hind, call the kid May... how like our own life is this event!\" The chapter ends with Hind concluding he should return to Sylvia. A long monologue by Sylvia. Almost every paragraph begins with a \"V\". At first addressing May, then Jack, she continues even after Jack falls asleep. Sylvia talks about her and Jack, and their friends, in great, disjointed detail.  Hind takes Sylvia's monologue as a clue to treat people as people, not clues: \"Take each person formerly a clue and ignore the Laurel utterly. If any one was to be a true clue, any one could be so only leading nowhere.\" And so Hind resolves to reverse the treasure hunt of clues."}]}, {"title": "Hind-Pak Bordernama", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind-Pak Bordernama (2015) is a Punjabi novel written by Nirmal Singh Nimma Langha. This is an autobiographical work based on Nimma's own love story. In 1981 Langha, an Indian Sikh, was studying for an M.A. degree in Punjabi literature at Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar in India. There he got influenced by Naxalite movement and started to write songs and poems. At that time, he fell in love with Naseema, a Muslim girl from Punjab, Pakistan. To meet the girl, Langha crossed the India-Pakistan border several times, in the 1980s, without any visa or authorization. According to Langha, Naseema too crossed the border once and visited Punjab, India and Delhi. After two and a half years, Langha was arrested by a Pakistani security agency. Naseema fought very hard and even arranged to have Langha released. In 1986, Langha met Naseema for the last time. In 1988, barbed wires were installed on the India-Pakistan border. After that they never met again.  Langha told his story to Punjabi writer Gurbachan Singh Bhullar and Bhullar suggested to pen it down. Following this suggestion, Langha started writing this novel in 1995, but no publisher was ready to publish it because the novel contained details of illegal immigration. In 2015, the novel was published by Chak Staran Prakashan. The book launching event took place on 10 October 2015 at 'Punjabi Bhawan' in Ludhiana."}]}, {"title": "Hind-class sloop", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The \"Hind\" class was a class of four sloops of wooden construction built for the Royal Navy between 1743 and 1746. Two were built by contract with commercial builders to a common design prepared by Joseph Allin, the Master Shipwright at Deptford Dockyard, and the other two were built in Deptford Dockyard itself. The first two - \"Hind\" and \"Vulture\" - were ordered on 6 August 1743 to be built to replace two ex-Spanish vessels (the \"Rupert's Prize\" and \"Pembroke's Prize\", captured in 1741 and 1742 respectively, and put into service by the British). Although initially armed with ten 6-pounder guns, this class was built with seven pairs of gunports on the upper deck, enabling them to be re-armed with fourteen 6-pounders later in their careers.  Two more vessels to the same design - \"Jamaica\" and \"Trial\" - were ordered ten days later, on 18 August 1743; these were built under Allin's supervision at Deptford Dockyard, and were the only wartime sloops of this era be built in a Royal Dockyard."}]}, {"title": "HindIII", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"Hin\"dIII (pronounced \"Hin D Three\") is a type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease restriction enzyme isolated from \"Haemophilus influenzae\" that cleaves the DNA palindromic sequence AAGCTT in the presence of the cofactor Mg via hydrolysis. The cleavage of this sequence between the AA's results in 5' overhangs on the DNA called sticky ends: 5'-A |A G C T T-3' 3'-T T C G A| A-5' Restriction endonucleases are used as defense mechanisms in prokaryotic organisms in the restriction modification system. Their primary function is to protect the host genome against invasion by foreign DNA, primarily bacteriophage DNA. There is also evidence that suggests the restriction enzymes may act alongside modification enzymes as selfish elements, or may be involved in genetic recombination and transposition."}, {"context": " The structure of HindIII is complex, and consists of a homodimer. Like other type II restriction endonucleases, it is believed to contain a common structural core comprising four \u03b2-sheets and a single \u03b1-helix. Each subunit contains 300 amino acids and the predicted molecular mass is 34,950 Da. Despite the importance of this enzyme in molecular biology and DNA technology, little information is available concerning the mechanism of DNA recognition and phosphodiester bond cleavage. However, it is believed that HindIII utilizes a common mechanism of recognition and catalysis of DNA found in other type II enzymes such as \"Eco\"RI, \"Bam\"HI, and \"Bgl\"II. These enzymes contain the amino acid sequence motif PD-(D/E)XK to coordinate Mg, a cation required to cleave DNA in most type II restriction endonucleases. The cofactor Mg is believed to bind water molecules and carry them to the catalytic sites of the enzymes, among other cations. Unlike most documented type II restriction endonucleases, HindIII is unique in that it has little to no catalytic activity when Mg is substituted for other cofactors, such as Mn."}, {"context": " Despite the uncertainty concerning the structure-catalysis relationship of type II endonucleases, site-directed mutagenesis of the restriction endonuclease HindIII has provided much insight into the key amino acid residues involved. In particular, substitutions of Asn for Lys at residue 125 and Leu for Asp at residue 108 significantly decreased DNA binding and the catalytic function of \"Hin\"dIII. In a separate mutagenesis study it was shown that a mutation at residue 123 from Asp to Asn reduced enzymatic activity. Despite the fact that this residue is most likely responsible for the unwinding of DNA and coordination to water rather than direct interaction with the attacking nucleophile, its specific function is unknown."}, {"context": " While restriction enzymes cleave at specific DNA sequences, they are first required to bind non-specifically with the DNA backbone before localizing to the restriction site. On average, the restriction enzyme will form 15-20 hydrogen bonds with the bases of the recognition sequence. With the aid of other van der Waals interactions, this bonding facilitates a conformational change of the DNA-enzyme complex which leads to the activation of catalytic centers. Despite the lack of evidence suggesting an exact mechanism for the cleavage of DNA by HindIII, site-mutagenesis analysis coupled with more detailed studies of metal ion-mediated catalysis in \"Eco\"RV have led to the following proposed catalytic mechanism. It has been suggested that during the hydrolysis of DNA by EcoRV the catalytic residue Lys-92 stabilizes and orients the attacking water nucleophile, while the carboxylate of Asp-90 stabilizes the leaving hydroxide anion through to coordination of Mg. Furthermore, enzymatic function is dependent upon the correct position of the Asp-74 residue, suggesting has a role in increasing the nucleophilicity of the attacking water molecule."}, {"context": " As a result of the site-mutagenesis experiments previously outlined, it is thus proposed that Lys-125, Asp-123, and Asp-108 of HindIII function similarly to Lys-92, Asp-90, and Asp-74 in EcoRV, respectively. Lys-125 positions the attacking water molecule while Asp-108 improves its nucleophilicity. Asp-123 coordinates to Mg2+ which in turn stabilizes the leaving hydroxide ion. HindIII as well as other type II restriction endonucleases are very useful in modern science, particularly in DNA sequencing and mapping. Unlike type I restriction enzymes, type II restriction endonucleases perform very specific cleaving of DNA. Type I restriction enzymes recognize specific sequences, but cleave DNA randomly at sites other than their recognition site whereas type II restriction enzymes cleave only at their specific recognition site. Since their discovery in the early 1970s, type II restriction enzymes have revolutionized the way scientists work with DNA, particularly in genetic engineering and molecular biology."}, {"context": " Major uses of type II restriction enzymes include gene analysis and cloning. They have proven to be ideal modeling systems for the study of protein-nucleic acid interactions, structure-function relationships, and the mechanism of evolution. They make good assays for the study of genetic mutations by their ability to specifically cleave DNA to allow the removal or insertion of DNA. Through the use of restriction enzymes, scientists are able to modify, insert, or remove specific genes, a very powerful tool especially when it comes to modifying an organism's genome."}]}, {"title": "Hinda - Kasba Shahi Mosque", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinda - Kasba Shahi Mosque () is a mosque located in Khetlal Upazila area which is under Joypurhat District, Bangladesh."}]}, {"title": "Hinda Hicks", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinda Hicks is a Tunisian-born singer, with British nationality having moved to West Sussex as a child. Hicks originally sang with an R&B band called the Fabulous Fug Band and at one time sent a demo of her vocals alongside Aretha Franklin's \"Giving Him Something He Can Feel\" to Phil Collins. However she continued to remain unsigned and moved to London working as a secretary and singing with a band called Mixed Fruits. She signed to Island Records and her first single, \"I Wanna Be Your Lady\" was released in late 1997, followed by her first album, eponymously titled \"Hinda\" in 1998. Hicks co-wrote the songs on \"Hinda\"."}, {"context": " Hick's first released single failed to make the UK Singles Chart, although a more concerted promotional campaign saw \"If You Want Me\" chart at number 25 in February 1998. She followed this up with the release of \"You Think You Own Me\" in May of the same year, which reached number 19. Her fourth single, a re-release of \"I Wanna Be Your Lady\" achieved her highest chart position to date, at number 14 in August 1998. During the summer of 1998 Hicks promoted both her single and album on mainstream television and radio shows in the UK and she took supporting roles on tours with Boyzone amongst others. By the end of that year \"Truly\" had charted at number 31."}, {"context": " Having begun work on her second album Hicks released \"My Remedy\", in 2000 but Island Records' merger with Universal Records and an apparent lack of promotion saw it falter at number 61 in the UK chart. Originally the second album was due for a late 2000 release. A handful of promotional copies and limited releases were made available, but commercially the launch was aborted and Hicks and her record company parted ways. In between record companies and albums, Hicks found time to record vocals on other artists' tracks. This included \"Let's Do It Again\" with the late Lynden David Hall, which featured on his album, \"The Other Side\" and a compilation album (\"Pure R&B Volume 2\") together with \"Brand New Day\" with Terri Walker, appearing on Walker's \"Untitled\" album, released 3 March 2003 on the Mercury Records label."}, {"context": " A new album was finally released in July 2004, now titled \"Still Doin' My Thing\" on a small R&B label, Shout Out Records, and containing a different track listing to \"Everything to Me\". The single \"Up Up\" from \"Still Doin' My Thing\" was released in the summer of 2004 and once again with Hicks failing to repeat her successes of six years previously the single did not make the Top 40. In February 2007 Hicks' MySpace page announced that a third album (then untitled) would be released in 2010, however after two years later the album has now been shelved as Hinda has given up on music to focus on other roles. As of November 2008, Hicks was listed as part of a London-based artistic and music collective created by the DJ and producer Yvan Healer Selecta and called \"Raison d'Etre\" <nowiki>[sic]</nowiki>.  In October 1998 Hicks was nominated for three MOBO awards, Best R'n'B Act, Best Newcomer and Best Album and appeared on a \"MOBO Allstars\" charity single called \"Aint No Stopping Us Now\". In early 1999 Hicks was nominated at the BRIT Awards in the categories of 'best newcomer' and 'best British female artist'"}]}, {"title": "Hinda Miller", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinda Miller (born April 18, 1950 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a former Democratic member of the Vermont State Senate, representing the Chittenden senate district. Miller is also known for her part in the invention of the sports bra. Hinda Miller was first elected to the Vermont State Senate in 2002 and left office in 2013. She finished second in the 2006 Burlington, Vermont mayoral election behind Progressive Bob Kiss. Miller earned a B.A. degree from the Parsons School of Design, New York City in 1972, and a Master of Fine Arts from New York University in 1976."}, {"context": " She is married to Dr. Joel Miller, retired psychologist. The couple have a daughter, Macey and a son, Noah. The Millers moved to Burlington, Vermont in 1977. She is a co-founder and past president (1984 - May 1994), CEO (May 1994 - January 1996), and vice president of communications (January 1996 - December 1997) of Jogbra, a maker of women's sports apparel now owned by Sara Lee Corp.. She is owner and president of DeForest Concepts, a business consulting firm. She is also on the Board of Directors of Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, a for-profit coffee company."}]}, {"title": "Hinda Wausau", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinda Wausau (1906 \u2013 1980) aka Hinda Wassau was a chorus girl who became a star of striptease and burlesque. She was from Connecticut, United States. Wausau was in burlesque dancing beginning in 1928. She claimed that she invented striptease when she was a chorus girl and one of her straps broke. The audience applauded enthusiastically. Wausau appeared in an Ed E. Daley production, \"Temptations\", presented at the Robbins Playhouse in Syracuse, New York, in June 1929. The blonde entertainer displayed both her singing and dancing talents in the stage comedy."}, {"context": " She was recruited by Billy Rose for his revue which showcased Eleanor Powell and Hal Le Roy. Premiering in late July 1932, Wausau was described by Rose as \"the best cooch dancer since Gilda Gray first startled the public.\" She was on the same bill as the Paul Whiteman Orchestra. Wausau played the Ritz Theater in Syracuse with \"Bozo\" Snyder in March 1933. The burlesque show was called \"Follies of the Day\". Wausau was managed by her husband, Rube Bernstein, in 1938. Ann Corio had the same manager until she discovered Wausau was getting better breaks and dancing at a competitor club. Corio quickly fired"}, {"context": " Bernstein. At the time Corio had moved from burlesque to vaudeville and was heading a troupe at Fay's Theater in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Wausau was planning a divorce in February 1941. Erotic dancer Georgia Sothern debuted a magic act at the Samoa night club on 52nd Street (Manhattan) in February 1948. Wausau soon followed Sothern as a 52nd Street entertainer. She was tested several times for a Hollywood film contract. Wausau was considered for the role of Sadie Thompson in a revival of \"Rain\" at a Rochester, New York stock theater in June 1940. The character was made famous by Jeanne Eagels in  the 1920s."}]}, {"title": "Hinda, Republic of the Congo", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinda is a small town in the Republic of the Congo. It is the seat of the Kouilou Department. It is served by a station on the Congo-Ocean Railway."}]}, {"title": "Hindagala", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindagala is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province."}]}, {"title": "Hindagoda", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindagoda is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province."}]}, {"title": "Hindal Mirza", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Abu'l-Nasir Muhammad (4 March 1519\u00a0\u2013 20 November 1551) better known by the sobriquet, Hindal (Turkish: \"Taker of India\"), was a Mughal prince and the youngest son of Emperor Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire and the first Mughal emperor. He was also the older brother of Gulbadan Begum (the author of \"Humayun-nama\"), the younger half-brother of the second Mughal emperor Humayun, as well as the paternal uncle and father-in-law of the third Mughal emperor Akbar. Hindal's long military career started at the age of ten, with his first appointment as a viceroy being in Badakshan, Afghanistan. The young prince subsequently proved himself to be a successful and courageous general. Thus, by the age of 19, Hindal was considered to be a strong and favourable contender for the Mughal throne as Humayun's successor by the imperial council, which despised his older brother. However, unlike his rebellious half-brother, Kamran Mirza, Hindal eventually pledged allegiance to Humayun and remained faithful to him till his untimely death in 1551, when he died fighting valorously for the Mughals in a battle against Kamran Mirza's forces. He was survived by his wife and his only daughter, the princess Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, who married his nephew, Akbar, and became Mughal empress in 1556."}, {"context": " Abu'l-Nasir Muhammad was born on 4 March 1519 in Kabul to the first Mughal emperor Babur and his wife Dildar Begum. Upon hearing the news of his birth, Babur named his youngest son, Hindal (Turkish: \"Taker of India\"), since the prince was born while he was on his way to conquer \"Hind\" (India) which he felt was a good omen. Babur further commemorated the birth of his son in his memoir: the \"Baburnama\". Two years after his birth, the prince and his sister, Gulbadan Begum, were placed in Maham Begum's care; Babur's chief wife and the mother of Hindal's older half-brother, Humayun. Maham Begum had recently lost four children of her own in infancy, and wished to raise Hindal and his sister Gulbadan Begum in her own care."}, {"context": " Hindal's other siblings included his two sisters Gulrang Begum and Gulchehra Begum and a younger brother, Alwar Mirza, who died in his childhood. Among his siblings, Hindal was very close to his sister Gulbadan Begum. Hindal had also been his father's favourite when Humayun lost favour with him at the time of his death in 1530. On his deathbed in Agra, Babur desperately asked for his youngest son, Hindal (who was fighting a campaign in Kabul at the time), instead of Humayun. This incident, hinted at the depth of the older prince's imperial disfavour."}, {"context": " In 1537, Hindal married his cousin Sultanam Begum in Agra. She was the daughter of Muhammad Musa Khwaja and the younger sister of Mahdi Khwaja, who was Babur's brother-in-law, being the husband of his sister, Khanzada Begum. Sultanam had been lovingly brought up by Hindal's childless aunt, Khanzada Begum, since she was a child and had been reared to become Hindal's wife in future. In honour of their marriage, Khanzada Begum organized a grand feast, which is described in great detail in the \"Humayun-nama\". The feast, known as the 'Mystic Feast' was a grand affair and in the words of Gulbadan Begum was \"most splendid and entertaining\" being attended by innumerable imperial and royal guests as well as high-ranking court \"amirs\". Gulbadan further stated that such a wedding feast had not been organized previously for any other children of Babur. Mahdi Khwaja had presented his brother-in-law, Hindal, with a large amount of dowry and Khanzada Begum also gave extravagant gifts."}, {"context": " In 1541, when negotiations for Humayun's marriage with Hamida Banu Begum were going on, both Hindal and Hamida bitterly opposed the marriage proposal, possibly because they were involved with each other. It seems probable that Hamida was in love with Hindal, though there is only circumstantial evidence for it. In her book, the \"Humayun-nama\", Hindal's sister and Hamida's close friend, Gulbadan Begum, pointed out that Hamida was frequently seen in her brother's palace during those days, and even in the palace of their mother, Dildar Begum. Hamida's father, Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami, had also been one of Hindal's preceptors."}, {"context": " Hindal's first appointment as a viceroy was in Badakshan, Afghanistan, when the prince was merely ten years old. Hindal's older half-brothers Humayun and Kamran Mirza conferred and persuaded the young prince to take up the government of Badakshan. Upon invading India in 1525-6, Hindal was briefly awarded Badakshan again in 1529 by Babur. At the time of his father's death in 1530, the eleven-year-old Hindal was serving as the viceroy of Kabul, and was also the viceroy of Qandahar at a later time."}, {"context": " Upon Humayun's accession to the throne in the same year, Hindal was granted Babur's favourite retreat of Alwar, in addition to the governorship of Malwa. Further, Humayun granted the province of Ghazni and Mewat (among others) as Hindal's \"jagir\", while Kamran was granted Qandahar. Hindal, however, attempted to withdraw into seclusion in Badakshan, seemingly in repudiation of Kamran Mirza's rebellion. When the Mughals conquered India again in 1541, one third portion of it was owned by Hindal. In 1537, Sher Shah Suri had gradually overrun all the countries on the southern or Behar side of the Ganges; and Muhammad Sultan Mirza, had raised the standard of revolt in the upper provinces. The long absence of the Emperor Humayun had latterly encouraged them to act with greater boldness and security. Muhammad Sultan, having gained possession of a great portion of the countries on the left bank of the Ganges, had fixed the seat of his government at Bilgram, opposite to Kannauj, and had gained sufficient strength to send his son, Ulugh Mirza, with a large force to besiege Juanpur; while Shah Mirza, another of his sons, reduced Kara-Manikpur. Kannauj too had fallen into his hands."}, {"context": " Hindal Mirza, whom Humayun had left in command at Agra, marched to quell this revolt, and soon retook Kannauj. As soon as Muhammad Sultan Mirza heard of his approach, he called in all his detachments, and was joined by Shah Mirza, while Ulugh Mirza wrote to say, that he would hasten with all possible speed to meet him; at the same time urging him not to hazard a battle till his arrival. Muhammad Sultan and Shah Mirza, encamping on the left bank of the river, used every exertion to obstruct the passage of the imperial army. Hindal, however, eager to engage the enemy before Ulugh Mirza could join them, having discovered a fort ten miles above Kannauj, left his camp standing, and effected a passage, unobserved, with all his troops."}, {"context": " The two armies soon met face-to-face; but when they were on the point of engaging, a strong north-wester rising, blew such clouds of dust right in the eyes of the insurgents that they could not keep their position. The imperial army, who had the wind on their backs, availing themselves of their advantage, pressed hard upon their enemy, whose retreat was soon converted into a flight. Hindal, after taking possession of Belgram and the surrounding country, pursued the remainder of their army, as they marched to form a junction with Ulugh Mirza. He overtook them at Oudh where Muhammad Sultan and his sons, having concentrated all their forces, halted to check his advance. The two armies lay opposite to each other for nearly two months, when news arrived that Humayun had left Mandu, and was on his way back to Agra. This decided Muhammad Sultan to bring on an action, as his only chance of safety. He marched out of his trenches; and engagement ensued, in which the imperial troops had the advantage. The insurgents, dispirited by their continued want of success, began to despair, and soon after dispersed. Muhammad Sultan Mirza, and three of his sons, fled to Kuch-Behar; while Hindal Mirza, following up on his advantage went on to Juanpur. Having soon after heard of Humayun's arrival at the capital, he left the army and joined his brother there."}, {"context": " In 1538, Humayun received reports from Agra that his younger half-brother, Hindal, had put to death Sheikh Bhul, soon after his arrival, had thrown of his allegiance, had assumed all the ensigns of sovereignty; and caused himself to be proclaimed Emperor. At first, the Emperor did not believe the news and found it unfounded and impossible, but he soon found out that it was no time to linger on. Humayun entered Bengal and proceeded to Gour, Hindal Mirza, instead of remaining to keep the rebels in check, and maintain the communications with grand army, taking advantage of the season, abandoned his post and set out for Agra, without leave. His absence, and the death of Hindu Beg, had encouraged and enabled Sher Shah Suri to pass the Ganges and take Benaras, defeat Yusuf Beg, and lay siege to Juanpur; besides cutting off all the communications of Humayun's army. Hindal, who was now twenty years old, misled by the counselors who so often surround an aspiring prince, and incite him to sacrifice every duty for his own ambitions, on his arrival to Agra, entered the city, took possession of the Emperor's palace, issued his orders as if vested with absolute power, and seemed to direct his views to the throne itself."}, {"context": " Alarmed at the course which Hindal was pursuing, Humayun hastened down to Agra to meet the prince and represented to him in the strongest terms the danger to which he was exposing the power and the very existence of the Chughtai race in India. He pointed out that it was a moment when, instead of destroying everything by discord and disunion, it was essential that every friend of the House of Timur, should exert himself, to break the rapidly increasing power of Sher Khan and the Pashtuns. By such remonstrances, he prevailed upon Hindal to leave the city to cross over the Jamna into the Doab, and there collect whatever forces could be brought together, to march and raise the siege of Juanpur. The Emperor's cousin and brother-in-law, Yadgir Nasir Mirza, who commanded Kalpi, was induced by Mir Fakhir Ali to put his troops in motion so as to form a junction with those of Hindal in the territory of Karra, so that they might thence proceed in concert to Juanpur."}, {"context": " At this time, Zahid Beg, Khusrau Beg Kokiltash, Haji Muhammad Baba Khushke, and other discontented and turbulent nobles, who had fled from Bengal, arrived, and had secret communications with Nur-ud-din Muhammad Mirza, the governor of Kanauj, who had married Gulrang Begum, Hindal's sister, and who seems to have been privy to his designs. Nur-ud-din wrote to Hindal Mirza, announcing the arrival of these noblemen, and at the same time forwarded to him a petition from them, asking his favour and protection, and proffering their own duties and services. To this address the Mirza, who, in spite of his change of conduct, had still a strong leaning to his treasonable purposes, returned a gracious answer, which he gave to Muhammad Ghazi Taghai, one of his trusty adherents, by whom he at the same time wrote to inform Yadgar Nasir Mirza, and Mir Fakhir Ali, of the arrival of the Amirs."}, {"context": " The Amirs did not wait at Kanauj for his answer, but proceeded to Kol, a \"jagir\" of Zahid Beg's. Hindal's envoy, hearing of this movement, instead of first going to Yadgar, went straight to meet them. The conspirators, finding that Hindal was irresolute or insincere, and being themselves desperate, told the envoy, explicitly, that their mind was made up; that they had forever shaken off their allegiance to the Emperor; that, if Hindal would assume the imperial dignity, and read the \"khutba\" in his own name, they were to be his most faithful subjects. But if not, that they would straightway repair to Kamran Mirza, and make him the same offer, which would not be refused. The envoy, returning to Hindal, reported what had passed, and added in his own opinion; that the Mirza was so far committed as to have only one of two measures to adopt. He must either at once call in the Amirs, accede to their advice, and declare himself Emperor; or get them into his power, cast them into prison, and treat them as rebels. Hindal, whose mind was misled by high and dazzling projects, was not long of coming to a decision on this alternative. He agreed to accept to the proposal of the fugitive nobles and to raise the standard of rebellion."}, {"context": " It was at this very juncture that Sheikh Bhul or Behlul, who had been sent by Humayun from Gour, on a mission to the Mirza, arrived near Agra. Sheikh Bhul was revered by Humayun, as his religious teacher and spiritual guide, and had acted as a councillor to Hindal himself. Hindal, on hearing of his approach, went out and received him with much honour. Bhul had been sent from Bengal by the Emperor, when he had first heard of the Mirza's defection, to reason with him on the folly of his proceedings. Bhul brought assurances from Humayun, not only of forgiveness for his past misconduct, but of every favour and exaltation for the future, that the affection and generosity of a prince and brother could bestow. The weak and wavering mind of Hindal was shaken by these remonstrances of duty and wisdom. He had not yet made any irrevocable manifestation of his rebellious intentions, and was once more persuaded to return to his allegiance, and to join in an active effort to drive the common enemy out of the field, free his sovereign from distress and peril. The very next day, he sent to make fresh requisitions from Muhammad Bakshi, the governor, of such a quantity of warlike stores and equipments, arms, cattle, money etc. as would enable him to put his army instantly in motion and to proceed to the relief of Juanpur."}, {"context": " Unfortunately Nur-ud-din arrived while these measures were being expedited and he was able to destroy the whole effect of Sheikh Bhul's mission, and Hindal was persuaded once more to accept the support of the rebel nobles, for which they demanded the sacrifice of Sheikh Bhul as he had caused Hindal to break his former promises to them. They hoped that Hindal, involved in such a disgraceful crime, would irretrievably be separated from Humayun, whom they hated and despised. A frivolous charge of conspiracy with Sher Khan was laid and the Sheikh was executed under the orders of Nur-ud-din. Such a crime revolted the ladies of the harem and all the officers who had remained faithful to Humayun. It marked the destruction of Hindal's ambitious designs, for when he advanced on Delhi instead of marching to assist the Emperor, Yadgar Nasir and Fakhir Ali forestalled him by hasty marches and reached the city before he arrived. While Hindal was unsuccessfully besieging Delhi, his step-brother, Kamran Mirza, arrived from Punjab. After successfully capturing Kandahar, Kamran completed his domination over all of Afghanistan and Punjab. Now, in 1539, he moved towards Humayun's territory and Hindal, uncertain of his intentions, abandoned the siege of Delhi and withdrew to Agra."}, {"context": " Although Kamran was persuaded to leave Delhi untouched and to follow Hindal to Agra, his intentions were completely selfish. On Kamran's approach, Hindal withdrew to his own government at Alwar, but soon was persuaded to offer his submission, together with the rebel officers who were almost his sole adherents. The brothers set out as if to help march to Humayun's help, but the ambition of Kamran and the weakness of Hindal made them yield to the suggestion of nobles that if Sher Khan defeated Humayun, the Empire would fall to his brother and that if the Emperor won he could be persuaded to forgive them. So after a few marches they turned back to Agra just as Humayun's affairs reached a crisis."}, {"context": " In the summer of 1541, Hindal had repeatedly asked for the Emperor's permission to attack and occupy the rich province of Sehwan in Sindh, but was not allowed, due to an ongoing negotiation between the Emperor and Shah Hussein regarding some procurement of resources. However, as soon as the negotiations were made, Hindal was at length authorized to reduce the district, and informed that the Emperor himself would soon visit the prince's camp. Shah Hussein had fortified the town of Sehwan, and now ordered the surrounding country to be laid waste. Humayun, alarmed by some intimations that had reached to him, of Hindal's having a design to desert from him and march to Qandahar, quitted for a short time the gardens of Baberlu and proceeded to Hindal's camp. Five days later, he reached Pater, which lies about twenty miles west of Indus and was met by Hindal."}, {"context": " Here, negotiations for Humayun's marriage with Hamida Banu Begum began, and Hindal was so furious at the prospect of his brother's marriage with Hamida that he subsequently threatened to quit the Emperor's service. Hindal was much offended by his brother's conduct as he felt that Humayun had come to Pater to \"do him honour and not to look out for a young bride\". Hindal's mother, Dildar Begum, who overheard this altercation, interposed, reproved her son and attempted to settle the dispute. But, as Hindal refused to apologize for the unseemly language he had used, Humayun left the house in high displeasure. Hindal, on the other hand, soon left for Afghanistan just as the Emperor's men began to increasingly desert him."}, {"context": " On the eve of 20 November 1551, Hindal and Humayun had set camp in the province of Nangarhar, Afghanistan, the brothers learned that Kamran Mirza was intending to attack the imperial camp that night with a body of Khalil and Pashtun soldiers. Despite various security measures, about the end of the first watch of the night, an attack was made accordingly. The Emperor was on the rising ground; Hindal in the camp below. The onset of the attack was furious and continued hot for some time, each offer defending his own portions of work, some part of which, however, the enemy succeeded in scaling, and entered the enclosure. Some men of note were slain; all was confusion and uncertainty, friend and foes being mixed together and covered by the darkness of the night, but soon the imperialists recovered their superiority."}, {"context": " The assailants took to flight, but Hindal had fallen in the fray. \"When the affair was over\" says Jouher, \"and his Majesty (Humayun) inquired for his brother Hindal, no one had the courage to tell him.\" Humayun then called out aloud from the height; but, although surrounded by three hundred persons, none answered. The Emperor ordered Abdal Wahab to go and bring news of the prince. Wahab went in search of the prince, but was shot by one of the imperial army's own match-lock men, who mistook him for an Afghan. Mir Abdal Hai was next sent, and brought back the melancholy intelligence, which he communicated by two verses of a poet. The Emperor instantly retreated to his pavilion, where he was overwhelmed with grief, till his \"Amirs\" came and consoled him, saying that his brother was blest, in having thus fallen a martyr in the service of the Emperor."}, {"context": " It appears that Hindal, on hearing the news of the intended night-attack, had carefully visited all his trenches, after which he retired to his tent for some rest, when he was roused by the uproar and alarm occasioned by the onset of the Pashtuns. They had attacked the works on every side on foot, and a body had succeeded in getting over the prince's trenches in the dark night. Hindal started up, and hastened to meet and repel the assailants, having only his bow and arrow in hand. His men had hurried away in confusion, to protect their horses from being plundered, therefore none of Hindal's immediate servants were with him. He soon met a Pashtun face to face, and so near that it was necessary to get close with him. By main strength he had gained the upper hand, when his enemy's brother, Tirenda, a Mehmend Pashtun, came to his assistance, and slew the prince without knowing him."}, {"context": " When the battle was over, the Pashtuns brought Hindal's ornamented quiver and arrows, unknowing to him it belonged, and presented them to his brother, Kamran, as the spoils of a man of rank. Kamran no sooner saw the quiver, than he recognized it as his brother's, and dashed his turban on the ground in an agony of grief. Hindal's body was left for some time unnoticed, where it fell. After the first confusion, when the troops began to collect, and were returning to assail the Pashtuns, Khwaja Ibrahim, one of Hindal's servants when passing the prince's tent, saw, in the darkness of the night, a man in black armour lying on the ground. He did not stop at first, but pushed on towards the Pashtuns, till he recollected that Hindal had that evening put on a black cuirass. Turning back, he examined the body, and found that it was the prince's. His right hand had been cut off, and some fingers on his left, apparently in his attempt to defend his head; and a cross blow, that had fallen on his mouth, had nearly separated the head from the one ear to the other. With great presence of mind, Ibrahim carried the body to the prince's pavilion, where he laid it down and covered it with a cloak, ordering the porters to admit no one as the prince was fatigued with his exertions, and had received a trifling wound; and desired that no noise or bustle should be allowed, that could disturb him. When the enemy was finally repulsed, Ibrahim, mounted a rising ground, and in the prince's name returned thanks to the troops for their exertions which had secured the victory of the Mughals. His conduct was warmly applauded by the Emperor. Hindal's death bears testimony to the young prince's courage and pluck.  Hindal's remains were conveyed first to Jui-Shahi and after a time, to the Gardens of Babur in Kabul, where they were interred at the feet of his father, Emperor Babur. He was thirty-two years of age at the time of his death. Ghazni, which was one of Hindal's \"jagir\", was given to his nephew, Akbar, to whom were also transferred Hindal's army, adherents and wealth and his daughter, Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, was betrothed to Akbar."}]}, {"title": "Hindalagi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindalagi is a village in Belgaum district in the southern state of Karnataka, India."}]}, {"title": "Hindalco Industries", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindalco Industries Ltd., an aluminium and copper manufacturing company, is a subsidiary of the Aditya Birla Group. Its headquarters are at Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It is the Flagship company of the company in the metals business. The company has annual sales of 15 billion and employs around 20,000 people. It is listed in the Forbes Global 2000 at 895th rank. Its market capitalisation by the end of May 2013 was 3.4 billion. Hindalco is one of the world's largest aluminium rolling companies and one of the biggest producers of primary aluminium in Asia."}, {"context": " The Hindustan Aluminum Corporation Limited was established in 1958 by the Aditya Birla Group. In 1962 the company began production in Renukoot in Uttar Pradesh making 20 thousand metric tons per year of aluminium metal and 40 thousand metric tons per year of alumina. In 1989 the company was restructured and renamed Hindalco. On 11 February 2007, the company entered into an agreement to acquire the Canadian company Novelis for 6 billion, making the combined entity the world's largest rolled-aluminium producer. At 2007 Novelis was the world's largest producer of rolled aluminium and a major recycler of aluminium cans. On 15 May 2007, the acquisition was completed with Novelis shareholders receiving $44.93 per outstanding share of common stock."}, {"context": " Hindalco, through its wholly owned subsidiary AV Metals Inc., acquired 75,415,536 common shares of Novelis, representing 100 percent of the issued and outstanding common shares. Immediately after closing, AV Metals Inc. transferred the common shares of Novelis to its wholly owned subsidiary AV Aluminum Inc. When Hindalco made this bid in 2007 this became the largest Indian investment in North America and the second-largest overseas investment by an Indian company (behind Tata Steel Europe's purchase of Corus two weeks earlier) to this time."}, {"context": " The day after Hindalco announced the acquisition its stock fell by 13% resulting in a 600 million drop in market capitalisation. Shareholders criticised the deal but K.M. Birla responded that he had offered a fair price for the company and stated, \"When you are acquiring a world leader you will have to pay a premium.\" In June 2000, acquisition of controlling stake in Indian Aluminium Company Limited (Indal) with 74.6 per cent equity holding. In July 2007, Hindalco announced it is acquiring the stake of Alcan Inc.'s in the Utkal Alumina Project located in Orissa.  The equity shares of Hindalco are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, and the National Stock Exchange of India, where it is a constituent of the S&P CNX Nifty. Its Global depository receipts are listed on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange. As on 30 June 2013, the promoters Aditya Birla Group held around 32% equity shares in Hindalco. Over 408,000 individual shareholders hold approx. 9% of its shares."}]}, {"title": "Hindalgi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindalgi is a census town in Belgaum district in the Indian state of Karnataka. Very small place India census, Hindalgi had a population of 12,864. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Hindalgi has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 76%. In Hindalgi, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age."}]}, {"title": "Hindang, Leyte", "paragraphs": [{"context": " ', officially the ', is a in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people. In the north, it borders with the town of Inopacan while it borders with the town of Hilongos in the south. Himokilan is part of the Cuatro Islas, are within the administrative jurisdiction of the municipality of Hindang. Hindang is politically subdivided into 20 barangays. In 1957, the sitios of Kanhaayon, Kapudlosan, Himokilan, Anolon, Mahilom, Baldoza, and Tagbibi were converted into barrios. In the , the population of Hindang, Leyte, was people, with a density of ."}]}, {"title": "Hindara\u030ava\u030ag", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindar\u00e5v\u00e5g or Hinder\u00e5v\u00e5g is a village in Tysv\u00e6r municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The village is located along the Nedstrandsfjorden, on the southern coast of Tysv\u00e6r. The village of Nedstrand lies about east of Hindar\u00e5v\u00e5g. The village is the site of Nedstrand Church. The Tveit Upper Secondary School is also located here. This is the only agriculture school in Rogaland county."}]}, {"title": "Hindarfjall", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindarfjall or Hindafjall (\"Hind mountain\") is the mountain where Brynhildr lives in the V\u00f6lsung cycle. In Snorri Sturluson's account of the V\u00f6lsung cycle (\"Sk\u00e1ldskaparm\u00e1l\"), Sigur\u00f0r first meets Brynhildr, whom he finds asleep, in a building on a mountain whose name is not given. Later, Brynhildr is said to live on Hindafjall, in a hall surrounded by wavering flames (\"vafrlogi\"). Sigur\u00f0r rides through them and asks for Brynhildr's hand, having taken the appearance of Gunnarr. In the other sources (\"Sigrdr\u00edfum\u00e1l\", \"V\u00f6lsunga saga\"), Hindarfjall is mentioned in relation with the first encounter: after killing F\u00e1fnir and Reginn, Sigur\u00f0r rides up onto Hindarfjall and goes south toward Frakkland. Then he sees a great light on a mountain. There stands a wall of shield, and behind it Sigrdr\u00edfa-Brynhildr asleep. The name of the place where the second meeting takes place, when Sigur\u00f0r rides through the flames after he and Gunnar exchanged forms, is not given.  Hindarfjall is also mentioned in \"F\u00e1fnism\u00e1l\", where the birds, which Sigur\u00f0r can understand after tasting F\u00e1fnir's blood, talk about a hall on Hindarfjall, surrounded with flames, where Sigrdr\u00edfa sleeps. In \"Helrei\u00f0 Brynhildar\", it is called \"Skatalundr\", and there is an obscure stanza that Sigur\u00f0r first meet Brynhildr in her foster-father's home."}]}, {"title": "Hindarx", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindarx (also, Gindarch, Gindarkh, Kassian, and Kazian) is a village and the most populous municipality, except the capital A\u011fcab\u0259di, in the Aghjabadi Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 7,680."}]}, {"title": "Hindasgeri", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindasgeri is a village in Dharwad district of Karnataka, India."}]}, {"title": "Hindaste", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindaste is a village in L\u00e4\u00e4ne-Nigula Parish, L\u00e4\u00e4ne County, in western Estonia. Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in N\u00f5va Parish."}]}, {"title": "Hindaun", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindaun is a city in Karauli district, Rajasthan, India. It has a population of 105690 and is governed by a municipal council. In vicinity are the Aravalli and Vindhya mountainous ranges. In the ancient time Hindaun came under the Matsya Kingdom. There are many ancient structures still present in the town built during the regime of Matsya Kingdom. Traditionally in some mythological stories the town is believed to be associated with the mythology of Hiranyakashipu and Prahlada mentioned in Bhagavata Purana."}, {"context": " Hindaun is named after the name of ancient ruler king Hiranyakashipu, father of Prahlada. The temple to Narasimha, an Avatar of Hindu God Vishnu who killed Hiranyakashipu, along with the historic prahalad kund (now in dilapidated condition)demonstrates the town's connection to the mythology surrounding Hiranyakashipu and Prahlada. During the start of April 2018, Hinduan was subjected to curfew in response to caste-related violence. Hindaun is located in the eastern part of Rajasthan, (a north-western state in India) in the vicinity of the Aravalli Range."}, {"context": " The town is well connected with Jaipur, Agra, Alwar, Dholpur, Bharatpur with modernized roads. Hindaun has an average elevation of . Its distance from the state capital of Jaipur is around 150\u00a0km. The city is known for its sandstone industry. The Red Fort and Akshardham Temple of Delhi, Ambedkar Park, Lucknow and Jaipur are made of this sandstone. The slate industry is well rooted here and is important in the state. Slates are transported abroad also. Various minor scale industries e.g. candle, battis, wooden toys also exist."}, {"context": " The main places of attraction in Hindaun City are: The Prahladkund, forest, Hiranyakashayap ka kua, palace and the Narsinghji Temple, Shri Mahavirji Temple is a major pilgrimage center in Jainism. The Jaggar Dam of Jagar, Kundeva, Danghati, the Suroth Fort, City of Moradwaja, the castle of Garmora and Padampura, the Timangarh fort, Sagar Lake, Dhruv Ghata & the well of Nand-Bhaujai are some popular attractions. The temples of goddess Chamunda Mata Temple, Chinayata and Chamunda Mata Temple, Sankarghanta in western part of city, Nakkash Ki Devi - Gomti Dham (the heart temple of Hindaun City) with adjacent sacred pond termed as Jalsen pond. Radha-Raman Ji Temple and Shri Hardev Ji Temple are also famous and located within the city."}, {"context": " Dargah of Sufi Saint Shaikh Abdur-Rehmaan Chishti is also at Hadoli. The shrine has the grave (Maqbara) of the revered saint, Shaikh Abdur - Rehmaan Chisti nephew of greatest sufi saint of India Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer, Rajasthan. As per provisional reports of Census India the population of Hindaun in 2011 was 105,690; of which male and female are 49,541 and 56,149 respectively. The sex ratio of Hindaun is 881 per 1000 males. As per the census, the total number literates in the city is 105,690 of which 56,149 are males and 49,541 are females. Average literacy rate of Hindaun is 76.58 percent of which male and female literacy was 87.79 and 63.94 percent."}, {"context": " Total children (aged 0\u20136) in Hindaun are 45,451 as per figure from Census India report on 2011. There were 25,345 boys and 20,106 are girls. Child sex ratio of girls is 852 per 1000 boys. Temperature in summer ranges between 25 and 45 degrees Celsius and in winter it is between 5 and 23 degrees Celsius. The land of the area is fertile and the crop rotation is commenced by the ryots. The central agriculture yard is located at Kyarda village opposite to 220kv power house. The major crops are wheat, millet, maize, mustard, cluster bean, ground nut, gooseberry, lemon potato, gram, barley. The monsoon, Jagar damand canal, wells and underground water are the source of irrigation. The seasonal vegetables and fruits are also sown by peasants."}, {"context": " The city is famous for its Industrial Training Institutes. There are Teacher Training Institutes. Almost all district topper in RBSE Exams are from Hindaun City. NH 47 (Indian National Highway No. 47) links Delhi To Mohana, MP by Delhi-Haryana-Rajasthan-Madhya Pradesh is announced by the central government in March 2016. Shared auto are operated between roadways bus stand and railway station. People use buses and auto-rickshaws to reach nearby places. Hindaun City is a station on the New Delhi\u2013Mumbai main line. Other railway stations in proximity to the city are Shri Mahabirji, Fateh Singhpura and Sikorda Meena.  Nearest major airport is Jaipur International Airport, that is 160\u00a0km from the city-centre, and offers sporadic service to major domestic and international locations."}]}, {"title": "Hindaun (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindaun Assembly constituency is one of the constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly in the Karauli-Dholpur (Lok Sabha constituency). Hindaun Constituency covers all voters from Hindaun tehsil."}]}, {"title": "Hindaun Block", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindaun is a Block in Karauli district of the Indian state of Rajasthan in Northern India. It is a subdivisional headquarter. Its population is approximately 4.5 lakh. The Block covers an area of 700 Square kilometres. It is biggest Block in Karauli.According to Census 2011 information the Subdistrict code of Hindaun Block is 00522.There are about 165 villages with some Town in Hindaun block Hindaun Block is located in the eastern part of Rajasthan between the Aravalli Range & Vindhya Range. The Subdistrict of Hindaun encompasses an area of 690\u00a0km. It is bordered by Manshalpur to the east; by Bayana, Bharatpur District to the north-east; by Mahwa Subdistrict, to the north;by Todabhim Tahsil to west; by Karauli Subdistrict to south; and by Gangapur Subdistrict, Sawai Madhopur District to the South-west."}, {"context": " Good grade stone, slate and some iron ore comprise the mineral resources of the area. In the ancient time city came under the Matsya Kingdom, which was ruled by Meenas and a large population of Meenas can be seen in nearby villages. There are many ancient structures still present in the town built during the regime of Matsya Kingdom. Traditionally in some mythological stories the city is believed to be associated with the mythology of Hiranyakashipu and Prahlada mentioned in \"Bhagavata Purana\"."}, {"context": " Local tradition tells us that Hindaun(Hindon) was the capital of Hiranyakashyapu, father of Prahlada. because of this fact the area is known as Hiranakus Ki Kher. \"Kher\" in local language means \"capital\". This is further confirmed by the existence of monuments like Hiranakus Ka Mandir, Prahlada Kund, Nrisinha Temple, Hiranakus Ka Kua, and Dhobi Pachhad. About 40 year back there was a sculptor of Hiranakus in Hiranakus Ka Mandir but now it has been replaced by that of Rama and temple has become famous as Raghunath Mandir. Hiranakus Ka Kua is situated in the heart of city and ruins nearby are that of Bharon temple. Langda Bharon (Langur) is very popular in Karauli area. Dhobi Pachhad is believed to be the spot where Prahlada was thrown out from the Palace. There is also a place called Holika Dah where Holika tried to burn Prahlada but she herself was destroyed in the fire."}, {"context": " Hindaun is named after the name of ancient ruler king Hiranyakashipu, father of Prahlada. The temple to Narasimha, an Avatar of Hindu God Vishnu who killed Hiranyakashipu, demonstrates the city's connection to the mythology surrounding Hiranyakashipu and Prahlada. Hindaun is also associated with the era of Mahabharata. It is believed that the name of the city is derived from \u2018Hidimba\u2019, sister of Hidimb, a demon. The Kauravas had tried to kill the Pandava when they were staying in the Lakshyagriha but the Pandavas managed to escape and they went into the then Matasya Kingdom, currently known as Alwar region. Bheema, one of the Pandava Brothers, met Hidimba when he was wandering in the Hiranya Karan Van or forest. Hidimba fell in love with Bheema and wanted to marry him. Hidimba\u2019s brother Hidimb, a demon fought with Bheema but he got killed by Bheema. Bheema and Hidimba got married and they had a son named Ghatotkacha, who was a great warrior and died a heroic death during the war of Mahabharata."}, {"context": " The total population in Hindaun sub district is 423,874 as per the 2011 census. Of this about 130,452 people are living in urban areas and about 293,422 are living in villages. There are 74,457 households in this subdistrict. There are 227,403 males (54%); There are 196,471 females (46%). Hindaun sex ratio: while the population is 423,874, there are 227,403 males and 196,471 females. Further the children below 6 years of age are 69,636 of which 37,842 are males and 31,794 are females. Hindaun Scheduled cast and Tribes"}, {"context": " Total Scheduled Cast are 132,928. Total Scheduled Tribe are 49,187. Hindaun literacy rate Literates are 247,941 of which males are 161,801 and Females are 86,140. There are 175,933 Illiterates. Hindaun Workers Population Workers in the State of Hindaun are calculated as 173,256 of which 106,728 are males and 66,528 are females. Further 125,388 are regular and 47,868 are Irregular i.e. get jobs only few days in a month. There are 250,618 Non Workers (include students, housewives, and children above 6 years also.)"}, {"context": " Some of Hindaun's best shopping experiences are to be found in city's old bazaars. These are in the walled city, around the main blocks called the \"Damproad Market\" . Visit them for a first-hand experience of the city's long-standing tradition of craftsmanship. Goods include the traditional Lac Bangles, colourful clothes, mojris and other typical Rajasthani handicrafts. Akbarpur, Alawara, Alipura, Areni Goojar, Atkoli, Bahadurpur, Banwaripur, Bargawan, Barh Ponchhri, Bhango, Bhukrawali, Binega, Chak Sikandarpur, Chandangaon, Chandeela, Chinayata, Churali, Danalpur, Dedroli, Dhahara, Dhandhawali, Dhindora, Dhursi, Dubbi, Dughati, Ekolasi, Fazalabad, Gaoda Goojar, Gaoda Meena, Gaonri, Garhi Badhawa, Garhi Mosamabad, Garhi Panweda, Ghonsla, Gopipur, Gunsar, Gurhapol, Hadoli, Hindaun (M), Hingot, Hukmi Khera, Irniya, Jagar, Jahanabad, Jamalpur, Jat Nagala, Jatwara, Jewarwadaatak, Jhareda, Jhirna, Kachrauli, Kailash Nagar, Kajanipur, Kalakhana, Kalwar Meena, Kalwari Jatt, Kalyanpur Sayta, Kandroli, Karai, Karsoli, Katkar, Khanwara, Khareta, Khera, Kheri Chandla, Kheri Ghatam, Kheri Hewat, Kheri Sheesh, Kherli Goojar, Khijoori, Khohara Ghuseti, Kodiya, Kotra Dhahar, Kotri, Kutakpur, Kyarda Kalan, Kyarda Khurd, Lahchora, Leeloti, Mahoo Dalalpur, Mahu Ibrahimpur, Mahoo Khas, Mandawara, Manema, Mothiyapur, Mukandpura, Nagal Durgasi, Nagla Meena, Norangabad, Palanpur, Pali, Pataunda, Patti Narayanpur, Peepalhera, Phulwara, Ponchhri, Rara Shahpur, Reejwas, Reethauli, Rewai, Sanet, Sherpur, Shyampur Moondri, Sikandarpur, Sikroda Jatt, Sikroda Meena, Singhan Jatt, Singhan Meena, Sitapur, Somala Ratra, Somli, Suroth, Taharpur, Todoopura, Vajheda, Vajna Kalan, Vajna Khurd, Vanki, Ver Khera, Vijaypura, Wai Jatt,"}, {"context": " Hindaun has been mentioned in the Puranans and it had association with the Pandavas. Hindaun is also an important pilgrimage place for the believers of Jainism. Hindaun is famous for fairs like Mahaveerji Fair, Kaila Devi Fair and many other Hindu Festivals. Here in this article you will get complete information about tourist attractions of Hindaun. The Shri Mahavirji Temple is a major pilgrimage center in Jainism, and Mehandipur Balaji Temple, Narsinghji Temple, Kaila Devi Temple, Madan Mohan are main attrection fully Temple. The temples of goddess Chamunda at Chinayata and Sankarghanta in estern part of city, Nakkash Ki Devi - Gomti Dham (the heart temple of Hindaun City) with adjacent sacred pond termed as Jalsen ReservoirThere is Arawli hills known as TELE KI PANSERI (JALSEN HILLS)catchment area of JALSEN TALAB 6 MILES AWAY FROM hindaun city .Radha-Raman, Shri Hardev ji temples, Teeka Kund Hanumanji temple, Chintaharan Hanumanji-Sai Baba temple, Radha Vallabh Ji Temple', Pandey Mohalla, Bhaylapura and Kyarda Hanumanji Temple are also famous and located within the city"}, {"context": " Hindaun Being a place associated with the ancient era of India, Hindaun has many places of historic significance. Hindaun, a city located in the eastern fringes of Rajasthan State, is getting developed into an important tourist destination for its age old architectural marvels and association of these monuments with various phases of Indian culture and history. This place earlier was known as Chandanpur but was renamed as Shri Mahaveer Ji when idol of Mahavira was excavated over 200 years ago from the same spot, after which the temple was constructed. Thousands of worshipers flock from across India to catch a glimpse of this famous statue. There are five temples in Shri Mahavirji Digambar Jain Atishaya Kshetra Shri Mahavirji, Shantinath Jinalaya, Bhagwan Parshvanath Jinalaya, Kirti Ashram Chaityalaya and Bhavya Kamal Mandir."}, {"context": " Nakkash Ki Devi - Gomti Dham Temple is in Hindaun City, Karauli district in Rajasthan, India. Nakkash Ki Devi is a Hindu Devi Temple of Durga and Gomti Dham is a Temple and Vatika(ashram) of Gomti Dass Ji Maharaj. Kaila devi temple is a Hindu temple situated 53\u00a0km from Hindaun City in the Rajasthan state in India. The temple is located on the banks of the Kalisil river, a tributary of the Banas River in the hills of Trikut, 2\u00a0km to the north-west of Kaila village. The temple is dedicated to the tutelary deity, goddess Kaila Devi, of the erstwhile princely Jadaun Rajput rulers of the Karauli state. It is a marble structure with a large courtyard of a checkered floor. In one place are a number of red flags planted by devotees."}, {"context": " Madan Mohan is a form of the Hindu god, Krishna. Krishna is celebrated as Madan Mohan, who mesmerises everyone. His consort, Radha is glorified as Madan Mohan's Mohini, the mesmeriser of the mesmeriser for spiritual aspirants. Radha is known as the mediator without whom access to Krishna is not possible. Originally from Shri Vrindavan,Madan Mohan ji went to Amer in Jaipur with Raja Sawai Jai Singh II - the founder of Jaipur and from there was brought to Karauli in Rajasthan by Maharaj Gopal Singh after he conquered the battle of Daulatabad."}, {"context": " Mandir is a mandir in the Indian state of Rajasthan dedicated to the Hindu God Hanuman. The name Balaji is applied to Sri Hanuman in several parts of India because the childhood (Bala in Hindi or Sanskrit) form of the Lord is especially celebrated there. It is important to note that the temple is not dedicated to Balaji another name for Krishna. Unlike similar religious sites it is located in a town rather than the countryside. Its reputation for ritualistic healing and exorcism of evil spirits attracts many pilgrims from Rajasthan and elsewhere."}, {"context": " Hindaun City is associated with the demon King Hiranyakashyap, father of Lord Vishnu\u2019s devotee, Prahlad. Lord Narsingha is an incarnation of Lord Vishnu who had killed Hiranyakashyap to save his son Prahlad, a true devotee of Lord Vishnu. Lord Narsinghji Temple is built in the memory of Lord Vishnu\u2019s incarnation and it attracts huge numbers of tourists for its historical and religious significance. Timan Garh is a famous historical fort situated near Hindaun Block in Karauli District the Indian state of Rajasthan."}, {"context": " The main places of attraction in Hindaun City are: The Prahlada Kund, Hiranyakashayap ka kua & palace and The Jagar Dam, Kundeva, Danghati, the fort of Suroth, City of Moradwaja, the castle of Padampura, the Timan Garh & the well of Nand-Bhaujai are some popular attractions. It is a public place which is surrounded by the Aravali hills. There is a popular hill station in the Aravalli Range Jalsen Hills, a collection of multiple peaks in Krauli district of Rajasthan state in western India. The highest peak on the mountain is 1400 m above sea level. It is referred to as \"an oasis in the desert\" as its heights are home to rivers, lakes, waterfalls and evergreen forests."}, {"context": " It is one of the single places in the city where you can enjoy the Jaggar Dam, land sliding, hill climbing, and a view of high hills and ponds. It is perhaps most famous picnic spot of the city. The nearest major railway station is Hindaun City railway station 15\u00a0km away. The main religious festivals are Deepawali, Holi, Gangaur, Teej, Raksha Bandhan, Makar Sankranti and Janmashtami, as the main religion is Hinduism. Rajasthan's desert festival is celebrated with great zest and zeal. This festival is held once a year during winters. Dressed in brilliantly hued costumes, the people of the desert dance and sing haunting ballads of valor, romance and tragedy. There are fairs with snake charmers, puppeteers, acrobats and folk performers. Camels, of course, play a stellar role in this festival."}, {"context": " Ranthambore National Park is one of the largest national parks in India. It is situated around 123\u00a0km from the Hindaun City. It was established as the Sawai Madhopur Game Sanctuary in 1955 by the Government of India, and was declared one of the Project Tiger reserves in 1973. Ranthambore became a national park in 1980. In 1984, the adjacent forests were declared the Sawai Man Singh Sanctuary and Keladevi Sanctuary, and in 1991 the tiger reserve was enlarged to include Sawai Man Singh and Keladevi sanctuaries."}, {"context": " Being a UNESCO's World Heritage Site, the duck-hunting reserve of the Maharajas is one of the major wintering areas for large numbers of aquatic birds from Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, China and Siberia. Some 364 species of birds, including the rare Siberian crane, have been recorded in the park.eoladeo is 100\u00a0km from Hindaun City The name \"Keoladeo\" is derived from the name of an ancient Hindu temple devoted to Lord Shiva in the sanctuary's central zone while the Hindi term \"Ghana\" implies dense, thick areas of forest cover. It is mainly famous for its Siberian crane. It was the only habitat of Siberian crane in the world, other than Siberia. This species has stopped reaching the park. The main reasons for this are being cited as lack of conservation measures in India, diversion of water for farmers instead of saving the wetlands as per then Chief Minister Vasundhara Raje's orders, hunting during migration in Pakistan and the Afghanistan as well as the war against Taliban in Afghanistan."}, {"context": " Sariska Tiger Reserve is probably one of the most visited parks in India. Unfortunately though, the main reason for this is not wildlife enthusiasm but only its excellent proximity to some large towns like Delhi and Jaipur. The park was, as with many other parks, the hunting reserve of the royal family in the area. In this case, it was the royal family of Alwar Rajasthan. The reserve was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1958 and came under Project Tiger as Sariska Tiger Reserve in 1979. The park is 800 square kilometers, 480 square kilometers of which form the core area of the national park. It is located among the Aravalli hill ranges in the Alwar district of Rajasthan. It 106\u00a0km away from Hindaun City"}, {"context": " The city is known for its red stone and globally acclaimed for its sandstone. The largest mart of sandstone in subcontinent. Basically, the stone industries have blossomed here. Red Fort and Akshardham Temple of Delhi, Agra and The Swami Narain temple in Jaipur were built with this Red stone. The iron industry is throughout in Hindaun. It has a good rank in Rajasthan. The slate industry is well rooted here and is having supreme rank in the state. Slates are transported abroad also. Various minor scale industries e.g.candle, battis, wooden toys also exist  There is sandstone, red stone, masonry stone, silica sand, soapstone, yellow mint stone, natural sandstone, stone sinks sandstones, mint sandstone, pink sandstone, red sandstone and white sandstone."}]}, {"title": "Hindaun City bus depot", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindaun City Bus Depot is a Rajasthan Roadways Bus Depot in Hindaun, Rajasthan, India. It is the central bus stand for the Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation. Buses are available for Jaipur, Kaila Devi, Gangapur City, Dausa, Sawai Madhopur, Ajmer, Udaipur, Karauli, Bharatpur, Dholpur, Alwar, Tonk, Churu, Jhunjhunu, Bikaner, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and various other locations."}]}, {"title": "Hindaun City railway station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindaun City (HAN) is a railway station, serving Hindaun City on the West Central railway network in India. It comes under the Kota Railway division of West Central Railway zone. Hindaun City is a B-Grade station on the Delhi-Mumbai route. It is located in the Karauli District of Rajasthan State. The station code is HAN and it belongs to Kota Division. Railway stations near Hindaun Railway Station are Shri Mahaveerji and Bayana Jn. Sawai Madhopur is the other railway station near Hindaun. From Hindaun City there are trains to New Delhi, Bombay, Lucknow, Kanpur, Jammutawi, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Haridwar, Dehradun, Jaipur, Chandigarh, Kalka and Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra.  Superfast trains Mail Express Passenger"}]}, {"title": "Hindaun Fort", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindaun Fort, in the Haritage area of Hindaun in Karauli District of the Indian state of Rajasthan, is a historic fort which came in Hindaun Nizamat of Jaipur State. This fort is on an elevated mount near Shahganj mohalla and badi bakhar of Old Hindaun. It also known as Purani Kachehri. There is also a beautiful palace and ancient treasury.According to local people it fort is upon the hirnakush palace and it come in place of hirnyakush At this time its condition is deteriorating; only the palace and kachari are left which are gradually being converted into Khander.  Before Jaipur State it come in Delhi khalsa bhoomi and before in Jodhpur State, Bijai Garh under in Yaduvanshi"}]}, {"title": "Hindavi Swarajya", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindavi Swarajya (\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f; IPA: Hindav\u012b Svar\u0101jya) (\"self-rule of Hindu/Indian people\", meaning independence from foreign rule) is a term for socio-political movements seeking to remove foreign military and political influences from India. The term was first used in a 1645 CE letter by Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire when fighting back Mughal rule. The term \"Swarajya\" was later adopted by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, one of the early leaders of the Indian independence movement against the British Empire."}, {"context": " Early modern Maratha warrior Shivaji is believed to have used the phrase \"Hindavi Swarajya\" in a letter to Dadaji Naras Prabhu Deshpande of Rohidkhore on 17 April 1645. The letter, in Marathi, states: Scholars do not agree on the authenticitiy of the letter. Historian Setumadhavarao Pagadi states that a lot of the historical source material on Shivaji is spurious, contributed by various influential families of Maharashtra to show how close their ancestors were to Shivaji. J. V. Naik states that, irrespective of the authenticity of the letter, Shivaji's career itself amply demonstrates his conception of \"Swarajya\"."}, {"context": " Scholar Wilfred Cantwell Smith interprets Shivaji's \"Hindavi Swarajya\" to mean \"Indian independence from foreign rule\". Marathi historian Setumadhavrao Pagadi also interpets it as \"Indian rule\". Religious studies scholar William Jackson, while agreeing that it means independence from foreign rule, thinks its literal meaning is \"self-rule of Hindu people\". The term \"Hindavi\" (or \"Hindawi\", as also \"Hindui\" and \"Hindi\") has been in use since the 14th century with the meaning of \"Indian\". Poet Amir Khusro listed various \"\"Hindavi\" languages\" in use in his time. These were distinguished from \"Farsi\" (Persian), the court language in most Muslim states. Historian Irfan Habib states that, as the term \"Hindu\" had acquired a religious sense by this time, other terms such as \"Hindi\", \"Hindustani\" and \"Hindavi\" began to be employed to mean \"Indian\", spanning both Hindus and Muslims. According to Pagadi, \"Hindavi\" had the sense of \"the sons of the soil\" in this context.  \"Swarajya\" (IAST: svar\u0101jya) is a Sanskrit term, whose meaning is \"independent dominion or sovereignty\" according to the Monier Williams dictionary. Pagadi notes that Shivaji had referred to his jagir in Pune as a \"rajya\". He takes \"Swarajya\" to have meant a \"homeland\", and \"Hindavi Swarajya\" a \"state of the sons of the soil\"."}]}, {"title": "Hindawi Programming System", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindawi Programming System (hereafter referred to as HPS) is a suite of open source programming languages. It allows non-English medium literates to learn and write computer programs. It is a scalable system which supports many programming paradigms. Shaili Prathmik or Indic BASIC and Indic LOGO are for beginners who want to start with computer programming. produce machine code. Computer Society of India's National Young IT Professional Award 2005 Sarai / CSDS FLOSS fellowship Hindawi is recognised by TDIL, Government of India.  Hindawi was shortlisted for Manthan Award 2007"}]}, {"title": "Hindawi Publishing Corporation", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindawi Publishing Corporation is a commercial publisher of scientific, technical, and medical (STM) literature. Founded in 1997, Hindawi currently publishes more than 250 peer-reviewed scientific journals as well as a number of scholarly monographs, with an annual output of roughly 20,000 articles each year. , 11% of its journals were indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded. The company has its headquarters in London, an office in Cairo and a virtual office address in New York City. Since 2007, all of Hindawi's journals have been open access and published under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY). Hindawi has been criticized for some of its editorial practices \u2013 including an alleged reliance on staff vetting of submissions rather than peer review by academics \u2013 and for its use of email spam in soliciting editorial board memberships and manuscripts. It has been described as a borderline predatory publisher."}, {"context": " Hindawi Publishing Corporation was founded in 1997 in Cairo by Ahmed Hindawi and his wife Nagwa Abdel-Mottaleb. The company's first journal was the \"International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences\", which it acquired from a prior publisher. By 2006 Hindawi Publishing owned 48 journals and had about 220 employees, and published journals in the physical and life sciences and medical research. In February 2007, Hindawi moved to a complete open access model on all of its journals. By 2007, Hindawi was publishing around 100 journals, 21 of which were ISI listed, and claimed to be second largest publisher in PubMed Central, an open access journal repository. The company had a 40% article acceptance rate. Article publication fees averaged $800, varying by journal and page count, being significantly less than prices charged by major open access competitors including BioMed Central and the Public Library of Science."}, {"context": " Between 2009 and 2011, the number of Hindawi journals nearly doubled, and Hindawi\u2019s output increased from 2,500 to 13,000 articles per year. By 2011, Hindawi was publishing 300 journals, and had a staff of over 450 people. The growth of the company has come from publishing new start-up journals, as well as acquisitions of established journals such as \"Psyche\", an entomological journal founded in 1874. Two major factors facilitating the company's growth have been the low labor costs and well-educated middle class of Cairo. By 2013, Hindawi had 442 different journals, although Hindawi's list includes 434 journals. In 2012 Hindawi published 22,000 articles."}, {"context": " Three Hindawi journals have faced delisting from the \"Journal Citation Reports\" for anomalous citation patterns, particularly self-citations and citation stacking. The three include \"The Scientific World Journal\", although the problems with this journal occurred partly before Hindawi acquired the journal. Open access journalist Richard Poynder considers this incident anomalous itself, and \"Retraction Watch\" has noted that Hindawi's sanctions for authors who manipulate citations \u2013 including 3 year bans of author submissions \u2013 are stricter than those of many other journals."}, {"context": " Two of its journals (\"Chemotherapy Research and Practice\" and \"ISRN Oncology\") were targeted in the \"Who's Afraid of Peer Review?\" sting operation and rejected the fake paper. In 2015, after an internal investigation, Hindawi flagged 32 published papers for re-review due to three editors subverting the peer review process with fake email accounts. In 2018 a Hindawi journal, \"Journal of Environmental and Public Health\", published an epidemiological paper on glioblastoma, none of the authors of which had academic appointments. The paper was accompanied by a press release that overstated the importance of findings with respect to the hypothesis that cell phones are dangerous, and the results of the paper in media interviews by the authors."}, {"context": " Hindawi charges authors an article processing charge. Hindawi's article processing charges vary by journal but on average are lower than other large open access publishers. By 2012, the company had a profit margin of around 50%, higher than the 2008 average of 35% for commercial publishers. Most Hindawi journals do not-have editors-in-chief, but rather have editorial boards consisting of staff and a volunteer board composed of 30 to 300 scholars. There is some concern that this style may lead to lower quality output, or at least the potential for it, especially as the number of journals increases and editorial decisions are made by staff members. However, journalist Poynder states: \"there is no evidence that Hindawi\u2019s editorial approach, or the way in which it recruits authors, has had any serious consequences so far as the quality of its papers is concerned,\" although he notes that some articles contain poor copy-editing. At least one Hindawi journal (Pain Research and Management ) has an editor-in-chief."}, {"context": " Hindawi has been criticized for its use of unsolicited e-mail, with some claiming it is the chief method of attracting manuscripts and editorial board members. However, others claim that e-mail spam from many publishers is increasing, with open access advocate Stevan Harnad of the University of Southampton stating that while the practice should be frowned upon: \"I think it's true that Hindawi spams no more than other legitimate businesses and organizations spam today. That may not be an admirable standard but it's a realistic one. In this context, Hindawi's promotional messages don't deserve to be singled out for stigmatization.\""}]}, {"title": "Hindawi affair", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hindawi affair was the failed attempt of bombing an El Al flight from London to Tel Aviv in April 1986 by Nezar Nawwaf al-Mansur al-Hindawi (, born 1954), a Jordanian. On the morning of 17 April 1986, at Heathrow Airport in London, Israeli security guards working for El Al airlines found of Semtex explosive in the bag of Anne-Marie Murphy, a five-month pregnant Irishwoman attempting to board a flight to Tel Aviv with 375 other passengers. In addition, a functioning calculator in the bag was found to be a timed triggering device. She claimed to be unaware of the contents, and that she had been given the bag by her fianc\u00e9, Nezar Hindawi, a Jordanian. Murphy maintained that Hindawi had sent her on the flight for the purpose of meeting his parents before marriage. A manhunt ensued, resulting in Hindawi's arrest the following day after he surrendered to police. Hindawi was found guilty by a British court in the Old Bailey and was sentenced to 45 years imprisonment by Mr Justice Mars-Jones, believed to be the longest determinate, or fixed, criminal sentence in British history (see also life sentence)."}, {"context": " Hindawi appealed. The Lord Chief Justice upheld the sentence: \"\"Put briefly, this was about as foul and as horrible a crime as could possibly be imagined. It is no thanks to this applicant that his plot did not succeed in destroying 360 or 370 lives in the effort to promote one side of a political dispute by terrorism. In the judgment of this Court the sentence of 45 years' imprisonment was not a day too long. This application is refused.\"\" When Murphy met Hindawi in 1984, she was working as a chambermaid at the Hilton Hotel, Park Lane in London. When she became pregnant with his child, Hindawi convinced her that they should go to Israel to get married. He also insisted that she should go on ahead since, as an Arab, it would take longer for him to obtain a visa. Unbeknownst to Murphy, he intended her to take an explosive-laden bag on board an El Al flight from Heathrow Airport to Tel Aviv on 17 April 1986. He escorted her to the airport and instructed her not to mention his name, since Israeli security would interrogate her about their relationship."}, {"context": " Immediately after leaving Murphy at the airport at 8\u00a0am, Hindawi returned to London and then boarded the Syrian Arab Airlines bus to return to the airport to catch a 2\u00a0pm flight to Damascus. Before the bus set off, however, he heard the news that a bomb had been discovered in Heathrow. He left the bus, went to the Syrian embassy and there asked for assistance. The ambassador passed him to the embassy security men, who took him to their lodgings, where they tried to change his appearance by cutting and dyeing his hair. For an unknown reason, early the next morning, 18 April, Hindawi fled from the Syrians and gave himself up to the British police."}, {"context": " He was interrogated intensively for a number of days, during which his sleep was interrupted. During his interrogations and later trial he described two conflicting stories leading up to the incident. During the interrogation, Hindawi claimed to have arranged the plot with high-ranking officers in Syrian Air Force intelligence a year earlier in Damascus, where he was given Syrian papers and instructions for operating the explosive. He supposedly conducted a training run back in England before returning again to Syria for final details and preparation. As for the explosive itself, Hindawi said that it was delivered to him in the Royal Garden Hotel in London on 5 April, less than two weeks prior to the attempted bombing. This story is supported by the fact that Hindawi had first sought refuge in the Syrian embassy after learning of the failed bombing, and that Syrian officials were in the process of altering his appearance before he fled again. Also, British intelligence had previously intercepted Syrian communications with Hindawi's name, Hindawi was using genuine Syrian documents although he was not Syrian, and Hindawi's original escape plan involved leaving England with Syrian agents working on Syrian Arab Airlines."}, {"context": " During the trial Hindawi retracted his confession and claimed that he was the victim of a conspiracy, probably by Israeli agents. He claimed that the police forced him to sign the statements attributed to him unread, threatened to hand him over to the Mossad and told him that his parents were also arrested in London. In attempting to construct a credible defense for their client, Hindawi's legal counsel proposed during the trial an alternative interpretation of events, suggesting that Hindawi was being manipulated by Israeli intelligence, which wished to damage and embarrass the Syrian government. The jury was unconvinced by this version of events, and subsequent appeal judges have dismissed such interpretations as entirely lacking in evidence. Historian Benny Morris and journalist Ian Black (Middle East editor of \"The Guardian\") have dismissed this as a \"conspiracy theory.\""}, {"context": " After the court found Hindawi guilty, the then British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher broke off diplomatic relations with Syria. Following this the United States and Canada recalled their ambassadors from Syria. The European Community also imposed minor sanctions. The Helsinki Warning of the Lockerbie disaster almost exactly matched Murphy's circumstances, except that the woman carrying the bomb was Finnish. On 10 November 1986, the then French prime minister Jacques Chirac said in interview with the \"Washington Times\", that German chancellor Kohl and foreign minister Genscher both believed that \"the Hindawi plot was a provocation designed to embarrass Syria and destabilize the Assad regime ... 'by' ... people probably connected to Israeli Mossad\". Chirac added that he tended to believe it himself. But a few days after, Jacques Chirac said to Pierre Beregovoy during French National Assembly debates, that Israel was innocent."}, {"context": " In his interview with \"Time\" magazine on 20 October 1986, Syrian President Hafez al-Assad alleged that the Israeli intelligence agency planned the Hindawi operation. According to Seale, sources in Syrian intelligence told him that they \"had fallen in to Israeli trap\" and were penetrated and manipulated by Mossad to smear Syria with terrorism and isolate it internationally. Colonel Mufid Akkur, whom Hindawi named in court, was arrested in Damascus on suspicion of working for Israel. Speculation of Mossad involvement is however contradicted by considerable evidence of Syrian sponsorship, including Hindawi's statements on interrogation, correspondence intercepted by the authorities after his arrest, the testimony of other captured terrorists, and the support provided by Syrian Arab Airlines. The Syrian government's claim that the Mossad replaced originally innocent luggage with the bomb is refuted by the discovery of hair belonging to Hindawi trapped under the tape used to attach the explosive to the bag."}, {"context": " In April 2001 Nezar Hindawi became eligible for parole, but his right of appeal was denied by the then Home Secretary David Blunkett, a decision upheld by the Court of Appeal. In December 2011, Anne Murphy instigated legal action to sue Slate.com for alleged defamation in an online article. Hindawi was supposed to be released on parole no later than 2016, but he wasn't. In 2012, the parole board reversed its previous decision to free Hindawi. A Parole Board spokesman refused to comment on the case but said: \"The only legal question which the parole review has to answer is the risk of a further offence occurring during the parole window, weighed against the benefits to the prisoner and public of a longer period of testing on parole. Risk is the overriding factor.\"  In March 2013, Hindawi was granted parole, but remained imprisoned pending deportation to Jordan."}]}, {"title": "Hindaza", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindaza () is a Palestinian village located six kilometers south-east of Bethlehem. The village is in the Bethlehem Governorate Southern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the village had a population of 4,779 in 2007. The primary healthcare is obtained in Za'atara where the Ministry of Heath have classified the care facilities as level 3."}]}, {"title": "Hinda\u030as", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hind\u00e5s is a town center in H\u00e4rryda municipality, about 35 kilometers east of Gothenburg. The resort is located at V\u00e4stra Nedsj\u00f6n and M\u00f6lndals\u00e5n starts here. There is a railway station between Gothenburg and Bor\u00e5s, part of the coast to the coastal path. It was opened on December 15, 1894. In Hind\u00e5s there are many buildings from the early 20th century in the jugend and national romance styles . Examples of this are Hind\u00e5s church , the station house and several villas that were built as holiday homes for well-appointed Gothenburgers. Similar areas that grew along the same railway are L\u00e5ngen\u00e4s and Pixbo ."}, {"context": " The sports venue in Hind\u00e5s was opened on 26 May 1927 by Ivar Berger, lawyer of Gothenburg. Two boys from the field played an opening match. Hind\u00e5s is high and was previously snow proof. Therefore, the resort was a popular winter getaway for Westerners and one of Sweden's major backhoppers. There are two bounces in the vicinity of the hotel Hind\u00e5sg\u00e5rden. Since spring 2015 Erik Bostr\u00f6ms Foundation has been working for the preservation of the jumps. The big jumpback built in concrete in 1932 is a landmark for Hind\u00e5s and collection in progress to organize lighting of the slope."}, {"context": " During Hind\u00e5's great time as a tourist resort, there were at least twelve hotels and guesthouses. Today there are two left, Hind\u00e5sg\u00e5rden (former Idrottsg\u00e5rden) and Hjortviken (formerly Hind\u00e5s Hotell and then Turisthotell). Hind\u00e5s Sanatorium and Turisthotell opened in 1906 and was then Northern Europe's largest wooden hotel. This large building burned down in 1935 and the year before Idrettsg\u00e5rden had burned down. Both hotels were rebuilt, but not as wooden buildings. Hind\u00e5s Kanot & Friluftsklubb , Hind\u00e5s Ski Club, Hind\u00e5s Innebandyklubb , Hind\u00e5s Scoutk\u00e5r , IFK Hind\u00e5s Football , Hind\u00e5s Gymnastikf\u00f6rening and IFK Hind\u00e5s Schack are some associations in Hind\u00e5s.  The wildlife trail is a hiking trail which is now about 42 km long. It runs from Hind\u00e5s station to Skat\u00e5s Motion Center in Gothenburg. In 1958, the Brazilian (including Pele) and Soviet football team had their World Cup camp in Hind\u00e5s."}]}, {"title": "Hindbrain", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The hindbrain or rhombencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. It includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. Together they support vital bodily processes. The hindbrain can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo eight rhombomeres can be distinguished, from caudal to rostral: Rh8-Rh1. Rostrally, the isthmus demarcates the boundary with the midbrain. The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for neural tube closure."}, {"context": " Rhombomeres Rh3-Rh1 form the metencephalon. The metencephalon is composed of the pons and the cerebellum; it contains: Rhombomeres Rh8-Rh4 form the myelencephalon. The myelencephalon forms the medulla oblongata in the adult brain; it contains: The hindbrain is homologous to a part of the arthropod brain known as the sub-oesophageal ganglion, in terms of the genes that it expresses and its position in between the brain and the nerve cord. On this basis, it has been suggested that the hindbrain first evolved in the Urbilaterian\u2014the last common ancestor of chordates and arthropods\u2014between 570 and 555 million years ago."}, {"context": " A rare brain malformation \u2014\"rhombencephalosynapsis\"\u2014is characterized by a missing vermis resulting in a fused cerebellum. Virtually all patients have some degree of congenital non-progressive cerebellar ataxia and delayed attainment of motor milestones, although many adults have only mildly impaired balance and motor coordination. Other symptoms can include behavioral disorders, sensory processing issues, high pain tolerance, poor temperature regulation, failure to thrive, strabismus, poor depth perception, poor visual spatial skills, hypotonia, chronic constipation, autistic-like features, short stature with or without growth hormone deficiency, and motor stereotypies such as persistent head shaking. Rhombencephalosynapsis can be associated with other brain abnormalities such as agenesis or thinning of the corpus callosum, hydrocephalus due to acqueductal stenosis, pachygyria, and/or Arnold Chiari malformation. Cognitive outcome is highly variable, and IQs range from intellectually gifted to severely intellectually disabled. The cognitive outcome is typically, although not always, associated with the severity of the rhombencephalosynapsis and any additional brain malformations. Although it was previously thought that patients with rhombencephalosynapsis had shortened lifespans, the increase in older adults being diagnosed with the condition contradicts this theory. Many newly diagnosed adults have attended college, hold down jobs, and have children. Rhombencephalosynapsis is the main symptom of Gomez-Lopez-Hernandez Syndrome. It can also be associated with VACTERL. A study conducted by Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital found that rhombencephalosynapsis is likely much more common than previously thought, perhaps occurring in more than 10% of patients with hydrocephalus. A different study by Seattle Children\u2019s suggested that persistent figure eight or side to side head shaking may be a marker of rhombencephalosynapsis. Rhombencephalosynapsis does not appear to be inherited."}, {"context": " 5. Gisele E. Ishak, Jennifer C. Dempsey, Dennis W. W. Shaw, Hannah Tully, Margaret P. Adam, Pedro A. Sanchez-Lara, Ian Glass, Tessa C. Rue, Kathleen J. Millen, William B. Dobyns, Dan Doherty; Rhombencephalosynapsis: a hindbrain malformation associated with incomplete separation of midbrain and forebrain, hydrocephalus, and a broad spectrum of severity, \"Brain\", Volume 135, Issue 5, 1 May 2012, Pages 1370-1386, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aws065 6. Tully, H. M., Dempsey, J. C., Ishak, G. E., Adam, M. P., Mink, J. W., Dobyns, W. B., Gospe, S. M., Weiss, A. , Phillips, J. O. and Doherty, D. (2013), Persistent figure\u2010eight and side\u2010to\u2010side head shaking is a marker for rhombencephalosynapsis. Mov Disord., 28: 2019-2023. doi:10.1002/mds.25634"}, {"context": " 7. Poretti, Andrea & Dietrich Alber, Fabienne & Buerki, Sarah & P Toelle, Sandra & Boltshauser, Eugen. (2008). Cognitive outcome in children with rhombencephalosynapsis. European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society. 13. 28-33. 10.1016/j.ejpn.2008.02.005. 8. D Bell, Brian & A Stanko, Heather & L Levine, Ross. (2005). Normal IQ in a 55-year-old with newly diagnosed rhombencephalosynapsis. Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists. 20. 613-21. 10.1016/j.acn.2005.02.003.  9. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Isolated-rhomboencephalosynapsis-\u2013-a-rare-anomaly-Paprocka-Jamroz/2fb11431e0c425c66ea3ec433ad4e964ec5ab239"}]}, {"title": "Hindby", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindby is a neighbourhood of Malm\u00f6, situated in the Borough of Fosie, Malm\u00f6 Municipality, Sk\u00e5ne County, Sweden."}]}, {"title": "Hinde", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinde (or Hynde) is an English surname. Notable persons with that surname include:"}]}, {"title": "Hinde & Dauch Paper Company", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hinde & Dauch Paper Company was an international paper-making company that was based in Sandusky, Ohio, United States. The firm was founded as Sandusky Paper Company by W. J. Bonn in 1880. Two developers of a hay-baling process, James J. Hinde and Jacob J. Dauch, later purchased the company. It was ultimately acquired by the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company. A 2009 story in the \"Sandusky Register\" recalled the days of a century before, when the company employed 350 workers in the city. Local residents clearly remembered the scent of the company; to quote Erie County Historical Society president Janet Senne, \"It smelled up the whole town. It made you sick to your stomach in the 1940s\". In the previous two decades, Hinde and Dauch had been the city's largest employer."}, {"context": " Three of the company's buildings are separately listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The 409 West Water Street facility was built in 1906, it started demolition in 2013 as it was a blight, and ended in 2014. The 401 West Shoreline Drive facility, on Sandusky Bay, was built in 1918. The building is very large, and most likely the Hinde & Dauch factory building, now occupied by Chesapeake Lofts, was a condo development. The 407 Decatur Street facility was built in 1926. 26 years after the 409 building was built. Now occupied by the Sandusky city schools offices."}]}, {"title": "Hinde House 3-16 School", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinde House School is a mixed all-through school for pupils aged 3 to 16. The school is located in the Shiregreen area of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. Hinde House was the first state-funded all-through school for both Primary school and secondary school education in the country. In 2005 the school relocated to a new building, and expanded its primary provision in 2012. In July 2013 Hinde House School converted to academy status, and is now part of the Brigantia Learning Trust which includes the nearby Concord Junior School and Wincobank Nursery and Infant School.  Hinde House School mainly admits pupils from the Darnall, Shiregreen, Tinsley and Wincobank areas of Sheffield, and offers a range of GCSEs as programmes of study for pupils."}]}, {"title": "Hinde Street", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinde Street is a street in the Marylebone district of the City of Westminster, London, that contains the Hinde Street Methodist Church and was home to the novelist Rose Macaulay until her death. Hinde Street runs from Manchester Square in the west to the junction of Marylebone Lane and Bentinck Street in the east. Thayer Street joins it mid way on the north side and continues as Mandeville Place on the south side. The street was built from 1777 by Samuel Adams and named after Jacob Hinde who was the son-in-law of the ground landlord Thomas Thayer."}, {"context": " The street is home to a number of notable buildings. The Hinde Street Methodist Church, a grade II listed building with Historic England. It was built 1807-10, and rebuilt in the 1880s. Number 2 on the south side is a Portman Estate development terraced town house built around 1790. The building is grade II listed and occupied on the ground floor by Bishop Instruments and Bows. Numbers 11 and 12 on the north side between Manchester Square and Thayer Street are also Portman Estate terraced town houses that have shops on the ground floor and flats above. Both are grade II listed."}]}, {"title": "Hinde Street Methodist Church", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinde Street Methodist Church in Hinde Street, Marylebone, London, is Grade II listed with Historic England. It was built 1807-10 and rebuilt in the 1880s. The church provides three services of worship on Sundays (at 10am, 11am and 6.30pm). It adheres to an open, questioning and socially aware Christianity concerned with the perennial task: \u2018to serve the present age\u2019, as once described by Charles Wesley. The church supports two Christian communities attached to it, and a programme of work with students and young adults. It runs a weekly drop-in for homeless people, a Winter Night Shelter, a social and study group and a lunch hour meditation, and is part of the West London Mission, running seven social work projects working with the homeless and marginalised. It became, in 2015, a member of the Inclusive Church movement. Its building is used during weekdays by 69 different 12-step groups, with around 800 people coming for support and spiritual guidance every week."}, {"context": " Methodists had a presence in London's West End from the earliest days of the Methodist movement. A leased chapel in West Street (which can still be seen, just off Cambridge Circus) was used from 1743, and John and Charles Wesley themselves preached there. From 1761, or earlier, there was also a centre in Mayfair, the western geographical extremity of London at that time. From 1785 to 1801 a preaching room in Davies Street was leased, after which, with membership growing rapidly, the Society took over and rebuilt a nearby chapel in Chandler Street (now Weighhouse Street)."}, {"context": " In 1808 land close by in Marylebone was acquired to build an even larger chapel, on part of the site now occupied by the present Hinde Street building. It was then a swampy piece of ground by the Tyburn stream which ran down the present route of Marylebone Lane. The architect, Rev. William Jenkins, was one of Wesley\u2019s itinerant preachers who combined preaching with chapel design. The chapel, opened in 1810, held around 900, had two galleries and acquired the nickname \u2018The Dutch Oven\u2019 because of its shape."}, {"context": " Charles Wesley had lived nearby in Chesterfield Street, Marylebone (now Wheatley Street), and a son and daughter were members of class in the new chapel. Hinde Street's West End location attracted the foremost preachers in Methodism, and its pulpit gained a formidable reputation. Membership peaked at 1,100 in 1844 at a time of intense evangelism. One of the church's principal areas of service to the local community was the Sunday School. Established when the first chapel was built in 1810, it was the first Sunday School in Marylebone and attracted 758 members by 1817, with some 500 children attending in the basement schoolroom on a typical Sunday. In its early days it provided invaluable instruction in reading and writing especially for the poorer children of the neighbourhood, prior to the provision of universal state education."}, {"context": " The old chapel was demolished and the present chapel, built to the designs of James Weir, a Wesleyan architect, opened on 29 September 1887. It has a classical frontage, a high spire and an interior that remains largely unaltered save for removal of the original downstairs pews. It is regarded as Weir\u2019s finest building and is listed, Grade 2. The semi-circular gallery and high central pulpit are typical of Methodist preaching chapels of its time. The east window (1929) is by Francis Spear and the organ is basically the original 1864 instrument by Bishop and Sons, rebuilt in 1910 and 1983."}, {"context": " Today the minister conducts the service from the lower dais to be closer to the congregation. To open up the entrance lobby and make it more visible from the street, a new entrance with glass doors was built in 2014 to replace the more constrictive original space. As the local population of the West End changed, families tended to move further out and the local neighbourhood was increasingly characterised by an often somewhat transient young adult population. In the twentieth century this became a defining feature of the Hinde Street constituency, and the church attracted large numbers of students and young people in the early stages of their working life. In 1945 the church became the focal point for the University of London Methodist Society, which peaked at around 700 members in the 1950s and existed for 50 years. The church retains many young adult members, some of whom live in two residential communities maintained by Hinde Street."}, {"context": " Up to the 1970s the three great Methodist preaching centres in Central London were Central Hall Westminster, Kingsway Hall in Holborn (where Donald Soper was based as the superintendent of the West London Mission), and Hinde Street Church. In 1972 the lease of Kingsway Hall was sold and plans were made for the West London Mission to move to Hinde Street. A partial redevelopment of the Hinde Street site from 1980 (when the Kingsway congregation moved to Hinde Street) introduced new office accommodation for the Mission from which its extensive programme of social work could be run. The West London Mission now has its headquarters at 19 Thayer Street, linked to the Hinde Street chapel, and its social work programme continues actively today with projects in different parts of London, sustained by the worshipping community at Hinde Street.  King's Cross church with its flourishing Chinese congregation, joined Hinde Street and the West London Mission in the Circuit in 2000."}]}, {"title": "Hinde's babbler", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinde's babbler (\"Turdoides hindei\"), also known as Hinde's pied-babbler, is a species of bird in the Leiothrichidae family. It is endemic to Kenya. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, arable land, and plantations. It is threatened by habitat loss."}]}, {"title": "Hinde's lesser house bat", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinde's lesser house bat (\"Scotoecus hindei\") is a species of vesper bat. It is found in Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Zambia. Its natural habitat is dry savanna. Oldfield Thomas named it in honor of Sidney Langford Hinde, a British officer and recreational naturalist."}]}, {"title": "Hinde's rock rat", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hinde's rock rat (\"Aethomys hindei\") is a species of rodent in the family Muridae found in Burundi, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, moist savanna, and subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland."}]}, {"title": "Hindelbank", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindelbank is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Hindelbank is first mentioned in 1275 as \"Hundelwanc\". The earliest human traces are some possibly neolithic items have been discovered in the village. The remains of a Roman era settlement were discovered at Lindachfeld. The village formed the center of a small lower court. Beginning in 1347 the village and its court passed through the hands of a number of local nobles as it was sold, divided and inherited repeatedly. In 1406 the village was acquired by Bern and the court continued to pass through the hands of Bernese nobles. After the 1798 French invasion, under the Helvetic Republic the local court was dissolved. Five years later, under the Act of Mediation, it became part of the district of Burgdorf."}, {"context": " The village church was first mentioned in 1275. The old church was replaced with a new building in 1514-18. The church tower was built almost a century and a half later in 1666-68. After a fire in 1911, the building was repaired and renovated. Two monumental tombs were carved in the church by Johann August Nahl. The village converted to mechanized farming relatively early. In 1878 the regional \"Dampfdresch-Genossenschaft\" or steam farming cooperative was established in the village. The dairy and potato distillery in the village led to the creation, in 1888, of a yeast factory. Several other factories opened as well, including a biscuit factory in 1920, a gravel mine in 1960 and a laundry. In the 1960s a freight yard opened which took advantage of the nearby A1 motorway. Good transportation links, including the motorway and the railroad, have allowed the village's population to grow rapidly. While several factories were built in the early 20th century, in the later half century the population grew while industry remained constant. Today many residents commute to jobs in neighboring towns."}, {"context": " The first village school opened in 1662, while the current schoolhouse was built in 1903. In 1839, the rectory was converted into a teacher training school which remained in operation until it relocated to Thun in 1918. In 1721-25 Schultheiss Hieronymus von Erlach built an elegant manor house known as Hindelbank Castle near the ruins of the old castle in Wiler. During the 18th century the castle became an internationally renowned center of high society. In 1866 Robert von Erlach sold the castle's lands to a private party, while the castle was sold to the Canton of Bern. The canton built a poorhouse and in 1896 a women's prison on the castle grounds. The castle was used as an administrative center."}, {"context": " Hindelbank has an area of . Of this area, or 60.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 22.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 16.3% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.4% is either rivers or lakes and or 0.1% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 1.3% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 5.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 7.4%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 51.4% is used for growing crops and 8.9% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water."}, {"context": " Hindelbank includes the Ribbon road village of Hindelbank and the women's prison in Wiler. On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Burgdorf, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Emmental. The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is \"Azure a Hind Argent statant on a Base Or.\" Hindelbank has a population () of . , 7.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000-2010) the population has changed at a rate of 7.2%. Migration accounted for 0.6%, while births and deaths accounted for 3.5%."}, {"context": " Most of the population () speaks German (1,857 or 92.9%) as their first language, French is the second most common (23 or 1.2%) and Portuguese is the third (17 or 0.9%). There are 12 people who speak Italian and 1 person who speaks Romansh. , the population was 49.3% male and 50.7% female. The population was made up of 924 Swiss men (45.0% of the population) and 88 (4.3%) non-Swiss men. There were 969 Swiss women (47.2%) and 73 (3.6%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 428 or about 21.4% were born in Hindelbank and lived there in 2000. There were 947 or 47.4% who were born in the same canton, while 322 or 16.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 219 or 11.0% were born outside of Switzerland."}, {"context": " , children and teenagers (0\u201319 years old) make up 20.6% of the population, while adults (20\u201364 years old) make up 62.8% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 16.6%. , there were 793 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 996 married individuals, 111 widows or widowers and 100 individuals who are divorced. , there were 236 households that consist of only one person and 50 households with five or more people. , a total of 784 apartments (92.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 41 apartments (4.8%) were seasonally occupied and 23 apartments (2.7%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 1 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0.5%."}, {"context": " The historical population is given in the following chart: The church, the rectory and Hindelbank Castle are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The grounds and land surrounding the castle are part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites. In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 33.2% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (19%), the Social Democratic Party (SP) (14.8%) and the Green Party (6.2%). In the federal election, a total of 760 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 48.7%."}, {"context": " , Hindelbank had an unemployment rate of 2.18%. , there were a total of 820 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 57 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 17 businesses involved in this sector. 172 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 24 businesses in this sector. 591 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 81 businesses in this sector. , there were 444 workers who commuted into the municipality and 780 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.8 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 20.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 49.4% used a private car."}, {"context": " From the , 208 or 10.4% were Roman Catholic, while 1,448 or 72.4% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 17 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.85% of the population), and there were 180 individuals (or about 9.00% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 6 individuals (or about 0.30% of the population) who were Jewish, and 51 (or about 2.55% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 7 individuals who were Buddhist, 13 individuals who were Hindu and 1 individual who belonged to another church. 104 (or about 5.20% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 54 individuals (or about 2.70% of the population) did not answer the question."}, {"context": " In Hindelbank about 864 or (43.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 250 or (12.5%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a \"Fachhochschule\"). Of the 250 who completed tertiary schooling, 73.2% were Swiss men, 18.4% were Swiss women, 4.0% were non-Swiss men and 4.4% were non-Swiss women. The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship."}, {"context": " During the 2010-11 school year, there were a total of 350 students attending classes in Hindelbank. There were 2 kindergarten classes with a total of 37 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 2.7% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 5.4% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 6 primary classes and 126 students. Of the primary students, 17.5% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 13.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 11 lower secondary classes with a total of 187 students. There were 7.0% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 7.0% have a different mother language than the classroom language.  , there were 111 students in Hindelbank who came from another municipality, while 54 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Hindelbank is home to the \"Gemeindebibliothek Hindelbank\" (municipal library of Hindelbank). The library has () 5,400 books or other media, and loaned out 5,095 items in the same year. It was open a total of 360 days with average of 7.5 hours per week during that year."}]}, {"title": "Hindelbank Castle", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindelbank Castle is a castle in the municipality of Hindelbank of the Canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance. It was sold to the canton in 1866 and later became a workhouse and a prison. Currently, it is the administration building of the only women's prison in Switzerland. Hindelbank Castle was built in 1720-25 for Schultheiss Hieronymus von Erlach by Daniel St\u00fcrler (1674-1746) based on plans from the French architect Joseph Abeille. The floor plan was based on Thunstetten Castle which Abeille had designed for von Erlach in 1711. The castle remained in the Erlach family until 1866 when Robert von Erlach sold the castle to the Canton of Bern and the surrounding land to a private buyer. Under the canton's ownership, the castle became a workhouse for poor women, until 1896 when it became a women's reformatory. It was extensively renovated in 1962-66 and again in 1996. After the first renovation it became the administrative center for Switzerland's only women's prison, a role that it still fulfills today.  The imposing castle was built with a north facing cour d'honneur or three-sided courtyard with a two story corps de logis topped with a steep hipped roof. The fa\u00e7ade of the central building features two rows of seven symmetrical windows and doors."}]}, {"title": "Hindeloopen", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindeloopen (; ; Hindeloopen Frisian: \"Hielpen\" ) is an old city on the North of the Netherlands on the IJsselmeer. It lies within the municipality of S\u00fadwest Frysl\u00e2n. It is famous because of the Hindeloopen art and hindeloopen costume. Hindeloopen is one of the eleven cities of Friesland. It had a population of around 875 in January 2017. Hindeloopen received city rights in 1225 and in 1368 it became a member of the Hanseatic League. Since the 12th and 13th century, shippers of Hindeloopen undertook journeys to the North and Baltic Sea Coasts. The strong overseas connections with foreign countries and infrequent contact with the hinterland were probably the reasons for the developing of the Hindeloopen language; a mixture of West Frisian, English, Danish, and Norwegian."}, {"context": " The shipping trade brought the population of Hindeloopen a great prosperity. The 17th and 18th century were especially golden times. At that time, the people of Hindeloopen spent a lot of money in Amsterdam on precious fabrics and objects, which were supplied through the Dutch East India Company (VOC). The rich town developed in those days her own costume and a completely individual style with colorful painted walls and furniture. In the small streets some sea captains houses remind of this time of glory. You can see an anchor hanging on the fa\u00e7ades of these houses, in those years a sign, that the captain could still accept freight. In summertime when the captain was at sea, the captain's wife lived with the children in the so-called \u201cLikhus\u201d. A little house behind the captain's house at the waterline."}, {"context": " Before 2011, the city was part of the Nijefurd municipality and before 1984 Hindeloopen was an independent municipality. In the old center you can get a feel for Hindeloopen's unique character by wandering through the narrow streets and looking for the lovely views, the typical wooden bridges and characteristic fa\u00e7ades. In the Museum Hindeloopen you can become acquainted with the rich maritime history and living culture of Hindeloopen, which manifests itself in the rich Hindeloopen art and in the fine old costumes."}]}, {"title": "Hindeloopen Frisian", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hindeloopen Frisian (natively called \"Hylpers\", and \"Hylpersk\" in standard West Frisian; also sometimes called \"Hindeloopers\" in English, as it is in Dutch) is the archaic West Frisian dialect of the small port city of Hindeloopen on the west coast of the Dutch province of Friesland. It has preserved much Old Frisian pronunciation and vocabulary. It is still spoken by some 300 people, almost all of them elderly, and that number is decreasing. Hindeloopen Frisian has been written since the 17th century. In 1981, the Frisian Academy published a dictionary of the dialect."}, {"context": " Due to its position on a peninsula, Hindeloopen was very isolated from the mainland until the 20th century and for centuries had more contact with the coastal cities in Holland on the other side of the South Sea. Because of this, Hindeloopen Frisian underwent greater influence from Hollandic speech than the other dialects of West Frisian. The location of Hindeloopen is, however, not a complete explanation for the dialect: until about 1800, Koudum had a dialect that was very similar to Hindeloopen."}, {"context": " There are also a few lexical differences, such as \"siie\" instead of \"naaie\" (to sew), \"t\u00e4t\" instead of \"happe\" (a child\u2019s word for \u201chorse\u201d) and \"\u00f6ie\" instead of \"sipel\" (onion). The dialect\u2019s vocabulary preserves many more words from Old Frisian that are no longer used elsewhere. The differences in pronunciation and vocabulary between Hindeloopen Frisian and Standard West Frisian are so big that mutual intelligibility is difficult. However, Hindeloopen Frisian has gradually become more like standard West Frisian due to increasing contact with speakers of other dialects."}]}]}