{"data": [{"title": "Waldensians", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Waldensians (also known variously as Waldenses (), Vallenses, Valdesi or Vaudois) were an ascetic movement within Christianity, founded by Peter Waldo in Lyon around 1173. The Waldensian movement first appeared in Lyon in the late 1170s and quickly spread to the Cottian Alps between what is today France and Italy. True to its historic roots, the Waldensian movement today is centred on Piedmont in Northern Italy, and small communities are also found in Southern Italy, Argentina, Brazil, Germany, the United States, and Uruguay."}, {"context": " The movement originated in the late twelfth century as the Poor Men of Lyon, a band organized by Peter Waldo, a wealthy merchant who gave away his property around 1173, preaching apostolic poverty as the way to perfection. Waldensian teachings quickly came into conflict with the Catholic Church. By 1215, the Waldensians were declared heretical and subject to intense persecution; the group was nearly annihilated in the 17th century and was confronted with organised and general discrimination in the centuries that followed. In the era of the Reformation, the Waldensians influenced early Swiss reformer Heinrich Bullinger. Upon finding the ideas of other reformers similar to their own, they quickly merged into the larger Protestant movement. With the Resolutions of Chanforan on 12 September 1532, they formally became a part of the Calvinist tradition."}, {"context": " In the 16th century, Waldensian leaders embraced the Protestant Reformation and joined various local Protestant regional entities. As early as 1631, Protestant scholars and Waldensian theologians themselves began to regard the Waldensians as early forerunners of the Reformation, who had maintained the apostolic faith in the face of Catholic oppression. Modern Waldensians share core tenets with Calvinists, including the priesthood of all believers, congregational polity and a \"low\" view of certain sacraments such as Communion and Baptism. They are members of the Community of Protestant Churches in Europe and its affiliates worldwide."}, {"context": " The main denomination within the movement was the Waldensian Evangelical Church, the original church in Italy. In 1975, it merged with the Methodist Evangelical Church to form the Union of Methodist and Waldensian Churches\u2014a majority Waldensian church, with a minority of Methodists. Congregations continue to be active in Europe, South America, and North America. Organizations such as the American Waldensian Society maintain the history of this movement and declare they take as their mission \"proclaiming the Christian Gospel, serving the marginalized, promoting social justice, fostering inter-religious work, and advocating respect for religious diversity and freedom of conscience.\""}, {"context": " Unfortunately, modern knowledge of the Middle Ages history of the Waldensians originates almost exclusively from the official Roman Church, the body that was condemning them as heretics. Because of \"the documentary scarcity and unconnectedness from which we must draw the description of Waldensian beliefs,\" much of what is known about the early Waldensians comes from reports like the \"Profession of faith of Valdo of Lyon\" (1180); Durando d'Osca (c.1187\u20131200) \"Liber antiheresis\"; and the \"Rescriptum\" of Bergamo Conference (1218). Earlier documents that provide information about early Waldensian history include the \"Will of Stefano d'Anse\" (1187); the \"Manifestatio haeresis Albigensium et Lugdunensium\" (c.1206\u20131208); and the \"Anonymous chronicle of Lyon\" (c.1220). There are also the two reports written for the Inquisition by Reinerius Saccho (died 1259), a former Cathar who converted to Catholicism, published together in 1254 as \"Summa de Catharis et Pauperibus de Lugduno\" (On the Cathars and the Poor of Lyon)."}, {"context": " Waldensians held and preached a number of truths as they read from the Bible. These included: They also rejected a number of concepts that were widely held in Christian Europe of the era. For example, the Waldensians held that temporal offices and dignities were not meant for preachers of the Gospel; that relics were simply bones that should not be regarded as special or holy; that pilgrimage served only to spend one's money; that flesh might be eaten any day if one's appetite served one; that holy water was not a whit more efficacious than rain water; and that prayer in a barn was just as effectual as if offered in a church. They were accused, moreover, of having scoffed at the doctrine of transubstantiation, and of having spoken blasphemously of the Catholic Church as the harlot of the Apocalypse. They rejected what they perceived as the idolatry of the Catholic Church and considered the Papacy as the Antichrist of Rome."}, {"context": " The \"La nobla leyczon\", written in the Occitan language, gives a sample of the medieval Waldensian belief. It was believed that this poem dated between 1190 and 1240, but there is proof that it was probably written in the first part of the fifteenth century The poem exists in four manuscripts: two are housed at University of Cambridge, one at Trinity College in Dublin, and another in Geneva. According to legend, Peter Waldo renounced his wealth as an encumbrance to preaching, which led other members of the Catholic clergy to follow his example. Because of this shunning of wealth, the movement was early known as The Poor of Lyon and The Poor of Lombardy."}, {"context": " The Waldensian movement was characterized from the beginning by lay preaching, voluntary poverty, and strict adherence to the Bible. Between 1175 and 1185, Waldo either commissioned a cleric from Lyon to translate the New Testament into the vernacular\u2014the Arpitan (Franco-Proven\u00e7al) language\u2014or was himself involved in this translation work. In 1179, Waldo and one of his disciples went to Rome, where Pope Alexander III and the Roman Curia welcomed them. They had to explain their faith before a panel of three clergymen, including issues that were then debated within the Church, such as the universal priesthood, the gospel in the vulgar tongue, and the issue of voluntary poverty. The results of the meeting were inconclusive, and the Third Lateran Council in the same year condemned Waldo's ideas, but not the movement itself; the leaders of the movement had not yet been excommunicated."}, {"context": " The Waldensians proceeded to disobey the Third Lateran Council and continued to preach according to their own understanding of the Scriptures. By the early 1180s, Waldo and his followers were excommunicated and forced from Lyon. The Catholic Church declared them heretics, stating that the group's principal error was contempt for ecclesiastical power. Rome also accused the Waldensians of teaching innumerable errors. Waldo and his followers developed a system whereby they would go from town to town and meet secretly with small groups of Waldensians. There they would confess sins and hold service. A traveling Waldensian preacher was known as a \"barba\". The group would shelter the \"barba\" and help make arrangements to move on to the next town in secret. Waldo possibly died in the early 13thcentury, possibly in Germany; he was never captured, and his fate remains uncertain."}, {"context": " Early Waldensians belonged to one of three groups: They were also called \"Insabbatati\", \"Sabati\", \"Inzabbatati\" \"Sabotiers\"\u2014designations arising from the unusual type of sabot they used as footwear. Some historians feel their beliefs came from missionaries from the early church and that their history may have its origins in the apostolic age, though this idea itself stems from Baptist Successionism, an idea that was very popular among some 19thcentury Church historians but has been largely rejected by modern scholars in the field. The Roman Inquisitor Reinerus Sacho, writing c.1230, held the sect of the Vaudois to be of great antiquity, thus preceding Waldo by centuries. There are also accounts of Paulicians, Petrobusians, and Pasaginians, along with the Waldenses of the Alps, who kept the Saturday for the Lord's day, which was in conflict with the change to Sunday by the Catholic Church. The Sabbatati were known also by the name Pasigini. In reference to the Sabbath-keeping Pasigini, one scholar wrote:"}, {"context": " The Catholic Church viewed the Waldensians as unorthodox, and in 1184 at the Synod of Verona, under the auspices of Pope Lucius III, they were excommunicated. Pope Innocent III went even further during the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215, officially denouncing the Waldensians as heretics. In 1211 more than 80 Waldensians were burned as heretics at Strasbourg; this action launched several centuries of persecution that nearly destroyed the movement. In 1487 Pope Innocent VIII issued a bull for the extermination of the heresies of the Vaudois. Alberto de' Capitanei, archdeacon of Cremona, responded to the bull by organizing a crusade to fulfill its order and launched an offensive in the provinces of Dauphin\u00e9 and Piedmont. Charles I, Duke of Savoy, eventually interfered to save his territories from further turmoil and promised the Vaudois peace, but not before the offensive had devastated the area and many of the Vaudois had fled to Provence or south to Italy."}, {"context": " The theologian Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, whom Innocent VIII in 1491 appointed Apostolic Nuncio and Commissary conjointly with the Bishop of Mauriana, was involved in reaching a peaceful agreement between Catholics and Waldensians. When the news of the Reformation reached the Waldensian Valleys, the Tavola Valdese decided to seek fellowship with the nascent Protestantism. At a meeting held in 1526 in Laus, a town in the Chisone valley, it was decided to send envoys to examine the new movement. In 1532, they met with German and Swiss Protestants and ultimately adapted their beliefs to those of the Reformed Church."}, {"context": " The Swiss and French Reformed churches sent William Farel and Anthony Saunier to attend the meeting of Chanforan, which convened on 12October 1532. Farel invited them to join the Reformation and to emerge from secrecy. A Confession of Faith, with Reformed doctrines, was formulated and the Waldensians decided to worship openly in French. The French Bible, translated by Pierre Robert Oliv\u00e9tan with the help of Calvin and published at Neuch\u00e2tel in 1535, was based in part on a New Testament in the Waldensian vernacular. The churches in Waldensia collected 1500 gold crowns to cover the cost of its publication."}, {"context": " Outside the Piedmont, the Waldenses joined the local Protestant churches in Bohemia, France, and Germany. After they came out of seclusion and reports were made of sedition on their part, French King FrancisI on 1January 1545 issued the \"Arr\u00eat de M\u00e9rindol\", and assembled an army against the Waldensians of Provence. The leaders in the 1545 massacres were Jean Maynier d'Opp\u00e8de, First President of the parliament of Provence, and the military commander Antoine Escalin des Aimars, who was returning from the Italian Wars with 2,000 veterans, the \"Bandes de Pi\u00e9mont\". Deaths in the Massacre of M\u00e9rindol ranged from hundreds to thousands, depending on the estimates, and several villages were devastated."}, {"context": " The treaty of 5 June 1561 granted amnesty to the Protestants of the Valleys, including liberty of conscience and freedom to worship. Prisoners were released and fugitives permitted to return home, but despite this treaty, the Vaudois, with the other French Protestants, still suffered during the French Wars of Religion in 1562\u20131598. As early as 1631, Protestant scholars began to regard the Waldensians as early forerunners of the Reformation, in a manner similar to the way the followers of John Wycliffe and Jan Hus, also persecuted by authorities, were viewed."}, {"context": " Although the Waldensian church was granted some rights and freedoms under French King HenryIV, with the Edict of Nantes in 1598, persecution rose again in the 17thcentury, with an extermination of the Waldensians attempted by the Duke of Savoy in 1655. This led to the exodus and dispersion of the Waldensians to other parts of Europe and even to the Western hemisphere. In January 1655, the Duke of Savoy commanded the Waldensians to attend Mass or remove to the upper valleys of their homeland, giving them twenty days in which to sell their lands. Being in the midst of winter, the order was intended to persuade the Vaudois to choose the former; however, the bulk of the populace instead chose the latter, abandoning their homes and lands in the lower valleys and removing to the upper valleys. It was written that these targets of persecution, including old men, women, little children and the sick \"waded through the icy waters, climbed the frozen peaks, and at length reached the homes of their impoverished brethren of the upper Valleys, where they were warmly received.\""}, {"context": " By mid-April, when it became clear that the Duke's efforts to force the Vaudois to conform to Catholicism had failed, he tried another approach. Under the guise of false reports of Vaudois uprisings, the Duke sent troops into the upper valleys to quell the local populace. He required that the local populace quarter the troops in their homes, which the local populace complied with. But the quartering order was a ruse to allow the troops easy access to the populace. On 24April 1655, at 4a.m., the signal was given for a general massacre."}, {"context": " The Duke's forces did not simply slaughter the inhabitants. They are reported to have unleashed an unprovoked campaign of looting, rape, torture, and murder. According to one report by a Peter Lieg\u00e9: This massacre became known as the Piedmont Easter. An estimate of some 1,700 Waldensians were slaughtered; the massacre was so brutal it aroused indignation throughout Europe. Protestant rulers in northern Europe offered sanctuary to the remaining Waldensians. Oliver Cromwell, then ruler in England, began petitioning on behalf of the Waldensians; writing letters, raising contributions, calling a general fast in England and threatening to send military forces to the rescue. The massacre prompted John Milton's poem on the Waldenses, \"On the Late Massacre in Piedmont\". Swiss and Dutch Calvinists set up an \"underground railroad\" to bring many of the survivors north to Switzerland and even as far as the Dutch Republic, where the councillors of the city of Amsterdam chartered three ships to take some 167 Waldensians to their City Colony in the New World (Delaware) on Christmas Day 1656. Those that stayed behind in France and the Piedmont formed a guerilla resistance movement led by a farmer, Joshua Janavel, which lasted into the 1660s."}, {"context": " In 1685 Louis XIV revoked the 1598 Edict of Nantes, which had guaranteed freedom of religion to his Protestant subjects in France. French troops sent into the French Waldensian areas of the Chisone and Susa Valleys in the Dauphin\u00e9 forced 8,000 Vaudois to convert to Catholicism and another 3,000 to leave for Germany. In the Piedmont, the cousin of Louis, the newly ascended Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II, followed his uncle in removing the protection of Protestants in the Piedmont. In the renewed persecution, and in an echo of the Piedmont Easter Massacre of only three decades earlier, the Duke issued an edict on 31 January 1686 that decreed the destruction of all the Vaudois churches and that all inhabitants of the Valleys should publicly announce their error in religion within fifteen days under penalty of death and banishment. But the Vaudois remained resistant. After the fifteen days, an army of 9,000 French and Piedmontese soldiers invaded the Valleys against the estimated 2,500 Vaudois, but found that every village had organized a defense force that kept the French and Piedmontese soldiers at bay."}, {"context": " On 9 April, the Duke of Savoy issued a new edict, enjoining the Waldensians to put down their arms within eight days and go into exile between 21 and 23April. If able, they were free to sell their land and possessions to the highest bidder. Waldensian pastor Henri Arnaud (1641\u20131721), who had been driven out of the Piedmont in the earlier purges, returned from Holland. On 18 April he made a stirring appeal before an assembly at Roccapiatta, winning over the majority in favor of armed resistance. When the truce expired on 20April, the Waldensians were prepared for battle."}, {"context": " They put up a brave fight over the next six weeks, but by the time the Duke retired to Turin on 8 June, the war seemed decided: 2,000 Waldensians had been killed; another 2,000 had \"accepted\" the Catholic theology of the Council of Trent. Another 8,000 had been imprisoned, of which more than half would die of deliberately imposed starvation, or of sickness within six months. But about two or three hundred Vaudois fled to the hills and began carrying out a guerilla war over the next year against the Catholic settlers who arrived to take over the Vaudois lands. These \"Invincibles\" continued their assaults until the Duke finally relented and agreed to negotiate. The \"Invincibles\" won the right for the imprisoned Vaudois to be released from prison and to be provided safe passage to Geneva. But the Duke, granting that permission on 3January 1687, required that the Vaudois leave immediately or convert to Catholicism. This edict led to some 2,800 Vaudois leaving the Piedmont for Geneva, of whom only 2,490 would survive the journey."}, {"context": " Arnaud and others now sought help of the allied European powers. He appealed to William of Orange directly from Geneva, while others, amongst whom was the young L\u2019Hermitage, were sent to England and other lands to canvas for support. Orange and the allies were glad of any excuse to antagonise France, whose territorial encroachments on all fronts were intolerable. The League of Augsburg was formed in 1686 under Orange, who promised support to Arnaud. In August 1689, in the midst of the wars between the League of Augsburg and France, Arnaud led 1,000 Swiss exiles, armed with modern weaponry provided by the Dutch, back to the Piedmont. Over a third of the force perished during the 130-mile trek. They successfully re-established their presence in the Piedmont and drove out the Catholic settlers, but they continued to be besieged by French and Piedmontese troops."}, {"context": " By 2 May 1689, with only 300 Waldensian troops remaining, and cornered on a high peak called the Balsiglia, by 4,000 French troops with cannons, the final assault was delayed by storm and then by cloud cover. The French commander was so confident of completing his job the next morning that he sent a message to Paris that the Waldensian force had already been destroyed. However, when the French awoke the next morning they discovered that the Waldensians, guided by one of their number familiar with the Balsiglia, had already descended from the peak during the night and were now miles away."}, {"context": " The French pursued, but only a few days later a sudden change of political alliance by the Duke, from France to the League of Augsburg, ended the French pursuit of the Waldensians. The Duke agreed to defend the Waldensians and called for all other Vaudois exiles to return home to help protect the Piedmont borders against the French, in what came to be known as the \"Glorious Return\". After the French Revolution, the Waldenses of Piedmont were assured liberty of conscience and, in 1848, the ruler of Savoy, King Charles Albert of Sardinia granted them civil rights."}, {"context": " Enjoying religious freedom, the Waldensians began migrating outside their valleys. By the time of Italian unification, the Waldensian had congregations throughout the peninsula, some originated by preaching, others by migration. However, poverty, societal discrimination, and demographic pressure led the Waldensians to emigrate, first as seasonal workers to the French Riviera and Switzerland, and later to Colonia Valdense in Uruguay, Jacinto Arauz in La Pampa, Argentina and ultimately, to the United States. Those who remained in Italy have experienced upward social mobility. Waldensian companies dominated Turin's chocolate industry for the latter half of the nineteenth century and are generally credited with the invention of gianduja (hazelnut chocolate)."}, {"context": " Waldensian scholarship also flourished in the nineteenth century. Copies of the Romaunt version of the Gospel of John were preserved in Paris and Dublin. The manuscripts were used as the basis of a work by William Stephen Gilly published in 1848, in which he described the history of the New Testament in use by the Waldensians. The Waldensian College began training ministers in 1855, first in Torre Pellice. A few years later, the Waldensian College relocated to Florence and, in 1922, to Rome. Economic and social integration have eased acceptance of ethnic Waldensians into Italian society. Writers like Italo Calvino and politicians like Domenico Maselli and Valdo Spini are of Waldensian background. The church has also attracted intellectuals as new adherents and supporters, such as the philosopher Gianni Vattimo, and enjoys significant financial support from non-adherent Italians."}, {"context": " In 2015, after a historic visit to a Waldensian Temple in Turin, Pope Francis, in the name of the Catholic Church, asked Waldensian Christians for forgiveness for their persecution. The Pope apologized for the Church's \"un-Christian and even inhumane positions and actions\". The present Waldensian Church considers itself to be a Protestant church of the Reformed tradition originally framed by Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin. It recognizes as its doctrinal standard the confession of faith published in 1655 and based on the Reformed confession of 1559. It admits only two ceremonies, baptism and the Lord's Supper. Supreme authority in the body is exercised by an annual synod, and the affairs of the individual congregations are administered by a consistory under the presidency of the pastor."}, {"context": " Over the centuries, Waldensian churches have been established in countries as far away from France as Uruguay and the United States where the active Waldensian congregations continue the purpose of the Waldensian movement. The contemporary and historic Waldensian spiritual heritage describes itself as proclaiming the Gospel, serving the marginalized, promoting social justice, fostering inter-religious work, and advocating respect for religious diversity and freedom of conscience. Today, the Waldensian Church is member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches, the World Methodist Council, the Federation of Evangelical Churches in Italy, and the World Council of Churches."}, {"context": " Some early Protestants felt a spiritual kinship to the Waldensians and wrote positively about them. John Milton, for example, wrote in his sonnet \"On the Late Massacre in Piedmont\" of the 1655 massacre and persecution of the Waldensians. Some Anabaptist and Baptist authors have pointed to the Waldensians as an example of earlier Christians who were not a part of the Catholic Church, and who held beliefs they interpreted to be similar to their own. In the 17th to the 19th centuries, Dutch and German Mennonite writers like van Braght, \"Martyrs Mirror\" (1660) and Steven Blaupot ten Cate, \"Geschiedkundig onderzoek\" (1844), linked Anabaptist origins to the Waldensians. Baptist authors like John L. Waller also linked their origins to the Waldensians. James Aitken Wylie (1808\u20131890) likewise believed the Waldensians preserved the apostolic faith and its practices during the Middle Ages."}, {"context": " Still later, Seventh-day Adventist Ellen G. White taught that the Waldenses were preservers of biblical truth during the Great Apostasy of the Catholic Church. She showed how the Waldenses kept the seventh-day Sabbath, engaged in widespread missionary activity, and \"planted the seeds of the Reformation\" in Europe. Scholar Michael W. Homer links the belief in an ancient origin of the Waldensians to three 17th century pastors, Jean-Paul Perrin of the Reformed Church of France and the Waldensian pastors Pierre Gilles and Jean L\u00e9ger, who posited that the Waldensians were descendents of Primitive Christianity."}, {"context": " Some authors try to date a Reformation-era Waldensian confession of faith back into the Middle Ages in 1120 to assert their claim of doctrinal antiquity. However, in the current historiography from the Waldensians themselves it is asserted that this confession was drafted in 1531. Protestant theology in Germany was interested in the doctrinal antiquity and apostolic continuity being expressed by the Waldensian faith. The high independence of the communities, lay preaching, voluntary poverty, and strict adherence to the Bible and its early translation through Peter Waldo have been credited to prove an ancient origin of Protestantism as the true interpretation of the faith. Mere anti-Catholic sentiments and controversies, for example in the Kulturkampf, played a role. Heinrich Gottlieb Kreussler (1830) \"History of the Reformation\" contains a ballade about the fate of the Waldensians and quotes 's \"History of the Waldenians\" (1750) (authored with Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten, published by Johann Jacob Korn) as proof of an early origin of the Waldensians. The strong German Protestant support for the Waldensian diaspora community in Italy\u2014leading staff of the Gustavus Adolphus Union (GAW) praised them as one of the most interesting churches of all\u2014was not confined to a theological fascination. It led to extensive financial support, loans, exchange of priesters and communities, aid missions and political interventions for the Italian Waldensians and their charitable efforts, starting from the 17th century. After World WarII, the Evangelical Church in Germany actively contributed to reconciliation efforts with Italy and France based on its relationship with the Waldensian community. The GAW has ongoing links with the Waldensians in Italy."}, {"context": " In 1848, after many centuries of harsh persecution, the Waldensians acquired legal freedom in the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia as a result of the liberalising reforms which followed Charles Albert of Sardinia's granting a constitution (the Statuto Albertino). Subsequently, the Waldensian Evangelical Church, as it became known, developed and spread through the Italian peninsula. The Waldensian church was able to gain converts by building schools in some of the poorer regions of Italy, including Sicily. There is still a Waldensian church in the town of Grotte, at the southwest of the island. German Protestants have been supportive of the Waldesians in Italy since the 17th century."}, {"context": " During the Nazi occupation of North Italy in the Second World War, Italian Waldensians were active in saving Jews faced with imminent extermination, hiding many of them in the same mountain valley where their own Waldensian ancestors had found refuge in earlier generations. After 1945, the Evangelical Church in Germany led by Theophil Wurm (who was also Bishop of W\u00fcrttemberg) issued the Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt and actively contributed to reconciliation efforts with Italy (and France) based on relationships with the diaspora. The 1948 centenary festivities of the Savoy civil rights declaration were used for efforts of EKD leading staff to support German Italian reconciliation after WW-II. A most fruitful cooperation was established at the community level, with Waldensian delegates from both sides pioneering. 1949, Guglielmo Del Pesco (1889\u20131951), moderator of the Tavola Valdese (Waldensian round table), was invited back to Maulbronn, celebrating the 250th anniversary of the Waldensian emigration to Germany. He was unable to come for reasons of health but sent A. Jalla, a teacher, described as being full of spite and hatred against all things German after 1945, but who joined in the effort for reconciliation 1949. Based on these experiences, the first town-twinning partnership between Germany and France was signed 1950 between Ludwigsburg and the Protestant exclave Montb\u00e9liard, again based on a special connection of the W\u00fcrttemberg Landeskirche. The German Gustavus Adolphus Union is supportive of Waldesian projects and charitable efforts in Italy till the present."}, {"context": " In 1975, the Waldensian Church joined the Methodist Evangelical Church in Italy to form the Union of Waldensian and Methodist Churches. It has 50,000 members (45,000 Waldensians, of whom 30,000 in Italy and some 15,000 divided between Argentina and Uruguay, and 5,000 Methodists). The Eight per thousand tax introduced 1985 in Italy greatly helped the Waldensian community. The Eight per thousand (Italian: otto per mille) law allows taxpayers to choose to whom they devolve a compulsory 8\u2030 = 0.8% ('eight per thousand') from their annual income tax return. They may choose an organised religion recognised by Italy or a social assistance scheme run by the Italian State. While the Waldensians have only about 25,000 enlisted members, more than 600,000 Italians are willing to support the Waldensian community and its charitable works. The ordination of women and, since 2010, the blessing of same-sex unions are allowed."}, {"context": " The first Waldensian settlers from Italy arrived in South America in 1856. From that date there have been several migrations, especially to Argentina, such as the town of Jacinto Arauzthe in the southern part of the province of LaPampa, where they arrived around 1901. the Waldensian Church of the R\u00edo de La Plata (which forms a united church with the Waldensian Evangelical Church) has approximately 40 congregations and 15,000 members shared between Uruguay and Argentina. The Uruguayan town Colonia Valdense, in the department of Colonia, is the administrative center of the Waldensian Evangelical Church of the River Plate. In 1969, the Church established a mission in Barrio Nuevo, which became a soup kitchen for Saturdays and Sundays, for 500 poor families. Missionary activity has led to the conversion of new people without Waldensian ancestry, who are called \"new Waldensian\"."}, {"context": " Since colonial times there have been Waldensians who sailed to America, as marked by the presence of them in New Jersey and Delaware. Many Waldensians, having escaped persecution in their homelands by making their way to the tolerant Dutch Republic, crossed the Atlantic to start anew in the New Netherland colony, establishing the first church in North America on Staten Island in 1670. In the late 19th century many Italians, among them Waldensians, emigrated to the United States. They founded communities in New York City; Boston; Chicago; Monett, Missouri; Galveston, Texas; Rochester, New York; Hunter, Utah; and Ogden, Utah. The Monett congregation was among the first to be established in the United States, in 1875, by some 40 settlers who had formed the original South American settlement in Uruguay in the 1850s. With the outbreak of the Uruguayan Civil War they had fled violence in the Uruguayan countryside, traveling first back to Europe then across the Northern Atlantic to New York and by train to southern Missouri. Waldensians living in the Cottian Alps region of Northern Italy continued to migrate to Monett until the early 1900s, augmenting the original colony, and founded another, larger settlement in Valdese, North Carolina, in 1893. Both the Monett and Valdese congregations use the name Waldensian Presbyterian Church."}, {"context": " In 1853 a group of approximately 70 Waldensians, including men, women, and children left their homes in the Piedmont Valleys and migrated to Pleasant Green, Hunter, and Ogden, Utah, after being converted to Mormonism by Lorenzo Snow. These Waldensians maintained their cultural heritage, while passing on their mixture of Mormon and Waldensian faiths to their descendants. Their descendants still consider themselves both Mormon and Waldensian, and have met occasionally over the many decades to celebrate both heritages."}, {"context": " In 1906, through the initiative of church forces in New York City, Waldensian interest groups were invited to coalesce into a new entity, The American Waldensian Aid Society (AWS), organized \"to collect funds and apply the same to the aid of the Waldensian Church in Italy and elsewhere \u2026 and to arouse and maintain interest throughout the US in the work of said Church.\" Today, this organization continues as the American Waldensian Society. The American Waldensian Society recently marked its Centennial with a conference and celebrations in New York City."}, {"context": " By the 1920s most of the Waldensian churches and missions merged into the Presbyterian Church due to the cultural assimilation of the second and third generations. The work of the American Waldensian Society continues in the United States today. The American Waldensian Society aims to foster dialogue and partnership among Waldensian Churches in Italy and South America and Christian churches within North America in order to promote a compelling vision of Waldensian Christian witness for North America. Thus, the American Waldensian Society makes public the contemporary and historic heritage to which Waldensian spirituality is committed: Tell the Story; Encourage \"Crossings\"; and Provide Financial Support."}, {"context": " The best known Waldensian Churches in America were in New York, Monett, Missouri and in Valdese, North Carolina. The church in New York City was disbanded by the mid-1990s. The American Waldensian Society assists churches, organizations and families in the promotion of Waldensian history and culture. The society allies with those who work to preserve their millennial heritage among their descendants. For example, over the course of 45years, the Old Colony Players in Valdese, North Carolina, have staged \"From this Day Forward\", an outdoor drama telling the story of the Waldenses and the founding of Valdese."}, {"context": " The Waldensian Presbyterian churches in the United States and the American Waldensian Society have links with the Italian-based Waldensian Evangelical Church, but, unlike the South American Waldensian communities, today they are independent institutions from the European organization. Several thousand Waldenses fled from Italy and France to Germany. Henri Arnaud (1641\u20131721), pastor and leader of the Piedmont Waldensians, rescued his co-religionists from their dispersion under the persecution of Victor Amadeus II the Duke of Savoy. Eberhard Louis, Duke of W\u00fcrttemberg invited the Waldensians to his territory. When the Waldensians were exiled a second time, Arnaud accompanied them in their exile to Sch\u00f6nenberg, and continued to act as their pastor until his death. Those who remained in Germany were soon assimilated by the State Churches (Lutheran and Reformed) and they are a part of various Landeskirchen in the Evangelical Church in Germany. The new settlers were free in their religious services, and kept holding them in French till the 19th century. The Waldensian community is often overlooked, as the Hugenots were larger in count. Henri Arnaud's home in Sch\u00f6nenberg close to \u00d6tisheim is a Museum today. A memorial plate refers to the introduction of potatoes in W\u00fcrttemberg by the Waldensians."}, {"context": " Main parts of the Waldensian refugees found a new home in Hessen-Darmstadt, Kassel, Homburg, Nassau-Dillenburg and in the then Grand Duch\u00e9e W\u00fcrttemberg. The founded new communities in Rohrbach, Wembach und Hahn (today part of Ober-Ramstadt), Walldorf (today M\u00f6rfelden-Walldorf), Bad Homburg-Dornholzhausen, Gottstreu and Gewissenruh (Oberweser), Charlottenberg. Still today, French family names (Gille, Roux, Granget, Conle, Gillardon, Common, Jourdan, Piston, Richardon, Servay, Conte, Baral, Gay, Orcellet or Salen) show the Savoyard background. Stuttgart hosts as well an Italian Waldensian community with about 100 members."}, {"context": " Municipality names like Pinache, Serres (both now part of Wiernsheim), Gro\u00dfvillars, Kleinvillars (part of Oberderdingen), Perouse show the French heritage, the latter communities are close to Maulbronn and its UNESCO world heritage site monastery and school. Maulbronn was the place of the festivities for the 250th anniversary of the Waldensian emigration to Germany, which played as well an important role in German Italian reconciliation after World WarII. The Waldensian community is active and has various associations maintaining the specific heritage and keep relationships with their counterparts in Italy and South America. That includes as well a close watch on the ecumene, with the Waldensian-influenced theologians being more doubtful about a stronger cooperation with the Catholic Church than others."}]}, {"title": "Los Blops", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Los Blops were a Chilean rock band, regarded as one of the foremost bands in the country. The band originally formed in the town of Isla Negra in 1964 to perform cover versions of pop hits in local clubs. They took their name from characters in a popular comic strip, \"Condorito\". The original band members were Julio Villalobos (guitar, vocals), Alejandro Greene (guitar) and Pedro Greene (drums). After Alejandro Greene left in 1966, the remaining pair were joined by Felipe Orrego (guitar) and his cousins Juan Pablo Orrego (bass) and Andr\u00e9s Orrego (vocals). In 1969, Felipe and Andr\u00e9s Orrego left, shortly followed by Pedro Greene, and the classic band line-up formed, consisting of Julio Villalobos (guitar), Juan Pablo Orrego (bass), and new members Eduardo Gatti (guitar, vocals), Juan Contreras (keyboards, flute), and Sergio Bezard (drums)."}, {"context": " They performed versions of songs by such bands as The Rolling Stones and Cream, and also incorporated elements of Chilean folk music and increasingly performed their own compositions. The band members lived communally in Santiago, together with several members of the Instituto Arica de Santiago. Their first LP, mainly of instrumentals, was recorded in 1970, in 12 hours on a two-track machine and produced by DICAP (Discoteca Del Cantar Popular). It included the hit single \"Los Momentos.\" Villalobos left in 1972 and was replaced by pianist Juan Carlos Villegas. The band recorded two more albums, \"Del volar de las palomas\" (\"\"The flying of doves\"\", 1972), and \"Locomotora\" (\"\"Locomotive\"\", 1973), before splitting up in 1974 following the coup led by Augusto Pinochet. Gatti and Orrego later reformed Los Blops in 1978, recording a single, \"Los Momentos\"/ \"La Francisca,\" but they split again in 1980."}]}, {"title": "The Tour of Gymnastics Superstars", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Tour of Gymnastics Superstars was a nationwide concert tour that showcases the talents of 17 American gymnasts as well as recording artists Jordan Pruitt, Carly Patterson, and KSM. The tour visited 34 different cities in over twenty states across the continental United States. The first show, in Reno, Nevada, was taped for a national broadcast on MyNetworkTV and included a musical performance by \"Hannah Montana\" actor Mitchel Musso. Tapings of the second show, in San Diego, California, was included in \"Frosted Pink with a Twist\", which is a television special about women's cancers (gymnast Shawn Johnson has a grandmother who is a cancer survivor). Was broadcast on ABC on October 12, 2008, the television special also features singers Jesse McCartney, Kenny Loggins, and Grammy Award singers Cyndi Lauper and Carole King ."}]}, {"title": "Texas State Highway 345", "paragraphs": [{"context": " State Highway 345 (SH\u00a0345) is a short spur route from Interstate 69E/U.S. Highway 77/U.S. Highway 83 in San Benito northeast to Rio Hondo in deep southern Texas. The route was designated on February 20, 1942. On September 26, 1945, SH 345 was rerouted to end at FM 106 east of Rio Hondo, rather than directly in Rio Hondo. SH 345 begins at a junction with I-69E/US 77/US 83 in San Benito. The intersection is exit 19B off of I-69E and also serves as the northern terminus of Farm to Market Road 2520. It heads northeast from this junction as it continues through San Benito to an intersection with US 77 Bus. The highway continues through San Benito to the northeast to an intersection with FM 3462. Heading towards the northeast, the highway continues to a junction with FM 1561. SH 345 reaches its northern terminus at FM 106 just east of Rio Hondo and next to the Rio Hondo High School. The name of the highway throughout its entire length is Sam Houston Boulevard."}]}, {"title": "Da Da Da (album)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Da Da Da (stylized as DA\u30fbDA\u30fbDA) is the second studio album by Japanese J-pop singer and songwriter Maki Ohguro. It was released on 28 April 1993 under B-Gram Records, on same day as the fourth single, \"Wakaremashou Watashi Kara Kieteshimau Anata kara\", which'll be included on the next album. This is the first album released by Being Inc.. Album includes two singles, Dakara and Chotto, which raised her popularity as singer. The album reached No. 2 in its first week on the Oricon chart. The album charted for 42 weeks and sold 746,000 copies.  All tracks arranged by Takeshi Hayama."}]}, {"title": "T. N. Ramachandran", "paragraphs": [{"context": " T.N. Ramachandran (1901\u20131973) was an Indian art historian, artist, archaeologist and a Sanskrit scholar, specialising in the study and exposition of various aspects of Indian art. He was born to Narayanan (who performed yaga and is a Sanskrit scholar) & Visalakshi (an able administrator). He was the author of several monographs, and was the Director General of Archaeology In India. He conducted research and wrote extensively on various subjects during his tenure as Curator of Archaeology at the National Museum, New Delhi."}, {"context": " Sporadic research by Ramachandran on certain groups of antiquities at the National Museum revealed the importance of the objects, and thus made the Museum well known. Only after the formation of the Section were more detailed studies of the antiquities of the Museum undertaken. Arachnologist and student of archaeology, Frederic Henry Gravely, collaborated with Ramachandran on the scientific basis for identifying the period of metal images between 1925-1935. Ramachandran and Y.D. Sharma visited Afghanistan between May and July 1956, in order to explore and investigate the art traditions, epigraphical records and archaeological remains. During the survey, a number of sites were visited and the antiquarian remains housed in museums were also extensively studied."}, {"context": " Ramachandran identified images at Brhadiswara temple at Tanjore, as the earliest extant visual representation of Bharata\u2019s karanas. Apart from the literary evidence for the popularity of Bharata\u2019s karanams, the dance sculptures in the temples of Tamil Nadu prove beyond doubt that the Tamils took great pains in preserving Bharata\u2019s style. When the Chola king Rajaraja built the Tanjore temple in the beginning of the 11th century, dance art enjoyed such a high status in society that he had the karana figures chiselled as sculptures in the first tier of the Vimana. He has taught dancers, including Ramaa Bharadvaj, and Padma Subrahmanyam, Bharatnatyam Dancer, performing artist and scholar, who conducted extensive research on Karana sculptures, at Annamalai University under his guidance."}, {"context": " Ramachandran was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1964. He has traveled widely all over the world, participated in international seminars, delivered lectures at the invitation of several universities, which have been published as books. He has delivered endowment lectures at many universities in India. He has many books and papers on architecture, iconography, epigraphy, numismatics and literature to his credit. Ramachandran was a tall and thin and frail man. He frequently smiled and spoke softly. He had five sons: Gurumoorthy, Suryanarayanan, T.R Rajamani, Navaneethakrishnan and Kamal Kumar.  Some of T. N. Ramachandran's works include:"}]}, {"title": "Chah Ali-ye Gharbi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Chah Ali-ye Gharbi (, also Romanized as Ch\u0101h \u2018Al\u012b-ye Gharb\u012b; also known as Ch\u0101h \u2018\u0100l\u012b and Chah \u2018Ali) is a village in Shamil Rural District, Takht District, Bandar Abbas County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 312, in 63 families."}]}, {"title": "Christeele Acres Historic District", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Christeele Acres Historic District is a residential subdivision in Orem, Utah, built in 1943 as housing for workers at the Geneva Steel plant during World War II. The historic district includes 62 single-family houses and three duplexes. The houses were built to Federal Housing Administration (FHA) \"minimum house\" standards, which were considered to be the minimum size of a house necessary for a family with three persons or a family with two small children. The houses had two bedrooms and approximately of living space."}, {"context": " In May 1941, the United States government asked U.S. Steel to ramp up plans to build steel plants to service shipyards on the Pacific Coast. Most of the steel plants in the United States at this time were in the eastern United States, and there was not enough railroad capacity to bring all of the necessary steel westward. At the same time, a steel plant located directly on the coast would have been vulnerable to a coastal invasion, so the decision was made to build the plant inland. On February 4, 1942, the government announced plans to build the steel plant in Orem."}, {"context": " The construction and operation of the steel plant required several thousand construction workers, which in turn required housing. The situation in Orem was similar to that in many other cities where defense industries were located. The housing shortage was most acute in 1942, where workers flocked to cities where war production was thriving, only to find that there was not enough housing available. President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the National Housing Agency to oversee sixteen government programs that were responsible for housing. This included the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). The Federal Public Housing Authority was assigned to build the necessary public housing for the war effort, while the FHA provided mortgage underwriting."}, {"context": " The FHA \"minimum house\" program was an outgrowth of the Great Depression, when the home building industry slowed down severely and mortgage foreclosures were rising sharply. The FHA sponsored a conference targeted at reforming the home financing structure in the United States, improving the affordability of housing for the middle and lower income groups, and stimulating the homebuilding industry. In 1936, the FHA published a book, \"Principles of Planning Small Houses\", which featured five different home patterns. The main design principle was, \"providing a maximum accommodation within a minimum of means,\" so the floor plans omitted nonessential spaces and unnecessary ornamentation. The conference also planned labor- and time-saving construction methods, standard building codes, and basic requirements for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, plumbing, and electrical systems. The house plans could be built with a variety of materials, such as wood, brick, concrete block, shingles, stucco, or stone. Houses could be customized by varying the external finish types, placement on the lot, or other changes, giving the neighborhood a more pleasing appearance. The experience of builders who built homes on a large scale gave rise to the trend of tract housing."}, {"context": " The War Production Board had jurisdiction over raw materials that could be used to produce houses, so the FHA had to justify the need for those materials. At the same time, the National Housing Agency did not want to build temporary dormitories or shanties that would end up abandoned after the war. The war workers had families and needed to be treated as civilians, not as soldiers. The FHA wanted the housing to remain as livable communities long after the war ended. During the process of negotiation with the War Production Board, tight standards were enacted, in order to reduce the amount of lumber and metal in the production process. One standard even specified how many brass keys could be made per lock. An April 1945 report noted that over 800,000 houses had been built and would remain a permanent part of the nation's housing stock.  The district is considered significant within the history of Orem, at a time when the city was evolving from a farm village into a large city with industrial and commercial development. The government programs, which produced wartime defense housing, later influenced postwar subdivision development. The National Register nomination cites its importance within social history, politics and government, industry, and military areas."}]}, {"title": "Jaime Pressly", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Jaime Elizabeth Pressly (born July 30, 1977) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Joy Turner on the NBC sitcom \"My Name Is Earl\", for which she was nominated for two Emmy Awards (winning one) as well as a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award. She has also appeared in films such as \"\" (1997), \"Joe Dirt\" (2001), \"\" (2006), and \"I Love You, Man\" (2009). She portrays Jill in the television series \"Mom\". Pressly was born in Kinston, North Carolina, the daughter of Brenda Sue (n\u00e9e Smith), a dance instructor, and James Liston Pressly, a car salesman. She was raised in a Christian family. In 1992, she moved with her family to Costa Mesa, California, where she spent the first semester of her high school sophomore year. She spent her childhood and early teenage years training as a gymnast, which led her to modeling jobs."}, {"context": " At age 14, Pressly appeared on her first cover, \"Teen Magazine\", and became the official spokesmodel for the International Cover Model Search. At 15, she dropped out of school and went to Japan on a modeling contract. She succeeded in having herself legally emancipated from her parents at the age of 15 so she could travel to Japan, as neither of her parents could make the trip. Pressly starred as Violet in the 1997 film \"\". In 1998 she starred as Nikki on the short-lived TV series \"Push\", and also played a recurring role as the undead assassin Mika in the TV action series \"\". From 1999-2001, she played \"Audrey\" on the drama series \"Jack and Jill\"."}, {"context": " Pressly starred in the independent film \"Poor White Trash\", playing scheming gold-digger Sandy Lake. Pressly appeared in a number of films in 2001, including \"Not Another Teen Movie\" (playing Priscilla, a high school cheerleader) and \"Torque\", as a crazed, motorcycle-riding criminal; and as a Southern love interest in the comedy \"Joe Dirt\", opposite David Spade. In 2001, she was made the new spokesmodel for Liz Claiborne Cosmetics and its fragrance Lucky You. In 2002, she was ranked #8 in \"Stuff\" magazine's \"102 Sexiest Women in the World\". In 2003, she launched a lingerie line, J'Aime, which later became a full sleepwear and ready-to-wear line. In 2006, \"Maxim\" magazine named her #34 on its annual list; she is also featured in its gallery. Pressly posed nude for the March 1998 and February 2004 issues of \"Playboy\". She also appeared nude in the May 2006 issue of \"Allure\"."}, {"context": " Pressly guest-starred in episodes of several TV shows. In an episode of the WB series \"Charmed\", she played Mylie, a mermaid trying to find love; (Alyssa Milano, who played Phoebe, later guest-starred on \"My Name is Earl\".) Other series on which she made guest appearances were \"The Twilight Zone, Fastlane, Las Vegas, Becker, Night Man, Silk Stalkings,\" and others. She appeared in an episode of the prank series \"Punk'd\". In 2005, Pressly was cast in the NBC sitcom \"My Name Is Earl\", as Joy Turner. In 2007, she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her work on the show."}, {"context": " Pressly sang \"Fever\" in an appearance with the band The Pussycat Dolls. She has appeared in a number of music videos, including \"The Space Between\" by Dave Matthews Band, \"Girls of Summer\" by Aerosmith, and the Marilyn Manson cover of \"Tainted Love\". On May 31, 2006, she hosted the first annual \"VH1 Rock Honors\". Pressly was a producer, as well as a star, in the 2005 movie \"Death to the Supermodels\". She hosted the October 7, 2006, episode of \"Saturday Night Live\". She guest-starred on an episode of \"MADtv\" (season 11), playing Hillary Clinton in a parody of \"My Name Is Earl\", \"My Name Is Dubya\", in which George W. Bush (Frank Caliendo) makes a list of all the bad things he has done in the past and rectifies them one by one."}, {"context": " On December 3, 2009, it was announced that she would guest-star on an upcoming episode (series 4, episode 10) of the CBS comedy, \"Rules of Engagement\". She would play a possible surrogate mother for Jeff and Audrey (Patrick Warburton and Megyn Price). She reprised her role in the fifth-season premiere (series 5, episode 1). She appeared in the Fox sitcom \"I Hate My Teenage Daughter\", which aired from November 30, 2011 to March 20, 2012. In July 2012, Pressly starred in Jimbo Lee's \"Abby in the Summer\"."}, {"context": " In 2013, TV Land announced that Pressly was cast in the lead role for \"Jennifer Falls\" as Jennifer Doyle, a mother of a teenaged daughter, who must move in with Doyle's mother after being fired from a high-paying job. Doyle becomes a waitress in her brother's bar. Pressly has revealed in interviews that she briefly struggled with bulimia as a teenager. In 1996, she met DJ Eric Calvo (DJ Eric Cubeechee), and started dating in 2004. After Pressly became pregnant, the two were engaged in October 2006. Pressly gave birth on May 11, 2007, in Cedars-Sinai Medical Center to their child, Dezi James Calvo. In a February 2007 interview on \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\", Pressly said she wanted the child to be bilingual (English/Spanish) to reflect Calvo's Cuban heritage. Pressly told \"People\" that Dezi's name is part of a running joke, as Calvo would do a Desi Arnaz impersonation, calling Pressly \"Luuucy\" when he came home each night. In November 2008, the couple announced their separation."}, {"context": " Nine months later, in July 2009, Pressly announced her engagement to entertainment lawyer Simran Singh. They wed on September 26, 2009, at the Dick Clark estate, on a bluff overlooking the Pacific Ocean. On January 21, 2011, Pressly filed for divorce from Singh, citing irreconcilable differences. On January 5, 2011, two weeks before filing for divorce, Pressly was arrested in Santa Monica, California for suspicion of driving under the influence. She eventually pleaded no contest and received three years of informal probation.  Pressly said in a 2006 interview with \"Esquire\" that she almost purchased a ticket for a flight on one of the planes that crashed into the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, but decided not to take the flight, because she felt it left too early in the morning. On June 7, 2017, Pressly announced she was expecting twins with longtime boyfriend Hamzi Hijazi. Their twin sons, Leo and Lenon, were born in October 2017."}]}, {"title": "Norfolk Island at the 2010 Commonwealth Games", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Norfolk Island competed in the 2010 Commonwealth Games held in Delhi, India, from 3 to 14 October 2010. Team Norfolk Island consists of 5 archers. Rosa Ford, Bob Kemp, Michael Graham, Jonno Snell, Jo Snell They competed in the Team Norfolk Island consists of 9 lawn bowls players. Carmen Anderson, Kitha Bailey, John Christian, Petal Hore, Margaret O'Brien, Anne Pledger, Esther Sanchez, Timothy Sheridan, Barry Wilson They competed in the Team Norfolk Island consists of 4 shooters. Graham Cock, Graham Lock, Denise Reeves, Stephen Ryan  They competed in the Team Norfolk Island consists of 4 squash players Peter Christian-Bailey, Gye Duncan, Duncan Gray, Mal Rundell They competed in the"}]}, {"title": "Where Is Parsifal?", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Where Is Parsifal? is a 1983 British comedy film directed by Henri Helman. It was released in France on 13 April 1983. The cast includes Tony Curtis, Donald Pleasence, Erik Estrada, and Orson Welles. Terence Young has an executive producer credit. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival. This was Peter Lawford's final film role before his death the following year. Parsifal Katzenellenbogen (Tony Curtis) is an eccentric hypochondriac who has invented a laser skywriter. Parsifal invites businessmen to his castle in the hopes of selling his invention. Potential buyers include gangster Henry Board II (Erik Estrada) accompanied by has-been movie star Montague Chippendale (Peter Lawford), Scotsman Mackintosh (Donald Pleasence), and gypsy Klingsor (Orson Welles)."}, {"context": " This is often incorrectly considered to be a lost film, since it has never been commercially available in the UK or USA\u2014in fact, it is on the British Film Institute's 75 Most Wanted list of lost films, though its status was updated to \"found\" after director Helman donated his personal print to the BFI\u2014but the film was released on home video in (at least) Italy, The Netherlands and in Australia (by Seven Keys Video) during the 1980s. The misinformation about the film being lost is due to the fact that although it was screened at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival, it was withdrawn prior to its official release date in the UK. In May 2013, the film appeared on Netflix streaming."}]}, {"title": "2018\u201319 FC Twente season", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 2018\u201319 season is FC Twente's second visit to the Eerste Divisie following their relegation from the 2017\u201318 Eredivisie. It marks their return to the second highest division in Dutch football after spending 34 consecutive seasons in the top flight of Dutch football. Marino Pusic was promoted to head coach after filling in as interim manager after the departure of Gertjan Verbeek during the 2017\u201318 season. FC Twente's pre-season got off to a rocky start. Following the relegation to the Eerste Divisie, the club was forced to slash spending after reducing the overall budget from 30 million to 18 million euros. In late June it became apparent that FC Twente was in dire need of financial help, leaving the club in great uncertainty about the future. The club even threatened to file for bankruptcy if the Enschede city council does not stand guarantee for 7 million euros. A few weeks later FC Twente announced it staved off bankruptcy after the city council agreed to a rescue plan."}, {"context": " City officials agreed to freeze interest and repayments of a loan made to the club over a two-season period. In addition, some 30 of the club's sponsors have agreed to invest 10 million euros in the club. On 31 May, FC Twente announced their first signing of the summer; the return of Dutch midfielder Wout Brama from Australian side Central Coast Mariners, signing him on a free transfer. Brama previously played at Twente between 2005 and 2014 where he won the Eredivisie in 2010. FC Twente revealed pre-season fixtures against Heerenveen, FC Emmen, VVV-Venlo, G\u00f6ztepe S.K. and Al-Taawoun."}]}, {"title": "Tim Crakanthorp", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Timothy Carson Crakanthorp is an Australian politician. He has been a Labor member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly since 25 October 2014, when he was elected in a by-election to the seat of Newcastle. When he was elected he was a serving member of Newcastle City Council."}]}, {"title": "Gunblade NY", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Gunblade NY is a light gun shooting game developed by Sega for the Model 2 arcade machine and was released in 1996 in Japan. The game was re-released alongside L.A. Machine Guns for the Wii in 2010 as part of the Sega Arcade Hits Pack. \"Gunblade NY\" is a game in which the player has been called to save New York from terrorists. \"Next Generation\" reviewed the arcade version of the game, rating it four stars out of five, and stated that \"\"Gunblade NY\" is a good, fun Sega shooter, something gamers have almost come to expect from the Japanese giant. But it's Namco that has set the shooting genre on fire with \"Time Crisis\", and until \"Virtual Cop 3\"appears [...] \"Gunblade NY\" may help to lower the flames, but it certainly won't put them out.\""}]}, {"title": "Zacorisca euthalama", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Zacorisca euthalama is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Seram Island of Indonesia. The wingspan is 30\u201332\u00a0mm. The forewings are whitish yellow, becoming light ochreous yellow posteriorly. The markings are blue blackish or purple blackish and there are streaks along the costa and dorsum. The hindwings are light ochreous yellowish, sometimes coppery tinged, but paler towards the base. The dorsal area is suffused grey and there is a grey line extending along the lower edge of the cell. There is a blackish reniform (kidney shaped) spot before the apex and one or two smaller spots before the termen below the middle."}]}, {"title": "Chris Ross", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Christopher James \"Chris\" Ross is an Australian musician. He was the founding bass guitarist and keyboardist of hard rock band, Wolfmother, from 2000 to August 2008. His trademark stage antic is playing the keyboard at a slant or vertically. At the APRA Awards of 2007 Ross and bandmates, Myles Heskett and Andrew Stockdale, won the Songwriters of the Year category. After leaving Wolfmother with Heskett, the pair worked as Doom Buggy, then they formed Palace of Fire (with Matt Blackman) in 2009. In 2011 Ross and Heskett formed Good Heavens with Sarah Kelly (ex-theredsunband). Ross was formerly a digital designer and has three children."}, {"context": " Ross grew up in Erskineville, New South Wales. In 2000 on bass guitar and keyboards, he formed a hard rock group, Wolfmother, with Myles Heskett on drums and Andrew Stockdale on vocals and lead guitar. After \"years of jamming in anonymity\", the trio released a self-titled extended play in 2004. Aside from performing on the EP Ross also provided audio mixing and co-wrote the four tracks. The EP was a commercial success, reaching number\u00a0thirty-five in the ARIA Singles Chart, and led to the band securing a record deal with Modular Recordings."}, {"context": " The band's full-length debut self-titled album was released in Australia in 2005, where it reached number\u00a0three in the ARIA Albums Chart. Subsequently, released internationally in 2006, the album reached number\u00a0twenty-two in the American \"Billboard\" 200 albums chart and number\u00a0twenty-five in the UK Albums Chart. At the APRA Awards of 2007 Ross and bandmates, Heskett and Stockdale, won the Songwriters of the Year category. In August 2008, after a period of \"longstanding frictions within the group\", Ross left Wolfmother due to \"irreconcilable personal and musical differences\" with Stockdale. Heskett followed Ross out of the band, while Stockdale continued with a new line up."}, {"context": " Immediately after leaving Wolfmother, Ross and Heskett continued with their one-year-old side project, Doom Buggy. Doom Buggy had debuted a year earlier at the Hopetoun Hotel, Sydney, with \"electronic instrumentals closer to a Kraftwerk sound\" compared to Wolfmother's style. FasterLouder's Adam Lewis reviewed their August 2007 gig, \"a handful of well developed and fully formed songs forming their roughly half-hour set ... The music is largely electronic instrumental, with clear krautrock and IDM influences\"."}, {"context": " In April 2009 the duo joined vocalist and guitarist, Matt Blackman (of Charge Group), to form a new band, Palace of Fire, described by The Vine's Marcus as \"combin[ing] the toughness and versatility of Wolfmother with the more refined, cinematic approach of Charge Group and Blackman's former band Purplene\". Their debut performance was at the Boogie Rock Festival in Tallarook. In May Palace of Fire supported Battles for their Opera House performances as part of Brian Eno's curated Luminous Festival. Also in 2009 Ross guested on synthesiser for Tucker B's album, \"Nightmares in the Key of (((((Wow)))))\"."}, {"context": " Ross and Heskett played as members of The Slew (a Kid Koala project) on their world tour. In 2011 Ross and Heskett formed Good Heavens with theredsunband's Sarah Kelly on lead vocals and lead guitar. Good Heavens debut album, \"Strange Dream\", appeared in August 2012 on Rice Is Nice Records. Barnaby Smith of Mess+Noise described the album as \"an attractive blend of [Kelly's] cultivated, patient and confident songwriting and [Ross and Heskett's] advanced understanding of exactly where to place noise and distortion\". Ross and Heskett presented a Songwriter Speaks session in May 2013 for aspiring songwriters who \"not only cross boundaries but hemispheres too\"."}, {"context": " Chris has worked alongside Jed Kurzel in a live adaptation award -winning score for the controversial Australian film \u2018Snowtown\u2019. The adaptation was performed live with a full band to a backdrop of previously unreleased footage from the film at MONA's Dark Mofo 2014 in Hobart, Adelaide Festival 2014 and UNSOUND Music Festival in Poland in 2015. Prior to forming Wolfmother in 2000, Ross was an IT specialist. Ross and his partner, Lisa, had their second child in September 2006. The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA)."}]}, {"title": "List of Western films of the 1990s", "paragraphs": [{"context": " A list of Western films released in the 1990s. see, List of TV Westerns"}]}, {"title": "Frank Borzellieri", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Frank Borzellieri (born 1962) is an American author, teacher, political columnist, former elected member of a New York City school board and a former school principal. Borzellieri was born in Ridgewood, Queens, New York and attended Catholic schools. Borzellieri taught journalism at St. Barnabas High School, which is run by Sisters of Charity of New York, from 2006 to 2008. He was principal at Our Lady of Mount Carmel School in The Bronx, which is run by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York."}, {"context": " Borzellieri is employed by St. John\u2019s University in New York City as an Adjunct Assistant Professor of Mass Communications. Borzellieri was fired by the Archdiocese of New York for writings it deemed racist. However, The Archdiocese reviewed all of Borzelieri's writings before he was hired, and they were deemed suitable and compatible with the church at the time he was hired. Borzellieri is currently suing the New York Daily News for a defamatory article that was published in 2011 which led to his dismissal."}, {"context": " Borzellieri was a Queens school board member from 1993 to 2002. Borzellieri was elected to the District 24 New York City School Board in 1993 and was re-elected in both 1996 and 1999. In his tenure on the board he described himself as the only \"conservative\" of the nine elected members, and battled frequently with liberals over hot-button issues such as multiculturalism and bilingual education, both of which he strongly opposed. Borzellieri also wanted to ban African American Vernacular English, also known as ebonics, from being taught in the school system."}, {"context": " He also opposed children's books such as \"Heather Has Two Mommies\" and \"Daddy\u2019s Roommate being introduced into his school district.\" Borzellieri also tried to level charges for \"conduct unbecoming a teacher\" against Daniel Dromm, a homosexual teacher who, after being arrested for public sex and drunk driving, founded the Queens Lesbian and Gay Pride Committee in the district. Borzellieri learned from students that Dromm was discussing his sex life with his 3rd grade class. In his conservative district, he was voted the most popular school board member in both 1996 and 1999."}, {"context": " He made a proposal to strengthen New York City\u2019s Megan\u2019s Law against child predators. He also made proposals to prohibit discussing with young students the topics of abortion, homosexuality, masturbation and birth control. Borzellieri defended the Boy Scouts of America when they banned gay scoutmasters and he put forth a resolution, which passed by a vote of eight to one, supporting the Scouts at a time when other New York City school boards were voting to denounce them. But for the most part, he was outnumbered on most issues in the conservative-liberal battles."}, {"context": " He voted against accepting all federal monies as violations of the United States Constitution and opposed sex education, believing it was the province of parents, not the schools. While on the school board, he attempted to correct what he thought was bias weeding its way into the school library shelves. One book he tried to have removed was a Martin Luther King, Jr. biography he felt should \"say he was a leftist hoodlum with significant Communist ties...\". He left the board in 2004. Borzellieri is the author of five books and is currently under contract for two others. Two books focus on his commentaries on the social issues of the day, \"The Unspoken Truth: Race, Culture and Other Taboos\" and \"Don\u2019t Take it Personally: Race, Immigration and Other Heresies\". He is also the co-author of \"It Happened in New York\", which has been released in two separate editions. Borzellieri\u2019s fifth book, \"Lynched: A Conservative\u2019s Life on a New York City School Board\", documents his struggles as a conservative facing a liberal majority on School Board 24 in Queens, New York, where he was elected to three terms and served eleven years. Borzellieri has long-standing ties to \"American Renaissance\", a \"racial realist\" publication that has expressed support for eugenics and the \"racialism\" of the early 20th century."}, {"context": " The Southern Poverty Law Center has identified Borzellieri as a white nationalist, as did a writer for the white nationalist website VDARE in an article denouncing his firing as principal of Our Lady of Mount Carmel School. In 2008 he wrote \"The Physics of Dark Shadows: Time Travel, ESP and the Laboratory\", a book about the science behind the supernatural events of the 1960s gothic soap opera \"Dark Shadows\", which aired on ABC from 1966\u20131971. He is also under contract for a sports book on hockey\u2019s New York Islanders and another book on the New York City Subway gunman Bernhard Goetz."}, {"context": " In addition to his political writings, Borzellieri has written sports articles, including a profile of sportscaster Ann Liguori of WFAN radio in New York. He has written about his favorite sports teams, especially the New York Mets, New York Islanders, Minnesota Vikings and the World Cup Champion Italian national soccer team, the \"Azzurri.\" He has also written numerous articles on the television soap opera \"Dark Shadows'. Several years ago, Borzellieri co-wrote the book \"It Happened in New York\", with Fran Capo, who is in the Guinness Book of World Records as the World\u2019s Fastest Talking Female. He also publicly expressed his affections for New York City Councilwoman Melinda Katz in his newspaper column, although \"Newsday\" and many other observers regarded the column as a tongue-in-cheek endorsement. He also mentions past girlfriends in his 2009 book, \"Lynched\"."}, {"context": " Borzellieri was a popular columnist for the Woodhaven, Queens newspaper \"Leader-Observer\". His views on race and immigration frequently caused controversy, but Leader-Observer publisher Walter Sanchez often defended Borzellieri as having a point of view that the readership wanted. In July 2000, Borzellieri was suspended as a \"Leader-Observer\" columnist for several months over a column comparing a Board of Education representative to Adolf Hitler. Borzellieri has also written numerous newspaper and magazine articles in journals such as \"Newsday, USA Today, New York Daily News\", and the \"New York Guardian\"."}, {"context": " Borzellieri's controversies have been profiled in the \"Washington Times\", \"Village Voice\", \"New York Times\", and others. He has received praise from conservative publications such as \"National Review\" and \"Human Events\". Because of his views, Borzellieri became a frequent guest on the talk show circuit across the United States. He has appeared on many radio shows and television programs including Leeza, the Ricki Lake Show, 20/20, Geraldo Rivera Show, Fox Sunday Morning, the Jackie Mason Show, Good Morning America, Good Day New York, the Richard Bey Show, Michael Moore\u2019s TV Nation and the Vladimir Posner Show.  On radio, he has been a frequent guest on the Sean Hannity, Alan Colmes, Bob Grant, and Curtis Sliwa shows. He has appeared many times on the Ann Liguori radio sports program on WFAN in New York."}]}, {"title": "Halfway, Glasgow", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Halfwayhouse is a district on the southwest side of the city of Glasgow, Scotland. Once a village in its own right, sitting on the original Renfrewshire-Lanarkshire border, the area takes its name from the fact that it lies equidistant between Glasgow and Paisley at a distance of from each ('Three Mile House' was situated on Paisley Road West, but has long since gone, although 'Two Mile House' built and owned by the various railway companies at the junction of Dumbreck Road survived into the 1980s).  In the late 1920s, Halfwayhouse and a handful of neighbouring villages, including Cardonald, Hillington, Govan and Crookston, were annexed to the ever-expanding city of Glasgow. This resulted in the renaming of many roads, to prevent duplication with ones in Glasgow. Through the 1940s and 1950s, Halfwayhouse was developed significantly to the point where there is very little trace of the original village on what is still the main road between Glasgow and Paisley."}]}, {"title": "Universal, Indiana", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Universal is a town in Clinton Township, Vermillion County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 362 at the 2010 census. Universal was founded in 1911 as a mining community. The town took its name from the nearby Universal Mines. A post office has been in operation at Universal since 1912. Universal is located in the far southern part of the county, just to the west of Indiana State Road 63. According to the 2010 census, Universal has a total area of , all land. As of the census of 2010, there were 362 people, 151 households, and 103 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 176 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 99.4% White, 0.3% African American, and 0.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population."}, {"context": " There were 151 households of which 33.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.4% were married couples living together, 19.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.8% were non-families. 29.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.82. The median age in the town was 38.8 years. 27.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.6% were from 25 to 44; 26% were from 45 to 64; and 15.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 47.5% male and 52.5% female."}, {"context": " As of the census of 2000, there were 420 people, 184 households, and 117 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,477.5 people per square mile (577.8/km\u00b2). There were 207 housing units at an average density of 729.9 per square mile (285.4/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.52% White, 0.24% African American and 0.24% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.95% of the population. There were 184 households out of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.9% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 31.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.86."}, {"context": " In the town, the population was spread out with 22.0% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 32.7% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.4 males. The median income for a household in the town was $36,042, and the median income for a family was $39,327. Males had a median income of $28,068 versus $25,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,930. About 6.0% of families and 9.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.3% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over."}]}, {"title": "Lincoln Building (Carrington, North Dakota)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Lincoln Building built in 1908 was a historic school building located off U.S. 281 in Carrington, North Dakota. It was designed by Fargo architects Haxby & Gillespie and was built in 1908. On April 30, 1980, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Reportedly, it was scheduled to be torn down in June or July 2008. It was removed from the National Register in February 2011."}]}, {"title": "Cephaloziaceae", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Cephaloziaceae is a family of liverworts. Liverworts of this family are dioecious plants which have creeping or upright forms. They are green, brown, reddish, or purplish in color. The leaves are alternately arranged and succubous. Oil bodies are rare. They reproduce sexually, or vegetatively via gemmae. There are about 13 to 16 genera in this family. They include: Family Cephaloziaceae is frequently rearranged. For example, genetic analysis suggests that genus \"Hygrobiella\" should be moved out of the family, and perhaps classified in a family of its own, and microscopic analysis of the morphology of \"Trabacellula\" also suggests it should be separated and made into a new family."}]}, {"title": "Aliens vs. Predator (novel series)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The \"Aliens vs. Predator\" novel series is a trilogy of novels that belong to the fictional crossover franchise of Alien vs. Predator, based on the original \"Aliens vs. Predator\" comic book series by Dark Horse Comics. A clan of Predators (known as yautja in this series) 'seeds' the planet Ryushi with a clutch of Alien eggs, intending to hunt the adult \"drone\" stage of the \"xenomorphs\". Chaos ruins the carefully planned hunt when Predator and Alien encounter Ryushi's human colonists, led by reluctant corporate executive Machiko Noguchi.  Noguchi receives an offer by a wealthy man named Livermore Evanston to attend his own hunter paradise on the planet Blior which will be known to Noguchi as the deadliest planet of all space. On a swamp planet, entitled Bunda, Noguchi must rescue human survivors who are in the middle of the Predator raid. The events of this story take place in between \"Prey\" and \"Hunter's Planet\"."}]}, {"title": "Ali Asghar Mazandarani", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Grand Ayatollah Ali Asghar Mazandarani (1826\u20131911) was an Iranian cleric originally from Amirkola. He was a spiritual guide for many Shia Muslims. Mazandarani was educated in formal Islamic studies at Mirza Habibolah Rashti, Mola Esmaeil Borojerdi, Mohammad Ashrafi, Mohammad-Kazem Khorasani, and the Mirza Hosein khalili Tehrani seminary in Najaf. After completing his studies, he returned to Amirkola and Babol in Mazandaran and was responsible for religious affairs there. Mazandarani died in 1911. After his death, the Babol and Amirkola city markets were closed, and people wore black in mourning. Mazandarani was buried in the Garden of Rizwan. His tomb was destroyed by Reza Khan, but later repaired by Mazandarani's grandson, Haj Ali Asghar Khalili Amiri."}]}, {"title": "Jesu\u0301s Antonio Herna\u0301ndez", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Jes\u00fas Antonio Hern\u00e1ndez (born June 26, 1988 in Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico) is a Mexican professional boxer in the Lightweight division and is trained by former World Champion, Roberto Garc\u00eda. In October 2010, Hern\u00e1ndez beat the veteran Steve M\u00e1rquez, this bout was held at the Civic Auditorium in Glendale, California."}]}, {"title": "Shunichi Shimizu", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Shunichi Shimizu (born January 31, 1985) is a Japanese mixed martial artist. He competed in the Flyweight, Bantamweight, Featherweight and Lightweight divisions."}]}, {"title": "John Shepherd", "paragraphs": [{"context": " John Shepherd may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Francesco Pazienza", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Francesco Pazienza (born in Monteparano in the 1946) is an Italian businessman, and former officer of the Italian military intelligence agency, SISMI. As of April 2007, he has been paroled to the community of Lerici, after serving many years in prison, including a 1993 conviction due to his role in the Banco Ambrosiano scandal, and a 1982 conviction for mishandling state secrets. Pazienza holds a degree in medicine from the University of Rome. He worked as a business consultant in France during the 1970s. In 1979 he was hired into SISMI, and became an assistant to SISMI director, General Giuseppe Santovito. Pazienza left the intelligence agency in wake of the Propaganda Due scandal that rocked the Italian political scene in 1981. The Banco Ambrosiano scandal, Roberto Calvi's \"suicide,\" and charges of mishandling state secrets concerned with the 1980 Bologna bombing, made Pazienza a fugitive from Italian law."}, {"context": " Eventually, Pazienza ended up in the United States. A first extradition request from Italy was handed to the U.S. government in 1984, but Pazienza was not yet arrested. His arrest come only on March 4, 1985. Extradition procedures ensued, and a judge order him to stand trial in Italy, an appeal process did not change that, and Pazienza was handed over to the Italian government in June 1986. During the trial of Mehmet Ali A\u011fca's 1981 assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II, A\u011fca claimed to have been visited by Pazienza in his prison cell at Rome's Ascoli Piceno (this came just after the presiding judge called for \"pazienza\" in the court room). That Pazienza visited A\u011fca was also claimed by a former camorrista turned pentiti, Giovanni Pandico. From his New York prison, Pazienza denied ever having visited A\u011fca; Pazienza was question on this issue by Italian investigative judge, Ilario Martella, in New York. A short time later, Martella dropped the charges of Agca being \"coached\" by supposed elements from the Italian military intelligence."}, {"context": " When Pazienza was still a fugitive, he was questioned in the United States by Customs agents regarding financial fraud charges brought in Italy that had grown out of the disappearance of funds, about $3 million, from the Banco Ambrosiano. Pazienza later claimed that these Customs agents had told him that Stefano Delle Chiaie had been seen in Miami, Florida, with an unidentified Turk, and repeated his position during the time he was on trial on charges stemming from the 1980 Bologna bombing. It is unclear if this Turk was Oral \u00c7elik or Abdullah \u00c7atl\u0131."}, {"context": " 1985 Wall Street Journal investigation suggested that a series of Billygate articles written by Michael Ledeen and published in The New Republic in October 1980 were part of a disinformation campaign intended to influence the outcome of that year's presidential election. According to the reporting, Francesco Pazienza, alleged that Ledeen was paid $120,000 for his work on Billygate and other projects. Pazienza was later tried and convicted in absentia for using \"extortion and fraud to obtain embarrassing facts about Billy Carter\".  Pazienza was sentenced in 1988 for trying to divert the investigation into the 1980 bombing of the Bologna train station, on charges relating the planting of similar explosive materials in a train in 1981, leading a trail away from the actual perpetrators. In 1990, his conviction was reversed on appeals, but a retrial resulted in a definitive prison term handed out in 1995."}]}, {"title": "Perfect Symmetry (Fates Warning album)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Perfect Symmetry is the fifth studio album by progressive metal band Fates Warning, released in 1989 through Metal Blade Records; a remastered edition was reissued on June 10, 2008 together with a bonus disc containing studio demos, as well as a DVD of live performances from the 1989\u201390 \"Perfect Symmetry\" world tour. It was with this album that the band's more modern, progressive direction was established. \"Perfect Symmetry\" was Fates Warning's second album with singer Ray Alder, who fully participated in the writing of the album. Guitarist and founding band member Jim Matheos describes Alder as having \"really started to find his voice and range [on \"Perfect Symmetry\"]. It was our second album with him and he did some incredible stuff. It's also when he started to sing in a lower range and we welcomed that because that's the direction we wanted to head into anyway. Before that album, in terms of singing, we were like, 'the higher the better!'\""}, {"context": " It was also the band's first album with drummer Mark Zonder, who, according to Matheos, \"helped us go in that progressive direction we wanted to go in. It was an even bigger change than when Ray joined a few years before.\" Zonder confirmed in a 2011 interview that Matheos was pushing the songwriting in a more progressive direction: \"It seemed a bit more prog and less thrashy. Seemed like Jim wanted to stretch things out a bit and make them a bit more airy-linear than straight up and down.\" \"Nothing Left to Say\" was featured on the soundtrack to the 1991 film \"\". An instrumental version of \"At Fates Hands\", renamed \"At Fate's Fingers\", was released on the 1991 compilation album \"Guitar's Practicing Musicians Vol. 2\"."}, {"context": " Critical reception for \"Perfect Symmetry\" has been mostly positive. Robert Taylor at AllMusic gave the album four out of five stars and said, \"This was the recording that established Fates Warning as a progressive band. Their metal influences still dominate the group's overall sound; however, Mark Zonder's unique approach to drumming adds another level of depth and credibility to the music.\" Trey Spencer at Sputnikmusic gave the album five stars out of five, describing it as \"easily their most progressive album to date\" and saying, \"If you like your prog cold and precise without all the random instrumental masturbation that a lot of others utilize then you should do your best to pick this up as soon as possible.\"  The album was relatively successful in the charts, reaching No. 141 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 (the second-highest position in the band's history) and remaining on that chart for nine weeks. Fates Warning would not have another album enter the \"Billboard\" 200 until \"Darkness in a Different Light\" in 2013."}]}, {"title": "Bringing Down the House (film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Bringing Down the House is a 2003 American comedy film written by Jason Filardi and directed by Adam Shankman. The film stars Steve Martin and Queen Latifah. Peter Sanderson (Steve Martin) is an uptight workaholic tax attorney in his 50s. He is separated from his wife Kate (Jean Smart), who has an extremely unpleasant sister Ashley (Missi Pyle). Peter and Kate have two children, 15-year-old Sarah (Kimberly J. Brown) and 8-year-old Georgie (Angus T. Jones). Online, Peter has been conversing with a woman who seems ideal to him, \"lawyer-girl\", who appears to be a blond, successful, and well-educated lawyer. He sets up a blind date at his house, and is shocked to see that lawyer-girl is in fact Charlene Morton (Queen Latifah), a convicted felon who wants Peter to help her get her record cleared. Peter tries to throw her out, but reluctantly lets her stay overnight in the guest room."}, {"context": " At the law office, Peter\u2019s friend Howie Rottman (Eugene Levy) is helping Peter\u2019s attempt to land a huge contract with a wealthy client, Mrs. Virginia Arness (Joan Plowright). Howie finds Charlene very attractive as soon as he meets her, and is actively wooing her during most of the film. Charlene is very determined, and despite Peter\u2019s rejection, she keeps reappearing at Peter\u2019s home, his office, and other places where he visits. She comes very close to ruining his chances of landing the big contract. However, it becomes apparent that although she is from a very different social stratum than Peter, and has a self-presentation which is the polar opposite of his, she is nonetheless kind, intelligent, ingenious, and well-educated in the law, thanks to the studying she did while she was incarcerated."}, {"context": " At one point, Charlene is forced to \u201cpass\u201d as the nanny of Peter\u2019s children. She ends up genuinely making friends with the children, and she is able to help Peter\u2019s son Georgie overcome his inability to read, as well as forcibly sorting out Peter\u2019s daughter Sarah\u2019s boyfriend problems. Charlene even helps Peter himself learn to loosen up a lot more, so he has a chance of being successful in winning his wife back again, which is what he wants more than anything else. As the movie ends, Peter has set up a small law firm with Howie, who is now in a relationship with Charlene, and Peter is much less of a workaholic and succeeds in winning his wife\u2019s affections back."}, {"context": " A soundtrack containing hip hop and R&B music was released on March 4, 2003 by Hollywood Records. It peaked at 111 on the \"Billboard\" 200 and 23 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Since the film's release in 2003, \"Bringing Down the House\" has received mixed to negative reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes currently gives the film a \"rotten\" score of 34% based on 148 reviews, the general consensus being, \"Though the cast shines, they can't save this comedy, which is overly contrived and filled with outdated and offensive racial jokes.\"  On a budget of $35 million, the film became a surprise hit. It earned $132.6 million in the United States and an international gross of $32 million, bringing its worldwide gross to $164.6 million. As of March 2009, it is ranked #231 of the All Time Top Grossing USA Motion Pictures. Queen Latifah Steve Martin"}]}, {"title": "Frank L. Prescott", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Frank Lewis Prescott was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. Prescott was born on October 27, 1878 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He would become involved in advertising and publishing. Prescott died on December 12, 1956, in Honolulu, Hawaii where he had been living since 1952. Prescott was elected to the Assembly in 1915, 1920, 1922, and 1924. He was a Republican."}]}, {"title": "Tom Van Vleck", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Tom Van Vleck is an American computer software engineer. He graduated from MIT in 1965 with a BS in Mathematics. He worked on CTSS at MIT, and co-authored its first email program. In 1965, he joined Project Mac, which is the origin of the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. He worked for development of Multics for more than 16 years at MIT and Honeywell Information Systems. Since 2007, most of the Multics source code and documentation is provided as free software by IS&T at MIT.  He is also known as a computer security expert."}]}, {"title": "Adadia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Adadia is a village in Uruan local government of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Adadia is inhabited by the Ibibio people."}]}, {"title": "Happy Together (The Turtles album)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Happy Together is the third studio album by the American rock band the Turtles. It was released in April 1967 on White Whale Records."}]}, {"title": "John W. Grant", "paragraphs": [{"context": " John W. Grant (July 26, 1867, West Point, Georgia \u2013 March 8, 1938) was a member of the Georgia School of Technology board of trustees and a well-known Atlanta, Georgia, merchant around the 1880s. He was the grandson of John T. Grant and the son of William D. Grant, both of whom were successful railroad builders with their Fannin, Grant & Company. With help from his grandfather, he was made president of the Gate City Loan, Saving and Banking Company at the age of 21. In 1902, he was a director of the Atlanta-based Third National Bank.  He married the daughter of Hugh T. Inman who gave him the Kimball House as a wedding gift. By this time Grant the younger was well-placed in Atlanta society, where he was heavily involved in the Capital City Club and Piedmont Driving Club. Grant was also the benefactor of Grant Field, the home of the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team, naming it in honor of his deceased son, Hugh Inman Grant (1895\u20131906)."}]}, {"title": "USS Pandemus (ARL-18)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " USS \"Pandemus\" (ARL-18) was one of 39 \"Achelous\"-class landing craft repair ships built for the United States Navy during World War II and was in commission from 1945 to 1946 and from 1951 to 1968. Named for Pandemus (a civic goddess in Egyptian and Greek mythology, perhaps of marriage, personifying earthly or common love), she has been the only U.S. Navy vessel to bear the name. \"Pandemous\" originally was laid down as the \"LST-542\"-class tank landing ship USS \"LST-650\" on 20 July 1944 by the Chicago Bridge and Iron Company at Seneca, Illinois. While under construction, she was reclassified as a landing craft repair ship and re-designated as ARL\u201318 on 14 August 1944 and named \"Pandemus\" on 11 September 1944. She was launched on 10 October 1944, sponsored by Mrs. Laura Sauter Gasperik, and placed in reduced commission on 21 October 1944 for transit to New Orleans, Louisiana, then decommissioned on 3 November 1944 for conversion to a landing craft repair ship by Todd Johnson Dry Dock, Inc.. After the conversion was complete, she was commissioned in full on 23 February 1945 with Lieutenant Commander Howard B. Shaw, Jr., USNR, in command."}, {"context": " \"Pandemus\" departed New Orleans on 12 March 1945 for shakedown out of Panama City, Florida, and returned for alterations on 26 March 1945. On 4 April 1945 she stood down the Mississippi River, bound by way of the Panama Canal, Hawaii, the Marshall Islands, the Mariana Islands, and Ulithi Atoll to Hagushi anchorage, Okinawa. There she tended and repaired infantry 1945. \"Pandemus\" touched at Guam and Saipan on her way to San Pedro Bay, Leyte, Philippine Islands. She serviced landing and small craft in that area and then at Okinawa and Shanghai, China. She put to sea from Shanghai on 21 December 1945 and steamed by way of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, to San Pedro, California, arriving there on 5 February 1946. She departed San Pedro on 11 February 1946 on her way to Mobile, Alabama, where she arrived on 3 March 1946. She shifted to Algiers, Louisiana, on 4 July 1946 and decommissioned there on 23 September 1946."}, {"context": " \"Pandemus\" recommissioned at Green Cove Springs, Florida, on 14 December 1951 with Lieutenant John H. Thomas in command. After fitting out at Merrill Stevens Shipyard at Jacksonville, Florida, she visited Norfolk, Virginia, on 23 January 1952 and arrived at her new home port, the U.S. Naval Minecraft Base at Charleston, South Carolina, on 30 March 1952 and began 16\u00bd years of service supporting minesweeping operations along the United States East Coast from Newport, Rhode Island, to Key West, Florida, and in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico.  \"Pandemous\" decommissioned on 30 September 1968 and was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 October 1968. She was sunk as a target in late 1969. \"Pandemus\" received one battle star for World War II service."}]}, {"title": "Red Richards", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Charles Coleridge \"Red\" Richards (October 19, 1912, New York City \u2013 March 12, 1998, Scarsdale, New York) was an American jazz pianist. Richards began playing classical piano at age ten, and concentrated on jazz from age 16 after hearing Fats Waller. His first major professional gig was with Tab Smith at New York's Savoy Ballroom from 1945 to 1949. following this he played with Bob Wilber (1950\u201351) and Sidney Bechet (1951). He toured Italy and France in 1953 with Mezz Mezzrow's band alongside Buck Clayton and Big Chief Moore, also accompanying Frank Sinatra during his time in Italy. He played with Muggsy Spanier on and off from 1953 through the end of the decade, and with Fletcher Henderson in 1957-58. In 1958 he did some time as a solo performer in Columbus, Ohio, then played with Wild Bill Davison in 1958-59 and again in 1962."}, {"context": " In 1960 he formed Saints & Sinners with Vic Dickenson, playing with this ensemble until 1970. He joined Jazz drummer Chuck Slate and his band in 1971 and stayed with him most of the year. He recorded an album with Chuck called \"Bix 'N All That Jazz\" Following this he did work with Eddie Condon (1975\u201377), then played with his own trio in 1977-78. He played with Panama Francis's group, the Savoy Sultans, worldwide from 1979 through the 1980s. He recorded with Bill Coleman in 1980. He continued to tour almost up until the time of his death.  With Pee Wee Russell"}]}, {"title": "Bayombong", "paragraphs": [{"context": " ', officially the ' (; ; ), is a and capital of the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people. Bayombong is the seat of the Provincial Capitol of Nueva Vizcaya. The name Bayombong emanated from the Gaddang word \u201c\"Bayongyong\"\u201d which means confluence of two or more rivers. It has been reported that a certain tribe arrived and tried to invade the place, which caused the outbreak of the first tribal war in the area. The site was renamed \u201cBayumbung\u201d as a sign of the Gaddangs' first victory in fighting for their private domains."}, {"context": " The terrain is mountainous dominated by steep hills and mountains encompassing an area of 36.44% of its total land area. Level to gently sloping is 32.03%, rolling to hilly is 8.09% while the remaining 23.44% are very steep mountains. The town was founded at the juncture of the Calocool and Magat Rivers, and has grown to incorporate the Pan-Philippine Highway. Bayombong is politically subdivided into 25 barangays. It was in 1739 when Spanish Augustinian Friars named the place \"Bayumbung\", which was later changed into Bayombong. Bayombong was formally founded on June 12, 1739 during the first Mass celebrated in the region, officiated by Father Pedro Freire in a makeshift chapel at the foot of the Bangan Hill."}, {"context": " Bayombong came under the administration of Dominican friars as a part of the Paniqui mission pueblo a few months after its founding. The pueblo census of 1747 records 470 residents of Bayombong. The names of those considered to be founding fathers of Bayombong were Ramon Cabauatan, Jacinto Gadingan, Vicente Saquing, Ignacio Abuag, Mariano Danao, Domingo Bayaua, a certain Bincatan and a certain Mamuric. All of them were Gaddangs. Their names are remembered today in major streets of the town. In 1754, the local government was formally organized. A \"Capitan del Pueblo\" was appointed as the chief executive. In 1982, the town became the seat of the new Diocese of Bayombong."}, {"context": " From 1773\u20131792, Fray Juan Crespo constructed the brick St. Dominic's church, the convent and the cemetery next to the church, and started the octagonal tower. By 1829, Fray Juan Molano finished the tower. In 1880 the church building was damaged in an earthquake, while more than a century later, in 1987, a fire destroyed the church and convent. In 1989, the 250th anniversary of the first Mass in Bayombong, the rebuilt cathedral was dedicated. On 28 Nov. 1899 during the Philippine\u2013American War, General Fernando Canon surrendered his 300-man battalion, plus 139 Spanish and 14 American prisoners, to 2nd Lt. James N. Munro's 53 men of the 4th Cavalry. Included in the release were William Rynders and Orrison Woodbury, captured with the rest of Lt. Gillmore's men during the Siege of Baler."}, {"context": " In 1916, the American administration started a farm settlement school in Bayombong. In 1918, a high-school curriculum was added, and the school was named Bayombong Rural School. In 1928, Father de Gryse started St. Mary's, a Catholic elementary school. In 1930, Bayombong Rural School was re-purposed as Nueva Vizcaya Rural High School (NVRHS), and in 1934 St. Mary's added a high-school department. During the Japanese occupation, high school operations were suspended; they resumed in 1945. In 1947, the St. Mary's College (now St. Mary's University) was established by the CICM near the elementary and high-schools of the same name. In 1956, NVRHS was converted into two programs: Nueva Vizcaya General Comprehensive High School and Nueva Vizcaya National Agricultural School. In 1964 the agricultural school became Nueva Vizcaya Agricultural College, then in 1973 Nueva Vizcaya State Institute of Technology. Presently, the school is Nueva Vizcaya State University."}, {"context": " Bayombong is the 1913 birthplace of Roy Anthony Cutaran Bennett (1913\u20131990), editor of the \"Manila Bulletin\" who was tortured for his outspoken opposition to the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. Edith Lopez Tiempo, another Bayombong native, was celebrated as a National Artist of the Philippines in 1999. Ilocano, Bontoc, Gaddang, Ifugao, Isinay, Tagalog, and English are used always in Bayombong's schools, markets, and places of worship but in public schools they also use Ilocano. For fourteen (14) years from its founding in 1739, the town of Bayombong was administered by Friars. The major activities of the colonizers were Religion and Education."}, {"context": " The year 1574 marked the beginning of the formal organization of the local government of Bayombong. With the appointment of a \"Capitan del Pueblo\" as the chief executive of the town. In 1789, the title of the chief executive was changed to \"Gobernadorcillo\". In 1893, the title was changed to \"Capitan Municipal\". During the government in 1896, the \"Presidente Local\" was chief executive of the town but this was again changed to Mayor in 1937 as per provision of the Commonwealth Constitution. Capitol Park \u2013 It is considered as the \"Luneta of the North\". This 8-hectare park is carpeted with green grass and elegantly landscaped. It has a boating lagoon, fountain and wishing well, picnic huts and sports facilities. It also has painting murals depicting some significant legends, the indigenous tribes and major attractions of the province."}, {"context": " Bayombong Children's Park \u2013 located at the heart of the town and is a good playground of children. It is equipped with swings, slides, etc. St. Dominic Cathedral \u2013 It is located at the heart of the town and it boasts of having the best sounding church bells in the country. The structure is made of bricks and rare church antiques. The People's Museum and Library \u2013 This two-storey historical building, where the provincial government was formerly seated, is now housing the Novo Vizcayano history and heritage."}, {"context": " Bangan Hill National Park \u2013 A historic landmark and cultural treasure. It is the site of the annual \"Stations of the Cross\" staged by the local Catholic church during the Lenten season using live actors depicting the last moments leading to Jesus Christ's crucifixion. Also great for hiking enthusiasts. Rizal Shrine \u2013 located at Barangay Casat, Bayombong. Bansing Falls \u2013 Located at Barangay Bansing, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya. Magat River University/College Vocational School High School Primary School  Elementary/Middle School Playhouse and Tutorial Services"}]}, {"title": "Lord of the Dance (novel)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Lord of the Dance (1984) is a novel by Father Andrew Greeley. It is the third in the Passover Trilogy. It is the story of a teenager, Noele Farrell, who Greeley has said represents a composite of Irish-American teenage women he has met. Noele is the daughter of Roger, a college professor and candidate for public office with adulterous tendencies, and Irene, once a very promising bright young woman, and still beautiful, but clearly broken by years of a domestic life with a cheating husband. She is sometimes able to read the thoughts, and foresee the future, of those close to her."}, {"context": " She becomes obsessed with her uncle, Danny Farrell, who has always been a black sheep of sorts in the family. Danny is believed to have died in an airplane flying over China while working for the CIA. Roger's mother, Brigid, is a powerful widow with a lot of dirty secrets. The family is an example of an Irish Catholic family's ascent into the upper middle class, perhaps even the upper class, after a few generations, reflecting a common theme of sociologist Greeley. However, aside from Danny, there have been other mysterious deaths in this family, and Noelle courageously probes this dark side of her ancestry, leading to the truth about who she really is."}, {"context": " Noele is clearly the most significant character in the book. Greeley has said that she is meant to embody the Church. She is a spunky girl who once takes over a church service with her guitar-playing rendition of the hymn \"Lord of the Dance\", much to the dismay of her folk group leader, and gives a spontaneous, powerful homily about life being a dance where God chooses the partners. Sometimes, however, God wants to dance alone, with just us. It contains themes central to many of Greeley's novels, including the importance of Irish Catholicism as a fundamental element of Irish culture, and the idea that family loyalty can be both loving and realistic at the same time. Also included (as in many of Greeley's books) are the familiar elements of love, sex, and mystery."}]}, {"title": "Bipp Castle", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Bipp Castle is a partially ruined castle in the municipality of Oberbipp of the Canton of Bern in Switzerland. During the 12th century the Bishop of Basel granted the Buchsgau region, which included the village of Oberbipp, to the Count of Froburg to hold as a fief. By 1268 Bipp Castle is first mentioned in a document. During the 13th century the counts of Froburg appear to have gradually lost most of their holdings in the Buchsgau until only the villages of Bipp, Wiedlisbach and Erlinsburg remained. At some point in the following years the Froburgs also lost ownership of Bipp Castle, though whether it was sold or captured is not clear."}, {"context": " In 1297 Count Rudolf of Neuch\u00e2tel-Nidau granted the castle to one of his Ministerialis knights. Then, in 1313 Rudolf\u2019s son, also a Rudolf, granted the castle and the right to collect tolls on the bridge to Aarwangen. In 1362 Count Rudolf of Nidau became the Lord of Froburg along with his other titles. However, when he died childless his estates were divided between several family members. Eventually, Rudolf of Kyburg inherited the castle and surrounding lands. Following a disastrous Kyburg raid on Solothurn which led to the Burgdorferkrieg (1383-84), the lands were sold to the Habsburgs in 1385. In the following year Bipp went to Basel and then in 1406 back to the Kyburgs, who had to sell it to Solothurn and Bern in the same year."}, {"context": " Until 1463 Bern and Solothurn jointly administered the nearby villages from Bipp Castle. After this, Solothurn received the Neu-Bechburg vogtei and Bipp became fully part of Bern. The castle became the seat of the Bernese \u2018\u2019landvogt\u2019\u2019 or reeve. Over the following three centuries a total of 62 Bernese administrators ruled over the region. On 2 March 1798 the French Army captured Solothurn during their invasion of Switzerland. The last Bernese landvogt fled Bipp Castle ahead of the invading army. The residents of Oberbipp and Niederbipp then plundered the castle, taking everything they could carry off. A French report from 16 March 1798 records that the castle was uninhabitable because even the windows and doors had been carried off."}, {"context": " The ruins of Bipp Castle were sold in 1805 and were partly demolished to provide stone for other buildings. In 1855 the ruins were sold to the Stehlin family of Basel, who built a small mansion on the site of the former castle granary. The castle was built on hill near the village of Oberbipp. The castle was an elongated polygon with a massive palas on the eastern side and a slender, round bergfried on the west, connected by a line of buildings. The northern side of the castle was a curtain wall connecting the palas and bergfried. The main wall was further protected with a lower, outer wall with several round and square towers. A granary and stables were outside the wall on the southern flank of the castle hill."}]}, {"title": "Kebria Kola", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kebria Kola (, also Romanized as Kebr\u012b\u0101 Kol\u0101) is a village in Deraz Kola Rural District, Babol Kenar District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,885, in 570 families."}]}, {"title": "1891 Paisley by-election", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Paisley by-election, 1891 was a parliamentary by-election held on 1 June 1891 for the British House of Commons constituency of Paisley in Scotland. It was caused by the death of the constituency's sitting Liberal Member of Parliament William Boyle Barbour who had held the seat since the 1885 general election. The seat was held for the Liberals by William Dunn, a Paisley born, self-made, merchant banker."}]}, {"title": "Bunaeopsis phidias", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Bunaeopsis phidias is a moth of the family Saturniidae. It is known from Africa, including Tanzania, Eritrea, Malawi and Zambia. The body of the male of this species has a length of , its forewings and it has a wingspan of . The ground colour of the forewings is a yellowish brown."}]}, {"title": "William Hawkins Wilson", "paragraphs": [{"context": " William Hawkins Wilson (Oxford 1866-Cairo1956) Professor W. H. Wilson was a British Physiologists and a member of the Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt, from 1895 to 1928, in which latter year he became Professor of physiology and dean of Kasr El Aini Hospital. Professor Wilson's contribut to the study of pellagra at the beginning of this century"}]}, {"title": "2017 United Women's Soccer season", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 2017 United Women's Soccer season was the 23nd season of pro-am women's soccer in the United States, and the 2nd season of the UWS league. Bold = winner<nowiki>*</nowiki> = after extra time, ( ) = penalty shootout score Hosted by Grandville High School in Grandville, Michigan <section begin=midwest playoffs-bracket /> Bold = winner<nowiki>*</nowiki> = after extra time, ( ) = penalty shootout score<section end=midwest playoffs-bracket /> Hosted by Grandville High School in Grandville, Michigan. Classified to the semifinals are Grand Rapids FC (Midwest Conference champion), Santa Clarita (West Conference champion), Long Island Rough Riders (East Conference champion) and Detroit Sun FC invited by United Women's Soccer as a wildcard."}, {"context": " <section begin=national playoffs-bracket /> Bold = winner<nowiki>*</nowiki> = after extra time, ( ) = penalty shootout score<section end=national playoffs-bracket /> Championship MVP: Michaela Kovacs (Grand Rapids FC) F: Bethany Balcer (GRA), Carissima Cutrona (WNY)<br> M: Jackie Bruno (NJC), Deyna Castellanos (SAC), Kimberly Marra (LIR), Annie Steinlage (GRA)<br> D: Michaela Kovacs (GRA), Natalia Kuikka (SAC), Rebecca Raber (NJC), Lauren Sesselmann (SAC)<br> G: Caitlyn Clem (DET) F: Haley Crawford (LAN), Joelle Gosselin (CAL), Madison Schupbach (DET)<br>  M: Brenna Brown (NEM), Chloe Castaneda (SAC), Dani Evans (DET)<br> D: Jennifer Cafferky (NEM), Taylor Groth (LIR), Natalie Norris (RSL), Brooke Salmon (NYS)<br> G: Emily Burns (CAL)"}]}, {"title": "John Bond (1717\u20131784)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " John Bond (11 May 1717 \u2013 30 May 1784) was a British barrister and politician. He was the eldest son of John Bond of Tyneham, Dorset and educated in the law at the Inner Temple and Wadham College, Oxford. He was called to the bar in 1740. He succeeded his father at Tyneham in 1744 and his uncle Denis Bond at Creech Grange, Dorset in 1747. These estates carried with them influence in local politics: in 1747, he was chosen recorder of nearby Wareham, an office he held until his death, and in the general election of that year, he was returned to Parliament for the borough of Corfe Castle. On 17 July 1749, he married Mary, the daughter of Edmund Dummer of Swaythling and stepdaughter of his uncle Denis. They had five sons and two daughters, including John and Nathaniel."}, {"context": " In 1756, he was appointed recorder of Dorchester, holding office until 1781. He continued to be returned for Corfe Castle, where he kept up an agreement with the Bankes family, who owned substantial property within the borough, to return one member on each of their interests. For unknown reasons, he did not stand at the 1761 election, and returned Viscount Malpas on his interest instead. Malpas died in 1764, and Bond had himself returned at the ensuing by-election. An independent supporter of Government, little is known of his political convictions or activity in the House.  On 18 July 1772, Bond was appointed recorder of Poole, an office he held until his death. He stood down from Parliament in the 1780 election in favour of his eldest living son, John. Bond died on 30 May 1784 and was succeeded to Creech Grange by his son John. His obituary noted his studies of classical authors and of British constitutional law, and his recreation of making improvements to his estate."}]}, {"title": "Circle of latitude", "paragraphs": [{"context": " A circle of latitude on Earth is an abstract east\u2013west circle connecting all locations around Earth (ignoring elevation) at a given latitude. Circles of latitude are often called parallels because they are parallel to each other; that is, any two circles are always the same distance apart. A location's position along a circle of latitude is given by its longitude. Circles of latitude are unlike circles of longitude, which are all great circles with the centre of Earth in the middle, as the circles of latitude get smaller as the distance from the Equator increases. Their length can be calculated by a common sine or cosine function. The 60th parallel north or south is half as long as the Equator (disregarding Earth's minor flattening by 0.3%). A circle of latitude is perpendicular to all meridians."}, {"context": " The latitude of the circle is approximately the angle between the Equator and the circle, with the angle's vertex at Earth's centre. The equator is at 0\u00b0, and the North Pole and South Pole are at 90\u00b0 north and 90\u00b0 south, respectively. The Equator is the longest circle of latitude and is the only circle of latitude which also is a great circle. There are 89 integral (whole degree) circles of latitude between the equator and the Poles in each hemisphere, but these can be divided into more precise measurements of latitude, and are often represented as a decimal degree (e.g. 34.637\u00b0N) or with minutes and seconds (e.g. 22\u00b014'26\"S). There is no limit to how precisely latitude can be measured, and so there are an infinite number of circles of latitude on Earth."}, {"context": " On a map, the circles of latitude may or may not be parallel, and their spacing may vary, depending on which projection is used to map the surface of the Earth onto a plane. On an equirectangular projection, centered on the equator, the circles of latitude are horizontal, parallel, and equally spaced. On other cylindrical and pseudocylindrical projections, the circles of latitude are horizontal and parallel, but may be spaced unevenly to give the map useful characteristics. For instance, on a Mercator projection the circles of latitude are more widely spaced near the poles to preserve local scales and shapes, while on a Gall\u2013Peters projection the circles of latitude are spaced more closely near the poles so that comparisons of area will be accurate. On most non-cylindrical and non-pseudocylindrical projections, the circles of latitude are neither straight nor parallel."}, {"context": " Arcs of circles of latitude are sometimes used as boundaries between countries or regions where distinctive natural borders are lacking (such as in deserts), or when an artificial border is drawn as a \"line on a map\", which was made in massive scale during the 1884 Berlin Conference, regarding huge parts of the African continent. North American nations and states have also mostly been created by straight lines, which are often parts of circles of latitudes. For instance, the northern border of Colorado is at 41\u00b0N while the southern border is at 37\u00b0N. Roughly half the length of border between the United States and Canada follows 49\u00b0N."}, {"context": " There are five major circles of latitude, listed below from north to south. The position of the Equator is fixed (90 degrees from Earth's axis of rotation) but the latitudes of the other circles depend on the tilt of this axis relative to the plane of Earth's orbit, and so are not perfectly fixed. The values below are for : These circles of latitude, excluding the Equator, mark the divisions between the five principal geographical zones. The equator is the circle that is equidistant from the North Pole and South Pole."}, {"context": " It divides the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. Of the parallels or circles of latitude, it is the longest, and the only 'great circle' (a circle on the surface of the Earth, centered on Earth's center). All the other parallels are smaller and centered only on Earth's axis. The Arctic Circle is the southernmost latitude in the Northern Hemisphere at which the sun can remain continuously above or below the horizon for 24 hours (at the June and December solstices respectively). Similarly, the Antarctic Circle marks the northernmost latitude in the Southern Hemisphere at which the sun can remain continuously above or below the horizon for 24 hours (at the December and June Solstices respectively)."}, {"context": " The latitude of the polar circles is equal to 90\u00b0 less the Earth's axial tilt. The Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn mark the northernmost and southernmost latitudes at which the sun may be seen directly overhead (at the June solstice and December solstice respectively). The latitude of the tropical circles is equal to the Earth's axial tilt. By definition, the positions of the Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle all depend on the tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the plane of its orbit around the sun (the \"obliquity of the ecliptic\"). If the Earth were \"upright\" (its axis at right angles to the orbital plane) there would be no Arctic, Antarctic, or Tropical circles: at the poles the sun would always circle along the horizon, and at the equator the sun would always rise due east, pass directly overhead, and set due west."}, {"context": " The positions of the Tropical and Polar Circles are not fixed because the axial tilt changes slowly \u2013 a complex motion determined by the superimposition of many different cycles (some of which are described below) with short to very long periods. In 2000 the mean value of the tilt was about 23\u00b0\u00a026\u2032\u00a021\u2033. The main long-term cycle causes the axial tilt to fluctuate between about 22.1\u00b0 and 24.5\u00b0 with a period of 41,000 years. Currently, the \"average\" value of the tilt is decreasing by about 0.47\u2033 per year. As a result, (approximately, and on average) the Tropical Circles are drifting towards the equator (and the Polar Circles towards the poles) by 15 metres per year, and the area of the Tropics is decreasing by per year."}, {"context": " The Earth's axial tilt has additional shorter-term variations due to nutation, of which the main term, with a period of 18.6 years, has an amplitude of 9.2\" (corresponding to almost 300 metres north and south). There are many smaller terms, resulting in varying daily shifts of some metres in any direction. Finally, the Earth's rotational axis is not exactly fixed in the Earth, but undergoes small fluctuations (on the order of 15 meters) called polar motion, which have a small effect on the Tropics and Polar Circles and also on the Equator."}, {"context": " Short-term fluctuations over a matter of days do not directly affect the location of the extreme latitudes at which the sun may appear directly overhead, or at which 24-hour day or night is possible, except when they actually occur at the time of the solstices. Rather, they cause a theoretical shifting of the parallels, that would occur if the given axis tilt were maintained throughout the year. These circles of latitude can be defined on other planets with axial inclinations relative to their orbital planes. Objects such as Pluto with tilt angles greater than 45 degrees will have the tropic circles closer to the poles and the polar circles closer to the equator."}, {"context": " A number of sub-national and international borders were intended to be defined by, or are approximated by, parallels. Parallels make convenient borders in the northern hemisphere because astronomic latitude can be roughly measured (to within a few tens of meters) by sighting the North Star. Elevation has an effect on a location with respect to the plane formed by a circle of latitude. Since (in the geodetic system) altitude and depth are determined by the normal to the Earth's surface, locations sharing the same latitude\u2014but having different elevations (i.e., lying along this normal)\u2014no longer lie within this plane. Rather, all points sharing the same latitude\u2014but of varying elevation and longitude\u2014occupy the surface of a truncated cone formed by the rotation of this normal around the Earth's axis of rotation."}]}, {"title": "John Madden Football (1994 video game)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " John Madden Football is a video game developed by High Score Productions and published by Electronic Arts exclusively for the 3DO. \"John Madden Football\" features the normal NFL teams, and also includes classic teams from football's past, as well as an all-Madden team consisting of the greatest players playing at the time of the game's release, and an all-star team consisting of the best players in football's history. In 1995, Atari Corporation struck a deal with Electronic Arts to bring select titles to the Atari Jaguar CD, with \"John Madden Football\" among them but this version was never released due to the commercial and critical failure of the Atari Jaguar platform.  \"Next Generation\" reviewed the game, rating it four stars out of five, stated that \"This is simply the best arcade-style football game currently available.\""}]}, {"title": "Heart Trouble", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Heart Trouble may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Gimbaled thrust", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Gimbaled thrust is the system of thrust vectoring used in most rockets, including the Space Shuttle, the Saturn V lunar rockets, and the Falcon 9. In a gimbaled thrust system, the exhaust nozzle of the rocket can be swiveled from side to side. As the nozzle is moved, the direction of the thrust is changed relative to the center of gravity of the rocket. The diagram illustrates three cases. The middle rocket shows the straight-line flight configuration in which the direction of thrust is along the center line of the rocket and through the center of gravity of the rocket. On the rocket at the left, the nozzle has been deflected to the left and the thrust line is now inclined to the rocket center line at an angle called the gimbal angle. Since the thrust no longer passes through the center of gravity, a torque is generated about the center of gravity and the nose of the rocket turns to the left. If the nozzle is gimballed back along the center line, the rocket will move to the left. On the rocket at the right, the nozzle has been deflected to the right and the nose is moved to the right."}]}, {"title": "Philippine Nurse Licensure Examination", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Philippine Nurse Licensure Examination is a 500-item multiple choice exam to test basic nursing level competency which considers the objectives of the nursing curriculum, the broad areas of nursing and other related disciplines and competencies. It is held every June and December annually in various public schools throughout the Philippines. Room assignment for the exams are posted outside the Professional Regulation Commission building at least three days before the exam. At the time of filing the application for the examination of nurses, the applicant must:"}, {"context": " In order to pass the examination, an examinee must obtain a general average of at least seventy five percent (75%) with a rating of not below sixty percent (60%) in any of five test subjects. The scope or scope of the examination for the practice of nursing in the Philippines shall be determined by the Board. For the December 2007 examination, the Board of Nursing has released the detailed scope of nursing to the deans of the nursing colleges and universities of the Philippines through the Association of Deans of Philippine Colleges of Nursing (ADPCN)."}, {"context": " The controversy stemmed from the complaint of 92 examinees, led by Ms. Rachelle Cyndi Ong Erfe, a graduate of Saint Louis University in Baguio City, alleging leakage of questions in the nursing board examination. The complainants asked the Professional Regulation Commission to nullify the affected sections to preserve the integrity of the licensure examination. The 92 complainants were later joined by 425 intervenors.[cite] Ms. Erfe told the Senate and House of Representatives that on both days of the exam, she saw other examinees wearing white jackets with R.A. Gapuz Review Center printed on the back reading photocopies of what she would later discover were leaked questions from the review center."}, {"context": " The controversy triggered a debate on whether or not all the 42,000 examinees should retake the licensure test to maintain its integrity and standard. The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) eventually reversed its earlier pronouncements that there was no cheating when it announced that two BoN members leaked questions. According to one of the two members who were removed for \u201cnegligence,\u201d she just inadvertently left copies in a Photocopy shop near the PRC-Manila office where she was photocopying her 500 questions. Others charged that the BoN members were bribed by the review centers to provide them with copies of their questions and answers. U.S. based media coverage of this scandal was sparse and little follow-up occurred. The test scandal was covered in depth in at least one nursing magazine, the article \"A Breach of Integrity\" by Genevi\u00e8ve M. Clavreul, RN. Ph.D. was published in November 2006."}, {"context": " In order to become eligible for a VisaScreen Certificate, CGFNS has required that a June 2006 passer must first re-take and pass, with a score of 75 percent or better, the \u201cspecial voluntary examination\u201d covering the subject matter of Tests 3 and 5. Passage of the NCLEX or the CGFNS Examination by any passer of the compromised June 2006 PRC examination will not substitute for the requirement that he or she take the \u201cspecial voluntary examination\u201d authorized by Executive Order 609 issued by the Philippine Government on March 12, 2007."}, {"context": " Some 42,000 students sat the nursing examination last year but only about 17,000 passed. President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo has since ordered all 17,000 to re-take the exams, sparking an uproar from nurses who denied any involvement in wrongdoing. A special review conducted by the Department of Labor and Employment in coordination with Centers of Excellence Nursing Schools provided for voluntary special review classes in preparation to the voluntary retake of the equivalent of Tests III and V of the June 2006 Board of Nursing Examination pursuant to Executive Order No. 609, series of 2007 from March 21 to April 4, 2007. The Special Review refers to the series of classes covering the topics included in Tests III and V of the June 2006 of Nursing Licensure Examination (NLE). This is offered exclusively on a voluntary basis to all nurses licensed under the June 2006 NLE. The voluntary examination will not affect the validity of licenses issued. It is offered merely to enhance employability of successful examinees to qualify for the CGFNS VisaScreen Certificate."}]}, {"title": "People's Party (Samoa)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The People's Party (TPP) is a Samoan political party. It was founded in July 2008 by campaigners from People Against Switching Sides, protesting against legislation aimed at changing the side of the road driven on (from right to left). The party's chairman is Tole\u2019afoa Solomona To\u2019ailoa, who has stated that he does not intend to be the party's leader. According to To'ailoa, the party \"will not be focusing on the road change only but [...] will be focusing on all the other issues which are affecting the lives of our people right now.\""}]}, {"title": "Head-marking language", "paragraphs": [{"context": " A language is head-marking if the grammatical marks showing agreement between different words of a phrase tend to be placed on the heads (or nuclei) of phrases, rather than on the modifiers or dependents. Many languages employ both head-marking and dependent-marking, and some languages double up and are thus double-marking. The concept of head/dependent-marking was proposed by Johanna Nichols in 1986 and has come to be widely used as a basic category in linguistic typology. The concepts of head-marking and dependent-marking are commonly applied to languages that have richer inflectional morphology than English. There are, however, a few types of agreement in English that can be used to illustrate these notions. The following graphic representations of a clause, a noun phrase, and a prepositional phrase involve agreement. The three tree structures shown are those of a dependency grammar (as opposed to those of a phrase structure grammar):"}, {"context": " Heads and dependents are identified by the actual hierarchy of words, and the concepts of head-marking and dependent-marking are indicated with the arrows. Subject-verb agreement, shown in the tree on the left, is a case of head-marking because the singular subject \"John\" requires the inflectional suffix \"-s\" to appear on the finite verb \"cheats\", the head of the clause. The determiner-noun agreement, shown in the tree in the middle, is a case of dependent-marking because the plural noun \"houses\" requires the dependent determiner to appear in its plural form \"these\", not in its singular form \"this\". The preposition-pronoun agreement of case government, shown in the tree on the right, is also an instance of dependent-marking because the head preposition \"with\" requires the dependent pronoun to appear in its object form \"him\", not in its subject form \"he\"."}, {"context": " The distinction between head-marking and dependent-marking shows the most in noun phrases and verb phrases, which have significant variation among and within languages. Languages may be head-marking in verb phrases and dependent-marking in noun phrases, such as most Bantu languages, or vice versa, and it has been argued that the subject rather than the verb is the head of a clause so \"head-marking\" is not necessarily a coherent typology. Still, languages that are head-marking in both noun and verb phrases are common enough to make the term useful for typological description."}, {"context": " Head-marked possessive noun phrases are common in the Americas and Melanesia and infrequent elsewhere. Dependent-marked noun phrases have a complementary distribution and are frequent in Africa, Eurasia, Australia, and New Guinea, the only area where the two types overlap appreciably. Double-marked possession is rare but found in languages around the Eurasian periphery such as Finnish, in the Himalayas, and along the Pacific Coast of North America. Zero-marked possession is also uncommon with instances mostly found near the equator but does not form any true clusters."}, {"context": " The head-marked clause is common in the Americas, Australia, New Guinea, and the Bantu languages but is very rare elsewhere. The dependent-marked clause is common in Eurasia and Northern Africa, sparse in South America, and rare in North America. In New Guinea, it clusters in the Eastern Highlands, in Australia in the south, east, and interior, with the very old Pama-Nyungan family. Double-marking is moderately well attested in the Americas, Australia, and New Guinea, and the southern fringe of Eurasia (chiefly in the Caucasian languages and Himalayan mountain enclaves), and particularly favored in Australia and the westernmost Americas. The zero-marked object is, unsurprisingly, common in Southeast Asia and Western Africa, two centers of morphological simplicity, but also very common in New Guinea and moderately common in Eastern Africa and Central America and South America, among languages of average or higher morphological complexity."}, {"context": " The Pacific Rim distribution of head-marking may reflect population movements beginning tens of thousands of years ago and founder effects. Kusunda has traces in the Himalayas and there are Caucasian enclaves, both perhaps remnants of typology preceding spreads of interior Eurasian language families. The dependent-marking type is found everywhere but rare in the Americas, possibly another result of founder effects. In the Americas, all four types are found along the Pacific Coast but in the East, only head-marking is common. Whether the diversity of types along the Pacific Coast reflects a great age or an overlay of more recent Eurasian colonizations on an earlier American stratum remains to be seen."}]}, {"title": "Buried in Oblivion", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Buried in Oblivion is the third full-length studio album by the Canadian melodic death metal and progressive metal band Into Eternity, released on February 10, 2004 by Century Media Records. Track 6, Spiraling Into Depression, became the band's first single and first video. In 2005, \"Buried in Oblivion\" was ranked number 385 in \"Rock Hard\" magazine's book of \"The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time\". Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes."}]}, {"title": "Michael Ely", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Michael Ely is the writer of the trilogy of books surrounding the events in the computer game Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri."}]}, {"title": "Paska's blue-eye", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Paska's blue-eye (\"Pseudomugil paskai\") is a species of fish in the family Pseudomugilidae. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea."}]}, {"title": "Combined Task Force 152", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Combined Task Force 152 or CTF-152 is a multinational naval task force, set up in 2004 to coordinate security operations in the Persian Gulf and is one of three task forces operated by Combined Maritime Forces (CMF). In July 2007 a crew from the destroyer USS \"O'Kane\", attached to CTF-152, boarded a North Korean ship suspected of smuggling."}]}, {"title": "Barbie Almalbis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Yvette Barbra Hontiveros Almalbis-Honasan (born August 26, 1977), better known as Barbie Almalbis, is a Filipina singer-songwriter. Formerly the lead singer of the bands Hungry Young Poets and Barbie's Cradle, she pursued a solo career in 2005, releasing her self-titled compilation album, \"Barbie: The Singles\". In 2006, she released her debut solo album, \"Parade\". Her music is characterised by a rather quirky, but endearing vocal style, and guitar work. Barbie is a capable guitarist in her own right and a painter; she is a born-again Christian and is married to Martin Honasan (the son of Sen.Gringo Honasan), a painter and scion of a Philippine political family. The couple named their firstborn Noa Stina. Her sister-in-law is Kai Honasan who does keyboards and vocals on the band Autotelic."}, {"context": " In 2016, she was chosen to interpret Nica del Rosario's composition \"Ambon\" at the 2016 edition of Himig Handog: P-Pop Love Songs. A collaboration between Barbie Almalbis and Kitchie Nadal. The song was used for Unilever's Philippine TV Commercial of Sunsilk. The music video also featured both of them. Barbie Almalbis and Pupil were chosen by Juicy Fruit as their advertising models to reach out to the younger generation in their Rockoustic Mania advertising events. The promotion included Juicy Fruit's Tugtog Mo! band competition, and Style mo! competition by Human and Pony footwear. The collaboration between the two artists offers a fusion of Rock and Acoustic. The AVCD features two songs, the music videos and some behind the scenes look at the artists' works. It was released on August 24, 2006."}, {"context": " The Juicy Fruit Rockoustic Mania Final Fusion event was held on November 17, at the Tanghalang Francisco Balagtas (Folk Arts Theater), Cultural Center of the Philippines. The show featured performances from Barbie Almalbis and Pupil, guest bands Sugarfree and Up Dharma Down, and of course, from the three finalists, WTC 11, Medea, and 7th Skool. The band 7th Skool won the Tugtog Mo! Band Competition. Audio: 1. Nakakabaliw (E. Buendia, D. Ventura) 2. Must Have (E. Buendia, B. Almalbis, D. Sergio)  Video: 1. Nakakabaliw (Directed by RA Rivera) 2. Must Have (Directed by Pancho Esguerra) 3. MYX News"}]}, {"title": "Azerbaijan Democratic Party", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Azerbaijan Democratic Party (), also known as ADP, is a political party in Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijan Democratic Party was established on January 26, 1991, by the participants of 27 persons. On October 17, it was registered by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. It was registered by the Ministry of Justice of Azerbaijan Republic on March 14, 1993, after the adoption a new law about political parties. Later in the same year, the headquarters of the party was moved into the city of Baku. Sardar Jalaloglu was elected as a party leader at the first Congress of ADP and remained a sole leader of the ADP between 1994-1996. In order to prevent the participation of ADP in the parliament election, the Ministry of Justice, by political request, cancelled the registration of the party illegally on September 1, 1995. As a result of five years intensive and continues struggle, and by the pressure of international organizations and diplomatic corpus to the government, the Justice Ministry had to reregister ADP again."}, {"context": " ADP is a leader and pioneer of integration in the history of Azerbaijan\u2019s political life. On March 30, 1996, under the leadership of Ilyas Ismayilov - the former General Prosecutor and Chairman of \u201cAdalat\u201d (Justice) Party in 1998, under the leadership of ex-speaker of Azerbaijani parliament Rasul Guliyev\u2019s \u201cInternational Fond of Democracy and Ecology\u201d, Democratic Azerbaijan Party; in 2000 the Democratic Path Party joined to ADP. The first time in the history of Azerbaijan\u2019s political life, five members of the dominant governing party YAP (NAP) in Milli Majlis (Parliament) and one neutral member joined to ADP between 1998-1999."}, {"context": " First Conference \u2013 25.04.1992, Nakhchivan <br> Second Conference - 28.07.1993, Baku<br> Third Conference - 23.01.1994, Baku<br> Sixth (Unification) Conference - 29.11.1998, Baku<br> Seventh Emergency Conference - 22.06.2003, Baku 1- First Congress \u2013 07.08.1994, Baku 2- Second (emergency) Congress - 10.09.1995, Baku 3- Third extraordinary (unification) and 4- Four (unification) Congress - 30.03.1996, Baku 5- Third (extraordinary) Congress - 25.04.1998, Baku 8- Eighth Congress \u2013 23.04.2005, Baku 9- Ninth Congress \u2013 27.05.2005, Baku"}, {"context": " Those represented in the leadership of the ADP Chairman \u2013 Sardar Jalaloglu<br> Deputy Chairman \u2013 Hasret Rustemov<br> Deputy Election and Legistilation \u2013 Taliyet Aliyev<br> Deputy Section of Analysis and Information \u2013 Nureddin \u0130smay\u0131lov<br> Deputy Organizational Department \u2013 Reshid Mensurov<br> Deputy Finance and Agriculture \u2013 Zakir Huseynov<br> Deputy of Section of Works with Women \u2013 Nazila Soltan<br> Secretary of High Majlis \u2013 Vaqif Shirinov<br> The Chairman of the Central Control-Inspection Commission - Bahruz Mammedov  Deputy Chairman on Youth Affairs - The deputies of the party's youth organization working with young people Deputy Director of Public Relations \u2013 Azer Sadikhov Deputy Organizational Department \u2013 Osman Ahmadov Deputy Section of Recruitment and Propaganda - Arif Bashirov<br> Deputy of Press and Information \u2013 \u0130lham Haziyev Deputy chairman of the electoral and legal issues - Elshan Shakhbazov"}]}, {"title": "Church of St Peter ad Vincula, Folkington", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Church of St Peter ad Vincula, Folkington, East Sussex is a parish church dating from the 13th century. Built of flint and rubble, it is a Grade I listed building and an active parish church. The origins of the church are 13th century. The interior contains some 18th century funerary monuments, which Pevsner considers \"very grand\" for their modest setting, and a set of panelled box pews and pulpit. The church was lightly restored in 1870. The organ dates from 1917, and was a gift of Mary Earle Gwynne of Folkington, in memory of the men of the village who died in World War One. It remains an active parish church.  The graveyard contains the grave of the cookery writer Elizabeth David, marked by a slate headstone carved in 1992 by local stonemason Geoffrey Aldred. The church is constructed of flint and rubble. The bell turret is weatherboarded, with a \"shingled spirelet\". The building is listed Grade I."}]}, {"title": "Edwin Gaustad", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Edwin Scott Gaustad (November 14, 1923 \u2013 March 25, 2011) was a Professor of History at the University of California, Riverside. He achieved fame with his study of the genealogy of religion in the United States, \"Historical atlas of religion in America\". The 1972 edition of this work has been used in secular histories of Mainline Protestantism and the Emergent church movement (denominationalism) for decades. A graduate of Baylor University and Brown University, Gaustad dedicated his career to sharing his expansive research on religious history. Gaustad was President of the American Society of Church History. Gaustad died March 25, 2011 in Santa Fe, New Mexico at the age of 87."}, {"context": " Gaustad was a prolific writer that believed in the separation of church and state education. However, he still thought that both were important, even saying that the Great Awakening not only helped religion, but also helped the thought process in America. He is quoted to have said that \"Religion involves both the heart and the mind. Education, likewise, involves both the heart and the mind.\" He believed that education and religion were wonderful things\u2014just not when one puts them together. Gaustad held a lifelong love for Baylor University and often taught there as a visiting professor. He was a humble, unassuming man who quickly found a place in his peers and pupil's hearts. When he died he left a book collection to Baylor that now holds over 2,700 books. Most of the books pertain to church history and American history. The collection is housed in the Moody Garden level and is available by appointment only."}]}, {"title": "List of Kidderminster Harriers F.C. seasons", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kidderminster Harriers Football Club is an English football club based in Kidderminster, Worcestershire. The club participates in the Conference National, the fifth tier of English football. Formed in 1886, Kidderminster have played at Aggborough Stadium since they were formed. They are the only club from Worcestershire ever to have played in the Football League."}]}, {"title": "South Londonderry (Northern Ireland Parliament constituency)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The South Londonderry constituency for the Parliament of Northern Ireland was created in 1929 and continued until the abolition of the Parliament in 1973. All members for the constituency were from the Chichester-Clark family: the first was both the son-in-law of the second and the father of the third. Dehra Parker had been elected (as Dehra Chichester) for County Londonderry in the 1921 and 1925 elections under the single transferable vote; she became a Dame before the 1953 election. Her grandson James Dawson Chichester-Clark was Prime Minister of Northern Ireland from 1969\u20131971 and after his resignation was created Baron Moyola in 1971. All three elected members were not only from the same party, but were close relations, as were the penultimate member of the South Londonderry constituency for the Westminster parliament in 1922 and the Westminster MP for Londonderry from 1955 to 1972.  The elections in this constituency took place using the first past the post electoral system. Following the death of Chichester-Clark: Following the resignation of Parker:"}]}, {"title": "Eskandar, South Khorasan", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Eskandar (, also Romanized as Isk\u0101ndar) is a village in Darmian Rural District, in the Central District of Darmian County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 163, in 44 families."}]}, {"title": "KUR EA class", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The KUR EA class, later known as the EAR 28 class, was a class of gauge steam locomotives. The six members of the class were built in 1928 for the Kenya-Uganda Railway (KUR) by Robert Stephenson and Company in Darlington, England, and were later operated by the KUR's successor, the East African Railways (EAR). The builder's and fleet numbers, and initial names (later removed), of each member of the class were as follows:"}]}, {"title": "Saint-Priest-des-Champs", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Saint-Priest-des-Champs is a commune in the Puy-de-D\u00f4me department in the Auvergne of central France. The inhabitants of the commune are known as \"Saint-Priestois\" or \"Saint-Priestoises\". Saint-Priest-des-Champs is located some 25\u00a0km west of Combronde and 15\u00a0km north-west of Bromont-Lamothe. Access to the commune is by the D987 from Pontaumur in the south which passes through the length of the commune and the village before continuing north-east to Saint-Gervais-d'Auvergne. The D62 comes from Espinasse in the north-west and continues through the village south-east to Les Ancizes-Comps. The D515 also goes west from the village to Biollet. The D512 branches from the D987 at the south-western border of the commune and forms most of the southern border of the commune. The commune is mixed forest and farmland."}, {"context": " The south-eastern border of the commune is marked by the Sioule river which flows north forming a lake behind the dam just east of the commune. The north eastern border is formed by the \"Chalamont\" which flows south to join the Sioulet near the dam. The \"Coli\" rises in the west of the commune and flows east, south of the village, to join the Sioule. Many other streams rise in the commune and flow south-east to join the Sioule. Other streams rise in the west of the commune and join the \"Ruisseau de Coulet\" which flows south to join the \"Chevalet\" near Tingaud."}, {"context": " List of Successive Mayors Saint-Priest-des-Champs has twinning associations with: In 2010 the commune had 691 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger communes that have a sample survey every year. There is a Bourr\u00e9e or dance called Bourr\u00e9e de Saint-Priest (also known as Les gar\u00e7ons ma\u00e7ons). Many of these popular dance tunes, usually untitled and anonymous, have often been \"renamed\" in their collection, or interpretation, or the name of the collection place. There is a \"giate\" (a bourr\u00e9e in triple time) in the repertoire of Jean Lecuyer, an accordion player at Saint-Priest-des-Champs.  There is a convenience store and a postal agency in the commune. There is an osteopath near the church."}]}, {"title": "1974 United States Senate election in Ohio", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 1974 United States Senate election in Ohio took place on November 3, 1974. It was concurrent with elections to the United States House of Representatives. Incumbent Democratic U.S Senator Howard Metzenbaum was running for re-election his first full term after he was appointed in 1970 by Ohio governor John J. Gilligan to fill out the Senate term of William B. Saxbe, who had resigned to become United States Attorney General. Metzenbaum lost the primary election to John Glenn, who went on to win the general election and win every county in the state."}]}, {"title": "Alley of First Love", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The endearing awkwardness of the couple was remarked upon favourably by Leroy Dessaroux. Danielle Van Gorder enjoyed the boldness of the artwork, but found that the characters looked alike except for their hair. She felt that their expressiveness made up for this. Katherine Farmar praised Mamahara's realistic secondary cast, neither detracting from the main couple, nor making it seem as though the couple exist in a vacuum, and not being simple plot devices to generate conflict. She also enjoyed the \"bold\" artwork. Katherine Dacey regards their consensual and comparatively tame relationship to be refreshing from other licensed titles available in English, but found that at times the dialogue was unrealistic. In an About.com poll for 2008's best yaoi, \"Alley of First Love\" placed seventh out of ten entries."}]}, {"title": "Lynn McDonald (academic)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Lynn McDonald is a professor in the Faculty of Social Work and Director of the Institute for Life Course and Aging at the University of Toronto and Scientific Director of the National Initiative for the Care of the Elderly. Her research interests include work and retirement, violence against women and older adults, poverty and the homelessness and ethnicity and aging. She has been a board director of the Alberta and Canadian Associations of Gerontology and served as Editor, Policy and Practice and Acting Editor, Social Sciences for the Canadian Journal on Aging. She also has been a board director of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Currently she is a member of the Board of Accreditation of the Canadian Association of the Schools of Social Work, the Social Dimensions of Aging Committee for the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and is a member of the planning committee for the new Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. She is a member of the Expert Advisory Committee for the Report Card on Seniors 2006, published by the National Advisory Council on Aging. She is also a member of the Working Group for the Panel Study of Life Course Dynamics housed in Quebec. Dr. McDonald has held numerous grants from Health Canada, the former HRDC, from SSHRCC, MCRI CIHR, Population Health, and the National Directorate on the Homeless. She is a co-author of a major Canadian textbook, Aging in Contemporary Canada (2003) and has numerous articles and technical reports on aging."}]}, {"title": "Sissu Falls", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sissu Falls is located on is on a diversion on the Leh\u2013Manali Highway in Lahaul and Spiti district, Himachal Pradesh. The source of water is the suspended glaciers on the Himalayan range."}]}, {"title": "Kranked", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kranked is a series of extreme freeride mountain-biking films. Since 1997, Bj\u00f8rn Enga producer/director for Radical Films has specialized in extreme mountain bike cinematography. His work is well regarded within the freeride mountain bike community internationally. Kranked 6 was bundled with Microsoft's Zune."}]}, {"title": "Carl Gyllenborg", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Count Carl Gyllenborg (7 March 1679 in Stockholm \u2013 9 December 1746 in Uppsala) was a Swedish statesman and author. He was born the son of Count Jacob Gyllenborg in Stockholm. After serving in the Polish War, he was sent to London as secretary of legation. There, he married the Jacobite Sara Wright. In 1715, he was made minister plenipotentiary, and two years later was imprisoned for five months because of his participation in the plot to reinstate the House of Stuart. In 1723, he was appointed Councilor of State, and in 1738 Chancery President (), that is both Prime Minister and Foreign Minister."}, {"context": " Whilst in this office, he founded the Hattparti or Hattar (\u2018Hat\u2019 Party), which instigated the disastrous Russo-Swedish War (1741\u20131743), resulting in the loss of Kymmeneg\u00e5rd. He was successively chancellor of the universities of Lund (1728) and Uppsala (1739), was a patron of letters and art, and wrote several poems and the first Swedish comedy, \"Den svenska Spr\u00e4tth\u00f6ken\" (1740). His \"Letters . . . Relating to a Design to Raise a Rebellion on His Majesty's Dominions, to be Supported by a Force from Sweden\", were published in French and English (1717).  He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1711."}]}, {"title": "Umask", "paragraphs": [{"context": " In computing, umask is a command that determines the settings of a mask that controls how file permissions are set for newly created files. In one case it also influences how the file permissions are changed explicitly. umask may also refer to a function that sets the mask, or it may refer to the mask itself, which is formally known as the file mode creation mask. The mask is a grouping of bits, each of which restricts how its corresponding permission is set for newly created files. The bits in the mask may be changed by invoking the umask command."}, {"context": " In UNIX, each file has a set of attributes that control who can read, write or execute it. When a program creates a file, UNIX requires that the file permissions be set to an initial setting. The mask restricts permission settings. If the mask has a bit set to \"1\", it means that the corresponding initial file permission will be \"disabled\". A bit set to \"0\" in the mask means that the corresponding permission will be \"determined by the program\" and the system. In other words, the mask acts as a last-stage filter that strips away permissions as a file is created; each bit that is set to a \"1\" strips away its corresponding permission. Permissions may be changed later by users and programs using chmod."}, {"context": " Each program (technically called a process) has its own mask and is able to change its settings using a function call. When the process is a shell, the mask is set with the umask command. When a shell or process launches a new process, the child process inherits the mask from its parent process. Generally, the mask only affects file permissions during the creation of new files and has no effect when file permissions are changed in existing files, however, the chmod command will check the mask when the chmod options are specified using symbolic mode and a reference to a class of users is not specified."}, {"context": " The mask is stored as a group of bits. It may be represented as binary, octal or symbolic notation. The umask command allows the mask to be set as octal (e.g. 0754) or symbolic (e.g. u=,g=w,o=wx) notation. The umask command is used with Unix-like operating systems, and the umask function is defined in the POSIX.1 specification. The mask, the umask command and the umask function were not part of the original implementation of UNIX. The operating system evolved in a relatively small computer-center environment, where security was not an issue. It eventually grew to serve hundreds of users from different organizations. At first, developers made creation modes for key files more restrictive, especially for cases of actual security breaches, but this was not a general solution. The mask and the umask command were introduced around 1978, between the sixth edition and the eighth edition of the operating system, so it could allow sites, groups and individuals to choose their own defaults."}, {"context": " The mask has since been implemented in most, if not all, of the contemporary implementations of Unix-like operating systems. In a shell, the mask is set by using the umask command. The syntax of the command is: If the umask command is invoked without any arguments, it will display the current mask. The output will be in either octal or symbolic notation, depending on the OS. The -S argument (i.e. \"umask -S\") will force umask to display using symbolic notation. For example: If the umask command is invoked with an octal argument, it will directly set the bits of the mask to that argument:"}, {"context": " If fewer than 4 digits are entered, leading zeros are assumed. An error will result if the argument is not a valid octal number or if it has more than 4 digits. The three rightmost octal digits address the \"owner\", \"group\" and \"other\" user classes respectively. If a fourth digit is present, the leftmost (high-order) digit addresses three additional attributes, the \"setuid bit\", the \"setgid bit\" and the \"sticky bit\". When umask is invoked using symbolic notation, it will modify or set the flags as specified by the \"maskExpression\" with the syntax"}, {"context": " Multiple \"maskExpressions\" are separated by commas. A space terminates the \"maskExpression\" (s). For example: Prohibit write permission from being set for the user. The rest of the flags in the mask are unchanged. Example of multiple changes: This would set the mask so that it would: Here are more examples of using the umask command to change the mask. Example showing effect of umask: The mask is applied whenever a file is created. If the mask has a bit set to \"1\", that means the corresponding file permission will always be disabled when files are subsequently created. A bit set to \"0\" in the mask means that the corresponding permission will be determined by the requesting process and the OS when files are subsequently created. In other words, the mask acts as a last-stage filter that strips away permissions as a file is created; each bit that is set to a \"1\" strips away that corresponding permission for the file."}, {"context": " Here is the truth table for the masking logic. Each bit in the requesting process' file permission mode is operated on by the mask using this logic to yield the permission mode that is applied to the file as it is created. (p is a bit in the requested file permission mode of a process that is creating a file; q is a bit in the mask; r is the resulting bit in the created file's permission mode) Programmatically, the mask is applied by the OS by first negating (complementing) the mask, and then performing a logical AND with the requested file mode. In the [probably] first UNIX manual to describe its function, the manual says,"}, {"context": " In boolean logic the application of the mask can be represented as C: (P&(~Q)) This says that the file's permission mode (C) is a result of a logical AND operation between the negation of the mask (Q), and the process' requested permission mode setting (P). Note: Many operating systems do not allow a file to be created with execute permissions. In these environments, newly created files will always have execute permission disabled for all users. The mask is generally only applied to functions that create a new file, however, there are exceptions. For example, when using UNIX and GNU versions of chmod to set the permissions of a file, and symbolic notation is used, and no user is specified, then the mask is applied to the requested permissions before they are applied to the file. For example:"}, {"context": " Each process has its own mask, which is applied whenever the process creates a new file. When a shell, or any other process, spawns a new process, the child process inherits the mask from its parent process. When the process is a shell, the mask is changed by the umask command. As with other processes, any process launched from the shell inherits that shell's mask. In the Linux kernel, the fat, hfs, hpfs, ntfs, and udf file system drivers support a umask mount option, which controls how the disk information is mapped to permissions. This is not the same as the per-process umask described above, although the permissions are calculated in a similar way. Some of these file system drivers also support separate umasks for files and directories, using mount options such as fmask."}]}, {"title": "Jaipongan", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Jaipongan, also known as Jaipong, is a popular traditional dance of Sundanese people, West Java, Indonesia. The dance was created by Gugum Gumbira, based on traditional Sundanese Ketuk Tilu music and Pencak Silat movements. In 1961, Indonesian President Sukarno prohibited rock and roll and other western genres of music, and challenged Indonesian musicians to revive the indigenous arts. The name jaipongan came from people mimicking of the sounds created by some of the drums in the ensemble. Audiences were often heard shouting jaipong after specific sections of rhythmic music were played. Jaipongan debuted in 1974 when Gugum Gumbira and his gamelan and dancers first performed in public."}, {"context": " The most widely available album of Jaipongan outside of Indonesia is \"Tonggeret\" by singer Idjah Hadidjah and Gugum Gumbira's Jugala orchestra, released in 1987, and re-released as \"West Java: Sundanese Jaipong and other Popular Music\" by Nonesuch/Elektra Records. Gugum Gumbira is a Sundanese composer, orchestra leader, choreographer, and entrepreneur from Bandung, Indonesia. After 1961, when the Indonesian President Sukarno banned all forms of western music and challenged his people to revive their cultural music, Gugum Gumbira made this task his own. In order to do this he studied the rural, festival dance music for twelve years. His result was jaipongan. He created his own recording studio in Indonesia called Jugala."}, {"context": " Gugum Gumbira was born in 1945 in Bandung, Indonesia. He attended college in Bandung where he majored in social and political UNPAD. Once he left college, he took up a position at the Ministry of Finance and later moved to Government Vehicles. He also lectured at the Academy of Finance until 1988. He currently owns a recording studio called Jugala where he conducts his orchestra also called Jugala and a dance troupe that shares the same name. They travel around the world to perform. As the choreographer for Jugala, he met his wife, Euis Komariah, who was the singer for the orchestra and a dancer in the troupe."}, {"context": " Jaipongan, also known as jaipong, is a musical performance genre of the Sundanese people in the Sundanese language of West Java, Indonesia. Jaipongan includes revived indigenous arts, like gamelan, but it also did not ignore Western music completely despite the ban on rock and roll. It used its sensuality and the sensuality found in a traditional village music and dance, ketuk tilu. However, many believe it is something purely Indonesian or Sundanese in origin and style. It is developed predominately from rural folk forms and traditions as a purely indigenous form. The rise of cassettes and films has led to the popularity of the musical form of jaipongan. It has spread from its home in West Java\u2019s Sunda, to greater Java and Indonesia. It can be seen as many regional varieties of gong-chime performance found through much of Indonesia. As also an urban dance form, it is based primarily on the village forms of ketuk tilu and on the Indonesian martial arts, pencak silat. The musical genre is largely influenced from ketuk tilu with traces of the masked theater dance, topeng banjet and the wayang golek puppet theater. Ketuk tilu is its biggest influence, as a traditional Sudanese musical entertainment form."}, {"context": " Gong-chime performance is characterized by such features as: use of an ensemble dominated by idiophones, metallophones and knobbed gongs. It is a stratified polyphony, with lower-pitch instruments playing parts of lesser density and all parts are structured colotomically around time-cycles. This can be found in traditional Indonesian gamelan. There is improvisation on certain instruments. The modes used are grouped into two broad types: slendro and pelog. Ketuk tilu was a musical genre based on ritual and celebration in the villages of the Sundanese people, meaning three kettle gongs. It was known for complex drumming coordinated with equally dynamic solo female dancers. The music was performed for planting and harvesting rituals and later celebrated village life, circumcision and marriage, expressed fertility, and displayed sensuality, eroticism and even sometimes \u201csocially accepted prostitution.\u201d Ketuk tilu was very popular in the Sundanese villages, but the urban Sundanese considered it unrefined and inappropriate because the music involved males and females dancing together suggestively, or mixed dancing between men and ronggeng, or prostitutes. Ronggeng probably has existed in Java since ancient time, the bas reliefs in Karmawibhanga section on Borobudur displays the scene of travelling entertainment troupe with musicians and female dancers."}, {"context": " The cassette industry and its boom in Indonesia helped popularize jaipongan greatly and promoted regional styles rather than hurt them. Many learned the dance through cassette rather than the performance. The mass media have made jaipong ubiquitous. It has created competition in the styles of the drummers among ensembles. It has also helped to bring about many dance schools, altering dance and its label on females in West Java. The song repertoire of jaipongan is varied, and that is why it is better understood as an intertwined performance style of music and dance. Many songs are associated with ketuk tilu or other wide reaching regional varieties, not traditional gamelan. It consists of songs of more recent origin often composed for jaipongan. Song topics vary, encompassing amatory, moralistic, bawdy, topical and spiritual subjects, often emphasizing grass roots culture."}, {"context": " Jaipongan is \"a more slick and expanded version of ketuk tilu\". Jaipongan takes much of its instrumentation from ketuk tilu ensembles. The ketuk tilu group is composed of pot-gongs. Besides the core three main kettle gongs (ketuk means to knock (or knocking sound), but in this case refers to the three gongs; while tilu means three), the instruments include a rebab, a small upright bowed instrument, also known as a spike fiddle, other small gongs \u2014 a hanging gong and two iron plates, and two or three barrel drums. The traditional singer is female or a sinden, but also dances and invites men to dance with her sensually, so it is assumed she is a prostitute or ronggeng. The ensemble is small enough to be carried from village to village to places where a saron or kempul may be added."}, {"context": " Gumbira took and retrofitted the dynamic and intense ketuk-tilu music. The role of the singer was emphasized to concentrate just on the vocals. He added to it traditional gamelan by expanding the drum section of the ketuk tilu as more of an urban, unique gamelan orchestra from two drums to six. He also sped up the music significantly, increasing the dance role. He also modified the accompanying dance. The modifications retained some of the original sensual moves of ketuk tilu, joining to them a popular martial art called pencak silat. Gumbira called it jaipong. Jaipongan cassettes really feature the singer with their name and alluring cover photos. The singer is given greatest prominence, no longer seen as a prostitute but professional and respectful. This goes with the market demand for solo-superstars."}, {"context": " The idiophonic accompaniment of jaipongan may also include a few saron or a gegung (an L-shaped row of gong chimes), and often a gambang (xylophone). Otherwise instruments are the same as in ketuk tilu, plus a drum kit, electric guitars and keyboards. The melodies are set to madenda, the Sundanese variant of the pelog mode, or slendro, or a free combination of the two, or an alternating combination. The melodies are usually in the pelog or madenda scales, while the fixed pitch idiophonic accompaniment is strictly in slendro. This combination contrasts with the gamelan tradition. The scales of these modes, intonation and tonic are difficult and not consistent. Intonation may be further obscured by the characteristic vibrato. These melodies in jaipongan can also be stereotypical; so much of the expressiveness and uniqueness comes in the introduction, improvised or pre-composed. It often establishes the modal pattern."}, {"context": " The verses are often organized into quatrains, each is one gong cycle, and in rhyme scheme aabbcc, each line having about eight syllables, as in most Sundanese folk and popular verse. In 1961, the president of Indonesia, President Sukarno created a ban on western music, mainly the genre of rock and roll, due to the fact that western ideas, themes, values and morals began to infiltrate the area. With the ban, Sukarno urged the public to \u201creturn to and revive the musical traditions of the past\u201d. Gugum Gumbira heard this and decided to create a genre of music that would revive the musical interests of the past and added sexual undertones and a sense of elegance in order to bring it into the future. In addition to being a musical reincarnation, jaipongan also reincarnated martial arts and traditional dance. It became so popular that the government decided that it needed to be taught to people of all generations."}, {"context": " When jaipongan was first introduced in 1974, there was a lack of acceptable music in the area of West Java\u2014Sunda more specifically. It gained popularity instantly because it was a completely non-western form of music that the government accepted and promoted. It had all of the values of traditional Sundanese music to entice the older generations, yet had enough energy, vibrancy, and sexuality to entice the younger generations. Jaipongan was also based on the life of the lower class and elevated their stories and struggles. It allowed the people to see themselves in the music and feel as if they were a part of their culture. Once it became popular, many other musicians began recreating it."}, {"context": " When situations in Sunda became more political, the music shifted and took on themes of moral, political, social, spiritual awareness. Once the shift occurred, the government tried its best to end jaipongan. Due to its popularity with the people, it was able to maintain its craze, and even outlasted the ban on Western Music. The sexual nature of the songs was taken from the idea of prostitution, and was then elevated in order to make it a more elegant, civilized part of art. This broke gender barriers because it changed the way in which men and women interacted. Never before had men and women danced or interacted together in promiscuous or sexually explicit or suggestive ways in performance in Indonesia. Even though jaipongan was created to stay away from musical themes of sex, love, drugs, and rock and roll, it incorporated some of these themes in small increments. When the government discovered the sexual nature of the songs and dances, they looked to curb the popularity of jaipongan, but it had already become the music of the people and their efforts were thwarted."}, {"context": " Jaipongan was a way for the Sundanese people to take back their culture from the Western ideas and rid themselves of the colonial Dutch influences. Jaipongan elevated the idea of village music or music of the people. It focused on love, money, agriculture, and as the world became filled with more turmoil, it became a vehicle for moral, political spiritual, and social awareness. Jaipongan became so popular that in 1976, two years after its creation, it was recorded on cassettes on Gumbira\u2019s record label Jugala. With the cassette\u2019s release international popularity rose and helped to create a larger musical industry in Sunda and Indonesia at large. All of which was and still is used to help preserve the culture and history of the West Java and the Sundanese people."}, {"context": " The rapid popularity of Jaipongan along with the boom in cassette tapes helped the genre to spread and become popular in Asia, Europe, and America during the 1980s. In addition it created a tourism industry in Sunda. People from all over the world came to learn about and experience Jaipongan first hand. Music and dance schools were created in order to preserve the art form and history of the Sundanese people. The government felt that Jaipongan was such a cultural staple that it needed to be taught to all citizens."}, {"context": " In 2011, the international popularity of jaipongan has decreased, but in Asia, the genre still extremely popular. It is most popular in the areas of Sunda, where it was created, as well as the surrounding villages and cities. Although the genre is most popular in Asia, there are jaipongan dance troupes and musical ensembles in Europe in addition to the United States (like Harsanari of San Francisco, California) and throughout other parts of the world. Dutch-Indonesian choreographer Gerard Mosterd devised a modern dance choreography, \"Ketuk Tilu\" in 1998. Approved and inspired by Gugum Gumbira. Based on a classic recording with Euis Komariah and Jugala Orchestra."}, {"context": " In 2015, jaipongan was noted as a modern classical genre of music, which is often utilized in other Asian music, and has multiple subgenres. There is still is a large market for jaipongan recordings. However, few years ago fundamentalist political proposals were submitted to blacklist jaipongan and several other 'sensual\" Indonesian dance forms.The ban attempt didn't succeed and jaipongan remains a very popular underground genre associated with erotic and rebellious power instead. The mass media has helped jaipongan become popular especially in the cinema but not as much as cassettes. There are many filmed performances online from students/audiences and dance documentaries from Java/Indonesia. Jaipongan songs have been taken and set to Mr. Bean, a character created by Rowan Atkinson, and other modern popular cultural references in YouTube videos."}, {"context": " Music videos and performances of \"Tonggeret\" by Idijah Hadijah as well as other famous artists can be seen on YouTube and also can be heard and referenced in use by Indian film songs. There is a full-length film called \"Mistri Ronggeng Jaipong\" from Indonesia, which was made in 1982 by Mardali Syareif. There is also a Jean Hellwig film on popular dancing in West Java, from 1989, with accompanying book and jaipongan chapter called \"Sundanese Pop Culture Alive\". A snippet can be seen in the reference section."}, {"context": " Cultural Context, Musical Origins, Instrumentation, Choreography taken from: Popular Music of West Java.\" Asian Music 18.1 (1986): pp. (91-110). Web. 29 Mar 2011. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/view/834160>. Hadidjah.\" Asian Music 21.2 (1990): pp. (166-170). Web. 29 Mar 2011. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/834120>. Harsanari: Indonesian Dance Company. 2011. Web. 29 Mar 2011. <https://web.archive.org/web/20061031082711/http://www.harsanari.com/jaipongan.htm>. 2009. Web. 29 Mar 2011. <http://www.javasounds.org/jugula.html>.  2015. Web. 17 Oct 2015. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqPXaRD9mSE>. Social Implications, Where it is Now taken from:"}]}, {"title": "Amor en custodia (Colombian TV series)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Amor en Custodia is a Colombian telenovela by Teleset for RCN Television, starring Alejandra Borrero and Venezuelan Ernesto Calzadilla. It was adapted by Julio Casta\u00f1eda from the written by . It premiered on November 9, 2009 on RCN TV. It tells the story of love and passion of a mother and daughter, Peace and Barbara, by their bodyguards, Juan Manuel and Nicolas, respectively. Their relations are imbued with much drama as this love is not allowed, not only because of jealousy and envy, but because of past mistakes of their respective families.  The male protagonists trained under Horacio Tavera (stage combat) and Gildardo Romero, professor of Hapkido (Korean martial art) who are responsible for choreographing the scenes of confrontation and teach weapons handling. In 2012 and 2013, Nicandro D\u00edaz Gonzalez produced \"Amores verdaderos\", a Mexican telenovela for Televisa. Eduardo Y\u00e1\u00f1ez, Erika Buenfil, Sebastian Rulli and Eiza Gonz\u00e1lez star as the protagonists. Marjorie de Sousa and Guillermo Capetillo star as the antagonists."}]}, {"title": "2004 African Championships in Athletics \u2013 Men's 1500 metres", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The men's 1500 metres event at the 2004 African Championships in Athletics was held in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo on July 15."}]}, {"title": "Javad Razavian", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Javad Razavian () is an Iranian film actor, voice actor, presenter and director and television actor, known mainly for appearing in popular sitcom series."}]}, {"title": "Lu\u0308neburg station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " L\u00fcneburg station consists of the two formerly independent stations of the town of L\u00fcneburg. \"L\u00fcneburg Ost\" (east) is the current station and \"L\u00fcneburg West\" now only forms part of the station precinct. Both entrance buildings are located on islands between the platforms. The eastern station is on the main line from Hanover to Hamburg and is served by trains of both Deutsche Bahn and Metronom Eisenbahngesellschaft. In addition to regional trains, Intercity and Intercity-Express trains also stop in L\u00fcneburg."}, {"context": " The route to L\u00fcbeck via Lauenburg (Elbe) and B\u00fcchen and the route to Bleckede also operate from the eastern station. The western station served the formerly continuous line from Wittenberg to Buchholz, which is now a single-track branch line to Dannenberg Ost, also called the \"Wendlandbahn\" (Wendland Railway), and is used for the transport of nuclear waste to Gorleben. There is also a connection from the western station to the line to Soltau S\u00fcd. Osthannoversche Eisenbahnen (OHE) operate freight and excursion traffic over separated routes to Bleckede and Soltau that are connected by Deutsche Bahn track. While passenger trains from Bleckede ended in the eastern station instead of OHE\u2019s L\u00fcneburg Nord station as early as 1960, the terminus for passenger trains from Soltau was traditionally at \"L\u00fcneburg S\u00fcd\" (south) station, one kilometre away. Later a contract was signed between DBAG and OHE for the operation of trains to the western station. The operation of scheduled passenger services by OHE to Bleckede was abandoned on 21 May 1977."}, {"context": " The station is served by the following services: Until December 2014 the station was also served by EuroCity \"Wawel\", which used to run once daily between Hamburg Altona and Wroc\u0142aw G\u0142\u00f3wny six days a week. The station consists of two stations, each with their own entrance buildings, which lie opposite each other separated by Bahnhofstrasse (station street). The L\u00fcneburg West section of the station is on Wittenberge\u2013Buchholz railway. The station building is built in an elaborate neoclassical style and is now used as a casino. In addition to the disused platform next to the station building, there is another platform that is used by the Regionalbahn services to and from Hamburg and Dannenberg."}, {"context": " The L\u00fcneburg East section of the station has a somewhat simpler entrance building, which is still used as the station building. In addition to the main platform next to the station building, there are still three platforms, each with edges to tracks on both sides, but the easternmost is no longer used. South of the passenger station is the freight yard. The L\u00fcneburg workshop (\"Bahnbetriebswerk L\u00fcneburg\") was east of it on the opposite side of the tracks until 1960. Since the reconstruction of the station area between 1994 and 2002, the workshop area has been used for the parking of rolling stock."}, {"context": " L\u00fcneburg South station was a few metres to the south, but has been almost completely dismantled. The station has a park and ride car park, two bicycle parking garages and a passenger drop-off point. The station also has a bus station and a taxi rank. The Bardowick painter Hugo Friedrich Hartmann (1870\u20131960) painted two large murals in the waiting room of the eastern station in 1939. One image shows a heathland scene, the other a Luneburg cityscape based on a copper engraving of the Topographia Germaniae by Matth\u00e4us Merian the Elder.  The city and district of L\u00fcneburg have been part of the Hamburger Verkehrsverbund (Hamburg Transport Association) since December 2004. L\u00fcneburg is easily accessible with its proximity to Hamburg and its convenient location. The traveling time to Hamburg Hauptbahnhof is about 30 minutes."}]}, {"title": "Va\u0308rmlands Fotbollfo\u0308rbund", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The V\u00e4rmlands Fotbollf\u00f6rbund \"(V\u00e4rmland Football Association)\" is one of the 24 district organisations of the Swedish Football Association. It administers lower tier football in the historical province of V\u00e4rmland. V\u00e4rmlands Fotbollf\u00f6rbund, commonly referred to as V\u00e4rmlands FF, is the governing body for football in the historical province of V\u00e4rmland, which corresponds with V\u00e4rmland County. The Association was founded on 2 April 1918 and currently has 138 member clubs. Based in Karlstad, the Association's Chairman is Annelie Larsson.  The following clubs are affiliated to the V\u00e4rmlands FF: V\u00e4rmlands FF run the following League Competitions: Division 4 - one section Division 5 - two sections Division 6 - four sections Division 7 - six sections Division 3 - one section Division 4 - one section Division 5 - two sections"}]}, {"title": "Talkau", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Talkau is a municipality in the district of Lauenburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany."}]}, {"title": "Sergey Borisov (footballer, born 1972)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sergey Anatolyevich Borisov (; born 10 October 1972) is a retired Russian professional footballer. He made his professional debut in the Soviet Top League in 1991 for FC Torpedo Moscow. With FC Torpedo Moscow."}]}, {"title": "Nikula\u0301s saga leikara", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Nikul\u00e1s saga leikara is a medieval Icelandic romance saga. Karen Wick summarised the saga thus: \"Nikul\u00e1s saga leikara\" ... tells the story of Nikul\u00e1s, king of Hungary. His foster-father, Earl Sv\u00edvari, convinces him to stop playing with magic and try to win Princess Dorma of Constantinople as a bride. Sv\u00edvari makes a secret betrothal with Dorma, contrary to her father's wishes. Nikul\u00e1s then travels to Constantinople where he poses as a merchant in order to insinuate himself into the Byzantine court. Nikul\u00e1s meets with Dorma secretly, and the couple escape from Constantinople. Valdimar's Scandinavian mercenaries capture Dorma by employing magic, but Nikul\u00e1s re-captures his bride, also using magic. The final battle is precluded by Valdimar's accidental killing of his own mercenaries. Valdimar accepts Nikul\u00e1s, and Nikul\u00e1s becomes king over Constantinople upon Valdimar's death."}, {"context": " The saga survives in no medieval manuscripts, but does seem once to have been part of the now fragmentary fifteenth-century manuscript Stockholm, Royal Library, Perg. fol. nr 7. The saga does survive in over sixty post-medieval manuscripts, however, in two main recensions. The saga was twice printed in popular editions: in Winnipeg by the Heimskringlu Prentstofa (1889) and in Reykjav\u00edk by Helgi \u00c1rnason (1912). This makes it an interesting example of Canadian-Icelandic literature, and an unusually late example of Icelandic readerships for printed romance sagas."}]}, {"title": "Luca Berardocco", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Luca Berardocco (born 22 January 1991) is an Italian footballer, who plays as a midfielder for S\u00fcdtirol. Born in Pescara, Berardocco started his career at the hometown club. Berardocco made his Serie B debut in January 2011, the first season Pescara back first division from the third. Berardocco wore no.55 that season. In July 2011, Pescara farmed Berardocco to Pisa. Pescara gifted half of the registration rights to Pisa for \u20ac500. On 30 January 2012 Berardocco left for Viareggio in temporary deal. rejoining former Pescara teammate Bruno Martella."}, {"context": " He received a call-up to Italy Lega Pro representative team against Palestine Olympic (U23) team. However, he did not play. In June 2012 Berardocco returned to Pescara also for \u20ac500. Berardocco did not play any game in 2012\u201313 Serie A. On 30 January 2013 Berardocco was signed by FeralpiSal\u00f2. In June 2013 it was reported that he requested to terminate the contract, which made official on 2 July. On 22 July 2013 Berardocco was signed by Parma F.C. on a free transfer; on 1 August he joined Slovenian club Nova Gorica in temporary deal along with Checcucci, Favalli, Gigli, Misuraca, Vanin and Vicente. The club had signed 9 players from Parma on 1 July. Berardocco made his debut on 2 August.  On 17 July 2014 he was signed by Serie B club Crotone on loan. On 30 January 2015 he was signed by Calcio Como. In summer 2015 he was signed by Carrarese. On 9 July 2016 Berardocco was signed by Sambenedettese in a 1-year contract. On 5 January 2017 he was sold to fellow Lega Pro club Padova in a 1\u00bd-year contract."}]}, {"title": "Allen Boretz", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Allen Boretz (1900\u20131985), was an American songwriter, playwright and screenwriter. The great success of his and John Murray's Broadway hit \"Room Service\" (1937) led to offers from Hollywood, and he wrote and co-wrote screenplays from the late 1930s through the 1940s. His film credits include \"It Ain't Hay\" (1943), \"Step Lively\" (1944), \"Up in Arms\" (1944), \"The Princess and the Pirate\" (1944), \"Ziegfeld Follies\" (1946), \"Copacabana\" (1947), \"My Girl Tisa\" (1948), and \"Two Guys from Texas\" (1949). .  Boretz' screenwriting ended abruptly when he was blacklisted in the early 1950s. However, \"Room Service\" has never stopped being produced by professional and amateur theatrical companies throughout the world, and has been revived on Broadway several times."}]}, {"title": "Kennedy's Brain", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kennedy's Brain is a novel by Swedish writer Henning Mankell, that was originally published in the Swedish language in 2005. The English translation by Laurie Thompson was published in September, 2007. With some elements similar to those of John le Carr\u00e9's \"The Constant Gardner\", Mankell's novel addresses the African HIV/AIDS epidemic, the pharmaceutical industry, and greed centered on the African epidemic. The protagonist is Louise Cantor, a Swedish archaeologist who on returning home from an excavation in Greece makes a tragic discovery. Louise embarks on a search for answers to explain why the tragedy has occurred. Her journey takes her to Australia, to Spain and to Mozambique."}, {"context": " Reviewing \"Kennedy's Brain\" in \"The Independent\", Paul Binding found that Henrik Cantor, \"an idealistic young Swede\" whose death, and its subsequent investigation by his mother Louise provides the narrative drive of the book, \"has acknowledged that there exist those who, deliberately and using all their intelligence and money, seek to profit from the distress of others. Theirs is a wickedness hard rationally to comprehend, yet so linked to power and the bastions of the establishment that it is also hard to fight, let alone defeat. In this double predicament lie the strengths and the weaknesses of the novel\". Binding added, \"It presents Louise's wide-ranging, perilous investigation with button-holing intensity, unmatched even by this master of suspense. But the evil she meets is too vast, too ungraspable through the conventions of the thriller, for its representatives, despite their vividness, ever to transcend the dark \"silhouettes\" of Henrik's original perception. This is as true of victims as of villains. In contrast, Louise herself, her father, Artur, up north in Mankell's beloved forests of H\u00e4rjedalen, and her hopeless but touching husband, Aron, are living beings about whom we can imaginatively care.\""}, {"context": " Writing in \"The Daily Telegraph\", John Preston was less impressed saying, \"It's getting harder and harder to know what to expect from Henning Mankell. For 10 years he produced a series of densely plotted, richly imaginative thrillers featuring his Swedish detective, Kurt Wallender. These were followed by a novel featuring Wallender's daughter, Linda, who followed her father into the police force. Sadly, though, both Wallenders seem to have been put permanently out to grass. Then last year came the gloomily symbolic non-thriller, \"Depths\", which would have tried the patience of his most devoted admirers, and now here is perhaps his strangest book yet. It's a thriller, of sorts anyway, but one which offers little explanation of what's going on, and even less in the way of resolution\". Preston added, \"It would be giving too much away to reveal more, but suffice it to say that \"Kennedy's Brain\" bears certain thematic resemblances to John le Carr\u00e9's \"The Constant Gardener\". This, though, is the least of its problems. The main difficulty is that the indignation with which it is suffused \u2013 a note in the epilogue refers to how anger was Mankell's driving force when he was writing it \u2013 seems to have played havoc with his normally sure-footed exposition\". He found the plot to be, \"a succession of coincidences and fortuitous revelations which never gels, or develops any tension\", before concluding that, \"As usual with Mankell there are some great lines \u2013 'Sorrow is like mice, it always finds a way in,' he notes at one point. All told, though, this is a disappointingly muddled affair\"."}]}, {"title": "List of non-marine molluscs of Re\u0301union", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The non-marine molluscs of R\u00e9union are a part of the molluscan wildlife of R\u00e9union, an island in the Indian Ocean. Ampullariidae\" Assimineidae Lymnaeidae Neritidae Physidae Planorbidae Thiaridae Viviparidae Charopidae Cyclophoridae Euconulidae Helicarionidae Streptaxidae Succineidae Vertiginidae Unionidae"}]}, {"title": "Scoloderus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Scoloderus is a genus of orb-weaving spider of the family Araneidae which feed largely on nocturnal moths. \"Scoloderus\" spiders make a \"ladder\" type nest with vertical extensions of sticky orbs above and below the circumference of the primary orb. When a moth strikes the web, it slides down the ladder, leaving behind scales on the sticky silk till it is completely ensnared."}]}, {"title": "Brittany Lang", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Brittany Lang (born August 22, 1985) is an American professional golfer who plays on the LPGA Tour. She has won one major championship, the 2016 U.S. Women's Open. Born in Richmond, Virginia and raised in McKinney, Texas, Lang had a decorated amateur career. She won eight American Junior Golf Association (AJGA) events and was a two-time First-Team Polo Golf Junior All-American, in 2001 and 2002. Lang represented the United States at the PING Junior Solheim Cup in 2002. In 2003, she won the North and South Women's Amateur and the Women's Western Amateur in consecutive weeks. She also won the 2004 Trans National Amateur title."}, {"context": " Following graduation from McKinney High School in 2003, Lang played golf at Duke University for two years and won six collegiate tournaments. She was also named the 2004 Atlantic Coast Conference Freshman of the Year and NCAA Freshman College Golfer of the Year, and the 2005 ACC Player of the Year and won back-to-back ACC individual titles in 2004 and 2005. Lang was also a member of the victorious Curtis Cup team in 2004 and won medalist honors at the U.S. Women's Amateur Public Links, where she advanced to the quarterfinals of match play."}, {"context": " While still an amateur in 2005, Lang competed as a sponsor's exemption in both the Kraft Nabisco Championship and the LPGA Corning Classic, where she tied for 15th. She finished her amateur career at the U.S. Women's Open at Cherry Hills, where she tied for second with fellow low amateur Morgan Pressel, two strokes behind champion Birdie Kim. With the last hole to play, Lang was in the clubhouse when Kim holed out from the 18th greenside bunker to seal the victory. After two years of college golf at Duke, Lang turned professional in July 2005, shortly after her T2 finish at the U.S. Women's Open. She received sponsor's exemptions in 2005 to the Jamie Farr Owens Corning Classic (T36), State Farm Classic, and Canadian Women's Open (T6). She was the medalist in the first stage of the LPGA Qualifying Tournament in September, then finished T22 at the final stage in December to earn full playing privileges for the 2006 season."}, {"context": " Lang recorded six top-ten finishes, in 2006 and 2008. At the end of 2008, her third season on the LPGA Tour, her career earnings exceeded $1 million. Lang's first professional win came in June 2012 at the inaugural Manulife Financial LPGA Classic in Canada, where she triumphed in a four-player playoff. She birdied the last hole four consecutive times to win the playoff. It was the first-ever victory in an LPGA event by a former Duke Blue Devil, and Lang's 154th event on tour. Lang has seven top ten finishes in major championships: six as a professional and one as an amateur. She won the U.S. Women's Open in 2016 at CordeValle and was a solo runner-up at the Women's British Open in 2011 at Carnoustie."}, {"context": " She has represented the United States in four successive Solheim Cups in 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015. She was undefeated in singles play until falling to Melissa Reid in 2015. LPGA Tour playoff record (2\u20130) Defeated Nordqvist in a three-hole aggregate playoff: Lang (3-4-5=12) and Nordqvist (3-6-6=15) \"Results not in chronological order before 2018.\" ^ The Evian Championship was added as a major in 2013 LA = Low Amateur<br> DNP = did not play<br> CUT = missed the half-way cut<br> T = tied<br> Green background for wins. Yellow background for top-10.  <nowiki>*</nowiki> Position in Women's World Golf Rankings at the end of each calendar year. Amateur Professional"}]}, {"title": "Alexander Pritchard", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Alexander Brown Pritchard was a politician in Queensland, Australia. He was a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly. He was elected into that position in 1867 and died in 1898."}]}, {"title": "Broken Silence (song)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"Broken Silence\" is a single by the UK garage/grime act So Solid Crew. It was released on 15 September 2003, and reached number 9 in the UK Singles Chart. The song spoke out against the government prejudice they felt they had faced. It is the only known top 40 single in the UK to contain a 17-letter word - 'institutionalised', found in the lyric \"It's like we're imprisoned in the ghetto and it's getting to me/To the point where I'm feeling institutionalised/Look in my eyes, you'll see pain in it, but who can decide?\". The video for the song was shot in Feltham, West London."}]}, {"title": "List of Sonic the Hedgehog characters", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" video game franchise began in 1991 with the game \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" for the Sega Genesis, which pitted a blue anthropomorphic hedgehog named Sonic against a rotund male human villain named Doctor Eggman (or Doctor Ivo Robotnik). The sequel, \"Sonic 2\", gave Sonic a fox friend named Tails. Shortly afterward, \"Sonic CD\" introduced Amy Rose, a female hedgehog with a persistent crush on Sonic, and \"Sonic 3\" introduced Knuckles the Echidna, Sonic's rival and, later, friend. All five of these have remained major characters and appeared in dozens of games."}, {"context": " The series has introduced dozens of additional recurring characters over the years. These have ranged from anthropomorphic animal characters like Shadow the Hedgehog and Cream the Rabbit to robots created by Eggman like Metal Sonic and E-123 Omega, as well as human characters like Eggman's grandfather Gerald Robotnik. The series also features two fictional species: Chao, which have usually functioned as digital pets and minor gameplay and plot elements, and more recently, Wisps, which have been used as power-ups."}, {"context": " The \"Sonic\" games keep a separate continuity from the \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" comics published by Archie Comics and other \"Sonic\" media and, as a result, feature a distinct yet overlapping array of characters. , trademarked \"Sonic The Hedgehog\", is a blue anthropomorphic hedgehog and the main protagonist of the series. Developed as a replacement for their existing Alex Kidd mascot, as well as Sega's response to Mario, his first appearance was in the arcade game, \"Rad Mobile\" (as a cameo), before making his official debut in \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" (1991). Sonic's greatest ability is his running speed, and he is known as the world's fastest hedgehog. Using the power of the seven Chaos Emeralds, he becomes Super Sonic and can achieve even greater speeds."}, {"context": " , better known by his alias , is a mad scientist and the main antagonist of the series. Debuting in the first game of the series, \"Sonic the Hedgehog\", he was shown attempting to collect the Chaos Emeralds and turn all of the animals inhabiting the land into robots. He is a self-proclaimed or certifiable genius with an IQ of 300. His fondness for mechas has made him a renowned authority on robotics. Ultimately, Eggman's goal is to conquer the world and create his ultimate utopia, Eggmanland (alternatively known as the Eggman Empire and Robotnikland)."}, {"context": " When Sega had petitioned its research and development department to create a character who would replace Alex Kidd as its company mascot, a caricature of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was also among the proposed designs. It lost to Sonic the Hedgehog, but eventually became the basis for Dr. Eggman instead. , better known by his nickname is a two-tailed fox who is Sonic's best friend and sidekick. His name is a pun on \"miles per hour\". He is able to use his two tails to propel himself into the air like a helicopter for a limited time. Yasushi Yamaguchi, originally the main artist and zone designer for Sega's Sonic Team, designed Tails for an internal competition for a sidekick to Sonic. His first appearance was in \"Sonic 2\" for the Game Gear, where he was kidnapped by Doctor Robotnik for a \"hefty\" ransom, and was first made playable in the Genesis version of \"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\". Tails has appeared in almost every Sonic game since his first appearance. Tails also starred in two solo spinoff games for the Sega Game Gear in 1995 - \"Tails' Skypatrol\", and \"Tails Adventures\". Frequently portrayed as a sweet-natured and humble fox, Tails used to be picked on because of his twin tails, before he met Sonic. Tails has a very high IQ and excellent mechanical ability."}, {"context": " is a pink girl hedgehog who believes herself to be Sonic's girlfriend. Her first appearance in the games was in \"Sonic CD\", introduced and kidnapped by Metal Sonic, although she was alluded to \"Princess Sally\" in the Western game manuals, in order to tie in with the cartoon. After this appearance, she became known as Amy. Her first playable appearance was in \"Sonic Drift\", although that game was not released outside Japan, making \"Sonic Drift 2\" her first playable game for other regions. Not possessing the speed or strength of the other characters, Amy uses her iconic \"Piko Piko Hammer\" as her weapon instead."}, {"context": " is an evil robotic version of Sonic created by Dr. Robotnik. He first appears in \"Sonic the Hedgehog CD\". He is given orders to go back in time and change the past so that Dr. Robotnik can rule the future. Sonic must race him in Stardust Speedway to free Amy Rose. He is severely wounded when he crashes and falls, but is rejuvenated by Robotnik in \"\", only to be defeated again in a similar style. He returns in \"Knuckles' Chaotix\", where he attempts to obtain the Chaos Rings, but he is stopped by the Chaotix. Metal Sonic notably acted as the main antagonist in \"Sonic Heroes\", appearing in a new form as Neo Metal Sonic before transforming into the game's final boss, the Metal Overlord. Upon being defeated by Super Sonic, Tails, and Knuckles, he reverts to his traditional appearance. He also appears as the main antagonist in the \"Sonic the Hedgehog (OVA)\", where Eggman records Sonic's abilities and uploads them to Metal Sonic, who proceeds in attempting to destroy the world before being tossed into lava by Sonic. Metal Sonic appears as a bonus playable character in \"Sonic Rivals\", reprogrammed to aid Eggman Nega in his attempt to take over the world. He returns as a playable character in \"Sonic Rivals 2\", now under orders from Eggman to aid Shadow in stopping Eggman Nega's plans. In \"Sonic Free Riders\", Metal Sonic is a playable character and the final opponent in the game's story mode. In \"Sonic Generations\", he appears in his classic form as a rival boss, battling Classic Sonic in Stardust Speedway before ultimately being destroyed. Metal Sonic returns as a boss character in \"\" and \"\". He also appears in the \"Sonic Boom\" episode, \"It Wasn't Me, It Was the One-Armed Hedgehog\". Metal Sonic appears as a boss in the Sonic story mode of \"Lego Dimensions\"."}, {"context": " Metal Sonic also appeared as a playable character in the multiplayer mode of \"\", as well as \"Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing\", \"Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed\", and all the \"Mario & Sonic\" titles beginning with \"Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games\". Collecting all the emblems in \"\" unlocks Metal Sonic as a bonus playable character in Sonic's stages, and purchasing both episodes of \"\" unlocks bonus levels in which Metal Sonic is playable. He possesses great strength, a laser cannon built into his abdomen, a jet engine protruding from his back, and a force field device he can use to protect himself from projectiles and certain attacks. He usually only communicates with a series of electronic noises. The only notable time Metal Sonic was able to talk was in \"Sonic Heroes\" in which he was voiced by Jun'ichi Kanemaru in Japanese and Ryan Drummond in English."}, {"context": " GameDaily placed Metal Sonic 13th on their \"Top 25 Video Game Robots\" list, describing him as Dr. Robotnik's \"greatest creation\" and praising the strength of his abilities. is Sonic's friendly rival. First introduced in the Genesis game \"Sonic the Hedgehog 3\", Knuckles lives on Angel Island, which hovers in the sky due to the power of the Master Emerald. As the last surviving member of the Echidna people who once inhabited the island, his duty is to guard the Master Emerald. During conception of \"Sonic the Hedgehog 3\", the development team wanted to create a new rival for Sonic. The final design of Knuckles was the result of dozens of possible designs inspired by numerous different animals. A character with many different abilities and skills, he is physically one of the strongest characters of the \"Sonic\" series. His strength and mastery of martial arts, specialising in punches, enables him to perform feats such as shattering boulders with his fists, while he can trap air underneath his dreadlocks in order to glide for short distances."}, {"context": " An is an egg-shaped humanoid robot which resembles Doctor Eggman. They first appeared as enemies in the game \"Sonic & Knuckles\". In Sonic's storyline, they only appeared as standard enemies in the Sky Sanctuary Zone. In Knuckles' story, however, one EggRobo in particular replaces Eggman as the end-of-zone boss in a number of levels. An EggRobo later appears in \"Sonic R\" as a playable character, and in the form of a kart racer in \"Sonic Adventure 2\". , initially known as Nack the Weasel in English localizations, is a purple wolf/weasel hybrid (a wolf/jerboa hybrid in Japan) that first appeared in the Game Gear video game \"\" in 1994. His character is a treasure hunter in search of the Chaos Emeralds; however he does not know of their true power and merely wants to sell them for profit. He is a slick, sneaky, and mischievous character who will steal the Emeralds for an easier job. Fang tries hard to outwit others, but is held back by his naivety and often fails."}, {"context": " Outside of \"Triple Trouble\", Fang had playable roles in \"Sonic Drift 2\" and \"Sonic the Fighters\" in 1995 and 1996, and had been planned to be in the cancelled \"Sonic Xtreme\". He has not had any significant roles since, though he made a cameo appearance on an in-game poster in 2011's \"Sonic Generations\", and as a robot character's illusion in \"Sonic Mania\" in 2017. The Chaotix are a group of four characters who debuted in the game \"Knuckles' Chaotix\" as the main characters, later forming their own detective agency in \"Sonic Heroes\". IGN described the characters as \"charming\" and noted that they were introduced before fans became weary of all the new characters in the series."}, {"context": " Big the Cat first appeared in the 1998 Dreamcast game \"Sonic Adventure\", where he was placed to justify the presence of a fishing rod in the game, although he was conceived beforehand. Big is a large, blue anthropomorphic cat, who is depicted as\u2014while unintelligent\u2014sweet, easygoing, and physically strong. In \"Sonic Adventure\", Big's story involves fishing his frog friend, Froggy, out of various bodies of water after Froggy swallows a Chaos Emerald and part of the tail of Chaos, the game's antagonist. In \"Sonic Heroes\", Big teams up with Amy Rose and Cream the Rabbit to search for Froggy and a lost Chao creature called Chocola. He is also a more minor playable character in other \"Sonic\" games like \"\" and \"Sonic & Sega All-Stars Racing\" and a non-player character in titles such as the Nintendo DS version of \"Sonic Colors\". Reflecting the story of \"Adventure\", Big appears in the \"Sonic X\" anime and the \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" comics."}, {"context": " Big has been derided by the video game press and fanbase for his obesity, low intelligence, one-dimensional development and uselessness within his games; he has appeared on several lists of the worst video game characters of all time and within the \"Sonic\" cast. Due to his poor reception and apparent uselessness, Sonic Team decided to remove him from any future games starting in 2012, although head Takashi Iizuka has since stated that a game starring Big is a possibility. Big has, however, made additional cameo appearances. He made a brief appearance in the Sonic the Hedgehog world in \"Lego Dimensions\", where he asks for the player's assistance in catching Froggy as a side-quest."}, {"context": " is a Chao mutated by the Chaos Emeralds that acts as a guardian for its species, protects the Master Emerald, and provides clear water around its altar. It is a water-like being that can easily manipulate its body. Without any Chaos Emeralds, it is known as \"Chaos Zero\", but with each Emerald it absorbs, it transforms into a more powerful form, eventually becoming \"Perfect Chaos\" with all 7 Emeralds. Its first appearance is in \"Sonic Adventure\", where Dr. Eggman attempts to use it to conquer the world. Chaos tracks down the emeralds, becomes \"Perfect Chaos\", and floods all of Station Square, but is ultimately defeated by Super Sonic. It reappears in \"Sonic Adventure 2\" as a bonus multiplayer character, in \"Sonic Battle\" as a playable fighter, and in Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games as an ice version of Perfect Chaos. He reappears in his perfect form in \"Sonic Generations\" as a boss where he has a new look with green teeth and dark blue reptilian skin for the upper half of his body. This was supposed to be how he always looked, but the technology of the Dreamcast at the time made this look impossible. Chaos appears as the final boss in the Sonic the Hedgehog pack of \"Lego Dimensions\"."}, {"context": " The E-100 Series is a group of robots created by Doctor Eggman, who uses them in his quest to conquer the world; However some of their members have since gone rogue. , better known as Zero, is the first of the E-100 series and considered the prototype of the line. He was created by Dr. Eggman and ordered to capture the Chaos Emerald from Amy Rose's Flicky friend, Birdie. He first appeared in \"Sonic Adventure\" as the main antagonist in Amy's story, where he repeatedly tries to capture Birdie. At the end of Amy's story, she destroys him. In \"Sonic Advance 2\", he appears in special stages, trying to prevent players from getting the seven Chaos Emeralds."}, {"context": " Omega has an array of destructive weapons concealed in his arms, including machine guns, flamethrowers, missile launchers, beam cannons and rocket-propelled drills. He can also retract his hands in order to attach a spinning Shadow and Rouge in their place, either using the two as melee weapons or firing them. Omega has seen negative reception. Eurogamer staff writer Tom Bramwell called Omega a \"lesser\" character among the \"Heroes\" cast. An \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\" preview of \"Heroes\" referred to him as an imitation of the T-1000s from the film \"\". However, Jeremy Dunham from IGN called Omega a \"supreme machine\"."}, {"context": " is a robotic Chao with a propeller on its head. Omochao was introduced in \"Sonic Adventure\" as part of the Chao Races, and it later appeared in \"Sonic Adventure 2\", where it serves as an in-game manual to teach players how to play the game. Since then, it has appeared in a multitude of \"Sonic\" games, such as a guide in the training level and instructions for what everything does in \"Sonic Heroes\", or as a type of gun in \"Shadow the Hedgehog\", a referee in \"Sonic Riders\", a collectable card, and referee in \"Sonic Rivals 2\", a referee in \"Mario and Sonic at the Olympic Games\", giving hints in \"Sonic Advance 3\", and as a supporting character in multiplayer of \"Sonic and the Secret Rings\". He has also been seen as the host of the World Grand Prix in \"Sonic Free Riders\". He also appears in \"Sonic Generations\" as an optional gameplay guide. \"Omochao\" is a pun on and \"chao\"."}, {"context": " is an echidna, who is the daughter of from the same tribe that Knuckles the Echidna descends, the Knuckles Tribe. She first appears in \"Sonic Adventure\" and returns in \"Sonic Adventure 2\". Thousands of years before the main events of the series, she opposes her father's power-hungry ways of invading other countries. She eventually comes into contact with Chaos and a group of Chao at the shrine of the Master Emerald, who accept her due to her friendliness to them. She tries to reason with him about raiding the shrine for the emeralds, but he, hesitated by what she said to him, briefly snaps at her and orders the Knuckles Clan to attack. When the Clan does as it is told, they ran over Tikal and the Chao, which angers Chaos, as he punishes Pachacamac and the Knuckles Clan for what they did to Tikal and the Chao, by destroying them, absorbing the negative power of the emeralds. After that, Tikal tells the Master Emerald to stop Chaos, as it seals her inside itself. Several thousand years later, Doctor Eggman shatters the Master Emerald and awakens the angry Chaos and Tikal's spirit. Tikal helps the main characters defeat Chaos and then leaves with it. Tikal appears in \"Sonic Advance\" and \"Sonic Advance 2\" in a Chao minigame, and makes a cameo appearance on the Angel Island board of \"Sonic Pinball Party\". In both \"Sonic Rivals\" and \"Sonic Rivals 2\", she appears on a variety of collectible cards. In \"Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games\" and \"Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games\", she appears as an unlockable Mii costume. In \"Super Smash Bros. Brawl\", she is a collectable sticker. Tikal appears as a playable character in \"Sonic Runners\"."}, {"context": " is an artificially created life form in the design of a black and red male hedgehog, similar to Sonic. His trademark hover skates propel him at extreme speeds that rival those of Sonic. According to official profiles, Shadow was created 50 years ago by Professor Gerald Robotnik as the \"Ultimate Life Form\", which is ageless and immortal. Sharp witted and seemingly always on the edge, once he has set himself to a goal, he will do whatever it takes to accomplish it, regardless of any danger. After the trauma of the death of his only friend, Maria Robotnik, Shadow strives to fulfill his purpose and keep the promise he made to her. Although his relationship with Sonic seems to have developed from antagonistic to friendly rivalry, animosity from not understanding their different mindsets still occurs."}, {"context": " However, Shadow shares a lot of similarities with Sonic. He can perform spin attacks common to Sonic, which are a variation on the tendency for hedgehogs to roll into tight balls for protection. Additionally, with the power of a Chaos Emerald, Shadow can warp time and space with Chaos Control. Shadow is also able to use a variety of other Chaos powers, such as \"Chaos Spear\" and \"Chaos Blast\". Using the power of the seven Chaos Emeralds, Shadow uses his super transformation to transform into Super Shadow and bestows new abilities of flight and near invulnerability, with normal abilities of speed and enhanced Chaos powers."}, {"context": " is the grandfather of Maria Robotnik and Dr. Ivo \"Eggman\" Robotnik. Fifty years before the main series, he attempted to create the \"Ultimate Life Form\" under the funding of the United Federation, hoping that it can help cure Maria's illness. He appears in \"Sonic Adventure 2\" and \"Shadow the Hedgehog\". is a character that appears mostly in flashbacks in \"Sonic Adventure 2\" and \"Shadow the Hedgehog\". She is the granddaughter of Professor Gerald Robotnik, and is the cousin of Dr. Ivo \"Eggman\" Robotnik. Maria suffers from the illness known as \"NIDS\" (Neuro-Immuno Deficiency Syndrome), which was incurable at the time. Gerald takes on Project Shadow in order to save her life. Soon after Shadow is created, the two bond deeply, though it is short-lived as a government organization named \"G.U.N.\" soon raids the ARK, fatally shooting Maria. Before she dies, she encases Shadow in an escape pod and asks him to bring hope to humanity and give humans a chance to be happy. This experience with Maria scars Shadow for life, but ultimately his determination to keep his promise to her leads him to team up with Sonic and save the Earth multiple times."}, {"context": " Maria's first, and only, playable appearance is in \"Shadow the Hedgehog\", where she can be controlled as a partner character by a second player during specific in-game missions. is a white, anthropomorphic bat who made her first appearance in \"Sonic Adventure 2\" in 2001, and who has been featured in several games since. She is depicted as a professional treasure hunter devoted to the pursuit of jewels, calling herself the \"World's Greatest Treasure Hunter\". She has a tendency to ignore abstract morality or manners for potential profit; her \"feminine charm\" makes her appear careless, but she is actually scheming and manipulative. Additionally, she serves as a part-time spy for the government. She fights using kicks, especially her signature \"Screw Kick,\" and she can fly using her wings."}, {"context": " is a peach-colored rabbit with a constant companion named , a blue Chao with a red bow bow-tie. Their names were based on \"cream cheese\". Cream is portrayed as being naive because of being brought up like a princess by her mother, Vanilla. She always politely minds her manners but sometimes acts childishly. Cream can achieve flight for short periods of time by flapping her two large ears, while Cheese often attacks on Cream's behalf by ramming into her adversaries. Cream first appeared as a playable character in \"Sonic Advance 2\". She returned in \"Sonic Heroes\" as part of \"Team Rose\", working together with Amy Rose and Big the Cat to defeat Metal Sonic, and then again for \"Sonic Advance 3\"."}, {"context": " Since her first trio of games, she has been relegated to being an extra playable character in \"Sonic spinoffs\" and multiplayer games. She is a playable character in the \"Sonic and the Secret Rings\" multiplayer mode, a playable fighter within \"Sonic Battle\", a secret unlockable party member in \"\" and a playable racer in \"Sonic Riders\", \"\", and \"Sonic Free Riders\". Cream has received mostly negative opinions from the video game press. Thomas East of \"Official Nintendo Magazine\" ranked her as the fifth worst \"Sonic\" character, criticizing various aspects of her like her high-pitched voice, repetitious speech in \"Sonic Heroes\", \"ridiculous smile\", and single eyelash on each eye. Christian Nutt of GameSpy singled her out as one of the negative features of \"Sonic Advance 2\", calling her \"corny\" and \"dopey-looking\". GamesRadar writer Jim Sterling ranked her as his second worst, stating that she \"represents perhaps everything that's wrong with Sonic the Hedgehog characters\", particularly finding her name to be random. Similarly, Tom Bramwell of Eurogamer exclaimed \"oh God\" at her and Cheese's names. David Houghton of GamesRadar ranked her name as one of the 25 worst among all video game characters, seeing a double entendre in the word \"cream\". In contrast, \"Xbox World\"s review of \"Heroes\" stated that \"we love Cream\" and called her \"the best new Sonic character since Tails.\""}, {"context": " The is the leader of the Guardian Units of Nations (G.U.N.), a major military organization in the \"Sonic\" universe. His childhood took place aboard the ARK, a massive space station that was first explored in \"Sonic Adventure 2\", although he did not appear in that game. While there, he befriended Maria Robotnik and witnessed the creation of Shadow. His family was killed when G.U.N. attacked the ARK, and he began to harbor a deep resentment towards Shadow as a result, though he would later join the organization. He appears throughout \"Shadow the Hedgehog\" as an antagonist; he tries to kill Shadow at first, though in one of the game's branching pathways, he realizes that Shadow has no memories of the incident and lets him go. Dialogue from levels in this game indicates that he has at least one child and one grandchild. The Commander also appears in \"\", where he allies with the game's playable characters against the Marauders, an antagonistic nation."}, {"context": " is a purple cat princess from an alternate dimension. She has been appointed as guardian of the Sol Emeralds, her dimension's version of the Chaos Emeralds, making her role similar to that of Knuckles the Echidna. She is portrayed as calm and levelheaded, hiding her true feelings. She is sometimes \"bogged down\" by her own strict discipline and devotion to her position, making her appear withdrawn. Blaze can control fire, but wears a cape to conceal it as she was teased about her pyrokinetic abilities when she was young. Using the Sol Emeralds, she transforms into Burning Blaze. Blaze wears a purple dress and white tights with pink high heels and a yellow necklace."}, {"context": " Blaze debuted in \"Sonic Rush\" as a playable character along with Sonic. She arrives in Sonic's dimension from another dimension along with the Sol Emeralds. While searching for the Emeralds, she befriends Sonic and Cream and helps them stop Dr. Eggman and Eggman Nega before returning to her dimension. She reappears in \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" as Silver the Hedgehog's friend during the future of Sonic's dimension. The two attempt to fix their ruined future world by traveling back in time. Blaze ends up sacrificing her life to seal Iblis, the fiery monster that has destroyed their world, inside herself, but is brought back to life at the end of the game when Sonic destroyed Iblis in his own time period. She appeared again as the main character in \"Sonic Rush Adventure\", where Sonic and Tails are transported to her dimension and help her retrieve the \"Jeweled Scepter\"."}, {"context": " Since her first trio of games, she has been relegated to being an extra playable character in \"Sonic\" spinoffs and multiplayer games. She is an unlockable multiplayer character in the \"Sonic and the Secret Rings\" and \"Sonic and the Black Knight\", a playable racer in \"\" and \"Sonic Free Riders\" and a playable athlete in all five \"Mario and Sonic at the Olympics\" games. She also appears together with Silver in Sonic Colors DS in several cutscenes and missions. Blaze has been mostly well received by critics. IGN remarked upon seeing her at TGS 2005 that she \"easily earned her place in the team\" amidst unremarkable secondary characters. Her gameplay has been praised as \"fast-moving and fun\" as opposed to slower characters introduced earlier in the series, but criticized for its resemblance to that of Sonic. Blaze has been called \"a nice addition to Sonic's cast\" and \"one of the more complex, multifaceted characters in the Sonic canon\"."}, {"context": " is Eggman's descendant from 200 years in the future, first introduced in \"Sonic Rush\" as the arch-enemy of Blaze the Cat and later Silver the Hedgehog. He is known to cause trouble not only through time travel, but through inter-dimensional travel as well. Although his outward appearance resembles that of Doctor Eggman, his personality is different. He is heartless and calculating, but maintains polite speech and manners. His exact role in the overall series varies; in the \"Sonic Rush\" series, he works alongside the original Eggman as a team, while in the \"Sonic Rivals\" series, he tends to use the fact that he resembles Eggman to his advantage, letting Eggman take the heat for his actions."}, {"context": " The Babylon Rogues are a group of avian thieves. They have only appeared collectively in the three racing games \"Sonic Riders\", \"\" and \"Sonic Free Riders\". Producer Takashi Yuda considered them best-suited for \"Sonic\" series racing games, and noted in a 2006 interview that \"Sonic\" characters are usually designed with one specific storyline in mind. The Rogues have received predominantly negative comments from gaming journalists. Alex Navarro and Joe Dodson of GameSpot separately criticized their clich\u00e9d backstory, as did Eurogamer's Tom Bramwell. IGN's Jack DeVries specifically called Jet a \"jerk\" and stated that his voice is annoying, especially in \"Free Riders\"."}, {"context": " is a green hawk and the leader of the Babylon Rogues, and nicknamed the \"Legendary Wind Master\" due to his mastery of Extreme Gear. This mastery comes from his forefathers. His skills make him a possible match to Sonic the Hedgehog, whom he considers a rival. Jet is aware of his duties as leader but must sometimes be helped by his team. Filled with extreme pride, the thing he likes most other than treasure is himself. He despises losing and those who are faster or more confident than him and fights using Bashyo Fans."}, {"context": " is a purple swallow who is the current team's mechanic, as her father was for the previous generation of the Babylon Rogues. Gifted in this craft, she has a superb mechanical knowledge of Extreme Gear, which surpasses both Miles \"Tails\" Prower and Dr. Eggman. Because of this knowledge, she is full of confidence. She hates thick-headed or stupid people and notices everything, but her advice tends to be understandable only to her. Although she looks on Jet the Hawk as an \"unreliable younger brother\" and can be stubborn, she follows his leadership."}, {"context": " is a hulking albatross who is described as the muscle of the Babylon Rogues and Jet the Hawk's \"right hand man.\" The strength of his loyalty to Jet is greater than any other and he hates rivals to the team. When he is angry, he becomes destructive; and the raw power of his physical strength makes up for his lower intelligence and lack of speed. With his quick temper, he may stutter when flustered, and he hates having to wait. is a silver-furred hedgehog from 200 years in the future of the main timeline. He first appeared in the 2006 \"Sonic the Hedgehog\". His individual episode revolves around him traveling back in time with Blaze the Cat to find and slay Sonic the Hedgehog, who they believe is the cause of their world being destroyed in the future. Silver's primary ability is telekinesis; he is able to levitate objects and use them as projectiles to either defeat enemies, or interact with his environment. Like Sonic and Shadow, he transforms into \"super form\" by using the power of the seven Chaos Emeralds."}, {"context": " Silver's creation was inspired by the game's early development stages, where the development team was making huge levels with multiple paths through them, and decided they wanted to include a new character with unique abilities for an alternate way to play through the levels. The design team developed over fifty different concepts for the character. At one point he was to actually be an orange mink named Venice (named after the city of the same name), but the developers ultimately decided against this, fearing a mink would not blend in with the rest of the characters. They ended up deciding to make another hedgehog instead. Orange was originally decided for his fur, but they soon moved away from that in color, in favor to a white-gray one. While developing the character models and textures, they focused on using the hardware to develop the textures rather than just use white-gray, which lead to Silver's color and name. Additionally, Silver's backstory was inspired by Trunks from the 1984 manga \"Dragon Ball\", who made a similar journey to the past to kill two androids that would eradicate most of humanity in his own time; the script for \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" (2006) flat-out states \"Essentially, think Trunks from Dragon Ball Z.\""}, {"context": " Since his first appearance in \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" (2006), he has mainly appeared in the Sonic series spinoffs, multiplayer games, and small cameo roles. He is one of the playable characters in \"Sonic Rivals\" and \"Sonic Rivals 2\", a playable character strictly in the multiplayer modes in \"Sonic and the Secret Rings\" and \"Sonic and the Black Knight\", a playable racer in \"\", and \"Sonic Free Riders\", and a playable athlete in \"Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games\" and the 2012 Olympic games sequel. He appears in \"Sonic Generations\" as a boss in the stages Crisis City (console version) and Tropical Resort (3DS version). Additionally, Silver was one of a few Sega characters to make a cameo in \"Super Smash Bros. Brawl\", in the background of Sonic's Green Hill Zone stage, and as a trophy and sticker."}, {"context": " The character has generally not been very well received by critics. is a robotic assistant of Dr. Eggman who first appears in \"Sonic Unleashed\". While he generally assists in monitoring Eggman's data, he often makes sarcastic remarks pointing out general flaws in Eggman's plans, prompting a quick smack in return. He appears again in \"Sonic Colors\", alongside a similar robot named . Conversely to Orbot, Cubot is rather slow, not witty, and suffers from a defect that causes him to randomly speak with different accents. They also made a cameo in \"Sonic Generations\" and later reappeared in \"Sonic Lost World\" assisting Dr. Eggman. The duo made a cameo in \"Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games\" as one of the helping characters in the London Party, copying stickers for the participants. The duo also appeared in \"Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games\" as the hosts of the Action and Answer Tour and in the \"Sonic Boom\" animated series. Digital Spy praised their inclusion in the plot of \"Sonic Colors\" especially Cubot, when tasked cleaning up another robot Sonic had destroyed, saying \"When you consider what we're doing from a robot's perspective, this is actually pretty gruesome\"."}, {"context": " are a race of extraterrestrial creatures who live on a grassy, lush planet called Planet Wisp. The mother of all Wisps is a much larger, pink one named Mother Wisp. She created Planet Wisp and raised all of her children. Wisps speak a common language that Sonic and Tails cannot understand, though Tails builds a translation device in the game \"Sonic Colors\". Their Japanese and English name comes from Tails' translation of a word in their language; other characters in the game simply refer to them as \"aliens\". Wisps are composed of an energy force called \"Hyper-go-ons\", which they can use to phase into the body of playable protagonist Sonic and give him temporary elemental powers. They come in numerous breeds, each carrying one of many elemental powers known as \"Color Powers\". When Sonic collects a Wisp, he can use its power once at will; however, he can only carry one at a time."}, {"context": " There are numerous types of Wisps, each with its own special ability. \"Colors\" introduced ten types between the Wii and Nintendo DS versions of the game; some only appear in one version. For example, Purple Wisps, whose \"Frenzy\" ability turns Sonic into a difficult-to-control demon that can chomp through obstacles, is exclusive to the Wii version, but Violet Wisps, which scale up Sonic's density to black hole-like levels and causes him to absorb enemies, obstacles, and rings, appear only in the DS version. However, others appear in both versions, such as Yellow Wisps, which allow Sonic to drill underground and find otherwise inaccessible areas. \"Lost World\" introduced more types of Wisps while keeping some old types. Among these are Magenta Wisps, which bounce Sonic across paths of musical notes by having the player tap them on the Wii U's touch screen, and Black Wisps, which turn Sonic into a bomb that can roll over enemies and explode. The \"Colors\" manual describes each type of Wisp as having a different general personality; for example, Cyan Wisps, which allow Sonic to bounce off surfaces, are scatterbrained and energetic, while Orange Wisps, which blast him rapidly into the air, have fluctuating and explosive emotions."}, {"context": " In \"Sonic Colors\", Eggman builds an amusement park spanning the Wisps' planets under the pretense of making up for past transgressions. Suspicious, Sonic and Tails investigate and rescue two Wisps from Orbot and Cubot. One of them, a talkative male White Wisp named Yacker, tags along with Sonic and Tails during the game. It turns out that Eggman is converting Wisps to a corrupted, purple (Wii version) or violet (DS version) state to fuel a mind control ray and control the universe. Sonic frees Wisps from their confines in each level, then uses several of them to defeat Eggman at the end of the game. However, Eggman's mind control cannon malfunctions and creates a black hole, which sucks Sonic in until the Wisps combine their power to pull him out and neutralize the black hole. Yacker frees the remaining Wisps, reverts them from their corrupted form, thanks Sonic and Tails, and leaves. The DS version features Mother Wisp as a post-game boss, as she was corrupted by the corrupted Wisps' Hyper-go-ons. Wisps have also appeared in the level \"Planet Wisp\" in \"Sonic Generations\" and the comics. Iizuka stated in an interview that the Wisps were added to \"Colors\" to \"expand and strengthen the platform action gameplay\" without forcing the player to switch to other playable characters. Another goal was to encourage players to revisit already-played levels; Sonic Team accomplished this by adding segments requiring certain types of Wisps to levels preceding their first appearances. Iizuka has said that he now considers them a staple in the \"Sonic\" series."}, {"context": " Critics have given mixed opinions toward Wisps and their integration into \"Sonic\" gameplay. IGN's Arthur Gies called them \"the big addition\" to \"Sonic Colors\", outshining its polished physics and controls. Dave McComb of film magazine \"Empire\" called them \"cutesy\" and \"strange\", while John Meyer of \"Wired\" found them \"cuddly\" and Dale North of Destructoid called them \"a cute little alien race\". Randy Nelson from Joystiq called them \"plush\" and speculated that they could easily lend their image to profitable merchandise. Positive attention has been directed at the variety of Wisps available in \"Sonic Colors\" and \"Lost World\" and at the variety of gameplay styles they brought to the titles: for example, Gies stated that \"almost all of them add interesting quirks to Sonic's basic abilities.\" Reviewing the Nintendo DS version of \"Colors\", Tim Turi from \"Game Informer\" stated that \"each adds an interesting new gameplay mechanic\" to the game. Gies and Turi also praised the ability to revisit old levels with Wisps unlocked afterwards. \"Nintendo Power\"s Steve Thomason identified them as \"a truly interesting addition to the Sonic formula\" amidst a series of missteps, and praised their \"cleverly designed\" variety. \"Computer and Video Games\" writer Chris Scullion described Wisps in \"Lost World\" as \"familiar power-ups that emulate mechanics in Mario's Wii adventures\" as part of a larger, ambivalent point about the game being derivative of \"Super Mario Galaxy\". However, control and pacing aspects of the Wisps in general, as well as of individual types, have been criticized: for example, Gies opined that \"for almost every useful ability there is a complete dud\" and bemoaned the Wii controls. Justin Speer from GameTrailers thought similarly and added that the Wisps \"don't really feel like they belong\". \"Hardcore Gamer Magazine\"s review of \"Lost World\" stated that none of the Wisps make satisfying use of the Wii U's gamepad. Chris Shilling of Eurogamer found them to \"lead to clumsy touchscreen or gyro interludes that kill a level's pacing.\""}, {"context": " is an orange and brown badger first introduced in the animated \"Sonic Boom\" television series. Her characteristics are wild and energetic, having lived in the wilderness alone for most of her life. Nonetheless, she is portrayed as wanting to strengthen her newfound friendship with Sonic, Amy, Tails and Knuckles. Sticks appears in \"\", where she is described as \"infantile\" by Scott Thompson of \"IGN\" and an \"unlikeable idiot\" by Becky Cunningham of \"GamesRadar\", albeit a \"nice addition\" by Chris Carter of \"Destructoid\".  She also appears in Mario & Sonic at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games as an archer."}]}, {"title": "Southport, Florida", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Southport is an unincorporated community in Bay County, Florida, United States. It is located along the north side of North Bay and west of Deer Point Lake. The main roads through the community are State Road 77 and County Road 2321. It is also part of the Panama City\u2013Lynn Haven\u2013Panama City Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area. Southport has one school, Southport Elementary School. It is part of Bay County School District."}]}, {"title": "Back to Basics (campaign)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Back to Basics was a political campaign announced by British Prime Minister John Major at the Conservative Party conference of 1993 in Blackpool. The campaign was intended as a nostalgic appeal to traditional values such as \"neighbourliness, decency, courtesy\". It was often interpreted as a campaign for socially conservative causes such as promoting the traditional family, though Major denied this. The campaign became the subject of ridicule when a succession of Conservative politicians were caught up in scandals."}, {"context": " The previous year of Major's premiership had been beset by infighting within the Conservative party on the issue of Europe, including rebellions in several Parliamentary votes on the Maastricht Treaty. He was also dealing with the fallout from the Black Wednesday economic debacle of September 1992. Major's speech, delivered on 8 October 1993, began by noting the disagreements over Europe: Major then changed the subject to \"a world that sometimes seems to be changing too fast for comfort\". He attacked many of the changes in Britain since the Second World War, singling out developments in housing, education, and criminal justice. He then continued:"}, {"context": " He mentioned the phrase once again near the conclusion of his speech: During 1993, Britain was going through what has been characterised as a moral panic on the issue of single mothers. Government ministers regularly made speeches on the issue, such as John Redwood's condemnation of \"young women [who] have babies with no apparent intention of even trying marriage or a stable relationship with the father of the child\" from July 1993, and Peter Lilley's characterisation of single mothers as \"benefit-driven\" and \"undeserving\" from the same year. The murder of James Bulger earlier in 1993, by two young boys from single-parent families, served to intensify the media frenzy."}, {"context": " Apart from some generic platitudes about families and self-reliance, Major's speech said nothing specific about sexual behaviour or single motherhood. On 6 January 1994, Major explicitly stated that the campaign was not \"a crusade about personal morality\". Despite this, the \"Back to Basics\" campaign was widely interpreted by the media as including a \"family values\" component. According to Debbie Epstein and Richard Johnson: Writing in his diary shortly after and in reference to the Michael Brown story (Brown being a government whip who resigned in 1994 in the wake of a homosexual trip to Barbados), Piers Morgan, who exposed many of the sexual scandals as editor of the \"News of the World\", opined:"}, {"context": " The following scandals were linked to the \"Back To Basics\" campaign in the media: John Major lost the 1997 general election and resigned as Prime Minister and Conservative Party leader. Several years later, it was revealed that he had conducted a four-year-long extra-marital affair with fellow Conservative MP Edwina Currie in the 1980s. The liaison occurred when both were backbenchers, and had ended well before Major became Prime Minister. Currie disclosed the romance in her diaries, published in 2002, adding that she considered the \"Back to Basics\" campaign to have been \"absolute humbug\".  In 2017, Major said the slogan was an example of how sound bites can mislead the public, saying \"[I]t was taken up to pervert a thoroughly worthwhile social policy and persuaded people it was about something quite different.\" The phrase has since become used by UK political commentators to describe any failed attempt by a political party leader to relaunch themselves following a scandal or controversy. The phrase was satirised in the \"Viz\" strip Baxter Basics."}]}, {"title": "South Dayi (Ghana parliament constituency)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " South Dayi is one of the constituencies represented in the Parliament of Ghana. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. South Dayi is located in the South Dayi district of the Volta Region of Ghana. The constituency is located within the South Dayi District of the Volta Region of Ghana. It has the North Dayi constituency to the north, the Hohoe South constituency to the north-east, and the Ho West to the east and south. Its western neighbours are the Afram Plains South and the Asuogyaman constituencies, both in the Eastern Region of Ghana."}]}, {"title": "Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center is a complex comprising several buildings related to the life and presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes. It is the first presidential library, built in 1916, and one of three such libraries for US presidents during the 19th century. Located in Fremont, Ohio, the Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center comprises the Rutherford B. Hayes Museum and Library and Spiegel Grove, an estate encompassing the Hayes home, residence to several generations of the Hayes family. Opened in 1916, the Rutherford B. Hayes Center Library was the first presidential library and one of only three for a 19th-century president. The Center is supported by the private foundations, the Ohio Historical Society and Hayes Presidential Center Inc."}, {"context": " The library holds the 12,000 volume personal library of Rutherford B. Hayes, as well as materials relating to his military and political career, particularly of his presidency from 1877 to 1881. It also contains 70,000 volumes plus newspapers and journals from the time of the Civil War to the eve of World War I. The library was built by the state of Ohio in 1916, and was expanded in 1922 and in 1968. Stephen A. Hayes, the great-great grandson of President Hayes, is the President of the Board of Trustees for the Presidential Center."}, {"context": " The center became national news in 1998 when the Associated Press reported that a real estate company in Florida sent a computerized letter to the Hayes Center, apparently inviting the former president to buy a condominium: \"Rutherford, we're excited for you!\" it read. The director of the center graciously turned down the offer for the long-dead President Hayes. The library has continued its special interest in Rutherford B. Hayes and concentrates on the history of the U.S. from 1850 to 1917, especially the Civil War, Reconstruction, the Spanish\u2013American War, railroad, education, black history and Indian/government relations. Second, the history of Ohio and the Sandusky River Valley and the Northwest are of interest. There is a large genealogical collection. The library contains history books on nearly every county of Ohio, but also on counties of many other states of the United States"}]}, {"title": "Pieta\u0300 (Annibale Carracci)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Piet\u00e0 is a c.1600 oil on canvas painting by Annibale Carracci, the earliest surviving work by him on the subject, commissioned by Odoardo Farnese. It moved from Rome to Parma to Naples as part of the Farnese collection and is now in the National Museum of Capodimonte in Naples."}]}, {"title": "Pseudopostega saltatrix", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Pseudopostega saltatrix is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Walsingham, Lord Thomas de Grey, in 1897. It was described from St. Thomas, in the Virgin Islands, but has an extremely wide range, from Cuba to Dominica in the West Indies, south from Belize to Ecuador, French Guiana and Paraguay. The length of the forewings is 2.1\u20133.1\u00a0mm. In Costa Rica, adults have been collected throughout the year."}]}, {"title": "Domestic Emergency Support Team", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Domestic Emergency Support Team (DEST) is a rapidly deployable, interagency team of experts within the United States government, staffed from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the Department of Defense (DoD), the Department of Energy (DOE), the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The DEST provides guidance to the FBI Special Agent in Charge (SAC) concerning weapons of mass destruction (WMD) threats and actual incidents/attacks."}, {"context": " The FBI Director, in consultation with the Attorney General and the Secretary of Homeland Security, requests that the National Security Council Deputies Committee activate and launch the DEST for on-scene advice that can include nuclear, biological, and chemical expertise. The Secretary of Defense authorizes the deployment of the DEST aircraft and all DoD personnel assigned to the team. It is the responsibility of DoD to provide transportation for the DEST. The DEST is incorporated directly into the existing on-site FBI crisis management structure to advise the On Scene Commander (OSC) of federal-level capabilities that can be brought to bear on the incident. Besides providing interagency crisis management assistance, the DEST can provide information management support and enhanced communications to ensure the OSC maintains connectivity with national-level decision makers during the ongoing crisis. The DEST also can be organized to provide the expert advice required for certain explosive devices and their components including chemical, biological, nuclear, and radiological dispersal devices. Technical expertise and equipment is also available to operate in a contaminated environment in order to conduct on-site activities like threat sampling, technical measurements, tactical intelligence collection, evidence collection, and other actions."}, {"context": " A Nuclear/Radiological Advisory Team deploys as part of an FBI/FEMA-led Domestic Emergency Support Team (DEST) to provide nuclear scientific and technical advice to the lead federal agency. Specialized assistance is available from other federal, state, or local agencies such as the Departments of Transportation and Agriculture. The Domestic Emergency Support Team was originally created under Presidential Decision Directive 39 (PDD 39), \"U.S. Policy on Counterterrorism,\" signed by President Bill Clinton on June 21, 1995. That document called for a \"rapidly deployable interagency emergency support team\" to assist the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) during domestic terrorist events involving the use of chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or explosive weapons."}]}, {"title": "Akruti Institute of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Akruti Institute of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery is a medical center in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. It was founded by Ram Bhupal Rao of Gandhi Medical College, a pioneer in plastic and cosmetic surgery procedures. The hospital was ranked as the top specialized cosmetic surgery clinic in Hyderabad by Times Group in 2015. The hospital is known for conducting the highest number of gynecomastia surgeries in South India. The hospital also conducts free burn surgeries to the poor and needy patients in the third week of every month.  The key specialties for which Akruti Institute is known include gynecomastia, liposuction, abdominoplasty, and rhinoplasty procedures."}]}, {"title": "International Symposium for Personal and Commercial Spaceflight", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The International Symposium for Personal and Commercial Spaceflight (ISPCS) is an annual conference held in Las Cruces, New Mexico. The conference (started in 2005) is organized by the New Mexico Space Grant Consortium a member of the congressionally funded National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program which is administered by NASA in 1989. Day one each year starts with the Sugerman Forum, a public portion of the event that discusses and highlights the personal and commercial spaceflight industry. Other elements of ISPCS include workshops, tours and events at Spaceport America."}]}, {"title": "Norwegian Union of Paper Industry Workers", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Norwegian Union of Paper Industry Workers () was a trade union in Norway, organized under the national Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions. It was founded in 1913. In 1988 it was merged with the Norwegian Union of Clothing Workers, the Norwegian Union of Iron and Metalworkers, the Norwegian Union of Building Industry Workers and the Norwegian Union of Forestry and Land Workers to form the United Federation of Trade Unions. It had about 13,000 members before the merger."}]}, {"title": "Merit (Buddhism)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Merit (', ') is a concept considered fundamental to Buddhist ethics. It is a beneficial and protective force which accumulates as a result of good deeds, acts, or thoughts. Merit-making is important to Buddhist practice: merit brings good and agreeable results, determines the quality of the next life and contributes to a person's growth towards enlightenment. In addition, merit is also shared with a deceased loved one, in order to help the deceased in their new existence. Despite modernization, merit-making remains essential in traditional Buddhist countries and has had a significant impact on the rural economies in these countries."}, {"context": " Merit is connected with the notions of purity and goodness. Before Buddhism, merit was used with regard to ancestor worship, but in Buddhism it gained a more general ethical meaning. Merit is a force that results from good deeds done; it is capable of attracting good circumstances in a person's life, as well as improving the person's mind and inner well-being. Moreover, it affects the next lives to come, as well as the destination a person is reborn. The opposite of merit is demerit (\"papa\"), and it is believed that merit is able to weaken demerit. Indeed, merit has even been connected to the path to Nirvana itself, but many scholars say that this refers only to some types of merit."}, {"context": " Merit can be gained in a number of ways, such as giving, virtue and mental development. In addition, there are many forms of merit-making described in ancient Buddhist texts. A similar concept of \"kusala\" (\"Sanskrit: kusala\") is also known, which is different from merit in some details. The most fruitful form of merit-making is those good deeds done with regard to the Triple Gem, that is, the Buddha, his teachings, the Dhamma (\"Sanskrit: Dharma\"), and the Sangha. In Buddhist societies, a great variety of practices involving merit-making has grown throughout the centuries, sometimes involving great self-sacrifice. Merit has become part of rituals, daily and weekly practice, and festivals. In addition, there is a widespread custom of transferring merit to one's deceased relatives, of which the origin is still a matter of scholarly debate. Merit has been that important in Buddhist societies, that kingship was often legitimated through it, and still is."}, {"context": " In modern society, merit-making has been criticized as materialist, but merit-making is still ubiquitous in many societies. Examples of the impact of beliefs about merit-making can be seen in the \"Phu Mi Bun\" rebellions which took place in the last centuries, as well as in the revival of certain forms of merit-making, such as the much discussed merit release. literally translates as 'merit, meritorious action, virtue'. It is glossed by the Therav\u0101da Commentator Dhammap\u0101la as \"\"santana\u1e43 pun\u0101ti visodheti\"\", meaning 'it cleans or purifies the life-continuity'. Its opposites are \"apu\u00f1\u00f1a\" (demerit) or \"p\u0101pa\" ('infertile, barren, harmful, bringing ill fortune'), of which the term \"p\u0101pa\" has become most common. The term , originally a Judeo-Christian term, has in the latter part of the twentieth century gradually been used as a translation of the Buddhist term \"pu\u1e47ya\" or \"pu\u00f1\u00f1a\". The Buddhist term has, however, more of an impermanent character than the English translation implies, and the Buddhist term does not imply a sense of \"deserving\"."}, {"context": " Before the arising of Buddhism, merit was commonly used in the context of Brahmanical sacrifice, and it was believed that merit accrued through such sacrifice would bring the devotee to an eternal heaven of the 'fathers' . Later, in the period of the Upanishads, a concept of rebirth was established and it was believed that life in heaven was determined by the merit accumulated in previous lives, but the focus on the \"pit\u1e5b\" did not really change. In Buddhism, the idea of an eternal heaven was rejected, but it was believed that merit could help achieve a rebirth in a temporary heaven. Merit was no longer merely a product of ritual, but was invested with an ethical meaning and role."}, {"context": " In the Tipi\u1e6daka (\"; the Buddhist scriptures), the importance of merit is often stressed. Merit is generally considered fundamental to Buddhist ethics, in nearly all Buddhist traditions. Merit-making is very important to Buddhist practice in Buddhist societies. Merit is a \"beneficial and protective force which extends over a long period of time\" (B.J. Terwiel)\u2014and is the effect of good deeds (', ') done through physical action, words, or thought. As its P\u0101li language (the language of Theravada Buddhism, as practiced in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar, etc.) definition indicates, this force is associated with goodness and purity of mind. In traditional Buddhist societies, it is believed that merit is more sustainable than that of magical rites, spirit worship or worldly power. The way merit works, is that acts of merit bring good and agreeable results, whereas demeritorious acts bring bad and disagreeable results. A mixture of the two generates mixed results in a person's life. This (\") or \"automatic cosmic reaction\" (Brokaw) is a common idea found in Buddhist texts and Buddhist societies, and explains why people are different and lead different lives in many ways. Karma is self-regulatory and natural: it operates without divine intervention and human intention is fundamental to it. Internally, merit makes the mind happy and virtuous. Externally, present good circumstances, such as a long life, health and wealth, as well as the character and abilities someone is born with, arise from merits done in the past and vice versa, with demerits. The merits and demerits a person has done may take a while to bear fruit. Merit or demerit may cause a good or bad future respectively, including in the next lives to come. A bad destination after rebirth may be caused by demerit, but merely a lack of merit may also lead a person to be born in an unhappy destination. When someone is reborn in a happy destination, however, one can only stay there as long as merits last. Thus, it is stated in the Tipi\u1e6daka that people cannot take anything with them when they die, except for whatever merit and demerit they have done, which will affect their future. Merit can be accumulated in different quantities, and stored up, but also has an impermanent character: it can run out. Summarizing from the Buddhist text Milinda Pa\u00f1h\u0101, some scholars conclude that merit is inherently stronger than demerit. Moreover, many merits together have the power to prevent demerits from having an effect, by pushing them \"to the back of the queue\" (Richard Gombrich), though demerits can never be undone."}, {"context": " All these benefits of merit ('; '), whether internal or external, are the aim in merit-making, and are often subject of Dharma teachings and texts. Thus, merit is the foundation of heavenly bliss in the future, and in some countries merit was also considered to contribute to the good fortune of the country. Because merit is understood to have these many beneficial effects, it is sometimes compared with cool water, which is poured or which is bathed in. This symbol is used in merit transfer ceremonies, for example."}, {"context": " Merit is not only a concept, but also a way of living. The P\u0101li canon identifies three bases of merit (\"), in order of difficulty: In Buddhist texts and practice, giving is considered the easiest of the three bases of merit. It helps to overcome selfishness and stills the mind; it prepares the mind for the practice of virtue. It is also considered a form of saving, considering there is a rebirth in which people receive back what they have given. As for virtue, this comprises three out of eight aspects of the eight-fold path, the path central in the Buddhist teaching: right speech, right action and right livelihood. Being the main criterion for moral behavior in Buddhism, virtue is mostly about the undertaking of five precepts, although the eight precepts may be kept now and then. The five precepts are part of many Buddhist ceremonies, and are also considered a merit itself, helping the practitioner to become strong and healthy. The benefits of practicing the three bases of merits are also summarized as three forms of happiness (\"\")\u2014happiness as a human being, happiness in heaven, and happiness in Nirvana. When people die, what world they will be reborn into depends on how intense they practice these three bases of merit. It is, however, only mental development that can take someone to the highest heavenly worlds, or to Nirvana."}, {"context": " Post-canonical texts and commentaries such as the Dhammasa\u1e45gan\u012b and Atthas\u0101lin\u012b, elaborating on the three bases of merit, state that lay devotees can make merit by performing ten deeds. Seven items are then added to the previous three: These ten, the Commentator Buddhaghosa says, all fit within the three first bases of merit: 'Giving' includes 'Transferring merit to others' and 'Rejoicing in others' merit' by extension, whereas 'Virtue' includes 'Honoring others' and 'Offering service'. The remaining items 'Listening to Teachings', 'Instructing others in the Teachings' and 'Straightening one's own views' are part of 'Mental development'. Thus, in Therav\u0101da Buddhism, merit is always accrued through morally (good) actions. Such good deeds are also highly valued in the other two Buddhist schools, that is Mah\u0101y\u0101na (China, Japan, etc.) and Vajray\u0101na (Tibet, Nepal, etc.). In some forms of Mah\u0101y\u0101na or Vajray\u0101na it is believed, however, that even more merit will accrue from certain ritual actions, sometimes called the 'power of blessed substances' \"()\". These are considered an addition to the traditional list and can help protect against calamities or other negative events caused by bad karma."}, {"context": " A number of scholars have criticized the concepts of merit and karma as amoral, egoist and calculative, citing its quantitative nature and emphasis on personal benefits in observing morality. Other scholars have pointed out that in Buddhist ethics egoism and altruism may not be as strictly separated as in western thought, personal benefit and that of the other becoming one as the practitioner progresses on the spiritual path. Buddhist ethics is informed by Buddhist metaphysics, notably, the not-self doctrine, and therefore some western ethical concepts may not apply. Besides, as Keown notices, moral action would not be possible if it was not preceded by moral concern for others, as is illustrated by the example of the Buddha himself. Such moral concern is also part of the Buddhist path, cultivated through loving-kindness and the other sublime attitudes (\"\")."}, {"context": " In post-canonical and vernacular P\u0101li literature, such as the J\u0101taka stories of the Buddha's previous lives, the Avad\u0101nas and Anisa\u1e43sa texts, as well as in many Mah\u0101y\u0101na texts, merit is the main concept. It is regarded as something which can be accumulated throughout different lifetimes in the process of attaining Buddhahood, and is also instrumental in attaining it. The \"Bodhisatta\" intent on accomplishing Buddhahood and bringing other beings across the ocean of suffering, must do so by accumulating all sorts of merits, in this context also called perfections ('; '). This form of merit-making is always led by a vow for enlightenment ('; '), and an intention to enlighten others as well, as well as the transferring of merits to all living beings to that effect. Another aspect of meritorious acts, emphasized more in later literature, is the idea that a single meritorious act done will reap many fruits, as, for example, expressed in the Vim\u0101navatthu. Not only is the quality of people's next rebirth affected by their merits, but also the circumstances in which they are reborn; not only in the next life, but also in adjacent lives after that. Wealth, lifespan, and position are all contingent on merit."}, {"context": " In Buddhist texts further details are given in what way and to what extent a meritorious deed will bring results: this depends on the spiritual quality of the recipient, the spiritual attitude of the giver, the manner in which one gives and the object given. If the recipient is a human, the gift yields more fruits than if the recipient is an animal, but a gift to a (a young monk), a monk, many monks, and the Buddha yield even more fruits, in ascending order. If the giver is motivated by greed or other defilements of the mind, the merit gained will be much less than if the giver is motivated by loving-kindness or other noble intentions. Even the intention of going to heaven, though in itself not considered wrong, is not seen as lofty as the intention to want to develop and purify the mind. If the recipient is spiritually \"not worthy of the gift\", the gift will still be meritorious provided the giver's intention is good, and this is also valid the other way around. Good thoughts must also be maintained after the good deed is done, as regretting the gift will also decrease the merit. Whether the giver pronounces a certain wish or intention also affects the meritorious deed, as the power of the merits can be channeled toward a certain purpose. The manner in which people give is also important: whether someone gives respectfully or not, and whether by giving someone is harming anyone. With regard to the size of the gift, a larger gift is usually more meritorious than a smaller one, but purity of mind affects merit more than the gift's size. It is therefore recommended to give as much as you can afford, no more and no less. Such care in choosing who to give to and how to give, is called being 'skilled in merit' (\"\")."}, {"context": " A teaching that exists in both Mah\u0101y\u0101na \"s\u016btras\" and Therav\u0101din \"suttas\" is the teaching on the Ten Wholesome Ways of Action (\"\"). In Mah\u0101y\u0101na, this teaching is described as the way in which a \"Bodhisattva\" prevents \"suffering in all evil destinies\". These ten wholesome ways are: These ten actions are described as ('unwholesome'; '), and when abstaining from them it is called ('wholesome'; '). Moreover, \"kusala\" and \"akusala\" are depicted as having 'roots' (\"m\u016bla\"). \"Akusalam\u016bla\" are the roots of evil in the mind (the defilements), whereas the \"kusalam\u016bla\" are roots connected with good qualities of the mind. Both of them are called \"roots\" because they are qualities that can be cultivated and grown in the mind."}, {"context": " \"Pu\u00f1\u00f1a\" and \"p\u0101pa\" are close in meaning to \"kusala\" and \"akusala\". Both pairs are used for distinguishing between ethically right and wrong. However, even though the negatives \"akusala\" and \"p\u0101pa\" have almost the same meaning, there are some differences between the positives, \"kusala\" and \"pu\u00f1\u00f1a\". According to P. D. Premasiri, \"Kusala\" is used to describe a more direct path to Nirvana than \"pu\u00f1\u00f1a\". Damien Keown, however, believes they are merely different angles of the same concept: \"kusala\" refers to the moral status of an action, whereas \"pu\u00f1\u00f1a\" refers to the experience of the consequences of the action. He further points out that in the P\u0101li (discourses) mental development (\"bh\u0101van\u0101\") practices such as meditation are also included in the path of merit. It is unlikely that in the Tipi\u1e6daka meditation would be regarded as an indirect path or obstacle to Nirvana, and there are passages that directly relate merit to Nirvana. Sometimes a distinction is made between worldly (') and transcendental (') merit, in which only transcendental merit leads to liberation. The Thai scholar and monastic Phra Payutto believes that \"merit\" and \"kusala\" are both used to describe the 'cleanliness of the mind' (). But whereas \"merit\" aims for the 'beautiful and praiseworthy' () aspect of such cleanliness, with worldly benefits such as wealth, praise and happiness; \"kusala\" aims for the 'purity' () aspect of cleanliness, with enlightenment as its benefit. Phra Payutto does add that both need to be accumulated on the Buddhist path. In making this comparison, he says this only holds for worldly merit, not for transcendental merit. Collins equates transcendental merit with \"kusala\". In the earlier P\u0101li texts, \"kusala\" was much more commonly used than \"pu\u00f1\u00f1a\", \"pu\u00f1\u00f1a\" mostly being used in the context of the practice of giving."}, {"context": " In a widely quoted theory, Melford Spiro and Winston King have distinguished two forms of Buddhism found in traditional Buddhist societies, \"kammatic Buddhism\" focused on activities such as merit-making, and \"nibbanic Buddhism\" which focuses on the liberation from suffering and rebirth. In this theory, called the \"transcendency thesis\" (Keown), Buddhism has two quite separate aims, which are pursued by separate groups, that is, laypeople (kammatic) and monks (nibbanic). This view has, however, been downplayed or criticized by many other scholars, who believe that kammatic practices are in many ways connected to nibbanic practices, and the aims of monks and laypeople cannot be that easily separated."}, {"context": " This transcendency thesis has also been applied to scriptural interpretation. When discussing the path to the attainment of Nirvana, in some passages in the Tipi\u1e6daka merit is rejected. For example, in the Padh\u0101na Sutta, the \"Bodhisatta\" (the Buddha Gotama to be) is tempted by \"M\u0101ra\" to give up his self-torture practices to do meritorious acts instead. The \"Bodhisatta\" replies that even a bit of merit is no use to him (\"\"). Some scholars, supporting the transcendency thesis, have interpreted this to mean that merit can only lead to happiness and progress within \"Sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\", but does not lead to Nirvana, and must in fact be discarded before attaining Nirvana. Marasinghe believes, however, that the word \"merit\" in this passage refers to merit in the pre-Buddhist Brahmanical sense, connected with rituals and sacrifice, and the lay life. Another example often quoted in this context is the simile of the raft, which states that both \"dhamma\" and \"adhamma\" should be let go of in order to attain liberation. Whereas the term \"adhamma\" in the text clearly refers to evil views, the meaning of \"dhamma\" is subject to different interpretations. Considering that no other similar passage can be found in the Tipi\u1e6daka, Keown believes that only this passage is not enough to base the transcendency thesis on."}, {"context": " In the P\u0101li Canon, an enlightened person is said to be neutral in terms of karma, that is, the person no longer generates karma, merit, or demerit. Some scholars have interpreted this to mean that an enlightened person attains a state where distinctions between good and evil no longer exist. Other scholars have criticized this as making little sense, considering how the Buddha would normally emphasize ethics. The fact that an enlightened person is neutral in terms of karma, does not mean he is neutral. Indeed, the Buddha is quoted in the Tipi\u1e6daka as saying he is foremost in 'higher morality' (\"adhis\u012bla\"). Keown attempts to overcome this problem by proposing that enlightened people are beyond the accumulative experience of good deeds (merit, \"pu\u00f1\u00f1a\"), since they are already perfected. They therefore do not need to accumulate goodness and the resulting happiness anymore. They no longer need to strive for a happy rebirth in the next life, because they have gone beyond rebirth. Their enlightenment is, however, an perfection as well, though this is solely described as \"kusala\", not as \"pu\u00f1\u00f1a\"."}, {"context": " In pre-Buddhist Brahmanism, Brahmin priests used to perform \"s\" (sacrifices) and thereby generating merit for the donors who provided gifts for the sacrifice. In Buddhism, it was the Buddhist monk who assumed this role, considered qualified to receive generosity from devotees and thereby generating merit for them. He came to be described as \"\u0101huneyyo\" ('worthy of offering'), by analogy with the Brahmanical term \"\u0101havan\u012bya\" ('worthy of sacrifice', used in offerings to the ritual fire); and as \"dakkhi\u1e47eyyo\" ('qualified to accept the offering'), by analogy with the Brahmanical \"dak\u015bi\u1e47\u0101\", the sacrificial offering itself. The Sangha (monastic community) was also described as ('; '). The difference with the Brahmanical tradition was, according to Marasinghe, that Buddhism did recognize ways of generating merit apart from offerings to the monk, whereas the Brahmanical \"yaj\u00f1a\" emphasized offerings to the Brahmin priest. That is not to say that such offerings were not important in early Buddhism: giving to the Sangha was the first Buddhist activity which allowed for community participation, and preceded the first rituals in Buddhism."}, {"context": " The main concept of the field of merit is that good deeds done towards some recipients accrue more merit than good deeds to other recipients. This is compared with a seed planted in fertile ground which reaps more and better fruits than in infertile ground. The Sangha is described as a field of merit, mostly because the members of the Sangha follow the eight-fold path. But in many texts, the Buddha and the Dhamma, and their representations, are also described as fields of merit. For example, Mah\u0101y\u0101na tradition considers production and reverence of Dharma texts very meritorious\u2014this tradition, sometimes referred to as the \"cult of the book\" (Gregory Schopen), stimulated the development of print technology in China. In other traditions a Buddha image is also considered a field of merit, and any good deed involving a Buddha image is considered very meritorious. A meritorious deed will also be very valuable (and sometimes viewed in terms of a field of merit) if performed to repay gratitude to someone (such as parents), or performed out of compassion for those who suffer. Deeds of merit done towards the Sangha as a whole yield greater fruits than deeds done towards one particular recipient (\"\") or deeds done with favoritism. Indeed, \"sa\u1e45ghad\u0101na\" yields even more fruits than deeds of merit to the person of the Buddha himself."}, {"context": " The ten bases of merit are very popular in Buddhist countries. In China, other similar lists are also well-known. In Thai Buddhism, the word \"merit\" () is often combined with \"to do, to make\" (), and this expression is frequently used, especially in relation to giving. In Buddhist societies, such merit-making is common, especially those meritorious deeds which are connected to monks and temples. In this regard, there is a saying in Burma, \"Your hands are always close to offering donations\". Contrary to popular conceptions, merit-making is done by both monastics and laypeople alike. Buddhist monks or lay Buddhists earn merit through mindfulness, meditation, chanting and other rituals. Giving is the fundamental way of making merit for many laypeople, as monks are not allowed to cook by themselves. Monastics in their turn practice themselves to be a good field of merit and make merit by teaching the donors. Merit-making has thus created a symbiotic relationship between laypeople and Sangha, and the Sangha is obligated to be accessible to laypeople, for them to make merit."}, {"context": " Giving can be done in several ways. Some laypeople offer food, others offer robes and supplies, and others fund ceremonies, build monasteries or persuade a relative to ordain as a monk. Young people often temporary ordain as monks, because they believe this will not only yield fruits of merit for themselves, but also for their parents who have allowed them to ordain. In China, Thailand and India, it used to be common to offer land or the first harvest to a monastery. Also, more socially oriented activities such as building a hospital or bridge, or giving to the poor are included in the Tipi\u1e6daka, and by many Buddhists considered meritorious. In fieldwork studies done by researchers, devotees appreciated the merits of becoming ordained and supporting the building of a temple the most. Fisher found that building a temple was considered a great merit by devotees, because they believed they would in that way have part in all the wisdom which would be taught at that temple. People may pursue merit-making for different reasons, as Buddhist orthodoxy allows for various ideals, this-worldly or ultimate. Although many scholars have pointed out that devotees often aim for this-worldly benefits in merit-making, it has also been pointed out that in old age, people tend to make merit with a view on the next life and liberation. Among lay people, women tend to engage in merit-making more than men, and this may be a way for them to enhance empowerment. Very often, merit-making is done as a group, and it is believed that such shared merit-making will cause people to be born together in next lives. This belief holds for families, friends, communities and even the country as a whole. In some cases, merit-making took the form of a community-wide competition, in which different donors tried to outdo each other to prove their generosity and social status. This was the case during merit-making festivals in nineteenth-century Thailand. In modern Thailand, businesses and politicians often make merit to improve their public image and increase confidence among customers or voters. In Burma, lay devotees form associations to engage in merit-making as a community. People were so intent on merit-making and giving, that in some societies, people would even offer and their family to a Buddhist temple, as one high-ranking minister did in the ancient Pagan Kingdom (ninth until fourteenth century Burma). On a similar note, in Sri Lanka, kings and commoners would offer slaves to the temple, and then donate money to pay for their freedom, that way accruing two merits at once. Even more symbolically, kings would sometimes offer their kingdom to a temple, which, returned the gift immediately, together with some Dhamma teaching. Also in Sri Lanka, King Mahakuli Mahatissa disguised himself as a peasant and started to earn his living working on a paddy field, so he would be able to gain more merit by working himself to obtain resources to give to Buddhist monks. In some cases, merit-making was even continued after a person's death: in ancient Thai tradition, it was considered meritorious for people to dedicate their corpses to feed the wild animals after death."}, {"context": " Many devout Buddhists observe regular \"rest days\" (\"\") by keeping five precepts, listening to teachings, practicing meditation and living at the temple. Besides these weekly observances, ceremonies and festivities are yearly held and are often occasions to make merit, and are sometimes believed to yield greater merits than other, ordinary days. In Thailand and Laos, a yearly festival is held focused on the Vessantara J\u0101taka, a story of a previous life of the Buddha which is held sacred. This festival, seven centuries old, played a major role in legitimating kingship in Thai society. Making merit is the central theme of the festival. Since the period of Rama IV, however, the festival has become less popular. Many countries also celebrate the yearly Ka\u1e6dhina, when they offer robes, money and other requisites to the Sangha as a way to make merit. In Burma, the two yearly Light Festivals are typically occasions to make merit, as gifts are given to elders, and robes are sewn for the Sangha. In South Korea, a Buddha Day is held, on which Buddhists pray and offer alms. Other kinds of occasions of merit-making are also uphold. A special form of merit-making less frequently engaged in is going on pilgrimage, which is mostly common in Tibet and Japan. This practice is highly regarded and considered very meritorious."}, {"context": " In several Buddhist countries, it has been common to record merits done. In China, it was common for many centuries to keep record of someone's meritorious deeds in 'merit ledgers' (). Although a belief in merit and retribution had preceded the merit ledgers by many centuries, during the Ming dynasty, through the ledgers a practice of systematic merit accumulation was established for the first time. The merit ledgers were lists of good deeds and bad deeds, organized in the form of a calendar for users to calculate to what extent they had been practicing good deeds and avoiding bad deeds every day. The ledgers also listed the exact retributions of every number of deeds done, to the detail. Through these ledgers it was believed someone could offset bad karma. In the fourth century CE, the \"Baopuzi\", and in the twelfth century the \"Treatise On the Response of the Tao\" and the \"Ledger of Merit and Demerit of the Taiwei Immortal\" introduced the basics of the system of merit ledgers. In the fourteenth century CE, the Tao master Zhao Yizhen recommended the use of the ledgers to examine oneself, to bring emotion in harmony with reason. From the fourth to the sixteenth centuries, many types of ledgers were produced by Buddhist and Tao schools, and the usage of the ledgers grew widespread. The practice of recording merits has survived in China and Japan until the present day. In Therav\u0101da countries, for example in Burma and Sri Lanka, similar customs have been observed. In Sri Lanka, a (', ') was sometimes kept by someone for years and read in the last moments of life. This practice was based on the story of King Du\u1e6d\u1e6dhag\u0101ma\u1e47i, and was mostly practiced by the royalty and rich during the period of the Mah\u0101va\u1e41sa chronicle. More recent practice has also been observed, for example, as a form of terminal care. or as part of the activities of lay merit-making associations."}, {"context": " The association of wealth with merits done has deeply affected many Buddhist countries. The relation between giving and wealth is ubiquitous in vernacular P\u0101li literature, and many stories of exemplary donors exist, such as the stories of An\u0101thapi\u1e47\u1e0dika and J\u014dtika. In Buddhism, by emphasizing the usage of wealth for generosity, accumulating wealth for giving purposes thus became a spiritual practice. But using wealth in unrighteous ways, or hoarding it instead of sharing and giving it, is condemned extensively. Greed is what keeps a person wandering in \"Sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\" (the cycle of rebirth), instead of becoming liberated. It is the attachment to wealth that is an obstacle on the spiritual path, not wealth per se. Stories illustrating these themes in vernacular Buddhist literature, have profoundly influenced popular culture in Buddhist countries. Several scholars have described merit as a sort of spiritual currency or bookkeeping system. Though objections have been made against this metaphor, it is not new. Similar comparisons have been made in the Milinda Pa\u00f1h\u0101, and in seventeenth-century China. Moreover, Schopen has shown that Buddhism has had strong connections with the mercantile class, and Rotman thinks that a mercantile ethos may have informed Buddhist texts such as the Divy\u0101vad\u0101na. Gombrich objects to calling merit-making \"dry metaphysical mercantilism\", but he does speculate on a historical relation between the concept of merit and the monetization of ancient India's economy."}, {"context": " Two practices mentioned in the list of meritorious acts have been studied quite extensively by scholars: dedicating (or transferring) merit to others, and rejoicing in others' merits. Transferring merit is a widespread custom in all Buddhist countries, Mah\u0101y\u0101na, Vajray\u0101na and Therav\u0101da. In the P\u0101li tradition, the word \"pattid\u0101na\" is used, meaning 'giving of the acquired'. And in the Sanskrit tradition, the word \"pari\u1e47\u0101man\u0101\" is used for transferring merit, meaning 'bending round or towards, transfer, dedication'. Of these translations, 'transfer of merit' has become commonplace, though objected to by some scholars."}, {"context": " Buddhist traditions provide detailed descriptions of how this transfer proceeds. Transferring merit to another person, usually deceased relatives, is simply done by a mental wish. Despite the word \"transfer\", the merit of the giver is in no way decreased during such an act, just like a candle used to light another candle does not diminish. The merit transferred cannot always be received, however. The dead relatives must also be able to sympathize with the meritorious act. If the relatives do not receive the merit, the act of transferring merit will still be beneficial for the giver himself. The transfer of merit is thus connected with the idea of rejoicing. The other person who rejoices in one's meritorious deeds, in that way also receives merit, if he approves of the merit done. Thus, rejoicing in others' merits, apart from being one of the ten meritorious acts mentioned, is also a prerequisite for the transferring of merit to occur. The purposes for merit transfer differ. In many Buddhist countries, transferring merit is connected to the notion of an intermediate state. The merit that is transferred to the deceased will help them to cross over safely to the next rebirth. Some Mah\u0101y\u0101na traditions believe that it can help deceased relatives to attain the Pure Land. Another way of transferring merit, apart from helping the deceased, is to dedicate it to the \"devas\" (deities), since it is believed that these are not able to make merits themselves. In this way it is believed their favor can be obtained. Finally, many Buddhists transfer merits to resolve a bond of revenge that may exist between people, as it is believed that someone else's vengefulness may create harm in one's life."}, {"context": " Initially in the Western study of Buddhism, some scholars believed that the transfer of merit was a uniquely Mah\u0101y\u0101na practice and that it was developed only at a late period after the historical Buddha. For example, Heinz Bechert dated the Buddhist doctrine of transfer of merit in its fully developed form to the period between the fifth and seventh centuries CE. Scholars perceived that it was discordant with early Buddhist understandings of karma, and noticed that in the Kath\u0101vatthu the idea is partly refuted by Therav\u0101dins. Other scholars have pointed out that the doctrine of the transfer of merit can be found early in the Therav\u0101da tradition. Then there also scholars who propose that, although the transfer of merit did not exist in early Buddhism, early doctrines did form a basis for it, the transfer of merit being an \"inherent consequence\" (Bechert) of these early doctrines."}, {"context": " The idea that a certain power could be transferred from one to another was known before the arising of Buddhism. In religious texts such as the Mah\u0101bh\u0101rata, it is described that \"devas\" can transfer certain powers ('). A similar belief existed with regard to the energy gained by performing austerities ('). Apart from these transfers of power, a second origin is found in Brahamanical ancestor worship. In the period preceding the arising of Buddhism, it was believed that after a person's death he had to be transformed from a wandering \"preta\" to reach the blissful world of the \"pit\u1e5bs.\" This was done through the complex \"\u015ar\u0101ddha\" ceremonies, which would secure the destiny of the deceased as a \"pit\u1e5b\". In Buddhism, however, ancestor worship was discontinued, as it was believed that the dead would not reach heavenly bliss through rituals or worship, but only through the law of karma. Nevertheless, the practice of transfer of merit arose by using the ethical and psychological principles of karma and merit, and connect these with the sense of responsibility towards one's parents. This sense of responsibility was typical for pre-Buddhist practices of ancestor worship. As for the veneration of dead ancestors, this was replaced by veneration of the Sangha."}, {"context": " Sree Padma and Anthony Barber note that merit transfer was well-established and a very integral part of Buddhist practice in the Andhra region of southern India. In addition, inscriptions at numerous sites across South Asia provide definitive evidence that the transfer of merit was widely practiced in the first few centuries CE. In Therav\u0101da Buddhism, it has become customary for donors to share merits during ceremonies held at intervals, and during a teaching. In Mah\u0101y\u0101na Buddhism, it is believed that \"Bodhisattvas\" in the heavens are capable of transferring merits, and will do so to help relief the suffering of their devotees, who then can dedicate it to others. This concept has led to several Buddhist traditions focused on devotion. Mah\u0101y\u0101na and Vajray\u0101na Buddhists transfer merits as part of the 'Seven-part-worship' (\"\"), and there is almost no ceremony without some form of merit transfer. Thus, merit transfer has developed to become a standard element in the basic liturgy of all main schools of Buddhism. Indeed, the transfer of merits has grown that important in Buddhism, that it has become a major way for Buddhism to sustain itself. In Japan, some temples are even called \"ek\u014ddera\", which means a temple for merit transfer."}, {"context": " In South and South-East Asia, merit-making was not only a practice for the mass, but was also practiced by the higher echelons of society. Kingship and merit-making went together. In the Tipi\u1e6daka, ideas about good governance were framed in terms of the ideal of the 'wheel-turning monarch' ('; '), the king who rules righteously and non-violently according to Dharma. His roles and duties are discussed extensively in Buddhist texts. The \"Cakkavatti\" is a moral example to the people and possesses enough spiritual merit. It is through this that he earns his sovereignty, as opposed to merely inheriting it. Also, the Buddha himself was born as a prince, and was also a king (Vessantara) in a previous life. Apart from the models in the \"suttas\", P\u0101li chronicles such as the Mah\u0101va\u1e43sa and the Jinak\u0101lam\u0101l\u012b may have contributed to the ideals of Buddhist kingship. In these vernacular P\u0101li works, examples are given of royalty performing meritorious acts, sometimes as a form of repentance for previously committed wrongdoings. The emperor Asoka () is featured as an important patron supporting the Sangha."}, {"context": " Because of these traditions, kings have had an important role in maintaining the Sangha, and publicly performed grand acts of merit, as is testified by epigraphic evidence from South and South-East Asia. In Sri Lanka, from the tenth century CE onward, kings have assumed the role of a lay protector of the Sangha, and so have Thai kings, during the periods of Sukhothai and Ayutthaya (fourteenth until eighteenth centuries). In fact, a number of kings in Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Burma have described themselves as \"Bodhisattas\", and epithets and royal language were established accordingly. In short, kingship in traditional Buddhist societies was connected with the Sangha as a field of merit: the king assumed an exemplary role as a donor to the Sangha, and the Sangha legitimated the king as a leader of the state. Both facilitated one another, and both needed each other. In times of famine or other hardship, it was traditionally believed that the king was failing, and the king would typically perform meritorious activities on a grand scale. In this way the king would be able to improve the kingdom's conditions, through his \"overflow karma\" (Walters). A similar role was played by queens."}, {"context": " In the last seven centuries in Thailand, the Vessantara J\u0101taka has played a significant role in legitimating kingship in Thailand, through a yearly festival known as the 'Preaching of the Great Life' (). Merit-making and \"p\u0101ram\u012bs\" (doing good deeds, developing good habits to become a Buddha) were greatly emphasized in this festival, through the story about Prince Vessantara's generosity. During the reform period of Rama IV, as Thai Buddhism was being modernized, the festival was dismissed as not reflecting true Buddhism. Its popularity has greatly diminished ever since. Nevertheless, the use of merit-making by the Thai monarchy and government, to solidify their position and create unity in society, has continued until the late twentieth century."}, {"context": " Buddhists are not in agreement with regard to the interpretation, role, and importance of merit. The role of merit-making in Buddhism has been discussed throughout Buddhist history, but much more so in the last centuries. In the nineteenth century, during the rise of Buddhist modernism and the Communist regimes, Buddhists in South and Southeast Asia became more critical about merit-making when it became associated with magical practices, privileging, ritualism and waste of resources. In pre-modern Thailand, a great deal of the funds of temples were derived from the profits of land that were offered to temples by royalty and nobility. During the period of religious reform and administrative centralization in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, however, Thai temples were no longer supported in this manner and had to find other ways to maintain themselves."}, {"context": " At the beginning of the twentieth century, perspectives of merit-making had changed again, as merit-making was being associated with capitalism and consumerism, which had been rising in South and Southeast Asia. Furthermore, in some Buddhist countries, such as Thailand, there is a tendency among teachers and practitioners to dismiss and even revile merit-making in favor of teachings about detachment and attaining Nirvana, for which L. S. Cousins has coined the term \"\"\"\". Studies done in the 1960s and 1970s in Thailand, Sri Lanka and Burma showed that a great deal of time, effort and money was invested by people in merit-making, e.g. Spiro described Burma's rural economy as \"geared to the overriding goal of the accumulation of wealth as a means of acquiring merit\". In some studies done in rural Burma, up to thirty percent of people's income was spent on merit-making. In 2014, when Burma ranked highest on the World Giving Index (tied with the United States, and followed by many other Buddhist countries), scholars attributed this to the Burmese habit of merit-making. Studies done in Thailand, however, showed that in the 1980s merit-making was declining, and a significant group did no longer believe in karma\u2014though this was not a majority. Some scholars disagree with these findings, however, saying that Buddhist practices such as merit-making are still very widespread. Similar observations have been made about Cambodia and even about Thai people in the United States. As for Buddhist \"converts\" in the west, for example from the United Kingdom, the interest in merit is less than among Asian Buddhists, but they strongly appreciate the generosity and reverence as exhibited by Asian Buddhists."}, {"context": " Some scholars have suggested that merit-making may have affected the economies of Buddhist countries in a negative way, because spending savings on the local temple would prevent consumption and investment and therefore stunt economic growth. Other researchers have disagreed, pointing out that spending resources on a Buddhist temple does stimulate economic growth through the investment in goods for the temple. It has also been suggested that even if the economy of Buddhist countries would be better off without merit-making, it would result in an economy that the majority of the population would not prefer. Another criticism often leveled at merit-making in modern times is that it prevents people from using their resources to help the poor and needy. Very often, however, temples do have many social roles in society, and offer help to many groups in society\u2014resources are therefore redistributed widely. Moreover, since merit-making is often done as a community, merit-making may strengthen social ties, which Walters calls \"sociokarma\"."}, {"context": " Scholars have often connected the notion of karma to the determinism in the caste system in India. Just like in the case of karma, some scholars believe that a belief in merit can cause social differences to stay unchanged. This would be the case when the poor, who cannot make much merit, resign to their fate. Other scholars point out that merit can be used to improve social status in the present, as in the case of someone ordaining as a monk for a few years. And vice versa, if someone's social status quickly deteriorates, for example, due to quick changes in the bureaucratic structure, these changes might be justified in Buddhist societies because someone's store of merit is believed to have run out. Someone's position in society, even in the cosmos, is always subject to the impermanent workings of merit and demerit. In traditional Buddhist societies, quick changes in position, status, or roles are therefore considered part of life, and this insecurity is a motivator in trying to improve the situation through merit-making. Findly points out that in Buddhist ideals of merit-making, the earned value gained by doing good deeds is more important than the assigned value gained by social status at birth."}, {"context": " The idea of merit is also at the basis of the movements as has been studied in Thailand and other Buddhist societies. \"Phu Mi Bun\" are people who are considered to have much merit from past lives, whose influence morally affects society at large. \"Phu Mi Bun\" are in many ways similar to people declared \"Bodhisattvas\" in Buddhist societies, and in fact, the word \"Phu Mi Bun\" is often used in traditional Thai texts about the previous lives of the Buddha. Besides the example of the king himself, certain monks and \"shamans\" have assumed this role throughout history. In Thailand, around the turn of the twentieth century, a millennialist movement arose regarding the coming of a \"Phu Mi Bun\", to the extent of becoming an insurgency which was suppressed by the government. This insurgency became known to Thai historians as the \"rebellion of the \"Phu Mi Bun\"\" (), commonly known in English as the Holy Man's Rebellion. Several of such rebellions involving \"Phu Mi Bun\" have taken place in the history of Thai, Laos, Cambodia and Burma. For example, in Cambodia, there were \"Phu Mi Bun\"\u2013led revolts against the French control of Cambodia. Lucien Hanks has shown that beliefs pertaining to \"Phu Mi Bun\" have profoundly affected the way Thai people relate to authority. Indologist Arthur Basham, however, believed that in contemporary Thai society the \"Phu Mi Bun\" is more of a label, and \"merit\" more of a secular term than a deeply-rooted belief."}, {"context": " One merit-making practice that has received more scholarly attention since the 1990s is the practice of \"merit release\". Merit release is a ritual of releasing animals from captivity, as a way to make merit. Merit release is a practice common in many Buddhist societies, and has since the 2010s made a comeback in some societies. Its origins are unclear, but traditionally it is said to originate from the Mah\u0101y\u0101na \"Humane King Sutra\", among other sources. It often involves a large number of animals which are released simultaneously, as well as chanting, making a resolution, and transfer of merits. Though the most common practice is the releasing of fish and birds back in nature, there are also other forms: in Tibet, animals are bought from the slaughterhouse to release. However, the practice has come under criticism by wildlife conservationists and scholars. Studies done in Cambodia, Hong Kong and Taiwan have shown that the practice may not only be fatal for a high percentage of the released animals, but may also affect the survival of threatened species, create a black market for wildlife, as well as pose a threat for public hygiene. Some Buddhist organizations have responded to this by adjusting their practices, by working together with conservationist organizations to educate people, and even by pushing for new laws controlling the practice. , the Society for Conservation Biology (SCB) started discussing possible solutions with religious communities on how the practice could be adapted. According to the SCB, the communities have generally responded positively. In the meantime, in some countries, laws have been issued to control the practice. In Singapore, to limit merit release on Vesak celebrations, people were fined."}, {"context": " Despite its critics, merit release continues to grow, and has also developed new forms in western countries. In 2016, it was widely reported that the Canada-based Great Enlightenment Buddhist Institute Society (GEBIS) had released of lobsters in the ocean. The release was planned in agreement with local lobster-men. In the same year, Wendy Cook from Lincoln, United States, bought fourteen rabbits from a farm to raise them under better conditions. The costly release, advertised on Facebook as \"The Great Rabbit Liberation of 2016\", was supported by Buddhist monastics from Singapore and the Tibetan tradition, and was based on the idea of merit-making. In a less successful attempt, two Taiwanese Buddhists released crab and lobsters in the sea at Brighton, United Kingdom, to make merit. They were fined by the authorities for \u00a315,000 for a wildlife offense that could have significant impact on native species."}]}, {"title": "Freddie Fisher (musician)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Freddie Fisher (\u2013) was an American musician, leader of a band variously known simply as the Freddie Fisher Band, Freddie Fisher and His Schnickelfritz Orchestra (The word \"schnickelfritz\" is an affectionate term of German origin for \"a mischievous little boy\"; comparable to \"scamp\".), or Colonel Corn and His Band. The band, which first made its name in Minnesota, was essentially a novelty act, influenced by such vaudeville performers as Clayton, Jackson, and Durante. His deliberately corny approach to songs was a precursor to Spike Jones.  Hits in \"Billboard\"'s early (pre-1944) country music charts include \"Horsey, Keep Your Tail Up\", \"Sugar Loaf Waltz\" and \"They Go Wild, Simply Wild Over Me\". Fisher was born in 1904 in Lourdes, Iowa (near Garnavillo, Iowa) and died in 1967 in Aspen, Colorado. He appeared in at least nine films between 1938 and 1949. The latter part of his life was lived in Aspen, where he ran a repair shop called Fisher the Fixer and played in a band that included his son King Fisher."}]}, {"title": "White-eared opossum", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The white-eared opossum (\"Didelphis albiventris\") is an opossum species found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. It is a terrestrial and, sometimes, arboreal animal, and a habitat generalist, living in a wide range of different habitats. For some time, this species was incorrectly known by the name \"D. azarae\", correctly applied to the big-eared opossum. This led to \"azarae\"'s discontinuation as a species name. From 1993 until 2002, this species also included the Guianan white-eared opossum (\"D. imperfecta\") and the Andean white-eared opossum (\"D. pernigra\") as subspecies."}, {"context": " It is the team mascot of Clube N\u00e1utico Capibaribe, a Brazilian football team from Recife, Pernambuco. The white-eared opossum is about one to three pounds in weight and has black and grey fur, with white hair covering their ears and face, and dark hair on their long tails. They are omnivorous, feeding on invertebrates, small vertebrates, and fruits. White-eared opossums inhabit open areas, mountains, and deciduous forests and are commonly found in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, Brazil, the Andes, and humid forests of Guyana, Suriname, and southern Venezuela. These areas have disparate environmental characteristics such as rainfall, humidity, water balance and temperature."}, {"context": " The white-eared opossum often changes its habitat depending on its breeding season. Usually populations are higher in the wetter seasons when the young are weaned and begin venturing out for food. Though normally solitary and nomadic, some will group together in burrows, holes, empty garbage or even under houses. South American opossums mainly consume invertebrates such as beetles, diplopods, and opiliones, together with fruit and vertebrates like small birds, mammals, fossorial snakes, and fish. The composition of the diet changes with the seasons and as the animal ages. During the dry season, older opossums prefer to consume vertebrates. On the other hand, the younger opossums consume more invertebrates and fruits during the wet season. These relatively small differences in diet can favour the survival of younger opossums during the wet season because they avoid competition with older animals.  The diet of white-eared opossums also makes them effective seed dispersers. Younger opossums consume smaller fruits than older opossums, so usually the adult opossums disperse larger seeds. However, proportionally, smaller seeds have more chance to pass through the gut without damage."}]}, {"title": "KUAT-TV", "paragraphs": [{"context": " KUAT-TV, virtual channel 6 (UHF digital channel 30), is a Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) member television station licensed to Tucson, Arizona, United States. Owned by the Arizona Board of Regents and operated by the University of Arizona, it broadcasts from the facilities of Arizona Public Media, located on campus in the Modern Languages Building. KUAT's transmitter is located atop Mount Bigelow. KUAT operates full-time satellite KUAS-TV (virtual channel 27, UHF digital channel 28), also licensed to Tucson, that covers northwest Tucson and the communities west of Mount Lemmon that are shielded from KUAT's signal. Its transmitter is located on Tumamoc Hill, west of downtown Tucson. KUAT is also rebroadcast on one low-power translator: K20GG-D (channel 20) in Duncan."}, {"context": " Like all TV stations in North America that operated on analog channel 6, KUAT-TV's audio signal was heard on 87.75 FM until March 31, 2009. KUAT-TV launched on March 8, 1959 as the first public television station in Arizona. It was an affiliate of National Educational Television (NET), forerunner to PBS, from 1959 through 1970, when PBS replaced NET. Like the other stations in the Mount Bigelow tower farm, KUAT-TV is barely viewable in much of northwest Tucson and areas west of Mount Lemmon (even though its coverage area should theoretically include most of southern Arizona). The Santa Catalina Mountains abruptly end with a steep drop-off in Oro Valley, a Tucson suburb, and communities near the mountain are shielded by terrain from the signal. As a result, much of this area only got a grade B (\"rimshot\") signal from KUAT-TV until the arrival of cable television in Tucson in the 1970s."}, {"context": " Eventually, the U of A activated Tucson's second noncommercial license on UHF channel 27, and opened KUAS as a satellite of KUAT. The construction permit was granted on July 25, 1985, and after two failed attempts, the station went on the air on July 22, 1988 under Program Test Authority, and was licensed on December 20. In July 2003, the Aspen fire interrupted the KUAT transmitter's remote control system. The station was forced to remain off the air, instead of signing on in the morning, as it could not restart its transmitter. Operations on KUAS and cable distribution were unaffected."}, {"context": " Both stations were granted construction permits to build digital facilities in August 2001, and both signed on in February 2003. KUAT-DT received Special Temporary Authorization to operate at reduced power the same month. KUAS-DT was licensed on June 5, 2003, and KUAT-DT received a license for its full facilities on September 23, 2004. After providing $2.6 million in cash to AZPM in the 2013\u2013-2014 school year, the University of Arizona planned cuts for 2014\u20132015 of $400,000 and continued cuts until 2019."}, {"context": " On October 11, 2016, the station changed its line up to match on both KUAT 6 and KUAS 27. V-me move to cable only from 6.2 while UA Channel move to online only from cable. ReadyTV and World programming would share the same channel .3 and while PBS Kids would be on .2. As a PBS member station, KUAT-TV televises the most popular PBS shows, such as \"Masterpiece\", \"Frontline\", \"PBS NewsHour\", \"Washington Week\" and \"Antiques Roadshow\". Two notable long-running series on KUAT are produced in-house: KUAT also produces \"Reflexiones Domingo\", a Spanish-language newsmagazine that airs on Sunday mornings."}, {"context": " In addition to its primary programming, KUAT operates two digital subchannels, KUAT Kids and KUAT World. KUAT Kids, formerly known as PBS Kids, offers youth-focused educational and entertainment programming, while World features non-fictional programming. KUAT-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 6, at 11:59 p.m. on March 31, 2009, two months and 13 days before June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The poor audio quality on the video clip of the shut-off was owed to interference from KLTU, a K-Love station which had been broadcasting on 88.1\u00a0MHz and thus had pounced on the KUAT audio signal throughout the time prior to the analog signal being shut off. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 30, using PSIP to display KUAT-TV's virtual channel as 6 on digital television receivers.  With the dropping of PBS Kids in 2005, KUAT programmed its own children's channel, KUAT Kids. On 6.3, V-me started broadcasting on November 30, 2007 while .1 and .2 were HD and SD PBS. On December 1, 2011, the station's affiliated with Create was dropped for an independent lifestyle channel branded Ready TV."}]}, {"title": "The Killing Fields (soundtrack)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Killing Fields is the 10th record album by Mike Oldfield, released in 1984 on Virgin Records. It was the soundtrack album for the British drama film of the same name based on the experiences of two journalists in the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia. It is the only full-length film score written by Oldfield. The music was orchestrated by David Bedford. \"The Killing Fields\" was re-released in a remastered edition format on 29 January 2016, as per all previous albums which were originally released on the Virgin label."}, {"context": " Though Oldfield's music had been used in films before (see \"The Exorcist\" and \"The Space Movie\"), this was the first time he had written specifically for film, and so far the only time. Oldfield composed the album on a Fairlight CMI. Like many movies, the album is not a comprehensive record of all the Oldfield soundtrack music used in the film. Most notably, the music accompanying the darkroom sequence does not feature on the album. The single from the album, \"\u00c9tude\", is taken from the Francisco Tarrega piece \"Recuerdos de la Alhambra\"."}, {"context": " Oldfield's work on the score was partially instigated by Virgin boss Richard Branson when he took Oldfield to see David Puttnam, a producer on the film, which then secured him the role. Oldfield spent six months working on the score for \"The Killing Fields\" before going on tour, but when Oldfield returned, the producers of the film asked for more music to be written, prompting Oldfield to ask for the use of an orchestra and a choir; three months later the score was finished. It was released just a few months after Oldfield's previous album, \"Discovery\".  All tracks written by Mike Oldfield, except where stated."}]}, {"title": "Devadass Ambrose Mariadoss", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Most. Rev. Dr. Devadass Ambrose Mariadoss was born on 6 October 1947, to Mariadoss and Ranjitham, a Catholic family from Ammapet, Thanjavur District. After finishing his basic education at Appavu Thevar High School at Ukkadai, he joined St. Mary's Minor Seminary to become a diocesan priest when the diocese was in a desperate need for the native priests and then he was sent to Sri Pushpam College, Poondi, along with Rt. Rev. F. Antonysamy, the present bishop of Kumbakonam to do Pre-University Course for his secular UG degree. After finishing his secular studies, he was sent to St. Paul's Seminary, Trichy for his priestly formation and for his Philosophical (B.ph) and Theological studies (B.Th.). Eventually, he was ordained a priest on 5 August 1974 by Rt. Rev. Bishop Arokiasamy Sundaram, the first Bishop of Thanjavur."}, {"context": " After his ordination, he was appointed as an assistant parish priest of Nagapattinam. His dedicated service to the people especially during the times of severe cyclone is gratefully remembered even today. After spending 5 years at Nagapattinam, In 1979, he was sent to join the staff at St. Peter's Pontifical Seminary, Bangalore. Thus he became a professor in Sacred Scripture at St. Peter's Pontifical Institute. The Scripture department of the institute is the prestigious, having the world-renowned scholars and stalwarts such as Fr. Lucian Legrand. After a short period of probation, he was sent to Rome for his higher studies from 1980 to 1984, from where he received his Licentiate(LSS) in Sacred Scripture from the notable Biblical Institute, Rome, run by the Jesuits. Then he came back to the seminary and taught Sacred Scripture for the Seminarians. Again,from 1991 to 1994, he went to Paris, France for his doctoral studies in the Catholic University, Paris (STD) where he came out with the flying colours of doctoral degree. Seeing his intellectual caliber, the University awarded him the doctoral degree with \"Summa Cum Laude\", the maximum possible. He had also received earlier a Diploma in Biblical Studies at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, making use of his summer holidays while he was doing his Licentiate in Rome."}, {"context": " While he was in St. Peter's Seminary, he had also rendered his service by being 'Registrar' of the Institute and then he was nominated as the bishop of Thanjavur on 28 June 1997 while he was still a Vice-Rector of the prestigious St. Peter's Seminary. On 24 September 1997, Most. Rev. Msgr. M. Devadass Ambrose was solemnly consecrated as the third Bishop of Thanjavur by His Emi. Simon Card. Lourdusamy along with the co-consecrators, Archbishops. Most. Rev. Dr. Michael Augustine, the then archbishop of Pondicherry and Rt. Rev. Packiam Arokiasamy, the then out-going bishop of Thanjavur. He has been serving as the Bishop of Thanjavur for more than 16 years."}, {"context": " In 1997 Bishop Devadass Ambrose began to push for the creation of new schools and colleges, which would give quality education to poor children in an affordable fees structure. A first institution for girls, named \"Our Lady of Good Health School of Nursing\", was opened in 2005 at Thanjavur, followed soon by a second one for boys and girls. Now there are at least five higher education institutions with various disciplines. The collected fee is used for the maintenance of the institutions and their infrastructure; deserving students also receive scholarships for their studies."}]}, {"title": "E\u0301mile Achard", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \u00c9mile Charles Achard (24 July 1860 \u2013 7 August 1944) was a French internist born in Paris. In Paris, he served as \"m\u00e9decin des h\u00f4pitaux\" (from 1893), later becoming a professor of general pathology and therapeutics. In 1910, he was appointed professor of internal medicine at the University of Paris (H\u00f4pital Beaujon). During his career, he also served as a physician at H\u00f4pital Cochin. In 1896, along with Raoul Bensaude (1866\u20131938), he identified a disease he called paratyphoid fever. They were able to isolate the cause of illness to a microbe now classified as \"salmonella paratyphi B\"."}, {"context": " A postmenopausal condition known as \"diabetic-bearded woman syndrome\" is sometimes referred to as \"Achard-Thiers syndrome\", and the eponymous \"Achard syndrome\" is a disorder characterized by arachnodactyly, brachycephaly, a receding lower jaw and joint laxity in the extremities. In 1897, along with internist Joseph Castaigne (1871\u20131951), he developed a urinary test using methylene blue dye for examining the excretory function of the kidneys. The procedure was to become known as the \"Achard-Castaigne test\". With Castaigne and Georges Maurice Debove (1845-1920), he published \"Manuel des maladies du tube digestif\"."}]}, {"title": "Late Again", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Late Again is the n\u0456nth studio album by folk-pop trio, Peter, Paul and Mary and reached #14 on \"Billboard's\" Top 200 Albums Chart. The same week that this album was released, group members Mary Travers and Peter Yarrow were part of an anti-war demonstration in Grant Park during the late August Democratic National Convention in Chicago, IL. The two were among demonstrators who were beaten and teargassed; this made newsreels across the country. \"Late Again\" featured one \"Billboard\" Magazine Hot 100 single, \"Too Much of Nothing\" which was written by Bob Dylan. This album continued the group's transitioning sound, continuing to build a slight \"Beatles-influenced\" edge into their recordings."}]}, {"title": "Josef Kalt", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Josef Kalt (later Kalt-Arnet, 20 September 1920 \u2013 21 February 2012) was a Swiss rower who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics. In 1948 he won the silver medal with his brother Hans Kalt in the coxless pair event."}]}, {"title": "Robert Poole (politician)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Robert Lindsay Poole (born 12 June 1948 in Loxton, South Australia) was a controversial Queensland Labor politician from 2001 until his resignation in early 2006. Poole was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland as member for the Gold Coast based seat of Gaven at the Beattie Labor Government's landslide 2001 state election victory. Poole was returned at the 2004 state election with a smaller margin. In February 2006, Poole's extended absences from his electorate, because his wife and children live in Thailand, were widely publicised. Additionally, it was revealed that the MP would take up to three months off to have a knee reconstruction in Thailand. Poole and Beattie, his party leader, drew strong criticism for this decision to allow Poole to remain overseas for so long. Beattie appointed the member for Ipswich West, Don Livingstone, to mind Poole's seat in his absence, only to find out that Livingstone had also been spending time in Thailand visiting Poole, his friend and business associate."}, {"context": " On 25 February, Beattie ordered Poole to return from his latest trip by early April or a by-election would be called in Gaven. Poole subsequently withdrew his candidacy for the seat at the next state election. When Parliament resumed, Poole wrote to Beattie, resigning immediately as the member for Gaven on 28 February 2006. In 2010, Poole faced charges of cheating and fraud before a Thai court, over his involvement with energy company Envee Energy Australia. In March 2011, the court acquitted Poole of all charges."}]}, {"title": "Dan Orlich", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Dan Orlich (born December 21, 1924) is a former defensive end in the National Football League. He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the eighth round of the 1949 NFL Draft and played three seasons with the team. He is of Serbian descent."}]}, {"title": "Alveringem", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Alveringem, West Flemish: \"Oalveringem\", is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders. The municipality comprises the towns of Alveringem proper, Beveren-aan-de-IJzer, Gijverinkhove, Hoogstade, Izenberge, Leisele, Oeren, Sint-Rijkers and Stavele. On January 1, 2006, Alveringem had a total population of 4,887. The total area is 80.01\u00a0km\u00b2 which gives a population density of 61 inhabitants per km\u00b2. The mayor of Alveringem is Gerard Liefooghe (Gemeentebelangen) since 2006. Cyriel Verschaeve was as a priest attached to the parish of Alveringem and re-buried near Alveringem's church in 1973."}, {"context": " The municipality of Alveringem has a relatively low population density and the number of inhabitants has still decreased last decades. The extensive territory comprises nine rural towns or \"deelgemeentes\". The largest town is Alveringem proper, the chief town, located in the northeast of the municipality. During the merger of municipalities in 1971, the villages Hoogstade, Oeren and Sint-Rijkers were added to Alveringem. In 1977, Leisele and Stavele, independent municipalities at the time, were added as well. As from 1971, Leisele also comprised the villages Gijverinkhove and Izenberge; Beveren-aan-de-IJzer was a part of Stavele. So, since 1977, the new extended municipality comprised the nine rural deelgemeentes.  Due to its rural extent, the municipality of Alvergem borders a large number of small villages:"}]}, {"title": "2016 European Cross Country Championships", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 2016 European Cross Country Championships was the 23rd edition of the cross country running competition for European athletes. It was hosted in Chia, Italy. Aras Kaya won the men's senior title, making it three straight victories for Turkey in that event, following in the footsteps of fellow Kenyan-Turkish runners Polat Kemboi Ar\u0131kan and Ali Kaya. Yasemin Can, became Turkey's first senior women's winner and also led her nation to the team title. Great Britain were the most successful in the team races, claiming the senior men's, under-23 women's and junior women's titles; the country reached the podium in all categories.  The 2016 edition saw increased Kenyan dominance at the competition, with the top two runners in both senior races being Kenyan-born, as well as the men's under-23 winner."}]}, {"title": "Imperial Beach, California", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Imperial Beach is a residential beach city in San Diego County, California, with a population of 26,324 at the 2010 census. The city is the southernmost city in California and the West Coast of the United States. It is in the South Bay area of San Diego County, south of downtown San Diego and northwest of downtown Tijuana, Mexico. Imperial Beach is located at (32.578255, -117.117111) making it the most southwesterly city in the continental United States. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . of it is land and of it (7.22%) is water. The city occupies the extreme southwest corner of the continental United States: bordered by Tijuana, Mexico to the south, Coronado, California and the San Diego Bay to the north, San Diego to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west."}, {"context": " Imperial Beach is located in San Diego County, the fifth most-populous county in the United States and part of the San Diego Metropolitan Area, the 17th largest metropolitan area in the United States with over 3 million people. It is also part of the San Diego \u2013 Tijuana metropolitan area, the largest bi-national metropolitan area shared between the United States and Mexico with over 5 million people. Founded in June 1887, the city takes its name from Imperial County, California, a desert climate east. Farmers and land owners from the Imperial Valley came to the area in the late 1880s seeking cooler weather during summer months. In March 1887, over 2,000 laborers descended upon nearby Coronado, California to construct the Hotel del Coronado, the largest resort in the world at the time. A large number of the workers stayed in Imperial Beach and some would later make it their permanent homestead. The city would incorporate in 1956, operating its own Mayor-council government providing city fire department service and policing by the San Diego County Sheriff's Department."}, {"context": " The city has a warm semi-arid climate (\"BSh\"), with summer temperatures often in the upper 70s and winter temperatures in the 60s. Because of the comfortable year round temperatures many homes in Imperial Beach are built without air conditioning. Imperial Beach often remains 10 degrees (Fahrenheit) cooler than inland areas of San Diego County in the summer, and 10 degrees warmer in the winter. The city is mostly or partly sunny 323 days of the year, with the wettest months in winter. The Farmer's Almanac consistently ranks the area within the Top 10 Best Weather Cities in America. The Scripps Institution of Oceanography operates a weather reporting station at the middle of the Imperial Beach Pier for sky condition, temperature, humidity, pressure, wind and water temperature data."}, {"context": " Imperial Beach encompasses nearly of beach and employs a year-round lifeguard staff. Beach volleyball, surfing and body boarding are popular in Imperial Beach with activities concentrated north and south of the Imperial Beach Pier and the Boca Rio beach break, one of San Diego County's best surf spots. \"San Diego Magazine\" identifies the Boca Rio beach break as the second best surfing location in the county, second only to Black's Beach and the Scripps Canyon area near La Jolla. The area around Imperial Beach Pier known as Pier Plaza showcases plaques placed on surfboard benches that tell the story of how the city's big waves influenced surfing from 1937 to the 1950s. Nearby Border Field State Park signifies the southernmost beach on the west coast of the United States and allows beachgoers in America to speak through the fence with beachgoers in Mexico, where the beach is called Playas de Tijuana (Tijuana Beach). The city connects to nearby Coronado, California by way of the Silver Strand, a narrow, 7 mile long isthmus. Silver Strand State Beach, a popular beach for camping, bird watching, and bicycling, is located in the middle of the isthmus and includes both bay and ocean beaches."}, {"context": " The San Diego County summer tourist season brings many visitors to the city's beaches each year. For 31 years, Imperial Beach played home to the U.S. Open Sandcastle competition, the largest sand castle competition in the United States, drawing in approximately 325,000 people. The city held the final sand castle competition in August 2011, bringing an end to the annual event and tradition. The city also holds the beach front classic car show every summer and an annual dog-surfing contest. The Imperial Beach Farmer's Market, the only beachfront farmer's market in San Diego County, operates from Pier Plaza every Friday afternoon (from November to March) and (from April to October) offering local fruits, vegetables and community art. The South Bay Drive-in, the county's only ocean view drive-in theatre, is located just outside Imperial Beach off Coronado Avenue."}, {"context": " Imperial Beach is home to Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve, a National Estuarine Research Reserve, and Border Field State Park. The estuary, located off Seacoast Drive and Imperial Beach Boulevard, is home to many endangered birds and wildlife. This estuary marks the place where the fresh water Tijuana River enters the salt water Pacific Ocean. It is the largest salt water marsh in Southern California. Imperial Beach has undergone a significant makeover in the last ten years to become more visitor-friendly and commercially viable. In 2004, the City of Imperial Beach began implementing a community redevelopment plan to improve the commercial corridor along Palm Avenue and Seacoast Drive. However, aside from a few smaller hotels, Imperial Beach remains a highly residential city with little hotel or motel accommodation for visitors. Future plans for the city allow for construction of additional hotels along the beach areas of Seacoast Drive. On September, 13, 2010, after many years of planning, demolition officially began on the old Seacoast Inn located off Seacoast Drive. Construction of the new 22 million dollar hotel, now renamed Pier South Resort, a 78-room, four-story, upscale Mediterranean-style resort with restaurant, spa and conference facilities, was completed in December, 2013."}, {"context": " Imperial Beach boasts a large military population and is home to the US Navy's Naval Outlying Landing Field Imperial Beach also known as NOLF Imperial Beach. It is bordered on its northern extreme by Silver Strand Training Complex. The San Diego County Sheriff's Department 2008 crime statistics rank Imperial Beach below the national average in all areas reported. In 2009, Congressional Quarterly's \"America's Safest and Most Dangerous Cities\" publication ranked the City of San Diego as having the sixth lowest crime rate of any major U.S. city with over a half million residents."}, {"context": " San Diego Metropolitan Transit System (MTS) provides bus and paratransit services to the city from throughout San Diego County. The city is one of five Port member cities making up the Port of San Diego, one of America's top 30 U.S. container ship ports. Kem Nunn's novel, \"Tijuana Straits\", provides insight into the culture of the border and surfing in Imperial Beach and the Tijuana River Valley, and the environmental problems that affect residents of Tijuana, Imperial Beach and Coronado. The HBO television series \"John from Cincinnati\" was about a dysfunctional surfing family in Imperial Beach set against the backdrop of the U.S.-Mexico border. The series (from Executive Producer David Milch, writer Kem Nunn, and director Mark Tinker) was filmed at a variety of locations in Imperial Beach and in the Tijuana River Valley."}, {"context": " The 2010 United States Census reported that Imperial Beach had a population of 26,324. The population density was 5,869.5 people per square mile (2,266.2/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 62.6% Non-Hispanic Whites, 4.4% African American, 1.1% Native American, 6.6% Asian, 0.6% Pacific Islander. Hispanic or Latino of any race made up 49.0% of the population. The Census reported that 25,705 people (97.6% of the population) lived in households, 619 (2.4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized."}, {"context": " The population was spread out with 6,696 people (25.4%) under the age of 18, 3,640 people (13.8%) aged 18 to 24, 7,603 people (28.9%) aged 25 to 44, 6,012 people (22.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 2,373 people (9.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. Imperial Beach has one of the youngest median ages of any Southern California city with a median age of 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.5 males. There were 9,882 housing units at an average density of 2,203.4 per square mile (850.7/km\u00b2), of which 2,756 (30.2%) were owner-occupied, and 6,356 (69.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.4%. 7,476 people (28.4% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 18,229 people (69.2%) lived in rental housing units.  According to estimates by the San Diego Association of Governments, the median household income of Imperial Beach in 2010 was $49,104 (not adjusted for inflation). In the California State Legislature, Imperial Beach is in , and in . In the United States House of Representatives, Imperial Beach is in ."}]}, {"title": "Peter Sigurd Mj\u00f8r", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Peter Sigurd Mj\u00f8r (30 September 1926 \u2013 18 July 1975) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party. He served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Oppland during the term 1958\u20131961, 1965\u20131969 and 1973\u20131977. In total he met during 5 days of parliamentary session."}]}, {"title": "Keithley Creek", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Keithley Creek is a creek located in the Cariboo Region of British Columbia. The creek flows into Cariboo Lake from the west. It was discovered in 1860 by \"Doc\" Keithley. The creek has been hand mined and hydraulicked for gold."}]}, {"title": "Crown for Christmas", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Crown for Christmas is a 2015 American made-for-television romantic comedy film starring Danica McKellar and Rupert Penry-Jones. The film premiered on Hallmark Channel on November 27, 2015. Allie Evans (Danica McKellar) is an American hotel maid who was fired for not getting an important guest's room ready in time. Overhearing her firing, a hotel patrons servant, Fergus (Pavel Douglas), hires her to be a governess for his employer's daughter in the country of Winshire. When Allie accepts and arrives in the country, she finds that Fergus' employer is King Maximillian (Rupert Penry-Jones) and that his daughter is Princess Theodora (Ellie Botterill) who had become mischievous since her mother's death. As Allie works for Theodora, she befriends the other staff members as King Maximillian is arranged by Chancellor Riggs (Colin McFarlane) to be engaged to Countess Celia (Alexandra Evans). Though Theodora has some objections to this as she thinks Allie would be a good match."}]}, {"title": "New York's 22nd congressional district", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 22nd Congressional District of New York is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives, currently represented by Republican Claudia Tenney, located in Central New York. Democrat Anthony Brindisi defeated Tenney, in the 2018 midterm elections. Significant cities in the district include Utica, Rome, Cortland and Binghamton. Binghamton University, Hamilton College, Colgate University, and Utica College are located in the district. The district includes all of Chenango, Cortland, Madison, and Oneida counties, and parts of Broome, Herkimer, Oswego, and Tioga counties."}, {"context": " From 2003 to 2013, the district included all or parts of Broome, Delaware, Dutchess, Orange, Sullivan, Tioga, Tompkins, and Ulster counties. It included the cities of Binghamton, Ithaca, Kingston, Middletown, Newburgh and Poughkeepsie. The district stretched to include parts of the Finger Lakes region, the Catskill Mountains and the Hudson Valley. 2013\u2013Present: 2003\u20132012: 1993\u20132003: 1983\u20131993: 1953\u20131983: 1945\u20131953: 1919\u20131945: 1913\u20131919: Various New York districts have been numbered \"22\" over the years, including areas in New York City and various parts of upstate New York.  District was created in March 9, 1821, split from the 2-seat . From 1833 to 1843, two seats were apportioned, elected at-large on a general ticket. In New York State electoral politics there are numerous minor parties at various points on the political spectrum. Certain parties will invariably endorse either the Republican or Democratic candidate for every office, hence the state electoral results contain both the party votes, and the final candidate votes (Listed as \"Recap\")."}]}, {"title": "Brace Brook", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Brace Brook is a tributary of the Lackawanna River in Wayne County and Susquehanna County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Mount Pleasant Township and Clinton Township in Wayne County and Forest City in Susquehanna County. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The stream is not designated as impaired. It drains a portion of the Moosic Mountains. The surficial geology in its vicinity consists of alluvium, surface mining land, coal dumps, fill, Wisconsinan Till, and bedrock containing sandstone and shale. A reservoir known as the Brace Brook Reservoir is in the watershed. The stream's drainage basin is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery."}, {"context": " Brace Brook begins on a hill in Mount Pleasant Township, Wayne County, not far from the border Wayne County/Susquehanna County line. It flows south-southeast and south for several tenths of a mile through a valley near Brace Brook Road before entering Clinton Township. The stream then flows south-southeast for several tenths of a mile before entering another valley and receiving an unnamed tributary from the left. It then turns west-southwest for several hundred feet before turning south-southeast and passing through the Brace Brook Reservoir. A short distance downstream of that reservoir, the stream turns south for several tenths of a mile. It then turns southwest for several tenths of a mile before turning south and then west-southwest. After a short distance, the stream exits Clinton Township and Wayne County and enters Forest City, in Susquehanna County. At this point, it immediately reaches its confluence with the Lackawanna River."}, {"context": " Brace Brook joins the Lackawanna River upriver of its mouth. Brace Brook is not designated as an impaired stream. In the early 1900s, the water quality in a reach of the watershed was described as \"satisfactory\". The concentration of alkalinity in the watershed of Brace Brook is . The elevation near the mouth of Brace Brook is above sea level. The elevation of the stream's source is between above sea level. Brace Brook drains a portion of the western side of the Moosic Mountain Ridge. Part of the watershed is specifically located on Browndale Mountain, a section of the Moosic Mountains. The stream flows through a \"spectacular\" ravine downstream of the Brace Brook Reservoir. There is an above-ground water pipeline in the vicinity of Brace Brook."}, {"context": " Part of the watershed of Brace Brook is located upstream of the coal measures. However, there are culm piles at the stream's mouth. The surficial geology along the stream in its lower reaches mainly consists of alluvium, surface mining land, coal dumps, and fill. There are also areas of a glacial or resedimented till known as Wisconsinan Till nearby, and also bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. Further upstream, the surficial geology in the stream's vicinity mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till, but there are patches of alluvium and peat bogs near the Brace Brook Reservoir. Bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale lines the sides of the stream's valley in its middle reaches."}, {"context": " The watershed of Brace Brook has an area of . The stream is entirely within the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Forest City. Brace Brook is a second-order stream. The Brace Brook Reservoir, which is on Brace Brook, is used as an emergency water supply for Forest City by the Pennsylvania American Water Company. Brace Brook was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1170106. A reservoir on Brace Brook supplied Forest City with water via gravity as early as the early 1900s. In the early 1900s, the supervisors of Clinton Township, Wayne County requested permission to construct a bridge across the stream on a new road approximately northeast of Forest City. There are a number of old concrete structures on Brace Brook. Additionally, a water filtration plant is located to the south of the stream's mouth."}, {"context": " At the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission meeting on April 15 and 16, 2013, the commission considered adding Brace Brook and a number of other streams to its list of wild trout streams. There are unofficial walking paths along the side of the ravine through which Brace Brook flows. Additionally, the stream crosses the O&W Rail Trail via a culvert. The drainage basin of Brace Brook is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. The stream is designated by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission as Class A Wild Trout Waters for brook trout form its headwaters downstream to the inflow of the Brace Brook Reservoir."}]}, {"title": "ZNF264", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Zinc finger protein 264 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the \"ZNF264\" gene."}]}, {"title": "Air Gabon", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Air Gabon was the national, state-owned airline of Gabon, operating out of Libreville International Airport to a variety of destinations across Western and Southern Africa, as well as to Europe, South America and the Middle East. Founded in 1951, the airline went bankrupt in 2006. Air Gabon was founded in 1951 as Compagnie Aerienne Gabonaise operating regional flights out of Libreville using Beechcraft and DeHavilland aircraft. It became the national flag carrier in 1968, then renamed Societ\u00e9 Nationale Air Gabon."}, {"context": " Compagnie Nationale Air Gabon was established in May 1977, after Gabon withdrew from the Air Afrique consortium in December 1976. The new airline was formed from the nucleus of \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale Transgabon\" with the mandate to operate long-haul international services from Libreville. At the time of the airline's foundation, the fleet comprised three Fokker F-28s, two Douglas DC-6s, one Douglas DC-4, one de Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo, and one Sud Aviation Caravelle. Ownership in the airline was shared between the Gabonese government (70%) and Sofepag (30%), an Air France-associated company."}, {"context": " In April 1977, the airline placed an order for a Boeing 747-200 and Boeing 737 at a cost of approximately US$55 million. In 1978 President of Gabon Omar Bongo gave the airline his personal transport, a Fokker F-28, for use on services. On 5 October the airline's Boeing 747, named \"President L\u00e9on M'ba\", arrived as part of the wet lease agreement signed the previous year. On 26 February 1979 one of the airline's Douglas DC-6s crashed into a swamp from Moanda, killing the aircraft's three occupants."}, {"context": " The DC-6s and DC-4 were replaced in 1979 by two Vickers Vanguard turboprops, and the airline's international route network was expanded to Marseille, Nice, Paris and Rome. Regionally, Air Gabon operated to ten African countries, and served 26 destinations on its domestic network. The airline leased and chartered various single engine aircraft in the early 1980s to operate services to domestic destinations which saw sporadic service, and in 1982 a CASA C-212 Aviocar operated with the airline for a short time. The airline ordered a Lockheed L-100-30 Hercules in 1984 after it was given a loan by the Export-Import Bank, which when delivered in late 1985 replaced the Vickers Vanguards."}, {"context": " In 1986, the airline underwent recapitalisation efforts, which saw the government's stake increase to eighty percent, with the French Sofepag's share decreasing to twenty percent. In 1989 the airline acquired a Fokker 100 and in 1993 two ATR 72s were ordered to replace the Fokker F28s. The airline commenced services to Johannesburg in South Africa in late 1993. By 1996, the airline had commenced direct services to London with the Boeing 747 Combi, and its international network saw services being operated from Libreville to Abidjan, Bamako, Bangui, Cotonou, Dakar, Douala, Geneva, Kinshasa, Johannesburg, Lagos, Lom\u00e9, Malabo, Marseille, Nice, Paris, Medellin, Pointe-Noire and Rome."}, {"context": " The first flight for the reshaped airline went from Libreville to Lom\u00e9 and Abidjan. The launch of European services from Libreville followed suit, with the inauguration of a regular flight to Paris (which was later dropped again). By then, the fleet consisted of two Fokker F28s, a Boeing 737-200 and a Boeing 747-200. Air Gabon restored Paris to Libreville flights in December 2004 with its Boeing 767-200, an aircraft type which had been introduced in 2006. In March 2006, Air Gabon was shut down due to bankruptcy. Initially, the launch of a new Gabonese national carrier as a joint-venture with Royal Air Maroc under the name Air Gabon International was planned, but has never materialized.  Over the years, Air Gabon operated the following aircraft types:"}]}, {"title": "Orkney Islands Council", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Orkney Islands Council is the local authority for Orkney, Scotland. It was established in 1975 by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 and was largely unaffected by the Scottish local government changes of the mid-1990s. It provides services in the areas of Environmental Health, Roads, Social Work, Community Development, Organisational Development, Economic Development, Building Standards, Trading Standards, Housing, Waste, Education, Burial Grounds, Port and Harbours and others. The council is allowed to collect Council Tax."}, {"context": " The council is also the harbour authority for Orkney and its Marine Services division manages the operation of the islands' 29 piers and harbours. Between 2012\u20132017 the council consisted of 21 members, all of whom are independent, that is they did not stand as representatives of a political party. After the 2017 election there are 18 Independents, 2 Orkney Manifesto Group (OMG) councillors and 1 Green councillor. Of these, 18 councillors were actually \"elected\"; the remaining 3 were declared on the election day \"as the result of the uncontested election in the Stromness and South Isles ward, where the number of candidates was equal to or less than the number of seats available\"."}]}, {"title": "List of Ice Age characters", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The following is a list of the characters in the \"Ice Age\" films, mentioned by a name either presented in the films or in any other official material. Each character includes a summary when possible, the voice actor or actors associated with the character, and a description of the character along with any aliases, spouses and the character's species. Manfred \"Manny\", is a woolly mammoth, in all five \"Ice Age\" films. His personality is shown to be aloof, grumpy, and standoffish, but is otherwise loving and courageous. In the first film, while passing through the icy cave, the herd discovers cave paintings of Manny with his wife and child, who were killed by humans; this is a very sentimental moment for Manny, since he failed to protect them. Manny finds love with Ellie in \"\". In \"\", he is anxious when Ellie is pregnant. At the end of the film, he becomes the proud father of a baby daughter named Peaches. In \"\", he gets into an argument with his teenage daughter before being pulled away in by the drift with Diego, Sid and Granny. He and the team later encounter a group of pirates led by Captain Gutt. When the team escaped they destroy the ship and take Shira with them. This enrages the Captain who hunts them down. Later on, he is almost manipulated by sirens."}, {"context": " A running gag for Manny, shown in four of the five films, is that if a certain character were to refer to him as fat, he would often deny it, saying that \"his fur is what makes him look big\" and that \"it's poofy\". Sidney \"Sid\" is a Ground Sloth in all five films who is dull-witted, talkative, friendly, carefree, naive, accident-prone, patient and funny herd member with a caring nature, and is voiced with a lateral lisp. Little is known from Sid's life other than that Sid once lived in a tree with other sloths that always wanted to leave Sid behind when the migration occurred, using several different ways to leave him behind. What is clear is that Sid's mother always told him that \"bad news is just good news in disguise\" prior to abandoning him for good. He accidentally starts a fire in the first film and learns how to do it properly towards the end; he also shows this skill in the second film, where he is worshiped by a tribe of \"mini-sloths\" who call him \"Fire King\" and try to sacrifice him. In the third film, he adopts a trio of baby T-Rexes, and is forcibly taken to the underground dinosaur land by their mother, requiring the others to come and save him. In the fourth film, it is revealed that his full name is Sidney, though this name was also used in a deleted scene of the first film. When he, Diego and Manny are on the ice and are forced up by a water spout, they see a rainbow in the bright blue sky as he told them that \"there is a rainbow at the end of every corner.\""}, {"context": " A mechanical version of Sid appears in \"Robots\" during the miming scene. Sid was built along the form typical of ground sloths, short, brushy tail, clawed hands and feet, a long thin neck, ovular head with bulbous eye on both sides and a pair of buckteeth. Sid's right front tooth was slightly bigger than the left, similar to his right eye, which was also somewhat bigger than the left, both eyes of which were pale green. Sid's pelt was dirty and tan, and became brown when the fungus it carried dried out, Sid attributing the state of his pelt to his vegetarian diet, which he said led to a younger-looking pelt. In his films, Sid faints at certain times when he's getting hit - e.g. he faints when he gets hit on the nose by a block of ice and apparently get his tongue stuck to the floor of an ice cave."}, {"context": " In the behind the scenes, the creators combined the traits of three-toed sloths and ground sloths while designing Sid and the other sloth characters. Diego is a saber-toothed cat found in all five of the films. He is Shira's love interest. He has a sardonic personality, although it is not intended to be nasty. He was sent by his pack to retrieve the human baby called Roshan; When he found Roshan in Manny and Sid's care, he pretended to lead them to the humans, but instead planned to lead them into an ambush by the pack. However, when Manny saved his life, Diego had a change of heart, confessing about the pack and sacrifices himself to help them escape. He was seemingly killed by the pack's leader, Soto, but survived and joined Manny and Sid on their travels. In the , he was revealed to suffer from aquaphobia, but he eventually conquered it in order to save Sid, Crash and Eddie. In the third film, he began to fear that he was losing his predatory abilities from being in the \"herd\" too long, and considered staying in the underground dinosaur world with Buck. He changed his mind after managing to save the labored Ellie from a dinosaur attack. In , another \"Smilodon\" named Shira joins the group, and Diego feels attracted to her. During the end credits, Diego and Shira are seen nuzzling each other showing that they have now become a couple."}, {"context": " Crash and Eddie are two twin brother opossums. Adoptive brothers of Ellie, they cared for her and taught her to hang by her tail from a tree branch when she slept, as they did. They are shown to be adventurous and fun-loving, courtesy of the fact that they're both very stupid. They first made their presence known to the opening characters by means of shooting pebbles through reeds at Sid and Diego, then roasting them so as to humiliate them, but Diego began chasing them, leading both Sid and Diego to Ellie. After much persuasion, Ellie and her brothers joined Manny, Sid, and Diego, though Crash and Eddie spared almost no opportunity in annoying Diego."}, {"context": " As they traveled with Manny and his friends, Ellie grew closer to Manny, putting both Crash and Eddie somewhat closer to Manny and his friends, but creating a short feud when Manny tried \"hitting on\" Ellie. They even play dead when crows are nearby. In time, however, they saw behind the petty grudges and worked together with Manny, Sid, and Diego to escape the flood, but left with Ellie when she left Manny and his friends to cross the minefield, as she claimed that it was suicide to cross it. Crash and Eddie joined Ellie in trying to escape the flood, but soon ran into trouble when they were trapped in a cave."}, {"context": " Ellie insisted that they leave her to the point of pushing them outwards from a small crevice, but they promised to return with help, and true to their word, persuaded Manny to try and free Ellie. They eventually made their way into a rushing current of water and were almost swept away when an overzealous Sid came along to jump into the current, leaving them, in addition to holding onto a branch for dear life against the current of water, trying to hold onto an unconscious Sid. Diego eventually helped when he jumped in and saved them from drowning along with Sid. When Manny had saved Ellie from drowning, they helped Ellie back onto solid ground, but almost drowned when the flood was encroaching."}, {"context": " Eventually however, the waters drained, leaving Crash, Eddie, and all of the others alive. When a herd of mammoths came by (as mammoths were presumed all but extinct), they thought that Ellie would go with them and leave Manny, so they went with her. But as it turned out, Manny and Ellie stayed together because they wanted to, rather than being obligated to, and so they left onwards with Sid and Diego, as well as Crash and Eddie. In the third film, Crash and Eddie travel with the others to the dino jungle to save Sid from Momma, and both grow to idolize Buck, the one-eyed dinosaur-hunting weasel who helped them find Sid. In the third film, they also mentioned they never liked Sid. This is not true however, due to helping Buck save Sid from his incoming death."}, {"context": " Overall, they are very close and almost inseparable as brothers, as shown in the sequels. They are near-on identical: Crash has blue eyes and a flatter nose with ridges, and was voiced by Seann William Scott while Eddie has brown eyes and a pointier nose with a brown stripe, and was voiced by Josh Peck. Their mom is Mother Opossum, who first saved Ellie when Crash and Eddie were very small. In \"\", Crash and Eddie, along with Buck, ride a pterosaur and save Sid from a lava flow heading downwards."}, {"context": " In \"\", they have more minor roles than in the previous films but do partake in the final battle with Gutt's crew fighting Dobson by hopping on his back and having a rodeo, but accidentally let him charge into Manny and, later Shira, knocking them onto the other ship. Ellie is a female woolly mammoth, whom Manny, Diego, and Sid meet during their migration to escape the flood in the second movie, \"\". It was revealed that when Ellie was young, she was separated from her herd during the ice age. She came across two opossums named Crash and Eddie, along with their mother. She later forgot her origins and thought that she was an opossum."}, {"context": " Initially Manny was overjoyed that he had found another of his kind, but got somewhat dismayed when he realized that Ellie believed that she was an opossum. Nevertheless, he and his herd (or rather, Sid) welcomed Ellie and her brothers to travel with them. During this time, Ellie displayed the mannerisms pertaining to an opossum as well as insisting (despite obvious proof that she was not a possum) and this tested Manny's patience, namely when she claimed that the act of bravery that he had done of fighting off the sea reptile Cretaceous was dumb."}, {"context": " Soon, Manny got his time to be alone with Ellie when he and Ellie went for a walk through a wooded area, where Ellie had a flashback that told her of her past. Upon remembering this, she knew that she was a mammoth. When Manny later implied that they must mate in order to save the mammoths from extinction, she was initially angered, but in time she apologized for overreacting. Soon, however, this new \"herd\" reached a horrible obstacle between them and safety from the oncoming flood: a field of geysers, which Manny explained must be crossed, but Ellie would not listen: she and her brothers felt that they must go around. But this proved to be disastrous: as they were trying to reach their destination, some rocks caved down and nearly crushed Ellie and her brothers, but trapped them instead in a sort of cave. Manny rescued Ellie, for the water was flooding into the cave where she was trapped and had nearly drowned Ellie. She and Manny escaped and regrouped with the others, but faced another problem, for the waters were still rising."}, {"context": " After the waters had subsided a herd of mammoths made their way into the valley. Manny thought that because the mammoths had come, that Ellie would not want to remain with him. He was persuaded otherwise by Sid and Diego and confronted Ellie confessing his feelings, saying that he wanted to be together not because they had to be, but because he himself wanted to. Ellie accepted him as her mate. The mammoths trumpet while Manny and Ellie embrace. Manny and Ellie decide to stay with their old friends, taking along Sid, Diego, and the possum brothers."}, {"context": " In \"\", she and Manny are mates and Ellie is pregnant with their first child. When they find the Dinosaur World under their feet, they have to go in and search for Sid in Lava Falls. When very close to Lava Falls, Ellie goes into labour, and gives birth to Peaches (which was named after the codeword that was for if Ellie went into labor on the trip). When they return to the surface, Ellie introduces Peaches to her new home. In \"\", she is an understanding wife and a mother. Ellie supports Peaches, when she had an argument with Manny. When the Ice Age: Continental Drift happens she aids the herd to the Land Bridge. In the end, she also fights with the Pirates."}, {"context": " Shira appears in \"\" as part of Gutt's crew, and is Captain Gutt's pawn. She is a dazzlingly beautiful, female saber-toothed cat and Diego's lover resembling a snow leopard. She makes her first appearance in \"\" standing next to Captain Gutt, who is holding Scrat. Shira first appears when Gutt's crew attacks the herds \"ship\". Diego is smitten upon his first sight on her as she is the most beautiful creature he has ever seen. Diego, wanting himself, Manny, Sid, and Granny to get back home, tries to chomp off all the pirates' ropes from their \"ship\", but is too late as Shira arrives and restrains him, mocking him for his declaration of \"I don't fight girls\" by pinning him down and saying, \"I can see why\". After Manny and the others escape by capsizing Gutt's iceberg, Shira is seen in the water, calling out for her crewmates' help; only Flynn is concerned over Shira's whereabouts, but Gutt ignores this and demands his crew to move on forward without her. She is rescued against her will by Manny, and is angered when Diego calls her \"Kitty\" for calling them a \"bad joke\" of a herd. She journeyed with the herd to an island. Once there, she attempts to escape, but Diego catches up to her and she is imprisoned in a tree, much to her anger."}, {"context": " That night, Shira is approached by Diego, who learns she left her pack as he once did. Diego tells her that she simply traded one pack for another, and that his herd always has each other's backs, pointing out that Gutt hadn't made any thoughts of planning a search party for her in the first place. The next morning, Shira escapes and finds Gutt making a new ship on the other side of the island. Gutt angrily berates her for not killing the herd, and punishes her by making Squint his new first mate while she gets demoted. Gutt then orders Shira to target Diego, declaring that he would have a tiger-skin rug when it ended, he didn't care whose (somewhat proving Diego's point to Shira that Gutt never had his back on her or anyone else). When the herd enacts their plans to take Gutt's new ship back home, Shira once again tackles Diego, who convinces her to turn against Gutt and come with him. Because of their newfound love, she follows Diego to the ship, but on seeing that Gutt is catching up to them, secretly puts ice in his way. As the herd floats away, Shira tells Diego that she has his back, while both looking at each other longingly as the boat leaves implying they have feelings for each other."}, {"context": " During the return home, Diego realized he had fallen in love with Shira, despite denying it to Manny and Sid. Later, when Gutt is holding Peaches hostage, Shira is seen struggling to get up, implying that Gutt had physically punished Shira for her betrayal. During the fight, she protects Ellie from Squint, mocking the rabbit's \"cute little bunny nose\". After the defeat of Gutt's crew, Shira joins the herd, sharing a loving look with Diego. She also rests her head on Diego's shoulder during the herd's landing on switchback cove. In the end credits, Shira nuzzles against Diego's side showing that they have now become a couple."}, {"context": " Brooke is a British Megalonyx living in Geotopia who becomes Sid's love interest and new girlfriend. She appears in \"\". Granny is a Megalonyx and also Sid's grandmother. She joins the herd after her own family abandons her, calling her \"dead weight\" to save their own skins before the earthquake (that and to avoid Sid). Despite, how Granny sometimes picks on and berates her grandson, Sid is very happy to have her around. Granny is loud, abrasive, tough, sarcastic, somewhat crazy, as she once thought Gutt was actually being nice to her. Over time she begins to warm up to the group, as Sid asked Granny why their own family abandoned him and Granny; for a moment, Granny sympathetically answers \"because they think we're screw-ups and can't do anything right\". She even helps out in several attempts to get back home. At the end Granny admits that Sid is lucky to have a real family (his herd) that care so much about him. She quickly asks Sid to chew her food, but Sid had fixed her a new set of teeth, a pair of shark teeth that were originally Raz's weapon but Granny uses them quite well as they are very sharp."}, {"context": " It is shown in the film she had an allegedly imaginary pet named Precious, which showed up at the end and turned out to be real: a giant whale who defeats Gutt's crew (minus Squint) by blasting them away. Precious then helped the group to Switchback Cove and Granny bids her pet a fond good-bye. Peaches is the daughter of Manny and Ellie, born in the Dinosaurs' world whilst they were under attack by a pack of Guanlong. She appeared close to end of Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs and was named after the code-word that was thought up to say that Ellie was going into labour. Manny also claims that peaches are sweet, round and fuzzy, just like Peaches and Ellie. She looks exactly like her mother, Ellie (which Sid thinks is very lucky). At the end of the film, she returned to the surface with her parents and the rest of the group. She is voiced by Ciara Bravo in \"\" as a kid, and Keke Palmer in \"\" as a teenager, and also as a young adult in \"\"."}, {"context": " Peaches appears as a teenager in \"\". She is self-taught to do some possum moves just like her mother. Shortly after Scrat sets off a domino effect of the continents breaking apart, she is shown sneaking up in the morning going to the falls with Louis, a molehog who is also her best friend. After Manny embarrasses her in front of Ethan, her crush, and the other mammoths by grounding her, she and her father get into a fight, and as a result, when he, Diego, and Sid get separated from them on an iceberg, she feels not only helpless to stop it but also guilty. Later during the events of the film, it is Ethan who shows an interest in her hanging out with him and his friends. As a kind of condition, he suggests for her to leave Louis behind. Convinced he'd start to like her, she readily agrees. The following day, while walking with Ethan and the other mammoths, unbeknownst to them that Louis was looking for her, they begin to question her about her friendship with him. When she claims to have none so as to gain their approval, Louis overhears, also making himself known. Shortly after Louis leaves, Peaches begins to grow tired of the other mammoths' teasing, as immediately afterwards a tremor causes a dangerous moving cloud of dust, and instead of expressing concern they try to convince her that it was fun escaping the blast. Upon calling them out on their stupid behaviour, Ethan and the others carelessly judge her by her family being part possum, causing her to get upset, confront Ethan, then leave. At the end of the movie, she and her herd are, in part, saved by Louis, who bravely challenges Captain Gutt, and distracts him from Peaches by slamming a chunk of ice on his foot. His bravery, as well as Peaches' own heroics in saving her mother, impress Ethan and his friends, who ask to hang out with them instead. Louis casually agrees."}, {"context": " In \"\", Peaches is now a young adult and prepares to marry a male mammoth named Julian. Julian is a young and courageous mammoth who is Peaches' fianc\u00e9 and part-time member of The Herd and The Brat Pack. Julian may be somewhat absent-minded, but is devoted and caring toward Peaches, and wants to be part of her family. The Dino-Bird Family is a family of \"Bird-like Dromaeosaurid\" \"Dinosaurs\" that first appear in \"\". They make a living stealing eggs from other dinosaurs. The Dino-Bird Family take their leave from the dinosaur habitat underground where they pursue Buck when he steals back one of the \"Triceratops\" eggs that they have stolen. While they were determined to stop Buck at the time he was assisting the Herd from combating the threat of an asteroid, they end up giving up on targeting Buck and help the Herd in stopping the asteroid and later attended Peaches' wedding."}, {"context": " Gavin is a tough-as-nails and misguided dromaeosaur who is part of an extended family of \"flying birds\" and the former main antagonist of the film. Gertie is a posh and foxy dromaeosaur who is part of an extended family of \"flying birds\". Roger is a freaky and cowardly young dromaeosaur who is part of an extended family of \"flying birds.\" Scrat is a saber-toothed squirrel who is obsessed with collecting acorns, constantly putting his life in danger to obtain and defend them. He has his own stories in the films which are mostly independent of those of the main characters, though the two do intersect at times."}, {"context": " In a special feature in the second film's DVD, his name has been stated to be a mix of the words \"squirrel\" and \"rat\", his species allegedly believed to have been a common ancestor of both. In the \"Ice Age\" DVD commentary, he is referred to as \"The Scrat\" by directors Chris Wedge and Carlos Saldanha. Scrat is voiced in all \"Ice Age\" movies and short films by director Chris Wedge. He directly interacts with the story's main characters on eight occasions, mostly with Sid. In the first film, he attacks Sid when the latter tries to eat his acorn, successfully regaining it. He later meets Manny, Sid, and Diego asking him where the baby's family is and Scrat attempts to tell them about nearby saber-toothed tigers, but Diego kicks Scrat away before he could do so. At the end of the second film, after Scrat created a hole in the valley and released all the melted ice, later attacks Sid for saving his life (when he had already almost died and gone to paradise and was about to get a giant acorn). In the third film, Scrat is stepped on by Manny and falls onto Sid's head while chasing his acorn. Next, he appears when Sid's \"children\" are batting a ball around, the ball actually being Scrat. Also, when Scratte rips off his fur, he screams so loud the herd can hear him, causing Crash and Eddie to deem the place a \"Jungle of Misery\". Lastly, while Diego is sleeping, he wakes up when he gets hit with Scrat's acorn. In the fourth film, when Sid pries open a clam, he finds Scrat inside. Sid's grandmother mistakes Scrat for a rat and continuously hits him with her cane until he falls into the ocean."}, {"context": " Scrat constantly hunts for his acorn either to bury it or eat it, but fate always gets in the way. He invariably ends up in humorous or painful situations: being struck by lightning, pursued by avalanches, and repeatedly knocked unconscious while fighting for his acorn. Yet he never gives up. Scrat generally loses, except when he defeats a school of piranhas and successfully \"battles\" Sid. Scrat is the main character in four short films. In the first, \"Gone Nutty\", he loses his collection of acorns in a catastrophic chain of events. He jams his acorn into a hole in the middle of the collection, which shatters the pile and with it the entire continent - which begins the continental drift."}, {"context": " In the second film, \"No Time for Nuts\", Scrat finds a time machine left by a time-traveler and visits several historical events. He becomes trapped in a frightening future when oak trees have become extinct, but somehow manages to return to the series' time period. A third Scrat short, \"Scrat's Continental Crack-up\", was released in 2010 accompanying the feature \"Gulliver's Travels\", and later with \"Rio\" as a promotion for the fourth Ice Age movie \".\" A fourth and most recent short film, \"Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe\", was released in 2015 preceding The Peanuts Movie."}, {"context": " Scrat has a cameo in \"Surviving Sid\", that is important to the plot. Scrat is the main character in the . He is also playable in the other two games based on the series. Scrat makes a cameo appearance in the \"Family Guy\" episode \"Sibling Rivalry\", in a cutaway gag in which Peter Griffin says Scrat's nuts are his, leading Scrat to attack Peter. The origin of Scrat is disputed. Cartoon designer Ivy Supersonic claims she created the character in 1999, after seeing a squirrel-rat hybrid in Skidmore College's Case Green. She called her character \"Sqrat\" and says she presented the idea to 20th Century Fox movie executives. A CNN report by Jeanne Moos of Ivy's discovery was aired in 2000, two years before \"Ice Age\" went into development. Supersonic claims the studio's own documents actually identified the character in \"Ice Age\" as \"Sqrat\", though her creation was not sabre-toothed."}, {"context": " Ivy Supersonic was offered a $300,000 settlement by Fox Studios. She turned it down and subsequently lost in court. The case is currently in appeal (Case # 04401 Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, NYC). She still has hopes of receiving damages for her claimed infringement. Supersonic did win a partial summary judgement from the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board in a reverse suit, Fox Film Corporation v. Ivy Silberstein (her real name), in which Fox had tried to prevent her from registering the trade mark \"SQRAT\"."}, {"context": " According to Wedge, artist Peter de Seve came up with the design for Scrat after a visit to the Museum of Natural History. Wedge called it \"sort of a squirrel based on some lemur.\" While initially created as a fictional species for comedic purposes, in 2011 a mammal quite similar to Scrat was described. The newly described taxon, \"Cronopio dentiacutus\" was not a squirrel, and did not live in the Cenozoic; it belonged to the dryolestoids, a group of mammals thought to be closely related to therians, and it lived approximately 100 million years ago in Patagonia. The precedence of the animated character to the discovery of the real animal is an example of what is known as the \"Dim Effect\"."}, {"context": " As of the 2013 film \"Epic\", Scrat has gone on to become the mascot of Blue Sky Studios and is featured in their production logo. Roshan, or \"Pinky\" as what Manny called him, is the Neanderthal baby that Manny, Sid, and Diego return to his father. He is the young son of a Neanderthal tribal chief. While sleeping one morning, his tribe is attacked by a pack of smilodons. The leader of the pack, Soto, wants to kill the baby as revenge for the baby's father killing half the pack and using their skin as clothes and their flesh as food. His mother is able to fend off Diego, whose mission is to retrieve him. However, she is cornered over a waterfall. In a desperate attempt to save her son, leaps over the waterfall, holding the baby tightly in her arms. They are both found by Manny and Sid at the riverside. Using what little strength she has left, she gives the baby to Manny and Sid in hopes that he will be safe with them."}, {"context": " Roshan's primary care-provider is Sid, the only member of the group who initially has concern for him, Manny being too disillusioned to care and Diego secretly planning to kill him. Manny, scarred by his previous experience with humans, is reluctant to have anything to do with the baby, but eventually bonds with him. At the end of the movie, the baby is reunited with his tribe. Soto's Pack is a group of saber-toothed cats that are the primary antagonists of \"Ice Age\". They targeted Roshan as revenge on his tribe of Neanderthals because half of their pack was killed by them. Diego was formerly of this group before he defected to Manny and Sid's side."}, {"context": " Soto is the violent and sadistic Smilodon who is the leader of a pack of saber-toothed cats. He wants to eat Roshan in vengeance for the murders of several of his pack-mates. He is the main antagonist of the first film. As part of his plan to kidnap Roshan, Soto plans an attack on the human camp so that while he and three other pack members would attack the humans, Diego would sneak in, unnoticed, and abduct Roshan. Diego fails at this task, leaving Soto furious, telling Diego to bring Roshan to Half-Peak where he would meet with the others and threatens have him served as a replacement if he fails. Soto dispatched his fellow pack members Zeke and Oscar to warn Diego to hurry and bring Roshan or not return at all, though was reciprocated with the news that alongside Roshan, Soto would receive a mammoth."}, {"context": " Soto eventually made it with his pack to Half Peak and informed Diego that while he had his doubts, he was pleased that Diego had made it. Soon it would happen that unbeknownst to Soto, Diego was in league with both Manny and Sid, and so Sid would lure Soto and his pack-mates away from both Manny and Roshan with a decoy made of snow. Soto fought viciously in the altercation in which he made an attempt to kill Manny, but was stopped by the now-reformed Diego, whom he severely maimed. Out of anger, Manny throws Soto into a wall of ice, knocking loose a row of icicles, the sharp ice formations falling, and end up killing Soto offscreen."}, {"context": " Zeke is an overactive Smilodon and a member of Soto's pack. He is led by Soto who is out to seek Roshan and kill him. Zeke is dark-gray and looked rough, as well as acting the part of a suck up. It is revealed in a deleted scene that he, like the other members of his pack, wanted very much to follow the \"walking buffet\" south, but Soto would not hear of it. Zeke accompanied Oscar to tell Diego to hurry up and bring back Roshan or not to come back. Diego had him inform Soto that there will be a mammoth traveling with the baby as well. He soon made it along with the rest of his pack to Half Peak, where he tried to kill Sid and Roshan, but was outwitted by Sid who stomped him into a tiny crevice with his hindquarters sticking out. It is unknown what happened to him afterwards."}, {"context": " Oscar is a tall Smilodon and a member of Soto's pack. Oscar is shown to doubting Diego's abilities because he messed up once in bringing Roshan to Soto. In a deleted scene, he is seen telling his packmates of his disapproval of Soto's plans to stay and hunt the humans instead of following the migrating herds traveling south. Oscar went along with Zeke to find Diego and warn him to hurry and bring Roshan. Oscar made it with the rest of the pack to Half Peak where he attempted to kill Manny but was defeated along with the others. He is last seen running away after he and Lenny see Soto killed by Manny, leaving him and Lenny's fates unknown."}, {"context": " Lenny is a rotuned Homotherium and a member of Soto's pack. Lenny, along with the rest of the pack, attacked the human encampment but were fended off by the humans' dogs who fought alongside the humans against the pack sending them off. One of the pack members Diego was expected to steal the baby Roshan from the humans but missed his chance when Roshan's mother Nadia escaped with her child through a waterfall. Bitter at Diego's failure the pack leader Soto orders Diego to retrieve Roshan and bring him to Half Peak where the others will be waiting. Soto was later informed by other pack members Zeke and Oscar that Diego will bring Roshan back along with a wooly Mammoth called Manny who has been caring for Roshan along with Sid the sloth."}, {"context": " Lenny met up with Diego along with the other members of the pack at Half Peak where Zeke reminisced the joys of mammoth flesh much to Lenny's displeasure (saying his only lines in the film, \"Hey, knock it off. I'm starving!\" and \"I told you to knock it off!\"). He then demanded Zeke to stop talking about food and then tries to strike him but is stopped by Soto who tells him to save energy as mammoths don't go down easily. Soto plans an ambush on Manny so he would be caught by surprise and so he ordered the pack not to attack until they saw Manny but Diego secretly turned on his pack after he had been shown real friendship and appreciation from Manny and Sid so he tempted Zeke to leap into action and attack. The surprise given away, the pack pursue Sid as he slides down a snowy slope on a piece of bark soon after Lenny and Oscar who had been chasing Sid where hit by a large log Manny threw at them. Once they recovered they saw that Soto had been killed when he tried to attack Manny and that Diego had thwarted Soto's attacks. Manny throws Soto into a wall of ice and a number of icicles fall down and kill him. Seeing the death of their leader, Lenny and Oscar run off. It is unknown what happened to them afterwards."}, {"context": " Unlike the rest of his pack who are all saber-toothed cats, Lenny is a scimitar-toothed cat as stated in the book \"Ice Age: The Essential Guide\". Runar was the chieftain of the Neanderthal tribe shown in the first film. Runar was a leader for a tribe of Neanderthals (referred in the film as humans). He was the father of Roshan and husband of Nadia, and cared greatly for his family, all the while leading them and the rest of the tribe as a nomadic group to travel from place to place. In one encampment that his tribe set up, half a pack of saber-toothed tigers was killed and the furs taken as coats and clothing. In vengeance, the leader saber-tooth named Soto decided to plan an attack on Runar's tribe so as to take his son Roshan and kill him in vengeance for those saber-teeth slain in battle by Runar's tribe. The attack almost worked, but Runar's tribe had trained dire wolves that detected Soto's pack coming and alerted the human tribe to battle the saber-teeth, with Soto fighting directly with Runar while the rest of the tribe fought the other saber-tooth tigers and unleash their wolves to help. In the melee, the baby Roshan was taken by his mother from a saber-toothed tiger named Diego, and the hunters successfully warded off the saber-teeth. Runar tried to help his wife and son, but is stopped by Soto and Oscar. After the fight, he finds out that his son and wife had disappeared."}, {"context": " Runar had no choice left but to begin the travel to another camp far off, tracking the dangerous saber-teeth on the way and finding clues as to his son's whereabouts. In time, Runar made it near the settlement and was finally re-united with his son, but not before meeting face-to-face with Manny and Sid, the two animals who returned the child. Runar was on his guard about Manny at first, as he appeared violent while his tribe quickly rush in to attack Manny and Sid. Upon seeing Roshen, he quickly came to see that they meant no harm, simply to return his child and stopped his tribe from attacking them."}, {"context": " Runar thanked Manny by giving him the charm bracelet that had once been Roshan's, and after letting his son say goodbye to Manny and Sid, Runar left the scene with his tribe and his son in tow. Nadia was the wife of the chieftain of a neanderthal tribe shown in the first film. Nadia had a husband, Runar, and a baby son, Roshan. She and her family lived a peaceful life together with their tribe until the day when a pack of saber-toothed tigers invaded their camp to abduct the youngest member, Roshan in revenge for the tribe killing half of their pack. Nadia fended off an attack on Roshan long enough to run away quickly from Diego who was pursuing her. Nadia ran with Roshan in her arms until she reached a high waterfall and was cornered. She jumped, holding on tightly to her son all the while; she then ended up on the riverbank below, meeting Manny and Sid, two animals that were passing by. With the last of her strength, Nadia nudged Roshan to these animals in the hopes that they could be entrusted with her son. Seconds after this act, she slipped slowly from the riverbank, disappearing. Her fate remains unknown, although it is heavily implied that she may have drowned."}, {"context": " These Dodos are portrayed as greedy for watermelons claiming it to be their private stockpile for the ice age. All these dodos hate to be extinct. Trying to get a watermelon from Sid, Diego and Manny who try to ask for it for the baby's hunger, some of these dodos accidentally fall to where they tossed the melon. Four of these fall into the pit to burn to death as one warns a few, where another melon is also incinerated. The rest are defeated by Sid who protects the last melon from them by getting through them."}, {"context": " Dab was the head dodo shown in the first film. The dodos were collecting a stockpile for the winter, and one of them stole the melon that Manny had spotted for Roshan. When Manny, Sid and Diego went to the dodos to get the melon back, they found the dodos on parade. The dodos' stockpile so far consisted only of three melons, including the stolen melon. After Manny pointed this out, the dodos fought to stop Manny, Diego and Sid getting at the melons. In the fight, the first melon fell over a cliff and several dodos, including the flock's \"last female\", jumped over as well in a suicidal attempt to retrieve it. The second melon bounced into a boiling tar pit, along with three more unfortunate dodos who were trying to stop it falling in. Sid managed to get the last melon, and the remaining dodos also fell off the cliff, a parody as to why they are extinct today. In \"Ice Age: The Meltdown\", another dodo gets fried while attempting to cross the geyser fields."}, {"context": " Carl and Frank are an \"Embolotherium\" and a \"Brontops\" respectively. Carl had thick lips and a thick horn, while Frank had more pointed lips and a thinner horn. They referred to Sid as an overgrown weasel. The two appeared at the beginning of the film when Sid the ground sloth was shown stepping on their salad and eating an important part of it, the dandelion. The two animals soon chased after him in the hopes of killing him, but were stopped forcefully by Manny the mammoth, by being hurled through the air. They'd held a powerful grudge against Sid for what he'd done and when they next saw him, he was in the same hot mud pool that they were in and was erroneously referring to them as ladies. Again, Carl and Frank stampeded after the hapless sloth, but were waylaid when they saw that he had already been \"killed\" by a saber-toothed cat named Diego (which was part of Sid's plan to get them to be fooled into leaving him alone and not trying to kill him off) and gave up their chase post-haste stating that \"carnivores have all the fun.\" Carl and Frank aren't seen again after this."}, {"context": " Jennifer and Rachel are two \"Megalonyx\" from the first film. The two were shown being sweet-talked by Sid to impress them while he had the baby Roshan in tow. Jennifer admitted that she found some of Sid's qualities to be most attractive, and when Sid left, the two spoke to each other on how, despite his lack of good looks, he was a family-type. These two female sloths (in a deleted scene from the film) were shown scorning Sid when he was shown to simply be using the baby to mate with them, though Rachel was much more straightforward as she kicked him directly in the groin while calling him \"\"pig\"\"."}, {"context": " Jennifer was a thickset dark-blue sloth with short curly hair and a medium-sized nose. Rachel was considerably thinner and had light tan fur and a blonde ponytail directly at the top of her head and a smaller nose. Sylvia is a female Megalonyx who was cut from the first film, but can be found in the deleted scenes of the 2-Disc DVD release as well as the film-to-book adaptation. Sylvia wanted Sid to travel with her, for she was seeking commitment. Sid, not wanting any of this, put her in the path of some running glyptodonts to send her off. Sylvia eventually found him again, and was still adamant to go migrating with him. Sid tricked her into thinking that he was getting turnips for their migration, and then ran off to escape, but she followed him into the jaws of Diego, the saber-toothed cat. She did not believe that Sid was truly dead, and sullenly told Diego to \"eat him\". It is presumed that after that, she left Sid alone. Sylvia had red-colored fur, green eyes and a small nose."}, {"context": " According to the DVD commentaries, Sylvia was cut because the scriptwriters felt that Sid's behavior towards her made him too unlikable, and that her scenes detracted from the film's main plot. Additionally, the first movie had a different ending planned out. Sid and Manny headed south without Diego (due to his death, which was changed) and met up with the other animals. Sid had matured after witnessing Diego's death, and upon seeing Sylvia for the third time, was nicer to her, even asking her to be his mate."}, {"context": " Sylvia was cut from the movie fairly late. Most of her scenes were completely animated and rendered, and she was seen in the first few trailers of the movie as well as the initial posters. A Holmesina living in the days of the Ice Age, Fast Tony was a peddler trying to give off items such as reeds and bark to other denizens of the Ice Age so as to escape the world's end, which by chance, he predicted and it came true. Fast Tony would give off products in exchange for whatever the other animals would bring by with the help of his \"\"assistant\"\", an insipid glyptodon named Stu. He was notoriously amoral with others, even being criticized by Manny for willing to sell off \"\"his own mother for a grape\"\". Fast Tony immediately asked if that was an offer, then pretended he had not thought of it for the benefit of the watching animals."}, {"context": " Stu was more Fast Tony's guinea pig to prove their wares' worth, rather than his actual partner and proved more useful dead than alive, as Fast Tony had taken Stu's shell (as Stu had just been killed by Maelstrom and Cretaceous) and shamelessly tried to pawn it off to other animals as a personal \"\"mobile home\"\". Fast Tony was last seen at the end of \"\" using Stu's shell as a raft. Stu was a \"Glyptodon\" who was Fast Tony's partner. He seemed to be disliked by Tony due to his stupid personality. He assisted Fast Tony to warn the valley that the dam of ice would burst and helped to demonstrate Fast Tony's snorkel. After the revelation of the flood was proved to be true, Stu took the test snorkel and used it to swim underwater. Shortly after scaring James, a young anteater, Stu was grabbed and pulled underwater by an unknown attacker. As the other animals begin to leave, Fast Tony returns to the pool to get Stu to come along, but Stu's shell is suddenly spat out of the water by the unknown assailant. Fast Tony, after looking at the shell, sees that it makes a great mobile home and runs off after the other animals to try and unload it on someone. Meanwhile, the unknown attackers turn out to be the marine reptiles Cretaceous and Maelstrom. In the ending after the flood, Fast Tony is discovered to have been using the shell as a boat, but he leaves the shell behind as he no longer needs it."}, {"context": " Mr. and Mrs. Start are two Starts that are shown resting at the Glacier Water Park where they complain about the heat. During this conversation, the ice that Mrs. Start was on cracked and she fell into the water. The Lone Gunslinger is a \"Teratornis\". The Lone Gunslinger arrives to confirm Manny's suspicions to the animals at Glacier Water Park that the ice dam will break. He acts as the voice that warns the other animals of the dangers coming soon due to the valley where they reside flooding up with water. The Lone Gunslinger only warns them of the danger and little else, rather hoping that one or two of the animals leaving will die, furnishing food for him and the other vultures which he is presumably family and friends with."}, {"context": " As he watches all of the creatures in the valley leave to safety, he makes cryptic statements with his Teratornis friends about it and this escalades to the point of singing a musical number on how much they plotted to eat the other animals. The Lone Gunslinger was last shown flying over the \"boat\" full of escaping animals and making provocative remarks. In the storybook version, he and his fellow Teratornis were shown to be feasting on Cretaceous and Maelstrom's corpses. Cretaceous is a Cymbospondylus. He, along with Maelstrom, are the main antagonists of the second Ice Age film."}, {"context": " Cretaceous is shown in the beginning frozen in a great block of ice that was jarred loose when the wall of ice began crumbling. The ice melted, releasing both him and Maelstrom into the lake which was all but abandoned by most animals. When they made it to the ice lake, the first animal that they had encountered and eaten was Stu, leaving behind only his shell. The two sea reptiles then swam further down the series of rivers where they eventually reached Manny's herd as well as Crash, Eddie, and Ellie. Cretaceous made a great lunge at Manny, but was caught on his tusks, only to be flung far off, hitting a piece of ice and falling back into the water."}, {"context": " Later, when the dam broke, the two reptiles went swimming on the wall of water that was slowly approaching towards the escaping masses and pulled down Manny when he was swimming to save Ellie. Manny devised a plan to rid himself of the two sea reptiles, by having them try to chase him, he tricked them into hitting a log that was wedged under a large rock. The plan worked, freeing Ellie, and the boulder falls on Cretaceous and Maelstrom, killing them. In the storybook version, The Lone Gunslinger and his fellow Teratornis were shown to be feasting on Cretaceous and Maelstrom."}, {"context": " Maelstrom is a pliosauroidea. He, along with Cretaceous, are the main antagonists of the second Ice Age film. Maelstrom is shown in the beginning frozen in a great block of ice that was jarred loose when the wall of ice began crumbling. The ice melted, releasing both Cretaceous and him into the lake which was all but abandoned by most animals. When they made it to the ice lake, the first animal that they had encountered and eaten was Stu, leaving behind only his shell. The two sea reptiles then swam further down the series of rivers where they eventually reached Manny's herd as well as Crash, Eddie, and Ellie. Maelstrom intended to eat Sid but could not catch him, as Sid was already escaping with Diego, and had only just escaped Maelstrom as he broke off a massive chunk of ice where the sloth and saber-tooth had stood only moments before."}, {"context": " Later, when the dam broke, the two reptiles went swimming on the wall of water that was slowly approaching towards the escaping masses and pulled down Manny when he was swimming to save Ellie. Manny devised a plan to rid himself of the two sea reptiles, by having them try to chase him, he tricked them into hitting a log that was wedged under a large rock. The plan worked, freeing Ellie and killing Cretaceous and Maelstrom. In the storybook version, The Lone Gunslinger and his fellow Teratornis were shown to be feasting on Cretaceous and Maelstrom."}, {"context": " The number of Piranhas resided in the ice lakes of the waterpark, where they were pursued by flocks of \"Baptornis\" and scattered by other animals. The piranha, however, found potential prey in the form of Scrat that had fall in the lake. The piranhas bared their teeth and chased Scrat out of the water onto an ice floe, one leaping out of the water and biting him on the paw; this paw was holding his prized acorn. Angry that something had attempted to take his acorn. Scrat seized another piranha and used it to hit at others, fighting and kicking the fish away, stunning them all. As one attempted to edge back to the water, Scrat stomped on its side, forcing it to release an acorn that is held."}, {"context": " In , a school of piranha met a baby Tyrannosaurus (one of Momma's babies that had been kidnapped by Sid) and bared their teeth at it. The young Tyrannosaurus bared his own teeth and frightened the fish off. A tribe of Mini Sloths are smaller sloths who worship Sid and call him \"Fire King\". Immediately afterwards, they try to throw him into lava, believing that they can avert the flood by sacrificing him. However, he escapes. Ashley is a minor beaver character in the second film. In her appearance, she treats Sid like a pi\u00f1ata and appears to be a ringleader among the kids."}, {"context": " Scratte (pronounced \"Scrat-tay\") is a seductive female saber-toothed flying squirrel that makes her debut in \"\". She is seen in the second trailer with Scrat battling with her for the acorn by propelling themselves down a gorge to reach the fallen acorn, and succeeding. Scratte is also seen as a love interest for Scrat. Scratte's personality traits have been shown to be flirtatious, feisty, and intelligent. She is equally determined in catching the acorn and uses her feminine wiles to her advantage. She doesn't, however, seem to be nearly as obsessed with acorns as her male counterpart, as she was shown trying to destroy the acorn at the end of the film out of jealousy. Scratte will often injure and manipulate Scrat in the process of retrieving it. However, her attraction to him is implied and fully emerged when he saved her from falling into lava."}, {"context": " In the fourth movie, Scratte appeared again in a cameo role as a Siren only to then be dismissed by a disinterested Scrat. In addition, tons of her species live on Scratlantis. Buck (short for Buckminster) is a weasel that makes an appearance in \"\". He is missing his right eye and wears a leaf as an impromptu eyepatch, as well as having a scar on one of his ears and seems slightly insane (he claims that he woke up one day, married to an ugly pineapple, but he still loved \"her\", and Manny calls him a \"deranged hermit.\" He also claims to have sadly been \"killed by Rudy,\" although he was not). According to the official website, Buck is one-eyed and relentless in his hunting for dinosaurs. Buck's archenemy is a large albino \"Baryonyx\" he calls Rudy, who gouged out Buck's eye and attempted to eat him, but failed after Buck grabbed onto to Rudy's uvula, swung on it, and then let go, knocking out Rudy's teeth, which he kept and later sharpened into a knife that he carries with him. Buck is the only inhabitant of the dinosaurs' world who does not fear Rudy in the slightest, though he possesses a deep respect for him. Due to living underground for so long, he has an extensive knowledge of the dangers of the dinosaur world."}, {"context": " Buck first meets Manny, Crash, Eddie, Diego, and Ellie (who he at one point refers to as \"preggers\") after they descend into the jungle in pursuit of Sid and Momma, and saves them from a dinosaur attack. He has been living in the jungle for quite some time, persistently hunting Rudy to avenge the loss of his eye, and agrees to lead them to Lava Falls, where Momma has taken Sid, and rescues him after taking control of a \"Harpactognathus\". After Rudy's potential death, Buck, having lost his purpose in life, decides to join the herd and live on the surface. Upon hearing a distant familiar roar that tells him that Rudy survived the fall, he chooses to stay and causes a cave-in that seals off the path between the surface and the underground jungle, trapping him inside and everyone else on the surface. He and Rudy proceed to continue their battle."}, {"context": " Buck and Rudy make brief cameos in \"Scrat's Continental Crack-up\" and \"\" when Scrat falls through the Earth and passes them. He returns to help the herd with an ancient stone pillar and rejoins them to stop the asteroid in \"\" while being pursued by a family of Dino-Birds. Due to his voice actor, Buck speaks with a British accent. Momma was a female \"Tyrannosaurus\". She took Sid from his herd when he took her eggs from her. She brings Sid to Lava Falls and the two compete to see who can care for her babies better. Sid loses, but is allowed to stay. However, they are separated later and Sid is attacked by Rudy. She is also called Momzilla by Sid."}, {"context": " Momma later returns when Manny, Ellie, Diego, Sid, Crash, Eddie, and Buck are under attack by Rudy and knocks Rudy off a cliff to his apparent death proceeding to bid Sid farewell. Rudy was a gigantic albino \"Baryonyx\" and the main antagonist of the third film who is feared by all the creatures in the valley except Buck and Momma. When Buck first arrived in the jungle, he was attacked by Rudy, who scratched him in the right eye, thus poking it out, and very nearly devoured him. Buck escaped, knocking out one of Rudy's teeth in the process. Rudy appears to have held a grudge ever since, especially since the impact left behind a crack in his mouth which prevented any new teeth from growing. (Note: Rudy is constantly mistaken for a \"Spinosaurus\", and although he has features of both species, the filmmakers have directly stated he is a \"Baryonyx\".) Rudy first appears when he attacks Sid and chases him onto a rock floating over Lava Falls, and later attacks Sid and company full force as they are about to exit the jungle. The group quickly proves to be no match for the \"Baryonyx\", but are saved by Momma, who knocks him off of a cliff. Rudy survives, however, and he and Buck continue their eternal war. Rudy is last seen roaring in frustration as Buck is riding on top of the massive dinosaur laughing, as Rudy runs through the jungle."}, {"context": " Buck and Rudy made a brief cameo in the following film \"\". Johnny is a young aardvark who is swallowed whole and alive by Egbert. Johnny's mother demands that Sid, currently posing as the young dinosaurs' father orders the dinosaur to return her son or else they will leave the playground. Johnny was not found just then; instead a young \"Gastornis\", named Madison, is brought up. But then Manny and Ellie come by. Egbert got scared, and immediately regurgitated Johnny. His mother promptly drags him off. He is referred to by Sid and his mother as \"Little Johnny\"."}, {"context": " The unnamed mother of Johnny. She looked on in horror when Egbert tried to eat little Johnny. She later demanded that Sid tell Egbert to spit her son out. Egbert seemed to comply, but instead spat out a young Diatryma named Madison to her annoyance. When Manny arrived on the scene, Egbert regurgitated Little Johnny in shock and his mother comforted him. This unnamed Gazelle was shown being chased by Diego only for him to end up exhausted. The gazelle heckled him and ran off. The same gazelle later appeared running by Diego to escape the \"Tyrannosaurus\"."}, {"context": " The unnamed Pudgy Beaver Mom is the mother of a young beaver. She was among the village of animals that reacted to Ellie's false alarm of her pregnancy. When Sid commented on the beaver mom's pregnancy, the beaver mom angrily tells Sid that she is not pregnant and snapped a stick to hit Sid with it. When the beaver mom's young child ventured into the playground that Manny had built, she called out Sid over the fact that the three \"Tyrannosaurus\" children were picking on her child. Sid tells her that he's a single parent."}, {"context": " These baby dinosaurs are three baby \"Tyrannosaurus\" from \"\", consisting of two males (Egbert and Yoko), and one female (Shelly). Sid took them away from their mother, but she came searching for them and took Sid away with them, then she later became friends with Sid at the end of the movie. They are very friendly dinosaurs, but due to being carnivores, they go too far in playing with other animals which eventually winds up with one of them eating a couple of the kids. Despite knowing that Sid isn't their real father, they still loved and care for him to a point of protecting him from their angry mother. They are later returned to their mother at the end of ."}, {"context": " Roger is a \"Harpactognathus\" who was used by Buck, along with Crash and Eddie, to go to the Lava Falls to rescue Sid from Rudy. During the attempt, they were attacked by a flock of \"Cearadactylus\", but they managed to evade them and rescue Sid in time. After returning to the Plates of Woe, the pterosaur flew away after Buck asked if it had \"ever thought of settling down and starting a family\". Roger's gender is unspecified in the film, but it is referred to as a female in the video game adaption."}, {"context": " Among the other dinosaurs that live in the underground valley are \"Ankylosaurus\", \"Brachiosaurus\", \"Kentrosaurus\" (which is depicted with a long neck like a \"Miragaia longicollum\"), \"Iguanodon\", \"Troodon\", \"Pachycephalosaurus\", \"Triceratops\", \"Chasmosaurus\", \"Archaeopteryx\", \"Guanlong\" and the pterosaurs \"Harpactognathus\" and \"Cearadactylus\" (the filmmakers refer to them as \"pterodactyl\" and \"pterosaur\" respectively). Also, the \"Dilophosaurus\" appears in the video game adaption where it has the same description as the version seen in the \"Jurassic Park\" franchise."}, {"context": " A group of pirates that sailed the seas. Among its members are: Gutt is a \"Gigantopithecus\" who is a self-styled master and pirate captain of the high seas. His name is based on the long sharpened fingernails that he uses to \"gut\" his enemies. He is the main antagonist of the fourth film. Also he happened to be the nemesis of Manny and lies among the most evil villains of Blue Sky. He captures Manny, Sid, Diego, Scrat, and Granny and attempts to make them part of his crew. His friendly demeanor quickly vanishes when Manny refuses; he throws the mammoth and his friends overboard, and furiously vows revenge when they destroy his ship and bounty during their escape."}, {"context": " Gutt enslaves a population of hyraxes to build a new ship for him, and also strips Shira of her rank as first mate when she reveals she did not attack Manny, giving her position to Squint. Gutt leads his crew to battle against the unenslaved hyraxes, only for the hyraxes to be revealed as a distraction while Manny steals his new ship. Enraged, Gutt quickly forges a new ship out of a wall of ice, propelled by his legion of narwhals. Gutt arrives at Manny's home, and takes Ellie, Peaches, and the other animals hostage."}, {"context": " Manny turns himself in to free his wife and daughter, but Gutt goes back on his word, stating that Manny took everything he had from him and the evil captain intended to do the same. However, the timely arrival of Louis, Peaches' friend, sparks a fierce battle between the pirates and Manny's herd. Gutt tries to fight Manny along with Raz, but Diego fights Gutt himself. Gutt chases Diego up a tree on the herd's ship, and knocks the sabertooth down with the rest of herd. Gutt corners the herd, but he and his pirates are defeated by Granny's pet whale Precious."}, {"context": " Gutt is swift enough to dodge Precious' blasts while Squint, Raz, Flynn, Dobson, Silas, and Gupta are knocked onto the side of their ship and into the sea; Gutt escapes and leaves his crew behind. He is about to kill Ellie when Peaches knocks him onto the back of the ice. He then leaps at Manny and refuses to let him return to his family. A new landmass emerges and launches the iceberg that the two are standing on into the air. Gutt battles Manny with his two swords, stating that \"the sea isn't big enough\" for the two of them. Manny charges into Gutt, knocking him down, but Gutt is able to push the mammoth off of him. Manny charges again, but Gutt swings on a number of vines to catch up to the floe; Manny follows. Gutt pushes Manny onto the front of the floe and grabs a log to finish him off, but Manny jumps onto the back of the floe, which launches Gutt off the floe. Manny catches the log and hits Gutt, sending the evil ape flying out of fight."}, {"context": " He lands in a cave river and grabs a piece of ice to float on the water; he notices fins sticking out of the water, and is shortly after eaten offscreen by a siren posing as a female \"Gigantopithecus\". Note: Jeremy Renner was originally set to voice the character, but was replaced by Peter Dinklage due scheduling conflicts involving \"The Bourne Legacy\". Captain Gutt was initially written as a bear, but designer Peter DeS\u00e8ve had a hard time designing an ursine villain, and thus instead designed him as a more versatile primate."}, {"context": " Flynn is a large English elephant seal (appearing to be just as big as or even bigger than Manny in the film) who makes his first appearance in the second part of Scrat's Continental Crack-up. His lack of intelligence is the source of comic relief throughout the film. Flynn likes to eat fruit, and calls the song titled \"Master of the Seas\" a sea shanty. When the pirates first encounter Manny's herd, Flynn inadvertently gives them directions to return to the continent, much to Gutt's exasperation. The seal then joined the attack on the herd, squashing Sid underneath his bulk. When Manny's herd destroys the ship, leaving the pirates to drift at sea, Flynn initially panics at the prospect of drowning, but is reminded by an annoyed Gutt that he is able to swim. Flynn worries about Shira when Gutt leaves her for dead, but he later propels the pirates to land aboard a small raft made of ice."}, {"context": " In the final battle, Flynn and Gupta corner Sid and Granny, only for the latter to summon Precious, sending the pirates running in fear. Flynn rejoins the battle against Manny, but is defeated when Precious blasts him with water. Raz is an Australian \"Procoptodon\" who serves as the crew's resident weapons and artillery expert, hiding an arsenal of deadly bone swords in her pouch and using her powerful legs to launch projectiles at enemies by kicking them. In the final melee against Manny's herd, she battles Manny herself, until she is blasted away by Precious."}, {"context": " Silas is a petrel from the south of France with the feet of a blue-footed booby who usually scouts out for trouble ahead of the pirates. Silas informs Captain Gutt of Manny and his herd's presence, claiming that their raft was a huge bounty ripe for the taking. Silas later attacks Manny personally while the mammoth is escaping the hyrax island, but Manny bats him away with his trunk. In the final battle, Silas launches Gupta at Manny's face to distract him. Squint is a \"Palaeolagus\". He makes his first appearance in the second part of Scrat's Continental Crack-up. He is overconfident, somewhat psychotic, and dislikes being called adorable; he is berated many times by Gutt and Shira for trying to assume authority over the crew. Squint holds a rivalry with Shira, which reaches its climax when Squint becomes Gutt's new first mate after Gutt insults Shira for failing to kill Manny and his herd."}, {"context": " In the final battle, Squint attempts to attack Shira as she is trying to free Ellie, but Shira mocks Squint's 'adorable nose', which agitates him and allows Ellie to stomp on him. Squint later resurfaces in \"\" where Squint wanted revenge on the Herd. Dobson is a \"Metridiochoerus\", who speaks in growls, oinks, and other pig noises (although he appeared to be singing along with the crew in the \"Master of the Seas\" musical sequence). He teams up with Raz in firing the cannons, loading them with chunks of ice for Raz to fire with her powerful kangaroo legs, and leaps down onto the heroes's ship with her to corner Manny. Dobson later takes part in the final battle, fighting Crash and Eddie \"rodeo-style\", and is able to charge into Manny and knock him into the other ship along with Shira. However, Dobson was blasted away by Precious along with the rest of the pirate crew."}, {"context": " Gupta is a Bengali badger who's fur pattern on his back resembles a skull and crossbones, allowing the crew to use him as their pirate flag. He is shown to be somewhat cowardly, wishing to fly the white colors of his underbelly when the pirate ship was being destroyed. In the climax of the film, Gupta and Flynn corner Sid and Granny, but are scared off by Granny's pet whale Precious. Gupta later is dropped onto Manny's face by Silas, distracting the mammoth long enough for Dobson to attack him and to corner the herd. However, Gupta and the rest of the crew are blasted away by Precious."}, {"context": " Ethan is a teenage woolly mammoth who takes a liking to Peaches, Manny and Ellie's teenage daughter, and becomes her love interest later. He is a thrill-loving teenager who is openminded to Peaches being part of his group, and may have returned her affections. But he is shown to be shallow when he tells Peaches to stop hanging around Louis. When Peaches sees she has hurt her friend's feelings, and that Ethan and his group are lacking in common sense, she decides to leave. Ethan rudely remarks that \"it's bad enough her family is half-possum\", angering Peaches. Ethan, unlike his posse, seems to be at least partially rational, and might have felt guilt from hurting Peaches' feelings."}, {"context": " After Louis helps to save Peaches, Ethan and his group are impressed by his bravery. He asks to hang around with him and Peaches, to which Louis accepts. Steffie is a teenager woolly mammoth who is the alpha girl of the Valley's popular crew. Her friends, Katie and Meghan, are always in agreement with her. She does all that she can to keep any other girls away from Ethan, which is why she dislikes and insults Peaches. She is the sassy leader of the Brat Pack. Although she is rude and unkind, she can be sweet when she is with Ethan; when Louis and Peaches show their bravery fighting Gutt, she begins to warm up to them."}, {"context": " Katie and Meghan are teenage woolly mammoths who are two of the first-rate members of the Valley's popular crew. Katie and Meghan are always in agreement with what Steffie says, and they do everything that Steffie does or asks. To Steffie, Katie is likely more important than Meghan, as they sometimes leave Meghan alone. Katie is known as the gossip girl of the Brat Pack. Peaches' best friend Louis, is a timid, well-spoken, and cute molehog (a creature that has the combined appearance of a mole and a hedgehog), who is always dutifully by her side and eager to help, even if it is to help her get closer to pretty boy Ethan. When Peaches' heart is ultimately broken by Ethan, Louis secretly wishes that she could see that he is the only one who adores her just as she is. Peaches is very oblivious to his crush on her. He tries to be the voice of reason when she is up to some things, because of his soft-spoken demeanor and his somewhat cowardice, Manny alongside Crash and Eddie, have dubbed him \"Wiener\". Even after having his feelings hurt by Peaches, Louis comes to his friends side when she is held hostage by Gutt. He fends off Gutt long enough for Peaches to escape, impressed by his bravery, Manny even encourages Louis to be more open minded to adventures like Peaches. Ethan and his posse even ask to hang out with him, as they seem to move on in life as friends. The only flaw with Louis' life in Ice Age is, along with \"The Brat Pack\", he seems to lack parents and other family members that he would live with."}, {"context": " Sid is surprised by the return of his dysfunctional relatives who had abandoned him in the first film as they have a tendency to abandon him at specific points. His family consist of: They dump their eighty-year-old Granny for Sid to take care of. Believing something was happening, the family left the land; shortly thereafter, the Pangaea supercontinent begun to fragment. Despite how his family had abandoned him, Sid was very enthusiastic to see them and still loved them. Eunice seemed to care for her son, as she said she was worried about him when they were separated. When Sid replies that he thought they abandoned him, Marshall replies coldly that they did, but Eunice insists they were still worried about him and prompts her husband to insist they did. However, when Eunice instructed Sid to show Granny around, she quickly shows herself to be as cruel as the rest of Sid's family, who leave hastily without looking back. Milton adds that Granny was simply \"dead weight\". Their current status is unknown."}, {"context": " Ariscratle is a saber-toothed squirrel that lives on Scratlantis. His name is a pun on the Greek philosopher Aristotle. Sirens are shape-shifting fish-like creatures that lay on rock outcrops near the ocean, where they lure in creatures by casting hallucinations of entities attractive to the creatures (such as loved ones, attractive potential mates, or even items such as Scrat's prized acorn). Scrat kills a siren when trying to bury it, leading the others to chase him. At the end of the film, one lures Captain Gutt and consumes him after assuming the form of a female \"Gigantopithecus\"."}, {"context": " They are loosely based on the Sirens of Greek mythology. Precious is a 123-foot-long \"Livyatan\" with three rows of teeth. Precious was the pet of a ground sloth named Granny; Granny's family, especially Marshall, thought her senile for talking on about her \"dead pet\". But Precious was alive and had grown to an enormous size. When Granny, along with her grandson Sid and his friends Manny and Diego, were confronted at a cliff overhanging the ocean by a number of pirates, Granny called Precious, who rose up out of the water, opened her mouth, and allowed Granny to walk in along with Sid (who was disgusted at the smell inside the whale). Later, Granny and Sid use her like a submarine to fight with the pirates."}, {"context": " Large, even for a whale, Precious was the beloved pet of Granny, who was always seen throwing food into the ocean when she was near it. Precious was loyal to Granny, such that Granny could step inside the whale's mouth and commandeer her like a submarine. Her blowhole was shown as being capable of delivering a nasty attack to the pirates, and she was able to swallow Manny to prevent him from falling in the sea. Hyraxes have only been seen in \"Ice Age: Continental Drift\" and \"Ice Age: Collision Course\"."}, {"context": " They are first seen being forced to work as slaves by Captain Gutt, as they are used to load Gutt's treasure onboard and are even used to swab the deck as part of a mop. Manny, Sid and Diego encounter the hyraxes that were not enslaved during a short trek on a deserted island in the jungle. Though somewhat wary of the visitors, the hyraxes quickly warm up to the Sub-Zero Heroes. Manny feels that, if the hyraxes helped them, they could defeat the pirates; unfortunately, the hyraxes are unable to comprehend English and misinterpret Manny's request as asking for food. Eventually, Sid is able to communicate to them that an alliance is necessary if the other hyraxes are to be freed and the pirates are to be defeated, much to the surprise of Manny and Diego. The lead hyrax (distinguished by his bushy eyebrows, lighter fur coloration, and lower voice tone), who hates Gutt with a passion, rallies his forces and decides to help the herd, much to the herd's delight."}, {"context": " During the attack on the pirates, the lead hyrax spearheads a cavalry attack, followed by a dive bombing rescue, which is a diversion used to trick the pirates into leaving the slave hyraxes and their ship unguarded while the herd frees the captives and overtakes the ship. The enslaved hyraxes take an immense liking to Diego after he frees them. As the heroes escape on Gutt's new ship, the hyraxes fashion small ice boats, which they use to sail away to a new home in South America, taunting the pirates as they leave."}, {"context": " The hyraxes are last seen in South America, where they have made a new home and have even carved a hyrax-sized replica of the Statue of Liberty, welcoming the other animals. A number of pirate rats (or pie-rats) made their homes on the \"ship\" of Captain Gutt, actually a giant iceberg carved into a seaworthy vessel with Gutt at its helm and a number of other animals as its crew. The rats subsided more or less well off with Gutt on board, though one of them suffered Gutt's annoyance when it was caught mocking his apish movements and thus picked up by the ape and flung off the ship."}, {"context": " Later, once a number of seaborne mammals accidentally broke down Gutt's vessel, the rats abandoned ship, escaping into the waters below, with at least one pushed out forcefully by Scrat, another mammal taken hostage by Gutt. The giant crab is a minor character in the fourth film. The giant crab was seen aboard Manny, Diego and Sid's \"ship\" during a storm. After trying to escape, Sid was trapped on the edge of the floating land. The crab tried to attack him, but it noticed a giant wave heading towards them; Sid, noticing it too, clutched onto the crab's leg in a terrified trance. As soon as the wave was gone, Sid tried to thank the giant crab for saving his life, but was horrified to see only its leg remaining, with leg then being blown away by the wind."}, {"context": " Shangri Llama is the spiritual leader of Geotopia. He is very flexible, and loves to do Yoga. His personality is very laid back, but can be easily stressed out. Teddy is a fitness-obsessed \"Palaeolagus\" at age 326 who is a resident of Geotopia. Francine is a fair-and-square, high-pitched voiced Megalonyx and is Sid' ex-girlfriend. When Sid attempts to finally propose to her, she unlikely turns down his offer, leaving him confused and rejected. Neil deBuck Weasel is a space astronomer weasel who helps The Herd in searching for a way to stop the coming \"extinction\". He also acts as the narrator of the entire film and is a fourth wall breaker."}, {"context": " Note: He is based on real live astronomer Neil deGrasse Tyson, who also play his voice and served as a scientific consultant for the movie. Bubbles and Misty are \"minicorns\" who reside in Geotopia. Prancer is a flying reindeer character in the special. He first appears where he saves Sid, Peaches, Crash, and Eddie during a white out. When the rest of the herd caught up, Prancer accidentally caused an avalanche which ended up destroying Santa Claus' workshop and the toys that he built. After the herd, Prancer, and the local Mini-Sloths repaired the toys and the workshop, Prancer was unable to pull Santa Claus' sleigh. This results in Prancer summoning his family to come help where they promise to help Santa Claus on Christmas."}, {"context": " Santa Claus is a character in the special. Santa Claus is a magical human that brings children presents on Christmas. He has built thousands of toys and was about to deliver them when the impending avalanche caused by the characters destroyed the toys and his workshop. The herd alongside Prancer and the local Mini-Sloths were able to work to save Christmas by rebuilding the toys and Santa Claus' workshop. With the Mini-Sloths agreeing to work for Santa Claus, Prancer was able to round up his fellow reindeer in order to pull Santa Claus' sleigh."}, {"context": " The Mini-Sloths are Christmas elves in this special. Ethel is a female Gastornis who is among the parents that entrusted Sid to watch over her eggs. The Condor Mom is a female Condor who is among the parents that entrusted Sid to watch over her eggs. Clint is a friendly rabbit who appears in the special. He is the twin brother of Squint and becomes the Easter Bunny. Gladys Glypto is a Glyptodon who is among the parents that entrusted Sid to watch over her egg. Cholly is a chalicothere who is among the parents that entrusted Sid to watch over his egg. In his case, he adopted an egg. He previously appeared in the second film, where Manny mistook his flatulence for mammoth calls."}]}, {"title": "He\u0300re\u0300dougou", "paragraphs": [{"context": " H\u00e8r\u00e8dougou is a town in the Solenzo Department of Banwa Province in western Burkina Faso. As of 2005 it had a population of 3,205."}]}, {"title": "Czajcze, Pi\u0142a County", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Czajcze () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wysoka, within Pi\u0142a County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. <br>"}]}, {"title": "Trichembola oreia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Trichembola oreia is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Jean Ghesqui\u00e8re in 1940. It is found in North Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo."}]}, {"title": "Jean Watson (cross-country skier)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Jean Watson (born 29 October 1960) is a British cross-country skier. She competed in two events at the 1988 Winter Olympics."}]}, {"title": "Manor Farmhouse and Manor Cottage, Portskewett", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Manor Farmhouse and Manor Cottage, Portskewett, Monmouthshire is a country house dating from early 17th century. The house is a Grade II* listed building. Cadw and the architectural historian John Newman disagree as to the building date for the house; Cadw considers it early 17th century, while Newman puts it a little earlier, in the 16th century. At some point the original, single, dwelling, was divided into two, Manor Farmhouse being the major portion, and Manor Cottage the minor part. The whole building is listed Grade II*, its listing entry describing it as \"a well preserved house which retains a number of good historic features\".  The house is of two storeys and rendered, some of the render being original to the building. The roof is of Welsh slate. Newman notes the mid-17th century plasterwork including a \"handsome ceiling\" in the parlour with \"unusually lavish moulding\"."}]}, {"title": "Ojuelos de Jalisco", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ojuelos de Jalisco is a colonial town and municipality in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. The town's 1990 population was 7,265, although by the year 2010 it had increased to 11,881. It sits at the junction of Mexico Highways 51, 70, and 80. The municipality is located in the North-Central region of Mexico. It is bordered by 3 states: Guanajuato, Zacatecas and Aguascalientes. Also, it is located at a very closed proximity of the state of San Luis Potosi. All of the above makes of Ojuelos one of the municipalities with the most borders in Mexico. It also borders with the Lagos de Moreno municipality in the state of Jalisco."}, {"context": " The city was founded by Spanish conquistador Pedro Carrillo Davila in 1569, as a fortification or military garrison to protect travelers against the Chichimecas warriors. The fortification of Ojuelos was one of the seven ones built at the request of the Viceroy Mart\u00edn Enriquez de Almanza in the important route Mexico-Zacatecas which later became the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. The fortification in Ojuelos was the first being built and it is only one still in place. The decision to build the seven fortifications was made by Viceroy Enriquez de Almanza in response to deadly attacks made by Chichimecas commanded by their legendary leader Maxorro."}, {"context": " Ojuelos has a significant value in Colonial history in Mexico and North America, since its fortification is the only one which has survived to present day keeping its main structure as originally built in 1569. Currently, it houses the offices of the City Hall and a Library. In 1874, Ojuelos was designated as Municipality by Ignacio L. Vallarta, Governor of the State of Jalisco, after a long border dispute with the state of Zacatecas. In 2010, Ojuelos was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO as part of the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 2010."}, {"context": " Camino Real de Tierra Adentro was the Royal Inland Road, also known as the Silver Route. This UNESCO's World Heritage Site consists of a series of sites lying along a 1400\u00a0km section of this 2600\u00a0km route, that extends north from Mexico City to Texas and New Mexico, United States of America. The route was actively used as a trade route for 300 years, from the mid-16th to the 19th centuries, mainly for transporting silver extracted from the mines of Zacatecas, Guanajuato and San Luis Potos\u00ed, and mercury imported from Europe. Although it is a route that was motivated and consolidated by the mining industry, it also fostered the creation of social, cultural and religious links in particular between Spanish and Amerindian cultures.  In the case of Ojuelos, the specific sites inscribed in the UNESCO Roster are the historic downtown of Ojuelos (Site 1351-018) including \"El Fuerte\", \"El Parian\" and other historic buildings, and the Bridge of Ojuelos \"El Puente de Ojuelos\" (Site 1351-019). Among other touristic attractions, Ojuelos also has a plaza, El Parian, which is surrounded by 102 Gothic arches. El Parian was designed at the end of the 19th century by Luis G. Maciel."}]}, {"title": "Raphael Tracey", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Raphael \u201cRalph\u201d Tracey (February 6, 1904 \u2013 March 6, 1975) was an American soccer player. Tracey spent his club career with several teams in St. Louis, Missouri. He also played in all three U.S. games at the 1930 FIFA World Cup. He is a member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame. While born in Illinois, Tracey grew up in St. Louis, Missouri. He began his club career as a forward with St. Louis Vesper Buick of the St. Louis Soccer League (SLSL) during the 1925 season. While he was the second leading scorer on the team, he was released during the 1925-1926 season. He then signed with Ben Millers and finished the season with them. He moved to the midfield with the Ben Millers; playing on the team which lost the 1926 National Challenge Cup to Bethlehem Steel. He scored six goals during the 1931-1932 season, tying for sixth in the league.  Tracey earned three caps with the U.S. national team at the 1930 FIFA World Cup. While the U.S. won the first two games, over Belgium and Paraguay by a 3-0 score in each game, they lost to Argentina 6-1 in the semifinals. Tracey broke his leg ten minutes into the game. He continued to play until half time. Tracey was inducted into the St. Louis Soccer Hall of Fame in 1973 and the National Soccer Hall of Fame in 1986."}]}, {"title": "Tom Churchill (athlete)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Thomas Churchill Sr. (1908\u20131963) was an American star athlete in the 1920s who participated in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, Netherlands as a decathlete, and was a multi-sport standout for the University of Oklahoma between 1927\u201328 and 1929\u201330. Churchill was born in Blair, Oklahoma. He attended Central High School in Oklahoma City where he has a successful sports career. Churchill participated on the football, track and field, baseball, basketball and swimming teams and was chosen as a scholastic All-American. He also earned all-state honors in both football and basketball, and he was considered the best all-around high school athlete in the state of Oklahoma."}, {"context": " Churchill enrolled at the University of Oklahoma in the fall of 1926, but due to collegiate athlete athletics rules at the time, freshmen were not allowed to play for their schools' varsity teams. He decided to box for his first year and won titles in both light-heavyweight and heavyweight classifications. When he became eligible to play for the school's sports teams as a sophomore in 1927\u201328, Churchill played for the football and basketball teams and was selected to the All-Missouri Valley Conference Team in basketball. That season, the basketball team finished 18\u20130 and were MVC champions. Even though he was a star athlete in multiple sports, basketball was considered his best sport."}, {"context": " In the spring of 1928, Churchill won the Kansas Relays' decathlon event. He repeated as the Kansas Relays decathlon champion in 1929. Churchill also qualified to participate in the 1928 Summer Olympics as a member of the United States track and field team. In the field of 38 decathletes, Churchill finished in fifth place in the Olympic decathlon competition. Churchill returned to Norman in the fall of 1928 for his junior year. While the football team only finished with a 5\u20133 record and finished third in the Big Six Conference (OU's new athletic conference as of that year), the basketball team had more success. For the second season in a row they were crowned conference champions as they finished with a 13\u20132 record. Churchill was once again named all-conference, and at the end of the season he was also honored as a consensus All-American."}, {"context": " In 1929\u201330, his senior year at Oklahoma, Churchill had the most success of his football career. Playing at the end position, and occasionally as a running back, he was honored as an all-conference performer and was also named as a third-team All-American by the United Press and NEA. He was invited to play in the East\u2013West Shrine Game as well. In the winter, the basketball team failed to three-peat as conference champions, and Churchill also failed to repeat as all-conference and All-American. In the springtime, however, he earned his lone varsity letter as a pitcher for the baseball team. The Sooners had great success that season and were crowned co-conference champions under head coach Lawrence Haskell.  When Churchill's collegiate athletics career was over, he had earned 10\u00a0varsity letters in four sports, earned multiple all-conference selections and played on teams that won three total conference championships (not including boxing titles). After college, Churchill signed a contract with the New York Yankees farm league. A damaged shoulder prematurely ended his career. Chuchill then went on to coach the University of New Mexico men's basketball team for the 1931\u201332 and 1932\u201333 seasons."}]}, {"title": "Lusi Sione", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Lusi Sione is a New Zealand former professional rugby league footballer who played for Workington Town and represented the Canterbury and New Zealand 'A'. Sione started his career in the Lion Red Cup, playing for the Canterbury Country Cardinals. A Haswell Hornets club member, Sione represented New Zealand 'A' and played for the Canterbury Bulls in the Bartercard Cup, being part of the Bulls' grand final wins in 2000 and 2003. He spent the 2002 season with Wellington, after following coach Gerard Stokes, but returned to Canterbury at the end of the year.  In 2004 he moved to England, playing for Workington Town. He spent two years in England and during this time trialled for the Wigan Warriors. However, because Sione will not play on Saturday due to religious beliefs he was not signed by the European Super League club. Sione won the 2004 overseas player of the year award. Sione returned to New Zealand when his working visa expired in 2006. Sione returned to the Bartercard Cup in 2006, again making the New Zealand Residents side."}]}, {"title": "Neophogen College", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Neophogen College was a private university in Cross Plains, Tennessee, founded in 1873 by J.M. Walton. The college was noted for an attention to etiquette and English language instruction, for which it was often satirized in other university periodicals such as the \"Harvard Crimson\", \"Yale Literary Magazine\" and the \"Daily Princetonian\". The college lost favor with its patrons and was later discontinued at the end of 1877. Walton first erected a large wood frame building, costing $25,000 to build, which soon after was destroyed by fire. A stock company immediately helped rebuild the school, this time out of brick. In the first session, 250 students enrolled, 150 whom were from other counties and states. The school's yearly tuition was $100."}, {"context": " Neophogen was known and sometimes ridiculed for its focus on etiquette and English language instruction. A letter addressed to \"a freshman at Neophogen\" appeared in the \"Harvard Crimson\" in 1877, advising: Be particular in little things; do not throw off your collar because you are warm, nor take off your collar because it has begun to melt. Such small points are too apt to be laughed at at Neophogen as over-refinements. Be careful, yet simple in your dress. A brass collar-button is better than a scarlet necktie. Do not lounge with the men at one end of the room, and never fail to go and talk with the girls when the President asks you. Your knowledge of the world will make you a favorite."}, {"context": " It was also coeducational: Today, at Neophogen, the chairs of Latin, Greek, Commerce, Agriculture, Horticulture, Phrenology, Physiognomy, Hygiene and Telegraphy are vacant. None can be found to properly fill them, we presume. And now we come to the settlement of a question which is agitating the world at the present day. This proves the extent of our blindness, when we go on in long arguments pro and con for years, wasting time, paper and patience, when, if we should but turn our heads, at our very elbow we find a satisfactory practical solution of the whole difficulty. The question of the present day was co-education; but is so no longer. Neophogen has practically proved that co-education is a glorious existence. Columbia is wrong; Harvard is right. Let Princeton at once take measures to introduce the system here. By all means let us have the girls."}]}, {"title": "Balanus trigonus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Balanus trigonus is a species of barnacle in the family Balanidae. It is steep-sided, conical barnacle, has six shell plates and is pink in colour."}]}, {"title": "Kim Yang", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kim Yang (Jinyang District, 808\u2013857) was part of the Silla royal family and its retainers. Said to be a descendant of the third son of Kim Chunchu. Served as Viceroy of Silla. Upon the death of Heungdeok of Silla in 836, a succession struggle erupted between Kim Gyunjeong and his nephew, Kim Jeryung (?\u2013838), Ujing and his follower, Kim Yang supported Gyunjeong while Kim Myeong and Kim Rihong stood by Jeryung. Jeryung's party succeeded and Gyunjeong was killed, Jeryung becoming King Huigang. Kim Yang escaped, but Ujing did not. Following the coup and suicide of King Huigang, Kim Myeong took up the throne as King Minae. Kim Yang, who was then concealing himself on a mountain near the capital, heard the news and raised up an army to go to Cheonghaejin. He told Ujing of these events and persuaded him to have his revenge. Ujing and Kim Yang asked Jang Bogo to help him to take advantage of the confusion of the country and to make himself a king. Jang Bogo agreed and had his friend Jeong Nyeon also follow Ujing. In 839, Ujing, Kim Yang and their followers defeated King Minae's army at the battle of Daegu and quickly advanced upon the capital. All the king's aides then ran away leaving the king behind, so the king hid himself in a villa near the royal palace. Soldiers came into the palace and searched for the king. Finally, they found the king in the villa and killed him in spite of his pleas. Kim Rihong was also killed. Ujing then placed himself on the throne as King Sinmu. Known to have orchestrated Jang Bogo's assassination in 846 (or 841) through Yeom Moon, as Jang received a high position and began conspiring against the King.  Kim Yang's tomb lies about 15 meters away from King Taejong's tomb."}]}, {"title": "Ludowy Theatre", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Ludowy Theatre (\"literally: People's Theatre\", ) in Krak\u00f3w, located at \"Osiedle Teatralne\" housing development in district Nowa Huta, opened on 3 December 1955. At that time in the Polish People's Republic, the official policy of socialist realism in art and social life came to an end and de-Stalinization was taking place, heading for its culmination in the events of Polish October. The Ludowy quickly became known as the city's prime avant-garde stage thanks to collaboration of eminent artists, including the theatre theoretician and painter J\u00f3zef Szajna, Tadeusz Kantor (both from the Academy of Fine Arts), Lidia Zamkow, Krystyna Zachwatowicz, and others."}, {"context": " Teatr Ludowy, designed by architects Edmund D\u0105browski and Janusz Ingarden, was built in 1954\u20131955, with the cubic volume of 14,000\u00a0m\u00b3 and seating for 420. It was placed in the centre of a socialist housing urban project for social and ideological reasons, to spread high culture among the working class population established during the past few years in the surrounding Nowa Huta industrial district and as a possible vehicle for workers' indoctrination. However, thanks to the revolutionary vision of its first president, Krystyna Skuszanka, Teatr Ludowy became one of the most interesting theatres in the country, with Jerzy Krasowski as its first resident director and painter Jozef Szajna as its visionary set designer. Together, they turned the young local venue into an innovative and politically engaging stage with serious intellectual and artistic ambitions. Szajna, a survivor of Nazi camps in Auschwitz and Buchenwald, was the theatre's artistic director in 1963-1966. In his popular productions of Shakespeare and Greek tragedies, he evoked his own camp experiences; it was called a theater of death by Peter Brook."}, {"context": " The name Teatr Ludowy ('The People's Theatre') had a unique tradition in Krak\u00f3w, in spite of its ostensibly state socialist, leftist or populist connotations. In 1902 (during the Partitions of Poland), another Ludowy Theatre was opened in Krak\u00f3w by the renowned actor Stefan Jaracz, who performed there. It was situated at Krowoderska Street. During the decades of communist rule, the Polish theatre employed the artistic techniques of political allusion and metaphor, in order to overcome censorship. Theatre was not created from the text alone, but from what often remained unspoken and only visually significant. At the Ludowy, plays by Aeschylus, Carlo Gozzi and Carlo Goldoni were staged. Krystyna Skuszanka prepared successful Shakespeare productions: \"Measure for Measure\" with stage design by Tadeusz Kantor (1956), \"The Tempest\" (1959), and the \"Twelfth Night\" (1961) with set design by J\u00f3zef Szajna. She also staged Polish Romantic drama, such as Juliusz S\u0142owacki's \"Balladyna\" (1956) and \"Sen srebrny Salomei\" ('Silver Dream of Salome', 1959). In 1962, Skuszanka and Jerzy Krasowski prepared a production of Adam Mickiewicz's \"Dziady\" with stage design by Szajna."}, {"context": " The realities of life under communism inspired broader philosophical and ideological questions. Notable plays of the time included productions by Krasowski, such as the adaptation of John Steinbeck's novel \"Of Mice and Men\" (1956) with Franciszek Pieczka (as Lenny Small) and Witold Pyrkosz (as George Milton). There was Franz Werfel's \"Jacobowsky and the Colonel\" staged in 1957 and Jerzy Broszkiewicz's \"Imiona w\u0142adzy\" ('The Names of Power') directed by Skuszanka (1957), about the issues of freedom. Albert Camus's \"The State of Siege\" was staged in 1958. The novel by Juliusz Kaden-Bandrowski, \"Rado\u015b\u0107 z odzyskanego \u015bmietnika\" ('The Joy of the Repossessed Dumpsite'), premiered in 1960."}, {"context": " As the political climate began to worsen, the theatre was faced with increasing criticism. The directors were accused of ignoring audiences of lower educational status. Skuszanka and Krasowski left the Ludowy in 1963, unable to carry on with their ambitious repertoire. Szajna, who remained, was often sharply criticized. His productions included Nikolai Gogol's \"The Inspector General\" (1963), Tadeusz Ho\u0142uj's \"Puste pole\" ('The Empty Field', 1965), Witold Wandurski's \"\u015amier\u0107 na gruszy\" ('Death on a Pear-tree', 1965), and Franz Kafka's \"The Castle\" with memorable roles by Irena Jun and J\u00f3zef Wieczorek (1966). The audiences directed to attend performances through official channels, such as employee crews of state-run enterprises or public school students, stopped coming. Szajna left in 1966. In the 1970s, the theatre remained unable to find a formula that would satisfy both the authorities and the critics. Comedies were staged. Consecutive directors tried to revive the tradition of Polish national and folk theatre. An artistic revival came with the fall of communism in central-eastern Europe. In democratic Poland the Ludowy was taken over by an actor, director, and politician Jerzy Fedorowicz (1989\u20132012). Under his management, the theatre won considerable recognition and numerous awards. It was twice invited to the Edinburgh International Festival: in 1996 with \"Macbeth\" directed by Jerzy Stuhr and in 1997 with \"Antigona\" directed by W\u0142odzimierz Nurkowski. Jacek Strama led the Ludowy Theatre from 2012 to 2016, and Ma\u0142gorzata Bogajewska is the current director."}]}, {"title": "Alba Flores", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Alba Gonz\u00e1lez Villa, better known by her stage name Alba Flores (Madrid, October 27, 1986), is an actress, commonly known for her roles in \"Money Heist\" and \"Vis a Vis\". Alba Flores is the only daughter of the romani musician and composer Antonio Flores and Ana Villa, a theatrical producer. She is also the granddaughter of Lola Flores, niece of the singers Lolita Flores and Rosario Flores, and cousin of actress Elena Furiase. Alba studied dramatic interpretation from the age of thirteen, with secondary training in piano performance. In her brief career as onstage, she performed in a number of roles, the most notable of these \"Luna de miel en Hiroshima\" (Honeymoon in Hiroshima) (2005), and the gypsy version of \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" (2007)."}, {"context": " In 2005, Alba made her cinematic debut with Chus Guti\u00e9rrez's \"El Calentito\" (the Warm), with Ver\u00f3nica S\u00e1nchez, Ruth D\u00edaz, Macarena G\u00f3mez, Est\u00edbaliz Gabilondo, and Lluvia Rojo among other performers. In television, she first participated in an episode of the series the \"El comisario the Commisar\" in 2006. In 2008, she landed a role in the Antenna 3 network series \"El s\u00edndrome de Ulises (the Ulysses Syndrome)\", and performed in the musical production of \"Enamorados an\u00f3nimos\". In 2009, she recorded her father's theme song \"I cannot fall in love with you\", for the soundtrack of a movie by Roberto Santiago, \"Al final del camino (At the End of the Road),\" starring Malena Alterio and Fernando Tejero as the protagonists."}, {"context": " Beginning in 2013, she was cast in a main role as the protagonist's Moroccan servant Jamila in the Antena 3 series \"El tiempo entre costuras (A Time in Between\")\",\" set in Spain and the Northern Protectorates in Morocco, following the Spanish Civil War. This was followed by an appearance in the TVE series \"Cu\u00e9ntame\" as an important witness in a plot involving corrupt police. In 2015 she became part of the series \"Vis a vis\" where she plays a character named Saray Vargas, a Romani girl who faces a 5-year prison sentence for homicide."}]}, {"title": "Emma Leavitt-Morgan", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Emma Leavitt-Morgan (\"n\u00e9e\" Leavitt; May 22, 1865 - 1956) was an American tennis player. He was born on May 22, 1865. With Mabel Cahill, she won, in 1891, the third women's doubles of the American National Championships, what is now the US Open. She was married to William Fellowes Morgan, Sr.. She died in 1956."}]}, {"title": "7th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 7th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (7 RAR) is a regular infantry battalion of the Australian Army. It was originally raised in 1965 as part of Australia's commitment to the Vietnam War and it eventually served two tours in Vietnam in 1967 and 1971. In 1973, following Australia's withdrawal from the conflict, the battalion was amalgamated with the 5th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment to form the 5th/7th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (5/7 RAR). These two units remained linked until 2007, during which time they served together in the mechanised infantry role in East Timor and Iraq. In December 2006\u00a0\u2013 early January 2007, 5/7 RAR was delinked and 7 RAR was re-raised. In January 2009, 7 RAR achieved operational status, a year ahead of schedule. The battalion deployed to Afghanistan as part of Operation Slipper in 2008\u201309 and 2012\u201313. Following its return in 2013 it was converted into a standard infantry battalion. It currently forms part of the 1st Brigade and is based at RAAF Base Edinburgh in Adelaide."}, {"context": " In late 1964, the South Vietnamese government requested increased military assistance from Australia to help stop the spread of communism in Vietnam. Following talks with the United States in early 1965, the Australian government decided to increase its commitment to the war in Vietnam, offering to send an infantry battalion to bolster the team of advisors that had been in South Vietnam since 1962. In order to meet this requirement, the decision was made to expand the Royal Australian Regiment, the Australian Army's regular infantry force, to nine battalions by 1965, using experienced regulars and national servicemen."}, {"context": " As a part of this expansion, the 7th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, was raised on 1 September 1965 at Puckapunyal in Victoria, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Eric Smith. The battalion drew the majority of its experienced personnel from the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (3 RAR), which had been serving in Malaysia as part of Australia's involvement in the Indonesia\u2013Malaysia confrontation. The rest of 7 RAR's personnel were national serviceman from the second intake. Due to the large numbers of national servicemen that the battalion received from the outset, upon formation 7 RAR's average age was estimated at only 22 years. A number of these national servicemen went on to command sections as non commissioned officers or platoons as newly commissioned subalterns. At this time the battalion adopted a pig as its mascot, following an observation by the commanding officer about the state of the soldiers' mess at Puckapunyal."}, {"context": " In June 1966, after the battalion had completed a series of intensive training exercises, 7 RAR was considered operationally deployable. At this time, 100 men were transferred from the battalion to units serving in Vietnam, to provide reinforcements. After this, further training was undertaken at the Jungle Training Centre at Canungra, Queensland and later in the year, 7 RAR took part in \"Exercise Barra Winga\" around Shoalwater Bay. In April 1967, 7 RAR embarked upon HMAS \"Sydney\", bound for South Vietnam. Upon arrival they relieved the 5th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (5 RAR). By this time, the single Australian battalion that had originally been committed had been replaced by the 1st Australian Task Force (1 ATF), consisting of two infantry battalions and various supporting units, based in Phuoc Tuy Province. Upon arrival the battalion joined the 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (6 RAR) at 1 ATF's base at Nui Dat, however, the following month 6 RAR was replaced by the 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (2 RAR) and it was with 2 RAR that the battalion served out its first year-long tour of duty in South Vietnam."}, {"context": " Over the course of those 12 months, 7 RAR took part in 26 battalion-level operations, as well as numerous small unit actions. Initially, 7 RAR undertook security operations around Nui Dat as well as carrying out a few search and destroy taskings at a local level, however, their first major operation saw them take up a blocking position near Xuyen Moc in support of US and South Vietnamese forces who advanced through the May Tao mountains in an effort to locate the Viet Cong 275th Regiment and drive them towards 7 RAR's position. Ultimately, however, this operation failed as the VC unit was not located. In August 1967 the battalion was tasked to undertake an independent search and destroy operation to the north-west of Nui Dat, in the Hat Dich area. This operation, codenamed Operation Ballarat, led to the Battle of Suoi Chau Pha when 'A' Company, under Major Ewart O'Donnell fought an encounter battle with a reinforced Viet Cong company from the 3rd Battalion, 274th Regiment. Five Australians were killed during the fighting, while another died of wounds later, and 19 others were wounded. It is believed that the Viet Cong suffered over 200 casualties in the battle, largely from supporting artillery and mortars."}, {"context": " Throughout August and September 7 RAR took part in resettlement operations around Xa Bang. Later in September, the battalion lost a large number of its national servicemen who, having completed their two-year obligation, were rotated back to Australia for discharge. The following month they took part in an Australian, US and South Vietnamese operation called \"Santa Fe\" which was launched in the May Tao Secret Zone in an attempt to find the Viet Cong's 5th Division. After this they undertook search and destroy operations around Nui Dat, however contact with the Viet Cong during this time was limited. In December 1967, 1 ATF was expanded to a brigade-group with the arrival of a third infantry battalion, 3 RAR, and a quantity of Centurion tanks. Between 24 January and 1 March 1968, 7 RAR deployed to Bien Hoa\u2013Long Khanh border along with 2 RAR and subsequently took part in Operation Coburg during the Tet Offensive."}, {"context": " On 9 April 1968, 7 RAR was relieved by 1 RAR and subsequently rotated back to Australia. Upon arrival in Sydney, the battalion was welcomed home by a large crowd and conducted a march through the streets. Throughout their deployment over 1,180 men had served in the battalion's ranks, of whom 16 had been killed and 124 wounded. Members of the battalion received the following decorations: one Distinguished Service Order (DSO), two Members of Order of the British Empire (MBEs), two Military Crosses (MCs), two Distinguished Conduct Medals (DCMs), three Military Medals (MMs) and 14 Mentions in Despatches (MIDs)."}, {"context": " Following 7 RAR's return to Australia it was based at Finschhafen Lines, at Holsworthy, New South Wales. It was there, on 6 October 1968, that the battalion finally received its Queen's and Regimental Colours in a ceremony presided over by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Roden Cutler. Following this the battalion undertook further training in preparation for its second tour of duty in South Vietnam, which came in early 1970. They arrived in country in February under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Ronald Grey, replacing 5 RAR. They arrived amidst an effort to pacify Phuoc Tuy. This effort involved 7 RAR in almost continuous operations, in an attempt to keep the Viet Cong off balance and separate them from the civilian population. During April and May 1970, 7 RAR took part in the task force level Operation Concrete which took place around Xuyen Moc with the aim of destroying the Viet Cong's D445 Battalion."}, {"context": " The battalion's role in \"Concrete\" was to operate in the Tan Ru region, carrying out a reconnaissance-in-force followed by ambush operations. Only three companies were available for wider operations, however, as 'C' Company was detached to provide training to the ARVN 18th Division, although it undertook local patrols and ambushes. Instead of being inserted by helicopter, the decision was made for the companies to deploy on foot and by Armoured Personnel Carrier. On 20 April, one of 'B' Company's platoons contacted a small Viet Cong force and engaged them in a brief firefight that left one VC dead. Two days later, in concert with artillery and Centurion tanks, 'B' Company was involved in capturing a bunker complex."}, {"context": " Throughout June 1970 and February 1971, 1 ATF undertook a four-phased pacification operation known as \"Cung Chung\" in concert with South Vietnamese forces. This involved extensive patrolling, ambush and cordon and search operations. During one such operation on the night of 30 December 1970 Headquarters 'B' Company, 7 RAR and four APCs from 3rd Cavalry Regiment were contacted by a large group of Viet Cong. The communists assaulted the Australians four times before being repelled by heavy fire from the M113s. The following morning a clearing patrol found 21 bodies and a large quantity of weapons and ammunition. Intelligence later assessed that a company from D445 Provincial Mobile Battalion had been destroyed."}, {"context": " On 25 February 1971, 3 RAR relieved 7 RAR, and the battalion returned to Sydney, arriving there on 10 March 1971. This was the battalion's last tour of Vietnam. For its second tour, members of 7 RAR received the following decorations: one DSO, two MBEs, two MCs, two MMs, 5 MIDs and one British Empire Medal. Casualties included 17 killed and 89 wounded, many of them caused by mines lifted by the Viet Cong from the controversial barrier minefield laid previously by the Australians at Dat Do. Over the course of its two deployments, over 2,400 men served with 7 RAR of which 33 were killed and 220 wounded."}, {"context": " Upon return to Australia the battalion commenced the process of reforming under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Ian Mackay, in preparation for an expected third tour of South Vietnam in mid-1972. However, in December 1971, 1 ATF was withdrawn from Vietnam as part of a phased withdrawal of Australian personnel from the country. This decision, coupled with the subsequent abolition of conscription following the election of the Whitlam government and a shift in Australian defence policy towards an emphasis on the defence of mainland Australia, resulted in the need to reduce the size of the Australian Army. In order to implement this it was decided to amalgamate a number of infantry battalions. 7 RAR was one of these, and on 3 December 1973 the battalion was linked with 5 RAR to form the 5th/7th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment at a ceremony conducted at Tobruk Lines, Holsworthy. The battalion's last commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Paul Greenhalgh, who had assumed command of 7 RAR on 19 March 1973, became the first commanding officer of the new battalion."}, {"context": " The M113 armoured personnel carrier was first introduced in 1976, and 5/7 RAR officially adopted the \"mechanised\" suffix in June 1984 and has been a significant part of the battalion's heritage ever since. The unit deployed on operational service with the vehicles during INTERFET in East Timor in 1999 and maintained a QRF presence with M113s in Timor-Leste from 2006\u201309. The most recent M113AS4 Armoured Personnel Carriers were introduced on 15 November 2007. The ceremonial handover took place at Robertson Barracks, where one of the vehicles on display was fitted with extra armour, spall curtains and track shrouds."}, {"context": " In 2006, the Australian prime minister, John Howard, announced that there would be an expansion of the Australian regular infantry by two battalions, as part of the Hardened and Networked Army plan. As part of this, a second mechanised infantry battalion was raised by de-linking 5/7 RAR to become the 5th Battalion and 7th Battalion. On 5 December 2006, the 5th/7th Battalion was formally de-linked, restoring the 7th Battalion to the order of battle. The battalion contributed a mechanised platoon to two rotations of the ANZAC Battle Group deployment to Timor in 2007 and 2008 as part of Operation Astute. In 2008\u201309, elements of the battalion deployed to Afghanistan as part of Operation Slipper, forming the basis for the 1st Mentoring and Reconstruction Task Force (MRTF-1). One member of the battalion was killed in action during an engagement near Kakarak on 16 March 2009."}, {"context": " At the same time, in Australia, the battalion began receiving new intakes of soldiers and undertook an intensive training program which saw the battalion certified as \"operationally deployable\" in January 2009, well before the planned date of 2010. 7 RAR subsequently relocated to Horseshoe Lines at RAAF Base Edinburgh near Adelaide in South Australia in 2010\u201311. In late 2006, the Darwin-based 5/7 RAR deployed to Afghanistan as part of Reconstruction Task Force 1, with the 1st Combat Engineer Regiment with protective elements from the 5th/7th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment and 2nd Cavalry Regiment. The addition this infantry based combat team provided by the newly re-raised 7 RAR allowed the influence of RTF 1 to expand into key areas significant distances away from Forward Operating Base (FOB) Davis. With Bushmaster PMVs and Light Armoured Vehicles, 1 RTF was able to secure the job sites incorporated into its expanded role. The Reconstruction Task Force was tasked with reconstruction and the improvement of provincial infrastructure (schools, hospitals, bridges etc.) and community-based projects to assist the Afghan Government in securing a future for its people. The task force also provided trade training to the local population and military engineering training to the Afghan National Army."}, {"context": " Prior to October 2008, the Australian Defence Force's commitment to Operation Slipper in Afghanistan was purely focused on the rebuilding efforts of the reconstruction force and the combat role of the Special Operations Task Group (SOTG). However, with the deployment of MRTF-1 in 2008\u201309 it saw a change in mission focus to the infantry's previous role during the RTF. MRTF-1 saw the role of the infantry in Afghanistan expand with the inclusion of a mentoring component provided by the first Operational and Mentor Liaison Team (OMLT). The focus of the OMLT during 7 RAR's deployment for MRTF-1 was similar to that of the Australian Army Training Team (AATT-V) in Vietnam, with a focus on mentoring the ANA 2nd Kandak, and also enhancing the tactical employment of the battalion against the Taliban. The MRTF-1 battle group (BG) was composed of a variety of different elements, however the core of the BG and its hierarchy were members from 7 RAR. The 7 RAR BG consisted of Combat Team Tusk (B Company from 7 RAR), 1st Field Squadron and a Combat Service Support Team (CSST). Combat Team Tusk consisted of 7 RAR infantrymen, Combat Engineers, ASLAVs, Mortars (5 RAR) and Snipers (1 RAR). During the course of its deployment to Afghanistan, members of 7 RAR received the following decorations: one Distinguished Service Cross, three Medals for Gallantry, four Distinguished Service Medals, one Conspicuous Service Medal, three Commendations for Gallantry, one Medal of the Order of Australia, two Commendations for Distinguished Service, and one United States Army Commendation Medal."}, {"context": " The 7th Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment Task Group (7 RAR Task Group) handed over the role of advising the Afghan National Army's (ANA) 4th Brigade to the 2nd Cavalry Regiment Task Group (2 CAV Task Group) on 15 June 2013. 7 RAR had been deployed from November 2012 to June 2013. Through the Afghan winter and into the traditional summer fighting season, 7 RAR Task Group supported the 4th ANA Brigade in its conduct of more than 13 independent brigade-level operations, maintaining pressure on the insurgency. Throughout the deployment ATF 1 continued to provide force protection support to Australian and International Security Assistance Force elements in Uruzgan. ATF 1 also supported the transition of responsibility for security to Afghan forces in the province."}, {"context": " A further 7 RAR contingent provided the infantry element to Advisor Task Group \u2013 2. ATF-2 was commanded by Commanding Officer 2 CAV Task Group Lieutenant Colonel Michael Bye. Taking over in June 2013, ATF-2 continued to provide force protection support to Australian and International Security Assistance Force elements in Uruzgan and supported the process of security transition in the province, which saw governance and security transition to the Afghan people. 7 RAR personnel were primarily responsible for force protection, including quick reaction forces. ATF-2 shifted its mission focus, gradually reducing advisory support as the Afghan National Army transitioned to independence in their Brigade Headquarters, the Combat Service Support Kandak (Battalion) and the Garrison Support Unit. ATF-2 served with the last formed body of Australian Defence Force personnel to serve in Uruzgan province, returning to Australia in February 2014."}, {"context": " The battalion was de-mechanised in 2013 to become a dismounted infantry battalion under Plan Beersheba. This involved the loss of all M113 AS4 APCs and the Battalion is now reliant on 1 Brigade assets for transport. The battalions' composition is referred to as the Standard Infantry Battalion (SIB) format and is currently: During May 2016, elements of 7 RAR deployed to Iraq as part of Task Group Taji \u2013 Rotation 3 (TGT-3), taking over from 8/9 RAR. TGT-3 was a combined Australian-New Zealand force located at the Taji Military Complex northwest of Baghdad. TG Taji supports an international effort to train and build the capacity of regular Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) to defeat Islamic State and secure Iraq. The Task Group consisted of around 300 ADF personnel, alongside around 110 New Zealand Defence Force personnel, comprising trainers, force protection, support and command elements. The bulk of Australian personnel were from 7 RAR."}, {"context": " TGT-3 delivered combat training, focusing on basic warfighting skills like training on US weapons and equipment, marksmanship, urban TTPs, explosive hazards awareness, care of the battle casualty and fire and movement. Specialist training included mortars, signals, snipers and reconnaissance. As of October 2016, TGT-3 had trained approximately 6,000 Iraqi Army soldiers, many of whom took part in the Battle of Mosul. During TGT-3's rotation, the Australian Government changed its policy regarding where and whom Australian forces are authorised to train in Iraq. Not only are Australian forces permitted to train Iraqi Army, but Iraqi Security Forces in general, including Federal Police at various sites including the Taji Military Complex and other secure Coalition bases in Iraq."}, {"context": " 7 RAR has developed many unique customs and traditions throughout its history. Some aspects of this identity are presented below. The 7 RAR mascot and nickname, \"the Pigs\", has a long and celebrated history within the battalion. According to Corporal Roy Savage:The single men of 3 RAR were sent to Puckapunyal to form a new battalion, 7 RAR. I arrived there on 11th November 1965. At first there were only regular soldiers. We used to keep the boozer open all weekend having the cooks bring our meals there. Anyway, on my second week there the new CO (Colonel Eric Smith) decided to inspect his new battalion area on a Sunday. He immediately closed the boozer. The next day he called a muster parade of the whole battalion and commenced to tell us what he thought of us. Half way through his speech he said and I quote, 'You are nothing but a mob of pigs'. Then from the back rank someone called out 'oink oink'. From that time onwards we became the Pig Battalion."}, {"context": " In 1969, following the formation of the Australian Army Band Corps, infantry units serving in Vietnam found themselves without stretcher bearers, who tended to come from unit bands. To solve this problem, the Army directed the regular battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment to form new bands; to avoid competing directly with the new band corps, it was decided that these new bands would be either pipes and drums, bugle and drums or fife and drums. The 7th Battalion decided to form a pipe band. This was then passed to the 5th/7th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment on its formation in 1973. The marches of each sub-unit are as follows:"}, {"context": " During Operation Santa Fe in October and November 1967, 7th Battalion conducted a search and destroy task in the north east of Phouc Tuy Province. During the reorganisation of one part of the battle, a VC bed was discovered by members of the Battalion. Subsequently, the CO, Lieutenant Colonel Eric Smith, decided that the bed would be best put to use as a map table on which to plot his callsigns from his command post. The table currently resides on the ground floor of 7RAR battalion headquarters, in Adelaide."}, {"context": " Graham Cornes OAM (born 31 March 1948 in Melbourne, Victoria) is a former Australian rules footballer and coach, as well as a media personality. Graham Cornes is also a Vietnam veteran, having served in Vietnam as a soldier with 7 RAR in 1968. An annual football match is played between 7 RAR and 16th Air Land Regiment for the Graham Cornes trophy, in recognition of his service to the battalion, AFL, and the nation. 7 RAR currently holds the following battle honours: The following officers commanded 7 RAR:  The following soldiers served as RSM of 7 RAR:"}]}, {"title": "T. R. Pugh Memorial Park", "paragraphs": [{"context": " T. R. Pugh Memorial Park (or The Old Mill) is a re-creation of an 1880s era water-powered grist mill located in North Little Rock, Arkansas. It was used in the opening scenes of the movie classic \"Gone With The Wind\". In 2010, the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The park was built in 1933 by Justin Matthews and named in honor of Thomas R. Pugh, of Portland, Arkansas, who was a close friend and benefactor of Matthews. The architect for the park and the mill was Frank Carmean with artist Dionicio Rodriguez serving as sculptor of the concrete work to simulate wooden, iron, and steel structures.  In present day, due to its picturesque views, the Old Mill serves as the backdrop for weddings and portrait photography. In 2008, the roof was set on fire, but no permanent damage resulted."}]}, {"title": "Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical is an annual award presented by Drama Desk in recognition of achievements in the theatre among Broadway, Off Broadway and Off-Off Broadway productions. The awards were established in 1955, with acting awards being given without making distinctions between roles in plays and musicals, or actors and actresses. The new award categories were later created in the 1975 ceremony. \u2020 - indicates the performance \"won\" the Tony Award <br> \u2021 - indicates the performance was also \"nominated\" for the Tony Award"}]}, {"title": "Korshamn Chapel", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Korshamn Chapel () is a parish church in Lyngdal municipality in Vest-Agder county, Norway. It is located in the village of Korshamn. The church is part of the Austad parish in the Lister deanery in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark. The white, wooden church was built in 1906 by the architect Arne Abrahamsen. The church seats about 100 people."}]}, {"title": "Shaheen Air", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Shaheen Air () was a private Pakistani airline with its head office at Jinnah International Airport in Karachi and owned by the Khalid Shehbai family and originally established by the Shaheen Foundation. Shaheen Air provided passenger, cargo and charter services, to major cities in Pakistan and the Middle East. It suspended all operations until further notice in October 2018. Shaheen Air Cargo is a division of Shaheen Air International that was established in 1993, soon after the inception of the airline. Shaheen Air provides special services for sending small consignments that are time-sensitive in nature."}, {"context": " On 22 May 2004, the Civil Aviation Authority of Pakistan (CAA) grounded Shaheen Air as the airline owed it millions of rupees. Three days later the airline was cleared by the CAA to resume its domestic and international operations. The clearance letter was issued by CAA following receipt of a payment from Shaheen Air International towards the outstanding dues and funds. The same year, Shaheen Air International (SAI) became Shaheen Air and the airline introduced a new livery and corporate website."}, {"context": " Shaheen Air started its own maintenance repair organization (MRO) by the name of \"Shaheen Engineering and Aircraft Maintenance Services\" (SEAMS) which aims to provide maintenance services to Shaheen Air as well as other regional and international airlines. In its international operations, Shaheen Air also operated between Pakistan and numerous destinations in the Middle East. Shaheen Air once started flight operations to Riyadh with three different routes from Pakistan. Shaheen Air was Pakistan's second largest airline next to the flag carrier, Pakistan International Airlines but due to the recent downfall in the year 2018, the airline lost its business and struggled for suvival. The airline was declared as the defaulter by PCAA and FBR. In October 2018, SAI flight operation completely suspended by local regularity body PCAA and airline declared as financially defaulter. Currently, airline Air operator's certificate (AOC) is in the suspended state, and company struggling for its survival. There is no aircraft left in its fleet. SAI served with a notice too vacate their head office and maintenance hangar at Jinnah International Airport, Karachi.  An un-named investor from Saudi Arabia is helping the airline return to service from January 2019, a new Chief Operating Officer has also been hired.. The airlines twitter display image logo has also changed its colour from blue to green reflecting this. As of October 2018, all of Shaheen's routes are suspended. Shaheen were operating A319, A320 and A330-200 all of which were leased and returned to the lessor."}]}, {"title": "Saint-Ouen-sur-Maire", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Saint-Ouen-sur-Maire is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of \u00c9couch\u00e9-les-Vall\u00e9es. The inhabitants are known as \"Audoniens\" and \"Audoniennes\". The population has varied over the past 200 years:"}]}, {"title": "Beer nuts", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Beer nuts is a snack food of roasted, salted peanuts sold shelled but unhusked and not sweetened. Both generic and branded beer nuts exist and one famous Australian brand is Nobby's. In the United States, Beer Nuts is a brand of sweet and salty glazed peanuts."}]}, {"title": "Great Salem fire of 1914", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Great Salem fire of June 25, 1914, destroyed 1,376 buildings and made over 18,000 people homeless or jobless in Salem, Massachusetts, U.S. It was among the last of the great industrial fires that plagued North American cities in the 19th century. Of the families it affected \u2013 burning homes or the breadwinner's workplace \u2013 43% were Franco-American. Because so many people were left jobless after the city's largest employer burned down, the fire encouraged the creation of the United States Employment Service."}, {"context": " Franklin H. Wentworth agitated for more fire protection. In an article in the \"Salem Evening News\" (March 29, 1910, page 7), he called Salem, \"in Danger of Destruction by Fire\". He felt that the main fire danger was to the downtown business district. The article included a map of all downtown buildings and their type of materials. Mr. Wentworth, a Salem Councilman, introduced an order that would have required all new or replacement roof coverings to be non-combustible. He argued that this was as important as buying new engines or hiring new firemen."}, {"context": " After a big fire, many of the working class would have to live in tents, he warned. Wentworth was accused of serving only the interest of the insurance industry, and the amendment did not pass. Wentworth later became secretary of the National Board of Fire Underwriters. Another failed attempt to increase safety in Salem was undertaken by Charles J. Collins. He had visited Philadelphia where high-pressure wagons pumped water through pipes for a range of . The argument went that high-pressure pumps would pay for themselves with the reduction of insurance fees. Protecting the entire business and mercantile district would have cost US$150,000."}, {"context": " In 1914, Salem was a city of 48,000 people (12,000 more than ten years earlier), and consisted of 5,826 buildings on at an assessed valuation of US$37.25 million. The streets were wide. Building codes were dated, not mentioning standpipes, fire escapes, or sprinklers. Salem had 180 fire alarm stations or boxes that could be used to contact telephone operators. A long drought preceded the events of June 25, 1914. The Great Salem Fire started with a series of explosions, caused by a mixture of acetone, amalacitate, alcohol, and celluloid."}, {"context": " At 1:37 p.m. (EDT) on June 25, 1914, a fire alarm box was used to report a fire in the Korn Leather Factory at 57 Boston Street. A memorial plaque is on the site, now occupied by a Walgreens store. The fire spread quickly down and across Boston Street, due to a drought. The police department sent out calls to 21 cities for assistance. One industrial department, the Fore River Shipyard, also assisted. Over 90 out of town policemen came to help. The \"Salem Evening News\", (Friday, July 26, 1914, page 11), had a complete list of all responding departments and where and how they worked to fight the fire."}, {"context": " The \"Salem Evening News\" covered the events in a series of articles, which were later reprinted as a book by Montanye Perry. The fire burned of land with 1,376 buildings. The entire loss was estimated at US$15 million; insurance policies paid US$11.744 million. Some 20,000 people lost their homes, 10,000 their jobs, and a few their lives. Chestnut Street, designed by architect Samuel McIntire, survived the fire, as well as what is now City Hall, the oldest continually run city hall in America, open since 1837. The McIntire Historic District is the largest area of homes in America, dating from 1642 to 1865."}, {"context": " According to a local legend, the spirit of Giles Corey, who was tortured to death during the Salem Witch Trials in 1692, appears in Salem and walks his death place at the Howard Street Cemetery each time a disaster is about to strike the city. Notably, he was said to have appeared the night before the fire occurred. Some historians believe that Corey made the fire occur, as part of his curse against Salem. It could have been revenge over the execution of his wife, Martha. She was one of 19 executed by hanging on Proctor's Ledge, located directly behind where the fire started."}]}, {"title": "Holt Collier National Wildlife Refuge", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Holt Collier National Wildlife Refuge is one of seven refuges in the Theodore Roosevelt National Wildlife Refuge Complex and is a National Wildlife Refuge located on Bogue Phalia near Darlove, Mississippi. The Refuge was named after Holt Collier (1846\u20131936), a Confederate veteran, cowboy, and tracker; and was created in order to provide a habitat and resources for over 250 songbirds. Moreover, approximately has been set aside for reforestation. Holt Collier National Wildlife Refuge is the only refuge to be named in honor of an African American.  Before 2004 the Farmers Home Administration managed the lands for the purpose of conservation until they were transferred to the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service."}]}, {"title": "Dalbys, Virginia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Dalbys is an unincorporated community in Northampton County, Virginia, United States."}]}, {"title": "Holcocera cerradicola", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Holcocera cerradicola is a moth in the Blastobasidae family. It is found in the Brazilian cerrado in Paran\u00e1. The length of the forewings is 7.2\u20139.2\u00a0mm. The forewings are pale brownish grey intermixed with dark brownish-grey scales and scales tipped with white. The hindwings are translucent near the base, gradually darkening to the brown apex. The larvae feed on the fruits of \"Bauhinia holophylla\" and \"Stryphnodendron adstringens\". The species epithet, \"cerradicola\", is derived from the root \"cerrado\" (the habitat from where the type series was collected) and the Latin suffix -\"cola\" (meaning inhabitant of)."}]}, {"title": "United Nations (Rui En album)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " United Nations () is Rui En's second studio album, released in October 2008. The album was produced by Hype Records and exclusively distributed at CD-Rama music stores, released only for the Singapore local market. Rui En resumed the use of her Chinese name, \u745e\u6069 (Ru\u00ec'\u0113n) in this album. The album followed Rui En's six-year hiatus from the music industry and featured lyrics penned exclusively by the artist, written in the form of a diary documenting her thoughts and opinions. 1. \"United Nations\" \u5171\u548c\u570b (g\u00f2ngh\u00e9gu\u00f3)  2. \"Frog\" \u9752\u86d9 (q\u012bngw\u0101) 3. \"Slow Dance\" \u6162\u821e (m\u00e0n w\u01d4) 4. \"Let Go\" \u653e\u624b (f\u00e0ngsh\u01d2u) 5. \"Inside Out\" \u7a7f\u53cd (chu\u0101nf\u01cen) 6. \"Spin\" \u98db\u65cb (f\u0113ixu\u00e1n) 7. \"Empty Vase\" \u7a7a\u74f6 (k\u014dngp\u00edng) 8. \"Travel Notes \u904a\u8a18 (y\u00f3uj\u00ec)"}]}, {"title": "Dial J. J. 5", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Dial J. J. 5 is an album by the J. J. Johnson Quintet which was released on the Columbia label. Allmusic awarded the album 3 stars."}]}, {"title": "Takuya Hara", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Takuya Hara may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Kompetitive allele specific PCR", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) is a homogenous, fluorescence-based genotyping variant of polymerase chain reaction. It is based on allele-specific oligo extension and fluorescence resonance energy transfer for signal generation. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) occurs when a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence differs between members of the same species or a paired chromosome. SNPs work as molecular markers that help locate genes associated with disease and are used for genotype sequencing."}, {"context": " Genotyping by next generation sequencing using SNPs is expensive, time consuming, and has some missing data. There are many other SNP techniques that can be used depending on the purpose of the research considering throughput, data turnaround time, ease of use, performance (sensitivity, reliability, reproducibility, accuracy) flexibility, requirements, and cost. For highest throughput for large scale studies it is best to choose multiplexed chip-based technology. Multiplex technologies generate anywhere from 100 to over a million SNPs per run but are not economical to use for small to moderate numbers of SNPs. For a smaller number of SNPs, a uniplex assay like KASP can be used."}, {"context": " There are three components that are critical to the KASP assay: 1) a purified DNA sample, 2) two allele-specific forward primers, and 3) a common reverse primer. A minimum of 5-10\u00a0ng of the extracted DNA sample are required for the method to function properly. The DNA sample is purified by adding a mixture of chemicals to the buffer solution. In the first round of PCR, a KASP primer mix that contains the two allele-specific forward primers and the single reverse primer is added to the mixture. The specific nature of the forward primers allows for the primer to bind solely at the SNP of interest, allowing DNA polymerase to lay down the rest of the complementary nucleotides. During this time, the common reverse primer begins to lay down complementary nucleotides on the opposite strand of DNA. This ends the first round of PCR."}, {"context": " In the second round of PCR, the complementary strand to the allele-specific forward primer is generated when the common reverse primer binds to the amplicon formed in the first round of PCR. Finally, the thermocycling of the PCR reaction continues, starting the third portion of the KASP method. A fluorescently labeled primer is present in the master mix where it is quenched due to hybridization with its complementary part that has a quencher at the end. The fluorescent labeled primer complements the tail sequence of the allele-specific forward primer, allowing for elongation to occur. This occurs multiple times throughout the thermocycling settings and the fluorescent signalling becomes stronger as more fluorescent primers are used in the amplification process. Fluorescent tags normally used are FAM and HEX"}, {"context": " The KASP method is more cost effective than multiplex methods--$15 per assay versus $50 per assay. There is also a much shorter turn around time to receive the results with the KASP method than other multiplex methods\u201424 hours versus a week. Additionally, there is a lower genotyping error rate of 0.7-1.6%. The KASP method is more flexible than other methods in that it can be used when there are many SNPs in a few samples or when there are few SNPs in many samples. However, the multiplex methods are currently the most high-throughput platforms for SNP genotyping."}, {"context": " This technology has many applications in quality control (QC) genotyping, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, marker-assisted selection (MARS), and allele mining. For example, the KASP platform has been used in qualitative control analyses for maize. In maize, homogeneity is important in cultivating the crops that the grower had selected. Slight variations in allelic frequencies may have large impacts on the crop's quality and can occur in a variety of ways including through cross-contamination of pollen and/or seeds and in seed regeneration. QC analysis can be used at the various events in which changes in allelic frequency can be expected so long as samples are taken from the parental and the F1 crop generations. This insures that the allele frequencies haven't changed much between the two generations and ensures the purity of the line based on the set SNPs for the maize. For maize there have been between 50-100 SNPs identified that can be used to conduct this type of analysis."}, {"context": " Quality analysis (QC analysis) is used to maintain the purity of inbred line. QC genotype protocol uses 50-100 SNPs to determine non homogeneity within a sample and establish genetic identity. QC can be used at any time during the breeding. If QC is to be used for mapping population non parental alleles are discarded and alleles for which more than 90% of SNPs are polymorphic between the parents are kept. QTL mapping identifies a subset of markers that are significantly associated with one or more QTL influencing the expression of the trait of interest.  For QTL mapping in maize:"}]}, {"title": "Tom Tate", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Thomas Richard Tate is an Australian businessman, property investor and politician who is the current mayor of the City of Gold Coast. He was first elected on 28 April 2012, and re-elected on 19 March 2016 with more than 50% of the primary vote. The Gold Coast mayor is directly elected by residents and is the only councillor who doesn't represent a specific Gold Coast Council division; and is the principal representative of the City of Gold Coast and its policies. Gold Coast City has a budget of $1.2 billion annually, the second-highest of any municipal government in Australia, and is the second-largest local government area in Australia, employing a staff of over 3,500."}, {"context": " Tom Tate was born in 1959 in Vientiane, the capital Laos. His father, Warwick Tate, was an engineer, who met his Thai wife, Prapai, when building an airport for the Americans in Thailand. Tom Tate is bilingual and speaks two languages fluently \u2013 English and Thai \u2013 with limited elementary proficiency in Laotian. Tate's parents separated when his father moved back to Sydney from Thailand in 1970, and Tate joined him a year later. Tate attended school at Scots College in Sydney where he was a drummer in the school's pipe band."}, {"context": " A qualified civil engineer, Tate graduated from the University of NSW in the early 1980s. He started his career in the construction industry, but moved into tourism and hospitality when he went to the Gold Coast from Sydney to manage his family's Queensland properties, including the Park Regis at Southport. Tate has been married to his wife, Ruth, for 36 years, and they have four children. His father died on 19 January 2015 after a long illness, and his funeral service was held at the Scots College Chapel."}, {"context": " Tate worked across the world before joining his father's development company at the age of 35. In 1992, Tate Sr bought the Islander Resort Hotel in Surfers Paradise, where Tate managed the refitting of the building. In 1993, he took over management of the Islander and turned it into one of the city\u2019s most successful resorts. Notably, during the Asian economic downturn in the late 1990s, he offered hotel rooms for $1. Tate was elected mayor in 2012 as an independent, after the previous incumbent, Ron Clarke, resigned in February 2012, having announced his nomination as an independent candidate for the seat of Broadwater in the 2012 Queensland state election. Tate had two previous attempts at the mayoralty before his successful attempt, including as an endorsed Liberal candidate in 2008."}, {"context": " His re-election saw a significant increase in his primary vote, from 37% in 2012 to 63.86% in 2016. He is noted for his claim that he does not accept political donations and self-funds his campaigns. In June 2015, Tate sold the Islander Hotel Resort in Surfers Paradise to Brisbane nightclub identity Louis Bickle, to avoid suggestions he had a conflict of interest. Mayor Tate has said that he will be seeking a third term as Mayor of the Gold Coast when the City of Gold Coast Council elections are undertaken again early in 2020."}, {"context": " In September 2017 Mayor Tom Tate was the main focus an ABC Four Corners investigation and resultant program titled All That Glitters. The report was compiled and presented by Walkley Award Winning ABC journalist Mark Willacy and looked into claims that Mayor Tom Tate had possibly acted inappropriately in his role as mayor in relation to development issues and decisions in the city. After the program aired Mayor Tom Tate filed legal action against the ABC as well as a separate claim against a fellow City of Gold Coast Councillor, Peter Young from Division 5. In the lawsuit, Mayor Tate claims that he had been defamed by the report and by his fellow councillor."}, {"context": " On March 2 2018, Queensland's Crime and Corruption Commission, the state's government authority for investigating official corruption in all tiers of government and public services, announced it would be investigating Mayor Tom Tate as part of a broader investigation into City of Gold Coast Councillors on matters relating to decision-making by some sitting councillors. The particular investigations into Mayor Tom Tate relate to allegations that he failed to sufficiently declare the extent of his material interest in a tower development application that was voted on by the Council, and that he failed to update his Register of Interests within the legislated mandatory 30-day timeframe to, \"properly disclose the receipt of hospitality benefits he received from the representative of a Chinese developer, being Councillor Tate's lawyer Mr Tony Hickey\"."}, {"context": " Another allegation claims that Mayor Tate misused his authority to nominate himself as the sole person to negotiate a new employment contract with the Council's CEO, Dale Dickson. At the time of the Crime and Corruption Commission announcement about the investigation, it was revealed that Mayor Tom Tate had a controlling interest in at least 9 different property companies. In May 2018, The Crime and Corruption Commission announced it would be widening its investigation into Mayor Tom Tate after further allegations of official misconduct were received.  In June 2018 Mayor Tom Tate contacted Crime and Corruption Commission chairman Alan MacSporran, QC, urging the Commission to hasten its investigations into the City of Gold Coast Council."}]}, {"title": "Delahunty", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Delahunty is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}]}, {"title": "Michael Schimpelsberger", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Michael Schimpelsberger (born 12 February 1991) is an Austrian professional footballer, who currently plays for FC Wacker Innsbruck."}]}, {"title": "Prevost Car", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Pr\u00e9vost (pronounced \"pray-voh\") is a Quebec, Canada-based manufacturer of touring coaches and bus shells for high-end motorhomes and specialty conversions. The company is a subsidiary of Volvo. The company was founded in 1924 by Eug\u00e8ne Pr\u00e9vost (1898\u20131965), a cabinet maker specializing in church pews and school furniture, who in 1924 was asked to build a custom bus body for a new REO truck chassis. \"Les Ateliers Pr\u00e9vost\", as the company was then called, received several repeat orders. Between 1937 and 1939, Pr\u00e9vost Car's first bus manufacturing plant was built. Initially the vehicles were built around a wooden frame. In 1945 this changed, and bodies were made of metal."}, {"context": " The company was acquired by Paul Normand in 1957. In 1969, two American businessmen formed a partnership with Andr\u00e9 Normand, then President of Pr\u00e9vost, to become the company\u2019s owners. These three men, in turn, sold Pr\u00e9vost to Volvo Bus Corporation in 1995. As of February 2007, the firm has 1,337 employees and operates six parts and service centres in North America. The latest models saw the XLII thoroughly revised, with a longer wheelbase for more storage and a smoother ride. This, and other changes, marked the beginning of the new X3-45."}, {"context": " The flagship H3-45 received some further enhancements in 2006 with GPS and destination sign options. In addition, the new Delta sound system was developed to provide improved sound throughout the cabin. For the new EPA 2007 Standards, Pr\u00e9vost now offers an innovative installation of the Diesel Particulate Filter and the Rooftop Diffuser for Increased Safety, Performance, Serviceability and Security. The standard Detroit Diesel has been uprated from 12.7 litres to 14 litres for the model year 2007."}, {"context": " For the 2008 model year, Pr\u00e9vost introduced a new Volvo D13 engine from their parent company as a replacement for the then-current Detroit Diesel Series 60 offering. The Volvo I-Shift semiautomatic transmission was introduced as an option to the Allison B500R transmission. A set of new interior colour schemes were developed for the 2008 model year to provide a modern feel. There are three \"trim levels\" ranging from fabric to leather and wood. Beginning with 2011, the Prevost X3-45 is available in a transit configuration, with bi-fold doors instead of a sedan-type door. The New York City Transit Authority is the launch customer for this configuration. Previously, 20 transit-style buses in the LeMirage predecessor model had been built for GO Transit in the late 1990s."}, {"context": " Pr\u00e9vost is also the North American builder of the Volvo 9700 motorcoach. \"Ground Force One\" is the nickname given to two heavily modified X3-45 VIP conversion coach owned by the United States Secret Service and used by the President of the United States and other high-ranking politicians or dignitaries. Prevost built the coach as a conversion shell, the Hemphill Brothers Coach Company fitted out the interiors of the coach, and it is assumed that other features, like armor plating, were added by the Secret Service."}]}, {"title": "Wola Ke\u0328czewska", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Wola K\u0119czewska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lipowiec Ko\u015bcielny, within M\u0142awa County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately west of M\u0142awa and north-west of Warsaw. <br>"}]}, {"title": "Jelinger Cookson Symons", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Jelinger Cookson Symons (27 August 1809 \u2013 7 April 1860) was an English barrister, school inspector and writer. He was born at West Ilsley, Berkshire, on 27 August 1809; his father Jelinger Symons was a cleric known as a naturalist. He was educated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1832. In 1835 Symons received a commission from the Home Office to inquire into the state of the hand-loom weavers and manufacturers. He travelled for it in Lancashire and Scotland, and parts of Switzerland. He then held a tithe commissionership, and was a commissioner to inquire into the state of the mining population of the north of England."}, {"context": " On 9 June 1843 Symons was called to the bar at the Middle Temple. He went the Oxford circuit, and attended the Gloucester quarter sessions. During this period of his life he was editor of the \"Law Magazine\", up to its union with the \"Law Review\" in 1856. In 1846 he was appointed a commissioner to collect information on the state of education in Wales; Lord Lansdowne on 11 February 1848 made him one of Her Majesty\u2019s permanent inspectors of schools, a post he retained through life. He also concerned himself with the establishment of reformatories for juvenile criminals, drawing attention to the \"colony\" at Mettray in France.  Symons died at Malvern House, Great Malvern, on 7 April 1860. Symons's works include: With Richard Griffiths Welford and others, Symons published \"Reports of Cases in the Law of Real Property and Conveyancing argued and determined in all the Courts of Law and Equity\", 1846. Symons married in 1845 Angelina, daughter of Edward Kendall. They had Jelinger Edward, born in 1847, and other children. Attribution"}]}, {"title": "Microcleptes variolosus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Microcleptes variolosus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by L\u00e9on Fairmaire and Germain in 1859. It is known from Chile."}]}, {"title": "Buckholts High School", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Buckholts High School or Buckholts School is a public high school located in Buckholts, TexasTexas, USA. It is part of the Buckholts Independent School District located in northwestern Milam County and classified as a 1A school by the University Interscholastic League. In 2015, the school was rated \"Improvement Required\" by the Texas Education Agency. The Buckholts Badgers compete in the following sports -"}]}, {"title": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Lwiza", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Roman Catholic Diocese of Luiza () is a diocese located in the city of Luiza in the Ecclesiastical province of Kananga in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. On Friday, January 3, 2014, Pope Francis accepted the resignation from the pastoral governance of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Luiza presented by Bishop L\u00e9onard Kasanda Lumembu, C.I.C.M.. Pope Francis appointed the Reverend Father Felicien Mwanama Galumbulula, who is a university professor and Second Secretary of an organization called CENCO. Galumbulula will be ordained and installed as Bishop of Luiza at a date in the near future."}]}, {"title": "Kiladi Jodi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kiladi Jodi () is 1978 Indian Kannada language film directed by S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu that stars Vishnuvardhan, Srinath and Lakshmi in lead roles."}]}, {"title": "Ahmadou Lamine Ndiaye", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ahmadou Lamine Ndiaye (born 20 May 1937) is a former professor of Veterinary Sciences from Senegal who has held many senior administrative positions in African educational institutions and organizations. Ahmadou Lamine Ndiaye was born on 20 May 1937 in Saint-Louis, Senegal. He attended the Lyc\u00e9e Faidherbe in Saint-Louis for his secondary education between 1950 and 1957. He studied at the Lyc\u00e9e Marcelin Berthelot de Saint-Maur-des-Foss\u00e9s, France for a year, and then was admitted to the National Veterinary School of Lyon (\"Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire de Lyon\"), where he studied from 1958 to 1962."}, {"context": " In 1963 he gained diplomas from the Faculty of Medicine of Lyon, the National Agronomic Institute of Paris and the Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine in tropical countries. Ndiaye worked at the Animal Science Research Center at Dahra, Senegal from 1963 to 1967, while completing an internship at the National Center for Agricultural Research Jouy-en-Josas, France in the Genetics Section. In 1967 he became an assistant lecturer at the University of Dakar. In 1971 he became a trainee lecturer in food nutrition at the National Veterinary School of Alfort in France."}, {"context": " In 1974 he became a fellow of this institute and a lecturer at the Inter-State School of Veterinary Sciences and Medicine of Dakar. From 1976 to 1986 he was the first African director of the school, part of Dakar's Cheikh Anta Diop University. In 1977 he was appointed a professor of animal nutrition, a position he held until 1988. Ndiaye was a staff adviser to the President of the Republic of Senegal from 1988 to 1990. In January 1990 he was appointed Rector of the Gaston Berger University of Saint-Louis, the second university in Senegal, holding this position until November 1999."}, {"context": " He was then Minister and special adviser to the President of the Republic for a few months. Ndiaye was a member of the Executive Council of the Association of African Universities from 1997 to 2005, and for a period served as President of this association. He was the first president of the African Regional Committee for monitoring the World Conference on Higher Education (2000\u20132001). In 2002 he became a member of the World Bank's Scientific Council for the reform of external training courses for higher education, and also Chairman of the Working Group for revitalization of the Institute of Natural Resources in Africa."}, {"context": " Other positions held included member of the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World and founding member of the National Academy of Science and Technology of Senegal (ANSTS). In February 2011 Ndiaye was elected president of the ANSTS, replacing Professor Souleymane Niang who had recently died. Ndiaye was appointed Chairman of the High Level Panel created in 2009 by the African Union to establish the Pan African University (PAU). The PAU is a network of universities across Africa that promotes post-graduate scientific education and research, mobility of students and teachers between institutions and standardization of qualifications, with five regional centers of excellence each focusing on a different area of science."}, {"context": " On 28 February 2011 Ndiaye was appointed President of the African Academy of Sciences (AAS) based in Nairobi, Kenya, for a three-year term. He was the first francophone to hold this position since the AAS was founded in 1985. Ndiaye said he wanted to rejuvenate the AAS, and felt that conditions were favorable. He aimed to open up centers of excellence on the continent where French and English speakers could work on joint research programs. Ndiaye has written over a hundred scientific articles, papers and reports, particularly in the areas of nutrition and higher education. He is also the author of more than thirty reports, such as one that UNESCO commissioned in 2009 on the Pan African University project.  He is an Officer in the Order of Agricultural Merit of France, Officer of the National Order of Ivory Coast, Chevalier of the National Order of the Lion of Senegal and Grand Officer of the Order of Merit Senegal."}]}, {"title": "Vanessa Place", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Vanessa Place (born 1968) is an American writer and criminal appellate attorney. Place earned a BA at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, an MFA at Antioch University, and a JD at Boston University. She is the co-director of the Los Angeles-based Les Figues Press. Place has also worked as an occasional screenwriter on television shows such as \"\" and \"\" with producer Liz Friedman. Place is associated with the Conceptual Art movement and has lectured and performed at events including at the Sorbonne in Paris, London's Whitechapel Gallery, and the Andre Bely Centre for Experimental Writing in St. Petersburg, and the Getty Villa in Los Angeles. In 2012, Place was the first poet to perform as part of the Whitney Biennial. In 2013, Place had her first solo art exhibition, \"The Lawyer is Present,\" a response to Marina Abramovi\u0107's \"The Artist Is Present\", at the Boulder Museum of Contemporary Art, in which she listened to confidential confessions from volunteers and then performed them for the public. In 2014, Place exhibited her work \"Last Words\" alongside Andrea Fraser\u2019s \"Tehachapi at Kings Road\" at the MAK Center for Art and Architecture/Schindler House. Critic Sharon Mizota, writing for the \"Los Angeles Times\", notes the two artists \u201cfilled the Schindler House, a landmark of 20th century modernism, with nothing but sound. Emptied of all but a few pieces of furniture, the house becomes both a setting and a listening device: an echo chamber reverberating with history and ideology.\u201d"}, {"context": " Place has been reciting a set of rape jokes through her performance, \"If I Wanted Your Opinion, I\u2019d Remove the Duct Tape\", since 2016. The Nu Performance Festival in Tallinn and the Swiss Institute in New York have previously hosted the performance, and philosopher Mladen Dolar was the respondent for a performance in Ljubljana. In a 2017 interview with Artforum, Place states: \u201cThe structure of a joke, according to Freud, is that it is a sudden discharge of repression, often sexual, often kind of obscene. And so, in that way, the joke itself ends up being structured, or ends up having the same structure, as a rape \u2014 a violent discharge of repressed sexuality.\u201d A proposed sound installation of the work in 2015 was cancelled after a protest by other exhibition artists, leading to a panel on the project at Cabinet Magazine in Brooklyn, and a 2017 folio in Studies in Gender and Sexuality."}, {"context": " Place says she conceives of her soundworks as \u201cliquid sculptures,\u201d wherein \u201csound behaves sculpturally.\u201d In the same Artforum interview, she emphasizes that her sound art depends upon the bodies of the audience receiving the work, as those bodies are also liquid sculptures. Psychoanalytic and philosophic thinkers, such as Jacques Lacan and Immanuel Kant, often figure in Place's critical writing and performances. In her 2013 lecture \u201cConceptualism is Feminism,\u201d Place used Lacan's pronouncement \u201cla femme n\u2019existe pas\u201d [there is no woman] to argue that \u201cwoman\u201d as a category \u201conly exists contextually \u2014 one can only be woman relative to man\u2026\u201d \u201cConceptualism,\u201d she says, \u201clike feminism, asks one equally to consider the \u2018=.\u2019 How does A become equivalent to B, why does it seem (or seem to be proven to be) B\u2019s equal, and at what cost does this equivalency work to A, and for that matter, B?\u201d In \u201cA Poetics of Radical Evil,\u201d an essay published in 2010, Place modifies Kant to argue: \u201cThere must be an art [...] that is willing to be affirmatively evil, not immoral exactly, but as a work of malfeasance, not for the polemic or didactic turn, showing that certain things are bad, stupid, etc, that\u2019s easy enough, and sadly it seems one is expected to say these things, which is another form of obscenity, but for a more primal acceptance.\u201d"}, {"context": " Critic Naomi Toth notes that Place \u201cprefers hot items,\u201d subjects that generate unease and discomfort among audiences: \u201cthe legal defense of criminals, rape jokes, racist realist novels, the last words of death row convicts.\u201d Toth suggests Place takes up the discourse \u201cof the suspect, the one we\u2019ve designated as guilty, the one we\u2019re going to execute, the one we consent to push off-scene: the person and the narratives many of us would prefer to suppress to shore up our identity, to found our own innocence.\u201d Toth states that Place's project can be understood as \u201cone which makes this innocence suspect, for the duration of her performance at the very least. And for this choice, listeners hold her responsible in turn.\u201d"}, {"context": " Place has published over 10 books of poetry, prose, and conceptual writing, including \"After Vanessa Place\" (2017) with Naomi Toth, \"Last Words\" (2015), \"Boycott\" (2013), ONE (2012, co-written with Blake Butler and Christopher Higgs), \"Factory Work\" (2011), \"Gone with the Wind\" (2011), \"Tragod\u00eda 3: Argument\" (2011), \"Tragod\u00eda 2: Statement of The Case\" (2011), \"Tragod\u00eda 1: Statement of Facts\" (2010), \"The Guilt Project: Rape, Morality and Law\" (2010), \"Notes on Conceptualisms\" (2009, co-written with Robert Fitterman), \"La Medusa\" (2008), and \"Dies: A Sentence\" (2005)."}, {"context": " In 2005, Place co-founded founded Les Figues Press, which \u201cpublishes experimental writing and literature in translation with a focus on feminist and queer authors,\u201d in Los Angeles. Les Figues partnered with the \"Los Angeles Review of Books\" in 2017 as a member of its new imprint series, LARB Books. Place currently edits the press's Global Poetics Series. Place is a criminal defense attorney who represents indigent sex offenders on appeal. She has previously published and performed works using courtroom materials. For example, her performance piece \"Last Words\", reproduces the last statements of all inmates executed in Texas since 1982. Naomi Toth, writing about \"Last Words\" for \"Jacket2\", states the work occurs \u201cin a context in which, the listener realizes, speaking becomes the pronunciation of one\u2019s own death sentence.\u201d Place's trilogy \"Tragod\u00eda (Statement of Facts, Statement of the Case, Argument)\" was a self-appropriation of sections of her appellate briefs on behalf of sex offenders as a contemporary response to Dante's \"Commed\u00eda\"."}, {"context": " In her 2010 book \"The Guilt Project: Rape, Morality, and Law\" (Other Press), Place reflects on an experience when a court clerk asked her, \u201cHow can you live with yourself?\u201d during a \u201cparticularly gruesome\u201d child rape case. \u201cI said that I don\u2019t,\u201d Place wrote. She goes on: \u201cMy job is not predicated on innocence. In our famously adversarial system of justice, we the actors play parts that are as important as the play. It\u2019s a clich\u00e9 that a society is judged by how it treats its most despicable members, a clich\u00e9 that mindful people accept in the abstract and reject in practice. But freedom of speech is relevant only when the opinions are vile, and due process meaningful only when applied to the daddy who rapes his son.\u201d"}, {"context": " Place has held teaching appointments at the Universit\u00e9 Paris Ouest Nanterre La D\u00e9fense and the University of Colorado, Boulder. Various symposia on Place's work and \"practice-based criticism\u201d have been held, including at the Universit\u00e9 Pairs Ouest Nanterre La D\u00e9fense, Universit\u00e9 de Paris Est Marne-la-Vall\u00e9e, Universit\u00e9 de Mulhouse Colmar Alsace, Universit\u00e9 Paris XIII, Universit\u00e9 Paris VIII, Royal Danish Writers\u2019 Academy, Birkbeck College/University of London, and Sheffield Hallem University. \u00a0Her translation from the French of Frank Smith's \"Guantanamo\" was a finalist for the 2015 PEN Literary Award, Poetry in Translation, and was named a book of the year in the \"Huffington Post.\""}, {"context": " Place has exhibited work at the MAK Center/Los Angeles; Denver Museum of Contemporary Art; the Boulder Museum of Contemporary Art; The Power Plant, Toronto; the Broad Museum, East Lansing; and Cage 83 Gallery, New York. Performance venues have included the Getty Villa (Los Angeles); Museum of Modern Art, New York; Detroit Museum of Contemporary Art; Andre Bely Center, St. Petersburg, Russia; Kunstverein, Cologne; Whitechapel Gallery, London; Frye Art Gallery, Seattle; the Sorbonne; the De Young Museum, San Francisco; Garage (Berlin); The Hereford Salon (London); Galerie \u00e9of (Paris); Poetry & Poetics (University of Pennsylvania); The Poetry Foundation (Chicago); R\u00f6nnells antivariat (Stockholm); Renaissance Society Gallery (University of Chicago); Otis College of Art and Design (Los Angeles); Kelly Writer's House (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia); Pilot Series (Montreal); Culture, Arts, Media & Education Centre (Toronto); Les Cahiers de Colette (Paris); Double Change (Paris); St. Mark's Poetry Project (New York); Bowery Poetry Club (New York); The Shunt (London); Mercantile Library (New York); KGB Bar (New York); Pierre Menard Gallery (Cambridge, MA); San Francisco Public Library; New College (San Francisco); Small Press Traffic (San Francisco); Oakland Art Gallery; 21 Grand Gallery (Oakland); The Uferhallen (Berlin); The Smell (Los Angeles)."}, {"context": " Statement of Facts Controversy around Place's \"Tragod\u00eda\" series began when literary critic Marjorie Perloff described the work as \u201ca superb piece of conceptual writing,\u201d and presented a summation of the project at the 2010 Rethinking Poetics conference held at Columbia University. A number of American poets subsequently debated the merit of the work through a number of blogs and online forums in response to Perloff's statements. Critic Steven Zultanski writes that Place, when asked to \u201cexplain the intent of her work [...] of course, refused to do so, which has partially allowed for the book\u2019s retention of its initial provocative appeal.\u201d Poet Juliana Spahr wrote: \u201cDoes Vanessa\u2019s book mean to suggest that rape is largely a socio-economic problem?\u201d In 2014, George Mason University Professor David Kaufmann wrote: \u201cWhen Juliana Spahr asks about Place\u2019s alliances and intentions \u2014 a question that the text raises by its very nature \u2014 there is no answer that Place could give that could close the gulf the book opens up before its audience. Not knowing what the author intends us to do with this stuff, we don\u2019t know what to make of it. We are here. The victims, the perps, and the survivors \u2014 they are over there, in more ways than one.\u201d"}, {"context": " Gone with the Wind Place also received criticism for a Twitter art project where she retyped the entire text from the 1936 novel \"Gone with the Wind\" in an effort to call attention to the novel's inherent racism, as part of a larger project, Gone with the Wind by Vanessa Place, designed to implicate questions of copyright, the ownership of cultural fictions, the ongoing nature of the white imaginary, and the function of antagonism in social media. According to Place's own artist statement about the project: The book's true love story is not between Rhett and Scarlett but white America's affair with self, a self that can only exist through owning property as the primary means of white supremacy.\""}, {"context": " The Twitter art project included a stereotypical African American mammy image as its banner. A film still of Hattie McDaniel as the character Mammy from the film version of the book was used as the account's profile picture. While some have argued that the account was meant to scrutinize and call attention to stereotyping and racism in \"Gone With the Wind\", others accused it of being racist or insensitive itself, which resulted in calls \"for University of Colorado Boulder to remove her from her summer teaching appointment, . . . that she be dis-invited from [an] upcoming Berkeley Poetry Conference,\" as well as a petition for Place's removal from the 2016 Association of Writers & Writing Programs (AWP) conference subcommittee."}, {"context": " Subsequently, the Berkeley Poetry Conference was cancelled, AWP removed Place from the subcommittee to satisfy concerns from its membership, and the Whitney Museum of American Art cancelled a planned performance from Place. In her response to criticism surrounding the project, Place said: \u201cI see art that\u2019s sanitised, art that\u2019s precious, art that\u2019s playing safe, art for the market. People say they want transgression, that they\u2019re looking for the radical edge, but I\u2019m not so sure. There\u2019s a certain amount of cruelty in what I do. There has to be. You have to touch nerves, otherwise it\u2019s just entertainment.\u201d"}]}, {"title": "Skyline Commissary", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Skyline Commissary (also known as the Rock Store) is a historic building in Skyline, Alabama. It was built in 1935 as part of Skyline Farms, a project of the Resettlement Administration, a New Deal program that sought to provide jobs for unemployed farmers on collective farms. The commissary sold food to both co-op members and surrounding residents, and served as the hub of social activity for the community. The co-op operated until the end of World War II, when it was sold to private owners. The commissary continued to operate as a general store for the community until the early 2000s. It was converted into a heritage museum in 2005. Like other New Deal structures, the commissary makes heavy use of local materials. The walls are of locally quarried limestone, and the fa\u00e7ade features a pedimented portico covering double entry doors. The entry is flanked by two large, multi-paned fixed windows. A gable-roofed ell was added to the north of the rear side in 1937. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.  The Skyline Farms Heritage Association owns the building and operates it as the Rock Store Museum. It is open on a limited basis."}]}, {"title": "Artyom Maslevskiy", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Artyom Sergeyevich Maslevskiy (; born 29 March 1989) is a Russian professional footballer."}]}, {"title": "WABC-TV", "paragraphs": [{"context": " WABC-TV, channel 7, is the flagship station of the ABC television network, licensed to New York City. WABC-TV is owned by the ABC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company. The station's studios and offices are located near Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, adjacent to ABC's corporate headquarters; its transmitter is located at the Empire State Building. WABC-TV is best known in broadcasting circles for its version of the \"Eyewitness News\" format and for its morning show, syndicated nationally by corporate cousin Disney\u2013ABC Domestic Television."}, {"context": " In the few areas of the eastern United States where an ABC station isn't receivable over-the-air, WABC is available on satellite via DirecTV. The station signed on August 10, 1948, as WJZ-TV, the first of three television stations signed on by ABC during that same year, with WENR-TV in Chicago and WXYZ-TV in Detroit being the other two. Channel 7's call letters came from its then-sister radio station, WJZ. In its early years, WJZ-TV was programmed much like an independent station, as the ABC television network was still, for the most part, in its very early stages of development; the ABC-owned stations did air some common programming during this period, especially after the 1949 fall season when the network's prime time schedule began to expand. The station's original transmitter site was located at The Pierre Hotel at 2 East 61st Street, before moving to the Empire State Building a few years later. The station's original studios were located at 77 West 66th Street, with additional studios at 7 West 66th Street. An underground tunnel linked ABC studios at 7 West 66th Street to the lobby of the Hotel des Artistes, a block north on West 67th Street. Another studio inside the Hotel des Artistes was used for \"Eyewitness News Conference\"."}, {"context": " The station's call letters were changed to WABC-TV on March 1, 1953 after ABC merged its operations with United Paramount Theatres, a firm which was broken off from former parent company Paramount Pictures by decree of the U.S. government. The WJZ-TV callsign was later reassigned to Westinghouse Broadcasting (the original owners of WJZ radio in New York) as an historical nod in 1957 for their newly acquired television station in Baltimore \u2013 a station that was, by coincidence, an ABC affiliate until 1995."}, {"context": " As part of ABC's expansion program, initiated in 1977, ABC built 7 Lincoln Square on the southeast corner of West 67th Street and Columbus Avenue, on the site of an abandoned moving and storage warehouse. At about the same time, construction was started at 30 West 67th Street on the site of a former parking lot. Both buildings were completed in June 1979 and WABC-TV moved its offices from 77 West 66th Street to 7 Lincoln Square. On September 11, 2001, the transmitter facilities of WABC-TV, as well as eight other local television stations and several radio stations, were destroyed when two hijacked airplanes crashed into and destroyed the north and south towers of the World Trade Center. WABC-TV's transmitter maintenance engineer Donald DiFranco died in the attack. In the immediate aftermath, the station fed its signal to WNYE-TV and then WHSE-TV, before establishing temporary facilities at the Armstrong Tower in Alpine, New Jersey. The station eventually established transmission facilities at the Empire State Building."}, {"context": " On May 27, 2007, WABC-TV's studios suffered major damage as the result of a fire that knocked the station off the air shortly before the start of the 11:00 PM Newscast. According to preliminary reports, the fire may have been ignited by a spotlight coming into contact with a curtain inside the news studio; the station's website later reported the cause as an \"electrical malfunction\". The station's building was evacuated and the fire was brought under control, though the studio was said to be \"badly damaged\", having suffered smoke and water damage. WABC-TV resumed broadcasting at around 1:00 AM on May 28, 2007 (initially carrying the network's 10:00 PM West Coast feed of \"Brothers & Sisters\", followed by the full broadcast of \"World News Now\"). Due to the fire, the station broadcast \"Eyewitness News\" from the newsroom, while \"Live! with Regis and Kelly\", whose set was also affected, moved to the set of \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\". Starting with the 5:00 PM Newscast on June 20, 2007, the station resumed the \"Eyewitness News\" and \"Live...\" broadcasts from its main studios at Columbus Avenue and 66th Street."}, {"context": " WABC-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 7, at 12:30 PM on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 45 to VHF channel 7. WABC's digital signal was initially difficult to receive over-the-air in New York City. The station was requested by Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to broadcast at a lower power; WABC was among many stations which have found it necessary to increase power to restore coverage to the same level as its former analog signal. On June 29, 2009, WABC filed an application with the FCC to increase power from 11.69\u00a0kW to 27\u00a0kW. On January 31, 2010, the FCC granted a special temporary authority (STA) for the station to increase power to 26.9\u00a0kW."}, {"context": " In May 2013, WABC-TV and Philadelphia sister station WPVI-TV became the first two ABC-owned stations to offer live, web-based streaming of programming to authenticated subscribers of participating cable and satellite television providers as provided through the relaunched \"Watch ABC\" mobile apps. On March 7, 2010 at 12:02 AM, WABC-TV's signal was removed from Cablevision's New York area systems (including iO Digital Cable) after failing to reach terms on a new retransmission consent agreement; the station was replaced by either a blank screen or a looping video containing a message from Cablevision about the removal. To avoid interruption of programming, the station urged Cablevision subscribers in the station's viewing area (totaling up to three million subscribers) to switch to other services, such as Verizon FiOS and DirecTV or simply view the station over the air through an over-the-air digital antenna and if necessary, a digital converter box, for older television sets. WABC's sister station, WPVI-TV in Philadelphia was also pulled from Cablevision's New Jersey systems in Mercer, Ocean and Monmouth Counties."}, {"context": " Later that same day at approximately 8:50 PM, 20 Minutes into ABC's broadcast of the 82nd Annual Academy Awards, Cablevision and ABC reached a deal, restoring WABC and WPVI's signals for Cablevision subscribers after a nearly 21-hour blackout. In July 2010, ABC's parent company Disney announced that it was involved in a carriage dispute with Time Warner Cable (now Spectrum), its first with that provider in 10 years. This dispute involved four ABC owned-and-operated stations (WABC-TV and sister stations KABC-TV in Los Angeles, WTVD in Durham, North Carolina and WTVG in Toledo, Ohio, which at the time, was an ABC O&O), Disney Channel and the ESPN networks. If a deal wasn't in place, the affected stations and cable channels would've been removed from Time Warner and Bright House Networks systems across the country. On September 2, 2010, Disney and Time Warner Cable reached a long-term agreement to keep the channels on Time Warner Cable systems."}, {"context": " WABC has long presented events such as the Columbus Day Parade and Puerto Rican Day Parade and beginning in 2017, they became the first television station to air the New York City LGBT Pride March. In addition, the station is also producing local programs such as \"Viewpoint\", a weekly program that highlights the cultural and community efforts in New York, Long Island and New Jersey (each of these regions rotate weekly), \"Here and Now\", a program covering the latest issues, trends and news stories impacting the local black community, \"Tiempo\", a weekly program that focus on the issues affecting local Hispanic citizens, and \"Up Close\", a public affairs program on the latest issues with the newsmakers."}, {"context": " WABC-TV produces the nationally syndicated talk show \"Live with Kelly and Ryan\". Until the station's newscasts were moved to a separate studio in 2011, the program originated in the same ground-floor studio at 7 Lincoln Square as \"Eyewitness News\", thus creating a situation which forced local news updates broadcast during \"Good Morning America\" and \"Live\" to be produced from the WABC-TV newsroom and the morning show's presence also limited the size of the \"Eyewitness News\" set. The program's roots originated with \"A.M. New York\", which debuted in 1970 as a local version of NBC's \"Today\" show; its first host was John Bartholomew Tucker, who remained with the program until 1972. After Tucker's departure, a succession of hosts came and went, the most successful of whom was Stanley Siegel, who hosted from 1975 to 1978 (for a year beginning in 1977, the series was called \"The Stanley Siegel Show\"). After 1980, the show was retitled \"Good Morning New York\", whose co-hosts in the last years of its run in that form included Spencer Christian, Andrea Kirby, Judy Licht, Dick Wolfsie and longtime \"Eyewitness News\" reporter and anchor Doug Johnson. After years of a losing ratings battle against \"Donahue\" on WNBC-TV, WABC-TV cancelled \"Good Morning New York\" in early 1983."}, {"context": " The current show began as the station's second attempt at a local morning show a month later, aptly titled \"The Morning Show\" (using the \"Circle 7\" logo in the actual text for one of the \"o\"s) and was originally hosted by Regis Philbin and Cyndy Garvey. After Garvey's departure a year later, she was replaced by Ann Abernathy, who in turn, left in 1985 to return to Los Angeles. That year, Kathie Lee Johnson (who would marry Frank Gifford a year later) became Philbin's new co-host. In 1988, Buena Vista Television began syndicating the show nationally as \"Live with Regis and Kathie Lee\". Gifford left the show in 2000 and was eventually replaced by Kelly Ripa. Philbin left the show in November 2011 and the show aired for nearly a year as \"Live! with Kelly\" until former New York Giants defensive end Michael Strahan became Ripa's permanent co-host in September 2012. In May 2016, Strahan left the show to become a full-time anchor at \"Good Morning America\", thus leaving Ripa as the solo host again. On May 1, 2017, it was announced that Ryan Seacrest will be the new permanent co-host of the show."}, {"context": " WABC-TV serves as the local over-the-air broadcaster of Monday Night Football games involving the New York Giants and the New York Jets, airing simulcasts of the team's ESPN-televised games (WABC-TV's corporate parent, The Walt Disney Company, holds 80% majority ownership stake in ESPN, and the ABC Owned Television Stations have right of first refusal for simulcasts of ESPN's NFL telecasts within a team's home market). Because of this, atypical for a network-owned station outside of breaking news and severe weather coverage necessitating such situations, the station has had to reschedule ABC network programs pre-empted by the telecasts. The preseason and Monday night telecasts mark the only NFL games to have aired on WABC-TV since ABC lost the rights to NFL games in 2006."}, {"context": " Since 2013, WABC-TV serves as the exclusive local English-language carrier of the annual New York City Marathon, which the station airs live, highlights air via ESPN on ABC. The Station preempts a weekend edition of \"Good Morning America\" and delays \"This Week\" to schedule time for the live broadcast. The Marathon is also simulcast on ESPN2 nationally (although viewers in the WABC-TV viewing area cannot see it via ESPN2 because the simulcast is blacked out locally). The station's digital channel is multiplexed:"}, {"context": " WABC-TV presently broadcasts 43 hours, 55 minutes of locally produced newscasts each week (with 6 hours, 35 minutes on weekdays and 5\u00bd hours each on Saturdays and Sundays). The station partners with Philadelphia sister station, WPVI-TV \u2013 which popularized the \"Action News\" format \u2013 in the production and broadcast of statewide New Jersey political debates. When the two stations broadcast a statewide office debate, such as for Governor or U.S. Senate, they'll pool resources and have anchors or reporters from both stations participate in the debate. Additionally, the two stations share coverage of news from New Jersey where their markets overlap, pooling reporters, live trucks and helicopters."}, {"context": " WABC-TV launched \"Report to New York\", its first regular news program, on October 26, 1959, featuring Scott Vincent with news, Howard Cosell with sports, and Lynn Dollar with weather. \"Report to New York\" aired Monday through Friday at 11\u00a0pm. By January 1961, channel 7 expanded \"Report to New York\" with a 15-minute early edition at 6:15 pm on weeknights, and on Saturday and Sunday evenings. On October 22, 1962, WABC-TV expanded its weeknight news to 45-minutes, and retitled it \"The Big News\". Newcomers Bill Beutel and Jim Barnes were the anchors, with Cosell continuing on sports and Rosemary Haley as \"weather girl\". However, this effort failed to draw viewers from ratings leader WCBS-TV and second-place WNBC."}, {"context": " In early 1968, Beutel left the station to become the London bureau chief for ABC News and was replaced by Roger Grimsby, who was transferred by ABC from San Francisco sister station KGO-TV. In a complete revamp, Grimsby was joined by Tex Antoine doing weather, celebrity gossip columnist Rona Barrett, \"New York Daily News\" columnist Jimmy Breslin with political commentary and reviews by Martin Bookspan and Allan Jeffries, while Cosell continued doing sports. Known as \"Roger Grimsby and the Noisemakers\", this format didn't help the ratings, which plunged to an all-time low."}, {"context": " Later that year, newly hired news director Al Primo brought to WABC-TV the Eyewitness News format, in which reporters present their stories directly to the viewers. Having experienced great success introducing the format during his time at KYW-TV in Philadelphia, Primo this time added a twist \u2013 a degree of conversational chatter among the anchors, known as \"happy talk\". The \"Tar Sequence\" cue from the musical score of the 1967 film \"Cool Hand Luke\", composed by Lalo Schifrin, was introduced as the theme music. The score included a telegraphic-style melody appropriate for a newscast. The \"Eyewitness News\" format and theme music were quickly adopted by ABC's other four owned-and-operated stations at the time: KGO-TV, WLS-TV in Chicago, WXYZ-TV in Detroit and KABC-TV in Los Angeles (though KGO-TV and WXYZ-TV didn't use the \"Eyewitness News\" title for their programs). The format quickly rejuvenated a station that had long been an also-ran to WCBS-TV and WNBC-TV. Within a year, Channel 7 had shot to first place in the ratings for the first time in its history, displacing longtime leader WCBS-TV. It spent most of the decade going back and forth with WCBS-TV for first place. For a time in the 1980s, it fell into last place, but still fought with WNBC-TV for second place."}, {"context": " Retaining only Grimsby, Cosell and Antoine from the earlier \"Noisemakers\" format, Primo also hired Tom Dunn away from WCBS-TV to serve as Grimsby's co-anchor. After Dunn departed for WOR-TV in 1970, Bill Beutel returned to the station as his replacement and for the next 16 years, Grimsby and Beutel were the faces of \"Eyewitness News\". The Grimsby-Beutel team were split up for several months in 1975 after ABC had reassigned Beutel to its new morning show \"AM America\" that January. The station brought in WXYZ-TV's Bill Bonds and veteran Boston anchor Tom Ellis to help replace Beutel, with Grimsby teaming with Ellis at 6:00 and Bonds at 11:00. When \"AM America\" was cancelled and replaced with \"Good Morning America\" in November 1975, Beutel was re-teamed with Grimsby at 6:00, with Ellis joining Bonds at 11:00. Bonds returned to Detroit in 1976, while Ellis remained until 1978 and was replaced by Larry Kane, who lasted only one year as the sole 11:00 PM anchor before returning to his home market of Philadelphia. Kane's successor, Ernie Anastos, began his New York career at the station; he co-anchored at 11:00 PM news with Rose Ann Scamardella for his entire 12-year tenure there."}, {"context": " On December 7, 1981, the station became the second in the city to expand its late afternoon/evening newscasts by adding of a 5:00 PM edition, first presented by Rose Ann Scamardella and Storm Field, later succeeded by Kaity Tong and Tom Snyder, the latter only lasting several months before being replaced by 11:00 PM co-anchor Ernie Anastos. In 1985, the station lured WLS-TV's news director, Bill Applegate, from Chicago to New York City. Applegate claimed credit for taking WLS-TV from last to first in only two years and ABC hoped he could work the same magic at the flagship station. In the wake of declining ratings, Grimsby was fired on April 16, 1986, a move for which Applegate drew considerable ire and Grimsby was quickly hired by rival WNBC-TV. In 1987, Channel 7 surged back into first place. It has been the ratings leader in New York City since then, and has grown to become the most-watched broadcast television station in the United States. Beutel stepped down from the anchor desk in 2001, which concluded the longest tenure for a main anchor in New York City television history at that time. His record has since been surpassed by WNBC's Chuck Scarborough and WXTV's Rafael Pineda. Scarborough's uninterrupted run behind the desk is the longest in New York television (since 1974). Pineda is second, having started with WXTV in 1972, retiring in 2013 after 41 years."}, {"context": " WABC-TV's news department is respected for its straightforward presentation (especially during breaking news). For the last decade, it has waged a spirited battle for first place, but for most of the time has held onto the lead, helped in part by lead-ins from highly rated talk and entertainment shows. For over 24 years (December 1986 to May 2011), the lead-in for the 5:00 PM \"Eyewitness News\" broadcast had been \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\" at 4:00 pm and its strong ratings brought viewers along to the 5:00 PM newscast."}, {"context": " The newscasts were replayed on one of channel 7's digital subchannels, another which also carried a local weather and news channel. WABC-TV's website had a link for live streaming video of \"Channel 7 Eyewitness News NOW\", which offered live local and national weather updated from AccuWeather alongside local news. The format of \"Eyewitness News NOW\" is similar to the defunct NBC Weather Plus. On February 24, 2011, AccuWeather and ABC both replaced ENN as well as similar news channels on WABC-TV's sister stations, KABC-TV in Los Angeles and WLS-TV in Chicago, replacing them in all three cities with a standard definition, letterboxed simulcast of the Live Well Network, and then on April 15, 2015, these stations were replaced by Laff."}, {"context": " On December 2, 2006, WABC-TV became the second station in the New York City market to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition. On September 7, 2010, WABC-TV expanded its weekday morning newscast, moving its start time to 4:30 AM. 3 Days earlier on September 4, 2010, WABC added an hour-long extension of its Saturday morning newscast from 9:00 to 10:00 AM. On May 26, 2011, WABC-TV added another hour of local news at 4:00 PM to replace \"Oprah\", which aired its last original episode the previous day. WABC also produce 7:00 PM newscast on Saturdays following college football during the regular seasons."}, {"context": " On September 24, 2011, the station began broadcasting its newscasts and public affairs programs from a new street-level window studio at a former Disney Store location in the ABC building on 66th Street and Columbus Avenue. The space previously used for news broadcasts was used to expand the \"Live with Kelly\" studio. In January 2012, the station also expanded its weekend 11:00 pm newscasts to an hour. On September 8, 2014, the station expanded its Noon newscast to one full hour from the previous half hour."}]}, {"title": "Richard Stern", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Richard Stern may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "CompactPCI", "paragraphs": [{"context": " CompactPCI is a computer bus interconnect for industrial computers, combining a Eurocard-type connector and PCI signaling and protocols. Boards are standardized to 3U or 6U sizes, and are typically interconnected via a passive backplane. The connector pin assignments are standardized by the PICMG US and PICMG Europe organizations. The connectors and the electrical rules allow for eight boards in a PCI segment. Multiple bus segments are allowed with bridges. Unlike the original Eurocard solutions such as VME, which use connectors with a 0.1\u00a0inch (2.54\u00a0mm) pin spacing, CompactPCI cards use metric connectors with a 2-millimeter pin spacing, designed to the IEC 1076 standard. 3U boards have a 110-pin connector (J1), which carries the 32-bit PCI bus signals, and an optional 110-pin connector (J2), which carries either user-defined I/O or the upper 32\u00a0bits of an optional 64-bit PCI bus. 6U cards have an identical J1, a J2 that is always used for 64-bit PCI, as well as J3, J4, and J5 connectors for a variety of uses either as user-defined I/O or specified signaling such as Telephony and/or Ethernet signaling. Hot-plugging is a supported feature of CompactPCI. Some of the pins are slightly longer to provide proper grounding when devices are inserted and removed."}, {"context": " The backplanes can be designed for 3.3\u00a0V VIO or 5\u00a0V VIO operation. These are differentiated by having 'Cadmium Yellow' coloured key for 3.3V or 'Brilliant Blue' colour for 5V operation. If the CompactPCI card operates on a particular VIO voltage the card shall have the respective coloured coding key. If the card is compatible with both voltages then it may not have any coding key. The image above illustrates a 5\u00a0V VIO 8-slot backplane. CompactPCI was initially ratified as PICMG 2.0 in late 1995 as a passive backplane for PCI signaling. The 2.x series of specifications from PICMG provide support for a variety of technologies including Hot Swap (PICMG 2.1), Telephony signaling (PICMG 2.5) and most notably the expansion of the architecture to include switched Ethernet (PICMG 2.16)."}, {"context": " Originally designed to support the PCI signaling protocol (and hence the name \"CompactPCI\"), CompactPCI has grown to include a variety of technologies centered on the application of the 2mm HM connector on the 3U and 6U form factor. In fact many systems are implemented with no PCI bus on the backplane, such as those implemented with switched Ethernet board interconnection (PICMG 2.16). A drawback of the design is that the signal pins can become bent when a new device is inserted. Related standards include CompactPCI Express and CompactPXI, which follow a similar concept, but substitute the protocols and signaling of PCI Express and PXI respectively.  The abbreviations cPCI, CPCI, cPCIe, and CPCIe are colloquial terms and are not officially used by PICMG."}]}, {"title": "Ronny Winkler", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ronny Winkler (born 29 July 1971) is a German former competitive figure skater. He won two senior internationals, bronze at the 1989 Karl Sch\u00e4fer Memorial and at the 1990 Nations Cup, and three national titles, East German in 1990 and German in 1993-94. At the European Championships, Winkler achieved his highest placement, tenth, in 1993 and 1994, and at the World Championships, 15th in 1993. His coaches were Jutta M\u00fcller, followed by Sonja Morgenstern. He retired from competition in 1996"}]}, {"title": "Christopher Griffith", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Christopher Griffith (c. 1721\u20131776) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1774 to 1776. Griffith was the son of Christopher Griffith of Winterbourne, Gloucestershire and his wife Mary Brightwell, daughter of Loftus Brightwell of Padworth. He matriculated at Queen\u2019s College, Oxford on 31 May 1738, aged 17 and was admitted at Lincolns Inn in 1737. He was called to the bar in 1744. He married firstly Anne Chicheley, daughter of Richard Chicheley on 1 March 1756. He married secondly Catherine Quintin, daughter of Sir William St Quintin, 4th Baronet MP of Harpham, Yorkshire on 26 November 1759  Griffith was returned unopposed as Member of Parliament for Berkshire at the 1774 general election. His only reported vote was with Opposition on 22 February 1775. He is not known to have spoken in the House. He died on 12 January 1776."}]}, {"title": "Chlorociboria albohymenia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Chlorociboria albohymenia is a species of fungus in the family Helotiaceae. It is found in New Zealand."}]}, {"title": "Forbidden Places", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Forbidden Places is the seventh studio album by the Meat Puppets, released in 1991. It is their first release on London Records. It is currently out of print. The seventh track, \"Whirlpool,\" was later recorded by They Might Be Giants for their 1993 EP \"Why Does The Sun Shine? (The Sun Is a Mass of Incandescent Gas)\". All songs written by Curt Kirkwood."}]}, {"title": "Babinek, Pyrzyce County", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Babinek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bielice, within Pyrzyce County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately north of Bielice, north-west of Pyrzyce, and south-east of the regional capital Szczecin. <br>"}]}, {"title": "Brandon Brewer", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Brewer signaled his potential early on when he won the Atlantic Canada Fighter of the Year in 2012 and 2013. In 2012, he won the Canadian Fight of the Year in a match with Francis Lafreni\u00e8re, which ended in a draw. Also in 2012, he won the New Generation Middleweight Title against Mike Stauffer. In 2013, he went on to beat Lafreniere to win the National Boxing Authority Eastern Canadian Title. In the same year, The Canadian Professional Boxing Council ranked Brewer as top middleweight fighter in Canada. In 2014, Brewer won the Canadian Professional Boxing Council Light Middleweight Title against Paul Bzdel.  Brewer is known for his fast footwork, elusiveness, and ability to out-think his opponents. He names Floyd Mayweather, Bernard Hopkins, and Andre Ward as boxing influences. His fighting style is boxer-puncher."}]}, {"title": "KLAY", "paragraphs": [{"context": " KLAY (1180 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a news/talk/sports information format. Located in Lakewood, Washington, United States, the station serves the Tacoma area. The station is owned by Clay Frank Huntington Legacy LLC and features programming from Westwood One. The station features news, talk, weather, traffic, and sports reporting. KLAY has been on the air for about 53 years. Broadcasting coverage is roughly from Downtown Seattle south through the state capital of Olympia. The station went on the air as KFHA at 1480 AM and changed its call sign to KOOD in 1966, and then to KQLA in 1978, and finally to KLAY in April 1980. On May 1, 1990, the station changed its call sign to KDFL, and on June 28, 1991 to the current KLAY."}]}, {"title": "Clear Skies Act of 2003", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Clear Skies Act of 2003 was a proposed federal law of the United States. The official title as introduced is \"a bill to amend the Clean Air Act to reduce air pollution through expansion of cap-and-trade programs, to provide an alternative regulatory classification for units subject to the cap and trade program, and for other purposes.\" The bill's Senate version (S. 485) was sponsored by James Inhofe (R) of Oklahoma and George Voinovich (R) of Ohio; the House version (H.R. 999) was sponsored by Joe Barton (R) of Texas and Billy Tauzin (R) of Louisiana. Both versions were introduced on February 27, 2003."}, {"context": " Upon introduction of the bill, Inhofe said, \"Moving beyond the confusing, command-and-control mandates of the past, Clear Skies cap-and-trade system harnesses the power of technology and innovation to bring about significant reductions in harmful pollutants.\" The Clear Skies Act came about as the result of President Bush's Clear Skies Initiative. In early March 2005, the bill did not move out of committee when members were deadlocked 9-9. Seven Democrats, James Jeffords (I) of Vermont, and Lincoln Chafee (R) of Rhode Island voted against the bill; nine Republicans supported it. Within days, the Bush Administration moved to implement key measures, such as the NOx, SO and mercury trading provisions of the bill administratively through EPA. It remains to be seen how resistant these changes will be to court challenges."}, {"context": " On February 14, 2002 President George W. Bush announced the Clear Skies Initiative. The policy was put together by Jim Connaughton, Chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality, and involved the work of Senators Bob Smith and George Voinovich and Congressmen Billy Tauzin and Joe Barton. The Initiative is based on a central idea: \"that economic growth is key to environmental progress, because it is growth that provides the resources for investment in clean technologies.\" The resulting proposal was a market-based cap-and-trade approach which intends to legislate power plant emissions caps without specifying the specific methods used to reach those caps. The Initiative would reduce the cost and complexity of compliance and the need for litigation."}, {"context": " Current power plant emissions amounted to 67% of all sulfur dioxide (SO) emissions (in the United States), 37% of mercury emissions, and 25% of all nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Only SO has been administered under a cap-and-trade program. The goals of the Initiative are threefold: Through the use of a market-based cap-and-trade program, the intent of the Initiative was to reward innovation, reduce costs, and guarantee results. Each power plant facility would be required to have a permit for each ton of pollution emitted. Because the permits are tradeable, companies would have a financial incentive to cut back their emissions using newer technologies."}, {"context": " The Initiative was modeled on the successful SO emissions trading program in effect since 1995. According to the President, the program had reduced air pollution more than all other programs under the Clean Air Act of 1990 combined. Actual reductions were more than the law required and compliance was virtually 100% without the need for litigation. Also, he said that only a \"handful\" of employees were needed to administer the program. The total cost to achieve the reductions was about 80% less than had originally been expected."}, {"context": " Bush mentioned several benefits of the Initiative: In May 2004, the Energy Information Administration (EIA) released a study comparing the Clear Skies Act with the Clean Air Planning Act of 2003 (S. 843), introduced by Senator Thomas R. Carper, and the Clean Power Act of 2003 (S. 366), introduced by Senator James Jeffords. The differences between the three bills are summarized as follows: The law reduces air pollution controls, including those environmental protections of the Clean Air Act, including caps on toxins in the air and budget cuts for enforcement. The Act is opposed by conservationist groups such as the Sierra Club with Henry A. Waxman, a Democratic congressman of California, describing its title as \"clear propaganda.\""}, {"context": " Among other things, the Clear Skies Act: By 2018, the Clear Skies Act will supposedly allow 3 million tons more NOx through 2012 and 8 million more by 2020, for SO, 18 million tons more through 2012 and 34 million tons more through 2020. 58 tons more mercury through 2012 and 163 tons more through 2020 would be released into the environment than what would be allowed by enforcement of the Clean Air Act. In August 2001, the EPA proposed a version of the Clear Skies Act that contained short timetables and lower emissions caps . It is unknown why this proposal was withdrawn and replaced with the Bush Administration proposal. It is also unclear whether or not the original EPA proposal would have made it out of committee."}, {"context": " In addition, some opponents consider the term, \"Clear Skies Initiative\" (similarly to the Healthy Forests Initiative), to be an example of administration Orwellian Doublespeak, using environmentally friendly terminology as \"cover\" for a give-away to business interests. Proponents for the CSA argue that the Clean Air Act sets unachievable goals, especially for ozone and nitrogen oxide pollution. Having a clearly defined cap will benefit both industry and the general population because the goals are visible to everyone and industry benefits from cost-certainty. For example, the claim that simply enforcing the Clean Air Act will result in less pollution than the Clear Skies Act assumes that strict measures will be taken in heavily polluting areas, such as Los Angeles and other municipalities. Measures such as transportation control were taken in the 1970s but were withdrawn amid widespread public protest. Proponents of reform argue that a more likely result of following the current Clean Air Act is the continued 'muddling along' approach to environmental legislation, with most important decisions made in courts on a case by case basis after many years of litigation."}]}, {"title": "Pollock-Krasner House and Study Center", "paragraphs": [{"context": " In November 1945, Jackson Pollock and his wife Lee Krasner moved to what is now known as the Pollock-Krasner House and Studio in Springs in the town of East Hampton on Long Island, New York. The wood-frame house on with a nearby barn is on Accobonac Creek. Pollock and Krasner had visited friends nearby when they found this house for sale in 1945. The price was $5,000 and Peggy Guggenheim loaned them the $2,000 down payment in exchange for artwork At first Pollock used an upstairs bedroom as a studio. In 1946, after moving the barn to improve the view from the house, Pollock started using that building as his studio. Krasner began using the bedroom as her studio. Pollock's brother had given him a large collection of square Masonite baseball game boards, and in 1953 Pollock used them to cover the floor of the house and studio. After Pollock's death, Krasner started using the barn as her studio."}, {"context": " After Krasner died, the property was given to the Stony Brook Foundation which is administered by State University of New York at Stony Brook. Conservators examined the house and studio. Underneath the Masonite squares, they discovered the original barn floor, covered in stray paint. The foundation schedules tours of the studio and house during the summer. Part of the property was donated by Krasner to The Nature Conservancy in the 1970s. The surrounding Springs neighborhood is on the National Register of Historic Places. The house and studio was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1994.  The house and studio were used in the making of the biopic \"Pollock\" (2000), starring and directed by Ed Harris."}]}, {"title": "Eden (2014 French film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Eden is a 2014 French drama film directed by Mia Hansen-L\u00f8ve and co-written with Sven Hansen-L\u00f8ve. The film stars F\u00e9lix de Givry and Pauline Etienne. The film premiered in the Special Presentations section of the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival. It was also screened in the 52nd edition of the New York Film Festival and the BFI London Film Festival. The film's U.S. theatrical release was 19 June 2015. This is the first film of Broad Green Pictures ever to be released. Paul Vall\u00e9e is a young French student who enjoys going to raves. Eventually he partners with his friend Stan to form a DJ duo called Cheers around the same time as two of his other friends Guy-Man and Thomas form the DJ duo Daft Punk. In university he hopes to be a writer but as time goes on he abandons his thesis as his DJing career takes off. In 2001 he and his friend Cyril are invited to New York to DJ at MoMA PS1, but Cyril refuses to go, having finally decided to commit to the graphic novel he had wanted to write. Paul's time in New York is a success, but upon his return he learns that Cyril committed suicide shortly after finishing his graphic novel."}, {"context": " For a while Paul is successful however by 2006 his spending begins to catch up with him as his audience shrinks. He begins to turn to his mother to keep him financially afloat. As his life begins to crumble he runs into an old girlfriend, Louise. He hopes they can romantically reconnect but she informs Paul that she once had an abortion after becoming pregnant with his child. Paul has a nervous breakdown and confesses to his mother that he is addicted to cocaine and is deeply in debt. By 2013 Paul has manage to rehabilitate his life and works for a vacuum repair company by day while attending a creative writing workshop by night. At one of the workshop sessions he talks to a young girl who asks him what he does. When he tells her he is a former DJ who specialized in garage music she admits that the only techno she listens to is Daft Punk."}, {"context": " Later Paul goes to a club where he sees Guy-Man and Thomas again. The film is loosely based on Mia Hansen-L\u00f8ve's brother Sven's life. In addition to being the inspiration behind the film he also co-wrote the script. The film took three years to be produced in part because obtaining the rights to the music was so expensive. Hansen-L\u00f8ve went through two different producers over the course of the pre-production process and was only able to obtain the necessary rights to license the music after Daft Punk agreed to license their music for the lowest possible fee causing other musicians to join them."}, {"context": " Filming began in November 2013 and was completed on 31 January 2014. \"Eden\" received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 84% based on 97 reviews and an average rating of 7.4/10. The consensus statement reads, \"\"Eden\" uses 1990s club culture as the appropriately intoxicating backdrop for a sensitive, low-key look at aging and the price of pursuing one's dreams.\" On Metacritic, the film has a score of 81 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim.\""}]}, {"title": "Jorge Sanz (basketball)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Jorge Sanz Rodr\u00edguez (born April 1, 1993), commonly known as Jorge Sanz, is a Spanish professional basketball player. He is a 1.88 m (6\u00a0ft 2 in) tall point guard who plays for Chocolates Trapa Palencia. Jorge Sanz joined the junior ranks of Real Madrid Baloncesto on January 9, 2007, eventually progressing through the Cadete B and A teams, and is currently a member of the Junior team playing in the Liga EBA. He made his senior team debut on April 16, 2011, for a Liga ACB match at CAI Zaragoza in an 84\u201386 defeat."}]}, {"title": "Kincardine and Western Aberdeenshire (UK Parliament constituency)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kincardine and Western Aberdeenshire was a Scottish constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 until 1950. In 1868, the constituency of Aberdeenshire was divided into Aberdeenshire Eastern and Aberdeenshire Western divisions. These continued as constituencies until 1918, when the county of Aberdeenshire and the county of Kincardineshire were treated as if a single county for parliamentary representation purposes, with the area of the former Kincardineshire and Aberdeenshire constituencies being divided into three new constituencies, Aberdeen and Kincardine East, Aberdeen and Kincardine Central and Kincardine and Aberdeenshire West. In 1950 the Kincardinshire and Aberdeenshire counties were separated again, and a new boundary divided the Aberdeenshire area into East Aberdeenshire and West Aberdeenshire.  From 1918 the constituency consisted of \"The county of Kincardine, inclusive of all burghs situated therein except the burgh of Inverbervie and that portion of the county of the city of Aberdeen which is situated within the said county of Kincardine, together with the county districts of Alford and Deeside, inclusive of all burghs situated therein.\""}]}, {"title": "Tribuloideae", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Tribuloideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Zygophyllaceae."}]}, {"title": "Count of Mayalde", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Count of Mayalde is a noble title created in 1596 by King Philip II of Spain (House of Habsburg) for Juan de Borja y Castro son of Saint Francis Borgia, 1st Marquis of Lombay. In 1904, under King Alfonso XIII of Spain, the title of count of Mayalde was rehabilitated by:"}]}, {"title": "Great Choral Synagogue", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Great Choral Synagogue of Kyiv, also known as the Podil Synagogue or the Rozenberg Synagogue, is the oldest synagogue in Kyiv, Ukraine. It is situated in Podil, a historic neighborhood of Kyiv. The Aesopian synagogue was built in 1895. It was designed in Neo-Moorish style by Nikolay Gordenin. Gabriel Yakob Rozenberg, a merchant, financed the building. In 1915 the building was reconstructed by Valerian Rykov. The reconstruction was financed by Vladimir Ginzburg, a nephew of Rozenberg. In 1929, the synagogue was closed. During the German occupation of Kyiv in World War II, the Nazis converted the building into a horse stable.  Since 1945, the building has again been used as a synagogue. In 1992, Yaakov Bleich was appointed rabbi of the Jewish community of Kyiv and chief rabbi of Ukraine."}]}, {"title": "Webster Campbell", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Webster Campbell (January 25, 1893 \u2013 August 28, 1972) was an American silent film actor, director, and screenwriter. He began screenwriting in 1913 and became an actor in 1915. He became primarily a director in 1921. By 1936, he retired and wrote short stories."}]}, {"title": "Lake of the Hills Community Club", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Lake of the Hills Community Club is a historic site in Lake Wales, Florida. It is located at 41 East Starr Avenue. On March 24, 2000, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places."}]}, {"title": "Senegal chameleon", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Senegal chameleon, Chamaeleo senegalensis, is a species of chameleon native to West Africa. Its range includes Senegal, Mali, Nigeria, and Cameroon, and it lives in moist savanna. Due to its wide range and unknown population, the Senegal chameleon is listed as Least Concern by the IUCN Red List. However, it may be threatened by the pet trade. The Senegal chameleon is usually olive brown, and ranges from 20 to 30\u00a0cm in length, although the male is usually smaller."}]}, {"title": "Gurgaon (film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Gurgaon is a 2017 Indian Neo noir thriller film directed by Shanker Raman produced by award-winning JAR Pictures studios. The film stars Akshay Oberoi, Ragini Khanna and Pankaj Tripathi and is set in the metropolis of Gurgaon, Haryana. The film won Prasad DI Award at the National Film Development Corporation's Film Bazaar in 2015. The film was released on 4 August 2017 worldwide and has been received very positively by critics. Nikki Singh (Akshay Oberoi) is a boxer and the wayward son of real estate tycoon Kehri Singh (Pankaj Tripathi), who is often sidelined in favour of his sister Preet (Ragini Khanna) whom Kehri considers his lucky charm. Kehri shrewdly runs Preet Real Estate business successfully in his daughter's name. Preet has just returned from France after completing her course in Architecture & convinces her father to create a park instead of a multi-billion real estate project on a land closer to a forest."}, {"context": " One fine day Nikki places a large bet & loses it. On their way to a concert out of frustration of losing, they kidnap Murthy a guitarist who was about to perform. The dealer gives him 3 days to pay him 10 million that Nikki owes to him. Nikki hatches a plan to kidnap his sister Preet to repay his debt. With the help of his friend Rajvir, they hire a small-time crook Jonty to get Preet to a safe house. It so happens that the apartment they are trying to keep Preet is not empty as they had expected. They have to change their plans & Jonty demands more money for this botch up. One their way to his Rajvir's home, they are held up by at a toll booth. There Jonty gets enraged at a person who has held up the counter unnecessarily. Jonty tries to interfere when suddenly the driver takes out his gun & shoot the toll booth operator. The bullet grazes Jonty's ears & he lies there shell-shocked as Rajveer abandons him."}, {"context": " Nikki's mother gets a ransom call from Rajveer who demands 30 million. Later Jonty calls from Preet's phone, which is answered by her father. He demands a ransom of half a million. Kehri is confused & they finally call his estranged brother Bhoopi to track his daughter. Next, we are shown a flashback where decades ago Kehri & Bhoopi are about to bury his newborn girl child ( Unwanted in regressive families who think that a girl would bring the burden of dowry whereas a boy would be heir & take care in their old age). As they are about the bury her, the baby cries & Bhoopi resists burying her, but Kehri none the less buries her. Later a sage tells him that his fortunes would turn only if they have a girl child. As Kehri has already buried his daughter, the sage advises them to adopt one. Kehri adopts Preet. The moment he does that, his fortunes turn & he is given a good offer by a builder for his land."}, {"context": " Kehri's elder brother refuses to part his land so Kehri kills his elder brother. Further Kehri becomes a real estate baron & hence considers Preet his lucky charm. Back to the present, the partner of Kehri is bitter about Kehri's change of mind regarding the multi-billion real-estate project now planned to be a park on request of Preet. He knows about the betting & kidnapping mess that Nikki is into. He offers him a bailout from it if Nikki agrees to replace his father. Bhoopi is able to track Jonty & through him the hideout of Nikki where Preet is kidnapped. Before anyone can arrive, Preet has already escaped with Murthy. There is a confrontation between Bhupi & Nikki, where Nikki kills Bhupi & injures his father. Next Nikki gets a call from Preet who is along with Murthy asks for a ride home. On their way back there is a scuffle between Nikki & Preet, which results in a car accident. Nikki, Rajveer & Chintu get out of the car, while they allow the car to slip into the lake which results in the drowning of Preet with Murthy."}, {"context": " Later Nikki takes the control of his father's business & attends the foundation stone ceremony for the multi-billion project on the land which was earlier earmarked for the park by Kehri on Preet's request. Meanwhile, Kehri is resigned to the wheelchair & Nikki's mother is shell-shocked. As Nikki is trying to console her, the next thing we see is Nikki shot dead by his mother. The film is directional debut by National Film Award Winning cinematographer Shanker Raman and is produced by Ajay G. Rai and Alan McAlex of award-winning JAR Pictures studios who have previously produced critically acclaimed films Nil Battey Sannata, Gangs of Wasseypur, Liar's Dice among others. The film before its release was screened at Film Bazaar in Panaji, Goa in 2015 and won the Prasad DI Award at the National Film Development Corporation. The film was shot on location in Gurgaon and Akshay Oberoi and other actors had to learn Haryanvi language for the film. The poster of the film was unveiled by Anurag Kashyap in July 2017.  \"Gurgaon\" was released throughout India in limited number of screens and grossed 67\u00a0million in its first three days. The film has received positive reception from critics who praised the dark, gritty, fast moving storyline and the acting of lead actors."}]}, {"title": "The Postponement", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"The Postponement\" is the 112th episode of the NBC sitcom \"Seinfeld\", and the second episode of the seventh season. It aired in the U.S. on September 28, 1995. Elaine's dog problem is solved by a rabbi in her apartment complex with a cable show. Elaine later confides in the rabbi about her insecurity about George getting engaged. The rabbi later tells several people, including Jerry, about Elaine's insecurity towards George's wedding. Kramer's involvement in the dognapping worries him. George decides he wants to postpone the engagement until March 21 (Spring Equinox). His first attempt to postpone the wedding leads to Susan becoming hysterical and bursting into tears. Later George gets the idea to be nonchalant about the whole thing after watching a man break up with his girlfriend at Monk's. Intending to try a similar approach, he breaks down in tears and begs Susan to postpone the wedding; touched by his show of emotions, Susan agrees to postpone the wedding."}, {"context": " Kramer and Jerry go to see \"Plan 9 from Outer Space\" at the cinema. Kramer sneaks in gourmet coffee, spills it, and scalds himself; he says he has a case for a lawsuit (an allusion to the McDonald's coffee case). The episode ends with Susan and George watching the rabbi's TV show and the rabbi recounting the story Elaine told him including a part about George (the rabbi references both Elaine and George by name) wanting to know if it was still cheating if he paid for a prostitute while engaged, resulting in the wedding's postponement being revoked."}]}, {"title": "Kyaiklat Township", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kyaiklat Township () is a township of Pyapon District in the Ayeyarwady Division of Myanmar."}]}, {"title": "Roller Derby World Cup", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Roller Derby World Cup is an international women's roller derby tournament formerly organized by \"Blood & Thunder magazine\", and currently organized by the Roller Derby World Cup Committee. Teams of amateur skaters from around the world compete for their respective nations. The inaugural 2011 Roller Derby World Cup was hosted by Toronto Roller Derby, and was held December 1 through 4, 2011, at The Bunker at Downsview Park in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was won by Team USA, who beat Team Canada by a score of 336 points to 33 in the final."}, {"context": " The second World Cup took place December 4 through 7, 2014, in Dallas, Texas. Team USA repeated their victory, this time defeating Team England in the final 219\u2013105. Live online coverage of the entire 2011 event was broadcast on the \"Derby News Network\". For the 2014 event, the complete live online coverage was broadcast by Blood and Thunder magazine, through the official roller derby world cup website. The third event was held in early February 2018, hosted by Rainy City Roller Derby, in Greater Manchester, England."}]}, {"title": "Morden Tower", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Morden Tower in Back Stowell Street on the West Walls of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and a Grade 1 listed building. Since June 1964, Connie Pickard has been custodian of Morden Tower, and has made it a key fixture of Newcastle's alternative cultural life, with the building hosting music and poetry events often funded by Pickard. The Tower was built about 1290. It is one of five Drum towers that remain of the sixteen that were built on the line of the medieval town wall enclosing the city of Newcastle. The tower and wall were built on ground sloping towards the south, which formed part of the precinct of the Dominican of Black Friary. From the 16th century it had housed the Company of Plumbers, Plasterers and Glaziers."}, {"context": " The Morden Tower has been a major centre for poetry readings in the North East since 1964 when Tom Pickard and Connie Pickard took out the lease. It has developed a national and international reputation for attracting significant British and American literary figures working during this period. It has been particularly noted for its association with many Beat and Black Mountain poets. Tom and Connie Pickard were instrumental in bringing about the Newcastle\u2019s Poetry Revival. During this time they amassed a collection of books and pamphlets not obtainable in bookshops at the time. Using the Morden Tower as a venue for poetry readings and a book room they ensured Tower audiences were kept in touch with writing from Edinburgh, Paris, San-Francisco, Greenwich Village, Liverpool and Ladbroke Grove."}, {"context": " During the 1960s and 1970s, the Tower was an inspiration and catalyst for other counter culture ventures, in particular an outpost for Alexander Trocchi project. Basil Bunting gave the first reading of \"Briggflatts\" in the Morden Tower, on 22 December 1965. The intimate, simple space of the Tower's upper room has been recognised by poets and audiences as an ideal location for voiced poetry, with Bob Cobbing describing it as \"simply the most congenial place in the world in which to perform poetry\"."}, {"context": " Other poets to have read there include Allen Ginsberg, Ted Hughes, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Seamus Heaney, Tom Raworth, Carol Ann Duffy, Fleur Adcock and Liz Lochhead. Despite a lack of funding Morden Tower is still a popular venue for poets and experimental musicians, such as John Hegley and A Hawk and a Hacksaw. Morden Tower has a history of providing a platform for new and experimental music. Musicians who have played at the Tower include Alan Hull of Lindisfarne, Grayson Capps, Les Cox Sportifs, Paul Smith of Max\u00efmo Park, Richard Dawson, Teitur, John Power, Chris Corsano, Mecca Normal, Sir Richard Bishop, Jack Rose, Cath & Phil Tyler, Burning Star Core, Prurient, Jakob Olausson, Mama Baer & Kommissar Hjuler, Jozef Van Wissem, C Joynes, Keith Fullerton Whitman, Jazzfinger, Peter Walker, Alasdair Roberts, James Ferraro, Monopoly Child Star Searchers, Calvin Johnson A Hawk and a Hacksaw, Tonstartssbandht, Silver Fox, Rachel Lancaster, Viv Albertine, Stuart Moxham, Wrest, Funeral Dance Party, Morgellons, Big Fail and Matt \"Black Pudding\" Bovingdon on knife and fork.  A Better Noise, Subterranean, Jumpin' Hot Club, NO-FI and A Glimpse Of Paradise have all promoted semi regular gigs at Morden Tower over the last ten years. Whitehouse performed at the Tower in 1983, supported by Ramleh and The New Blockaders. Whitehouse's set has become notorious for an incident in which the entire audience walked out, after William Bennett had slapped a female audience member in the face."}]}, {"title": "Sergio Batista", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sergio Daniel \"Checho\" Batista (; born 9 November 1962) is an Argentine football manager and former international player. As a footballer he played as a midfield for Argentinos Juniors, River Plate, Nueva Chicago, Tosu Futures and All Boys. He represented his national team 39 times between 1985 and 1990 where he won the 1986 FIFA World Cup. After retiring he moved into coaching with Bella Vista before returning to his former club Argentinos Juniors, as well as spells at Talleres, Nueva Chicago and Godoy Cruz. With the Argentine U23 team, he won the gold medal in the 2008 Olympics, which led to him being head coach of the Argentina national football team from July 2010 to July 2011."}, {"context": " Batista played youth football in Argentinos Juniors, and debuted with the first team in 1981. With Argentinos, he won the 1984 Metropolitano and 1985 Nacional of the Argentine Primera Divisi\u00f3n, as well as the 1985 Copa Libertadores. In 1988, Batista moved to River Plate, helping the team to win the 1989\u201390 league title. In 1992, he moved to Nueva Chicago. In 1993, he moved to PJM Futures in Japan. After he retired as a player once in 1994, 2 years from 1995 served as an assistant coach by 2 Japanese clubs. In 1997, he returned to active duty and played for All Boys in Argentina."}, {"context": " After his impressive displays for Argentinos Juniors in the 1985 Copa Libertadores, the Argentine coach Carlos Bilardo called Batista up for a friendly against Mexico on 14 November 1985 in a game that ended in a 1-1 draw. With the 1986 FIFA World Cup soon looming, Batista quickly went on to establish himself as a first choice player within the Argentina national football team. Despite his limited international experience, he played in every game throughout the tournament, which Argentina eventually won. An established regular within the squad, Batista played in the 1987 Copa Am\u00e9rica, 1989 Copa Am\u00e9rica and 1990 FIFA World Cup, which Argentina came runner-up in."}, {"context": " Batista started his managerial career with Uruguayan club Bella Vista in 2000. He then had two spells with Argentinos Juniors, one with Talleres de C\u00f3rdoba and one with Nueva Chicago. Between 2005 and 2006, he was assistant to Oscar Ruggeri in San Lorenzo. In October 2007, the former midfielder was appointed as the head coach of the Argentine under-20 national team, replacing Hugo Tocalli. He also managed the Argentine Olympic football team that won the gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics. After the 2010 World Cup, Argentine national team manager Diego Maradona did not renew his contract, and Batista was appointed as caretaker manager on 27 July 2010."}, {"context": " In his role, Batista led Argentina to two wins (1\u20130 over Ireland and 4\u20131 over World Cup holders Spain) and suffered a defeat against Japan 0\u20131. Three months later, he was named the official head coach of the Argentine national team. In his first match after being officialized as Argentina's coach, his team defeated Brazil 1\u20130, with a 90th-minute goal by Lionel Messi. On 25 July 2011, the AFA announced that Batista had stepped down as manager of the Argentine national team after poor results in Copa America."}]}, {"title": "Bulbophyllum wallichii", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Bulbophyllum wallichii is a species of orchid in the genus \"Bulbophyllum\"."}]}, {"title": "Rachelsee", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Rachelsee is a lake in the Bavarian Forest, Bavaria, Germany. It lies at an elevation of 1071 metres and has a surface area of 5.7 hectares."}]}, {"title": "Mono Village, Mono County, California", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Mono Village is a former settlement in Mono County, California. It was located southwest of Bridgeport, at an elevation of 7142 feet (2177 m). It is currently a vacation destination that attracts hundreds of fishermen and outdoor enthusiasts every year. It is a full service destination with a camp ground, motel, cabins, grocery store, cafe, and other amenities. The main attraction is the two lakes known as Twin Lakes. Both of these lakes are filled with water from Robinson's Creek which flows down from the top of the mountains and ends at the Bridgeport Reservoir. It has some of the best trout fishing in California with record size fish being caught there. Both lakes have boat access and the Upper Twin allows for water sports. Mono Village is also a starting off point for many back country hiking trails. It sits on the back side of Yosemite which makes it attractive to expert backpackers and horseback tours.  http://www.monovillage.com/index.html"}]}, {"title": "List of ambassadors of the United States to Cameroon", "paragraphs": [{"context": " This is a list of ambassadors from the United States to Cameroon. The American Embassy at Yaounde was established on January 1, 1960, with Bolard More as Charg\u00e9 d'Affaires ad interim."}]}, {"title": "Bhoomige Banda Bhagavantha", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Bhoomige Banda Bhagavantha (Kannada: \u0cad\u0cc2\u0cae\u0cbf\u0c97\u0cc6 \u0cac\u0c82\u0ca6 \u0cad\u0c97\u0cb5\u0c82\u0ca4) is a 1981 Indian Kannada film, directed by K. S. L. Swamy (Ravee) and produced by S P Varadaraj and J Chandulal Jain. The film stars Lokesh, Lakshmi, Jai Jagadish and Vajramuni in lead roles. The film had musical score by G. K. Venkatesh. The music was composed by GK. Venkatesh."}]}, {"title": "Inspector Ian Rutledge", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Inspector Ian Rutledge is a fictional character in the Inspector Ian Rutledge Series of mystery/detective novels by Caroline and Charles Todd. To date the series comprises nineteen novels and four short stories. The series revolves around the cases of Inspector Ian Rutledge, a veteran of the First World War who has returned to the police force as a detective but is battling with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. As a consequence he is haunted by the memory of a fellow soldier who is a constant voice in his head. He must hide this information from those around him in order to avoid the social stigma which accompanied psychological, mental, or emotional issues in the early 20th century.  In 1919, Rutledge returns from the war front and is treated in a hospital for his various symptoms only to be left by his fiancee, Jean. Having shot a fellow soldier before being buried alive with the man's corpse by an explosion, Rutledge must live with his guilt, personified by the soldier, Hamish. Hamish is a voice inside his head that he must keep a secret from everyone, especially his jealous superior who wants to see him removed, all while solving murders."}]}, {"title": "WMJF-CD", "paragraphs": [{"context": " WMJF-CD, virtual and UHF digital channel 39, is a low-powered, Class A television station with multiple affiliations serving Baltimore, Maryland, United States that is licensed to the suburb of Towson and owned by HME Equity Fund III, LLC. Prior to 2013, the station was owned by Towson University, which continues to operate WMJF as a student television station. The station's transmitter is located on Maryland Route 45 near the Towson Town Center mall. Towson University established the station in 1991. In the mid-1990s, the station served as the local affiliate for The WB, until it moved to WNUV in January 1998. After a brief stint as an America One affiliate, WMJF flipped to MTV2 in 2004. WMJF was also a CNN student bureau, one of only two in the country."}, {"context": " WMJF was a 90% student run organization, operated under faculty advisers Dr. John MacKerron and Dr. David Reiss, and an executive board of five elected and appointed positions that they deemed necessary to help operate the station. The station's digital channel is multiplexed: WMJF-produced programming was generally seen weekday evenings from 5 p.m. to 6 p.m., and Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday nights from 9 p.m. to midnight. Syndicated shows were seen weekdays from 5 p.m. to 7:30 p.m., with the actual times depending on student-produced programs scheduled; syndicated programming included a \"National Lampoon\" hour block of programming three times a week, and federally mandated Educational / Informational (E/I) programming for children. Other times were filled with MTV2 programming, especially on weekends and student holidays."}, {"context": " WMJFNow was launched in August 2006, after a beta run the previous spring. The program is run using Google Video. WMJFNow is the creation of webmaster and station president, Christopher Taydus with help from many station members including Josh Eisenberg, Joe Achard and Diego Torres. It was created to help find a new audience for the station. Taydus was quoted as saying, \"I have a friend who goes to Northeastern who has been watching our sitcom \"Film School\". We've even had guys from other countries watching.\" When asked about the numbers that some shows were receiving, Josh Eisenberg said, \"In the college television market those are incredible numbers to be receiving. It used to be just a five-mile radius, and now anyone can see it.\""}, {"context": " The Half-Way There Festival is an annual film festival sponsored and hosted by WMJF. It was created by Josh Eisenberg with help from Christopher Taydus and Professor Greg Faller. It is held every December and gets its name from the fact that it's held half way between the previous and the next Media Arts Festival (Towson University's Electronic Media and Film Department's Annual Film Festival). WMJF-TV lets the audience vote to choose the winners. Lambda Kappa Tau, Towson's Media Arts Fraternity, took over the festival in Fall 2008."}, {"context": " Towson University sold WMJF-LP to LocusPoint Networks in December 2012. The deal closed on August 8, 2013. The student-run television station WMJF-TV was relaunched as an internet-only service, WMJF.tv, in 2013 under General Manager and Faculty Advisor Dr. Dave Reiss - utilizing the internet as the means for broadcasting student-produced programming via a newly designed website. The new Media Center HDTV studio, now utilizing virtual sets, was fully integrated into the productions. Coverage of campus news and events continue, along with new programming including alumni profiles.  As a part of the repacking process following the 2016-2017 FCC incentive auction, WMJF-CD will relocate to UHF channel 23 by 2020, using PSIP to display its virtual channel number as 39."}]}, {"title": "Hanfbach", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hanfbach is a river of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It flows into the Sieg in Hennef."}]}, {"title": "Rudolph Moshammer", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Rudolph Moshammer (27 September 1940 \u2013 14 January 2005) was a German fashion designer. He was murdered at the age of 64 in the Gr\u00fcnwald suburb of Munich, Germany. Born in Munich, Germany, Moshammer had an education in retail industry trading. He began to design fashion in the 1960s. His base of existence was his boutique \"Carnaval de Venise\" in Munich's high society street, Maximilianstra\u00dfe. There he created fashion for wealthy men from furs, cashmere, and silk. With this strategy, he attracted the high society of Munich and Germany. His international clients included Arnold Schwarzenegger, Johannes, 11th Prince of Thurn and Taxis, actor Richard Chamberlain, King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Jos\u00e9 Carreras, Siegfried and Roy, and German media personality Thomas Gottschalk."}, {"context": " He had inherited the boutique from his mother, Else Moshammer. He had a strong relationship with her and frequently appeared in public with her. She died in 1993. Moshammer was an eccentric and colorful personality. He was well known for carrying his Yorkshire Terrier dog Daisy in public wherever he went, and even wrote a book about her. Moshammer had a strong commitment to helping homeless people. For this he was awarded the \"Martin's Coat 2000\" of the radio station \"Sankt Michaelsbund\". Moshammer played in some made-for-TV movies like in the German crime series \"Tatort\"."}, {"context": " He collaborated with the musical band \"M\u00fcnchner Zwietracht\" (\"The two garbs of Munich\"), with whom he was a contestant in the German Eurovision Song Contest preliminary round show in 2001. The song was entitled \"Teilt Freud und Leid\" (\"Share Happiness and Sorrow\"). In 2002, Moshammer sold a shirt thought to have been worn by Napoleon I at the Battle of Waterloo at auction for more than 62,000 euros ($81,200), donating the proceeds to a Munich homeless charity. On the morning of January 14, 2005, at 9:00am, his chauffeur found him dead in his mansion in Gr\u00fcnwald, a suburb south of Munich. According to first reports of the public prosecutors, Moshammer had been strangled with a black telephone cable. The cable was found near the dead body. Daisy was found unharmed in the living room of his mansion."}, {"context": " The Munich police gave a press conference at noon on Sunday January 16, reporting that a 25-year-old Iraqi asylum seeker Herisch Ali Abdullah, who had been tracked down through a DNA database, had admitted murdering Moshammer. It has been alleged that Moshammer had refused to pay \u20ac2000 to the man, who was in financial difficulties, in return for sexual favors. Abdullah was sentenced to life in prison for the murder. Moshammer was one of Germany's most successful fashion designers after Karl Lagerfeld, Jil Sander and Wolfgang Joop. Furthermore, he committed his wealth to helping homeless people. He had recently begun to build a house for the homeless in Munich."}, {"context": " Daisy, born as Irina de Pittacus, (20 September 1993 \u2013 24 October 2006) was the dog of Moshammer. In an interview with the magazine Stern, Moshammer said that he had owned four dogs with this name. The Yorkshire terrier \"Irina de Pittacus\" was born a puppy in Jockgrim to the male \"Drakula\" in the care of breeder Christel Nicklis. At the age of four months, Moshammer purchased the animal and gave it the name \"Daisy\". In the arm of the designer, always with a ribbon on her head, Daisy became a trademark of the extravagant designer and was often seen in the German media."}, {"context": " Moshammer devoted a book and a website to Daisy. She was also the namesake for a line of grooming products for dogs launched by Moshammer. In addition the designer developed a collection of dog clothing. In 2005, she had a short guest appearance on the RTL series \"Unter Uns\". On the night of 13 to 14 of January 2005, Daisy was probably the single \"eyewitness\" to Moshammer's murder. Subsequently, there were rumors that Moshammer had put in his will that Daisy should have lifelong living privileges in his villa in Munich. She was to be cared for there by Moshammer's chauffeur, Andreas Kaplan. Even before the opening of the will, the breeder Nicklis had offered to take the dog. In the long run, the dog was taken by Kaplan, who had cared for the animal before and was generously considered in the will.  Daisy died at the age of thirteen in Munich. She was cremated hours later in a Munich crematorium. The urn with the ashes Kaplan wants to keep in his residence."}]}, {"title": "Palatial Crest", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Palatial Crest is a building in Hong Kong. Build by Henderson Group, located at Hong Kong Mid-Levels West, 3 Seymour Road. It get the occupation permit at the December 2000. Palatial Crest is located in Hong Kong Mid-Levels West, near building Seymour. The residential have infrastructure and plenty of leisure space, an area of 12,000 square feet club house. Club house have swimming pool, children's leisure pool, Jacuzzi, sauna, steam room, fitness room, audio-visual room, children's play room, a ballroom, function room and multi-purpose playground. Total 192 units and 102 parking space. Manage by Hang Yick Properties Management Limited, the majority of the unit's area are about 973-1175 square feet, 3 bedrooms and 3 bathrooms. The ceiling of the unit are extra high, approximately 10'-4 \". The top floor penthouse are three to four bedrooms and two halls design. Each unit of the living room and master suite with floor to ceiling windows design."}]}, {"title": "Intricatotrypanius intricatus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Intricatotrypanius intricatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Intricatotrypanius. It was described by Gressitt in 1956."}]}, {"title": "West Coast Conference", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The West Coast Conference (WCC) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated in NCAA Division I consisting of ten member schools across the states of California, Oregon, Utah and Washington. All of the current members are private, faith-based institutions. Seven members are Catholic Church affiliates, with four of these schools being Jesuit institutions. Pepperdine is an affiliate of the Churches of Christ. Brigham Young University is an affiliate of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS). The conference's newest member, the University of the Pacific (which re-joined in 2013 after a 42-year absence), is affiliated with the United Methodist Church, although it has been financially independent of the church since 1969."}, {"context": " During the massive upheaval of conference affiliations in the 1990s, the WCC remained very stable. Before the 2010 realignment that eventually led to Brigham Young joining the conference, the last change of membership was in 1980, when Seattle University left the conference. At the time, only the Ivy League and Pac-10 (now Pac-12) had remained unchanged for a longer period. The league was chartered by five northern California institutions, four from the Bay Area (San Francisco, Saint Mary's, Santa Clara, San Jose State) and one, Pacific, from Stockton. It began as the California Basketball Association, playing its first game on January 2, 1953. After two seasons under that name, the conference expanded to include Los Angeles-area schools Loyola (now Loyola Marymount) and Pepperdine in 1955 and became the \"West Coast Athletic Conference\" in 1956. After more than three decades as the WCAC, the name was shortened in the summer of 1989, dropping the word \"Athletic.\""}, {"context": " The WCC participates at the NCAA Division I level and is considered to be one of the better mid-major conferences in the country. The conference sponsors 15 sports but does not include football as one of them. San Diego (Pioneer Football League) and Brigham Young (FBS independent) are the only schools fielding a football team. The rest have all dropped the sport, some as early as the 1940s, before the conference existed (Gonzaga and Portland), and one as late as 2003 (Saint Mary's). Historically, the WCC's strongest sports have been soccer (nine national champions, including back-to-back women's soccer titles in 2001 and 2002) and tennis (five individual champions and one team champion). The conference has also made its presence felt nationally in men's basketball. San Francisco won two consecutive national titles in the 1950s with all-time great Bill Russell. Although the WCAC's stature declined in the 1960s, San Francisco was reckoned as a \"major\" basketball power until the early 1980s. Also of note was Loyola Marymount's inspired run to the Elite Eight in 1990 following the death of Hank Gathers during that season's WCC championship tournament."}, {"context": " More recently, Gonzaga's rise to national prominence after being invited to the NCAA Tournament every year since their Cinderella run to the \"Elite Eight\" in 1999 has helped make the WCC a household name. As San Francisco was from the 1940s to the early 1980s, Gonzaga has gained recognition as a major basketball power, despite the WCC being a mid-major conference. Gonzaga has been to 19 consecutive NCAA Tournaments--the longest streak for any school in the Western United States, tied for the fourth longest active streak, and the seventh longest streak in history. They have also been to all but one WCC Tournament final since 1995, and have played for the conference title every year since 1998. In 2016\u201317, the Bulldogs advanced all the way to the national championship game\u2014the deepest run by a WC(A)C team since San Francisco went to three consecutive Final Fours from 1955 to 1957."}, {"context": " Saint Mary's has also made marks for the conference as the Gaels appeared in the NCAA Tournament in 2005, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2017 (making the \"Sweet Sixteen\" in 2010). On May 28, 2009, NBA referee Violet Palmer was hired as coordinator of women's basketball officials for the West Coast Conference and will remain with the NBA, where she has worked for 12 seasons. Eventually, with the 2010 realignment opening up new avenues for expansion, the WCC decided to revisit expansion plans. The conference decided that it would only seek out private schools, but would not limit its search to faith-based institutions. Even so, the two additions, Brigham Young University and University of the Pacific are both faith based institutions, although Pacific has not been financially sponsored by the United Methodist Church since 1969."}, {"context": " On August 31, 2010, Brigham Young University (BYU) announced plans to join the WCC for the 2011\u201312 season in all sports the conference offers. BYU joined the conference on July 1, 2011. BYU's arrival gave the WCC another school with a rich basketball tradition. The Cougars made the NCAA Tournament six straight times before failing to do so in 2013, and had made 26 NCAA Tournament appearances before joining the conference. On March 27, 2012, the University of the Pacific (UOP), a charter member of the conference in 1952, announced that it accepted an invitation to re-join the WCC on July 1, 2013. The move removed Pacific from the Big West Conference back to the WCC, which Pacific left in 1971 in order to pursue its interests in football, which it later abandoned in 1995.  \u2013 Pacific previously withdrew from the WCC from 1971\u201372 to 2012\u201313. - U.S.I.U. dropped athletics program following the end of the 1990-91 season. The West Coast Conference sponsors championship competition in six men's and nine women's NCAA sanctioned sports, with the newest addition being softball in 2013-14. Some of the famous athletes who played collegiately for WCC schools and coaches and executives that attended WCC schools, include:"}]}, {"title": "Hundar", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hundar may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Manatee", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Manatees (family Trichechidae, genus Trichechus) are large, fully aquatic, mostly herbivorous marine mammals sometimes known as sea cows. There are three accepted living species of Trichechidae, representing three of the four living species in the order Sirenia: the Amazonian manatee (\"Trichechus inunguis\"), the West Indian manatee (\"Trichechus manatus\"), and the West African manatee (\"Trichechus senegalensis\"). They measure up to long, weigh as much as , and have paddle-like flippers. The etymology of the name is dubious, with connections having been made to Latin \"manus\" (hand), and to a word sometimes cited as \"manati\" used by the Ta\u00edno, a pre-Columbian people of the Caribbean, meaning \"breast\". Manatees are occasionally called sea cows, as they are slow plant-eaters, peaceful and similar to cows on land. They often graze on water plants in tropical seas."}, {"context": " Manatees are three of the four living species in the order Sirenia. The fourth is the Eastern Hemisphere's dugong. The Sirenia are thought to have evolved from four-legged land mammals more than 60 million years ago, with the closest living relatives being the Proboscidea (elephants) and Hyracoidea (hyraxes). The Amazonian's hair color is brownish gray, and it has thick wrinkled skin, often with coarse hair, or \"whiskers\". Photos are rare; although very little is known about this species, scientists think it is similar to West Indian manatee."}, {"context": " Manatees weigh , and average in length, sometimes growing to and (the females tend to be larger and heavier). At birth, baby manatees weigh about each. The manatee has a large, flexible, prehensile upper lip, used to gather food and eat and for social interaction and communication. Manatees have shorter snouts than their fellow sirenians, the dugongs. The lids of manatees' small, widely spaced eyes close in a circular manner. The adults have no incisor or canine teeth, just a set of cheek teeth, which are not clearly differentiated into molars and premolars. These teeth are repeatedly replaced throughout life, with new teeth growing at the rear as older teeth fall out from farther forward in the mouth, somewhat as elephants' teeth do. At any time, a manatee typically has no more than six teeth in each jaw of its mouth. Its tail is paddle-shaped, and is the clearest visible difference between manatees and dugongs; a dugong tail is fluked, similar in shape to that of a whale. The female manatee has two teats, one under each flipper, a characteristic that was used to make early links between the manatee and elephants."}, {"context": " The manatee is unusual among mammals in having just six cervical vertebrae, a number that may be due to mutations in the homeotic genes. All other mammals have seven cervical vertebrae, other than the two-toed and three-toed sloths. Like the horse, the manatee has a simple stomach, but a large cecum, in which it can digest tough plant matter. Generally, the intestines are about 45 meters, unusually long for an animal of the manatee's size. Apart from mothers with their young, or males following a receptive female, manatees are generally solitary animals. Manatees spend approximately 50% of the day sleeping submerged, surfacing for air regularly at intervals of less than 20 minutes. The remainder of the time is mostly spent grazing in shallow waters at depths of . The Florida subspecies (\"T. m. latirostris\") has been known to live up to 60 years."}, {"context": " Generally, manatees swim at about . However, they have been known to swim at up to in short bursts. Manatees are capable of understanding discrimination tasks and show signs of complex associative learning. They also have good long-term memory. They demonstrate discrimination and task-learning abilities similar to dolphins and pinnipeds in acoustic and visual studies. Manatees typically breed once every two years; generally only a single calf is born. Gestation lasts about 12 months and to wean the calf takes a further 12 to 18 months."}, {"context": " Manatees emit a wide range of sounds used in communication, especially between cows and their calves. Their ears are large internally but the external openings are small, and they are located four inches behind each eye. Adults communicate to maintain contact and during sexual and play behaviors. Taste and smell, in addition to sight, sound, and touch, may also be forms of communication. Manatees are herbivores and eat over 60 different freshwater ( e.g. floating hyacinth, pickerel weed, alligator weed, water lettuce, hydrilla, water celery, musk grass, mangrove leaves) and saltwater plants (e.g. sea grasses, shoal grass, manatee grass, turtle grass, widgeon grass, sea clover, and marine algae). Using their divided upper lip, an adult manatee will commonly eat up to 10%\u201315% of their body weight (about 50\u00a0kg) per day. Consuming such an amount requires the manatee to graze for up to seven hours a day. To be able to cope with the high levels of cellulose in their plant based diet, manatees utilize hindgut fermentation to help with the digestion process. Manatees have been known to eat small numbers of fish from nets."}, {"context": " Manatees use their flippers to \"walk\" along the bottom whilst they dig for plants and roots in the substrate. When plants are detected, the flippers are used to scoop the vegetation toward the manatee's lips. The manatee has prehensile lips; the upper lip pad is split into left and right sides which can move independently. The lips use seven muscles to manipulate and tear at plants. Manatees use their lips and front flippers to move the plants into the mouth. The manatee does not have front teeth, however, behind the lips, on the roof of the mouth, there are dense, ridged pads. These horny ridges, and the manatee's lower jaw, tear through ingested plant material."}, {"context": " Manatees have four rows of teeth. There are 6 to 8 high-crowned, open-rooted molars located along each side of the upper and lower jaw giving a total of 24 to 32 flat, rough-textured teeth. Eating gritty vegetation abrades the teeth, particularly the enamel crown; however, research indicates that the enamel structure in manatee molars is weak. To compensate for this, manatee teeth are continually replaced. When anterior molars wear down, they are shed. Posterior molars erupt at the back of the row and slowly move forward to replace these like enamel crowns on a conveyor belt, similarly to elephants. This process continues throughout the manatee's lifetime. The rate at which the teeth migrate forward depends on how quickly the anterior teeth abrade. Some studies indicate that the rate is about 1\u00a0cm/month although other studies indicate 0.1\u00a0cm/month."}, {"context": " Manatees inhabit the shallow, marshy coastal areas and rivers of the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico (\"T. manatus\", West Indian manatee), the Amazon basin (\"T. inunguis\", Amazonian manatee), and West Africa (\"T. senegalensis\", West African manatee). West Indian manatees prefer warmer temperatures and are known to congregate in shallow waters. They frequently migrate through brackish water estuaries to freshwater springs. They cannot survive below 15\u00a0\u00b0C (60\u00a0\u00b0F). Their natural source for warmth during winter is warm, spring-fed rivers."}, {"context": " The coast of the state of Georgia is usually the northernmost range of the West Indian manatees because their low metabolic rate does not protect them in cold water. Prolonged exposure to water below 20\u00a0\u00b0C (68\u00a0\u00b0F)\u00a0can cause \"cold stress syndrome\" and death. Florida manatees can move freely between fresh water and salt water. Manatees have been seen as far north as Cape Cod, and in 1995 and again in 2006, one was seen in New York City and Rhode Island's Narragansett Bay. A manatee was spotted in the Wolf River harbor near the Mississippi River in downtown Memphis in 2006, and was later found dead 10 miles downriver in McKellar Lake."}, {"context": " The West Indian manatee migrates into Florida rivers\u2014such as the Crystal, the Homosassa, and the Chassahowitzka rivers, whose headsprings are 22\u00a0\u00b0C (72\u00a0\u00b0F) all year. In November to March, about 400 West Indian manatees (according to the National Wildlife Refuge) gather in the rivers in Citrus County, Florida. In winter, manatees often gather near the warm-water outflows of power plants along the Florida coast, instead of migrating south as they once did. Some conservationists are concerned that these manatees have become too reliant on these artificially warmed areas. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is trying to find a new way to heat the water for manatees that depended on plants that have closed. The main water treatment plant in Guyana has four manatees that keep storage canals clear of weeds; there are also some in the ponds of the national park in Georgetown, Guyana."}, {"context": " Studies suggest that Florida manatees need access to fresh water for proper regulation of water and salts in their bodies. Accurate population estimates of the Florida manatee (\"T. manatus\") are difficult. They have been called scientifically weak because they vary widely from year to year, some areas showing increases, others decreases, and little strong evidence of increases except in two areas. Manatee counts are highly variable without an accurate way to estimate numbers: In Florida in 1996, a winter survey found 2,639 manatees; in 1997, a January survey found 2,229, and a February survey found 1,706. A statewide synoptic survey in January 2010 found 5,067 manatees living in Florida, the highest number recorded to that time."}, {"context": " As of January 2016, the USFWS estimates the range-wide manatee population to be at least 13,000; as of January, 2018, at least 6,100 are estimated to be in Florida. Population viability studies conducted in 1997 found that decreasing adult survival and eventual extinction were a probable future outcome for Florida manatees unless they got more protection. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed downgrading the manatee's status from endangered to threatened in January 2016 after more than 40 years of the manatee's being classified as on the endangered."}, {"context": " Fossil remains of Florida manatee ancestors date back about 45 million years. The freshwater Amazonian manatee (\"T. inunguis\") inhabits the Amazon River and its tributaries, and never ventures into salt water. They are found in coastal marine and estuarine habitats, and in freshwater river systems along the west coast of Africa from the Senegal River south to the Cuanza River in Angola. They live as far upriver on the Niger River as Koulikoro in Mali, 2,000\u00a0km from the coast. Overall, predation does not present a significant threat to the survival of any manatee species."}, {"context": " The main causes of death for manatees are human-related issues, such as habitat destruction and human objects. Natural causes of death include adverse temperatures, predation by crocodiles on young, and disease. Their slow-moving, curious nature, coupled with dense coastal development, has led to many violent collisions with propeller-driven boats and ships, leading frequently to maiming, disfigurement, and even death. As a result, a large proportion of manatees exhibit spiral cutting propeller scars on their backs, usually caused by larger vessels that do not have skegs in front of the propellers like the smaller outboard and inboard-outboard recreational boats have. They are now even identified by humans based on their scar patterns. Many manatees have been cut in two by large vessels like ships and tug boats, even in the highly populated lower St. Johns River's narrow channels. Some are concerned that the current situation is inhumane, with upwards of 50 scars and disfigurements from vessel strikes on a single manatee. Often, the lacerations lead to infections, which can prove fatal. Internal injuries stemming from being trapped between hulls and docks and impacts have also been fatal. Recent testing shows that manatees may be able to hear speed boats and other watercraft approaching, due to the frequency the boat makes. However, a manatee may not be able to hear the approaching boats when they are performing day-to-day activities or distractions. The manatee has a tested frequency range of 8 kilohertz to 32 kilohertz."}, {"context": " Manatees hear on a higher frequency than would be expected for such large marine mammals. Many large boats emit very low frequencies, which confuse the manatee and explain their lack of awareness around boats. The Lloyd's mirror effect results in low frequency propeller sounds not being discernible near the surface, where most accidents occur. Research indicates that when a boat has a higher frequency the manatees rapidly swim away from danger. In 2003, a population model was released by the United States Geological Survey that predicted an extremely grave situation confronting the manatee in both the Southwest and Atlantic regions where the vast majority of manatees are found. It states,"}, {"context": " According to marine mammal veterinarians: These veterinarians go on to state: In 2009, of the 429 Florida manatees recorded dead, 97 were killed by commercial and recreational vessels, which broke the earlier record number of 95 set in 2002. Another cause of manatee deaths are red tides, a term used for the proliferation, or \"blooms\", of the microscopic marine algae, \"Karenia brevis\". This dinoflagellate produces brevetoxins that can have toxic effects on the central nervous system of animals. In 1996, a red tide was responsible for 151 manatee deaths. The bloom was present from early March to the end of April and killed approximately 15% of the known population of manatees along South Florida's western coast."}, {"context": " Other blooms in 1982 and 2005 resulted in 37 and 44 deaths, respectively. Manatees can also be crushed and isolated in water control structures (navigation locks, floodgates, etc.) and are occasionally killed by entanglement in fishing gear, such as crab pot float lines, box traps, and shark nets. While humans are allowed to swim with manatees in one area of Florida, there have been numerous charges of people harassing and disturbing the manatees. According to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, approximately 99 manatee deaths each year are related to human activities. In January 2016, there were 43 manatee deaths in Florida alone."}, {"context": " All three species of manatee are listed by the World Conservation Union as vulnerable to extinction. It is illegal under federal and Florida law to injure or harm a manatee. They are classified as \"endangered\" by both the state and the federal governments. The MV \"Freedom Star\" and MV \"Liberty Star\", ships used by NASA to tow space shuttle solid rocket boosters back to Kennedy Space Center, are propelled only by water jets to protect the endangered manatee population that inhabits regions of the Banana River where the ships are based."}, {"context": " Brazil outlawed hunting in 1973 in an effort to preserve the species. Deaths by boat strikes are still common. In January 2016, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed that the West Indian manatee be reclassified from an \"endangered\" status to \"threatened\" as improvements to habitat conditions, population growth and reductions of threats have all increased. The proposal will not affect current federal protections. As of February 2016, 6,250 manatees were reported swimming in Florida's springs."}, {"context": " Manatees were traditionally hunted by indigenous Caribbean people. When Christopher Columbus arrived in the region, hunting was already an established trade, although this is less common today. The primary hunting method was for the hunter to approach in a dugout canoe, offering bait to attract it close enough to temporarily stun it with a blow near the head from an oar-like pole. Many times the creature would flip over, leaving it vulnerable to further attacks. From manatee hides, Native Americans made war shields, canoes, and shoes, though manatees were predominantly hunted for their abundant meat."}, {"context": " Later, manatees were hunted for their bones, which were used to make \"special potions\". Until the 1800s, museums paid as much as $100 for bones or hides. Though hunting was banned in 1893, poaching continues today. The oldest manatee in captivity was Snooty, at the South Florida Museum's Parker Manatee Aquarium in Bradenton, Florida. Born at the Miami Aquarium and Tackle Company on July 21, 1948, Snooty was one of the first recorded captive manatee births. Raised entirely in captivity, Snooty was never to be released into the wild. As such he was the only manatee at the aquarium, and one of only a few captive manatees in the United States that was allowed to interact with human handlers. That made him uniquely suitable for manatee research and education."}, {"context": " Snooty died suddenly two days after his 69th birthday, July 23, 2017, when he was found in an underwater area only used to access plumbing for the exhibit life support system. The South Florida Museum\u2019s initial press release stated, \u201cEarly indications are that an access panel door that is normally bolted shut had somehow been knocked loose and that Snooty was able to swim in.\u201d There are a number of manatee rehabilitation centers in the United States. These include three government-run critical care facilities in Florida at Lowry Park Zoo, Miami Seaquarium, and SeaWorld Orlando. After initial treatment at these facilities, the manatees are transferred to rehabilitation facilities before release. These include the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, Epcot's The Seas, South Florida Museum, and Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park."}, {"context": " The Columbus Zoo was a founding member of the Manatee Rehabilitation Partnership in 2001. Since 1999, the zoo's Manatee Bay facility has helped rehabilitate 20 manatees. The Cincinnati Zoo has rehabilitated and released more than a dozen manatees since 1999. Manatees can also be viewed in a number of European zoos, such as the Tierpark Berlin, the Nuremberg Zoo, in ZooParc de Beauval in France and in the Aquarium of Genoa in Italy. The River Safari at Singapore features seven of them. They are also included in the plans of the Wild Place Project in Bristol, England, whose first exhibit is opened in summer 2013 with the manatees as an addition as early as 2015."}, {"context": " The manatee has been linked to folklore on mermaids. Native Americans ground the bones to treat asthma and earache. In West African folklore, they were considered sacred and thought to have been once human. Killing one was taboo and required penance. In the novel Moby-Dick, Herman Melville distinguishes manatees (\"Lamatins\") from small whales; stating, \"I am aware that down to the present time, the fish styled Lamatins and Dugongs (Pig-fish and Sow-fish of the Coffins of Nantucket) are included by many naturalists among the whales. But as these pig-fish are a noisy, contemptible set, mostly lurking in the mouths of rivers, and feeding on wet hay, and especially as they do not spout, I deny their credentials as whales; and have presented them with their passports to quit the Kingdom of Cetology.\""}, {"context": " Manatees were featured in the \"Cartoon Wars Part II\" episode of \"South Park\", as the creative force behind the television show \"Family Guy\". The manatees were shown to be living in a tank at FOX Studios which was filled with \"idea balls.\" The manatees randomly selected the idea balls to make the jokes for the show. They are also revealed as being \"the only animal unmoved by terrorist threats.\" The manatee is also pivotal in \"Lair of the Leviathan\", the third episode of the game Tales of Monkey Island, by Telltale Games and Lucasarts."}]}, {"title": "Ze'ev Jabotinsky", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ze'ev Jabotinsky, MBE (, \"Ze'ev Zhabotinski\"; ; born Vladimir Yevgenyevich Zhabotinsky, ; 5 (17) October 1880, Odessa \u00a0\u2013 4 August 1940, Hunter, New York), was a Russian Jewish Revisionist Zionist leader, author, poet, orator, soldier and founder of the Jewish Self-Defense Organization in Odessa. With Joseph Trumpeldor, he co-founded the Jewish Legion of the British army in World War I. Later he established several Jewish organizations in Palestine, including Beitar, HaTzohar and the Irgun. His influence in Israeli politics is profound: through his closest prot\u00e9g\u00e9 Menachem Begin's administration (1977\u20131983), consolidating the domination of Israeli politics by the right-wing Likud party; and through the administrations (1996\u20131999, 2009\u2013) of Likud's leader (1993\u20131999, 2005\u2013) Benjamin Netanyahu, the son of his former personal secretary and historian, Benzion Netanyahu."}, {"context": " Jabotinsky was born Vladimir Yevgenyevich (Yevnovich) Zhabotinsky in Odessa, Kherson Governorate (modern Ukraine) into an assimilated Jewish family. His father, Yevno (Yevgeniy Grigoryevich) Zhabotinsky, hailed from Nikopol, Yekaterinoslav Governorate. He was a member of the Russian Society of Sailing and Trade and was primarily involved in wheat trading. His mother, Chava (Eva Markovna) Zach (1835\u20131926), came from Berdychiv, Kiev Governorate. Jabotinsky's older brother (Myron) died in childhood. His sister, Tereza (Tamara Yevgenyevna) Zhabotinskaya-Kopp, founded a private, female secondary school in Odessa. In 1885 the family moved to Germany due to his father's illness, returning a year later after his father's death."}, {"context": " Raised in a Jewish middle-class home, Jabotinsky was educated in Russian schools. Although he studied Hebrew as a child, he wrote in his autobiography that his upbringing was divorced from Jewish faith and tradition. Chava Zhabotinskaya opened a store in Odessa selling stationery, and enrolled young Vladimir in the city's gymnasium. Jabotinsky did not finish school, having become involved in journalism. In 1896 he began writing articles for a major local Russian-language newspaper, the \"Odesskiy Listok\", and was sent to Italy and Switzerland as a correspondent. He also worked with the \"Odesskie Novosti\". Jabotinsky was a childhood friend of Russian journalist and poet Korney Chukovsky, and attended Chukovsky's 1903 wedding to Maria Goldfeld."}, {"context": " Jabotinsky wrote under the pseudonym \"\"Altalena\"\" (\"swing\" in Italian, also \"Old Italian\" in Yiddish). His dispatches from Italy earned him recognition as an up-and-coming Russian-language journalist. He was a student at the Sapienza University of Rome law school, but did not graduate. In the summer of 1901 he returned to Odessa and began working as a journalist at the newspaper \"Odessa's News\" (). Later he edited newspapers in Russian and Hebrew. He married Yohana Galperina in October 1907. They had one child, Eri Jabotinsky, who later became a member of the Irgun-inspired Bergson Group. Eri Jabotinsky briefly served in the 1st Knesset of Israel; he died on 6 June 1969."}, {"context": " Prior to the Kishinev pogrom of 1903, Jabotinsky joined the Zionist movement, where he soon became known as a powerful speaker and an influential leader. With more pogroms looming on the horizon, he established the Jewish Self-Defense Organization, a Jewish militant group, to safeguard Jewish communities throughout Russia. He became the source of great controversy in the Russian Jewish community as a result of these actions. Around this time, he began learning modern Hebrew, and took a Hebrew name: \"Vladimir\" became \"Ze'ev\" (\"wolf\"). During the pogroms, he organized self-defense units in Jewish communities across Russia and fought for the civil rights of the Jewish population as a whole. His slogan was, \"Better to have a gun and not need it than to need it and not have it!\" Another slogan was, \"Jewish youth, learn to shoot!\""}, {"context": " In 1903, he was elected as a Russian delegate to the Sixth Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland. After Theodore Herzl's death in 1904, he became the leader of the right-wing Zionists. That year he moved to Saint Petersburg and became one of the co-editors for the Russophone magazine \"Yevreiskaya Zhyzn\" (Jewish Life), which after 1907 became the official publishing body of the Zionist movement in Russia. In the pages of the newspaper, Jabotinsky wrote fierce polemics against supporters of assimilation and the Bund."}, {"context": " In 1905, he was one of the co-founders of the \"Union for Rights Equality of Jewish People in Russia\". The following year, he was one of the chief speakers at the 3rd All-Russian Conference of Zionists in Helsinki (Helsingfors), which called upon the Jews of Europe to engage in \"Gegenwartsarbeit\" (work in the present) and to join together to demand autonomy for ethnic minorities in Russia. This liberal approach was later apparent in his position concerning the Arab citizens of the future Jewish State: Jabotinsky asserted that \"Each one of the ethnic communities will be recognized as autonomous and equal in the eyes of the law.\""}, {"context": " In 1909, he fiercely criticized leading members of the Russian Jewish community for participating in ceremonies marking the centennial of the Russian writer Nikolai Gogol. In the light of Gogol's anti-Semitic views, Jabotinsky claimed it was unseemly for Russian Jews to take part in these ceremonies, as it showed they had no Jewish self-respect. In 1908, the Berlin Executive office of the World Zionist Organisation (WZO), sent Jabotinsky to the Ottoman capital Constantinople. Jabotinsky became editor-in-chief of a new pro-Young-Turkish daily newspaper \"Jeune Turc\", which was founded and financed by Zionist officials like WZO president David Wolffsohn and his representative in Constantinople Victor Jacobson. The journalists writing for that paper included the famous German Social democrat and Russian-Jewish revolutionary Parvus, who lived in Constantinople from 1910 until 1914. The \"Jeune Turc\" was prohibited in 1915 by the pro-German Turkish military junta. Richard Lichtheim, who was to become Jabotinsky's representative in Germany in 1925, stayed in Constantinople as WZO representative and managed to keep the \"Yishuv\" out of trouble during the war years by constant diplomatic interventions with Germans, Turks, and also US authorities, whose humanitarian support was crucial for the survival of the Jewish settlement project in Palestine during the war years."}, {"context": " During World War I, he had the idea of establishing a Jewish Legion to fight alongside the British against the Ottomans who then controlled Palestine. In 1915, together with Joseph Trumpeldor, a one-armed veteran of the Russo-Japanese War, he created the Zion Mule Corps, which consisted of several hundred Jewish men, mainly Russians who had been exiled from Palestine by the Ottoman Empire and had settled in Egypt. The unit served with distinction in the Battle of Gallipoli. When the Zion Mule Corps was disbanded, Jabotinsky traveled to London, where he continued his efforts to establish Jewish units to fight in Palestine as part of the British Army. Although Jabotinsky did not serve with the Zion Mule Corps, Trumpeldor, Jabotinsky and 120 Zion Mule Corps members did serve in Platoon 16 of the 20th Battalion of the London Regiment. In 1917, the government agreed to establish three Jewish battalions, initiating the Jewish Legion."}, {"context": " As an honorary lieutenant in the 38th Royal Fusiliers, Jabotinsky saw action in Palestine in 1918. His battalion was one of the first to enter Transjordan. He was demobilised in September 1919, soon after he complained to Field Marshal Allenby about the British Army's attitude towards Zionism and the Jewish Legion. His appeals to the British government failed to reverse the decision, but in December 1919 he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for his service. After Ze'ev Jabotinsky was discharged from the British Army in September 1919, he openly trained Jews in warfare and the use of small arms. On 6 April 1920, during the 1920 Palestine riots, the British searched the offices and apartments of the Zionist leadership, including the home of Chaim Weizmann, for arms. In a building used by Jabotinsky's defense forces, they found three rifles, two pistols, and 250 rounds of ammunition."}, {"context": " Nineteen men were arrested. The next day, Jabotinsky protested to the police that he was their commander and therefore solely responsible, so they should be released. Instead, he was arrested and joined them in jail. The nineteen were sentenced to three years in prison and Jabotinsky was given a 15-year prison term for possession of weapons. In July, a general pardon was granted to Jews and Arabs convicted in the rioting. A committee of inquiry placed responsibility for the riots on the Zionist Commission, alleging that they provoked the Arabs. The court blamed \"Bolshevism\" claiming that it \"flowed in Zionism's inner heart\", and ironically identified the fiercely anti-socialist Jabotinsky with the socialist-aligned Poalei Zion ('Zionist Workers') party, which it called 'a definite Bolshevist institution.'"}, {"context": " In 1920, Jabotinsky was elected to the first Assembly of Representatives in Palestine. The following year he was elected to the executive council of the Zionist Organization. He was also a founder of the newly registered Keren haYesod and served as its director of propaganda. He left the mainstream Zionist movement in 1923, however, due to differences of opinion between him and its chairman, Chaim Weizmann, and established a new revisionist party called Alliance of Revisionists-Zionists and its youth movement, Betar (a Hebrew acronym for the \"League of Joseph Trumpeldor\")."}, {"context": " His new party demanded that the mainstream Zionist movement recognize as its stated objective the establishment of a Jewish state on both banks of the Jordan River. His main goal was to establish a modern Jewish state with the help of the British Empire. His philosophy contrasted with that of the socialist oriented Labor Zionists, in that it focused its economic and social policy on the ideals of the Jewish middle class in Europe. His ideal for a Jewish state was a form of nation state based loosely on the British imperial model. His support base was mostly located in Poland, and his activities focused on attaining British support to help with the development of the Yishuv. Another area of major support for Jabotinsky was Latvia, where his speeches in Russian made an impression on the largely Russian-speaking Latvian Jewish community."}, {"context": " Jabotinsky was both a nationalist and a liberal democrat. Despite his attachment to nationalism, he did not embrace authoritarian notions of state authority and its imposition on individual liberty; he said that \"Every man is a king.\" He championed the notion of a free press and believed the new Jewish state would protect the rights and interests of minorities. As an economic liberal, he supported a free market with minimal government intervention, but also believed that the \"'elementary necessities' of the average person...: food, shelter, clothing, the opportunity to educate his children, and medical aid in case of illness\" should be supplied by the state."}, {"context": " From 1923, Jabotinsky was editor of the revived Jewish weekly \"Rassvet\" (Dawn), published first in Berlin, then in Paris. Besides his journalistic work, he published novels under his previous pseudonym Altalena; his historical novel \"Samson Nazorei\" (Samson the Nazirite, 1927), set in Biblical times, describes Jabotinsky's ideal of an active, daring, warrior form of Jewish life. His novel \"Pyatero\" (\"The Five\", written 1935, published 1936) has been described as \"a work that probably has the truest claim to being the great Odessa novel... It contains poetic descriptions of early-twentieth-century Odessa, with nostalgia-tinged portraits of its streets and smells, its characters and passions.\" Although it was little noticed at the time, it has received renewed appreciation for its literary qualities at the start of the twenty-first century, being reprinted in Russia and Ukraine and in 2005 translated into English (the first translation into a Western language)."}, {"context": " In 1930, while he was visiting South Africa, he was informed by the British Colonial Office that he would not be allowed to return to Palestine. During the 1930s, Jabotinsky was deeply concerned with the situation of the Jewish community in Eastern Europe. In 1936, Jabotinsky prepared the so-called \"evacuation plan\", which called for the evacuation of the entire Jewish population of Poland, Hungary and Romania to Palestine. The same year he toured Eastern Europe, meeting with the Polish Foreign Minister, Colonel J\u00f3zef Beck; the Regent of Hungary, Admiral Mikl\u00f3s Horthy; and Prime Minister Gheorghe T\u0103t\u0103rescu of Romania to discuss the evacuation plan. The plan gained the approval of all three governments, but caused considerable controversy within the Jewish community of Poland, on the grounds that it played into the hands of anti-Semites. In particular, the fact that the 'evacuation plan' had the approval of the Polish government was taken by many Polish Jews as indicating Jabotinsky had gained the endorsement of what they considered to be the wrong people."}, {"context": " The evacuation of Jewish communities in Poland, Hungary and Romania was to take place over a ten-year period. However, the British government vetoed it, and the World Zionist Organization's chairman, Chaim Weizmann, dismissed it. Two years later, in 1938, Jabotinsky stated in a speech that Polish Jews were \"living on the edge of the volcano\", and warned that a wave of pogroms would happen in Poland sometime in the near future. \u201cCatastrophe is approaching... I see a terrible picture... the volcano that will soon spew out its flames of extermination,\u201d he said."}, {"context": " Jabotinsky went on to warn Jews in Europe that they should leave for Palestine as soon as possible. There is much discussion about whether or not Jabotinsky actually predicted the Holocaust. In his writings and public appearances he warned against the dangers of an outbreak of violence against the Jewish population of Central and Eastern Europe. However, as late as August 1939, he was certain that war would be averted. In 1939, Britain enacted the MacDonald White Paper, in which Jewish immigration to Palestine under the British Mandate was to be restricted to 75,000 for the next five years, after which further Jewish immigration would depend on Arab consent. In addition, land sales to Jews were to be restricted, and Palestine would be cultivated for independence as a binational state."}, {"context": " Jabotinsky reacted by proposing a plan for an armed Jewish revolt in Palestine. He sent the plan to the Irgun High Command in six coded letters. Jabotinsky proposed that he and other \"illegals\" would arrive by boat in the heart of Palestine \u2013 preferably Tel Aviv \u2013 in October 1939. The Irgun would ensure that they successfully landed and escaped, by whatever means necessary. They would then occupy key centers of British power in Palestine, chief among them Government House in Jerusalem, raise the Jewish national flag, and fend off the British for at least 24 hours whatever the cost. Zionist leaders in Western Europe and the United States would then declare an independent Jewish state, and would function as a provisional government-in-exile. Although Irgun commanders were impressed by the plan, they were concerned over the heavy losses they would doubtless incur in carrying it out. Avraham Stern proposed simultaneously landing 40,000 armed young immigrants in Palestine to help launch the uprising. The Polish government supported his plan, and it began training Irgun members and supplying them arms. Irgun submitted the plan for the approval of its commander David Raziel, who was imprisoned by the British. However, the beginning of World War II in September 1939 quickly put an end to these plans."}, {"context": " According to the historian Benny Morris, documents show that Jabotinsky favored the idea of the transfer of Arab populations if required for establishing a (still-proposed) Jewish state. Jabotinsky's other writings state, \"We do not want to eject even one Arab from either the left or the right bank of the Jordan River. We want them to prosper both economically and culturally. We envision the regime of Jewish Palestine [Eretz Israel ha-Ivri] as follows: most of the population will be Jewish, but equal rights for all Arab citizens will not only be guaranteed, they will also be fulfilled.\" Jabotinsky was convinced that there was no way for the Jews to regain any part of Palestine without opposition from the Arabs. In 1934, he wrote a draft constitution for the Jewish state which declared that Arabs would be on an equal footing with their Jewish counterparts \"throughout all sectors of the country's public life.\" The two communities would share the state's duties, both military and civil service, and enjoy its prerogatives. Jabotinsky proposed that Hebrew and Arabic should enjoy equal status, and that \"in every cabinet where the prime minister is a Jew, the vice-premiership shall be offered to an Arab and vice versa.\""}, {"context": " While in New York to build support within the United States for a Jewish Army, Jabotinsky died of a heart attack on 4 August 1940 while visiting a Jewish self-defense camp run by Betar. He was buried in New Montefiore Cemetery in Farmingdale, New York, in accordance with a clause of his will. A monument to Jabotinsky was erected at his original burial site in New York. In 1964 the remains of Jabotinsky and his wife, in accordance with a second clause of his will, were reburied in Mount Herzl Cemetery in Jerusalem by order of Prime Minister Levi Eshkol."}]}, {"title": "Anoncia nocticola", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Anoncia nocticola is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It was described by Hodges in 1962. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Arizona."}]}, {"title": "Peter Smith (English footballer, born 1969)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Peter John Smith (born 12 July 1969) was an English professional footballer who made 140 Football League appearances playing as a right back for Brighton & Hove Albion. Smith was born in Cannock, Staffordshire. He played non-league football for a string of clubs in that area, worked in the building trade and in social work, and was studying at the University of Greenwich when Brighton & Hove Albion offered him professional terms in 1994. He stayed with the club for five years and made 140 league appearances before spending several years back in non-league in the London area.  In 2007, Smith and Jamie Moralee co-founded a player agency where, , both were still involved."}]}, {"title": "Organon International", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Organon was a pharmaceutical company headquartered in Oss, Netherlands. In November 2007, Schering-Plough Corporation, based in New Jersey, USA, acquired Organon, active-pharmaceutical-ingredient producer Diosynth (separate from Organon until 2004), and its veterinary pharmaceutical sister company Intervet from Akzo Nobel. In November 2009, Schering-Plough merged with Merck & Co. under the name Merck & Co., known as Merck Sharp & Dohme or MSD outside the United States and Canada. Organon deals in the following core therapeutic fields: reproductive medicine, contraception, psychiatry, HRT and anesthesia. Organon sells to international markets."}, {"context": " Organon was founded by Dr. Saal van Zwanenberg in Oss, the Netherlands, in 1923 as a separate part of the meat factory Zwanenberg's fabrieken. Its first product was insulin in 1923. In the thirties it manufactured estrogens. In 1948, Organon acquired the Newhouse research site in Scotland, United Kingdom. The production of cortisone was initiated in 1953. In 1962 it bought the stock of the Nederlandsche Coca\u00efnefabriek. The now named Koninklijke Zwanenberg-Organon (KZO) fused with the fibre producer AKU in 1969 to become AKZO, later Akzo Nobel. Organon was the human health care business unit of Akzo Nobel and transferred its headquarters to New Jersey, USA while the main headquarters of Akzo Nobel remained in Arnhem, and has since moved to Amsterdam. Manufacturing facilities are in the Netherlands, Germany, the United Kingdom, Ireland, China, Japan, and the USA."}, {"context": " Products include: Bridion, Esmirtazapine, Remeron, Remeron SolTab, Sustanon, Deca-Durabolin, Pregnyl, Implanon, NuvaRing, Marvelon, Desolett and a variety of other contraceptive products. During its period of independent operation, Organon developed a large number of compounds which were never adopted for medical use, but continue to be used for a variety of scientific research. Notable compounds include: On October 16, 2014, the government of the United States charged Organon with misrepresentation of drug prices and providing improper financial incentives (kickbacks) to nursing homes for market-shares discounts to encourage the use of Remeron. Organon paid $622,350 in restitution under the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute."}]}, {"title": "The Birth of Venus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Birth of Venus ( ) is a painting by the Italian artist Sandro Botticelli probably made in the mid 1480s. It depicts the goddess Venus arriving at the shore after her birth, when she had emerged from the sea fully-grown (called Venus Anadyomene and often depicted in art). The painting is in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. Although the two are not a pair, the painting is inevitably discussed with Botticelli's other very large mythological painting, the \"Primavera\", also in the Uffizi. They are among the most famous paintings in the world, and icons of the Italian Renaissance; of the two, the \"Birth\" is even better known than the \"Primavera\". As depictions of subjects from classical mythology on a very large scale they were virtually unprecedented in Western art since classical antiquity, as was the size and prominence of a nude female figure in the \"Birth\". It used to be thought that they were both commissioned by the same member of the Medici family, but this is now uncertain."}, {"context": " They have been endlessly analysed by art historians, with the main themes being: the emulation of ancient painters and the context of wedding celebrations (generally agreed), the influence of Renaissance Neo-Platonism (somewhat controversial), and the identity of the commissioners (not agreed). Most art historians agree, however, that the \"Birth\" does not require complex analysis to decode its meaning, in the way that the \"Primavera\" probably does. While there are subtleties in the painting, its main meaning is a straightforward, if individual, treatment of a traditional scene from Greek mythology, and its appeal is sensory and very accessible, hence its enormous popularity."}, {"context": " In the centre the newly-born goddess Venus stands nude in a giant scallop shell. Its size is purely imaginary, and is also found in classical depictions of the subject. At the left the wind god Zephyr blows at her, with the wind shown by lines radiating from his mouth. He is in the air, and carries a young female, who is also blowing, but less forcefully. Both have wings. Vasari was probably correct in identifying her as \"Aura\", personification of a lighter breeze. Their joint efforts are blowing Venus towards the shore, and blowing the hair and clothes of the other figures to the right."}, {"context": " At the right a female figure who may be floating slightly above the ground holds out a rich cloak or dress to cover Venus when she reaches the shore, as she is about to do. She is one of the three Horae or Hours, Greek minor goddesses of the seasons and of other divisions of time, and attendants of Venus. The floral decoration of her dress suggests she is the Hora of Spring. Alternative identifications for the two secondary female figures involve those also found in the \"Primavera\"; the nymph held by Zephyr may be Chloris, a flower nymph he married in some versions of her story, and the figure on land may be Flora. Flora is generally the Roman equivalent of the Greek Chloris; in the \"Primavera\" Chloris is transformed into the figure of Flora next to her, following Ovid's \"Fasti\", but it is hard to see that such a transformation is envisaged here. However, the roses blown along with the two flying figures would be appropriate for Chloris."}, {"context": " The subject is not strictly the \"Birth of Venus\", a title only given the painting in the nineteenth century (though given as the subject by Vasari), but the next scene in her story, where she arrives on land, blown by the wind. The land probably represents either Cythera or Cyprus, both Mediterranean islands regarded by the Greeks as territories of Venus. The painting is large, but slightly smaller than the \"Primavera\", and where that is a panel painting, this is on the cheaper support of canvas. Canvas was increasing in popularity, perhaps especially for secular paintings for country villas, which were decorated more simply, cheaply and cheerfully than those for city \"palazzi\", being designed for pleasure more than ostentatious entertainment."}, {"context": " The painting is on two pieces of canvas, sewn together before starting, with a gesso ground tinted blue. There are differences to Botticelli's usual technique, working on panel supports, such as the lack of a green first layer under the flesh areas. There are a number of \"pentimenti\" revealed by modern scientific testing. The Hora originally had \"low classical sandals\", and the collar on the mantle she holds out is an afterthought. The hair of Venus and the flying couple was changed. There is heavy use of gold as a pigment for highlights, on hair, wings, textiles, the shell and the landscape. This was all apparently applied after the painting was framed. It was finished with a \"cool gray varnish\", probably using egg yolk."}, {"context": " As in the \"Primavera\", the green pigment used for the wings of Zephyr and his companion and the leaves of the orange trees on the land has darkened considerably with exposure to light over time, somewhat distorting the intended balance of colours. Parts of some leaves at the top right corner, normally covered by the frame, have been less affected. The blues of the sea and sky have also lost their brightness. Although the pose of Venus is classical in some respects, and borrows the position of the hands from the Venus Pudica type in Greco-Roman sculptures (see section below), the overall treatment of the figure, standing off-centre with a curved body of long flowing lines, is in many respects from Gothic art. Kenneth Clark wrote: \"Her differences from antique form are not physiological, but rhythmic and structural. Her whole body follows the curve of a Gothic ivory. It is entirely without that quality so much prized in classical art, known as aplomb; that is to say, the weight of the body is not distributed evenly either side of a central plumb line. ... She is not standing but floating. ... Her shoulders, for example, instead of forming a sort of architrave to her torso, as in the antique nude, run down into her arms in the same unbroken stream of movement as her floating hair.\""}, {"context": " Venus' body is anatomically improbable, with elongated neck and torso. Her pose is impossible: although she stands in a classical \"contrapposto\" stance, her weight is shifted too far over the left leg for the pose to be held. The proportions and poses of the winds to the left do not quite make sense, and none of the figures cast shadows. The painting depicts the world of the imagination rather than being very concerned with realistic depiction. Ignoring the size and positioning of the wings and limbs of the flying pair on the left, which bother some other critics, Kenneth Clark calls them:"}, {"context": " ...perhaps the most beautiful example of ecstatic movement in the whole of painting. ... the suspension of our reason is achieved by the intricate rhythms of the drapery which sweep and flow irresistibly around the nude figures. Their bodies, by an endless intricacy of embrace, sustain the current of movement, which finally flickers down their legs and is dispersed like an electric charge. Botticelli's art was never fully committed to naturalism; in comparison to his contemporary Domenico Ghirlandaio, Botticelli seldom gave weight and volume to his figures and rarely used a deep perspectival space. Botticelli never painted landscape backgrounds with great detail or realism, but this is especially the case here. The laurel trees and the grass below them are green with gold highlights, most of the waves regular patterns, and the landscape seems out of scale with the figures. The clumps of bulrushes in the left foreground are out of place here, as they come from a freshwater species."}, {"context": " It has long been suggested that Botticelli was commissioned to paint the work by the Medici family of Florence, perhaps by Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici (1463\u20131503) a major patron of Botticelli, under the influence of his cousin Lorenzo de' Medici, \"il Magnifico\". This was first suggested by Herbert Horne in his monograph of 1908, the first major modern work on Botticelli, and long followed by most writers, but more recently has been widely doubted, though it is still accepted by some. Various interpretations of the painting rely on this origin for its meaning. Although relations were perhaps always rather tense between the \"Magnifico\" and his young cousins and wards, Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco and his brother Giovanni di Pierfrancesco de' Medici, it may have been politic to commission a work that glorified the older Lorenzo, as some interpretations have it. There may be a deliberate ambiguity as to which Lorenzo was intended to be evoked. In later years hostility between the two branches of the family became overt."}, {"context": " Horne believed that the painting was commissioned soon after the purchase in 1477 of the Villa di Castello, a country house outside Florence, by Lorenzo and Giovanni, to decorate their new house, which they were rebuilding. This was the year after their father died at the age of 46, leaving the young boys wards of their cousin Lorenzo il Magnifico, of the senior branch of the Medici family and \"de facto\" ruler of Florence. There is no record of the original commission, and the painting is first mentioned by Vasari, who saw it, together with the \"Primavera\", at Castello, some time before the first edition of his \"Lives\" in 1550, probably by 1530\u201340. In 1550 Vasari was himself painting in the villa, but he very possibly visited it before that. But in 1975 it emerged that, unlike the \"Primavera\", the \"Birth\" is not in the inventory, apparently complete, made in 1499 of the works of art belonging to Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco's branch of the family. Ronald Lightbown concludes that it only came to be owned by the Medici after that. The inventory was only published in 1975, and made many previous assumptions invalid."}, {"context": " Horne dated the work at some point after the purchase of the villa in 1477 and before Botticelli's departure for Rome to join the painting of the Sistine Chapel in 1481. Recent scholars prefer a date of around 1484\u201386 on grounds of the work's place in the development of Botticelli's style. The \"Primavera\" is now usually dated earlier, after Botticelli's return from Rome in 1482 and perhaps around the time of Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco's wedding in July 1482, but by some still before Botticelli's departure."}, {"context": " Whenever the two paintings were united at Castello, they have remained together ever since. They stayed in Castello until 1815, when they were transferred to the Uffizi. For some years until 1919 they were kept in the Galleria dell'Accademia, another government museum in Florence. Although there are ancient and modern texts that are relevant, no single text provides the precise imagery of the painting, which has led scholars to propose many sources and interpretations. Many art historians who specialize in the Italian Renaissance have found Neoplatonic interpretations, of which two different versions have been articulated by Edgar Wind and Ernst Gombrich, to be the key to understanding the painting. Botticelli represented the Neoplatonic idea of divine love in the form of a nude Venus."}, {"context": " For Plato \u2013 and so for the members of the Florentine Platonic Academy \u2013 Venus had two aspects: she was an earthly goddess who aroused humans to physical love or she was a heavenly goddess who inspired intellectual love in them. Plato further argued that contemplation of physical beauty allowed the mind to better understand spiritual beauty. So, looking at Venus, the most beautiful of goddesses, might at first raise a physical response in viewers which then lifted their minds towards the godly. A Neoplatonic reading of Botticelli's \"Birth of Venus\" suggests that 15th-century viewers would have looked at the painting and felt their minds lifted to the realm of divine love."}, {"context": " The composition, with a central nude figure, and one to the side with an arm raised above the head of the first, and winged beings in attendance, would have reminded its Renaissance viewers of the traditional iconography of the Baptism of Christ, marking the start of his ministry on earth. In a similar way, the scene shows here marks the start of Venus's ministry of love, whether in a simple sense, or the expanded meaning of Renaissance Neoplatonism. More recently, questions have arisen about Neoplatonism as the dominant intellectual system of late 15th-century Florence, and scholars have indicated that there might be other ways to interpret Botticelli's mythological paintings. In particular, both \"Primavera\" and \"Birth of Venus\" have been seen as wedding paintings that suggest appropriate behaviors for brides and grooms."}, {"context": " The laurel trees at right and laurel wreath worn by the Hora are punning references to the name \"Lorenzo\", though it is uncertain whether Lorenzo il Magnifico, the effective ruler of Florence, or his young cousin Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco is meant. In the same way the flowers in the air around Zephyr and on the textiles worn and carried by the Hora evoke the name of Florence. The closest precedent for the scene is generally agreed to be in one of the early ancient Greek Homeric Hymns, published in Florence in 1488 by the Greek refugee Demetrios Chalkokondyles:"}, {"context": " This poem was probably already known to Botticelli's Florentine contemporary, and Lorenzo di Medici's court poet, Angelo Poliziano. The iconography of \"The Birth of Venus\" is similar to a description of a relief of the event in Poliziano's poem the \"Stanze per la giostra\", commemorating a Medici joust in 1475, which may also have influenced Botticelli, although there are many differences. For example Poliziano talks of multiple Horae and zephyrs. Older writers, following Horne, posited that \"his patron Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco asked him to paint a subject illustrating the lines\", and that remains a possibility, though one difficult to maintain so confidently today. Another poem by Politian speaks of Zephyr causing flowers to bloom, and spreading their scent over the land, which probably explains the roses he blows along with him in the painting."}, {"context": " Having a large standing female nude as the central focus was unprecedented in post-classical Western painting, and certainly drew on the classical sculptures which were coming to light in this period, especially in Rome, where Botticelli had spent 1481\u201382 working on the walls of the Sistine Chapel. The pose of Botticelli's \"Venus\" follows the Venus Pudica (\"Venus of Modesty\") type from classical antiquity, where the hands are held to cover the breasts and groin; in classical art this is not associated with the new-born \"Venus Anadyomene\". What became a famous example of this type is the \"Venus de' Medici\", a marble sculpture that was in a Medici collection in Rome by 1559, which Botticelli may have had opportunity to study (the date it was found is unclear)."}, {"context": " The painter and the humanist scholars who probably advised him would have recalled that Pliny the Elder had mentioned a lost masterpiece of the celebrated ancient Greek painter, Apelles, representing \"Venus Anadyomene\" (\"Venus Rising from the Sea\"). According to Pliny, Alexander the Great offered his mistress, Pankaspe, as the model for the nude Venus and later, realizing that Apelles had fallen in love with the girl, gave her to the artist in a gesture of extreme magnanimity. Pliny went on to note that Apelles' painting of Pankaspe as Venus was later \"dedicated by Augustus in the shrine of his father Caesar.\" Pliny also stated that \"the lower part of the painting was damaged, and it was impossible to find anyone who could restore it. . . . This picture decayed from age and rottenness, and Nero... substituted for it another painting by the hand of Dorotheus\"."}, {"context": " Pliny also noted a second painting by Apelles of Venus \"superior even to his earlier one,\" that had been begun by artist but left unfinished. The Roman images in various media showing the new-born Venus in a giant shell may well be crude derivative versions of these paintings. Botticelli could not have seen the frescos unearthed later in Pompeii, but may well have seen small versions of the motif in terracotta or engraved gems. The \"House of Venus\" in Pompeii has a life-size fresco of Venus lying in the shell, also seen in other works; in most other images she stands with her hands on her hair, wringing the water from it, with or without a shell."}, {"context": " The two-dimensionality of this painting may be a deliberate attempt to evoke the style of ancient Greek vase painting or frescos on the walls of Etruscan tombs, the only types of ancient painting known to Botticelli. Another interpretation of the \"Birth of Venus\" is provided here by its author, Charles R. Mack. This interpretation takes much that is generally agreed, but Mack goes on to explain the painting as an allegory extolling the virtues of Lorenzo de' Medici. This has not been adopted by Renaissance art historians in general, and it remains problematic, since it depends on the painting being commissioned by the Medici, yet the work is not documented in Medici hands until well into the following century."}, {"context": " Mack sees the scene as inspired by both the Homeric Hymn and the ancient paintings. But something more than a rediscovered Homeric hymn was likely in the mind of the Medici family member who commissioned this painting from Botticelli. Once again, Botticelli, in his version of the Birth of Venus, might be seen as completing the task begun by his ancient predecessor Apelles, even surpassing him. Giving added support to this interpretation of Botticelli as a born-again Apelles is the fact that that very claim was voiced in 1488 by Ugolino Verino in a poem entitled \"On Giving Praise to the History of Florence.\""}, {"context": " While Botticelli might well have been celebrated as a revivified Apelles, his \"Birth of Venus\" also testified to the special nature of Florence's chief citizen, Lorenzo de' Medici. Although it now seems that the painting was executed for another member of the Medici family, it likely was intended to celebrate and flatter its head, Lorenzo de' Medici. Tradition associates the image of Venus in Botticelli's painting with the famous beauty Simonetta Cattaneo Vespucci, of whom popular legend claims both Lorenzo and his younger brother, Giuliano, were great admirers. Simonetta was possibly born in the Ligurian seaside town of Portovenere ('the port of Venus'). Thus, in Botticelli's interpretation, Pankaspe (the ancient living prototype of Simonetta), the mistress of Alexander the Great (the Laurentian predecessor), becomes the lovely model for the lost \"Venus\" executed by the famous Greek painter Apelles (reborn through the recreative talents of Botticelli), which ended up in Rome, installed by Emperor Augustus in the temple dedicated to Florence's supposed founder Julius Caesar."}, {"context": " In the case of Botticelli's \"Birth of Venus\", the suggested references to Lorenzo, supported by other internal indicators such as the stand of laurel bushes at the right, would have been just the sort of thing erudite Florentine humanists would have appreciated. Accordingly, by overt implication, Lorenzo becomes the new Alexander the Great with an implied link to both Augustus, the first Roman emperor, and even to Florence's legendary founder, Caesar himself. Lorenzo, furthermore, is not only magnificent but, as was Alexander in Pliny's story, also magnanimous, as well. Ultimately, these readings of the \"Birth of Venus\" flatter not only the Medici and Botticelli but all of Florence, home to the worthy successors to some of the greatest figures of antiquity, both in governance and in the arts."}, {"context": " These essentially pagan readings of Botticelli's \"Birth of Venus\" should not exclude a more purely Christian one, which may be derived from the Neoplatonic reading of the painting indicated above. Viewed from a religious standpoint, the nudity of Venus suggests that of Eve before the Fall as well as the pure love of Paradise. Once landed, the goddess of love will don the earthly garb of mortal sin, an act that will lead to the New Eve \u2013 the Madonna whose purity is represented by the nude Venus. Once draped in earthly garments she becomes a personification of the Christian Church which offers a spiritual transport back to the pure love of eternal salvation. In this case the scallop shell upon which this image of Venus/Eve/Madonna/Church stands may be seen in its traditionally symbolic pilgrimage context. Furthermore, the broad expanse of sea serves as a reminder of the Virgin Mary's title \"stella maris\", alluding both to the Madonna's name (Maria/maris) and to the heavenly body (Venus/stella). The sea brings forth Venus just as the Virgin gives birth to the ultimate symbol of love, Christ."}, {"context": " Rather than choosing one of the many interpretations offered for Botticelli's depiction of the \"Birth (Arrival?) of Venus\" it might be better to view it from a variety of perspectives. This layered approach\u2014mythological, political, religious\u2014was intended. Botticelli, or more likely his workshop, repeated the figure of Venus in another painting of about 1490. This life-sized work depicts a similar figure and pose, partially clad in a light blouse, and contrasted against a plain dark background. It is in the Galleria Sabauda in Turin. There is another such workshop \"Venus\" in Berlin, and very likely others were destroyed in the \"Bonfire of the Vanities\". Examples seem to have been exported to France and Germany, probably influencing Lucas Cranach the Elder among others."}, {"context": " More than a decade later, Botticelli adapted the figure of Venus for a nude personification of \"Truth\" in his \"Calumny of Apelles\". Here one hand is raised, pointing to heaven for justification, and the figure's gaze also looks upwards; the whole effect is very different. Among many uses of what has become an iconic image, from 1987 to the early 2000s, Adobe Systems used different versions of the painting in the splash screens and icons of their vector drawing app, Adobe Illustrator. Despite being the app's most cherished icon of the time, while a vector artist named Orlando Arocena tried to submit artwork for the Adobe Illustrator CC 2014 splash screen featuring a woman paying homage to the icon, he was worried that Venus's pose in the artwork would generate controversy."}]}, {"title": "Marfa Sobakina", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Marfa Vasilevna Sobakina (\"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0444\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430\"; 1552\u20131571), was Tsaritsa of the Tsardom of Russia and was the third spouse of Ivan the Terrible. The daughter of a Novgorod based merchant Vasiliy Sobakin, Marfa was selected by Ivan among twelve marriage finalists. A few days after her selection, Marfa began to succumb to a mysterious ailment. It was rumoured that she was unintentionally poisoned by her mother, who gave her a potion supposedly meant to increase her fertility. Despite rapidly losing weight and barely standing, Marfa was nonetheless married to Ivan on 28 October 1571 in Aleksandrovska Sloboda. Marfa died a few days later."}, {"context": " Her death increased her husband's paranoia, because she died in what was meant to be an impregnable fortress filled with loyal subjects. Ivan, remembering the death of his first wife, immediately suspected poison and put to death many of his subjects, including Mikail Temrjuk (brother to the Tzar's previous wife) who was impaled. The story of Marfa's selection and death is the base of the historical verse drama \"The Tsar's Bride\" by Lev Mei. The opera by the same name by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov is repertory opera in Russia."}]}, {"title": "Grace Morris Craig", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Grace Morris Craig (February 20, 1891 \u2013 1987) was a Canadian writer and artist living in Ontario. The daughter of James Lewis Morris and Mary Agnes Menzies, both of Scottish descent, she was born Grace MacFarlane Morris in Pembroke and studied at Branksome Hall in Toronto. She was refused admission to the architecture school at the University of Toronto because she was a woman. Craig volunteered at the Petawawa military base during World War I. She later worked as an architectural draughtsperson with the firm of Craig and Madill; in 1923, she married architect James Henry Craig, one of the firm's founders. Craig went on to study at the Ontario College of Art. She was a long-time member of the Toronto Heliconian Club. Her work was included in a 1957 exhibition by the Ontario Society of Artists.  In 1981, she published a memoir \"But This is Our War\". She died in Toronto in 1987."}]}, {"title": "Bagamoyo Arts and Cultural Institute", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Bagamoyo Arts and cultural Institute (Taasisi ya Sanaa na Utamaduni Bagamoyo, TaSUBa) is a semi-autonomous governmental organisation for training, research and consultancy service in arts and culture. It was established by The United Republic of Tanzania to \"encourage the development of the arts of Culture, to promote their use as a record of contemporary life and manners, to promote education about film, television and the moving image generally, and their impact on society\". TaSUBa has been established in accordance with the Executive Agencies Act No. 30 of 1997 and Government Notice No. 220 of November 2007. It is an offsping of the Bagamoyo College of Arts established in 1981."}]}, {"title": "Gil Young-ah", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Gil Young-ah (born April 11, 1970 in Ansan, Gyeonggi-do) is a former female badminton player from South Korea. At the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, she won the bronze medal in the women's doubles together with Shim Eun-jung. Four years later, at the Atlanta Olympics, she won the gold medal in the mixed doubles together with Kim Dong-moon and the silver medal in the women's doubles together with Jang Hye-ock. Gil retired from badminton after the 1996 Olympics and became an assistant coach of the Samsung Electro-Mechanics badminton team. In 2011, Gil became the first woman to be appointed head coach of a professional team in Korea. She was made Head Coach of the Samsung Electromechanics Women's Badminton Team. When Kim Moon-soo vacated his post as head of the men's team in late 2015, Gil was made Head Coach of the combined team.  Gil has two children who are active elite badminton players. Her son Kim Won-ho is on the national team and her daughter Kim Ah-young plays for an elite high school team in Gyeonggi-do."}]}, {"title": "Idi meat", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Idi (Malayalam \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f) meat is the method of killing animals for consumption in Kerala, India. It involves hitting an animal in its forehead with a thick piece of wood or metal block to kill it instantly. Hitting in the head is believed to cut off the brain first so the animal suffers the least pain. This is not a ritual killing. It is non-Halal meat. This method is mostly followed by Syrian Christians of Kerala. Most of Central and Southern Kerala follows this method. In general, water buffalo and cattle are killed this way. Animals are first tied by their legs and laid down, then their eyes are covered."}]}, {"title": "Ageing studies", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ageing studies (or age studies) is a field of theoretically, politically, and empirically engaged cultural analysis that was developed by scholars from many different disciplines. Over the past fifteen years the field of ageing studies has flourished, with a growing number of scholars paying attention to the cultural implications of population ageing. Ageing studies break from the traditional field of gerontology by highlighting how biological ageing is mediated by cultural construction, and by emphasising the self-representation of the elderly. The first issue of the academic journal \"Age, Culture, Humanities\" includes many essays that address the \"coming of age\" of this field, in which Stephen Katz draws a comparison between the current state of age studies and gender studies."}, {"context": " Ageing studies is an interdisciplinary field, which can be affiliated to the wider approaches found in cultural studies, gender studies, media and film studies, consumer culture, etc. Researchers working in this field interrogate the cultural discourses and practices that construct the meaning of ageing. For example, they invoke calculations of age, asking at what age someone is considered \"old\" (fifty? sixty?) and referring to the social practice of trying to figure out someone's age. They investigate how public expressions of ageing in the West, such as representations of old age in the news, films and television, create limited views of old age, therefore leading to ageism, a general lack of awareness of diversity, and intergenerational misunderstandings and divisions. Within this perspective, ageing is understood not merely as a biological state, but as a lived experience, embodied and mediated, occurring within specific material and social circumstances. Research in this field is primarily conducted through methodologies associated with the social sciences and the humanities.  Research centres and networks: Journals:"}]}, {"title": "The Infinitive of Go", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Infinitive of Go is a 1980 science fiction novel by British writer John Brunner. The novel revolves around a teleportation technology which is being developed. It works by making the space at the destination \"congruent\" with the space at the departure point. Any object in the departure space automatically appears at the destination. The name \"Posting\" has been coined for the technique. It has worked well with inanimate objects. The novel makes frequent reference to the transfinite numbers of mathematician Georg Cantor, as well as catastrophe theory, popularised in the 1970s."}, {"context": " For the first significant test using a live person, a diplomatic agent is Posted to a foreign embassy from the USA. The test is an abject failure: the agent, George Gunther, is unexpectedly armed and also demands a countersign upon arriving at his destination. Since nobody was instructed to provide him such a countersign, Gunther immediately assumes he's been intercepted by the enemy and shoots himself, triggering a destructive failsafe in the package of documents he was carrying. It is assumed that the Posting affected the agent's sanity. Faced with termination of the project, Dr. Justin Williams, the inventor of the technology, arranges to have himself Posted from the same embassy back to his research laboratory."}, {"context": " He finds himself in a world which is subtly different from his own. For one thing, Cinnamon Wright, his beautiful but cold African-American collaborator, is suddenly an ardent lover. Eventually she admits to him that, like the Cinnamon Wright from his world, she was Posted, and once worked for him in a world where he hated her, even though she was attracted to him. As the story progresses, they realise that when humans are Posted, their inner desires influence the outcome, tipping them into alternate universes. However, they are not prepared for outcome of the next Posting: A Dr. Eduardo Landini has to be Posted back from an orbiting satellite for emergency surgery following a mechanical accident. But the being who emerges is not a man. He is a humanoid descended from baboons, who claims to be Ed Landini, and tells the doctors attending him that he is guaranteed to be biologically compatible with humans, otherwise he would not be there. He reveals that in his world the Posting technology is well understood. However, only mystics and \"Pilgrims\" elect to be Posted, because they know they will go to another world. It was only his desperate situation that forced him to take the chance himself."}, {"context": " The problem is this: the Poster links two congruent spaces, but it searches many universes to find the best match. When all factors are accounted for, including a person's state of mind and the state of the machine itself, the best match is more likely to be found in a machine from another universe. This is how a Dr. Landini arrived that is a man descended from baboons but speaking English and coming from a world with almost exactly the same history as the one on which he arrived. Although evolution took a different track on his world, the outcome was almost exactly the same as on the world where he arrived; had it been different, he would have gone to a different universe. The person who first comes to understand this is not a scientist, but a philosopher."}, {"context": " For intelligent beings, the Poster acts as a sort of \"equalizer\" between universes, introducing worlds where the technology is new to worlds where it is understood. The world from which Landini came was one in which the technology was being pushed further. Posters were being built in large numbers and launched across huge distances of interplanetary space, since the further the distance in the transfer, the greater the difference between the universes linked by the Poster. However, Landini himself becomes the focus of trouble. Rumors about his appearance inspire revulsion among staff members at the facility, and as those rumours spread into the general population, politicians, pundits, religious leaders and rabble rousers begin exploiting the fears generated. Landini himself has no stomach for the attention, and openly shows his contempt for the behaviour of the humans around him. Despite his training and education, he has significant personality problems that isolated him even from his own kind. One of the things he tells Justin and Cinnamon is that a typical outcome from contact via the Posters is that the inventors of the devices go insane. Justin begins to feel he is right. The world is spiraling out of control around him, and he has had to reconcile his initial feelings of triumph over the creation of the device with the knowledge that an infinite number of people in other universes invented it long before him."}, {"context": " The final chapter has T. Emory Chester, the financier of the development effort (who was a ruthless power broker in Justin's original world) revealing a secret. He had suspected that Justin and Cinnamon had both been changed by being Posted because neither had mentioned their secret project-within-a-project: To discover what would happen if a Poster was used without another Poster acting as a destination. Once it became apparent that Posters linked different universes he began sending information rather than objects. Soon he accumulated a collection of books, newspapers and other media from other Earths, some fantastically different from the one he lived on. He is optimistic that once people begin being Posted this way, they will receive the Pilgrims Landini talked about, who go to help other universes. He believes that the Posters will necessarily send people to the universes where they can do the most good, because that is what their state of mind will require.  One message he received says that in worlds where the inventors of Posting are among the first to be Posted, the outcome is usually good for those left behind. If this is not done, the outcome is usually very bad. Since both Justin and Cinnamon had been posted, this foretells a likelihood of a positive outcome in this reality."}]}, {"title": "Charlie Brittain", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Richard Charles Brittain (7 June 1887 \u2013 31 July 1949) was an English professional footballer who played for Portsmouth, Northampton Town, Tottenham Hotspur and Cardiff City. Brittain began his career at Portsmouth before moving to Northampton Town in 1906. He thrived under the management of Herbert Chapman and was chosen to represent a Southern Football League XI on five occasions. In 1911 he signed for Football League side Tottenham Hotspur in an exchange deal involving Walter Tull. Brittain played for 42 matches for the Lilywhites in all competitions between 1911\u201313 However, he fell behind Fred Webster and Tom Collins and eventually grew frustrated after being over looked further for Bill Cartwright when a first team place became available through injury and handed in a transfer request in November 1913.  He returned to the Southern League, joining Cardiff City in 1920. His spell with the club was interrupted by the outbreak of World War One but on the return of league football, Brittain was awarded the captaincy of the club and became their first captain in the Football League when they joined in 1920. He also led the club to two Welsh Cup titles in 1920 and 1922 and was selected twice in a Welsh League XI. Cardiff City"}]}, {"title": "Jeff Jacobson (politician)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Jeff Jacobson was a Republican member of the Ohio Senate, representing the 6th District starting in 2001. Previously he was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives from 1992 until 2000. After easily winning reelection to the Senate in 2004, Senator Jacobson was elected to the No. 2 spot as President Pro Tempore serving under Senator Bill Harris. During his sixteen years in public service, he enacted legislation on topics as diverse as education reform, tax policy, criminal justice, nursing home reimbursement formulas, election and campaign finance law, the abolition of predatory mortgage lending and the regulation of payday lending, collective bargaining and prevailing wage law, and electric utility re-regulation."}, {"context": " Since his time in office ended due to term limits, Jacobson has worked as a strategist, consultant, and policy expert for a range of business and non-profit clients. He is President of Strategic Insight Group, Ltd., a consulting and governmental relations firm serving private, public, and non-profit clients interested in impacting public policy development and state governmental decision-making in Ohio. He also served as member of the State Medical Board (2008\u201309), and currently serves on the Ohio Air Quality Development Authority (2009\u2013present), both appointed by former Governor Ted Strickland.  Jacobson graduated cum laude with a B.A. from Yale University and received his J.D. summa cum laude from The University of Dayton."}]}, {"title": "Raymond L. Haight", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Raymond LeRoy Haight (July 18, 1897 \u2013 September 2, 1947) was an American lawyer and politician from California. Involved in the Republican and Commonwealth-Progressive parties, Haight ran as a third party candidate during the 1934 California gubernatorial election. Haight was born in San Jose, California to George Haight and Isabella Hawkins. Haight's grandfather's first cousin was Henry Huntly Haight, the Governor of California from 1867 to 1871. Haight was also related to Henry Haight, a prominent pioneer and San Francisco banker during the California Gold Rush. Haight was educated in law at the University of Southern California, editing the \"Daily Trojan\" for a year between 1918 and 1919. Following graduation, Haight entered a Los Angeles-based law practice (Haight & Mathes, which would eventually become Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton), and quickly gained a reputation with corporate investigations."}, {"context": " In the 1934 California gubernatorial election, Haight initially campaigned for the Republican nomination, gaining 85,000 votes. Haight ultimately lost to Frank Merriam, who had recently been installed as governor following the death of James Rolph. Haight continued to pursue the governorship, gaining the crossed Commonwealth-Progressive Party's nomination, running against the right-wing leaning Merriam, and against former Socialist Party of America member and still self-avowed socialist, author Upton Sinclair, the Democratic Party candidate. During the campaign, there was discussion during amongst Democratic supporters, including A. P. Giannini, of asking Sinclair to leave the race in favor of Haight, due to belief that Haight's moderate politics and unassociation with socialism would stand better against Merriam's conservatism. Sinclair, however, disapproved."}, {"context": " Haight campaigned as a centrist between the right Merriam and the left Sinclair, seeping support from voters dissatisfied with both candidates. Haight garnered 302,519 votes, 13% of the vote. Much of Haight's voting strength came from the San Joaquin Valley, where farmers were hostile to Sinclair's End Poverty in California scheme to take over so-called 'idle farms'. With 13% of the vote, Haight arguably spoiled Sinclair's chances for the governorship. Haight would unsuccessfully run again as a Progressive in the 1938 election, though he would never garner the same support as he did in 1934. Haight returned to law, and rejoined Republican ranks. He served as a delegate to the 1944 Republican National Convention in Chicago.  Haight died in San Diego on September 2, 1947."}]}, {"title": "Gewehr", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Gewehr is the German word for a rifle. Previous to the 1840s, rifled guns were not widespread, usually muzzle-loading and termed \"B\u00fcchse\", as they are still in German hunting jargon today. Afterwards, \"Gewehr\" became the standard term for military-type rifles. The term \"Gewehr\" can be encountered in the context of 19th and 20th century military history for nonspecific rifles from German-speaking countries, e.g. in arms trade, in particular for types produced before German unification in 1871. Specific types, sorted chronologically from 1841 to 1997 and with designer given, are:"}]}, {"title": "Cheilosia ahenea", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Cheilosia ahenea is a Palearctic species of hoverfly. External images For terms see Morphology of Diptera<br> Black with infuscated wings.Adult males have a shining abdomen, and all-black legs.Thorax with pale hairs of a single length, sternites weakly dusted, scutellar bristles sometimes lacking.Identification by examination of the male genitalia. The male genitalia are figured by Barkalov and St\u00e5hls,(1997) \"Cheilosia ahenea \" is a Palearctic species with a limited distribution in Europe - Central Europe, North Spain, Ireland.  The habitat is grassland including both calcareous and non-calcareous subalpine pasture, in central Europe in the montane zone up to nearly 2000 metres. In Ireland, this species occurs on the coast at sea level, in calcareous grassland. Adult habitat and habits. The insect flies close to the ground and often settles on bare ground or stones.It also hovers. Flowers visited include \"Ranunculus\", \"Taraxacum\", \"Antennaria\", \"Dryas\", and \"Hieracium\" The flight period is May to July."}]}, {"title": "2014 Generali Ladies Linz \u2013 Doubles", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Karol\u00edna Pl\u00ed\u0161kov\u00e1 and Krist\u00fdna Pl\u00ed\u0161kov\u00e1 were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Annika Beck and Caroline Garcia.<br> Raluca Olaru and Anna Tatishvili won the title, defeating Beck and Garcia in the final, 6\u20132, 6\u20131."}]}, {"title": "Theresia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Theresia is a feminine given name which may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Jaisurya", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Jaisurya is a South Indian Tamil film released in 2004 directed by Manoj Kumar. The film stars Arjun in dual roles, along withLaila, Chaya Singh, Vadivelu in pivotal roles. The movie's score was scored by Deva. The film received negative reviews from critics and failed at box-office. The film was dubbed and released in Telugu with same name. Surya (Arjun), assisted by Baby (Laila), is a conman whose services can be bought by anyone for the right price. His tricks result in the dismissal of both the Assistant Commissioner (Ilavarasu) and his brother, the Police Minister (Raj Kapoor). So they seek the help of Pasupathy (Shobaraj), another dada in Madras. When Pasupathy is recruited by a goon from Calcutta to kidnap the Kancheepuram collector, Surya decides to foil his plan and save the collector. When saving the man, he finds that the collector Jai Anand (Arjun) is a spitting image of himself. Jai's fianc\u00e9e Priya (Chaya Singh) tells Surya about Jai's past as the collector in Calcutta.  During the launch event of the film in February 2004, producers had put up promotional stills of actress Sneha before she had signed the film. Subsequently, the team moved quickly to sign on Laila and make up for their error. Music was composed by Deva and released on Five Star Audio. Due to producer's financial crunch, \"Jaisurya\" release was delayed for 4 months."}]}, {"title": "Eskasoni First Nation", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Eskasoni First Nation is a band government of the First Nations indigenous Mi'kmaq people located in Nova Scotia, Canada. As of 2012, the Mi'kmaq population is 3,490 on-Reserve, and 592 off-Reserve. It is the most populous band government in Nova Scotia and has its own community radio station, CICU-FM, broadcasting at 94.1 MHz. The Eskasoni First Nation is the home of the Unama'ki Institute of Natural Resources, a Mi'kmaq organization devoted to natural resources and the environment. The Eskasoni First Nation is composed of three parts:"}]}, {"title": "Field Information Agency; Technical (FIAT)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Field Information Agency; Technical (FIAT): US Army agency for securing the \"major, and perhaps only, material reward of victory, namely, the advancement of science and the improvement of production and standards of living in the United Nations, by proper exploitation of German methods in these fields\"; FIAT ended in 1947, when \"Operation Paperclip\" began functioning. The United States organization was designated FIAT (Field Investigation Agency-Technical). FIAT continued TIIC's work, combing the mountains of papers found in factories and hideaways, to ferret out the scientific secrets, the mechanical devices, and the special techniques developed by the Germans in the decades following World War I. Important papers, documented wherever possible by observations, drawings and photographs, were flown back to Washington.\""}, {"context": " Early in 1945, foreseeing a vastly increased military and civilian interest after hostilities ended in Germany, Secretary of War Stimson had sent his scientific consultant, E. L. Bowles, to Europe to help set up a single high-level scientific and technological intelligence organization. Later, in April, among his other assignments, General Clay had acquired the job of working with Bowles in carrying out the mission from the Secretary of War. Since the new organization would have to be combined for as long as SHAEF existed, Clay had selected as its chief Brig. R. J. Maunsell (British), who was already chief of the Special Sections Subdivision, and as the deputy chief Col. Ralph M. Osborne (US). Clay also gave the organization a name, Field Information Agency, to which Maunsell added the word \"Technical\" to make a pronounceable acronym, FIAT. FIAT was from the first conceived as a post-hostilities agency. It would inherit from the Special Sections Subdivision a military mission and, in the search for information to use against Japan, also a wartime mission; but in the long run it would be oriented at least equally toward civilian interests. Chief among its interests would be \"the securing of the major, and perhaps only, material reward of victory, namely, the advancement of science and the improvement of production and standards of living in the United Nations by proper exploitation of German methods in these fields.\" FIAT's scope was therewith extended to take in scientific and industrial processes and patents having civilian as well as military applications. Although Clay, Bowles, and Maunsell envisioned FIAT as having exclusive \"control and actual handling of operations concerning enemy personnel, documents, and equipment of scientific and industrial interest,\" they discovered before long that to set up an agency with such sweeping authority in the bureaucratic thickets of SHAEF was not possible. Direct control of operations was already in the hands of various long-established SHAEF elements and would remain there-except for Operation DUSTBIN, which came under FIAT along with its parent agency, the Special Sections Subdivision, on 1 July, and the 6800 T Force, which by the time it passed to FIAT (on 1 August) had practically finished assessing its assigned and uncovered targets. The one new T Force operation in the FIAT period was conducted in Berlin in July and August. In its charter, issued at the end of May, FIAT was authorized to \"coordinate, integrate, and direct the activities of the various missions and agencies\" interested in scientific and technical intelligence but prohibited from collecting and exploiting such information on its own responsibility."}, {"context": " Never the high-powered intelligence unit Stimson had wanted and, after SHAEF was dissolved, an orphan shared administratively by the US Group Control Council and USFET without being adopted by either, FIAT eventually came by its distinctive role in the occupation almost inadvertently. In the summer of 1945, from its office in Frankfurt and branches in Paris, London, and Berlin, it provided accreditation, support, and services to civilian investigators from the Technical Industrial Intelligence Committee (Foreign Economic Administration) then arriving in Europe in large numbers to comb German plants and laboratories for information on everything from plastics to shipbuilding and building materials to chemicals. As military units that had been engaged in gathering technical intelligence were redeployed beginning in the late summer, FIAT frequently also became the custodian of the documents and equipment they had collected."}, {"context": " Meanwhile, in June, President Truman had established the Publications Board under the Director of War Mobilization and Reconversion and instructed it to review all scientific and technical information developed with government funds during the war with a view toward declassifying and publishing it. In August, after V-J Day, the President also ordered \"prompt, public and general dissemination\" of scientific and industrial information obtained from the enemy and assigned this responsibility as well to the Publication Board. At first informally and later, in December, by War Department order, FIAT acquired the responsibility for the Publication Board program in Germany and a mission, which was the same one in fact that had been foreseen for it in June, namely, to exploit Germany's scientific and industrial secrets for the benefit of the world. As the military intelligence projects were completed and phased out in late 1945 and early 1946, the volume of civilian investigations increased; FIAT microfilming teams ranged across Germany, and the Frankfurt office screened, edited, and translated reports before shipping them to the United States. By the end of the first year of the occupation, FIAT had processed over 23,000 reports, shipped 108 items of equipment (whole plants sometimes were counted as single items), and collected 53 tons of documents."}, {"context": " The earliest Joint Intelligence Objectives search teams were followed by others, which were to dig out industrial and scientific secrets in particular. The Technical Industrial Intelligence Committee was one group of these, composed of three hundred and eighty civilians representing seventeen American industries. Later came the teams of the Office of the Publication Board itself and many mow groups direct from private industry. Of the latter\u2014called, in Germany, Field Intelligence Agencies, Technical (FIAT) \u2013 there have been over five hundred; of one to ten members each, operating by invitation and under the aegis of the OPB."}, {"context": " Today the search still goes on. The Office of Technical Services has a European staff of four to five hundred J At Hoechst, it has one hundred abstractors who struggle feverishly to keep ahead of the forty OTS document-recording cameras which route to them each month over one hundred thousand feet of microfilm. Administratively, the story started in 1944, when the Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee (CIOS), was organized in London by authority of the British and American chiefs of staff. The American membership of CIOS was represented by the War, Navy and State Departments, Army Air Forces, Foreign Economic Administration, Office of Strategic Services, and Office of Scientific and Research and Development. It was CIOS who organized the first teams of experts and started them toward predetermined objectives on the European continent. To make the most of the fact-finding thrusts, the Technical Industrial Intelligence Committee (TIIC) was organized in Washington. TIIC was under the joint chiefs of staff, and its job was to help government agencies get needed information as it was collected from the liberated countries. CIOS folded up last July, along with SHAEF, and its functions were largely taken over by Field Information Agency, Technical (FIAT). TIIC, however, was still on the job, getting information from its own investigations from FIAT, and from a scattering of other sources. The TIIC was headed by Howland H. Sargeant, of the US Alien Properties Custodian."}, {"context": " The main result of the FIAT was to make public many of the technical and scientific advances made by the German and Axis government during World War II. Some of the results showed that publications in Germany were hampered, not by lack of talent, but by lack of paper for printing. Max von Laue wrote in April 1948 that the FIAT Reviews indicated what German scientists were doing during the war. He admitted that scientific journal publication lapsed, one after another, toward the end of the war. But this was not from a lack of articles to be published, he asserted. The lapse of publication in science was due mostly to lack of paper, bomb damage to printing houses, and other economic strictures. For example, he cites, the Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Physik, had sixty articles waiting for publication at the end of the war, and they could have accepted 86 more articles."}, {"context": " The scientists at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes were world leaders in plant breeding efforts, and sent some of their colleagues out with the army to \"acquire\" specimens. These scientists were part of the SS Ahnenerbe, which included specialists in race, biologists, physicians, historians, botanists, zoologists, geneticists and plant breeders. Like the ERR, these units had an armed \"Sammelkommando\" or \"Collecting Commando\", to secure what was needed in the occupied countries. Near the end of the war, Hitler ordered that this collection be destroyed, but the order was disobeyed. Although Heinz Br\u0171cher cooperated with the Allies at the end of the war, and even wrote some articles for the US Army Field Information Assistance Technical Unit (FIAT), the seed collections remained hidden away until he could retrieve them in 1947, and take them first to Sweden, then to South America."}, {"context": " Many of the German research organizations were temporarily suspended during the Allied occupation of the country. And part of their duties were to inventory the loss of research materials, including books, during the war. A report made by the Field Information Agency, Technical (FIAT) in August 1945 noted that many of the library books were removed to the basements of the University of Heidelberg buildings. These buildings were at that time used for billets for the American troops, and the need to replace the books was evident."}, {"context": " \"...A subsequent ACC Law, No. 29, ordered that \"any of the four powers in occupation of Germany... may request in writing an authenticated copy of any book, paper, statement, account, writing or other document from the files of any German industrial, business or commercial enterprise.\" This law enabled the Allies to confiscate virtually every document, regardless of whether it belonged to the state or a private individual. The Americans in particular took advantage of Law No. 29. Branches of the Field Information Agency, Technical, USA (FIAT), processed over 29,000 reports, confiscated 55 tons of documents, and made over 3,400 trips within Germany to investigate the so-called \"targets\" of interest through June 30, 1946. Considering the transatlantic transportation problems they were already experiencing, the Americans preferred to seize \"lightweight\" goods, such as documents, as compensation for their participation in World War II. On the other hand, the Soviet Military Administration looked, as previously shown, for machinery and equipment. It is obvious that, at the beginning, they underestimated the value of patents, trademarks and blueprints. They even left behind the library of the Reichspatentamt in Berlin, which the Americans confiscated then when they arrived in mid-1945.\""}, {"context": " The maine desired result was to allow Allied businesses and industry to take advantage of Axis research before and during the war, when the isolation of German science denied the rest of the world the benefits of their research. These published results also helped scientists and researchers in the former Axis countries, who also had been denied access to German research. In an announcement in 1947, the \"Petroleum Times\" announces that the CIOS, BIOS and FIAT reports were available for purchase from HM Stationery Office. They also announced that there would be a display of the reports at a number of cities around the country. Also, the BIOS \"...has access to a considerable number of site reports on German factories and research establishments, original German documents and miscellaneous items of information which, by their nature, are not suitable for reproduction and publication...\""}]}, {"title": "2019 Indian Open", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 2019 Indian Open is a professional ranking snooker tournament. It was due to take place between 18 and 22 September 2018 at the Grand Hyatt Kochi Bolgatty in Kochi, India but was postponed due to the 2018 Kerala floods. The re-scheduled Indian Open will now be played in Kochi from 27 February to 3 March 2019. It will be the fifteenth ranking event of the 2018/2019 season. Qualifying took place on 15 and 16 August 2018 in Preston, England. The breakdown of prize money for this year is shown below:  The \"rolling 147 prize\" for a maximum break: \u00a3 These matches were held between 15 and 16 August 2018 at the Preston Guild Hall in Preston, England. All matches were best of 7 frames. Total: 10"}]}, {"title": "2008 Clemson Tigers football team", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 2008 Clemson Tigers football team represented Clemson University in the 2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Tigers were led by head coach Tommy Bowden, who resigned six games into his tenth season. The interim head coach was assistant coach Dabo Swinney. The Tigers play their home games in Memorial Stadium. Following a 9\u20134 season in 2007, in which Clemson finished second in the ACC Atlantic Division and played in the Chick-Fil-A Bowl, and with several players returning in the skill positions, many expected Clemson to be a strong candidate to win the ACC and a dark horse in the national championship picture. The Tigers' main areas of concern heading into the 2008 season was on the offensive line and linebackers. The offensive line would be very young and inexperienced heading into the season, while the linebacker corps was thinned by graduation and off-field issues. Despite these areas of concern, Clemson was tabbed as preseason favorites to win the ACC and was ranked 9th in both the AP and ESPN/USA Today preseason polls. In addition, QB Cullen Harper was tabbed as the preseason favorite for the ACC's Player of the Year."}, {"context": " Spencer Benton (K; Myrtle Beach, SC; Myrtle Beach HS), DaQuan Bowers (DE; Bamberg, SC; Bamberg-Ehrhardt HS), Stanley Hunter (LB; Duncan, SC; James F. Brynes HS), Marquan Jones (WR; Blythewood, SC; Blythewood HS), Kyle Parker (QB; Jacksonville, FL; Bartram Trail HS), Tarik Rollins (LB; Jacksonville, FL; Chaminade Madonna College Prep), Jon Richt (QB; Athens, GA; Prince Avenue Christian), Dawson Zimmerman (K; Snellville, GA; Brookwood HS), Spencer Adams (S; Matthews, NC; David W. Butler HS), Andre Ellington (RB; Moncks Corner, SC; Berkeley HS), Dalton Freeman (OL; Pelion, SC; Pelion HS), Brandon Thompson (DT; Thomasville, GA; Thomasville HS), Daniel Andrews (S; Jacksonville, FL; Trinity Christian Academy), Jaron Brown (WR; Cheraw, SC; Cheraw HS), Carlton Lewis Jr. (S; St. Augustine, FL; St. Augustine HS), Jarred Crittenton (DE; Wahpeton, ND; North Dakota State College of Science), Matt Sanders (OL; Crestview, FL; Crestview HS), Kenneth Page (OL; Columbia, SC; A.C. Flora HS), Xavier Brewer (CB; Jacksonville, FL; Bartram Trail HS); Dwayne Allen (TE; Fayetteville, NC; Terry Sanford HS); Rashard Hall (S; St. Augustine, FL; St. Augustine HS), Brandon Ford (WR; Hanahan, SC; Hanahan HS); Matt Skinner (ATH; Jacksonville, FL; The Bolles School), Jonathan Willard (LB; Loris, SC; Loris HS), Antoine McClain (OL; Anniston, AL; Anniston HS), Jamie Harper (RB; Jacksonville, FL; Trinity Christian Academy)"}, {"context": " The Tigers were the preseason favorite to win the ACC and were favored going into the season opener at the Georgia Dome. Some believed that the Crimson Tide's youth and inexperience would prove a serious disadvantage against an experienced team like Clemson. However, Alabama quickly took control in what would eventually be a lopsided victory. By the end of the first quarter, Bama led 13\u20130, and they extended their lead to 23\u20133 by halftime. The only scare came when C. J. Spiller returned the second half kickoff 96 yards for a touchdown. However, the Tigers failed to score again. James Davis and C. J. Spiller combined for only 20 yards on the ground, while the team's rushing total was 0. Clemson's redshirt senior quarterback, Cullen Harper, completed 20 of 34 passes but had no touchdowns and one interception. Alabama's John Parker Wilson completed 22 of 30 passes with no interceptions. He threw two touchdowns to Nick Walker and Julio Jones, and rushed for one himself. The Crimson Tide went on to win by a score of 34\u201310."}, {"context": " Running back C. J. Spiller fumbled on Clemson's first drive and the Tigers turned the ball over on downs on their second drive. The Citadel was able to proficiently move the ball through the air, although they were unable to capitalize on their opportunities. It was the secondary and Michael Hamlin in particular that kept The Citadel from getting back into the game after the Tigers went up 21\u20130 on two touchdown runs by C. J. Spiller and a TD run by James Davis. With Clemson leading 21\u20137 late in the first half, The Citadel scored on a 41-yard pass from Bart Blanchard to Andre Roberts. Then the Bulldogs were in position to score again after they forced Clemson to punt. A touchdown that would have brought the Bulldogs within a score going into halftime was prevented when Hamlin intercepted a Blanchard pass."}, {"context": " On the fourth play of the second half Hamlin intercepted Blanchard again and returned the ball to the Citadel 19-yard line. A Tyler Grisham fumble kept Clemson from scoring, but on Clemson's next drive Spiller scored on a 17-yard TD run to put Clemson safely up 28\u20137. Hamlin's third interception came on The Citadel's next drive. He stole the ball at the Bulldog 37 and returned it to the 25. On the next play, Cullen Harper hit tight end Michael Palmer down the right sideline for a touchdown. Harper completed 14 of 18 passes for 192 yards. While The Citadel held the ball seven more minutes than the Tigers, Harper's efficiency allowed Clemson to easily put away the Bulldogs."}, {"context": " Davis finished with 107 yards and Spiller had 75 yards rushing to aid the offense. The annual renewal of the \"Textile Bowl\" between the Clemson Tigers and N.C. State Wolfpack got off to a rocky start for the Tigers. On the first play of the game, Nate Irving intercepted a Cullen Harper pass and returned it 33 yards for a touchdown, putting the Wolfpack up 6\u20130. The Tigers responded by blocking the PAT. The next offensive series, the Tigers started on their own 24 and drove the length of the field, capping the drive with a 16-yard touchdown pass from Harper to Jacoby Ford. A 30-yard run by Ford on a reverse also highlighted the drive. The Mark Buchholz PAT put Clemson up 7\u20136."}, {"context": " The next three drives saw the Tigers and Wolfpack trade punts. With 13:51 left in the 2nd quarter, Clemson began its next scoring drive from its own 33. A 28-yard reception by Jacoby Ford highlighted the drive, with rushes by James Davis, C. J. Spiller, and Cullen Harper helping to aid the drive. With 4th and 2 on the N.C. State 5-yard line, Buchholz came on for a 22-yard field goal to put the Tigers up 10\u20136. After the next N.C. State drive stalled, Clemson got the ball back on their own 41-yard line. Clemson scored after two passes from Cullen Harper \u2013 the first a 31-yard strike to Aaron Kelly, and the second a 28-yard touchdown pass to C. J. Spiller. The PAT put Clemson ahead 17\u20136."}, {"context": " N.C. State got back on the board late in the fourth quarter with a 25-yard field goal by Josh Czajkowski to close the gap to 17\u20139. Clemson started the next drive on the N.C. State 47 and drove it down to the 13, but the drive stalled after an apparent touchdown run by Spiller was negated by a holding penalty. Buchholz kicked a 31-yard field goal to increase the lead to 20\u20139. N.C. State's next drive resulted in their first turnover of the game, when Crezdon Butler intercepted a pass at the Clemson 4-yard line. The Tigers then sealed the game with a 13-play drive that consumed 7:01 of the clock, capping the drive with a 12-yard touchdown run by Spiller. That would be the final score of the game, as the Tigers prevailed 27\u20139 and extended their current win streak in the series to five. The last efforts by the Wolfpack to close the gap were snuffed out by an interception by Chris Chancellor."}, {"context": " The Tigers gained 426 yards of total offense. Cullen Harper was 20\u201328 for 262 yards and 2 touchdowns and 1 interception. C. J. Spiller had a great day as a dual threat, finishing with 61 rushing yards, 35 receiving yards, and 2 touchdowns. Jacoby Ford lead all receivers with 106 receiving yards and a touchdown, in addition to 48 rushing yards. The Tigers defense held the Wolfpack to 288 yards on offense, no offensive touchdowns, and recorded two interceptions. The first ever meeting between the Clemson Tigers and S.C. State Bulldogs turned into a lopsided contest, as the Tigers defeated their second FCS team on the season to improve to 3\u20131. The Tigers received the opening kickoff and struck first on a 68-yard drive capped off by a 1-yard touchdown run by James Davis. S.C. State was unable to respond on any of its two possessions in the first quarter, as they ended in a punt and missed field goal. Clemson, meanwhile, had its next two drives end in interceptions from Cullen Harper."}, {"context": " The Tigers broke the game open in the second quarter. Chris Chancellor intercepted an S.C. State pass early in the quarter. On the next possession, Davis and C. J. Spiller spearheaded the offensive attack, which ended in Davis' second touchdown of the day. The Tigers defense would cut the Bulldogs' next drive short with an interception by Crezdon Butler. Davis would score his third touchdown of the day on the next drive. A safety and a 1-yard touchdown plunge by Cullen Harper would give the Tigers a 30\u20130 halftime lead."}, {"context": " S.C. State received the ball to start the third quarter, but it was the Tigers who opened up scoring as Chris Clemons picked off a Bulldog pass and returned it for a touchdown. The next three drives saw two Bulldog drives and a Tigers drive stall. Clemson got back on the scoreboard with a Mark Buchholz field goal. Clemson began placing reserves in on offense late in the third quarter. Early in the fourth quarter, the Tigers scored their fifth rushing touchdown of the day on a one-yard run by backup quarterback Willy Korn. Korn would later throw the Tigers' first passing touchdown of the day on a five-yard passes to tight end Michael Palmer. The defense recorded its fourth turnover of the day when Brandon Thompson recovered an S.C. State fumble. The Tigers then ran out the clock, giving them a 52\u20130 victory."}, {"context": " Cullen Harper completed 14 of 23 passes for 152 yards with no touchdowns and two interceptions. Willy Korn went 7\u20137 for 73 yards and a touchdown. James Davis led the Tigers' rushing attack with 93 yards and 3 touchdowns. Tyler Grisham led the receiving corps with 41 reception yards on 3 receptions. C. J. Spiller had 105 all-purpose yards on the day (66 rushing, 39 punt return). Overall, the Tigers' offense compiled 432 yards of total offense (225 passing, 207 rushing) and 31 first downs. The defense held the Bulldogs to 149 yards of total offense and eight first downs, while compiling four turnovers on the day."}, {"context": " Clemson firmly held the momentum of the game for the first half, with their running backs able to exploit holes in the Terps' defensive line. Clemson racked up two touchdowns and a field goal. Despite gaining excellent field position through recovering a fumbled punt on the Clemson 19-yard line and a recovered fumble on the Clemson 30-yard line, Maryland was able to produce just two field goals from those turnovers. The Terrapins drives were also blunted through penalties for two false starts and a holding call."}, {"context": " In the second half, the Terrapins began with a series that fizzled out after a run attempt for a loss, an additional false start, and two incomplete passes. However, the Terrapins defense took the field and stopped a Clemson drive, allowing the Maryland offense another chance. On the first play of their second series, wide receiver Darrius Heyward-Bey executed a reverse, gaining 76 yards before being run down at the Clemson 4-yard line. This set up a short Chris Turner touchdown pass to receiver Torrey Smith, and irreversibly shifted the game's momentum in favor of the Terps. In the fourth quarter, three completions to Danny Oquendo set the stage for a one-yard rush into the end zone by Da'rel Scott. The Maryland defense remained stalwart, allowing Clemson just 31 rushing yards and no points in the second half, compared with 204 yards on the ground and 17 points in the first."}, {"context": " The upset marked the fourth consecutive Maryland win against a ranked opponent (the others: #23 Cal, and, in the 2007 season, #8 Boston College and #10 Rutgers). It is also the fourth consecutive time that the visiting team has won the Maryland-Clemson series. Riley Skinner's 7-yard touchdown pass to DJ Boldin with 5:28 to go gave the Deacons a 12\u20137 win against Clemson. In a defensive battle, the Deacons' defense managed to hold Clemson to less than one yard per carry. Wake Forest dominated the game statistically but were unable to capitalize on several scoring chances. The sole turnover in the game was a Cullen Harper pass intercepted by Alphonso Smith, who tied a school record with his 17th career interception. Riley Skinner also threw for 186 yards and a touchdown on 22-of-34 passing, and also added 73 yards on the ground."}, {"context": " On October 13, Clemson head coach Tommy Bowden resigned and was replaced by receivers coach Dabo Swinney. Tech's defense controlled the eb and flow of the game forcing six turnovers, which included four interceptions and two fumble recoveries. Safety Dominique Reese returned an intercepted pass from wide receiver Tyler Grisham for Tech's first touchdown. Morgan Burnett added two additional interceptions, the final in the last second of the game. Offensively, Tech continued to produce with its ground game against the Tigers racking up 207 yards rushing. Josh Nesbitt ran untouched for 5 yards for Tech's second score and passed 24 yards to Demaryius Thomas for Tech's go ahead and eventual game winning score. Tech is 6\u20131 for the first time since 1999."}, {"context": " On October 27, it was announced that the Boston College Gridiron Club will be sponsoring the O'Rourke\u2013McFadden Trophy and will be awarded to the winner of the Boston College-Clemson game on November 1. The trophy is named after Charlie O'Rourke and Banks McFadden, who were the respective quarterbacks for Boston College and Clemson during the 1940 Cotton Bowl (the 1st meeting between the Eagles and Tigers). Clemson captured the O'Rourke\u2013McFadden Trophy and its first victory over the Eagles since 1958 (and first win since Boston College joined the ACC) with a 27\u201321 victory. After the Eagles received the opening kickoff, both teams traded possessions. After Steve Aponavicius missed a 31-yard field goal, the Tigers took over on their own 20-yard line. C. J. Spiller broke a 56-yard run that drove the Tigers into BC territory, and James Davis capped the drive with a 24-yard touchdown run to put the Tigers up 7\u20130. Later in the 1st quarter, Brandon Maye recovered a fumble to give the Tigers the ball back on their own 30-yard line. Cullen Harper connected with a 23-yard reception to Tyler Grisham and a 45-yard reception to C. J. Spiller to get to the Eagles 2-yard line. Harper then capped the drive with a 2-yard run to increase the lead to 14\u20130. After trading possessions again for the remainder of the 1st quarter and part of the second, Clemson started their next scoring drive with 8:12 left in the 2nd quarter. Driving from their own 20, the Tigers made their way to the Eagles 10-yard line before having to settle for a Mark Buchholz field goal to increase the lead to 17\u20130."}, {"context": " Boston College mounted a comeback in the second half, sparked by a McLaughlin interception of Harper to set up the Eagles at the Tigers 7-yard line. Josh Haden would punch the ball in from 1 yard out to make the score 17\u20137. Early in the 4th quarter, the Eagles would block a Jimmy Maners punt, which was returned by Roderick Rollins 20 yards for a touchdown to close the margin to 17\u201314. After Davis intercepted another Harper pass to give the Eagles great field position, the Eagles would score on a 16-yard pass from Chris Crane to Brandon Robinson to take 21\u201317 lead. However, Spiller would take ensuing kickoff 64 yards to set up the Tigers on the Eagles 15-yard line. The Tigers would capitalize on the drive, completing the drive with a 4-yard touchdown pass from Harper to Aaron Kelly to take a 24\u201317 lead. On the next drive, DeAndre McDaniel forced a fumble that was recovered by Daquan Bowers. The Tigers would put away the game for good with a Buchholz field goal on the next possession. The victory would give interim head coach Dabo Swinney his first win."}, {"context": " Offensively for the Tigers, Harper finished the game completing 21 of 33 passes for 252 yards, 1 touchdown, and 3 interceptions. C. J. Spiller lead the Tigers in rushing (55 yards) and receiving (105 yards), while compiling 242 all-purpose yards for the entire game. James Davis scored the 42nd rushing touchdown of his career, breaking the Tigers' all-time rushing touchdown record. Aaron Kelly recorded his 19th career touchdown reception in the game, which gave him Clemson's record for career touchdown receptions. Defensively, the Tigers held the Eagles to 236 yards and forced three fumbles (2 of which the Tigers recovered)."}, {"context": " The Tigers came into their homecoming game against the Duke Blue Devils in need of winning the last three games for bowl eligibility. Clemson received the opening kickoff, but both teams ended up trading punts in the first four possessions of the game. Duke's second possession of the game saw starting quarterback Thaddeus Lewis suffer a sprained ankle while trying to elude a Clemson defender, which knocked him out of the game and hampered the Blue Devils' offense for the remainder of the game. On the Tigers' third offensive possession, James Davis had three consecutive rushes for 18 yards. After a loss of three yards, Clemson faced 3rd and 10 on the Duke 48-yard line. Cullen Harper completed a pass to Tyler Grisham, who turned it into a 19-yard gain. On the following play, C. J. Spiller ran the ball 24 yards for the game's first touchdown. After trading possession, which saw Duke having to punt twice and a Clemson drive stall on a missed 53-yard field goal, the Tigers took over again with 9:23 left in the second quarter. In this possession, Clemson added to the lead with a 39-yard field goal by Mark Buchholz. After the Tigers' defense forced the Blue Devil offense to go three and out, Clemson got the ball back around midfield. After Cullen Harper completed several completions to Spiller, Jacoby Ford, and Aaron Kelly, the Tigers had the ball on the Duke 1-yard line. James Davis then punched it in to give the Tigers a 17\u20130 halftime lead."}, {"context": " Duke received the opening kickoff, but the drive ended up stalling around midfield, forcing another punt. Clemson's next drive proved to be very short, as Harper connected on a screen pass to Spiller, who raced 83 yards for his second touchdown of the day. Michael Hamlin intercepted Duke's back-up quarterback Zach Asack on the next possession on the game's first turnover. After a 15-yard reception to Ford and a 26-yard reception to Davis, the Tigers found themselves on the Blue Devil three-yard line. Davis then scored his second touchdown of the day to give the Tigers a 31\u20130 lead. Duke would finally score late in the fourth quarter on a 28-yard pass from Asack to Eron Riley to close the final gap to 31\u20137. A late drive by Duke was cut short deep in Clemson territory by an interception by Coty Sensabaugh."}, {"context": " Offensively, the Tigers compiled 466 yards for the game (326 passing and 140 rushing), 25 first downs, and converted 6 of 16 third downs. Cullen Harper completed 20 of 26 passes for 292 yards, 1 touchdown, and no interceptions. C. J. Spiller lead the Tigers in rushing and receiving for the second time in three games, rushing for 71 yards and a touchdown, and 108 receiving yards and a touchdown. James Davis had 43 rushing yards, 26 receiving yards, and two rushing touchdowns. Aaron Kelly had 96 receiving yards on the day and broke the ACC reception record held by Desmond Clark with two back-to-back receptions late in the 4th quarter. Defensively, the Tigers held the Blue Devils to 168 total yards (85 passing and 83 rushing), 2 of 14 on third down conversions, and forced two turnovers. Clemson held the time of possession advantage, controlling the ball for 35:36 compared to Duke's 24:24 of possession."}, {"context": " The Tigers kept their bowl hopes alive with a close 13\u20133 victory over the Virginia Cavaliers in Charlottesville. With the victory, Clemson captured their first victory in Charlottesville since 2000 and improved the series record against the Cavaliers to 36\u20138\u20131. Neither offense was able to generate much production, as the Tigers barely outgained the Cavaliers 192\u2013190. Cullen Harper completed 18 of 28 passes for 121 yards, no touchdowns, and no interceptions. C. J. Spiller only had 57 all-purpose yards, but completed his 1st career touchdown pass in the first quarter, completing a 15-yard pass to Tyler Grisham for the game's only touchdown. James Davis lead the Tigers with 65 rushing yards, while Jacoby Ford lead the receiving corps with six catches for 42 yards. Mark Buchholz was 2\u20133 on field goals (good from 32 and 23 yards; missed from 58 yards) and connected on the game's only PAT attempt. Clemson's defense forced four turnovers against the Cavaliers. Michael Hamlin lead the defense with 8 total tackles, an interception, and a pass break up. Crezdon Butler and DeAndre McDaniel also recorded interceptions, while Byron Maxwell forced a fumble that was recovered by Jock McKissic late in the first quarter."}, {"context": " Clemson won its second straight game over South Carolina and extended the overall series lead against the Gamecocks to 65\u201337\u20134. After the Tigers lost a fumble on the opening drive, the Gamecocks had the chance to score first. However, Chris Chancellor intercepted a Chris Smelley pass. On the next drive, Clemson scored the game's first touchdown after an 85-yard drive highlighted by a 39-yard run by C. J. Spiller and capped by a 1-yard touchdown by James Davis. Clemson then blocked a Gamecock punt on the next possession and followed it up with a 22-yard field goal by Mark Buchholz to take a 10\u20130 lead. In the second quarter, the Tigers again intercepted a Chris Smelley pass (this time by Chris Clemons) to get the ball back around midfield. Two plays later, Cullen Harper threw downfield to Jacoby Ford as he was being tackled by a Gamecock defender. Ford turned the pass into a 50-yard touchdown reception to give the Tigers a 17\u20130 lead. The Tigers started their next drive at the South Carolina 41-yard line following an interception by Michael Hamlin. Davis capped the drive with a 20-yard touchdown run to give the Tigers a 24\u20130 lead. The Gamecocks would score late in the second quarter after the defense recovered a fumble by Harper. Starting at the Clemson 33-yard line, the Gamecocks capped the drive with a 16-yard touchdown pass from Smelley to Patrick DiMarco to cut the Tigers' lead to 24\u20137."}, {"context": " The Gamecocks opened the third quarter with a 69-yard scoring drive, capped by a 23-yard touchdown pass from Smelley to Wesley Saunders to cut the margin to 24\u201314. However, Clemson would counter that several drives later with a 44-yard touchdown drive, capped by Davis' third touchdown run of the day, to push the lead to 31\u201314. In the fourth quarter, Chris Chancellor recorded his second interception of the day (and the defense's fourth against Gamecock quarterback Chris Smelley) to cut short a potential Gamecock scoring drive and leave the final margin at 31\u201314 in favor of the Tigers."}, {"context": " With the victory, the Tigers secured bowl eligibility and gave interim head coach Dabo Swinney his fourth win since taking over at midseason following Tommy Bowden's resignation. Offensively, the Tigers finished the day with 383 yards of total offense. Cullen Harper completed 12 of 17 passes for 199 yards, 1 touchdown, and no interceptions. James Davis led Clemson's rushing attack with 91 yards and 3 touchdowns in his final game in Death Valley. Aaron Kelly led the Tigers' receivers with four catches for 76 yards. C. J. Spiller had 199 all-purpose yards (88 rushing, 35 receiving, and 76 kick/punt return yards). Defensively, the Tigers held the Gamecocks' offense to 304 yards. Clemson led in time of possession 32:47\u201327:13 and forced four turnovers compared to two by the Gamecocks."}, {"context": " Nebraska defeated Clemson in a come-from-behind 26\u201321 finish at the 2009 Gator Bowl on January 1, 2009. The game remained in doubt until the very end, as Clemson marched from their own 23 to the Nebraska 10. With 1st and goal to go and about two minutes remaining on the clock, Cullen Harper came up short, resulting in a 16-yard sack and three Clemson incompletions to seal the outcome of the game. The game was played only days after Head Coach Bo Pelini and Defensive Coordinator Carl Pelini returned from their father's funeral in Ohio."}]}, {"title": "Las Ame\u0301ricas International Airport", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Las Am\u00e9ricas International Airport (, or AILA) is an international airport located in Punta Caucedo, near Santo Domingo and Boca Chica in the Dominican Republic. The airport is run by Aeropuertos Dominicanos Siglo XXI (AERODOM), a private corporation based in the Dominican Republic under a 25-year concession to build, operate, and transfer (BOT) six of the country's airports. Las Am\u00e9ricas usually receives a wide variety of long-, mid- and short-haul aircraft. The airport is the second-busiest in the country, after Punta Cana International Airport, and one of the largest in the Caribbean, handling 3.5 million passengers in 2015 through its air terminal."}, {"context": " Las Am\u00e9ricas Airport opened in 1959 as the official airport of Santo Domingo. The official name of the airport was changed in 2002 to \"Aeropuerto Internacional Las Am\u00e9ricas- Jos\u00e9 Francisco Pe\u00f1a G\u00f3mez (AIJFPG)\" but is most commonly referred to as \"Las Am\u00e9ricas International Airport\", or locally, \"Las Am\u00e9ricas Airport\" or \"El Aeropuerto\". On February 15, 1970, a Dominicana de Aviaci\u00f3n DC-9 that was flying to Luis Mu\u00f1oz Mar\u00edn International Airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico, crashed, killing all 102 persons on board (see: Dominicana DC-9 air disaster)."}, {"context": " \"Las Am\u00e9ricas\" was the hub for Dominicana de Aviaci\u00f3n, APA Dominicana International, Air Santo Domingo, PAWA Dominicana, and a number of other, smaller airlines. Currently SAP Air is based there. Las Am\u00e9ricas also has served as a hub for airlines such as Aeromar L\u00edneas A\u00e9reas Dominicanas, Air Santo Domingo, Aero Continente Dominicana and Queen Air. Recently, the expressway leading from Santo Domingo to the airport (roughly 20\u00a0km east of the city center) was expanded and modernised. The airport was also modernised, and two more terminals were added, including 20 more gates. The new expressway crosses a new suspension bridge which spans the Ozama River, connecting traffic into the city's Elevated Freeway and Tunnel system onto the city's main street, Av. 27 de Febrero. A more scenic route following the coastal shore provides beautiful views of the Caribbean Sea and of the city. This secondary road crosses the Ozama River by means of a floating bridge, connecting traffic onto the Av. George Washington (el Malec\u00f3n) which leads into the heart of the colonial city."}, {"context": " On 18 April 2007, a new terminal was completed and opened for operations. It can accommodate four Boeing 747s simultaneously. This new terminal has four gates with boarding bridges, an air-conditioning system, and maintenance facilities for aircraft. Las Am\u00e9ricas Airport's runway direction is north\u2013south (designated 17\u201335). This runway is the largest in the country, and one of the largest in the Caribbean. With a length of 3,355\u00a0m, it is able to support a Boeing 747. The runway of SDQ was last renovated in June 2008. The old taxi-way was also renovated and converted into a full runway while the old runway was being renovated, then it was converted back into a taxiway after the normal runway was finished. The runway accommodated the Antonov An-225 to supply goods after the 2010 Haiti earthquake."}, {"context": " Las Am\u00e9ricas has five gates on the main satellite concourse (A), A2 through A6. Other gate facilities are for the flights departing from a parking in the taxiway. back in the 1960s and 70s the airport used to be much smaller, The original building was half the size of today's newest structure but with a still modern look. Concourse B has four gates (B1 through B4) and remote stand (P8). Terminal\u00a0B now features a co-branded Copa Club operated jointly by United Airlines and Copa Airlines, and a Private Lounge exclusive to members and business people.  The average number of daily flights in and out of Las Am\u00e9ricas ranges between 68 and 84 flights. JetBlue Airways is the largest airline operating at Las Am\u00e9ricas."}]}, {"title": "Fyodor Gavrilov", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Fyodor Gavrilov was a Russian painter active in the second half of the eighteenth century. His portrait of Nikita Kozhin, recorded as having been painted in 1767, is held in the Kalinin Regional Picture Gallery."}]}, {"title": "Mario Benazzi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Mario Benazzi (Cento, August 29, 1902 \u2013 Pisa, December 6, 1997) was an Italian zoologist, professor at the Istituto di Zoologia e Anatomia Comparata of the University of Pisa. He published work on platyhelminths and evolutionary cytogenetics. Benazzi is honoured in the polychaete name \"Diurodrilus benazzii\" Gerlach, 1952 and in the copepod name \"Colobomatus benazzii\" Delamare Deboutteville & Nunes Ruivo, 1958. In 1971, he was elected a national member of the Accademia dei Lincei."}]}, {"title": "Obervogau", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Obervogau is a former municipality in the district of Leibnitz in the Austrian state of Styria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it is part of the municipality Stra\u00df in Steiermark. Obervogau lies in a bend of the Mur river in southern Styria."}]}, {"title": "Andy Gayle", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Andrew Gayle (born 19 September 1970) is an English former professional footballer. He played in The Football League for Oldham Athletic and Crewe Alexandra. He is currently assistant coach of Rossendale United. Gayle was a trainee with Oldham Athletic and played once in the league for them during the 1988\u201389 season. He joined Crewe Alexandra, but again played just once. He had spell with Bury without playing in the league before dropping out of The Football League on joining Horwich RMI. He had a spell in Malta with Naxxar Lions before returning to Horwich. He subsequently played for Stalybridge Celtic, Accrington Stanley, Horwich (for a third time), Ashton United, Flixton, Witton Albion, Chorley and Oldham Town before joining Nantwich Town. He scored over 30 times in the 1999\u20132000 season and signed for Rossendale United in the 2000 close-season. However, he quit Rossendale in October 2000 to join St Helens Town as a protest at the sacking of Rossendale manager Micky Graham.  He stayed just a month with St Helens, joining Mossley in November 2000. In March 2003 he signed for Winsford United and in July 2003 joined Abbey Hey. He later became a coach with Rossendale United where he was reported to be also working as a taxicab driver."}]}, {"title": "Broome Senior High School", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Broome Senior High School is a comprehensive public high school located in Broome, a regional centre north east of Perth, Western Australia. The school was established in 1972 and by 2015 had an enrolment of 900 students between Year 7 and Year 12, approximately 40% of whom were Aboriginal. The school was initially founded as a district high school in 1972, but in 1990 the senior high school and the primary school separated forming Broome Senior high School., In 2008 the school was hit by fire causing over $50,000 in damage, including destroying a transportable classroom.  Enrolments at the school have steadily increased over the past few years with 448 students in 2007, 502 in 2008, 527 in 2009, 511 in 2010, 492 in 2011 and 560 in 2012 Gary Downsborough was the school principal until 2010 when he left and was replaced with Saeed Amin."}]}, {"title": "Like Family", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Like Family is an American sitcom that aired on The WB in 2003. The series stars Holly Robinson Peete and Kevin Michael Richardson and lasted one season. \"Like Family\" was created and produced by Dan Fogelman, and executive produced by Warren Littlefield, Kenny Schwartz, and Rick Weiner. Holly Robinson Peete stars as Tanya Jones, the matriarch of a middle-class African American family that live in suburban New Jersey. Tanya's family includes husband Ed (Kevin Michael Richardson), their 12-year-old son Bobby (B.J. Mitchell) and 16-year-old daughter Danika (Megalyn Echikunwoke). Rounding out the family is Ed's father, Ed \"Pop\" Jones (J Anthony Brown), an opinionated and feisty senior citizen.  When Tanya's closest friend Maddie Hudson (Diane Farr), a Caucasian single mom, hits a rough patch, Tanya and her family invite Maddie and her 16-year-old son Keith (J. Mack Slaughter, Jr.) to live with them. Episodes focus on the problems and comical situations arising from both families living and working together. The series was cancelled after all but one of the 22 episodes produced were aired. On June 8, 2009, reruns of the series began airing on TV One in the United States."}]}, {"title": "Sassalb", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Sassalb (also known as \"Sassalbo\") is a mountain of the Livigno Alps, located in Graub\u00fcnden, Switzerland. The mountain overlooks Poschiavo. The Sassalb lies south of Piz Sena. The border with Italy runs approximately 400 metres east of the summit."}]}, {"title": "Bodging", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Bodging (full name Chair-Bodgering) is a traditional woodturning craft, using green (unseasoned) wood to make chair legs and other cylindrical parts of chairs. The work was done close to where a tree was felled. The itinerant craftsman who made the chair legs was known as a bodger or chair-bodger. The term was once common around the furniture-making town of High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire, England. Bodgers were highly skilled itinerant wood-turners, who worked in the beech woods of the Chiltern Hills."}, {"context": " The term and trade also spread to Ireland and Scotland. The term was always confined to High Wycombe until the recent (post 1980) revival of pole lathe turning with many chairmakers around the country now calling themselves bodgers. Chairs were made and parts turned in all parts of the UK before the semi industrialised production of High Wycombe. As well recorded in Cotton the English Regional Chair Bodgers also sold their waste product as kindling, or as exceptionally durable woven-baskets. Chair bodgers were one of three types of craftsmen associated with the making of the traditional country \"Windsor Chairs\" .Of the other craftsmen involved in the construction of a Windsor chair, one was the benchman who"}, {"context": " worked in a small town or village workshop and would produce the seats, backsplats and other sawn parts. The final craftsman involved was the framer. The framer would take the components produced by the bodger and the benchman and would assemble and finish the chair. In the early years of the 20th century, there were about 30 chair bodgers scattered within the vicinity of the High Wycombe furniture trade. Although there was great camaraderie and kinship amongst this close community nevertheless a professional eye was kept upon what each other was doing. Most important to the bodger was which company did his competitors supply and at what price."}, {"context": " Bodger Samuel Rockall's account book for 1908 shows he was receiving 19 shillings (228 pence) for a gross (144 units) of plain legs including stretchers. With three stretchers to a set of four legs this amounted to 242 turnings in total. Another account states: \"a bodger worked ten hours a day, six concurrent days a week, in all weathers, only earning thirty shillings a week\" (360 pence=\u00a31.10s.-) The rate of production was surprisingly high. According to Ronald Goodearl, who photographed one of the last professional bodgers Alec and Owen Dean in the late 1940s, recalled they had stated \"each man would turn out 144 parts per day (one gross) including legs and stretchers- this would include cutting up the green wood, and turning it into blanks, then turning it\"."}, {"context": " The origins of the term are obscure. There is no known etymology of the modern term bodger that refers to skilled woodworkers. It first appears , and only applied to a few dozen turners around High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire. The Oxford English Dictionary Supplement of 1972 has two definitions for bodger, one is a local dialect word from Buckinghamshire, for chair leg turner. The other is Australian slang for bad workmanship.. The etymology of the bodger and botcher (poor workmanship) are well recorded from Shakespeare onwards, and now the two terms are synonymous."}, {"context": " In Samuel Johnson's dictionary of the English language published in 1766, the Shakespearean use of the word \"bodged\", means to \"boggle\". According to Johnson \"boggle\" is another word for hesitate. Other definitions of the word bodge taken from Robert Hunter's \"The encyclop\u00e6dic dictionary\", suggest that it could also be a corruption of \"botch\", meaning \"patch\". or a measurement of capacity equivalent to half a peck - equal to . There is a hypothesis that \"bodges\", defined as rough sacks of corn, closely resembled packages of finished goods the bodgers carried when they left the forest or workshop. Another hypothesis (dating from 1879) is that \"bodger\" was a corruption of badger, as similarly to the behaviour of a badger, the bodger dwelt in the woods and seldom emerged until evenings."}, {"context": " Other hypotheses about its origin include the German word \"B\u00f6ttcher\" (cooper, a trade that uses similar tools), and similar Scandinavian words, such the Danish name \"B\u00f8dker\". These words have similar origins to the English word \"butt\", as in \"water butt\". The bodger's equipment was so easy to move and set up that it was easier to go to the timber and work it there than to transport it to a workshop. The completed chair legs were sold to furniture factories to be married with other chair parts made in the workshop."}, {"context": " Common \"bodger's\" or bodging tools included: A bodger commonly camped in the open woods in a \"bodger's hovel\" or basic \"lean-to\"-type shelter constructed of forest-floor lengths suitable for use as poles lashed, likely with twine, together to form a simple triangular frame for a waterproof thatch roof. The \"sides\" of the shelter may have been enclosed in wicker or wattled manner to keep out driving rain, animals, etc. High-Wycombe lathe became a commonly used generic term to describe any wooden-bed pole lathe, irrespective of user or location, and remained the bodger's preferred lathe until the 1960s when the trade died out, losing to the more cost-effective and rapid mechanised mass production factory methods."}, {"context": " Traditionally, a bodger would buy a stand of trees from a local estate, set up a place to live (his bodger's hovel) and work close to trees. After felling a suitable tree, the bodger would cut the tree into billets, approximately the length of a chair leg. The billet would then be split using a wedge. Using the side-axe, he would roughly shape the pieces into chair legs. The drawknife would farther refine the leg shape. The finishing stage was turning the leg with the pole lathe (the pole lathe was made on site). Once the leg or stretchers were finished, being of \"green\" wood, they required seasoning. Chair legs would be stored in piles until the quota (usually a gross of legs and the requisite stretchers) was complete. The bodger would then take their work to one of the large chair-making centres. The largest consumer of the day was the High Wycombe Windsor chair industry."}, {"context": " There were traditionally two other types of craftsmen involved in the construction of a Windsor chair. There was the benchman who worked in a workshop and would produce the seats, backsplats and other sawn parts. Then there was the framer who would take the components produced by the bodger and the benchman. The framer would assemble and finish the chair. After completion the chairs were sold on to dealers, mainly in the market town of Windsor, Berkshire, which is possibly how the name \"Windsor Chair\" originated."}, {"context": " Samuel Rockall learnt the trade from his uncle, Jimmy Rockall. At the age of 61, Samuel was almost the last of the living chair bodgers. Rockall\u2019s bodging tradition was captured on film shortly after he died in 1962. His two sons helped in the reconstruction of his working life in the woods and his workshop. The colour film was produced by the furniture manufacturer Parker Knoll and follows the complete process using Sam\u2019s own tools and equipment. A film copy is available at the Wycombe Museum."}, {"context": " In contemporary British English slang, \"bodging\" can also refer to a job done of necessity using whatever tools and materials come to hand and which, whilst not necessarily elegant, is nevertheless serviceable. Bodged should not be confused with a \"botched\" job: a poor, incompetent or shoddy example of work, deriving from the mediaeval word \"botch\"\u00a0\u2013 a bruise or carbuncle, typically in the field of DIY, though often in fashion magazines to describe poorly executed cosmetic surgery. A \"bodge\", like its cognates \"kludge\" and \"fudge\", is serviceable: a \"botched\" job most certainly is not."}, {"context": " Bodger was the name of a character in the comic strip 'Flook', which appeared in the U.K. Daily Mail newspaper in the 1950s and 1960s. Bodger is the name of a dog in The Incredible Journey. Wycombe Wanderers Football Club's official mascot is a man called 'Bodger', referring to the club's record goalscorer Tony Horseman. He had earned the moniker from supporters through being employed in the town's furniture industry, but admitted in an interview after his playing career that he had never worked as an itinerant turner in the woods..  A character named Bodger is the protagonist in the British children's television programme Bodger and Badger and is himself involved in handiwork."}]}, {"title": "Quick View", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Quick View is a file viewer in Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows NT 4.0 operating systems. The viewer can be used to view practically any file. The software has been ported by third parties to support XP, Vista and 7. On 1995-04-03, InfoSoft International, Inc., announced the acquisition of Systems Compatibility Corporation, and the renaming of InfoSoft International, Inc. to Inso Corporation. Inso Corporation later developed Quick View Plus products. \"Quick View Plus\" is a commercial variant based on Inso Corporation (later IntraNet Solutions, Inc., Stellent Inc., Oracle)'s Outside In technology."}, {"context": " The Windows 3.1 version of the product was originally named Outside In for Windows 3.1 before it was renamed to Quick View Plus for Windows 3.1. The Outside In name was reused as the viewer engine for Quick View Plus products. The distributor was later changed to Avantstar, Inc., founded by Stellent's close associates in 2001. It is a version of Inso Corporation QVP supporting Sun Solaris for SPARC, HP-UX, IBM AIX. It is a product for Windows CE, including Pocket PC 2002. It was released on 1995-09-30."}, {"context": " Microsoft Word file viewer Plug-in for Netscape Navigator 2.0 was released on 1996-02-07. It was released on 1996-11-11. New file formats include: WordPerfect 7, Quattro Pro 7, Freelance 96 for Windows 95, Novell PerfectWorks 2.0, Corel Presentations, LZH archive. It supports integration with: New operating system support include Windows 95, Windows NT 4.0. Microsoft Office 97 module was released on 1997-06-04, which allows viewing and printing Microsoft Office 97 documents (Word 97, Excel 97)."}, {"context": " It was released on 1997-08-13. New file formats include: Microsoft Word 97 and Excel 97, Lotus 1-2-3 97, Freelance 97, Portable Network Graphics New file formats for Netscape Navigator plug-in include Adobe Acrobat, Apple QuickTime, AVI Player, Corel CMX, Shockwave Director, Softsource DWG. New application integration include Microsoft Outlook 97, Eudora for Windows 95 and NT 4.0, and Internet Explorer 3.0 for Windows 3.1. It was released in 1998. New and improved integration includes support for Outlook 98, Outlook Express, Internet Explorer, Microsoft Exchange, Netscape Navigator, Netscape Communicator 5, Eudora 4, America Online, Lotus Notes, Lotus cc:Mail 8.1, Norton Navigator, and Spry Mosaic. Support for additional file formats include Microsoft PowerPoint 97 files, Lotus Word Pro 96 and 97, and RTF 1.5."}, {"context": " File format support was increased to over 200. File format support was increased to over 225. Quick View Plus Enterprise Edition was released on 2000-06-07. New features include: Quick View Plus 8 was released on 2004-01-26. Minimum operating system was changed to Windows 2000. New format support: New software integration: Quick View Plus 9 Enhanced Features It was released on 2008-08-05. New supported operating system includes Windows Vista. Standard Edition was released on 2010-08-09. It adds support for following products:"}, {"context": " New Windows and Microsoft Outlook integration include: Professional Edition was released on 2010-08-09. It adds with third-party program integration, metadata view, auto search, Microsoft Project Gantt chart support over standard edition. 64-bit versions were released on 2011-03-08. It supports 64-bit versions of Microsoft Windows 7, Microsoft Internet Explorer, and Microsoft Outlook 2010. Standard Edition was released on 2012-01-30. It adds support for viewing and printing of 32 file formats including:  Professional Edition was released on 2012-01-30, which adds following to Standard Edition: Standard Edition and Professional Edition were released on 2013-08-20. Changes to both versions of Quick View Plus 12 include: Changes to Professional Edition include: Professional Edition adds following to Standard Edition:"}]}, {"title": "Geology of Morocco", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The geology of Morocco formed beginning up to two billion years ago, in the Paleoproterozoic and potentially even earlier. It was affected by the Pan-African orogeny, although the later Hercynian orogeny produced fewer changes and left the Maseta Domain, a large area of remnant Paleozoic massifs. During the Paleozoic, extensive sedimentary deposits preserved marine fossils. Throughout the Mesozoic, the rifting apart of Pangaea to form the Atlantic Ocean created basins and fault blocks, which were blanketed in terrestrial and marine sediments\u2014particularly as a major marine transgression flooded much of the region. In the Cenozoic, a microcontinent covered in sedimentary rocks from the Triassic and Cretaceous collided with northern Morocco, forming the Rif region. Morocco has extensive phosphate and salt reserves, as well as resources such as lead, zinc, copper and silver."}, {"context": " The oldest rocks in Morocco are the Jbel Ouiharem augen gneiss and Oued Assemlil gneiss. The augen gneisses and metadolerite of the Zenaga Series experienced composite foliation, likely related to an ancient orogeny. The Zenaga Series is intruded by Paleoproterozoic granitoids, giving a young age constraint within the Precambrian. Granites from the Anti-Atlas Mountains yielded similar ages. North of Kerdous, the Quartzite Series formed thick quartzite layers, along with siltstone, pelite sandstones and conglomerates in the Neoproterozoic, with intercalated stromatolite limestones. Sills and laccoliths of dolerite and a gabbro tholeiitic magma series intruded the Quartzite Series along sedimentary bedding."}, {"context": " Morocco was affected by the Pan-African orogeny, which produced the Ouarzazate Series molasse deposit. The Adoudounian Series overlies the Ouarzazate and marks the start of the Cambrian, formed in parallel with the rapid expansion of multicellular life. The base of series is conglomerate, followed by marl, sandstones and additional carbonate sequences. The Amouslek Formation, within the Adounian Series is made up of shale and limestone and is laden with trilobite and archaeocyathid fossils, from an Early Cambrian shallow marine environment. The Goulimine Quartzitic Series from the Middle Cambrian also contains trilobites, although the Late Cambrian is not exposed."}, {"context": " Sandstones, micaceous clays and some limestones form Ordovician strata overly the Cambrian, containing trilobite and graptolite fossils. The Late Ordovician and the start of the Silurian is marked by a glaciation, recorded in tillite. Silurian strata is common in the central Anti-Atlas, represented by sandstones, shales and dark mudstones that sometimes contain carbonate nodules. Black shales in the eastern Anti-Atlas host some graptolites, lamellibranch and nautiloid fossils. Devonian mudstones with limestone beds unconformably overly the Late Silurian in the western Anti-Atlas, with brachiopod, conodont and tentaculite fossils, while basalts are found in the east. Carboniferous form the northern edge of the Tindouf Basin and cuesta hills in the Draa plains. Condensed limestone, with cephalopod fossils from the period, was uplifted as platforms in the central and eastern Anti-Atlas."}, {"context": " The Anti-Atlas did not experience significant tectonic changes during the Hercynian orogeny, as Euramerica and Gondwana collided to form the supercontinent Pangaea. The mountains have very little, if any metamorphism, from the time and no Hercynian granites. The Meseta Domain, taking its name from Spain's Meseta Central inner plateau is an area of stable Paleozoic rock that was never affected by the Hercynian orogeny and was later covered by Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks. Forming Morocco's Central Massif, the Meseta Domain completely conceals Precambrian rocks, although boreholes have found Neoproterozoic rocks in a Meseta anticline. The domain is split in two by the Middle Atlas fold belt. The Western Meseta has relatively little sedimentary cover and well-developed massifs, while the Eastern Meseta spanning the border with Algeria has numerous, small Paleozoic massifs."}, {"context": " Continuing from the Neoproterozoic until the Middle Devonian, western Morocco and the Anti-Atlas had the same depositional environment\u2014molasse redbed deposition and post-orogeny volcanism. Southern Morocco was flooded by a massive shallow marine shelf, building up significant carbonates, mixed with continental sediments pouring in from inland areas now in the Sahara. In the Late Devonian, western Morocco and the Anti-Atlas split up into fault-bounded basins, which deformed during the Hercynian orogeny."}, {"context": " The Western High Atlas preserves evidence of the formation of the Atlantic margin in North Africa. In the Late Triassic, rifting in central Pangaea began to form the Atlantic Ocean. Large alluvial fans began to fill the down-dropped grabens with fluvial sandstones, mudstones and conglomerates, intercalated with evaporite sequences of dolomite, halite and gypsum. A tholeiitic magma series formed dolerite, capping off the Triassic sequence. Clastic sediments continued to deposit into the Jurassic. Simultaneously, in the Middle Jurassic, limestone shoals formed on fault blocks and chaotic olistostrome slump deposits accumulated limestone fragments in nearby deep water."}, {"context": " The Rifo-Tellian Domain (also known as the Rif Domain) today extends the entire length of the Maghreb and is closely related to the Baetic System mountains in southern Spain. The sediments in the Rif Mountains deposited in the present location of Tunisia in the Triassic, as part of a microcontinent. A large scale marine transgression in the Cretaceous, timed with subsidence in the region led to the maximum extent of seas in Morocco. By the end of the Cretaceous, a marine regression dropped sea levels in the area as the Atlas Mountains began to rise. River delta fans prograded filled in the Atlas gulf from east to west. Border faults formed, thrusting pieces of Mesozoic rock onto neighboring platforms. The uplifted sedimentary rocks in the trough began to erode into new alluvial fans, filling in marginal foredeep areas."}, {"context": " The Rif microcontinent shifted westward and collided with the African Plate in the Oligocene and the Miocene, generated the complex Rift overthrust. Seismic studies have found that Carnian sandstones, mudstones and conglomerates from the Triassic, lie unconformably atop the microcontinent's crystalline basement rock in north Morocco. The Miocene and Pliocene marls and carbonates of the Doukkala sub-basin are overlain by Quaternary rocks. Further west, Quaternary rocks cover Middle Cretaceous sedimentary rocks, which lie unconformably atop Triassic and Paleozoic units."}, {"context": " Quaternary alluvial aquifers form in river basins throughout the country. Low permeability clay and silt divided these deposits into multilayer aquifers and they typically range between five and 150 meters deep, with recharge from rainwater and Atlas Mountains runoff. The Meseta region has small, unconfined fractured igneous rock aquifers, with low permeability and low productivity. Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic sandstone aquifers in the northern plains and around Tadla, Sa\u00efsis and Tensift range between 10 and 200 meters thick. In some places, groundwater from these sandstones is very high salinity, due to dissolved Triassic and Jurassic evaporites. A few deep karst aquifers are found beneath the Tadla, Fes-Sais and Essaouira plains, along with the Atlas Mountains and the Anti-Atlas Mountains. These karst aquifers are almost universally high quality and produce some important springs."}, {"context": " The Anti-Atlas Mountains also have high productivity fractured Cambrian karst, together with low-productivity, crystalline Precambrian basement rock. Mining is an important part of the economy of Morocco. The country is a major exporter of phosphates and remains well positioned for peak phosphorus shortages through its occupation of Western Sahara, which holds much of the world's supply. In fact, the two open pit mines at Khouribga, in Morocco itself, forms the largest phosphate mine in the world. Metal mining for lead, copper, silver and zinc resurged in the 1990s, at the Douar Hajar mine 30 kilometers south of Marrakech. El Heimer, 20 kilometers southeast of Oujda in the northeast, is the only active lead smelter in North Africa.  A large salt deposit, related to a marine transgression in the Triassic, is mined 10 kilometers east of Mohammedia. The folded and recrystallized salt is more than 98 percent pure and reaches a thickness of 80 meters."}]}, {"title": "International Security Assistance Force", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was a NATO-led security mission in Afghanistan, established by the United Nations Security Council in December 2001 by Resolution 1386, as envisaged by the Bonn Agreement. Its main purpose was to train the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) and assist Afghanistan in rebuilding key government institutions, but was also engaged in the 2001\u2013present war with the Taliban insurgency. ISAF was initially charged with securing Kabul and the surrounding areas from the Taliban, al Qaeda and factional warlords, to allow for the establishment of the Afghan Transitional Administration headed by Hamid Karzai. In October 2003, the UN Security Council authorized the expansion of the ISAF mission throughout Afghanistan, and ISAF subsequently expanded the mission in four main stages over the whole of the country. From 2006 to 2011, ISAF had become increasingly involved in more intensive combat operations in southern and eastern Afghanistan."}, {"context": " Troop contributors included the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and other NATO member states as well as a number of other countries. The intensity of the combat faced by contributing nations varied greatly, with the United States sustaining the most casualties overall. In early 2010, there were at least 700 military bases inside Afghanistan. About 400 of these were used by American\u2011led NATO forces and 300 by ANSF. ISAF ceased combat operations and was disbanded in December 2014, with some troops remaining behind in an advisory role as part of ISAF's successor organization, the Resolute Support Mission."}, {"context": " For almost two years, the ISAF mandate did not go beyond the boundaries of Kabul. According to General Norbert Van Heyst, such a deployment would require at least ten thousand additional soldiers. The responsibility for security throughout the whole of Afghanistan was to be given to the newly reconstituted Afghan National Army. However, on 13 October 2003, the Security Council voted unanimously to expand the ISAF mission beyond Kabul with Resolution 1510. Shortly thereafter, Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chr\u00e9tien said that Canadian soldiers (nearly half of the entire force at that time) would not deploy outside Kabul."}, {"context": " On 24 October 2003, the German Bundestag voted to send German troops to the region of Kunduz. Approximately 230 additional soldiers were deployed to that region, marking the first time that ISAF soldiers operated outside of Kabul. After the 2005 Afghan parliamentary election, the Canadian base Camp Julien in Kabul closed, and the remaining Canadian assets were moved to Kandahar as part of Operation Enduring Freedom in preparation for a significant deployment in January, 2006. On 31 July 2006, the NATO\u2011led International Security Assistance Force assumed command of the south of the country, ISAF Stage 3, and by 5 October, also of the east of Afghanistan, ISAF Stage 4."}, {"context": " ISAF was mandated by UN Security Council Resolutions 1386, 1413, 1444, 1510, 1563, 1623, 1659, 1707, 1776, and 1917 (2010). The last of these extended the mandate of ISAF to 23 March 2011. The mandates given by the different governments to their forces varied from country to country. Some governments wished to take a full part in counter-insurgency operations; some were in Afghanistan for NATO alliance reasons; some were in the country partially because they wished to maintain their relationship with the United States, and some were there for domestic political reasons. This meant that ISAF suffered from a lack of united aims."}, {"context": " The initial ISAF headquarters (AISAF) was based on 3rd UK Mechanised Division, led at the time by Major General John McColl. This force arrived in December, 2001. Until ISAF expanded beyond Kabul, the force consisted of a roughly division-level headquarters and one brigade covering the capital, the Kabul Multinational Brigade. The brigade was composed of three battle groups, and was in charge of the tactical command of deployed troops. ISAF headquarters served as the operational control center of the mission."}, {"context": " Eighteen countries were contributors to the force in February, 2002, and it was expected to grow to 5,000 soldiers. Turkey assumed command of ISAF in June, 2002 (Major General Hilmi Akin Zorlu). During this period, the number of Turkish troops increased from about 100 to 1,300. In November, 2002, ISAF consisted of 4,650 troops from over 20 countries. Around 1,200 German troops served in the force alongside 250 Dutch soldiers operating as part of a German-led battalion. Turkey relinquished command in February, 2003, and assumed command for a second time in February, 2005. Turkey's area of operations expanded into the rugged west of Afghanistan. The expansion of its zone of activities saw ISAF troops operating in 50 percent of Afghanistan, double its previous responsibility."}, {"context": " On 10 February 2003, Lieutenant General Norbert van Heyst, on behalf of Germany and the Netherlands, took command of ISAF. His Deputy was Brigadier General Bertholee of the Netherlands. The mission HQ was formed from HQ I.\u00a0German/Dutch Corps (1GNC), including staff from the UK, Italy, Turkey, Norway, and others. In March, 2003, ISAF was composed of 4,700 troops from 28 countries. Service in ISAF by NATO personnel from 1 June 2003. onward earns the right to wear the NATO Medal if a service-member met a defined set of tour length requirements."}, {"context": " In Kabul on 7 June 2003, a taxi packed with explosives rammed a bus carrying German ISAF personnel, killing four soldiers and wounding 29 others; one Afghan bystander was killed and 10 Afghan bystanders were wounded. The 33 German soldiers, after months on duty in Kabul, were en route to the Kabul International Airport for their flight home to Germany. At the time, Germans soldiers made up more than 40 percent of ISAF troops. ISAF command originally rotated among different nations every six months. However, there was tremendous difficulty securing new lead nations. To solve the problem, command was turned over indefinitely to NATO on 11 August 2003. This marked NATO's first deployment outside Europe or North America."}, {"context": " Colombia had planned to deploy around 100 soldiers in Spring 2009. These forces were expected to be de-mining experts. General Freddy Padilla de Leon announced to CBS News that operators of Colombia's Special Forces Brigade were scheduled to be deployed to Afghanistan in either August or September, 2009. However, the Colombians were not listed as part of the force as of June, 2011. Three NATO states announced withdrawal plans beginning in 2010. Canada in 2011, Poland, in 2012, and the United Kingdom in 2010. Between 1 July 2014, and August, Regional Command Capital and Regional Command West were re-designated Train Advise and Assist Command Capital (TAAC Capital) and TAAC West. The United States ended combat operations in Afghanistan in December, 2014. Sizable advisory forces would remain to train and mentor Afghan National Security Forces, and NATO will continue operating under the Resolute Support Mission. ISAF Joint Command, in its final deployment provided by Headquarters XVIII Airborne Corps, ceased operations ahead of the end of the NATO combat mission on 8 December 2014."}, {"context": " From 2006, the insurgency by the Taliban intensified, especially in the southern Pashtun parts of the country, areas that were the Taliban's original power base in the mid\u20111990s. After ISAF took over command of the south on 31 July 2006, British, Dutch, Canadian and Danish ISAF soldiers in the provinces of Helmand, Uruzgan, and Kandahar came under almost daily attack. British commanders said that the fighting for them was the fiercest since the Korean War, 50 years previously. In an article, BBC reporter Alistair Leithead, embedded with the British forces, called it \"Deployed to Afghanistan's hell.\""}, {"context": " Because of the security situation in the south, ISAF commanders asked member countries to send more troops. On 19 October, for example, the Dutch government decided to send more troops because of increasing attacks by suspected Taliban on their Task Force Uruzgan, making it very difficult to complete the reconstruction work that they sought to accomplish. Derogatory alternative acronyms for the ISAF were created by critics, including \"I Saw Americans Fighting,\" \"I Suck at Fighting,\" and \"In Sandals and Flip Flops.\""}, {"context": " Prior to October, 2008, ISAF had only served an indirect role in fighting the illegal opium economy in Afghanistan through shared intelligence with the Afghan government, protection of Afghan poppy crop eradication units and helping in the coordination and the implementation of the country's counter-narcotics policy. For example, Dutch soldiers used military force to protect eradication units that came under attack. Crop eradication often affects the poorest farmers who have no economic alternatives on which to fall back. Without alternatives, these farmers no longer can feed their families, causing anger, frustration, and social protest. Thus, being associated with this counterproductive drug policy, ISAF soldiers on the ground found it difficult to gain the support of the local population."}, {"context": " Though problematic for NATO, this indirect role allowed NATO to avoid the opposition of the local population who depended on the poppy fields for their livelihood. In October 2008, NATO altered its position in an effort to curb the financing of insurgency by the Taliban. Drug laboratories and drug traders became the targets, and not the poppy fields themselves. In order to satisfy France, Italy and Germany, the deal involved the participation in an anti-drug campaign only of willing NATO member countries; the campaign was to be short-lived and with the cooperation of the Afghans."}, {"context": " On 10 October 2008, during a news conference, after an informal meeting of NATO Defense Ministers in Budapest, Hungary, NATO Spokesman James Appathurai said: ISAF military casualties, and the civilian casualties caused by the war and Coalition/ISAF friendly fire, became a major political issue, both in Afghanistan and in the troop contributing nations. Increasing civilian casualties threatened the stability of President Hamid Karzai's government. Consequently, effective from 2 July 2009, coalition air and ground combat operations were ordered to take steps to minimize Afghan civilian casualties in accordance with a tactical directive issued by General Stanley A. McChrystal, USA, the commander of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan."}, {"context": " Another issue over the years has been numerous 'insider' attacks involving Afghan soldiers opening fire on ISAF soldiers. While these diminished, in part due to the planned ending of combat operations on 31 December 2014, they continued to occur, albeit at a lower frequency. On 5 August 2014, a gunman believed to have been an Afghan soldier opened fire on a number of international soldiers, killing a U.S. general, Harold J. Greene, and wounding about 15 officers and soldiers, including a German brigadier general and several U.S. soldiers, at a training academy near Kabul."}, {"context": " Throughout the four different regional stages of ISAF the number of Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) grew. The expansion of ISAF, to November 2006, to all provinces of the country brought the total number of PRTs to twenty-five. The twenty-fifth PRT, at Wardak, was established that month and was led by Turkey. Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum, at Brunssum, the Netherlands, was ISAF's superior NATO headquarters. The headquarters of ISAF was located in Kabul. In October 2010, there were 6 Regional Commands, each with subordinate Task Forces and Provincial Reconstruction Teams. The lower strength numbers of the ISAF forces were as 6 October 2008. The numbers also reflected the situation in the country. The north and west were relatively calm, while ISAF and Afghan forces in the south and east came under almost daily attack. In December 2014 the force reportedly numbered 18,636 from 48 states."}, {"context": " The command of ISAF has rotated between officers of the participating nations. The first American took command in February 2007 and only Americans have commanded ISAF since that time. All NATO members have contributed troops to the ISAF, as well as some other partner states of the NATO. Resolution 1386 of the United Nations Security Council established that the expense of the ISAF operation must be borne by participating states. For this purpose the resolution established a trust fund through which contributions could be channelled to the participating states or operations concerned, and encouraged the participating states to contribute to such a fund."}]}, {"title": "Shane O'Connor (rugby union)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Shane O'Connor (born 29 March 1983) is a former rugby union player from Ireland. Originally playing for Cork Constitution, he joined the Munster squad in 2006 as a second-row (lock). He moved to Harlequins in the Guinness Premiership in England during 2008. Released by Harlequins in 2009, he played several seasons in the National Rugby League and F\u00e9d\u00e9rale 1 League in France."}]}, {"title": "Kili Watch", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"Kili Watch\" is a song originally recorded by the Belgian band . They released it in 1960 (as a single and on an EP). In the same year, the song was adapted into French by lyricists and recorded by Johnny Hallyday. His version spent one week at no. 1 on the singles sales chart in France (from 9 to 15 January 1961)."}]}, {"title": "Ahmadluy", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ahmadluy (), also rendered as Ahmadlu, may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "1975 Special Honours (New Zealand)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 1975 Special Honours in New Zealand was a Special Honours List, published on 18 April 1975, in which New Zealand's outgoing high commissioner to the United Kingdom received a knighthood."}]}, {"title": "Janne Kuusi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Janne Tapio Kuusi (born 29 April 1954 in Helsinki, Finland) is a Finnish television and film director, screenwriter, producer and occasional actor. Directing since 1980 Kuusi has worked mostly on television in Finland although he has directed several feature films, short fictions and documentaries. His last film direction in 2011 was \"Bohemian Eyes\", a documentary film on Aki Kaurism\u00e4ki's star actor Matti Pellonp\u00e4\u00e4. After 2006 he has concentrated to writing; his first novel \"Vapaus\" (\"\"Freedom\"\") was published in 2010 and second one \"Banksteri\" (\"\"The Bankster\"\") in 2012."}]}, {"title": "Kopi Sotiropulos", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kopi Sotiropulos (born Prokopios Sotiropoulos; ; September 12, 1948) is a Greek-born American character actor. He is a Fresno area television news personality and longtime weatherman who served as the weekly evening news weatherperson for KMPH-TV (then based in Visalia, California). He reports the weather and co-anchors, along with Kim Stephens, the station's \"Great Day\" weekday morning talk/news program. A graduate of Fresno High School, Sotiropulos attended Fresno City College before transferring to Fresno State University during his sophomore year, where he earned his degree in broadcasting. His first job in television was as a commercial copywriter for KMPH-TV in October 1971."}, {"context": " In 1977, Sotiropulos and his wife Elaine relocated to Hollywood, California. Sotiropulos, who decided to try acting, appeared in numerous guest roles in such TV series as the CBS-TV series \"The Incredible Hulk\", \"Three's Company\", \"The New Mike Hammer\", \"Perfect Strangers\", \"Highway To Heaven\", \"Soap\", \"General Hospital\", \"Days of Our Lives\", \"The Hardy Boys\", and \"Knight Rider\". He also had small parts in films, including \"Private Benjamin\" (1980), \"The Postman Always Rings Twice\" (1981), and as a barkeep in \"Beverly Hills Cop II\". Sotiropulos returned to TV news at KMPH-TV in 1987, and by 1992 was the station's weekly evening news weatherperson. Kopi is now the co-host and weatherperson of the KMPH-TV \"Great Day\" morning news show."}]}, {"title": "Simone Spoladore", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Simone Spoladore (born October 29, 1979 in Curitiba, Paran\u00e1, Brazil) is a Brazilian actress. Her first character was Ana, from the Brazilian movie Lavoura Arcaica (To the left of the father), a girl who falls in love with her brother, Andr\u00e9. Ana does not say a word during the film. She expresses herself in her own way: through her eyes and her dance. Simone also likes to dance, especially classical ballet. She was Luiz Fernando Carvalho's girlfriend."}]}, {"title": "Mount Sequoyah", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Mount Sequoyah is a mountain in the Great Smoky Mountains, located in the Southeastern United States. It has an elevation of 6,003 feet (1,830 meters) above sea level. While the Appalachian Trail crosses its summit, Sequoyah is an hike from the nearest parking lot, making it one of the most remote places in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The Tennessee-North Carolina border traverses Mount Sequoyah, with Sevier County to the north and Swain County to the south. The mountain consists of four small peaks, with the eastern-most being the true (highest) summit. Sequoyah rises approximately above its southern base along Left Fork Creek and approximately above its northern base along the Little Pigeon River. Part of the headwaters of the Little Pigeon accumulate along Sequoyah's northern slope."}, {"context": " Mount Sequoyah is named after the inventor of the Cherokee alphabet. While it's doubtful that Sequoyah ever visited the mountain, numerous Cherokee villages dotted the base of the southeastern Smokies when European settlers arrived in the early 18th century. Arnold Guyot crossed Mount Sequoyah on his survey of the Smokies crest in the late 1850s. Guyot referred to the mountain as \"The Three Brothers\", and measured its elevation at . The mountain rarely saw a human presence until a segment of the Appalachian Trail was constructed across its summit in 1935."}, {"context": " The summit of Mount Sequoyah is among the most distant summits traversed by a trail in the Great Smokies. Following the Appalachian Trail from Newfound Gap, Mount Sequoyah is to the east. From the Cosby Campground, Sequoyah can be reached by following the Snake Den Ridge Trail to its junction with the Appalachian Trail, and then following the latter to Tricorner Knob, crossing Old Black and Mount Guyot along the way. From Tricorner, Mount Sequoyah is to the southwest, just beyond Mount Chapman. The Hughes Ridge Trail, which connects the Appalachian Trail and the Benton MacKaye Trail, terminates just over two miles (3\u00a0km) southwest of Sequoyah."}]}, {"title": "List of government enterprises of Sweden", "paragraphs": [{"context": " This is a list of Swedish government-owned companies: Government-owned companies are legally normal companies but mainly or fully national owned. They are expected to be funded by their sales, and not be given direct tax money. A big customer might be the government or a government agency. Many companies originate from a former government agency. Government agencies are something different, usually funded by tax money but do also sell services, and are not an authority. The government has tried to avoid having agencies doing commercial activities, by separating out areas that compete with private companies into government-owned companies, for example within road construction. The reason is both to avoid unfair competition (because it could mean using tax money to beat private companies), and a wish to have market economy instead of plan economy as much as possible. Based on the tradition of avoiding \"ministerial rule\", the government has avoided interfering with the business of the companies, and allowed them to go international. This has been somewhat controversial. For example, Akademiska Hus which owns buildings used by universities is claiming commercial rent levels, much higher than traditionally, causing trouble for higher education. Also the electrical power company Vattenfall is doing some not very environmentally friendly activities outside Sweden, even if the Swedish government tries to have a high profile on environment.  Government agencies might do activities competing with privately owned companies. They usually are funded by tax money but can also sell services. The here listed agencies are commercial, mainly funded by sales or fees."}]}, {"title": "Shamokin, Pennsylvania", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Shamokin (; Saponi Algonquian \"Schahamokink\", meaning \"place of eels\") (Lenape Indian language: Shah\u00ebmokink ) is a city in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, surrounded by Coal Township at the western edge of the Anthracite Coal Region in central Pennsylvania. It was named after a Saponi Indian village, Schahamokink. At the 2010 decennial United States Census, the population was 7,374 residents, approximately half what it was at the mid-century mark total in 1950. The city of Shamokin is bordered by Coal Township, Pennsylvania."}, {"context": " The first human settlement of Shamokin was probably Shawnee natives migrants. A large population of Delaware Indians (also known as the Lenapes) were also forcibly resettled there in the early 18th century after they lost rights to their land in the \"Walking Purchase\" (also known as the \"Walking Treaty\") along the eastern border of the colonial Province of Pennsylvania in the upper northern reaches of the Delaware River in 1737. Canasatego of the Six Nations, enforcing the Walking Purchase on behalf of George Thomas, Deputy Governor of Pennsylvania (1738-1747), ordered the Delaware Indians to go to two places on the Susquehanna River."}, {"context": " The city of present-day Shamokin was founded as a village by colonists in 1773, but did not develop much until the following 19th century. The discovery of anthracite coal resources in the region, known as \"hard coal,\" became the basis of much industry. Railroad companies, such as Reading Railroad, bought interests in coal and became major employers of the area, building railroads to ship coal to markets and controlling most jobs. Workers gradually organized into unions to develop means of bargaining with these powerful companies. During the nationwide Great Railroad Strike of July 1877, workers in the 1877 Shamokin Uprising at that time marched and demonstrated during the summer period of labor unrest."}, {"context": " Shamokin was incorporated earlier as a borough under the Commonwealth constitution on November 9, 1864, and subsequently as a city 85 years later, on February 21, 1949. In addition to anthracite coal-mining, it became an industrial center in the 19th century, with silk and knitting mills, stocking and shirt factories, wagon shops, ironworks, and brickyards. The dominant Eagle Silk Mill became the largest textile manufacturing building under one roof in the United States. Famous inventor, scientist and entrepreneur Thomas A. Edison (1847-1931), briefly a resident of nearby Sunbury, established the Edison Illuminating Company of Shamokin in the fall of 1882. When the Shamokin power generating station on Independence Street started on September 22, 1883, St. Edward's Roman Catholic Church which was connected, became the first church in the world to be lit by electricity. Until 2017, Jones Hardware Company was located at the Independence Street site of the former 1882 Edison electrical station in Shamokin.)"}, {"context": " In the 1877 Shamokin Uprising, railroad workers and miners angered by unexpected cuts in wages begun by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad joined what developed across the East with the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, which began with strikes in neighboring Martinsburg, West Virginia, then others in Maryland including the headquarters of the B. & O. at its Camden Street Station in downtown Baltimore then spread north and west into Pennsylvania and to Pittsburgh and other sites conducted in several major industrial cities in Pennsylvania, as well as more cities in the Northeast and as far west through to St. Louis and Missouri. Mayor William Douty commissioned a citizen manned local militia unit to help during the unrest. They shot into a group of strikers, wounding 12 and killing two bystanders who were not even involved in the protest. Five strikers were convicted of rioting and jailed for up to eight months for their part in the actions."}, {"context": " At the turn of the 20th century, resident William A. Conway wrote \"Murder at Hickory Ridge\" (1905) as a \"dime novel\", hoping to cash in on their popularity. It was a fictionalized account of an unsolved murder in the Shamokin area. His two brothers, Alphonsus E. and John J., printed the book on a press in their garage. They continued their business, starting the Conway Print Shop. With the profits from the sale of the novel, the Conway brothers later started the Black Diamond Publishing Company in 1905 and founded \"Black Diamond Magazine\" to disseminate news of the anthracite coal region. The brothers developed a way to print a roll of tickets, planning to market them to the new movie theaters being built in the area. To meet a request by the nearby Hazleton Baseball Club, they partnered with merchant Nicholas R. Ludes to make a big purchase of colored paper."}, {"context": " Together the Conway brothers and Ludes founded what became the National Ticket Company, located in Shamokin since 1907. At one time it was the largest ticket manufacturing company in the United States. Their first production facility was built in 1911 at the corner of Pearl and Webster Streets. A 1942 fire gutted the plant, although the brick shell still stands. The replacement building at Pearl Street and Ticket Avenue was completed in 1950 and has since served as company headquarters. The business is still owned by descendants of the Conway and Ludes families. In the 21st century National Ticket has developed international customers as well to grow its business."}, {"context": " Edgewood Park, also known as Indian Park, was operated in Shamokin as an increasing popular amusement park from 1905 through the late 1950s, featuring a roller coaster and other rides and entertainments, and attracting regional crowds. Its included a large pond. Faced with different needs in the 1950s, the Shamokin area school district developed this property for new elementary and high schools. The Victoria Theatre in town was listed on the National Register of Historic Places maintained by the U.S. Department of the Interior in 1985. It unfortunately was demolished in 2004 and delisted."}, {"context": " From the post-World War II period, there has been massive restructuring in the railroad and other industries, causing a massive loss of jobs in areas that had enjoyed industrial prosperity, with good working incomes for union people. In addition, there has been pressure on the coal industry due to changes in law to improve air, water, and land quality and prevent environmental contamination. By the early 21st century, Shamokin was part of an economically depressed area. In June 2014, Shamokin was approved by the Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development for Act 47 Distressed City status after several banks refused it loans for outstanding bills. The designation enables loans from the Commonwealth. Shamokin city officials are required to develop a plan to achieve long-term financial stability and eligibility to leave the program. Only one city in Pennsylvania has ever exited Act 47 status by 2015."}, {"context": " In February 2015, the City was approved to raise its earned income tax to 2 percent a week. Out of the total revenue generated from the tax, 50 percent would go to the school district. By law, municipalities can tax citizens only 1 percent a week in the earned income tax, but financially distressed cities can petition the courts to increase it to 2 percent a week. In December 2013, Shamokin City Council cut several full-time police officer positions in an effort to reduce budget overruns into compliance."}, {"context": " The Shamokin City Council unanimously approved a 2015 budget of $3.7 million setting property taxes at 58.1 mills. Salaries and benefits of city employees cost $1,956,257, which is 69 percent of all general fund spending. The 2014 real estate tax levy is 47.35 mills. The city adopted a $2.3 million budget in 2014. Bartos had received a $9,350 raise approved by city council in 2012. He had successfully applied for several grants including: $3.4 million for a creek channel preservation project, a grant to expand Claude Kehler Community Park, and another to restore the \"99 steps,\" a city landmark."}, {"context": " According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. Shamokin has two small creeks that divide the town. Carbon Run merges with Shamokin Creek in the north of the town and ultimately empties into the Susquehanna River just south of Shamokin Dam near Sunbury. As of the census of 2000, there were 8,009 people, 3,742 households, and 2,028 families residing in the city. The population density was 9,601.9 people per square mile (3,725.7/km). There were 4,674 housing units at an average density of 5,603.6 per square mile (2,174.3/km). The racial makeup of the city was 98.8% White, 0.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.1% from other races, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.6% of the population."}, {"context": " There were 3,742 households, out of which 24.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.4% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.8% were non-families. 41.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.89. In the city, the population had 22.2% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 21.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.6 males."}, {"context": " The median income for a household in the city was $20,173, and the median income for a family was $30,038. Males had a median income of $28,261 versus $19,120 for females. The per capita income was $12,354. About 19.3% of families and 60.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.2% of those under age 18 and 21.3% of those age 65 or over. Children residing in Shamokin may attend the local, public schools operated by the Shamokin Area School District. They may also opt to attend a private school with tuition at the parent's expense. The public school district is required by state law to transport children to any school within ten miles of its borders. Local private schools include the Darul Uloom Al-Qasim School, Our Lady of Lourdes Regional School and Meadowview Christian Academy. In 2015 and 2015 the Pennsylvania Department of Education placed the high school on the state's lowest academic achievement list. This makes pupils at the high school eligible for the state's Opportunity Scholarship Program to attend other schools both public and private."}, {"context": " Shamokin Area School District provides taxpayer funded half day preschool and full day kindergarten through 12th grade, with an enrollment of 2,375 pupils in 2016. It had an enrollment of 2,522 pupils in 2013. In 2011, Shamokin Area School District enrollment was 2,356 pupils. The District's enrollment was 2,443 pupils in 2005-06. Shamokin Area School District operates four schools in two buildings: Shamokin Area High School (9-12), Shamokin Area Middle School (7 & 8), Shamokin Area Intermediate School (5&6) and Shamokin Area Elementary School (preschool-4th). In 2014, Shamokin Area School District's graduation rate was 82.8%."}, {"context": " Shamokin Area School District statewide academic ranking declined further to 445th out of the 493 ranked Pennsylvania school districts, in 2016, by the Pittsburgh Business Times. The District is the lowest ranked school district in the CSIU16 region. In 2014, the Pittsburgh Business Times ranked Shamokin Area School District 407th out of 496 public schools for academic achievement of its pupils. In 2012, Shamokin Area School District achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) despite the low academic achievement at the high school."}, {"context": " High school age students can attend the taxpayer funded Northumberland County Career and Technology Center, located in Coal Township, for training in the building trades, auto mechanics, culinary arts, allied health careers and other areas. Northumberland County Career and Technology Center is funded by a consortium of the school districts, which includes: Line Mountain School District, Mount Carmel Area School District and Shamokin Area School District. It also receives funds through grants from the state and federal government."}, {"context": " Shamokin residents may also apply to attend any of the Commonwealth's 14 public cyber charter schools (in 2013) at no additional cost to the parents. This includes SusQ Cyber Charter School which is locally operated. The resident's public school district is required to pay the charter school and cyber charter school tuition for residents who attend these public schools. The tuition rate that Shamokin Area School District must pay was $7,050.50 in 2012. Residents may also seek admission for their school age child to any other public school district. When accepted for admission, the student's parents are responsible for paying an annual tuition fee set by the Pennsylvania Department of Education."}, {"context": " Central Susquehanna Intermediate Unit #16 provides a wide variety of services to children living in its region which includes the city of Shamokin. Early screening, special education services, speech and hearing therapy, autistic support, preschool classes and many other services like driver education are available. Services for children during the preschool years are provided without cost to their families when the child is determined to meet eligibility requirements. Intermediate units receive taxpayer funding: through subsidies paid by member school districts; through direct charges to users for some services; through the successful application for state and federal competitive grants and through private grants."}, {"context": " Luzerne County Community College (LCCC) has a satellite campus in the Careerlink Building, Arch Street, Shamokin. Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania is a public university located in Bloomsburg. It is one of the 14 state universities that make up the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE). Eleventh and twelfth grade students may attend the University at a significant tuition discount through its dual enrollment program, earning college credits while still working toward their high school diploma. The university also operates a summer college program called ACE, where high school students can earn credits at a 75% tuition discount. The credits are transferable to many other Pennsylvania universities through the state's TRAC system.  In the 1930 Technicolor revue \"King of Jazz\", during the \"Has Anybody Seen Our Nellie\" number, which pokes fun at hack vaudeville entertainers, the town is mentioned in the final verse: \"And if you seen our darling Nellie \"Please send her back \"to Shamokin, P.A.!"}]}, {"title": "Newsagent's shop", "paragraphs": [{"context": " A newsagent's shop or simply newsagent's (British English), newsagency (Australian English) or newsstand (American and Canadian English) is a business that sells newspapers, magazines, cigarettes, snacks and often items of local interest. In Britain, Ireland and Australia, these businesses are termed \"newsagents\". Newsagents typically operate in busy public places like city streets, railway stations and airports. Racks for newspapers and magazines can also be found in convenience stores, bookstores and supermarkets. The physical establishment can be either freestanding or part of a larger structure (e.g. a shopping mall or a railway station)."}, {"context": " In Canada and the United States, newsstands are often open stalls in public locations such as streets, or in a transit terminal or station (subway, rail, or airport). In Brazil, newsagents' shops are known as \"bancas de jornal\" or \"bancas de revistas\" and are usually family-owned free standing kiosks that only deal in periodical publications, telephone cards, bus tickets and the occasional book and cut-price DVD. In suburban areas and villages they are normally housed in a shop selling stationery, tobacco and sweets as well as periodicals."}, {"context": " A newsagent is the manager of the newspaper department of the shop, often also the owner of a newsagent shop. Newsagencies conduct either a retail business and/or a distribution business. When they first started in Australia is unknown; the earliest reference known in Australia is an advertisement in 1855 in Melbourne. The number of newsagent shops are falling in recent years and this decline is expected to continue. In 2000, there was estimated about 5,000, by 2007/8 there were 4,635 newsagencies, by 2016/7 there are 3,150 newsagencies and in 2021/22 there are expected to be 2,856 newsagencies."}, {"context": " Retail newsagencies primarily offer a comprehensive range of newspapers and magazines as well as stationery and greeting cards. Distribution newsagencies offer home delivery of a comprehensive range of newspapers and magazines, These can be quite large and sophisticated businesses. If authorised, they are often fully computerized. They often have a territory, which is partly protected by contracts with most of the Australian Newsagents' Federation recognised publishers/distributors. These recognised publishers/distributors include ACP Publishing, News Limited, Fairfax Publications, Rural Press, The West Australian and Australian Provincial Newspapers. These monopolies have been a major source of contention between newsagents and the Australian Consumer Affairs."}, {"context": " In Italy, newsagents' shops are known as \"edicola\" and are usually family-owned, free standing kiosks that only deal in periodical publications, stickers, bus tickets and the occasional book and cut-price DVD. In suburban areas and villages they are normally housed in a shop selling stationery, tobacco and sweets as well as periodicals. In Japan, newsagents' shops are called kiosks, and are typically found in or around railway or subway stations. In addition to newspapers and magazines, they sell beverages, snack foods, postage stamps, cigarettes, and many other kinds of merchandise. Ekiben boxed lunches can be purchased at larger kiosks in inter-city rail stations."}, {"context": " In the United Kingdom, newsagents' shops are small shops selling newspapers as well as magazines, sweets and tobacco; some of them also sell provisions and alcoholic beverages. Opening times vary according to the owners' preferences. Many shops are family-owned. These family owned shops may carry purchasing group branding such as SPAR, Today's, \"Local Shop\" or NISA. Alternatively the private owner choosing to do his own purchasing (usually from cash and carries) may carry advertising for a local paper, national news group or soft drinks brand externally. Prior to the banning of advertising of tobacco products this was the most common form of external advertising. The primary employers association aimed towards looking after the interests of Independent newsagents in the UK and Republic of Ireland is the National Federation of Retail Newsagents."}, {"context": " Others are part of national chains such as RS McColl/Martins, Premier, Co-operative Group and WH Smiths. Mini-marts, off-licences and supermarkets may also act as newsagents. In Greece, newsagents' shops are called Periptera and they are selling newspapers and magazines but also other goods like beverages (including alcoholic ones), snacks, tobacco; and other kinds of merchandise. Opening times vary. They are typically found on the side of the road in crowded public areas. On street corners in New York City, for instance, they are shacks constructed of steel beams and aluminium siding or roofing tin; and require a city permit to build and operate. Other New York newsstands are located inside airports, hotels and office buildings - and even beneath street level in underground concourses or on subway platforms. Hudson News, the most iconic newsstand brand created in New York City, is operated by retailer Hudson Group, with more than 500 stores around the world. This brand was created in 1987, and became more popular in the 1990s, during a time when newsstands in commuter terminals were being reevaluated and reopened to better serve customers and the spaces with the most commuter foot traffic. Prior to this, newsstands caused limited visibility for officers patrolling the subway stations, as well as impeding crowd movement."}]}, {"title": "Franeker City Hall", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Franeker City Hall (Dutch: \"Stadhuis van Franeker\") is the city hall of the municipality of Franeker, Netherlands, one of the eleven historical cities of Friesland. The building dates from 1591\u20131594 and was built in Frysian renaissance style. The first stone was laid on June 24, 1591. The building took a total of three years. Above the main entrance the coat of arms of Friesland is shown, and along the leadlights on the first floor, another 27 coats of arms are placed. It is a national monument and part of the Top 100 Dutch heritage sites. It is a rijksmonument since February 21, 1967, and is one of only three Frisian entries in the Top 100 Dutch heritage sites.  The Dutch House in Brookline, Massachusetts, in the United States of America, was built as a partial copy of the Franeker City Hall, and is itself on the US National Register of Historic Places."}]}, {"title": "Hoke Building", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hoke Building may refer to the following places:"}]}, {"title": "The Billy Barnes Revue", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Billy Barnes Revue is a 1959 musical comedy revue with music and lyrics by Billy Barnes and sketches by Bob Rodgers. The revue premiered in Los Angeles in 1959 and went on to be produced both on Broadway and Off Broadway. The show is remembered for its acclaimed cast of newcomers, including Bert Convy and Ken Berry. Barnes continued to produce successful revues in Los Angeles. In 1952, actress Joyce Jameson graduated from UCLA and married songwriter Billy Barnes. Their first collaboration was a new musical comedy called \"Baby Face O'Flynn\", for which she wrote the book and played the lead role and he wrote the music and lyrics. The show opened in the summer of 1952 at the Gallery Stage Theatre in Los Angeles. The run of the show was cut short when Jameson became pregnant. For the next few years, Jameson found work, first by writing television scripts, and then by playing small parts in films and on television shows. She and Barnes were divorced during this period, but continued to work together into the 1960s."}, {"context": " In 1956, Barnes and sketch writer/director Bob Rodgers opened \"The Billy Barnes Revue\" at the \"hole-in-the-ground\" Cabaret Concert Theatre in Los Angeles. According to Barnes, \"It's a nightclub, and people said that\u2019s where we belonged. We were advised not to get ambitious.\" Producer Paul Gregory planned to bring the production to New York in January 1957 under the title \"Focus No. 1\", but the transfer did not happen. At one point, some producers decided to tour the show throughout California with just the music and no sketches, a venture which was quickly dropped. Meanwhile, the original show continued performances at the Cabaret Concert Theatre for nearly two years. It then played briefly at the Mocambo and the Crescendo in Los Angeles and at the hungry i in San Francisco. In 1958, Jameson, who had left the show to pursue her television career, returned to Los Angeles from New York City (where she had been appearing as the \"honey girl\" on The Steve Allen Show and as a regular on Spike Jones' NBC series, \"Club Oasis\"),). She rejoined the cast of the show when it opened at the Las Palmas Theater in October 1958. When the original cast took the show to New York City eight months later, a new cast, including Jo Anne Worley, continued the run for a total of 48 weeks."}, {"context": " The \"Billy Barnes Revue\", with original cast members Joyce Jameson, Bert Convy, Patti Regan, Ken Berry, Ann Guilbert, Jackie Joseph, Len Weinrib and sketch writer/director Bob Rodgers, opened at the York Playhouse in New York City on June 9, 1959. The production was produced by George Eckstein (Ann Guilbert's husband) in association with Bob Reese. Billy Barnes was the musical director, with Armin Hoffman on the second piano. \"The New York Times\" review by Lewis Funke was mixed: \"A crisply played and highly polished little entertainment called \"The Billy Barnes Revue\" arrived at the York Theatre on First Avenue last night...\" but Funke found the material lacking \"...the trouble is that they have not given the material the edge, sharpness and point of view that would have made it truly comic\". Although Funke had high praise for the cast, he added \"...Too often are the performers superior to the writers and the composers.\" Overall, however, the reviews were largely positive, and 35 additional investors contributed the extra money needed to move the show from the York Playhouse to Broadway."}, {"context": " \"The Billy Barnes Revue\" transferred to the John Golden Theatre on August 4, 1959. Barnes was so unknown in New York, that many people confused him with the actress Binnie Barnes. \"It's discouraging to stand in front of the theatre before the show,\" Barnes told a reporter, \"and hear people say, 'I'm looking forward to seeing Binnie Barnes again. I haven't seen her in years.'\" To make way for the British revue, \"At the Drop of a Hat\", the show closed on September 26, 1959 at the Golden and transferred on September 28 to the Lyceum Theatre, where it had to close on October 21 to make way for a new play, \"The Flowering Cherry\". The production ran for a total of 87 performances."}, {"context": " The Off Broadway cast reprised their roles on Broadway. Later cast replacements in the off Broadway production included Jo Anne Worley, Charles Nelson Reilly and Larry Hovis. One of the show's songs, \"Too Long At The Fair\" was recorded by Barbra Streisand, Sue Raney and Patti Page, among others. Decca Records released an Original Cast Album of the production in September 1959. Following its three-week run at the Lyceum Theatre, rather than closing down for good, the show moved off-Broadway again to the Carnegie Hall Playhouse on October 20, 1959. Producers George Cayley, George Brandt and Samuel J. Friedman acquired the rights from Eckstein, who remained with the production as stage manager and performed the role vacated by Bert Convy."}, {"context": " A controversy erupted when Barnes, Guilbert, Berry, Joseph, Regan, Rodgers, Weinrib and Eckstein flew to Chicago to tape an episode of ABC-TV's \"Playboy's Penthouse\", produced by Hugh Hefner's Playboy Magazine, and failed to make their flight back to New York in time for the Tuesday, October 27 performance. As a result, the Tuesday night performance was cancelled and $800 had to be returned to the ticket holders. Eckstein sent a telegram to the producers stating that the cast had made a \"frantically conscientious effort to return to New York by curtain time as numerous impartial witnesses can testify; a dispatching error resulted in misconnections,\" but rather than simply recognizing the value of the network television publicity, the management filed a complaint with Actors' Equity Association and the American Federation of Musicians (of which Barnes was a member). \"There\u2019s no excuse for missing a show,\" declared the producers' lawyer, Benjamin Schankman. \"They shouldn't have gone to Chicago if they could not arrange to get back in time. An agreement is an agreement.\""}, {"context": " Although one of the producers, Samuel J. Friedman, denied that their decision was a retaliatory action, two weeks later, the entire cast (except Virginia de Luce, who had replaced Jameson) was replaced by Ronnie Cunningham, Arlene Fontana, Jane Johnston, Larry Hovis, James Inman, Charles Nelson Reilly and Tom Williams. The cast change proved to be a major mistake and the show closed on November 28, 1959 after just six weeks at the Carnegie Hall Playhouse. Ironically, the promotional appearance on \"Playboy's Penthouse\" by the original cast members did not air until Saturday, December 5, one week after the show had closed.  Several of the original cast members (Berry, Joseph, Jameson and Regan) returned to Los Angeles and began work on a new revue, \"The Billy Barnes People\". \"The Billy Barnes People\" opened on Broadway at the Royale Theatre on June 13, 1961 and closed four days later after only seven performances."}]}, {"title": "Hrana za golubove", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hrana za golubove () was the last studio album by Film, led by singer Jura Stubli\u0107. It was released in 1992 during the Croatian War of Independence. The album contained many patriotic and anti-war themes as well as the usual pop fare. All songs were written by Jura Stubli\u0107 and Nik\u0161a Brato\u0161. The album's first track \"Radio ljubav\" spoke about love in the media, in what was then a state of war in Croatia. \"E moj dru\u017ee beogradski\" dealt with the end of Yugoslavia and the emptiness of its promises of unity. \"Do\u0111i gola, do\u0111i bosa\" was a love song. \"Dom\" was another song deeply influence by the war, as the song spoke about the sanctity of one's home. \"Bili cvitak\" was sung from the perspective of a Croatian soldier. The song's chorus, \"A white flower in memory, an eternal love. For my people and for you, I had to die\" was one of the most significant musically of the Croatian war period.  \"E moj dru\u017ee beogradski\" and \"Bili cvitak\" were the album's biggest hits due to their patriotic, but pacifist, content."}]}, {"title": "Blake Leary", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Blake Leary (born 4 December 1990) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who plays for the Burleigh Bears in the Queensland Cup. He primarily plays at and , but can also fill in at . Lear was born in Mona Vale, New South Wales, Australia and moved to the Gold Coast, Queensland at the age of one. He played his junior football for the Nerang Roosters and attended Keebra Park State High School, before being signed by the Melbourne Storm in 2009. As a youngster, Leary played for the Queensland Under 18s team."}, {"context": " In 2009 and 2010, Leary played for the Melbourne Storm's NYC team, scoring 17 tries, 5 goals and 1 field goal in 26 games. He captained the team in 2010. In 2011, Leary joined the North Queensland Cowboys, playing for their Queensland Cup team, Northern Pride RLFC. Shortly after being suspended in 2011, Leary injured his knee, requiring a knee reconstruction and missed the rest of the season. In 2012, he recovered from his knee reconstruction to train with the Cowboys first-grade squad. In Round 25 of the 2012 NRL season, Leary made his NRL debut for the Cowboys against the Newcastle Knights."}, {"context": " At the beginning of 2014, Leary was released by the Cowboys. In July 2014, Leary played for the Queensland Residents team. On 1 October 2014, Leary signed a 2-year contract with the Manly Warringah Sea Eagles starting in 2015. On 14 November 2016, Leary returned to north Queensland, signing with the Townsville Blackhawks after two seasons with Manly. Over the 2017 pre-season, Leary trained with his former club, the North Queensland Cowboys. He scored a try in the Cowboys' 11-10 trial win over the Sydney Roosters but did not earn an NRL contract with the club.  In Round 6 of the 2017 NRL season, Leary was recalled by the Cowboys, coming off the bench against the Wests Tigers. He would play 3 games for the Cowboys in 2017, starting at hooker in two of those games. In 2018, Leary returned to the Gold Coast, joining the Burleigh Bears."}]}, {"title": "I Will Survive (book)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " I Will Survive: Comeback Stories of a Corporate Warrior is a memoir by Sunil Robert, an author of Indian origin. The memoir follows the life of the author from his childhood in the poorer districts of Hyderabad, India, India to becoming a successful corporate communicator and his eventual relocation to the United States. As the eldest son from a lower middle class household, Sunil Robert began his life in Hyderabad spending his childhood without any worries. His family, though poor, was well respected in the community. Robert was popular among his friends. Life came to a rapid halt after his father lost his job and could not find another one. Robert, still very young, was forced to change with circumstances, coming to terms with his new responsibilities and learning to live with the stigma of a life on borrowed money, food, clothes and books."}, {"context": " As he struggled through his school and college days, he grew bitter and resentful towards his father, his extended family and the community which he lived in. Robert found himself getting involved with the local mob. However, before things got worse, Robert decided to take control of his life. With the help and support of his family and the local community, he got his life back on track. He got a job and decided never to venture back to those dark days again. Through the rest of the memoir, Robert summarises his rise as a corporate communicator at the technology giant Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) and how he eventually dealt with his harsh feelings. He learned to forgive, raised his family responsibly and finally achieved what he has made of himself today."}, {"context": " The memoir is styled as a series of recollections from the author's past. The narration is inter-woven with various explanations, philosophical musings and \"lessons\" that the author learns, directly or indirectly, from the incidents he faces. Sunil is a global executive with a career spanning 25 years across India, Europe and North America having worked in reputed companies like Eureka Forbes, Acer, iflex/Oracle and TCS. Having started his career in the late 80s in sales engineering, he moved to advertising and finally settled into corporate communications and has won global accolades for his ability to build brands.  His mission is to change the world through his communications skills. In addition to being a writer, he is also a motivational speaker and leadership coach. His latest book, 'Bound To Rise' has just been launched in India and has recommendations from leaders like Anand Mahindra, N Chandrasekaran and Bala V. Balachandran More about his impact can be found on www.sunilrobert.com."}]}, {"title": "Vladislav Baitcaev", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Vladislav Borisovich Baitcaev (; born August 8, 1990 in Ossetia\u2013Alania) is a Russian freestyle wrestler of Digor descent. He was runner-up at the 2011 European Championships and third at the 2013 European Championships, both times in the 96\u00a0kg classification. Also, he is a bronze medalist of 2016 Russian Nationals Championships at 97\u00a0kg and runner-up at the 2017 Russian National Freestyle Wrestling Championships. Baitcaev won his first European Championships in Kaspiysk in the 97\u00a0kg category. Vladislav Baitcaev was born in the village of Digora, North Ossetia-Alania, Soviet Union. He started to train in freestyle wrestling at the age of nine, but after one month he decided to stop train. Three years later he returned to wrestling. His first coach was Alan Dzagkoev. In 2005, he moved to Vladikavkaz where he was coached by Cesar Tibilov. Baitcaev represents the CSKA wrestling club in Moscow."}]}, {"title": "Mesodineutes amurensis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Mesodineutes amurensis is an extinct species of fossil beetle in the family Gyrinidae, the only species in the genus Mesodineutes."}]}, {"title": "Orkla Mining Company", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Orkla Mining Company Ltd. (Norwegian: Orkla Grube-Aktiebolag) was a Norwegian mining company established in 1904. The company was the largest mining company in Norway in the aftermath of World War I, and was among the world's largest pyrite producers. After closing of the mining operations in 1987, the company developed into the holding company Orkla ASA, which is among the largest companies at Oslo Stock Exchange. Orkla Mining Co. Ltd. was established as a limited company at a constituting meeting in Stockholm on 7 December 1904. The purpose of the company was to acquire mines in the Orkdalen district in S\u00f8r-Tr\u00f8ndelag and subsequently start operations. The share capital was applied for the acquirement of several"}, {"context": " mines from Christian Salvesen, including L\u00f8kken Verk, \u00c5mot gruve, H\u00f8idal gruve and Dragset Verk as well various properties at Orkanger and elsewhere in Orkdalen. Christian Salvesen together with Wilhelm August Thams had started \u00d8rkedalens Mining in Meldal in 1867. The company bought a significant amount of shares of the company Chr. Salvesen & Chr. Thams's Communications Aktieselskab, whose purpose was to develop the infrastructure of the area and was responsible for electricity production and railway operation for L\u00f8kken Mine. In 1913, Swedish banker Marcus Wallenberg, Sr. became Chairman of the Board of Directors."}, {"context": " Following a period of exploration mining at the L\u00f8kken Mine, large-scale mining of pyrites was initiated. The mining community L\u00f8kken Verk was developed in Meldal and the Thamshavn Line (\"Thamshavnbanen\") was constructed for transport of ore to the sea for export. In 1931, a smelting plant (now Elkem Thamshavn) at the port of Thamshavn started operations, based on the sulphur extraction process developed by Orkla. The Orkla Mining Company was the largest mining company in Norway in the interwar years, and among the world's largest pyrite producers. After the closing of mining operations at L\u00f8kken Mine in 1987, the company developed into the holding company Orkla Group."}]}, {"title": "Sylvester Syropoulos", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sylvester (or Silvestros) Syropoulos (; c. 1400 \u2013 aft. 1464) was a Byzantine official, the grand ecclesiarch (\"megas ekklesiarches\") of the Hagia Sophia and the \"dikaiophylax\" of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. He was a native of Constantinople. Syropoulos was a member of the Byzantine delegation to the Council of Florence in 1438\u201339. He signed the decree of union of the Latin and Greek churches. Upon his return to Constantionple, he claimed to have acted under duress and disavowed the union. He became a supporter Archbishop Mark of Ephesus, leader of the anti-unionist movement. In 1443, he composed his \"Memoirs\" (\u1f08\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \"Apomnemoneumata\"), an important first-hand account of the council, especially of its behind-the-scenes intrigue. Although his account is biased against the council, he was not a fabricator and his partisanship is generally no worse than that of the council itself.  According to its most recent editor, his memoirs were redacted and reissued around 1461."}]}, {"title": "Camps quinoline synthesis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Camps quinoline synthesis (also known as the Camps cyclization) is a chemical reaction whereby an o-acylaminoacetophenone is transformed into two different hydroxyquinolines (products A and B) using hydroxide ion. The relative proportions of the hydroxyquinolines (A and B) produced are dependent upon the reaction conditions and structure of the starting material. Although the reaction product is commonly depicted as a quinoline (the enol form), it is believed that the keto form predominates in both the solid state and in solution, making the compound a quinolone.  An example of the Camps reaction is given below:"}]}, {"title": "Allia Potestas", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Allia Potestas was a freedwoman from the Roman town of Perugia who lived sometime during the 1st\u20134th centuries CE. She is known only through her epitaph, found on a marble tablet in Via Pinciana, Rome in 1912. The inscription, considered to be one of the most interesting of Latin epitaphs, is unique because it contains both typical epitaphic information and more personal and sexual details. The 50-line epitaph is written in verse, mostly in dactylic hexameter. The author appears to have been well-read, with some of the poem imitating Ovid's Tristia. However, the majority of the poem is original in formulation."}, {"context": " The poem, apparently written by her lover, can be divided into three sections. The first focuses on Allia's virtues, describing her as extremely hardworking \u2013 \"always the first to rise and the last to sleep..., with her woolwork never leaving her hands without reason\". The second extols her beauty with semi-erotic descriptions of her body and notes that she lived harmoniously with two lovers. Finally, the author laments her death and promises that she \"shall live as long as may be possible through [his] verses.\""}, {"context": " The epitaph is original and rather unusual among surviving epitaphs for several reasons. Most surviving epitaphs portray their subjects in a more, from a Roman perspective, ideal light. Women in Rome were expected to be \"devoted to housekeeping, child bearing, chastity, submissiveness, and the ideal of being all her life \"univira\" (one-man woman)\". Allia was probably of Greek descent. It is likely that the name \"Potestas\", meaning \"power\" in Latin, was merely a translation of the Greek name \"Dynamis\", also meaning \"power\".  Much controversy surrounds the exact dating of the epigraph. Upon first discovery, the work was dated to the 3rd\u20134th centuries CE on paleographic grounds, and thus this date is often used. Other stylistic and linguistic analysis suggests that the 2nd century CE is more likely. Regardless, most scholars agree it is no older than the 1st century CE, due to the apparent Ovidian influence."}]}, {"title": "John Leacroft", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Group Captain John Leacroft MC & Bar (4 November 1888 \u2013 26 August 1971) was a World War I fighter ace credited with 22 victories. He remained in the Royal Air Force until 1937, and returned to service during World War II in administrative roles. John Leacroft born on 4 November 1888, the son of Dr John William Leacroft. He was educated at Aldenham School before going up to Pembroke College, Cambridge. He first joined the British Armed Forces when he was commissioned as a second lieutenant for service with the senior division of the University of Cambridge Officers' Training Corps on 3 February 1909, but he resigned this commission on 1 November the same year."}, {"context": " Leacroft joined the Army Service Corps with the outbreak of war in 1914, and served with them in France and Egypt. He had been promoted to captain by the time he transferred to the Royal Flying Corps in 1915. Leacroft was originally posted as an observer with No. 14 Squadron RAF in Egypt in 1916. He saw action during the Senussi Uprising and the second Turkish attack on the Suez Canal as part of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. After receiving pilot training he was appointed a Flying Officer on 20 March 1917, and posted to No. 19 Squadron RAF to fly Spad VIIs in May 1917, just as low-level ground attack sorties were being introduced in the lead up to the Battle of Messines. He scored his first victory on 17 June 1917. He tallied one each in July and August, and a double on 1 September to become an ace. By the end of the month he was a double ace. He had been appointed a Flight Commander on 22 July 1917. After four more triumphs in October, he was withdrawn from the front. Two of his October victories came in support of Allied troops during the Third Battle of Ypres, when on other occasions he carried a box of 25\u00a0lb bombs in his cockpit, as the Spad had no bomb racks. For these missions, he was awarded the Military Cross on 27 October 1918, the citation, published the following March, read:"}, {"context": " When he returned for another tour of duty in early 1918, 19 Squadron had become the first unit to be equipped with the new Sopwith Dolphin. The squadron returned to operations on 13 February 1918. There followed a period of teething problems with the new aircraft. To add to these difficulties, the Dolphins were attacked by fellow British pilots because the unfamiliar Dolphin was assumed to be German. Leacroft drove down two Albatros D.Vs on 15 March 1918 with his new aircraft. Then the Allied forces were faced with the German Spring Offensive. He followed his earlier March victories by burning a Pfalz D.III out of the air on 23 March; the following day saw another double victory by Leacroft. On 27 March he carried out a desperate ground attack mission against German troops using a road near Albert, Somme, this was quoted in the official British history, \"The War in the Air\" as an example of the tactics used to stop the offensive, and earned him a Bar to his MC, awarded on 22 June 1918. The citation read:"}, {"context": " Victories on 12 April and 2 May rounded out his list of wins. He had survived being shot down twice. In turn, he had destroyed ten enemy aircraft; two of those wins had been shared with other pilots. Leacroft had also driven down out of control a dozen opponents. He ranked second out of the 20 aces in his squadron. Many of his initial combats had come against members of Richthofen's Flying Circus. His Squadron Commander in 1918, E. R. \"Toby\" Pretyman, described him as \"an outstanding pilot and the best flight commander on the Western Front in his time\". He was presented with both his MC and Bar by King George V in an investiture at Buckingham Palace on 26 September 1918."}, {"context": " Leacroft had been granted a permanent commission in the Royal Air Force on its formation in 1918, and he continued his career after the war, taking the new RAF rank of flight lieutenant. His first post-war duty was as a flying instructor at the new RAF College Cranwell from 1920 to 1922, he was then posted to RAF Iraq Command where he would stay until 1924. On 1 January 1924, he was promoted to squadron leader. Later in 1924 he took command of No. 17 Squadron at RAF Hawkinge. He commanded the squadron until 1928 when he was posted as chief flying instructor with No. 3 Flying Training School at RAF Grantham. After two years there he was posted to RAF Halton in 1930, and after promotion to wing commander on 1 January 1932, took charge of administration at No. 1 School of Technical Training there in February 1933, commanding No. 1 Apprentice Wing."}, {"context": " On 15 June 1937 it was announced that he would be the next station commander at RAF Thornaby, and on 2 July 1937, he was promoted to group captain. Thornaby had previously housed No. 9 Flying Training School, but now took in reconnaissance squadrons of No. 16 Group, RAF Coastal Command. Leacroft served until his retirement on 1 December 1937. He was still in the Reserve of Air Force Officers on 12 June 1939, when he was recalled to duty as a squadron leader. He returned to the active list as a wing commander on 1 September 1939. In 1942 he was appointed president of the Air Crew Selection Board, then based at Cardington, Bedfordshire. He retired again on 19 April 1945. In retirement, he settled in Bexhill-on-Sea where he died on 26 August 1971.  Leacroft married Gladys, daughter of George Underhill Cuddon in 1926. Gladys lived until 22 March 1977, when she died in Clifton, Bristol, a requiem mass was held at Clifton Cathedral on 29 March. They were survived by their only daughter, Diana. Leacroft was a noted sportsman in his younger days. Before World War I, he hunted regularly with the Belvoir Hunt (among others). Between the wars, he represented the RAF at cricket, polo and shooting\u2014competing at Bisley."}]}, {"title": "Indonesia women's national under-19 basketball team", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Indonesia women's national under-18 and under-19 basketball team is a national basketball team of Indonesia, administered by the Indonesian Basketball Association \"PERBASI\". It represents the country in international under-18 and under-19 (under age 18 and under age 19) women's basketball competitions."}]}, {"title": "Turbonilla delicata", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Turbonilla delicata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies. This species occurs in the following locations:"}]}, {"title": "Aerides, Athens", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Aerides ( ) is a small neighborhood of Athens, Greece surrounding the Tower of the Winds, from where it takes its name. It is a subdivision of Plaka. Aerides was considered the centre of Athens during the reign of King Otto (1832-62). A market was located here and the so-called 'Plane Tree Square' (\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5) which was a barracks in which the Bavarian Army camped. Aiolou Street starts at the small park in which the Tower of the Winds is located and at the crossroads with Ermou Street was where most of the city's commercial traffic gathered. To the north, a market called Abatzidika opened, dealing in coarse fabrics."}, {"context": " The Madrasa of Athens (\u039c\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03ad\u03c2 \u0391\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd) is found on the north side of the park in which the Tower is located. This Islamic holy school became a prison during Otto's reign. Those who were being executed used to greet the plane tree in the adjacent square named after it. This is the origin of the Greek phrase \"Greet the plane tree for us\" (\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf), said when someone doesn't believe what the speaker has said will happen. With the move of military quarters elsewhere, over time this once busy neighbourhood became quiet. On 1 May 1965, Aerides became part of Plaka, which it remains to the present day.  The Aerides Bath (\u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0391\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd) is a Turkish bath left over from the Ottoman rule. The bath remained opened until 1965. Monastiraki metro station on Line 1 and Line 3 is the nearest station of the Athens Metro."}]}, {"title": "Veysabad", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Veysabad (, also Romanized as Veys\u0101b\u0101d) is a village in Mizdej-e Olya Rural District, in the Central District of Farsan County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 66, in 12 families."}]}, {"title": "The EPs 1992\u20131994", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The EPs 1992\u20131994 is a compilation album by David Gray, released in July 2001. The compilation's release coincided with Hut Records' reissues of Gray's first two albums, \"A Century Ends\" and \"Flesh\". \"The EPs 1992\u20131994\" collects the singles and their B-sides released during that time period, as well as the enhanced music videos for \"Shine\" and \"Wisdom.\""}]}, {"title": "Hello! (Joe Inoue song)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"Hello!\" (stylized as \"HELLO!\") is the debut single by Japanese-American recording artist Joe Inoue. It is the first single from his album \"Me! Me! Me!\". The single peaked on the Oricon Weekly Singles Charts at 189, remaining on the charts for only one week. The A-side was used as the theme song for the \"21st Century Edison\" variety show and was also used in commercials for Glico's Pocky product. Both the title track and the B-side \"One Man Band\" appear on \"Me! Me! Me!\"."}]}, {"title": "Michael Kenny (boxer)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Michael Vincent Noel James Kenny (born 19 June 1964, in Lower Hutt) is a former heavyweight boxer from New Zealand, who won the gold medal in the men's super heavyweight (+ 91\u00a0kg) division at the 1990 Commonwealth Games. He also represented his native country at 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, falling in the second round to Dodovic Owini from Uganda."}]}, {"title": "Casimir II of Belz", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Casimir II of Belz (pl: \"Kazimierz II be\u0142ski\"; 1401/03 \u2013 15 September 1442), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast from the Masovian branch. He was a Duke of P\u0142ock, Rawa Mazowiecka, Gostynin, Sochaczew, Belz, P\u0142o\u0144sk, Zawkrze and Wizna during 1426\u20131434 jointly with his brothers, and after the division of the paternal inheritance between him and his brothers in 1434, sole ruler over Belz. He was the third son of Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia and Alexandra of Lithuania, daughter of Algirdas."}, {"context": " As a child, Casimir II was sent to Lithuania, an event that in the future would give him the support of the Grand Duke Vytautas. Also, he spend some time at the court of King W\u0142adys\u0142aw II Jagie\u0142\u0142o of Poland. After 1420 Siemowit IV, due to his progressive blindness, gradually gave participation in the government to his adult sons. Casimir II and his older brother Siemowit V were formally named co-rulers. The first major challenge for Casimir II was the trip to Brest-Litovsk, where on 14 November 1425 he and his brother solemnly vowed to the crown his fidelity and acceptance in the recent controversy over the appointment of Stanis\u0142aw z Paw\u0142owic (former Chancellor of Siemowit IV) as Bishop of P\u0142ock."}, {"context": " Siemowit IV died on 21 January 1426 leaving his domains to his four sons: Siemowit V, Casimir II, Trojden II (d. 1427) and W\u0142adys\u0142aw I (a fifth son, Alexander, followed a Church career). Not wanting to further weakened their positions and domains with subsequents divisions, they decided to co-rule all their paternal inheritance. In accordance with their duties as Polish vassals, soon after they assumed the power went to Sandomierz, where on 8 September 1426 paid homage to King W\u0142adys\u0142aw II. Surprisingly, Casimir II was absent in the ceremony, and also began to refuse the payment of the customary tribute in successive periods (among his notorious absences was in 1428 at \u0141\u0119czyca). The Polish King began to fear that the refusal of one of the Masovian co-rulers to paid homage could give the others reasons to invalidate their feudal dependence. This situation could be maintained largely thanks to the support granted to Casimir II by the Lithuanian ruler Vytautas, who took up the prince on a campaign organized in 1428 against Veliky Novgorod. The unexpected illness and death of his protector Vytautas forced Casimir II to change his position: in September 1430 at Sandomierz and almost four years after his brothers, he finally paid homage to the Polish King."}, {"context": " In 1431 Casimir II, fulfilling his obligations as Polish vassal, arrived at the head of his troops to join King W\u0142adys\u0142aw II in his fight against \u0160vitrigaila. The Masovian prince didn't take part of the whole campaign, focusing on suppressed the riots of the Ruthenians, instigated by \u0160vitrigaila's agents. King W\u0142adys\u0142aw II died on 1 June 1434, and this allowed to the Masovian rulers more freedom and flexibility in their government. In July 1434 Casimir II and Siemowit V arrived in Krak\u00f3w, where they attended the coronation of the new Polish King, W\u0142adys\u0142aw III."}, {"context": " On 31 August 1434 the sons of Siemowit IV finally decided to end their co-rulership and made the formal territorial division. On 31 December 1435, Casimir II (now Duke of Belz) signed the Peace of Brze\u015b\u0107 Kujawski. In the following years, Casimir II was focused in the government of his domains, who were in the Polish-Lithuanian border; this obviously originated conflicts between the Polish (mainly from Lesser Poland) nobility and \u0160vitrigaila's magnates. The fights with varying degrees of success continued until 4 September 1437, where, in presence of Casimir II, the Polish nobles concluded at Lviv the final peace with \u0160vitrigaila."}, {"context": " Three years later (1440), Casimir II also supported the expedition of Prince Casimir of Poland to Vilnius in order to obtain the title of Grand Duke of Lithuania. In his internal politics, Casimir II made a gradual assimilation of the Red Ruthenia parts ruled by him and his brothers, into the Polish customs and laws. This involved, among others, the introduction of the Polish laws and administration. On 26 June 1442 Casimir II married Margaret (d. 5 November 1464), a daughter of Castellan Vincent Szamotu\u0142y from Mi\u0119dzyrzecz. Unfortunately, the union was short-lived and childless: three months later, on 15 September 1442 Casimir II died in the village of Mi\u0105czyn near Krasnystaw, victim of the plague. He was buried in the Masovian Ducal crypt at P\u0142ock Cathedral. His domains were inherited by his brother W\u0142adys\u0142aw I."}]}, {"title": "William Cary Sanger", "paragraphs": [{"context": " William Cary Sanger, Sr. (May 21, 1853 \u2013 December 6, 1921) was the United States Assistant Secretary of War from 1901 to 1903. He was born on May 21, 1853 in Brooklyn, New York City to Henry Sanger (1823-1888) and Mary E. Requa (1835-1910). He attended Brooklyn Polytechnic and then Harvard College, where he graduated with an A.B. in 1874. He received an LL.B. from Columbia University in 1878. He was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1895 to 1897. He married Mary Ethel Cleveland Dodge (1869-1952).  He was the United States Assistant Secretary of War from 1901 to 1903. He received an LL.D. from Hamilton College in 1902. He was president of the American delegation to the Geneva Conventions of 1906. From 1911 to 1913 he served on the New York State Hospital Commission. He died on December 6, 1921 in Brooklyn, New York City. He was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery. His widow died in 1952."}]}, {"title": "Francis M. Griffith", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Francis Marion Griffith (August 21, 1849 \u2013 February 8, 1927) was a U.S. Representative from Indiana. Born in Moorefield, Indiana, Griffith attended the country schools of the county, the high school in Vevay, Indiana, and Franklin College, Franklin, Indiana. He taught school. He was appointed school superintendent of Switzerland County in 1873. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1875 and commenced practice in Vevay. County treasurer 1875-1877. He served as delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1880."}, {"context": " He served as member of the State senate 1886-1894 and served as Acting Lieutenant Governor 1891-1894. He was an unsuccessful candidate for attorney general of Indiana in 1894. Griffith was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-fifth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William S. Holman. He was reelected to the Fifty-sixth, Fifty-seventh, and Fifty-eighth Congresses and served from December 6, 1897, to March 3, 1905. He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1904. He resumed the practice of law in Vevay, Indiana.  City attorney 1912-1916. He served as judge of the circuit court of the fifth judicial district 1916-1922. He again engaged in the practice of his profession. He died in Vevay, Indiana, February 8, 1927. He was interred in Vevay Cemetery."}]}, {"title": "Hybald", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Saint Hybald (fl. c. 664 \u2013 c.690), also known as Higbald, Hibald or Hygbald, was a 7th-century Saxon saint. His feastdays are 18 September and 14 December (Orthodox). The Venerable Bede, in his \"Ecclesiastical History\", describes St Hybald as a \"most holy and continent man who was an abbot in Lindsey\". It is conjectured, in the \"Dictionary of Christian Biography\" (1877\u201387), that this is the Benedictine abbey at Bardney, then in the old Kingdom of Lindsey, now Lincolnshire. In 679, Osthryth, queen of Mercia, sought to move the remains of her uncle, St Oswald, to Bardney, but the monks refused to accept the body because Oswald, as king of Northumbria, had once conquered Lindsey. The remains were locked outside the abbey but the appearance of a mysterious beam of light, that night, led the monks to reconsider."}, {"context": " Hybald was also a friend of Saint Chadd, and, had a prophetic vision of his death. He later, followed Chadd's example and became an hermit. Hybald died around 690, and was buried in the village of Hibaldstow, whose name means \"place where St Hygbald is buried\". Following his canonisation, a shrine was built near his grave to hold his relics, and became a place of pilgrimage. This continued until the English Reformation when the shrine was destroyed. Hybald's body remained undisturbed until it was rediscovered in 1864, when the, then, dilapidated church was rebuilt.  In addition to Hibaldstow, three Lincolnshire churches are dedicated to Hybald at Ashby de la Launde, Manton and Scawby."}]}, {"title": "2002 Svenska Cupen", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Svenska Cupen 2002 was the forty-seventh season of the main Swedish football Cup. The competition started on 1 April 2002 and concluded on 9 November 2002 with the Final, held at R\u00e5sunda Stadium, Solna Municipality in Stockholms l\u00e4n. Djurg\u00e5rdens IF won the final 1-0 against AIK. There were 34 matches played between 1 April and 16 April 2002. There were 68 teams in the first round from Division 1, Division 2 and Division 3, but also including a few teams from Division 4 and Division 5. In this round the 34 winning teams from the previous round were joined by 30 teams from Allsvenskan and Superettan. The 32 matches were played between 23 April and 4 May 2002.  The 16 matches in this round were played between 7 May and 17 May 2002. The 8 matches in this round were played between 26 June and 27 June 2002. The 4 matches in this round were played between 18 July and 26 July 2002. The semi-finals were played on 26 September 2002. The final was played on 9 November 2002 at the R\u00e5sunda Stadium."}]}, {"title": "Panther Kallista", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Panther Kallista replaced the Panther Lima as Panther's volume model for the 1980s. Unlike the Vauxhall-based Lima, the Kallista used Ford mechanicals, including a range of engines from 1.6\u00a0L straight-4 to 2.9\u00a0L \"Cologne\" V6. Like its predecessor, it featured styling resembling earlier Allard and Morgan cars. The later SsangYong-built models of the 1990s used a 2.0\u00a0L engine. The Kallista used an aluminum body over a purpose-built steel chassis. Also build Glassfiber Resin body Performance was good, with a sprint to 60\u00a0mph (96.6\u00a0km/h) taking under 8 seconds.  The Kallista was produced from 1982 through 1990 until SsangYong Motor Company released a badge engineered version in 1992 called the SsangYong Kallista. Only 78 of the SsangYong models were ever built."}]}, {"title": "Elliptio congaraea", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Chen Magled is a species of leech, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river leech. The leech is notorious for stealing the game mode Combine Control back in 1912. This species is endemic to Israel."}]}, {"title": "Broken Parachute", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Broken Parachute is a posthumous release by Northstar. The album is a collection of rare B-sides and alternate recordings. The album was originally an EP entitled \"The Broken Parachute EP\". It was slated for a summer 2006 release and contained 2 acoustic versions of previous songs, an alternate version, a cover song, and an unreleased track. The date was constantly pushed back for \"legal rights issues.\" Finally, in March 2007, Speak Music Media issued a statement on their Myspace that the EP had been expanded into a full-length album after band frontman Nick Torres discovered a three-song demo predating \"Is This Thing Loaded?\". The release also contains an alternate version of another song, bringing the track count to nine songs.  The alternate version of \"Broken Parachute\" can be heard on Northstar's Purevolume account, the acoustic version of \"My Ricochet\" can be heard on Northstar's MySpace account, and the acoustic version of \"For Members Only\" can be heard on the Speak Music Media MySpace account."}]}, {"title": "Anarmodia glaucescens", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Anarmodia glaucescens is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1918. It is found in Ecuador."}]}, {"title": "Choni", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Choni may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Babesia bigemina", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Babesia bigemina is a species of alveolates belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa and the family Babesiidae. In cattle, it causes babesiosis, also called \"Texas fever\". Its length is 4-5\u00a0\u00b5m and width is 2-3\u00a0\u00b5m. Usually, it has an oval shape. In blood cells, it is located midsagittally and its size gets up to two-thirds of blood cell size."}]}, {"title": "Alferrarede", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Alferrarede is a town and a former \"freguesia\" (\"civil parish\"), located in the municipality of Abrantes, in Santar\u00e9m District, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Abrantes (S\u00e3o Vicente e S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o) e Alferrarede. The population in 2011 was 3,884, in an area of 24.06\u00a0km. The toponymic name \"Alferrarede\" was derived from the Latin \"gypseptum\" or \"ferratum\" referring to iron mines. As established by the local historical society and municipal chamber, which indicated that there \"existed some mines in these sites, officially registered\"; although, to this date, there have been no signs or remnants of mines in the region.  Located near the centre of the municipality, Alferrarede was neighbors with the municipality of Sardoal (in the northeast), and the parishes of Mouriscas (in the east), Pego (in the southeast), S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o (in the southwest) and S\u00e3o Vicente (in the west). The right margin of the Tagus River make frontier with Alferrarede and Pego."}]}, {"title": "Barry Jozwiak", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Barry J. Jozwiak (born December 1945) is a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 5th District made up of parts of Berks County. He is a member of the Republican Party. Jozwiak earned his associate degree in Community Services from Penn State University and his B.S. in Law Enforcement and Corrections from Penn State University. His professional experience includes working as a Pennsylvania State Police Trooper for 25 years and as Berks County Sheriff for 12 years. Jozwiak attained the rank of Third Class Petty Officer before his honorable discharge from the US Navy. He served in the US Navy from December 1963 to December 1966.  Jozwiak served as a Bern Township Supervisor."}]}, {"title": "Brackenlands", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Brackenlands is a village in Cumbria, England."}]}, {"title": "Alejandro Rodri\u0301guez", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Alejandro Rodr\u00edguez may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "The Sandie Shaw Supplement", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Sandie Shaw Supplement was a television show hosted by the British singer Sandie Shaw in 1968; and also the name of her fourth original album released in November of that year by Pye Records, and re-issued shortly afterwards on the Marble Arch label. The TV show included Shaw singing the songs from the album. Most of the shows have since been erased by the BBC, after Shaw asked for them to put the film on videotape. Only two episodes (episodes 2 & 3) have survived, after being returned to the BBC from overseas in the early 1990s. Episode 2 was shown on BBC2 shortly after being recovered. The audio tracks to some episodes have survived and pirate versions can sometimes be found on the internet but are generally hard to find.  Broadcast Tuesdays on BBC1 at 9:55pm, with the exception of episode 6 broadcast at 11:00pm. Episode 2 was repeated on BBC2 Monday, 30 August 1993 and on BBC Four Saturday, 25 April 2009."}]}, {"title": "Tahir Zemaj", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Tahir Zemaj (28 December 1956 \u2013 4 January 2003) born in Streo\u010dka Mountain region, Gjakova, SFR Yugoslavia (present-day Kosovo) was the chief commander of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosova (FARK) and a commander of the Kosovo Liberation Army during the Kosovo War (1998\u201399). On 4 January 2003, he was murdered along with his son in the city of Pe\u0107."}]}, {"title": "Church of St Andrew, Dowlish Wake", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Anglican Church of St Andrew in Dowlish Wake, Somerset, England was built in the 14th century. It is a Grade II* listed building. The church contains some of the fabric of a 13th-century church in the chancel however most of the building including the tower is from the 14th and was revised in the 15th. A Victorian restoration was carried out by Benjamin Ferrey in 1861 and 1862 when large parts of the church were rebuilt. The parish is part of the Winsmoor benefice within the Diocese of Bath and Wells."}, {"context": " The stone building has hamstone dressings and a slate roof. It consists of three-bay nave, north aisle, single-bay chancel, and two-bay north-east chapel. The three-stage tower is supported by corner buttresses and has a stair turret behind a battlemented parapet. Within the tower is a peal of eight bells. Inside the church most of the fittings are from the 19th century but it does have a font from the 11th or 12th century, which was brought to the church, from the one in West Dowlish, which was being demolished in 1575. There are several memorials including those to the Speke family including that to John Hanning Speke, who made three exploratory expeditions to Africa and is associated with the search for the source of the Nile. He was the first European to reach Lake Victoria.  In the churchyard is Speke Hall which was built in 1840 as a Sunday School and now serves as the village hall. Outside the church gate is a memorial stone."}]}, {"title": "Michael Slaby", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Michael Slaby currently runs the Chicago-based startup he founded, Timshel, which developed the platform known as The Groundwork. Slaby was the Chief Technology Officer of Obama for America in 2008. In 2012, he rejoined the campaign as Chief Integration and Innovation Officer. When the campaign finished he began work on social impact organizations that leverage technology to create social movements. Hillary Clinton also used the technologies developed by Slaby and his team in her presidential campaign.  Slaby is the former chief technology strategist for TomorrowVentures, which is an angel investment fund for Eric Schmidt."}]}, {"title": "Modern Way", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"Modern Way\" is the fourth and final single to be released by Kaiser Chiefs from their debut album \"Employment\" on 7 November 2005. It entered the UK Singles Chart at #11. Its lyrics refer to loneliness and regret. The song's music video marked the directorial debut of the band's lead singer, Ricky Wilson and was co-directed by prolific video director Scott Lyon. It tells of the success of William Green, a juggler who has a unique skill for balancing tennis balls on his face, and the impact that he has made on the public. The band appears throughout as extras, notably donning glasses and facial hair, but during Green's climatic performance, they appear as themselves.  One of their contemporary bands from Yorkshire, The Cribs, covered \"Modern Way\" in 2005, as a B-side to their single \"Mirror Kissers\". In 2006, the song was reworked for the Buena Vista Social Club album \"Rhythms del Mundo\"."}]}, {"title": "Freeling, South Australia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Freeling is a small town in South Australia, about 60\u00a0km north of Adelaide. It neighbours the Barossa Valley wine region. At the 2016 census, Freeling had a population of 2,214. Freeling is in the Light Regional Council, the state electoral district of Schubert and the federal Division of Wakefield. Sport in Freeling include Australian rules football, netball, cricket, lawn bowls, basketball, skateboarding and tennis. The township of Freeling was surveyed in March 1860 by Robert Stephenson. It was named after Major-General Sir Arthur Henry Freeling, Surveyor-General of South Australia from 1849-61. Freeling was a stopping place on the Gawler to Kapunda railway, which opened in 1860 but is no longer used. The Freeling Hotel was founded in 1863, the Railway Hotel in 1867 and the St Petri Lutheran Church (now a private home) in 1871. By 1866, Freeling\u2019s population numbered approximately 60."}, {"context": " The main source of income for the town is its extensive farming land, where mainly cereal crops are grown. It is regarded as some of the best farming land in Australia, with the University of Adelaide's Roseworthy Campus, (Roseworthy, South Australia) situated nearby. The long-term rainfall average for Freeling is 475mm/Yr, this enables wheat crops of up to 5-6T/Ha to be grown as well as large tonnages of cereal hay, with thousands of acres of hay being harvested each year. A factory making farming implement blades and parts, has also been situated at Freeling for many years.  A major tourist attraction for the town and surrounding area is a popular Australian Drama television series, \"McLeod's Daughters\". The town had many sets used on the show, including the Gungellan Hotel (previously the Railway Hotel), truckstop and showgrounds. The town has many local stores including the Federation Bakery which was renovated and restored in 2018."}]}, {"title": "List of Pingu home video releases", "paragraphs": [{"context": " This is an incomplete list of home video releases for the stop motion animated television series \"Pingu\". In the US, \"Pingu\" was released on DVD on five single-disc sets from 2003 onwards. Although the original episodes are contained, there are some omissions: Notes -"}]}, {"title": "Yavvanam Katesindi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Yavvanam Katesindi is a 1976 Telugu drama film directed by Dasari Narayana Rao and produced by Vijaya Bapineedu. The film stars Krishnam Raju, Jayachitra and Murali Mohan in the lead roles. The music was composed by Chakravarthy. The film was a remake of 1975 Tamil film \"Mayangukiral Oru Maadhu\". Vijaya Bapineedu wanted \"Chedina Aadadi\" (literally Filthy Woman) to be the title of the film, but P. Pullaiah who was a member of Central Board of Film Certification did not accept the title. The film is a blockbuster."}]}, {"title": "Chojewo-Kolonia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Chojewo-Kolonia is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Bra\u0144sk, within Bielsk County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. <br>"}]}, {"title": "Hispania Baetica", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hispania Baetica, often abbreviated Baetica, was one of three Roman provinces in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula). Baetica was bordered to the west by Lusitania, and to the northeast by Hispania Tarraconensis. Baetica remained one of the basic divisions of Hispania under the Visigoths down to 711. Baetica () was part of Al-Andalus under the Moors in the 8th century and approximately corresponds to modern Andalusia. Before Romanization, the mountainous area that was to become Baetica was occupied by several settled Iberian tribal groups. Celtic influence was not as strong as it was in the Celtiberian north. According to the geographer Claudius Ptolemy, the indigenes were the powerful Turdetani, in the valley of the Guadalquivir in the west, bordering on Lusitania, and the partly Hellenized Turduli with their city Baelo, in the hinterland behind the coastal Phoenician trading colonies, whose Punic inhabitants Ptolemy termed the \"Bastuli\". Phoenician Gadira (Cadiz) was on an island against the coast of Hispania Baetica. Other important Iberians were the Bastetani, who occupied the Almer\u00eda and mountainous Granada regions. Towards the southeast, Punic influence spread from the Carthaginian cities on the coast: New Carthage (Roman \"Cartago Nova,\" modern Cartagena), Abdera and Malaca (M\u00e1laga)."}, {"context": " Some of the Iberian cities retained their pre-Indo-European names in Baetica throughout the Roman era. Granada was called \"Eliberri\", \"Illiberis\" and \"Illiber\" by the Romans; in Basque, \"\"iri-berri\"\" or \"\"ili-berri\"\", still signifies \"new town\". The south of the Iberian peninsula was agriculturally rich, providing for export of wine, olive oil and the fermented fish sauce called \"garum\" that were staples of the Mediterranean diet, and its products formed part of the western Mediterranean trade economy even before it submitted to Rome in 206 BC. After the defeat of Carthage in the Second Punic War, which found its \"casus belli\" on the coast of Baetica at Saguntum, Hispania was significantly Romanized in the course of the 2nd century BC, following the uprising initiated by the Turdetani in 197. The central and north-eastern Celtiberians soon followed suit. It took Cato the Elder, who became consul in 195 BC and was given the command of the whole peninsula to put down the rebellion in the northeast and the lower Ebro valley. He then marched southwards and put down a revolt by the Turdetani. Cato returned to Rome in 194, leaving two praetors in charge of the two Iberian provinces. In the late Roman Republic, Hispania remained divided like Gaul into a \"Nearer\" and a \"Farther\" province, as experienced marching overland from Gaul: \"Hispania Citerior\" (the Ebro region), and \"Ulterior\" (the Guadalquivir region). The battles in Hispania during the 1st century BC were largely confined to the north."}, {"context": " In the reorganization of the Empire in 14 BC, when Hispania was remade into the three Imperial provinces, Baetica was governed by a proconsul who had formerly been a praetor. Fortune smiled on rich Baetica, which was \"Baetica Felix,\" and a dynamic, upwardly-mobile social and economic middling stratum developed there, which absorbed freed slaves and far outnumbered the rich elite. The Senatorial province of Baetica became so secure that no Roman legion was required to be permanently stationed there. \"Legio VII Gemina\" was permanently stationed to the north, in Hispania Tarraconensis."}, {"context": " Hispania Baetica was divided into four \"convent\u016bs\", which were territorial divisions like judicial circuits, where the chief men met together at major centers, at fixed times of year, under the eye of the proconsul, to oversee the administration of justice: the \"conventus Gaditanus\" (of Gades, or C\u00e1diz), \"Cordubensis\" (of Cordoba), \"Astigitanus\" (of Astigi, or \u00c9cija), and \"Hispalensis\" (of Hispalis, or Seville). As the towns became the permanent seats of standing courts during the later Empire, the \"convent\u016bs\" were superseded (Justinian's Code, i.40.6) and the term \"conventus\" is lastly applied to certain bodies of Roman citizens living in a province, forming a sort of enfranchised corporation, and representing the Roman people in their district as a kind of gentry; and it was from among these that proconsuls generally took their assistants. So in spite of some social upsets, as when Septimius Severus put to death a number of leading Baetians\u2014 including women \u2014 the elite in Baetica remained a stable class for centuries."}, {"context": " Columella, who wrote a twelve volume treatise on all aspects of Roman farming and knew viticulture, came from Baetica. The vast olive plantations of Baetica shipped olive oil from the coastal ports by sea to supply Roman legions in Germania. Amphoras from Baetica have been found everywhere in the Western Roman empire. It was to keep Roman legions supplied by sea routes that the Empire needed to control the distant coasts of Lusitania and the northern Atlantic coast of Hispania. Baetica was rich and utterly Romanized, facts that the Emperor Vespasian was rewarding when he granted the \"Ius latii\" that extended the rights pertaining to Roman citizenship (\"latinitas\") to the inhabitants of Hispania, an honor that secured the loyalty of the Baetian elite and its middle class. The Roman Emperor Trajan, the first emperor of provincial birth, came from Baetica, though of Italian stock, and his kinsman and successor Hadrian came from a family residing in Baetica, though Hadrian himself was born at Rome (which some say he made up). Baetia was Roman until the brief invasion of the Vandals and Alans passed through in the 5th century, followed by the more permanent kingdom of the Visigoths. The province formed part of the Exarchate of Africa and was joined to Mauretania Tingitana after Belisarius' reconquest of Africa. The Catholic bishops of Baetica, solidly backed by their local population, were able to convert the Arian Visigoth king Reccared and his nobles. In the 8th century the Islamic Berbers (\"Moors\") of North Africa established the Caliphate of Cordoba, conquering Baetica. The region was known to them as \"al-Andalus\".  The early 20th-century composer Manuel de Falla wrote a \"Fantas\u00eda B\u00e9tica\" for piano, using Andalusian melodies."}]}, {"title": "Do\u0308hle bodies", "paragraphs": [{"context": " D\u00f6hle bodies are light blue-gray, oval, basophilic, leukocyte inclusions located in the peripheral cytoplasm of neutrophils. They measure 1-3\u00a0\u00b5m in diameter. Not much is known about their formation, but they are thought to be remnants of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. They are named after German pathologist, Karl Gottfried Paul D\u00f6hle (1855-1928). They are often present in conjunction with toxic granulation. However, it has been found that certain healthy individuals may have persistent D\u00f6hle bodies found in neutrophils."}, {"context": " They are seen in: The presence of D\u00f6hle bodies in mature and immature neutrophils on a blood smear can be normal if they are present only in small numbers. They are also normally more abundant in cats and horses. D\u00f6hle bodies are intra-cytoplasmic structures composed of agglutinated ribosomes; they will increase in number with inflammation and increased granulocytopoiesis. If there are many neutrophils in the bloodstream containing D\u00f6hle bodies, these can be referred to as toxic neutrophils. Toxic neutrophils can also correspond to neutrophils that possess a more basophilic cytoplasm, basophilic granulation (infrequently observed), or cytoplasmic vacuoles in addition to one of the preceding cytoplasmic changes. D\u00f6hle bodies, cytoplasmic basophilia and cytoplasmic granulation all reflect \"defects\" in cell production and maturation during active granulocytopoiesis. Just like a left shift, the presence of toxic neutrophils suggests increased granulocytopoiesis. However, in a freshly prepared blood smear, the presence of vacuolation in addition to toxic neutrophils, reflects endotoxemia resulting in autolysis of neutrophils. This autodigestion is responsible for the cytoplasmic vacuolation. It is the single toxic change that does not result from the \"manufacturing\" process."}]}, {"title": "Louis Klazinga", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Louis Klazinga (born 4 December 1985) is a Namibian cricketer. After playing for Eldoraigne High School in Centurion, Gauteng, he first played for Namibia in October 2006 as a pace bowler and tail-end batsman, in the South African Airways Three-Day Challenge, making his debut against Limpopo. He took the wickets of Sammy Letsoalo, Jacques Pretorius and Sipho Mashele, but did not bat during the match, following captain Louis Burger's declaration after scoring a century. In his second match for Namibia, he took four wickets. Since then, he has been Namibia's regular opening bowler.After failing to qualify for the ICC World Twenty20 2016,just at the age of 29,Klazinga announced his retirement from Cricket,probably leaving a big hole in the weak and inexperienced bowling department of Namibia Cricket Team.  He was named in the team of the tournament after the ICC Intercontinental Cup in 2007-08."}]}, {"title": "West Dean, Gloucestershire", "paragraphs": [{"context": " West Dean is a civil parish, situated in the Forest of Dean district of Gloucestershire, England. The Forest of Dean was an extra-parochial area in the St Briavels Hundred of Gloucestershire. It was without the usual parish structure until the West Dean and East Dean townships were formed in 1844. For poor relief, West Dean was grouped into the Monmouth Poor Law Union and was included in the Monmouth rural sanitary district. Following the Local Government Act 1894, West Dean became a civil parish in the West Dean Rural District. In 1974 the rural district was abolished and West Dean became one of 41 civil parishes in the Forest of Dean district."}, {"context": " West Dean parish is divided electorally into 5 wards with a total of 15 councillors as follows: The council is consulted by all public service providers and has a statutory right to comment on all planning applications in West Dean. In 2000 it purchased and refurbished Bream Community Centre, which has since been extended and a Parish Office established there. Other areas Council have become involved in are provision of bus shelters, street cleaning, footpaths, play areas, environmental improvements and capital projects such as the restoration of Bream Cenotaph and works at Parkend Churchyard."}, {"context": " The Council meets on the last Wednesday of each month at Beam Community Centre at 7pm. Every Council meeting begins with a Public Open Forum to enable electors to ask questions or comment on matters that affect the Parish. West Dean is the largest civil parish in the Forest of Dean district, both in respect of its population and its geographical size. At the 2001 census there were 10,305 people living in West Dean Parish, more than in any of the Forest towns. The size of the Parish is a considerable 4686 hectares and stretches from Berry Hill and Christchurch in the north to Bream in the south and from Sling in the west to Viney Hill in the east."}]}, {"title": "Chaibasa railway station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Chaibasa railway station is a main railway station in West Singhbhum district, Jharkhand. Its code is CBSA. It serves Chaibasa town. The station consists of 3 platforms. The platform is not well sheltered. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation. The best connected place is Jamshedpur which is 60\u00a0km away from Chaibasa. The second best place is Chakradharpur, 25\u00a0km from Chaibasa on Howrah - Mumbai main line. Chaibasa is a station on the southbound line to Orissa from Rajkharsawn on the Tatanagar\u2013Bilaspur section of Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line."}]}, {"title": "Manuel Medina (boxer)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Juan Manuel Rubio Medina (born March 30, 1971, in Tecuala, Nayarit, Mexico) is a boxer, who is better known as Manuel Medina. He is a five-time world featherweight champion. His nickname is \"Mantecas\", which can be loosely translated to \"lard\". And is now a trainer Manuel Medina began his professional boxing career on September 9, 1985, beating Daniel Flores by a four-round decision in Mexicali, Mexico. Medina was only fourteen years old when his first professional fight took place. Medina won one more fight, then lost two bouts in a row: on December 5, he lost a four-round decision to Gerardo Martinez in his first fight abroad, held in San Jose, California, United States. On January 16, 1986, he suffered his first knockout defeat, being stopped because of a cut by Alex Madrid in San Diego."}, {"context": " After losing to Madrid, Medina had a streak of twenty seven wins in a row. That streak was stopped by Juan C. Salazar, who outpointed Medina over ten rounds on July 10, 1989, in Tijuana. After two more victories, however, Medina contended for his first championship belt, the regional WBA \"International\" super featherweight title, which he won by a seventh round disqualification victory against Edgar Castro, on December 11 of that same year, in Inglewood. Medina retained that title twice, then defeated Tyrone Jackson on May 21, 1990, also at Inglewood by a twelve-round decision. In his next fight on 5 July, he outpointed former world featherweight champion and Barry McGuigan conqueror, Steve Cruz over ten rounds."}, {"context": " Medina won four bouts, then had his first chance at becoming a world champion, when, on August 12, 1991, he faced IBF featherweight champion Troy Dorsey in Inglewood. Medina was knocked down twice early, but became a world champion by getting up and defeating Dorsey by a twelve-round decision. He made four defenses of his title, including victories against Tom Johnson, beaten by a nine rounds technical decision and Fabrice Benichou, another world champion boxer, outpointed by Medina over twelve rounds. His first reign as world featherweight champion took him to places like France and Italy."}, {"context": " Medina lost the championship to Johnson by a twelve-round decision on their February 26, 1993 rematch, held in France. He turned to the super featherweight division, where he won one fight, then attempted to become world champion there also. But, on June 26 of the same year, he lost to IBF super featherweight champion John John Molina by a twelve-round decision, in Atlantic City. Medina then returned to featherweight, where he won two more fights before facing Johnson in a rubber match, held on January 28, 1995 at Atlantic City. Johnson retained the IBF featherweight title he had won from Medina by beating him via a twelve-round decision. In his next fight, Medina won the WBC's regional Fecarbox title by defeating Juan Polo Perez by a twelve-round unanimous decision on March 15 in Miami, Florida."}, {"context": " Medina's next fight was televised nationally in the United States, as he became world Featherweight champion for the second time, defeating Alejandro Gonz\u00e1lez on September 23 of '95, with a twelve-round unanimous decision, at Sacramento, California, for the WBC featherweight title. He lost the title in his first defense, losing a twelve-round decision to Luisito Espinosa on December 11 at Tokyo, Japan. After a win, Medina tried to become a three time world featherweight champion by challenging Naseem Hamed for Hamed's WBO title, but he was defeated by Hamed with an eleventh-round knockout on August 31, 1996 in Dublin, Ireland. He followed that loss with a win, and another attempt at winning a world featherweight championship for a third time, this time around in a rematch with Espinosa. held on May 17, 1997. He lost to the Asian champion, this time by an eight rounds technical decision at Intramuros, Philippines. Medina then lost his next fight, by a ninth-round knockout on August 7, to future world champion Derrick Gainer."}, {"context": " On October 18, he recovered from his two loss streak to defeat Jose Ayala in Homestead, Florida, winning the WBA's Fedecentro regional championship, and setting himself in a position to obtain another chance at winning the world featherweight title for the third time. He knocked Ayala out in the eighth round. On April 24, 1998, Medina joined Carlos De Le\u00f3n, Muhammad Ali, Sugar Ray Robinson, Edwin Rosario, Evander Holyfield and a small number of other boxers in the exclusive group of fighters to reign as world champions three or more times in the same division, when he outpointed defending IBF title holder Hector Lizarraga over twelve rounds in San Jose, California. He retained the title on April 16, 1999, in Las Vegas with a nine rounds technical decision over former world super featherweight champion Victor Polo, then proceeded to lose the championship to Paul Ingle."}, {"context": " The fight against Ingle, held on November 13 of the same year, in Hull, England, went on to be considered one of the fights of the year by boxing fans, experts and magazine writers alike. Floored in the second and tenth rounds, Medina almost saved his title when he dropped Ingle in the twelfth and last round. He ended up losing a unanimous decision, however. Medina then met future world champion Frank Toledo, beating him in Las Vegas by a ten-round decision on May 19, 2000. Toledo then went on to win the IBF title by outpointing Mbulelo Botile, who had defeated Ingle. Medina, meanwhile, picked up two more wins, including a fourth-round knockout over future world title challenger Mike Juarez."}, {"context": " Medina and Toledo had a rematch on November 16, 2001, with Medina joining Robinson as a four-time world champion in the same division when he knocked Toledo out in the sixth round. His next fight was filled with controversy. Faced against former two division world champion Johnny Tapia on April 27, 2002, Medina lost the title by a twelve-round majority decision at the Madison Square Garden in New York City. The decision was criticized for months to come by writers from such publications as Ring and KO Magazine. The official scorecards reflected a very close fight, with two judges scoring it 115-113 for Tapia and a third scoring the fight a 114-114 tie."}, {"context": " Medina's first attempt at tying Robinson's record as the only boxer to win a world title in the same division five times came on February 1, 2003, when he and Juan Manuel M\u00e1rquez faced off in Las Vegas for the IBF championship vacated by Tapia. Medina was knocked out in the seventh round by Marquez, however. After two more wins, Medina got his second chance at becoming world featherweight champion for the fifth time against WBO champion Scott Harrison. The two boxers fought for the first time on July 12 at the Braehead Arena in Glasgow, Scotland. Medina made history and joined Robinson as the only two fighters in history to be five-time world champions in the same division, by defeating Harrison, who until then had been defeated only once, by a twelve-round split decision. A boxing magazine from the United States then called Medina \"the gambler's nightmare\", because of his tendency to win world featherweight titles, lose them quickly, then regain them just as quick."}, {"context": " Medina and Harrison were rematched on November 29 of the same year, and Harrison regained the WBO title with an eleventh-round knockout of Medina, again, at the Braehead Arena in Glasgow. Medina only fought once in 2004, defeating Leonardo Resendiz on July 23 at Rancho Mirage, California by a third-round knockout, to win the WBA's regional NABA super featherweight title. He was to fight Jos\u00e9 Miguel Cotto on August 20, 2005 in Ponce, Puerto Rico. Had he beaten Cotto, he would have put himself in a position to challenge for the WBO super featherweight title. Cotto was not able to reduce weight to the super featherweight weight limit, however, so the fight was suspended."}, {"context": " On 31-05-2006 he fought Cassius Baloyi for the IBF super featherweight title, the same title he'd challenged Molina for back in 1993, and lost by 11th-round TKO. Medina returned to outpoint Kevin Kelley by a twelve-round majority decision, then fought a rematch with Baloyi on 05-07-2007 which was scored a technical draw after Medina suffered a cut from an accidental clash of heads. In his final fight, Medina lost by a two-round TKO to Malcolm Klassen. These final three bouts were all IBF super featherweight Title Eliminators.  Medina has a record of 64 wins and 15 losses in 78 professional boxing bouts, with 30 wins by way of knockout."}]}, {"title": "Wilko\u0301w", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Wilk\u00f3w may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Baywatch Nights", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Baywatch Nights is an American police and science fiction drama series that aired in syndication from 1995 to 1997. Created by Douglas Schwartz, David Hasselhoff and Gregory J. Bonann, the series is a spin-off from the television series, \"Baywatch\". The original premise of the series was that, during a midlife crisis, Sgt. Garner Ellerbee (Gregory Alan Williams), who was the resident police officer of \"Baywatch\" since the beginning of the series, decides to quit his job as a police officer and form a detective agency. Mitch Buchannon (David Hasselhoff), his friend from \"Baywatch\", joins to support him and they are, in turn, joined by a detective named Ryan McBride (Angie Harmon). Singer Lou Rawls, who starred in the first season, performed the series theme song, \"After the Sun Goes Down\", alongside David Hasselhoff. Rawls played the role of Lou Raymond, owner of the nightclub where the detective agency rented their office. Midway into the first season, the series added two new cast members: (Eddie Cibrian and Donna D'Errico)."}, {"context": " During the second season, facing slipping ratings which were never as good as the original series, the producers decided to switch to a science fiction format (inspired by the success of \"The X-Files\"). Gregory Alan Williams left the series and was replaced by Dorian Gregory as Diamont Teague, a paranormal expert. The new format did not help the series and it was canceled after the second season. The character Donna Marco was later carried over to the original \"Baywatch\" series afterwards. Shock Entertainment released both seasons on DVD in Region 4 (Australia) on September 18, 2013."}]}, {"title": "Sue Hilliam", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sue Hilliam is a former international cricketer. She played 4 matches for the England Women's cricket team in the 1973 World Cup, making her debut against the International XI in June and playing in the final against Australia at Edgbaston, taking 2 for 34. She took 6 wickets in all at just 12.66 with a best of 3 for 6."}]}, {"title": "Tropical Storm Arthur (1996)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Tropical Storm Arthur was the first tropical cyclone and named storm of the annual Atlantic hurricane season that caused minimal flooding in the Carolinas in mid-June\u00a01996. Arthur originated from an area of increased convection east of the Bahamas on June\u00a016. Gradually, the system increased in organization, and was designated as a tropical depression on June\u00a017. The depression tracked north-northwest and became Tropical Storm Arthur while just offshore the Southeastern United States on June\u00a019. Later that day, Arthur peaked with maximum sustained winds of 45\u00a0mph (75\u00a0km/h), but weakened slightly before making landfall in North Carolina early the following day. After striking North Carolina, Arthur tracked out to sea and weakened further to a tropical depression. By June\u00a021, Arthur transitioned into an extratropical cyclone. Overall, impact from Arthur was minimal, limited to light rainfall and moderate surf in North and South Carolina, as well as a tornado in Florida. Total damage amounted to $1\u00a0million (1996\u00a0USD), but no fatalities were reported."}, {"context": " On June\u00a016, satellite imagery revealed an area of increased convection east of the Bahamas, which was believed to have been associated with a tropical wave. On June\u00a017, the convection increased in organization at the lower levels of the atmosphere. By 1800\u00a0UTC, the system had organized sufficiently to be designated as a tropical depression, making it the first of the season. Initially, the depression tracked north-northwest under the steering currents of the low-level flow around the western periphery of the Atlantic subtropical ridge. Strong wind shear due to fast upper-level winds associated with a cold-core low over the eastern Gulf of Mexico hindered further intensification for a time, but on June\u00a018, an area of deep convection developed north of the center of circulation. Based on analysis of reconnaissance data, the tropical depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Arthur at 1900\u00a0UTC on June\u00a019."}, {"context": " Further strengthening occurred, as the storm attained peak winds of 45\u00a0mph (75\u00a0km/h). With time, Arthur gradually turned northeast and made landfall near Cape Lookout, North Carolina early on June\u00a020. The center moved over the Pamlico Sound and the Cape Hatteras National Seashore and exited into the Atlantic. Although the storm contained minimal deep convection, satellite imagery indicated that Arthur had a well-defined low-level center. The tropical storm weakened to a tropical depression about northeast of Cape Hatteras, and accelerated towards the northeast when westerly steering currents increased. Deep convection increased once again on June\u00a021, although the lack of symmetry indicated that the remnants of Arthur were losing tropical characteristics. Forward speed increased to and the storm subsequently lost all tropical characteristics at 1200\u00a0UTC on June\u00a021, while centered about north-northeast of Bermuda. The extratropical remnants tracked northeastward for 36\u00a0hours, and were last identified about midway between Newfoundland and the Azores, where it was absorbed by a much larger extratropical cyclone over the North Atlantic."}, {"context": " On June\u00a018, a tropical storm warning was issued for coastal locations from Edisto Beach, South Carolina to Cape Lookout, North Carolina. Shortly thereafter, a tropical storm watch was issued north of Cape Lookout to the North Carolina/Virginia border, including Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds. The tropical storm watch was later extended from the North Carolina/Virginia border to Cape Charles, Virginia, including Virginia Beach. By late on June\u00a019, all advisories were discontinued. One tornado touched down in Florida, causing no known fatalities or injuries. As the center of Arthur passed east of Cape Romain, South Carolina, minor increases in surf were reported. In North Carolina, swells ranged as high as 7\u00a0ft (2.1\u00a0m). Rainfall peaked at in Georgetown, South Carolina, though because it fell gradually, no significant flooding was reported, other than minor ponding of water on roads. In addition, Arthur also brought precipitation to Georgia and Virginia, though the amounts of rainfall recorded rarely exceeded . Sustained winds of were reported, and offshore, the \"Atlantic Huron\" reported a sustained wind of at 1500\u00a0UTC on June\u00a019, while located southeast of Arthur's center. In addition, a C-Man station located about southeast of Cape Fear, North Carolina reported sustained winds of 39\u00a0mph (64\u00a0km/h) and gusts up to 45\u00a0mph (75\u00a0km/h). Overall, damage caused by Arthur was minimal, totaling only $1\u00a0million (1996\u00a0USD)."}]}, {"title": "Spyros Magkounis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Spyridon \"Spyros\" Magkounis (alternate spellings: Spiridon, Spiros, Magounis) (; born December 10th, 1985 in Greece) is a Greek professional basketball player. He is a 2.02 m (6\u00a0ft 7.5 in) tall small forward. Magkounis has played at the pro club level with: AEK Athens, Egaleo, Rethymno, and Elefsina. Magkounis was a member of the junior national teams of Greece. He played at the 2001 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship and the 2005 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship."}]}, {"title": "Helen Crummy", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Helen Crummy MBE (10 May 1920 \u2013 11 July 2011) was a founder of The Craigmillar Festival Society, and served as the Organising Secretary for the group until 1985. Helen Crummy was born in Leith, Helen Murray Prentice. She became one of Craigmillar's first residents in 1931 when her family moved to the estate, located in one of the poorest areas of Edinburgh. Her family were also neighbours of the family of Jack Kane, the first Labour Lord Provost of Edinburgh. The Craigmillar Festival Society started in 1962, after she asked the headmaster of the local primary school if her son could be taught to play the violin. He replied by telling her that it took the school all its time to teach these children \"all three R's\". Helen with the local mothers group decided to show how talented their children were and started The Craigmillar Festival which grew to gain international acclaim."}, {"context": " She was awarded an MBE in 1972, and an honorary doctorate by Heriot-Watt University in 1993, and is part of The Edinburgh Women of Achievement trail. She is also in The \"Travelling the distance\" sculpture at The Scottish Parliament and mentioned in The Bill Douglas statue at Newcraighall Railway station. On 21 March 2014 a statue, created by Tim Chalk, in her memory was unveiled by Richard Demarco and Ruth Wishart outside the East Neighbourhood Centre on Niddrie Mains Road, Edinburgh. Her book, \"Let The People Sing!\", has been sold in many countries. Tells the story of The Craigmillar Festival Society. Her third book is the novel, \"Whom Dykes Divide\", was published in 2008.  Other publications are \"Mine a Rich Vein\" 2003; essay and editing: Arts The Catalyst Catalogue, 2004; The Heritage and Arts Trail for Craigmillar, 2009; Edited with Douglas Galbraith: Craigmillar Gold, Community Musical songs, 2004. She was involved in most of the publications that came out of The Craigmillar Festival Society from 1962 - 1985, including \"The Comprehensive Plan for Action\" (CPA) 1976, which is recognised as a milestone in Community Planning."}]}, {"title": "Cynthia Akuetteh", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Cynthia Akuetteh (born 1948) is a diplomat and United States Ambassador to S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe and United States Ambassador to Gabon. She was nominated by President Obama and confirmed by the Senate in 2014. Akuetteh was born Cynthia Helen Archie in Washington, D.C. to Richard Louis Archie II and Sallie Dolores Hines. She earned a B.A. degree in history with honors from C.W. Post College of Long Island University in 1970, and was awarded a master's degree in National Security Resource Policy from the National Defense University in 1973. Akuetteh completed two years of graduate study at Columbia University."}, {"context": " Akuetteh began her career with the Peace Corps. Her initial assignment was as a Program Officer in Washington, D.C. She then moved to Ghana as Deputy Director of the program there. After Akuetteh entered the U.S. Foreign Service in 1984, she held a series of international assignments in Niger, Tanzania, Canada and Venezuela. Much of her subsequent work was focused on Africa. She served as the Deputy Director of the Africa Bureau\u2019s Economic Policy Staff, and later as Director of the Office of Central African Affairs, overseeing bilateral relations with ten African nations. She also served as Deputy Assistant Secretary for African Affairs from 2012 to 2013. In 2012 she headed the U.S. delegation to a meeting of the US \u2013 Nigeria Bi-national Commission on the Niger Delta and National Development Working Group held in Port Harcourt."}, {"context": " She appeared before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee December 17, 2013 to discuss her vision for her role as ambassador. Following Senate confirmation, she was sworn in as U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Gabon and S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe on August 1, 2014. She was welcomed as ambassador when she visited the city of Franceville in 2015. At a time of political unrest in Gabon, she publicly expressed concern over any \u201cextra-constitutional\u201d moves for regime change and promoted \u201cdemocratic\u201d solutions."}, {"context": " In May 2015, Akuetteh welcomed U.S. military members joining together with military from 15 African countries as well as the U.N. at the opening ceremony of the Central Accord 2015 exercise at Libreville, Gabon. Akuetteh noted that the prime purpose of the undertaking was to maintain peace and strengthen the relationships of the countries participating. Akuetteh was previously married to Nii Akuetteh, founder of the Democracy and Conflict Research Institute in Ghana. They have two adult children."}]}, {"title": "White-browed scimitar babbler", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The white-browed scimitar babbler (\"Pomatorhinus schisticeps\") is a species of bird in the Timaliidae family. It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests."}]}, {"title": "Kramgoa la\u030atar 13", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kramgoa l\u00e5tar 13 is a 1985 Vikingarna studio album. The album was rereleased to CD in 1988. and 1992."}]}, {"title": "Tazin Ahmed", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Tazin Ahmed (30 July 1975 \u2013 22 May 2018) was a Bangladeshi journalist, actress, playwright, director, and theater person. She won the 2003 Bachasas Award for the Best Actress in the drama category. Ahmed was born on 30 July 1975, in Noakhali, Bangladesh, to her mother Dilara Jolly. She completed her Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSC) in 1992. She graduated from the mass communication and journalism department of the University of Dhaka. In 1994, Ahmed joined the newspaper \"Bhorer Kagoj\". In 1997, she started working with \"Prothom Alo \"and become a staff reporter in 1998. She worked also as a columnist for \"Anondo Bhubon\" and as a freelance contributor to \"Bangla Bazar\" magazine. In 2002, she joined Mercantile Bank Limited as a public relations officer."}, {"context": " In 1996, Ahmed made her debut in the small screen through the single episode television drama \"Shesh Dekha Shekh Noy\", directed by Sheikh Niamat Ali. Alongside she becomes associated with the theatre group Natyojon. In 2000, she joined another theatre group named Aronyak. She scripted around 12 plays and directed a few of them. She started her television presentation in 1991 with the program title of \"Chetna\" for Bangladesh Television. In 1997, she played in a number of plays for theater. Later, Aranyak acted in the drama \"Mayur Singhanshan\". She wrote the screenplay of \"Doll's House\"."}, {"context": " She started working as a program executive at NTV in 2003. Since 2016, she hosted the television show \"71 er Shokaal\" on Ekattor TV. Her last televised tele-fiction was \"Noashal\", directed by Mir Sabbir. Ahmed was first married to Ejaz Munna, a television director. She later married the musician Rumi Rahman. She was a niece of actress Dilara Zaman. Ahmed was suffering from asthma. She died from heart attack on 22 May 2018 at the Regent Hospital in Uttara, Dhaka. Her body was taken for viewing to Kashimpur Women's Central Jail where her mother, Dilara Jolly, had been sentenced and later she was buried at her father's grave in Banani Graveyard."}]}, {"title": "Lohan / Cevizli koy (village)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Lohan Cevizli village, 30 kilometers southwest of Turkey's 6th largest city, Gaziantep, is one of the largest and most developed villages in the south-east region of Turkey. It is also the oldest known continually inhabited village in the world with habitation stretching back to the stone age, over nine thousand years ago. Most of its residents are descendants of members of ancient Turkmen clans. Geographically, the village sits on the slope of a small hill, opposite a much larger hill with a spring water stream passing between the two hills. In times past the region was heavily wooded and green. Now, most of the greenery that survives, clings to the banks of the spring water stream running between the two hills. The province of Gaziantep, where Lohan Cevizli is located, is very near to the north west Syrian border. (Please find more information on the history of this region under Gaziantep)."}, {"context": " The village has two names. \"Lohan\" - which is thought to be a derivative of a Turkish word, \"Uluhan\" which means \"Large Caravansary\u201d, and \"Cevizli\" - which is also a Turkish word meaning \"has nuts\", named after the village's walnut and pistachio trees. The native fauna once included leopards, bears and tigers. All that remains are striped hyenas, spur-heeled tortoises, the occasional wolf, various species of skink lizzards and chameleons, semi-domesticated dogs and cats, as well as geese and poultry. Along with farming animals such as sheep, goats, cattle, mules, donkeys and horses. Some other native species exist, although a new fauna census needs to be conducted in the region to determine what exactly remains.  Summers are dry and hot, swept by hot Saharan and Arabian desert winds. Snow falls in the winter for an average of 17 days during the coldest months. The weather is considered Mediterranean. The village residents are 100% Sunni Muslim."}]}, {"title": "702 Alauda", "paragraphs": [{"context": " 702 Alauda ( ), provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid and binary system from the outer asteroid belt, approximately 190 kilometers in diameter. It is the parent body of the Alauda family. Discovered in 1910 by German astronomer Joseph Helffrich at Heidelberg Observatory, it was named after the lark (\"alauda\"). Its small moon, named Pichi \u00fc\u00f1\u00ebm, was discovered in 2007. Alauda's satellite Pichi \u00fc\u00f1\u00ebm, provisionally known as , was discovered from observations using adaptive-optics imaging with the European Southern Observatory (ESO) 8-m Very Large Telescope (VLT) on Cerro Paranal, Chile. It is about 3.5\u00a0km in diameter (assuming it has the same albedo as the primary) and orbits Alauda in a nearly circular orbit at a distance of . Pichi \u00fc\u00f1\u00ebm takes 4.91 days to complete one orbit."}, {"context": " It was named \"Pichi \u00fc\u00f1\u00ebm\", meaning \"little bird\" in the Mapuche language of Chile, the country from which the moon was discovered. Alauda has been identified as the largest member of the Alauda family, a dynamical family of bright carbonaceous asteroids with more than a thousand known members. Other members of this family include: 581\u00a0Tauntonia, 1101\u00a0Clematis, 1838\u00a0Ursa, 3139\u00a0Shantou, 3325\u00a0TARDIS, 4368\u00a0Pillmore, 5360\u00a0Rozhdestvenskij, 5815\u00a0Shinsengumi, and many others. Alauda's moon may be a result of the collision that created the asteroid family."}, {"context": " The discovery and tracking of Alauda's moon enabled Alauda's mass to be determined. The discoverers of the moon, Patricio Rojo and Jean-Luc Margot, estimated Alauda's mass to be (6.057 \u00b1 0.36) kg and its density to be (1.57 \u00b1 0.5)\u00a0g/cm\u00b3. Alauda has been observed to occult stars on several occasions, providing important information on its size and shape. It produced occultations on 2001-07-12 and 2004-04-21. It may have occulted an apparent magnitude 9.5 star in the constellation of Gemini on 2009-10-17 at 08:18 UT. This event should have been visible from Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile."}]}, {"title": "Satpati High School", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Goutam Smriti Satpati Binapani Vidyamandir is a high school established on 1944, is one of the oldest schools in Bengal as well as India. The students and teachers of this high school made contributions to Indian Freedom Movement during the British Rule. The school head masters had also contributed in building up the institution. It was formerly the \"Zilla School of Midnapore\" (currently Paschim Medinipur) in West Bengal. The school campus has a basketball court and science labs. and bright students. Students enter for the Madhyamik and the Higher Secondary examinations and competitive exams like JEE, NCERT, and Olympiad. The school has 47 teachers and 1400 students.  School Index No-L1-085, H.S Code No-205196, Vocational Code-3568 Code 5196 Name GOUTAM SMRITI SATPATI BINAPANI BIDYAMANDIR Address PO - SATPATI DIST - PASCHIM MIDNAPORE PS.:SALBONI District Paschim Midnapur Category Co-ed Subject"}]}, {"title": "Bruflat Formation", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Bruflat Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period."}]}, {"title": "Ben Ward", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ben, Bennie or Benjamin Ward may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Wireless Application Service Providers Association", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Wireless Application Service Provider's Association is an industry body for South African companies in the mobile services industry."}]}, {"title": "Gavin Brown (diver)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Gavin Brown (9 August 1984 \u2013 28 April 2007), sometimes listed as Gavin Hustler-Brown, was a diver from Cottingley, Bradford in West Yorkshire, England. The former diving partner of Olympian Blake Aldridge, Brown died at the age of 22 following a hit-and-run incident. At age 13, Brown began to train at the City of Leeds Diving Club under Coach Adrian Hinchliffe. In 1998, Gavin took fourth place at the Junior European Championships. A year later, he won a bronze medal at the Junior World Championships."}, {"context": " At age 14, Brown reached the senior European cup finals and in 2000, Gavin won medals at the Six Nations International at Southampton. In 2001, he took part in the Goodwill Games in Brisbane, Australia where he competed with future Olympic diver Blake Aldridge. Brown moved to Southampton to carrying on his training with the Southampton Diving Academy at The Quays, in 2005. After joining Southampton Academy, he was coached by both Steve Gladding and former Olympic diver Lindsey Fraser. The same year, Brown began studying Criminology at Solent University and took part in the Solent University Talented Athlete Network Development (STAND) program which offers different levels of support to student athletes. He also started coaching other divers and in 2007 he was preparing a group of teenagers for the National Skills Finals in Plymouth. He was due to compete in the World Cup High Diving Contest the summer of 2007."}, {"context": " On 28 April 2007 at about 2 A.M, Gavin Brown was struck by a blue Vauxhall Astra as he walked near the Hobbit Pub, in Bevois Valley Road, Southampton. He was taken to Southampton General Hospital but despite emergency treatment he died from massive head trauma. The driver of the blue Vauxhall Astra did not stop and the car was discovered abandoned three hours later on a nearby street. Police released a photograph of the car and a firm of solicitors offered a \u00a31,000 reward to find whoever was responsible."}, {"context": " Police investigating the fatal crash soon identified Lukasz Banasik, a farm laborer, as a suspect and believed that he fled the country for his native Poland. The police in Hampshire, England secured a European Arrest Warrant and worked with police across Europe to try to locate Banasik. Polish police officers, visiting the United Kingdom in March 2009 for an Officer Exchange, were briefed on Operation Rhone (the Hampshire Police code-name for the investigation into the fatal hit-and-run). In July 2009, Lukasz Banasik was arrested near Gdansk, Poland and flown to England. Lukasz Banasik pleaded guilty to causing death by dangerous driving, failing to stop after an accident, failing to report an accident, driving without insurance and driving without a licence. On 26 February 2010, he was sentenced to five years in jail."}, {"context": " In October 2007, the first Gavin Brown Trophy was given at the Southampton Invitational competition held at the Quays Swimming and Diving Complex. The specially designed trophy was created with the image of a diving Gavin etched into a glass block. Winners of the trophy are divers in any of the age group events (excluding seniors) who achieves the highest raw score on a back or reverse rotating dive. In February 2008, the first \"Gavin Brown Love to Dive\" Competition for novice and recreational divers was held at the Quays Swimming & Diving Complex in Southampton. Members of the diving squad that Gavin coached before he died formed part of the organizing team. The amateur diving competition has separate categories for springboard and highboard, divided by gender and age group. The competition currently attracts recreational divers from across England."}, {"context": " In June 2009, Olympic diver Blake Aldridge made a solo parachute jump for the charity Brake in memory of Blake's former synchronized diving partner, Gavin Brown. The Brake (charity) is working to stop death and injury on UK roads and to support people who have been bereaved or injured by a road crash. Blake's jump raised over \u00a31,000. Formerly the Northern Cross Diving Championship this was renamed in 2007 to G Star in memory of Gavin Brown. G Star is one of Gavin's old nicknames from his time at Leeds Diving. Each year the Gavin Brown trophy is awarded to the diver of the meet, which is voted on by the coaches attending the event."}]}, {"title": "Asnan", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Asnan is a commune in the Ni\u00e8vre department in central France."}]}, {"title": "711 Marmulla", "paragraphs": [{"context": " 711 Marmulla is an asteroid belonging to the Flora family in the Main Belt. The name is derived from the Old High German word 'marmul', which means 'marble'."}]}, {"title": "Caladenia graminifolia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Caladenia graminifolia, commonly known as the grass-leafed spider orchid is a species of orchid endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single glabrous leaf and one or two short-lived, greenish-yellow and red flowers which have a narrow labellum with long teeth on its sides. \"Caladenia graminifolia\" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single, nearly hairless leaf, long and about wide. One or two greenish-yellow and red flowers long and wide are borne on a stalk tall. The flowers are self-pollinating and are only open for a day or two. The lateral sepals and petals have thickened glandular tips, more prominent on the lateral sepals. The dorsal sepal is erect, long and wide. The lateral sepals are long and wide, turn downwards and often cross each other. The petals are long and about wide and spread widely, mostly horizontally. The labellum is long and wide and greenis-white with a red tip. The sides of the labellum have a fringe of teeth up to long and there are two or four rows of maroon calli up to long, along the centre of the labellum. Flowering occurs from August to September."}, {"context": " \"Caladenia graminifolia\" was first formally described by Alex George in 1971 and the description was published in Nuytsia from a specimen at Culham Inlet. The specific epithet (graminifolia) is derived from the Latin words \"graminis\" meaning \"grass\" and \"folium\" meaning \"a leaf\" referring to the grass-like leaf of this orchid. The grass-leafed spider orchid occurs between Mount Manypeaks and Israelite Bay in the Esperance Plains and Mallee biogeographic regions. It grows in woodland under tall shrubs and sometimes on granite outcrops.  \"Caladenia graminifolia\" is classified as \"Not Threatened\" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife."}]}, {"title": "Neoregelia 'Rosy Dawn'", "paragraphs": [{"context": " 'Rosy Dawn' is a hybrid cultivar of the genus \"Neoregelia\" in the Bromeliad family."}]}, {"title": "Joel Ozborn", "paragraphs": [{"context": " When Joel Ozborn was in high school he won a public speaking competition, he also won the 1998 \"street performer of the year\" presented by the Sydney Opera House live on 2Day FM. Ozborn is also known to have traveled/performed with Akmal Saleh and American comedian Arj Barker in sellout season of Sydney shows. In 2006 he took part in the Adelaide Fringe Festival, Sydney Cracker Comedy Festival and the Melbourne International Comedy Festival. Ozborn also in 2007 Adelaide Fringe Festival, the Melbourne International Comedy Festival, and continue the rest of the year on another national theatre tour. In 2008 Ozborn was back at the Adelaide Fringe Festival, the Sydney Cracker Festival, and a sold-out season of shows at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival.  Ozborn continues to headline comedy clubs across the nation."}]}, {"title": "\u0141ugi, Zwolen\u0301 County", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \u0141ugi is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zwole\u0144, within Zwole\u0144 County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately east of Zwole\u0144 and south-east of Warsaw. <br>"}]}, {"title": "Luria pulchra", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Luria pulchra is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries. The following subspecies are recognized : L. pulchra is superficially similar to L. lurida. L.pulchra is less swollen, smoother, glossier, and lighter in color. This species is distributed in the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aqaba, the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf and along Eritrea."}]}, {"title": "Douglas C-54 Skymaster", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Douglas C-54 Skymaster is a four-engined transport aircraft used by the United States Army Air Forces in World War II and the Korean War. Like the Douglas C-47 Skytrain, the C-54 Skymaster was derived from a civilian airliner, the Douglas DC-4. Besides transport of cargo, the C-54 also carried presidents, prime ministers, and military staff. Dozens of variants of the C-54 were employed in a wide variety of non-combat roles such as air-sea rescue, scientific and military research, and missile tracking and recovery. During the Berlin Airlift it hauled coal and food supplies to West Berlin. After the Korean War it continued to be used for military and civilian uses by more than 30 countries. This was one of the first aircraft to carry the President of the United States."}, {"context": " With the entry of the United States into World War II, in June 1941 the War Department took over the provision orders for the airlines for the Douglas DC-4 and allocated them to the United States Army Air Forces with the designation C-54 Skymaster. The first, a C-54, flew from Clover Field in Santa Monica, California on 14 February 1942. To meet military requirements the first civil production aircraft had four additional auxiliary fuel tanks in the main cabin which reduced the passenger seats to 26. The following batch of aircraft, designated C-54A, were built with a stronger floor and a cargo door with a hoist and winch. The first C-54A was delivered in February 1943. The C-54B, introduced in March 1944, had integral fuel tanks in the outer wings, allowing two of the cabin tanks to be removed. This change allowed 49-seats (or 16 stretchers) to be fitted. The C-54C, a hybrid for Presidential use, had a C-54A fuselage with four cabin fuel tanks and C-54B wings with built in tanks to achieve maximum range."}, {"context": " The most common variant was the C-54D, which entered service in August 1944. Based on the C-54B, it was fitted with more powerful R-2000-11 engines. With the C-54E, the last two cabin fuel tanks were moved to the wings which would allow more freight or 44 passenger seats. Aircraft transferred to the United States Navy were designated Douglas R5D. With the introduction of the Tri-Service aircraft designation system in 1962, all R5Ds were re-designated C-54. C-54s began service with the USAAF in 1942, carrying up to 26 passengers, later versions carrying up to 50 passengers. The C-54 was one of the most commonly used long-range transports by the U.S. armed forces in World War II. Of the C-54s produced, 515 were manufactured in Santa Monica, California and 655 were manufactured at Orchard Place/Douglas Field, in unincorporated Cook County, Illinois, near Chicago (later the site of O'Hare International Airport)."}, {"context": " During World War II, the C-54 was used by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Douglas MacArthur, and Winston Churchill. The American delegates to the Casablanca Conference used the Skymaster. The C-54 was also used by the Royal Air Force, the French Air Force, and the armed forces of at least 12 other nations. President Harry S. Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947, which created the U.S. Air Force, on board \"Sacred Cow\", the Presidential VC-54C which is preserved at the National Museum of the United States Air Force near Dayton, Ohio. More than 300 C-54s and R5Ds formed the backbone of the US contribution to the Berlin Airlift in 1948. They also served as the main airlift during the Korean War. After the Korean War, the C-54 was replaced by the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, but continued to be used by the U.S. Air Force until 1972. The last active C-54 Skymaster in U.S. Navy service (C-54Q, BuNo \"56501\", of the Navy Test Pilot School, NAS Patuxent River) was retired on 2 April 1974."}, {"context": " In late 1945, several hundred C-54s were surplus to U.S. military requirements and these were converted for civil airline operation, many by Douglas Aircraft at its aircraft plants. The aircraft were sold to airlines around the world. By January 1946, Pan American Airways was operating their Skymasters on transatlantic scheduled services to Europe and beyond. Trans-Pacific schedules from San Francisco to Auckland began on 6 June 1946. After disposal by the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy, many C-54s were modified for use in civilian firefighting and air tanker roles. This included fitting tanks inside and under the fuselage and the fitting of dumping and spraying equipment also on the wing trailing edges. C-54s continued in this role until the late 1990s."}, {"context": " On 3 July 1947: US Army Air Force C-54G \"45-519\" crashed in the Atlantic 294\u00a0mi off Florida after a loss of control caused by turbulence from a storm, killing the six crew. On 26 January 1950, a C-54D operated by the United States Air Force disappeared during a flight between Anchorage-Elmendorf Air Force Base (Alaska) and Great Falls Air Force Base (Montana) with a crew of eight and 36 passengers (34 service personnel and two civilians). No trace of the aircraft or its occupants has ever been found."}, {"context": " On 31 January 1951, the C-54D with tail number 282 of the Portuguese Military Aeronautics, operated by the Search and Rescue Squadron of the Lajes Air Base, Azores, flying from the Lisbon Airport back to its base, crashed in the Atlantic, when approaching Lajes. All of the 14 people on board (two pilots, nine mechanics and three other military personnel) were killed. On 29 April 1952, an Air France Douglas C-54A (registration F-BELI) operating a scheduled service from Frankfurt Rhein-Main Airport to Berlin Tempelhof Airport came under sustained attack from two Soviet MiG 15 fighters while passing through one of the Allied air corridors over East Germany. Although the attack had severely damaged the aircraft, necessitating the shutdown of engines number three and four, the pilot in command of the aircraft managed to carry out a safe emergency landing at Tempelhof Airport. A subsequent inspection of the aircraft's damage revealed that it had been hit by 89 shots fired from the Soviet MiGs. There were no fatalities among the 17 occupants (six crew, 11 passengers) despite the severity of the attack. The Soviet military authorities defended this attack on an unarmed civilian aircraft by claiming the Air France plane was outside the air corridor at the time of attack."}, {"context": " On 23 July 1954, a Douglas C-54 Skymaster civilian airliner, registration VR-HEU, operated by Cathay Pacific Airways, en route from Bangkok to Hong Kong, was shot down by Chinese PLAAF La-11 fighters off the coast of Hainan Island, killing ten people. On 28 March 1964, a C-54A disappeared over the Pacific (about 1120\u00a0km west of San Francisco\u2014last reported position: ) on an executive passenger flight from Honolulu International Airport, Hawaii to Los Angeles International Airport, California. The pilot reported a fire in No. 2 engine, which might make it necessary to ditch. Nothing more was heard from the aircraft, nor was any trace of it found despite an extensive search. Three crew and six passengers died in the accident."}, {"context": " A C-54, registration C-FIQM (Buffalo 5-721 (tail 57)), was used as a substitute Lancaster bomber due to its similar top speed and maximum payload, for a recreation of Operation Chastise with its bouncing bomb. It was filmed in the UK documentary \"Dambusters: Building the Bouncing Bomb\", Canadian documentary \"Dambusters Fly Again\", \"Nova\" season 39 episode \"Bombing Hitler's Dams\", and \"Ice Pilots NWT\" season 3 episode 2 \"Dambusters\". The movie \"The Big Lift\", starring Montgomery Clift shows extensive operations of the C-54 as it was shot on location during the peak of the Berlin Airlift in 1949."}]}, {"title": "Huggett/Goodwood Field Aerodrome", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Huggett/Goodwood Field Aerodrome is a registered aerodrome located northwest of Huggett, Alberta, Canada."}]}, {"title": "Maxim Akimov", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Maxim Alexeevich Akimov (; born 1 March 1970) is a Russian politician. As of 2018 he was serving as the Deputy Prime Minister of Russia. Akimov was born in the city of Maloyaroslavets, in Kaluga Oblast. In 1993 he graduated from Kaluga State University. From 1994 to 1996, he was the CEO of the Faynart-Audit company, then headed the Commission for the Securities Market of the Kaluga Oblast. From 1998 to 2001, he served as the Deputy Director of the Department of Economy and Industry of Kaluga Oblast."}, {"context": " In 2004, he served as the Minister of Economic Development of Kaluga Oblast. In May 2004, he went to work for the municipal Government of Kaluga as the First Deputy Mayor. He later became acting Mayor. On 14 November 2004, he was elected as Mayor of Kaluga with 34.63% of the vote. In July 2007, he was appointed Deputy Governor of Kaluga Oblast Anatoly Artamonov. On 22 May 2012 he was appointed Deputy Chief of Staff of the Government of Russia. A year later, he took the place of First Deputy Chief of Staff.  On 7 May 2018, he was nominated for the post of Deputy Prime Minister for Transport, Communications and Digital Economy. Maxim Akimov is married. He has two sons."}]}, {"title": "Coptic Theological Seminary", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Coptic Theological Seminary is an institution of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria based in Cairo and with branches and affiliated seminaries throughout the world. The Seminary claims historical continuity with the historic Catechetical School of Alexandria of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and regards the 1893 establishment as a reestablishment of this school. Directors of the Coptic Theological Seminary in Cairo include Yusuf Manqariyus from 1893 to 1918, Habib Girgis. Graduates include Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria.  The original school in Alexandria continued until it was closed by the Byzantine emperor at the Council of Chalcedon. The centre of learning of the Coptic Church became the Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great in the Wadi El Natrun (\"valley of soda-ash\") 90\u00a0km north of Cairo. In 1893 the Theological College in Alexandria was re-founded by teaching children in some Cairo churches and Coptic School halls, and today has campuses in Cairo, Sydney, New Jersey and Los Angeles."}]}, {"title": "Pristimantis lirellus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Pristimantis lirellus is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is endemic to Peru. Its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss."}]}, {"title": "1925 Pottsville Maroons season", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 1925 Pottsville Maroons season was their inaugural season in the National Football League. The team finished a 10\u20132 league record and a 13\u20132 overall record.. The team initially won the 1925 NFL championship, however a controversial suspension cost them the title, forcing the team to finish in second place."}]}, {"title": "Corfield, Queensland", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Corfield is a town and locality in the Shire of Winton in north-western Queensland, Australia. In the , Corfield had a population of 183 people. The town is on the Kennedy Developmental Road\u2014the road linking Winton and Hughenden\u2014 north west of the state capital Brisbane and south west of the regional centre of Townsville. The Landsborough Highway also passes through the locality (but not through the town) merging with the Kennedy Developmental Road just before crossing into Winton. The Central Western railway line passes through the south of the locality to its terminus at Winton railway station."}, {"context": " The principal land use is cattle grazing. As the boundaries of Winton hug the grid layout of its streets, a number of Winton's facilities are actually located in Corfield. These include the Winton Golf Course and the Winton Showground and Racecourse. As Winton uses bore water from the Great Artesian Basin, this water emerges at and is cooled in ponds in Corfield to before it is circulated through Winton. In its earlier incarnation as a Cobb & Co changing station along the Hughenden to Winton mail route, the locality was named \"Manuka\"\u2014after a nearby sheep station."}, {"context": " When the railway linking Hughenden and Winton was built in 1899, the town was moved west to the line and renamed Corfield after William Henry Corfield\u2014a local carrier and businessman, who, as Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Gregory 1888-99 lobbied for the rail link. The population of the town peaked at around thirty to forty residents and facilities included \"five railway houses, plus the station master\u2019s house, a post office, two petrol depots, a hotel and a school and teacher\u2019s house ... a goods shed and railway building.\""}, {"context": " Corfield Post Office opened on 5 October 1898 and closed in 1991. Corfield State School opened on 4 February 1957 and closed on 31 January 1975. It reopened on 27 January 1976 but closed again on 15 December 1989. At the , Corfield and the surrounding area had a population of 162. At the , Corfield and the surrounding area had a population of 380. Corfield has since declined and now has a permanent village population of seven. The Corfield Pub is the main community facility in the village. The nearest primary and secondary schools are in Winton.  The major social event in Corfield is the Corfield Cup horse race run in early August\u2014a pun on the better known Caulfield Cup horse race run in Melbourne."}]}, {"title": "HeySong Corporation", "paragraphs": [{"context": " HeySong Corporation () is a well-known beverage producer in Taiwan. It was founded in 1925 as a family business, and later on grew into a large corporation. The first chairman of the corporation, Chang Wen-chi (\u5f35\u6587\u675e), founded \u201cJian Hsin Corporation Limited\u201d (\u9032\u99a8\u5546\u6703) in 1925 with six of his cousins, when Taiwan was still under the Japanese rule, by buying a Japanese beverage producer in Taiwan named \"Nikoniko\" (Japanese: \u30cb\u30b3\u30cb\u30b3; Chinese: \u5c3c\u53ef\u5c3c\u53ef). The company at first engaged in production of soda under the brands of \"Fuji\" (\u5bcc\u58eb\u724c) and ramune under the brands of \"Sanshou\" (\u4e09\u624b\u724c). The name \"Fuji\" is a Japanese word and meant the quality their products were as good as the Japanese ones. The name \"Sanshou\" literally meant \"three hands\" and signified the co-operation between the three families under the same clan within the company. It used the \"HeySong\" trademark to produce the \"HeySong Soda\" in 1931. One of their most well-known product, HeySong Sarsaparilla Drink, a kind of Sarsi, was put into market in 1950. Later on, it started to produce various kinds of beverage including sports drinks, teas, coffees, fruit drinks, and even alcohol. The Headquarters of the company moved from the Taipei plant (now known as the Breeze Center) into the HeySong Commercial Building (\u9ed1\u677e\u901a\u5546\u5927\u6a13) on Hsin Yi Road (\u4fe1\u7fa9\u8def), Taipei City in 1987.  The name of the company was changed from \"Chien Hsin Co. Ltd.\" to \"HeySong Beverages Co., Ltd.\" in 1970, and later on changed to the present name \"HeySong Corporation\" in 1981. The original English name of the company and the drinks change from \"HeSung\" to \"HeySong\" in 1974."}]}, {"title": "George Frederick Thompson Gregory", "paragraphs": [{"context": " George Frederick Thompson Gregory (September 10, 1916 \u2013 April 14, 1973) was a lawyer, judge and political figure in British Columbia. He represented Victoria City in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1953 to 1960 as a Liberal. He was born in Victoria, British Columbia in 1916, the son of Francis B. Gregory, and was educated at the University of British Columbia and Harvard Law School. He was admitted to the British Columbia bar in 1941. In the same year, he joined the Royal Canadian Navy and served during World War II, earning the Distinguished Service Cross. In 1945, Gregory began the practice of law in Victoria. He was first elected to the provincial assembly in a 1953 by-election held after Walter Percival Wright resigned his seat to allow Einar Maynard Gunderson to run for a seat in the assembly. Gregory was reelected in 1956 but defeated when he ran for reelection in 1960. He ran for the leadership of the provincial Liberal Party in 1959, losing to Ray Perrault. From 1964 until his death in 1973, Gregory served as a justice of the Supreme Court of British Columbia. The cause of death was a self-inflicted gunshot wound."}]}, {"title": "Scrafield", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Scrafield is a deserted medieval village or DMV, situated approximately south-east from the town of Horncastle, Lincolnshire, England. The village was not listed in \"Domesday Book\" of 1086, but first mentioned in documentary sources in 1183. Scrafield church was dedicated to Saint Michael but fell into disrepair, and by 1842 it had gone, although the churchyard was still used. The northern part of the churchyard was levelled in 1977, and only a single 18th-century gravestone is visible today."}]}, {"title": "Unregenerate", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Unregenerate may refer to"}]}, {"title": "Anil B. Divan", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Anil B. Divan (born 15 May 1930 - 20 March 2017) was a senior advocate in India. He has been described as an eminent constitutional expert. Anil B. Divan was born on 15 May 1930. He died 20 March 2017. He was president of Law Asia from 1991 to 1993. From February 2009 he was Associate President of the Bar Association of India. He argued in the Supreme Court of India on a \"pro bono\" basis in many Public Interest Litigations (PILs), some involving high-level corruption, as an \"Amicus Curiae\". In 2004 he was a member of the committee on Water Resources Law of the International Law Association."}, {"context": " He has been appointed by the government to help resolve Cauvery Water Disputes. In the late 1980s, Divan was one of the founders of the Centre for Public Interest Litigation, a Non-governmental organization that conducts litigation on matters of public interest. The first president was Justice V. M. Tarkunde, who was also the founder of the People's Union for Civil Liberties. Other founder members were senior advocates including Fali Sam Nariman, Shanti Bhushan, Rajinder Sachar and Colin Gonsalves."}, {"context": " In February 2005, Prashant Bhushan and Anil B. Divan were counsel for the Centre for Public Interest Litigation (CPIL) seeking quashing of the CVC Act, 2003, which requires the CBI to obtain permission from the Union government before registering corruption cases against senior bureaucrats. Bhushan argued that the act violated the basic rights of citizens and was counter to the rule of law. The Supreme Court referred the question to a constitution bench of five judges. Divan was a member of the Committee on Judicial Accountability.  Commenting on the Judges Enquiry Bill, 2006, he said \"The aforementioned new bill is worse than the old Judges Inquiry Act and it needs to be scrapped in toto. This new bill is nothing but a sham\". Divan's son Shyam Divan is also a lawyer practising in the Supreme Court. His daughter-in-law, Madhavi Goradia Divan is an author of books on law and also a practising lawyer."}]}, {"title": "Riner, Virginia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Riner is a census-designated place in Montgomery County, Virginia. The population as of the 2010 Census was 859. The Howard-Bell-Feather House and Riner Historic District are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Its middle school is Auburn Middle School. Camp Carysbrook, the oldest all girls camp in Virginia, is located in Riner."}]}, {"title": "Valderrodilla", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Valderrodilla is a municipality located in the province of Soria, Castile and Le\u00f3n, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 111 inhabitants."}]}, {"title": "Cyclocheilichthys lagleri", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Cyclocheilichthys lagleri is a species of cyprinid fish in the genus \"Cyclocheilichthys\", it is found in the upper Chao Phraya and lower Mekong basins in south-east Asia."}]}, {"title": "John Chipman", "paragraphs": [{"context": " John Chipman may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Zaguan", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Zaguan refers to a house plan configuration where a central passageway leads from a front door to a patio or a courtyard. This is found in historic houses in Mexico and in the southwestern U.S. An example is the Ortiz House in Yuma, Arizona. Another is the Georgia O'Keeffe Home and Studio in New Mexico."}]}, {"title": "Sandy's Gone", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sandy's Gone is an album recorded by American jazz saxophonist Johnny Hodges featuring performances recorded in 1963 and released on the Verve label. The Allmusic site awarded the album 3 stars \"\u00c1ll compositions by Claus Ogerman except as indicated\""}]}, {"title": "Reichenbach am Regen", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Reichenbach is a municipality in the district of Cham in Bavaria in Germany. Reichenbach lies in the \"Middle Bavarian Forest\", in the middle Regental, in the valley of the river rain. (For the history of the well over 1000-year history Reichenbacher would be \"Front \u0160umava\" more precise.) In the north and east: community Walderbach. In the south: community forest In the West: City Nittenau (Lkr. Schwandorf) Reichenbach, (dialect: from [\"raichawoch\"] to [\"raichaboch\"]) since 1118th Earlier Placenames: 1122 Richinbach; 1283 Richenwach; 1317 Reichennbach; 1392 Reychenbach. The closest explanation for the name Reichenbach: Settled on rich stream. The importance of water-rich probably not come into question, since this \"stream\" in the dry season was almost waterless, so this leaves only the importance of \"fish-rich stream.\" The fishing in the rain played in earlier centuries when the great needs of the nearby monasteries and the many meatless days, a far greater role than today."}, {"context": " Kienleiten is a district of the municipality. mundartlich: kh\u00fci (s) laitn / kinleitn since'1555. Earlier Placenames: Khuenleuthen or Khienleiten Statement by the city name: Old High German hilta, Lita, Middle High German lite the Leite, the mountain slope. The word chien (Old High German) means pine resin, pine, which Kienf\u00f6hre. As it is a Bach or a birch Leite, so here a \"Kienleite\", a settlement on a hillside, with the pines, there is. Kienleiten was once owned by Walderbach. Heimhof is a hamlet, Gemarkung Tiefenbach. mundartlich: haimhof since about'1125. Earlier Placenames: 1125 Heiminghoven; 1378 Heimhof; 1668 Haimbhoff; 1670 Heimhof. Statement by the city name: \"In the courtyards, or at a yard Heimo, Haimo.\" The hamlet once belonged to the possession of the monastery Reichenbach."}, {"context": " Windhof is a hamlet, Gemarkung Tiefenbach. mundartlich: Windhof, Windin since'1249 '. Former name: 1667 Windahoff. Statement by the city name: The farm is located at the roof height by Ro\u00dfbach high after the rain, the winds of any kind is totally open. Windhof is a courtyard in a particularly exposed to the winds agency. Kaltenbach is a desert, Gemarkung Treidling. mundartlich: kholtbo / kholtboch since'1270 '. Former name: 1270 Chaltenbach, 1378, the Lo of the cold stream. Statement by the city name: The name was created by the stream \"Kaltenbach\", the Walderbacher from the forest and forest rises west of Reichenbach in the rain ends. The settlement in the cold creek."}, {"context": " Hochgart is a desert, Gemarkung Reichenbach. mundartlich: hougoat. Statement by the city name: From Old High German Garden \"fenced land, fenced farm,\" but also \"fencing, the garden.\" \"High\" indicates the situation on the high against the Regental Pfaffenstein running out. Settled in a garden protected by fencing or settlement on a farm protected by fencing. The desert belonged to the community forest Erbach and lies east of the monastery Reichenbach. Hochgart likely because of its proximity to the monastery Reichenbach once a part of the operation under its own standing monastery have been good."}, {"context": " Linden is a hamlet, Gemarkung Tiefenbach. mundartlich: Lintner / lindner since'1249 '. Earlier Placenames: 1249 Linda; 1498 Linter Veld and gr\u00fcndt. Statement by the city name: The tree and forest resources of the former forests were often the corridor settlements and their names, including the town of Linden. Even today there is a very old linden, so that the Walderbacher Taufbuch 1646 the right place with \"Linden from the\" mentions. Linden once belonged to the Walderbach. The settlement in the valley of the river, rain, at a ford, was the early Middle Ages center of a grundherrschaftlich organized and managed district. 1118 saw the founding of the monastery Reichenbach and since then combine the history of the place and those of the monastery."}, {"context": " Reichenbach experienced in the first decades of its existence, an early bloom. After the Wittelsbach 1204 over the Bailiwick had lost Reichenbach its regional importance. In the 14th century, the town took a turn for the better. In the beginning of the 15th century, the monastery was largely re-built in Gothic style and was surrounded by fortifications. These 1428 and 1433 prevented the Hussiteneinf\u00e4lle. In the 15th century, Reichenbach had the status of a market. It territorially belonged to the upper part of the Wittelsbach Kurpfalz, the residence of the city of Ahmadabad was administered."}, {"context": " Under the principle cuius regio, eius religio stood there after the 1555 Land Lord, the religion of his subjects to be determined. It was through Ottheinrich of 1556 to 1559 as Elector Palatine amtierte, the Lutheran Confession made mandatory. The monastery was repealed in 1556. In Reichenbach, it was John Hagnus, a graduate of the University of Wittenberg, the Protestant Church to enforce order. During the subsequent reign of Frederick III, Elector. (1559\u20131576), a supporter of the reformed, Calvinist direction of Protestantism, was Hagnus as other Lutheran clergyman dismissed. The Calvinist iconoclasts destroyed in 1570 by Reichenbacher monastery many artworks."}, {"context": " From 1626 was carried out by the new ruler, the Electorate of Bavaria, the re-Catholisation Reichenbach. 1661 electors under administration rose again in the Benedictine monastery, which from 1669 under the administration of St. Emmeram stood in Regensburg. Until 1695 the monastery was again an independent abbey and saw a second bloom. Reichenbach, dialect: raichawo / raichaboch since 1118th Earlier Placenames: 1122 Richinbach; 1283 Richenwach; 1317 kingdom Bach; 1392 Reychenbach. The closest explanation for the name Reichenbach: Settled on rich stream. The importance of water-rich probably not come into question, since this \"stream\" in the dry season was almost waterless, so this leaves only the importance of \"fish-rich stream.\" The fishing in the rain played in earlier centuries when the great needs of the nearby monasteries and the many meatless days, a far greater role than today."}, {"context": " Kienleiten is a district of the municipality. mundartlich: kh\u00fci (s) laitn / kinleitn since'1555. Earlier Placenames: Khuenleuthen or Khienleiten Statement by the city name: Old High German hilta, Lita, Middle High German lite the Leite, the mountain slope. The word chien (Old High German) means pine resin, pine, which Kienf\u00f6hre. As it is a Bach or a birch Leite, so here a \"Kienleite\", a settlement on a hillside, with the pines, there is. Kienleiten was once owned by Walderbach. Heimhof is a hamlet, Gemarkung Tiefenbach. mundartlich: haimhof since about'1125. Earlier Placenames: 1125 Heiminghoven; 1378 Heimhof; 1668 Haimbhoff; 1670 Heimhof. Statement by the city name: \"In the courtyards, or at a yard Heimo, Haimo.\" The hamlet once belonged to the possession of the monastery Reichenbach."}, {"context": " Windhof is a hamlet, Gemarkung Tiefenbach. mundartlich: Windhof, Windin since'1249 '. Former name: 1667 Windahoff. Statement by the city name: The farm is located at the roof height by Ro\u00dfbach high after the rain, the winds of any kind is totally open. Windhof is a courtyard in a particularly exposed to the winds agency. Kaltenbach is a desert, Gemarkung Treidling. mundartlich: kholtbo / kholtboch since'1270 '. Former name: 1270 Chaltenbach, 1378, the Lo of the cold stream. Statement by the city name: The name was created by the stream \"Kaltenbach\", the Walderbacher from the forest and forest rises west of Reichenbach in the rain ends. The settlement in the cold creek."}, {"context": " Hochgart is a desert, Gemarkung Reichenbach. mundartlich: hougoat. Statement by the city name: From Old High German Garden \"fenced land, fenced farm,\" but also \"fencing, the garden.\" \"High\" indicates the situation on the high against the Regental Pfaffenstein running out. Settled in a garden protected by fencing or settlement on a farm protected by fencing. The desert belonged to the community forest Walderbach and lies east of the monastery Reichenbach. Hochgart likely because of its proximity to the monastery Reichenbach once a part of the operation under its own standing monastery have been good."}, {"context": " Linden is a hamlet, Gemarkung Tiefenbach. mundartlich: Lintner / lindner since'1249 '. Earlier Placenames: 1249 Linda; 1498 Linter Veld and gr\u00fcndt. Statement by the city name: The tree and forest resources of the former forests were often the corridor settlements and their names, including the town of Linden. Even today there is a very old linden, so that the Walderbacher Taufbuch 1646 the right place with \"Linden from the\" mentions. Linden once belonged to the Walderbach. Reichenbach belongs to the parish forest Walderbach, at 1 September 2005 \"Spiritual Unity Walderbach-Neub\u00e4u\" has been extended. In the village are the Church of the Assumption Convent and other bands, such as The Queen of the Rosary Chapel House in the monastery of the Brothers of Mercy, which Painful Lady Chapel Hill (built in 1935 on the occasion of the 800th anniversary of the consecration of the monastery church), the Lady Chapel at Field Linden (built in 1950) and Katherine's Chapel in Kienleiten (Erected Fam by the Reisinger in 1998)."}, {"context": " The settlement in the valley of the river, rain, at a ford, was the early Middle Ages center of a grundherrschaftlich organized and managed district. 1118 saw the founding of the monastery Reichenbach and since then combine the history of the place and those of the monastery. Reichenbach experienced in the first decades of its existence, an early bloom. After the Wittelsbach 1204 over the Bailiwick had lost Reichenbach its regional importance. In the 14th century took a turn for the better. Beginning of the 15th century, the monastery was largely re-built in Gothic style and surrounded by fortifications. These 1428 and 1433 prevented the Hussiteneinf\u00e4lle."}, {"context": " In the 15th century, Reichenbach had the status of a market. It territorially belonged to the upper part of the Wittelsbach Kurpfalz, the residence of the city of Ahmadabad was administered. Under the principle cuius regio, eius religio stood there after the 1555 Land Lord, the religion of his subjects to be determined. It was through Ottheinrich of 1556 to 1559 as Elector Palatine amtierte, the Lutheran Confession made mandatory. The monastery was repealed in 1556. In Reichenbach, it was John Hagnus, a graduate of the University of Wittenberg, the Protestant Church to enforce order. During the subsequent reign of Frederick III, Elector. (1559\u20131576), a supporter of the reformed, Calvinist direction of Protestantism, was Hagnus as other Lutheran clergyman dismissed. The Calvinist iconoclasts destroyed in 1570 by Reichenbacher monastery many artworks."}, {"context": " From 1626 was carried out by the new ruler, the Electorate of Bavaria, the re-Catholisation Reichenbach. 1661 electors under administration rose again in the Benedictine monastery, which from 1669 under the administration of St. Emmeram stood in Regensburg. Until 1695 the monastery was again an independent abbey and saw a second bloom. With the secularization and the dissolution of the monastery in 1803 ended the lively scientific and literary activities of the Benedictine Reichenbacher. The church has since undertaken a branch of the church parish forest Walderbach. The monastery was initially in state ownership, before 1820 the buildings were auctioned. The monastery buildings were different uses, including Henry Waffle 1841 founded a pottery factory, which he operated until 1863."}, {"context": " On 20 February 1882 was the volunteer fire fighters Reichenbach due to several fires in the city was founded. Responsible citizens joined to a community together and created firefighting equipment. The purchase of the first fighting machine on 9 July 1882 was a hand pump. 56 citizens were among the founding members. It statutes were drawn up, whose first aim was on fire danger for the Protection of persons and their property in the first places Reichenbach, then also in the neighborhood service. The first \"Commandant\" was Alois Pestenhofer. At any time participated in the volunteer firefighters Reichenbach on all religious and municipal festivities and to the Gautagen in the county."}, {"context": " 1890 over the merciful brothers the buildings and set up a healing and care institution for mentally and physically handicapped one. Glance at the monastery Reichenbach Bite the monastery from the \"Churbaierischen atlas\" of Anton Wilhelm Ertl 16871893 began the monastery with the operation of its own brewery. At the start of Holy Week we went to the planned construction of the new and larger water pipe. This was almost two kilometers long. Many citizens of the community contributed to unentgeltiche chauffeur. The sources were Windhof when."}, {"context": " 1897 in the night of 23 on 24 September broke into the convent buildings from a fire. The fire spread at breakneck speed from, 140 Pfleglinge had to be evacuated. A big help was now the water pipe, because the adjacent pond were already after a short time leergepumpt. Eight days the fire raged and even after six weeks were glowing debris from the accumulated debris pulled out. Although the fire claimed no lives, but the monastery was only a smoking ruin. The population of Reichenbach made in the reconstruction of all conceivable assistance. Christmas 1897 was against the Straubing and after Attl relocated Pfleglinge again be brought back. Subsequently, was established in 1898 in a constant night Reichenbach employed."}, {"context": " At the turn of 18th to the 19th century there was bitter poverty in the village. The population was rural, despite the structure, not enough food, enough fodder for the cattle. To each spot of grass on the roadside and around each piece of wood has been contentious. Many residents had no proper abode, nor adequate clothing, nor a steady income. Every child and every man had his utmost to contribute to survival. During this time, and because many Reichenbacher cycled every day to [Wackersdorf] in the pit, to [Maxh\u00fctte] or even further to at least one to earn paltry wages. Others saw only in emigrating to America, the only change this time to survive."}, {"context": " 1900 the pub closed in the monastery. For wash-house \"and\" Wurzgarten in the monastery was a new water supply established, since 1893, ranging in water, dry weather is not enough water provided. 1908, under Father Eberhard Forstner from Kaisheim Reichenbacher the funeral house was built. At this time Reichenbach made great progress. Near the monastery he had Hopfengarten Creating whose income totally insufficient to meet the needs of the monastery brewery needs. Between Windhof and Wald (Oberpfalz) has created a granite quarry. This was also a blacksmith field erected."}, {"context": " The new, more widening of the road after Kienleiten Ro\u00dfbach (now county road CHA 25), was the largest project of the Priors Eberhard Forstner. For the monastery, the planned rail link from tapped. (Construction began in July 1912 and early completion on 21 December 1913). The roads conditions in Reichenbach were very badly by then. The driveway leading to the monastery from the north, from Kienleiten by the then main road, so on \"Pfister\" to the monastery. We opted for a new route across the western district. This way, had the same width, like in the 60s also broadened \"Kerchasteich\" [now: Kirchsteig] was uneven as curvaceous and only single to navigate. If two times the carts really encountered one of the wagons had to go backwards, or was at certain points in the adjacent yards away. Nevertheless, there was unprecedented in the implementation difficulties. The residents wanted to or could not land on their competence. In order to widen the road and around a fairly straight and level course on a road to achieve leadership had vehemently in the ownership intervention. A house was demolished and behind another building half a floor up, because at the same height, the street level was raised. Some residents lost their farmyards, while others increased the property."}, {"context": " Prior to 1911 Fleischmann Frater Sympert the infrastructure in place continues to improve. His main focus was the continuation of the road to Ro\u00dfbach forward. Now led by Reichenbach a wide street. Half of the village was channeled a stream of the New Road (this name was the road to modern times) cruised, was piping. For about 20 houses in Reichenbach was a water line was built. This aqueduct was until the introduction of the water district in 1967 in operation. The users were allowed to water only in the last state to use boiled, because it always bacteria were detected. Some residents said the source was also with \"graveyard water fed. Since an epidemic especially in the care institution concerned, we decided to make the water supply to reorganize. This was the initial impetus for the founding of the circle Roding waterworks, fed by the excellent Neubeuern sources.\""}, {"context": " The First World War (1914\u20131918) also called for Reichenbach in his victims. The men of the village and 23 brothers in the military have been recovered, while 25 survived the war is not and 5 were missing. During the war, the food has become very tight. Therefore, there is also in Reichenbach food cards. Even after the war gave this state a long time yet. In addition, there was inflation, the money made worthless. From 1919, an electrically operated Mahlm\u00fchle put into operation, the 1943 official statement to be had. 1920 shines the monastery Reichenbach in a favorable light. On the first Maisonntag had the electric light finally taken hold. The electricity was generated from steam."}, {"context": " 1921 with regard to the prevailing housing shortage in the municipality of Reichenbach from 1 March each influx of foreign imports prohibited. In 1922, the water turbine at the nearby river rain improved. 1923 then in the whole municipality introduced the electric light. The currency reform of 1923 brought a big improvement. 1924, the monastery on the night of 2 on 3 March by a devastating fire hit. The Holzlege and the barn burned down completely. All stocks of fodder, straw, and many cars and plows were lost. Already on 5 March announced the monastery bell again a fire. This was a barn fire in Kienleiten. By tapferes could intervene on that day the house saved. On 7 March, two days later, there was a third fire alarm. Now burned beside the still-standing house down."}, {"context": " 1924, a monastery built its own sawmill. During the completion phase of the hydroelectric plant at the rain, two flood On. The rain rolled immense water and approached the building threatened to collapse. Through these natural events delayed the construction, was finally completed in 1926. They now made 20\u00a0hp. 1927, the council from 1 July, the survey of a beer tax, 1 per hectolitre Reichsmarks. With effect from 11 December 1927 was at the request of the monastery the tax on beer to 50 pfennig off."}, {"context": " From 1933-34 remained Reichenbach and the monastery from the terror regime of National Socialism is not spared, as were disabled were not liable, and so stayed here inhuman atrocities is not enough. Even now had men in the war. 31 are in the war fell and 6 were missing. Unlike the First World War in World War II was also the civilian population directly affected by the war and had often leave their homes and protection in Altels Felsenkeller chapel beside the mountain looking for. As Nittenau was bombed, were among the seriously injured casualties and also Reichenbacher citizens. Because of the air attacks had the windows are darkened from the inside. This was mandatory and was strictly controlled. Foreign laborers from the occupied territories occupied by the German Reich, were also in Reichenbach at farms used. It was mainly to Poland and France."}, {"context": " 1942 had paid customs bell again, only the smallest bell in the tower remained. Toward the end of the war was in the convent of the Brothers of Mercy a dam improvement store in which Hitler boys for the service at the front should be trained. Trott commander wanted the approaching American troops resistance and had set up tank traps. The response of Americans was clear: If even one shot fall, Reichenbach would be bombed. Then the population fled after Hochgart. Trott also fled, but was shortly afterwards by the Americans in Falkenstein arrested and shot."}, {"context": " When the Allied were advancing, the concentration camp of Flossenb\u00fcrg was evacuated. On the death march, the prisoners also arrived in Reichenbach. Since it was night, some concentration camp prisoners took their last chance and dared to escape at the brewery H\u00e4ring. Some were immediately shot dead, a few others hid in barns. On 24 April 1945 American troops occupied the monastery Reichenbach. For the villagers, and especially for the children who still nei a person with a different skin color had seen, the colored soldiers were a curiosity. Reichenbach the occupation by the Americans proceeded without major incidents."}, {"context": " Even the village of Reichenbach have housed many refugees. Just as in the First World War, during the war and afterwards only food to food cards. The villagers were able to partially self-sufficient, since almost all of a small farming operation. 1946 saw the re-establishment of the Economic Cross, and on 9 June, it was the wooden cross at the end of the eight mission of the Branch Reichenbach doomed. 1948 saw the currency reform. The village was founded in 1954 by a flood. The bridge was a rainy day is not passable."}, {"context": " 1959 broke again a major fire at the memory of the east wing of the monastery from Reichenbach. The major alarm cried about 20 firefighters from the area to fire site, including the professional firefighters from Regensburg. The then District Sackmann here immediately mobilized the relevant authorities and led all the safeguards for endangered art objects On. Even a pioneering unit of the Armed Forces from arch was sent. The damage was considerable. He stood at 172,700, - DM (To gauge the damage: The weekly earnings of a well-paid employee monastery in this period amounted to 35.00 DM / ca. 18 \u20ac)."}, {"context": " Presumably, was already before the founding of the monastery Reichenbach 1118 a transition on the rain had been created, because it has also led a street of Cham over Reichenbach and Ro\u00dfbach after Regensburg, Falkenstein and Straubing. Was the first time Reichenbacher bridge mentioned 1744 or 1743, when a flood damaged the bridge. 1750 cracks Eissto\u00df the wooden bridge away. Then had the village and monastery dwellers with barges on the rain set. In the wake of the secularization of 1803 was the Bavarian builder of the bridge shaft of the community over Reichenbach. The 1831 flood schwemmte the rain again built another bridge times continued. The creation of a new bridge was vital, since beyond the rain flow fields, and wood Hutweiden beaten and the proceeds anyway barely sufficient for survival. For the people who have horses with the bridge befuhren or for agricultural purposes had to use, there was the \"bridge guilders\" or \"bridge duty.\" The bridge was always the biggest \"problem child\" of the community. The citizens always protested against the guilder to pay bridge and the councilors wanted the maintenance of the bridge to the county Roding pass. This was finally in 1924, probably in the course of expanding the feeder road (Districtstra\u00dfe) for new railway errichtenten \"Falkenstein - Regensburg.\" (From that time comes, the expansion of the existing main road - better known as \"New Road\" - current Pfister the road replacing Hauptstra\u00dfe as. The formerly narrow path, similar to the Kirchsteig, has been under great protest of the riparian and with enormous effort, greatly widened.) Even the battle with the Bavarian State was terminated, so that these funds made available to a new wooden bridge to be built. After extinguishing the fire works at the monastery 1959 by the inadequate bearing capacity of the wooden bridge has been obstructed, another bridge was begun. Of the total cost of DM 810,000 of the county had only 70,000 DM to expend its own resources. The community Reichenbach had only 15,000 DM for the bridge ramp to afford. As the present bridge was completed, she was seen as the \"most modern prestressed concrete bridge in the Upper Palatinate\"."}, {"context": " The primary school in Reichenbach was dissolved with the beginning of the school year 1970/71. Since the students attend the community school in the Reichenbach Walderbach. By the end of the war existed municipalities Reichenbach, and Tiefenbach Treidling. The latter was disbanded in 1945. Reichenbach came to town the hamlet of Linden, Tiefenbach, Heimhof, Windhof, Treidling (name meaning: Treideln,-ing), while Middle Duke, wide-Prince and Gumpinger to the community forest. In 1972 the territory voted to reform the county town allotment to Cham, subject to that community to community forest management and forest Erbach with headquarters in Reichenbach could form. Should the community forest Erbach, the city Roding connect and the community forest remains independently, so the town wanted Reichenbach connection to the city and county Nittenau Schwandorf search. A Roding after incorporation was due to the distance of 15\u00a0km rejected. Through this reform area lost the town of Reichenbach 17.7% of its total area. The hamlet of Forestry, hunters height, Treidling and Holzseige (except Kaltenbach), and later even Tiefenbach, came to town Nittenau. Among the missing Gewerbesteuereinhamen, including the quarry in Treidling, the town still suffers today, because no compensation was created. The community Reichenbach remained independent, but formed with the community Walderbach an administrative community."}, {"context": " 1975 finally made the construction of the drainage system (sewage). In 1976 created the Johann-of-God-workshops. This is a workshop for Pfleglinge of the monastery, as well as external Pfleglinge. 1984 was the era of \"brewery H\u00e4rig Reichenbach\" to an end. The brewery was founded in 1756. The last owners Anna and George H\u00e4ring already died in 1978. In 1991, the kindergarten of St. Paul on the operation. Mid-July 1993 celebrated the town and the monastery \"Kloster Reichenbach 875 years.\" Over the years, further construction expelled. 1998, the inauguration of the family chapel Reisinger Kienleiten in honor of St. Catherine instead."}, {"context": " In 1999, in the context of urban development of \"Margrave-Dipold Square\" (church) and the Eustachius-Kugler-road rehabilitated. On 1 January 2000 punctually at 0:00 clock was the \"millennium\" with a huge fireworks display in the former convent garden celebrated. In 2001, the county road CHA 25 (main street) in Reichenbach up area completely renovated and a sidewalk built. In August 2002 was Reichenbach and all the other places on rainwater flow of an unprecedented flood ravaged. On the evening of 12 August started the fire to the youth campground spaces. In the night at 13 August, disaster alert for the county Cham by the District Theo Zellner and the crisis in the county Cham exclaimed. Already at that time was clear to everyone that this flood and exceeds all expectations of a new century will flood. The highest level of alarm has already been about 10 clock exceeded. At the same time as the floods began operation in Reichenbach. 18-clock clock until 2 the next morning, the level due to the enormous water no longer be measured. The UMS fell out. The lower riparian rain have been badly affected. In some streets the water was part of two meters above the road surface. The water level reached fortunately, a few centimeters of rain 22 bridge clock against its climax. Thus, the bridge will not be blocked."}, {"context": " A year later, the waterfront promenade was completely redesigned. 2005 qualifying competition at the municipality \"Our village has a future\" for the ruling circle. On a rainy day in 2006, the jury a picture of the place. Despite the bad weather was Reichenbach the silver medal. The council consists of 12 members, including a woman. CSU 6 seats FWR (Free Community voters Reichenbach) 6 seats Mayor Francis is Pestenhofer. His deputies are Helmut Deinhart and Christian Freisinger. The coat of arms of the place shows a \"silver on a blue Wellenschildfu\u00df out below red dragon.\""}, {"context": " The place Reichenbach, always in close relationship with the in the 12th century Benedictine monastery was founded, had since your 15th century, the status of a market whose own administration led seals. A still preserved in the early 17th century copied temple shows a seal coat of arms, the founder of the monastery Reichenbach attributed heraldic figure, depicting the dragon. The image of this traditional emblem recalled the close relationship between city and monastery Reichenbach. To document the situation of the community on rain water was considered a symbol of so-called Wellenschildfu\u00df elected, making a historic and equally motivated heraldic emblem community has been obtained."}, {"context": " Numerous are the testimonies of former folk piety, in woods and fields to find. At some of them are still prayers and Masses celebrated, for example at the Marienplatz or at the so-called \"Pfaffenstein.\" On 9 June 1949 was the so-called \"cross-host\" on a hill above the town doomed, which residents of Reichenbach, thanks to build, that the village in war threats spared. It bears the inscription \"In this sign you will sing - for special thanks for protecting our village in danger of war\" and was already established in 1946. Following the tradition there has been a cross 1914/1918 have confessed that during the period from 1939 to 1945 by fanatical groups was destroyed."}, {"context": " Since 1998, loads a crossroads, the Sonnhofweg along to this prayer site leads believers to linger in prayer. The Cross stations were in loving detail work of residents and employees of the monastery of the Brothers of Mercy artistically designed. Marian devotion played in Reichenbach traditionally an important role. Persuade them, among other things Lourdesgrotte in the apse of the monastery church, which was inaugurated in 1895, and the mountain chapel in the street Pfister. The latter was built in 1935. The rock beside the chapel served the villagers during the Second World War as a protective bunker."}, {"context": " Since 1998, invites a chapel in Kienleiten the faithful to prayer. It was from the family Gerhard Reisinger after a promise is built and the St. Catherine doomed. Not imagine from the church life were the Bittg\u00e4nge, of community in which to weather and a good harvest was asked. On these occasions believers came from forest Erbach and Reichenbach to pray together. Reichenbach once attracted the forest after Erbach, another look at the forest after Erbacher Reichenbach, with them the faithful from praying Reichenbach went forward."}, {"context": " A highlight of the church year was certainly the Corpus Christi festival, in the vernacular \"Prangertag referred. The path along which the procession went, it was with so-called \"pillory Perennials\" (birch), reed grass and fresh pine green with scarves and flags decorated. In addition, figurines and pictures of saints up to the house walls attached. Two statues of Our Lady, also per a figure of Joseph and Jesus were decorated with flowers and girls in the procession supported. For \"Prangertag\" belonged to it that the \"landlord\" or \"Haering\" to the traditional sausage meal went. Even if the sausages on the menu today are nothing more extraordinary, this usage has to this day."}, {"context": " Reichenbach Church (since 1993) Reichenbacher monastery sparrows Employees choir of the monastery Reichenbach Monastery of the Brothers of Mercy 1118 Founded former Benedictine abbey Romanesque monastery church (interior in the style of the Baroque and Rococo redesigned) Lourdesgrotte in the apse of the monastery church Marienplatz (Marie picture and a wooden cross in the forest, space for prayer and worship) Pfaffenstein (highest point in the up area, located in the forest, a wooden cross in the rock, space for prayer and worship) Teufelsbuchs'n (Teufelsbuz'n) (steep cliffs with a short Schliefr\u00f6hre in Kienleiten; under BUZ is a creature of stunted growth)"}, {"context": " Recreation center of the DJK Reichenbach Easter market in the monastery Reichenbach Maifeier on youth campground Johannifeier on youth campground Dorfkirta in the beer garden (Patron's Feast) Christkindlmarkt (Christmas market) in the monastery Reichenbach The Monastery of the Merciful Reichenbach brothers live more than 400 people with physical and mental disability and are about 500 employees. This makes it the most important employers in the region. Furthermore, in Reichenbach with a supermarket butcher, several master carpentry businesses, a master car, a vehicle body and paint shops, a plant for interior and Akustikbau, an advertising technology agency and other small businesses located. There are numerous small and large farms in Reichenbach."}, {"context": " The municipality parts Reichenbach and Kienleiten are reinforced by a bridge connected. Die Gemeinde Reichenbach liegt relativ nahe zu \u00fcber\u00f6rtlichen Verkehrsstra\u00dfen. Durch den Ort selbst verl\u00e4uft die Kreisstra\u00dfe CHA 25 (Hauptstra\u00dfe) und die CHA 27 (Bodensteiner Stra\u00dfe). Die Ortsteile Reichenbach und Kienleiten sind durch die Staatsstra\u00dfe St. 2149 getrennt. Der Verkehr in diesem Kreuzungsbereich wird durch eine Ampel geregelt. Die Auffahrt zur neu gebauten B 16 (Roding-Regensburg) ist nur 3,5\u00a0km entfernt. Die Zufahrt zur B 85 (Schwandorf-Cham) ist ca. 15\u00a0km entfernt."}, {"context": " \"Chamer\" newspaper (circulation: 10,215 total) Kindergarten St. Paul Reichenbach eingruppiger is a full-day kindergarten and is due mainly to the needs of working parents aligned. It consists of 1 October 1991. Looked after the children from the third year of life from the municipality and employees of the institution of the Brothers of Mercy Reichenbach. The municipality has no Reichenbach own school (more). Only a professional college education, curative care is available in Reichenbach. This is the monastery of the Brothers of Mercy building. The students from Reichenbach Erbach go to the forest in the primary and secondary school. The nearest school is located in Nittenau (Regentalgymnasium). The nearest school is the State School in Roding."}, {"context": " All persons listed here are in very close contact with the monastery Reichenbach Markgrafentheater Diepold III. by Vohburg (born 10?; died 1146), monastery founder Pfalzgraf Otto I of Pfalz-Mosbach (1390\u20131461) Luth. Theologian, composer Johannes Hagius (1530\u20131596), 1556\u20131567 preacher and cantor in Reichenbach Anselm Meiller OSB, (born 15 February 1678 in Amberg, died 18 September 1761) Plank Domvikar Stetten George Dengler (1839\u20131896) Father Andrew Amrhein (born 4 February 1844 in Gunzwil, died 29 December 1927 in St. Ottilien) Frater Eustachius Kugler (born 15 January 1867 in Neuhaus in Nittenau; died 10 June 1946 in Regensburg) Kooperator Siegfried Hollmer (born 12 October 1930 in Konzell; died 19 April 1964), founder boys club Reichenbach (Burschenverein)."}, {"context": " Cornelia Oelwein (Edit): The traditions of the monastery at Reichenbach rain, Publisher: Beck (Munich), 1991 Werner Endres: Reichenbacher Steingut, Publisher: City Museum Association and Nittenau Nittenau, 1991 Josef Klose, Rudolf Knopp, Wolfgang Kauzner, G\u00fcnter Lorenz: 875 years on the rain Klosterreichenbach 1118-1993, publisher: community Reichenbach, Johann-of-God-Verlag (Munich), 1993 Maria Kagerer et al.: 100plus: Reichenbacher Retrospective 1890-2000, publisher: community Reichenbach, 1999 Heribert Batzl: Klosterreichenbach on rain, Publisher: Fast and Steiner (Regensburg), 2001 Josef Klose; Arved from Ropp: The former Benedictine abbey church Reichenbach, Publisher: Fast and Steiner (Regensburg), 2002 Maria Kagerer, Hermann Reisinger, Norbert Mezei: 125 years volunteer firefighters Reichenbach: Festschrift for the founding celebration of 27 to 30 July 2007, editors: Volunteer Fire Reichenbach, 2007"}]}, {"title": "Mounes-Prohencoux", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "The Birth of Alternative Vol. 1", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Birth of Alternative Vol. 1 is a compilation album released in 1998, from Rhino's Flashback Records imprint."}]}, {"title": "Banco Pan", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Banco Pan, is a Brazilian midsize commercial bank headquartered in S\u00e3o Paulo. The bank main focus is granting consumer loans to individuals of lower to medium income brackets, such as consumer loans, payroll deduction loans, credit cards branded as Visa or MasterCard, insurance products, leasing, and group financial activities. Banco Pan was founded in 1969 when Grupo Silvio Santos, owned by billionaire media-man Silvio Santos purchased the Banco Real Sul and renamed to PanAmericano. The bank has operated as a multi-service bank since 1991, having started its credit card operations in 1994 and leasing operations in 1998 through a subsidiary, Panamericano Arrendamento Mercantil. In 1999, the insurance company, Panamericano de Seguros was incorporated into the bank. Banco Pan has been operating with payroll deduction loans since 2002."}, {"context": " In 2005 it came to public attention for large bonuses. In 2009 the second largest Brazilian state-owned bank Caixa Econ\u00f4mica Federal, bought part of the bank's shares of Grupo Silvio Santos to become the second largest shareholder of the institution. On November 8, 2010, Silvio Santos, announces loan of 2.5 billion reais (1.4 billion dollars) to cover an accounting fraud at cash Banco Pan. Loan by the Credit Guarantee Fund and secured by assets of the business assets of Grupo Silvio Santos, it was necessary to restore full balance sheet because the bank continued to accounting for credit portfolios have been sold to other financial institutions, thus falsifying assets."}, {"context": " On January 29, 2010, the Brazilian newspaper Folha de S.Paulo, announced that the shortfall of the bank was of 4.0 billion reals (2.3 billion dollars). In response Silvio Santos sold the shares that Grupo Silvio Santos had in the bank to BTG Pactual. The businessman did not received any value in return, as the BTG Pactual and Caixa Economica Federal assumed all the accumulated debt. Currently the bank headquartered in S\u00e3o Paulo is one of the largest midsize banks in Brazil, and has many competitors, as Daycoval, BicBanco and others."}]}, {"title": "Momino Point", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Momino Point (, \u2018Nos Momino\u2019 \\'nos 'mo-mi-no\\) is the ice-covered point on the south side of the entrance to Kayak Bay on the east coast of Brabant Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. The point is named after the settlements of Momino in Northeastern and Southern Bulgaria. Momino Point is located at , which is 3.35 km south-southwest of Bov Point, 5.15 km southwest of Lecointe Island, 2.15 km northwest of Pampa Island and 5.7 km north by east of Pinel Point. British mapping in 1980 and 2008."}]}, {"title": "Blind (The Icicle Works album)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Blind is the fourth album by The Icicle Works. The album was released in 1988. All songs written by Ian McNabb. \"Side A\" \"Side B\" \"Side A\" \"Side B\""}]}, {"title": "Market production", "paragraphs": [{"context": " In a general sense, market production refers to the production of a product or service which is intended for sale at a money-price in a market. The product or service in principle has to be tradable for money. However, in national accounts the term has a more specific meaning. The reason is that many producing organizations exist in the economy which either do not produce for any distinct market, or which partly produce for the market, and partly don't. These are \"non-commercial\" or \"partly commercial\" organizations, which can be mainly self-funded, but not for profit, or mainly funded by sources other than their own revenue. Statisticians therefore have to define \"market production\" much more exactly, in order to be able to separate out market production in a consistent way, and distinguish it from non-market production. If they would be unable to do so, they would be unable to measure market production in a meaningful and consistent way."}, {"context": " In the United Nations System of National Accounts (UNSNA), market production includes all those producing units who sell most or all of their output at prices which are \"economically significant\" (i.e. at prices which influence how much producers are willing to supply, and how much purchasers wish to buy). For example, a school or a university would be a market producer, if it charges fees which are based on their production costs, and which are sufficiently high to influence demand for their services. The school or university would have to generate a definite operating surplus (profit) or loss."}, {"context": " Non-market production, by contrast, includes producing units which provide most of their output to others \"either\" free of charge, \"or\" at prices which are \"not economically significant\" - for example, government institutions, households, or non-profit institutions. If prices are charged for services supplied, these prices mostly do not change in response to fluctuations in supply or demand (as in the case of administered prices) or else they are prices which do not cover the cost of supply. The organizations in this category do not provide a financial gain (a source of income or profit) to the units which control or manage them. In addition, they depend mostly on funding \"other than\" sales revenue to cover their costs of production, or of other activities they might carry out (for example, funding such as taxes, authorized levies, subsidies, subscriptions, donations etc.). Non-market production can also include subsistence production where the producer produces something for own use, rather than trading what he produces for something else."}]}, {"title": "Wareham Village station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Wareham Village is a train station that is located on Merchants Way in Wareham, Massachusetts. Service to Wareham formerly ran from 1848 until 1959. A shelter, built in 1985 for short-lived Amtrak and commuter service, is currently unused. A new platform constructed nearby for the CapeFLYER summer weekend service (and possible future MBTA Commuter Rail service) opened for the CapeFLYER on June 27, 2014. The Cape Cod Railroad was completed from Middleborough to Wareham in January 1848, with later extensions to Buzzards Bay and onto Cape Cod itself. Stations were located at a number of locations in Wareham: Tremont (West Wareham) at the junction with the Fairhaven Branch at Pierceville Road, South Wareham (Burbanks) at Station Road, Parker Mills at Elm Street, Wareham on Main Street at Centre Street, Tempest Knob at Indian Neck Road, Onset (known by a variety of names) at Depot Street, and Cohasset Narrows at Onset Avenue. The line was taken over by the Old Colony Railroad in 1872, which itself became part of the New Haven Railroad system in 1893. The New Haven built a new station in 1900. Regular commuter and mainline service to Wareham lasted until 1959, with brief summer service revivals in the early 1960s. The 1900-built station was torn down in 1965."}, {"context": " A new Wareham station was built by the town of Wareham in 1985, consisting of an open air shelter and a set of restrooms. The station was served by Amtrak's \"Cape Codder\" from 1986 to 1996, and the Cape Cod & Hyannis Railroad from 1984 to 1988. Original plans for the reopening of the Middleborough/Lakeville Line in the 1990s called for service to Wareham or beyond; however, plans were scaled back and the line was only opened to Middleborough/Lakeville in 1997. In 2007, the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization released a report evaluating the possibility of commuter rail service to Buzzards Bay including an intermediate stop at Wareham. Noting that parking is constrained in downtown Wareham, the report considered an additional station at County Road (continuation of MA-58) near West Wareham. This site would have more space for parking lots, and close access to I-495. However, other projects like the Greenbush Line received priority and the extension to Wareham and beyond was not advanced."}, {"context": " CapeFLYER summer weekend service between South Station and Hyannis began in 2013, though the stop at Wareham was not used to save travel time and because it was not handicapped accessible. After the first week of service,it was announced that Wareham would be a stop in 2014. All stations from Middleborough/Lakeville north were built with full-length high level accessible platforms in the mid 1990s as part of the Old Colony Lines restoration, while Buzzards Bay and Hyannis were retrofitted with mini-high platforms for the Cape Cod Central Railroad in 1999. Wareham only had a low-level platform built before modern accessibility standards, as laid out by the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act, so a new platform was needed for CapeFLYER service to begin stopping at Wareham in 2014."}, {"context": " The 400-foot high-level boarding platform was built northwest of the 1985-built station in order to prevent riders from using up valuable downtown parking spots. An environmental notification form was filed with the state on March 12, 2014. The new platform, located across from Sawyer Street, was approved by the town's Conservation Commission that month and began construction in April. It was planned to be open for the resumption of CapeFLYER service in May, but the platform was not yet handicapped accessible by then."}, {"context": " The $500,000 project is funded by as part of a state bond bill; a separate effort by the town and GATRA will modify the parking lot with a bus loop. The CapeFLYER began stopping at Wareham Village station on June 27, 2014 after the completion of the handicapped accessible platform, following an opening event held on June 26. In September 2013, the Wareham Chamber of Congress announced that based on the success of the CapeFLYER, the Chamber supported commuter rail extension to Buzzards Bay. The Buzzards Bay town selectmen similarly supported the idea later that year, and a public forum was held in January 2014. The building of the CapeFLYER platform is seen by state representatives as a step closer towards commuter rail service, though a station location at the Wareham Crossing shopping center in South Wareham was considered as well."}]}, {"title": "Columbine High School massacre", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Columbine High School massacre was a school shooting that occurred on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School in Columbine, an unincorporated area of Jefferson County (Jeffco), Colorado, United States, near Littleton in the Denver metropolitan area. The perpetrators, twelfth grade (senior) students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, murdered 12 students and one teacher. Ten students were murdered in the library, where the pair subsequently committed suicide. At the time, it was the deadliest school shooting ever. The crime has inspired several copycats, and \"Columbine\" has become a euphemism for a school shooting."}, {"context": " They injured 21 additional people with gunshots, and exchanged gunfire with the police. Another three people were injured trying to escape the school. In addition to the shootings, the attack involved several homemade bombs. The largest of these were two placed in the cafeteria, car bombs were in the parking lot, and at another location were those intended to divert first responders. The cafeteria and car bombs failed to detonate. The motive remains unclear, but the pair planned for about a year and wished the massacre to rival the Oklahoma City bombing and cause the most deaths in United States history. The attack has been referred to by \"USA Today\" as a \"suicidal attack [that was] planned as a grand\u2014if badly implemented\u2014terrorist bombing.\""}, {"context": " Due to a delay in entering the school, local police have been heavily criticized for not intervening during the shooting. It resulted in the introduction of the Immediate Action Rapid Deployment tactic, used in situations with an active shooter whose goal is to kill rather than take hostages. It also resulted in an increased emphasis on school security with zero tolerance policies, and sparked debate over gun control laws, high school cliques, subcultures, and bullying; as well as a moral panic over goths, gun culture, social outcasts, the use of pharmaceutical antidepressants by teenagers, teenage Internet use and violence in video games."}, {"context": " In 1996, 15-year old Eric Harris created a private website on America Online (AOL). It was initially to host levels (WADs) Harris created for use in the first-person shooter video games \"Doom\" and \"Doom II\", as well as \"Quake\". On the site, Harris began a blog, which included jokes and his thoughts on parents, school, and friends. It also detailed Harris sneaking out of the house to cause mischief and vandalism, such as lighting fireworks with his friend Dylan Klebold and others. The mascot of Columbine High School (CHS) is the Rebels, and he called these \"Rebel Missions\". Harris and Klebold adopted the nicknames \"Reb\" and \"Vodka\" respectively."}, {"context": " Beginning in early 1997, the blog postings began to show the first signs of Harris's ever-growing anger against society. By the end of the year, the site contained instructions on how to make explosives. Harris wrote \"the first true pipe bombs created entirely from scratch by the rebels (REB and VoDkA)...Now our only problem is to find the place that will be 'ground zero.'\" Harris's site attracted few visitors, and caused no concern until March 1998. Harris ended a blog post detailing murderous fantasies with \"All I want to do is kill and injure as many of you as I can, especially a few people. Like Brooks Brown;\" a classmate of his. Brown claims Klebold gave him the web address, in an effort to warn him of Harris's threats of violence against him. Others suggest it was in fact discovered by Brooks' brother Aaron Brown in 1997."}, {"context": " After Brown's parents viewed the site, they contacted the Jeffco Sheriff's Office. When investigator Michael Guerra accessed the website, he discovered numerous violent threats directed against the students and teachers of CHS. Guerra wrote a draft affidavit, requesting a search warrant of the Harris household. The affidavit also mentioned the discovery of an exploded pipe bomb in February 1998, and a suspicion of Harris being involved in the unsolved case. The affidavit was never filed. On January 30, 1998, Harris and Klebold broke into a van parked near Littleton and stole tools and computer equipment. Both were caught by a policeman shortly afterwards, arrested and subsequently attended a joint court hearing, where they pled guilty to the felony theft. The judge sentenced them to attend a juvenile diversion program."}, {"context": " As a result, both attended mandatory classes such as anger management and talked with diversion officers. Harris also began attending therapy with a psychologist, and was prescribed antidepressants by a psychiatrist. They both were eventually released from diversion several weeks early because of positive actions in the program and put on probation. Harris continued his scheduled meetings with his psychologist until a few months before the massacre. In Harris's yearbook for 1998, nearly a year before the massacre, Klebold wrote \"killing enemies, blowing up stuff, killing cops!! My wrath for January's incident will be godlike. Not to mention our revenge in the commons.\" The commons was another term for the school cafeteria."}, {"context": " Harris and Klebold both kept journals, which were released to the public in 2006. In the journals, the pair would eventually document their arsenal and plan of attack. Shortly after the court hearing for the van break-in, Harris reverted his website back to just posting user-created levels of \"Doom\". He began to write his thoughts down in a journal instead. It shows a long period of methodical preparation for the massacre. Harris even wrote on his computer about escaping to a foreign country after the attack, or hijacking an aircraft at Denver International Airport and crashing it into New York City."}, {"context": " Klebold had already been writing down his thoughts since March 1997. As early as November 1997, Klebold mentioned going on a killing spree. Harris and Klebold also incorporated their schoolwork into their pre-massacre activities. They both displayed themes of violence in their creative writing projects. Harris wished for \"a lot of foreshadowing and dramatic irony\" to be involved in the massacre plot. Harris wrote a paper on school shootings, and a poem from the perspective of a bullet. Klebold wrote a short story about a man killing students which worried his teacher so much that she alerted his parents."}, {"context": " Both had actively researched war and murder. For one project, Harris wrote a paper on the Nazis and Klebold wrote a paper on Charles Manson. In a psychology class, Harris wrote he dreamed of going on a shooting spree with Klebold. Echoing a science class, Harris's journals included several experimental bomb detonations. Both Harris and Klebold were enrolled in video production classes. In one video called Radioactive Clothing, they are depicted with fake guns and rigging fake explosives to \"take out another one of those radioactive clothes infested camps\"."}, {"context": " When an economics class had Harris make an ad for a business, he and Klebold made a video called \"Hitmen for Hire\" on December 8, 1998, which was released in February 2004. It depicts them as part of the Trench Coat Mafia, a clique in the school who wore black trench coats, extorting money for protecting preps from bullies. They were apparently not a part of the Trench Coat Mafia, but were friends with some of its members. They did however wear black trench coats on the day of the massacre, and the video seemed a kind of dress rehearsal, showing them walking the halls of the school, and shooting bullies outside with fake guns."}, {"context": " On October 21, 2003, a video was released showing the pair doing target practice on March 6, 1999, in nearby foothills known as Rampart Range, with the weapons they would use in the massacre. Also shooting with them is Mark Manes and Phil Duran, older men who helped supply one of the guns, and Manes's girlfriend. Harris and Klebold also kept five video tapes shot with school video equipment that documented their weapons, as well as their plans and reasons for the massacre, including the ways they hid their arsenals and deceived their parents. Most of these were shot in the Harris family basement, and are known as the Basement Tapes. Approximately thirty minutes before the attack, they made a final video saying goodbye and apologizing to their friends and families."}, {"context": " In December 1999, before anybody else had seen them, Time magazine published an article on these tapes. The victim's family members threatened to sue Jeffco. As a result, select victim families and journalists were allowed to see them, and they were then kept from the public indefinitely for fear of inspiring future massacres. The tapes have since been destroyed. There are only transcripts of some of the dialogue, and a short clip recorded surreptitiously by a victim's father. The pair claimed they were going to make copies of the tapes to send to news stations, but apparently never got around to it."}, {"context": " Harris once did a school project involving a micro cassette tape audio recording of a fellow named Nixon about his life in Singapore. In the early morning hours before the massacre, Harris taped over this recording, leaving a message for his family, and left it on the kitchen table. This too has never been made public. It is known as the Nixon tape. On it Harris said \"It is less than nine hours now.\" He went on to say \"People will die because of me\" and \"It will be a day that will be remembered forever.\""}, {"context": " In the months prior to the attacks, Harris and Klebold acquired two 9\u00a0mm firearms and two 12-gauge shotguns. Harris had a Hi-Point 995 Carbine with thirteen 10-round magazines and a Savage-Springfield 67H pump-action shotgun. Klebold used a 9\u00d719mm Intratec TEC-9 semi-automatic handgun with one 52-, one 32-, and one 28-round magazine and a Stevens 311D double-barreled shotgun. Harris's shotgun was sawed-off to around and Klebold shortened his shotgun's length to approximately , a felony under the National Firearms Act."}, {"context": " On November 22, 1998, their friend Robyn Anderson had purchased the carbine rifle and the two shotguns for the pair at the Tanner Gun Show, as they were too young to legally purchase the guns themselves. After the attack, she told investigators that she had believed the pair wanted the items for target shooting, and that she had no prior knowledge of their plans. Anderson was not charged. Three days before the shooting, Klebold attended the high school prom with Anderson. Both Harris and Klebold held part-time jobs at a local Blackjack Pizza. Through Philip Duran, a coworker, Klebold bought a TEC-9 handgun from Mark Manes for $500 at another gun show on January 23. After the massacre, Manes and Duran were both prosecuted. Each was charged with supplying a handgun to a minor and possession of a sawed-off shotgun. Manes and Duran were sentenced to a total of six years and four-and-a-half years in prison, respectively."}, {"context": " In addition to the shootings, the complex and highly planned attack involved several improvised explosive devices. Using instructions obtained via the Internet and the \"Anarchist Cookbook\", they constructed a total of 99 bombs. These included pipe bombs, carbon dioxide cartridges filled with gunpowder (called \"crickets\"), Molotov cocktails, propane tanks converted to bombs, car bombs, and diversionary bombs. For ignition, they used kitchen matches and model rocket igniters as well as timing devices built from clocks and batteries for the propane, car, and diversion bombs. During the massacre, they carried lighters as well as match strikers taped to their forearms to light the pipe bombs and crickets."}, {"context": " Harris also attempted to make napalm, and envisioned a kind of backpack and flamethrower. They both attempted to get another friend and coworker Chris Morris, who was a part of the Trench Coat Mafia, to keep the napalm at his house, but he refused. Harris also tried to recruit him to be a third shooter, but would play it off as a joke when rebuked. In Spring 1998, Harris's father caught him with a pipe bomb, and went out with him to the mountains to detonate it. Klebold scared his coworkers by once bringing a pipe bomb into work. After the massacre, six pipe bombs had been left in Klebold's bedroom, and two in Harris's. They would give names to their pipe bombs. One left in Klebold's room was called \"Atlanta\", presumably after the Olympic Park bombing."}, {"context": " The weekend before the shootings, Harris and Klebold had purchased propane tanks and other supplies from a hardware store for a few hundred dollars. They purchased six propane tanks on the morning of the attack. Harris was caught on a Texaco gas station security camera at 9:12\u00a0a.m. purchasing a Blue Rhino propane tank. Each cafeteria bomb was made from one tank with a gallon gas can attached. Each car bomb was made from pipe bombs and two 20 pound propane tanks. Cans and bottles filled with gasoline were also set throughout the cars; they did not bother to rig everything together."}, {"context": " Though they never used them, they also each carried two knives during the massacre. One of Harris's was in a sheath taped to his ankle. One of Klebold's was a show piece; it had a curved blade and several spikes on the handle. According to their journals and videos, the pair hoped that after detonating their home-made explosives in the cafeteria at the busiest lunch hour, killing hundreds of students, they would shoot and stab and toss bombs at survivors fleeing from the school. Then, as police vehicles, ambulances, fire trucks, and reporters came to the school, bombs set in the boys' cars would detonate, killing these emergency and other personnel. This did not happen, since the bombs in the cafeteria and cars failed to detonate."}, {"context": " Several official sources claim they planned to shoot the fleeing survivors from the parking lot, but moved to the staircase on a hill at the west side of the school when the bombs failed. Other accounts suggest the top of the staircase where the massacre began was in fact their preferred spot to wait for the bombs to go off. On Tuesday morning, April 20, 1999, Harris and Klebold placed two duffel bags each containing propane bombs in the cafeteria, set to explode at approximately 11:17\u00a0a.m, during the \"A\" lunch shift. Propane bombs were also placed in the cafeteria's kitchen."}, {"context": " No witness recalled seeing the duffel bags being added to the 400 or so backpacks already in the cafeteria. The security staff at Columbine did not observe the bags being placed in the cafeteria, ostensibly because a custodian was replacing the school security video tape as it happened around 11:14\u00a0a.m. The bags holding the bombs were supposedly first visible on the fresh security tape, but were not identified as suspicious items. Others have suggested the bombs can be seen being placed on the security video around 10:58\u00a0a.m. Shortly after the massacre, police also took seriously the suggestion that the bombs were placed during the \"after-prom\" party held the prior weekend."}, {"context": " A Jeffco Sheriff's Deputy, Neil Gardner, was assigned to the high school as a full-time uniformed and armed school resource officer. Gardner usually ate lunch with students in the cafeteria, but on April 20 he was eating lunch in his patrol car at the northwest corner of the campus, watching students in the Smokers' Pit in Clement Park, a meadow adjacent to the school. Two backpacks filled with pipe bombs, aerosol canisters, and small propane bombs were also placed in a field about south of CHS, and south of the fire station. Set to explode at approximately 11:14\u00a0a.m., the bombs were intended as a diversion to draw firefighters and emergency personnel away from the school. Only the pipe bombs and one of the aerosol canisters detonated, causing a small fire, which was quickly extinguished by the fire department. Bomb technicians immediately examined the bombs, and relayed to police at the school the possibility of devices with motion activators."}, {"context": " At 11:10\u00a0a.m., Harris and Klebold arrived separately at CHS. Harris parked his vehicle in the junior student parking lot, and Klebold parked in the adjoining senior student parking lot. The school cafeteria, their primary bomb target, with its long outside window-wall and ground-level doors, was just north of the senior parking lot. Above the cafeteria, the second-story of the window-wall, was the library. Each car contained car bombs timed to detonate at 12\u00a0p.m. As Harris pulled into the parking lot, he encountered Brooks Brown, with whom he had recently patched up their longstanding series of disputes. According to Brown, who was in the parking lot smoking a cigarette, he was surprised to see Harris, whom he had earlier noted had been absent from an important class test. Harris seemed unconcerned, commenting, \"It doesn't matter anymore.\" Harris went on: \"Brooks, I like you now. Get out of here. Go home.\" Brown, feeling uneasy, and already prepared to skip his next class, walked away. Several minutes later, students departing Columbine for their lunch break observed Brown heading down South Pierce Street away from the school."}, {"context": " Meanwhile, Harris and Klebold armed themselves, hiding weapons beneath black trench coats with straps and webbing, and carrying backpacks and duffel bags filled with pipe bombs and ammunition. Harris also had his shotgun in one of the bags. Beneath the trench coats, Harris wore a white T-shirt which read \"Natural Selection\" in black letters, as well as a homemade bandolier; Klebold wore a black T-shirt which read \"Wrath\" in red letters. They climbed to the top of the outdoor steps which led up a hill placing them on a level with the school's west entrance, first Harris and then Klebold. Harris put a black fingerless glove on his right hand, and Klebold was already wearing the matching fingerless glove on his left. From this vantage point, one of the cafeteria's ground-level doors was located at the bottom of the staircase."}, {"context": " The cafeteria bombs failed to explode. Had these bombs exploded with full power, they could have killed or severely wounded all of the approximately 488 students in the cafeteria, and possibly made the ceiling collapse by destroying the pillars holding it up, dropping the library into the cafeteria. At 11:19\u00a0a.m., 17-year-old Rachel Scott was having lunch with friend Richard Castaldo while sitting on the grass next to the west entrance of the school. Klebold threw a pipe bomb towards the parking lot, which only partially detonated. Thinking the pipe bomb was no more than a crude senior prank, Castaldo did not take it seriously. Several students inside the school during the attack also believed they were watching a senior prank at first."}, {"context": " Harris and Klebold faced each other and nodded. Harris then yelled, \"Go! Go!\" They pulled their guns from beneath their trench coats and began shooting at Castaldo and Scott. Scott was killed when she was hit four times with rounds fired from Harris's carbine; one shot was to the left temple. Castaldo was shot eight times in the chest, arm, and abdomen and paralyzed below the chest, falling into unconsciousness. Harris aimed his carbine down the west staircase toward three youths: 15-year-olds Daniel Rohrbough and Sean Graves and 16-year-old Lance Kirklin. The three friends had been ascending the staircase directly below the shooters. All three were shot and wounded. In the cafeteria, Dave Sanders, a teacher and coach at the school, became aware of the gunfire and began warning students."}, {"context": " The shooters turned and began firing west in the direction of five students sitting on the grassy hillside adjacent to the steps and opposite the west entrance of the school. 15-year-old Michael Johnson was hit in the face, leg, and arm, but ran and escaped; 16-year-old Mark Taylor was shot in the chest, arms, and leg and fell to the ground, where he feigned death. The other three escaped uninjured. Klebold walked down the steps toward the cafeteria. He came up to Lance Kirklin, who was already wounded and lying on the ground, weakly calling for help. Klebold said, \"Sure. I'll help you,\" then shot Kirklin in the face with his shotgun, critically wounding him. Daniel Rohrbough and Sean Graves had descended the staircase when the shooters' attention was diverted by the students on the grass; Graves\u2014paralyzed beneath the waist\u2014had crawled into the doorway of the cafeteria's west entrance and collapsed. He rubbed blood on his face and played dead. Klebold shot Rohrbough with his shotgun, who was already fatally wounded by the shots previously fired by Harris, at close range through the upper left chest, and then stepped over the injured Graves to enter the cafeteria. Graves remembers Klebold saying, \"Sorry, dude\"."}, {"context": " Klebold only slightly entered the cafeteria, and did not shoot at the several people still inside. Officials speculated that Klebold went to check on the propane bombs. Harris was still on top of the stairs shooting, and severely wounded and partially paralyzed 17-year-old Anne-Marie Hochhalter as she tried to flee. Klebold came out of the cafeteria and went back up the stairs to join Harris. They shot at students standing close to a soccer field but did not hit anyone. They walked toward the west entrance, throwing pipe bombs in several directions including onto the roof, very few of which detonated. Witnesses heard one of them say \"This is what we always wanted to do. This is awesome!\""}, {"context": " Meanwhile, inside the school, Patti Nielson, an art teacher, had noticed the commotion and walked toward the west entrance with a 17-year-old student, Brian Anderson. She had intended to walk outside to tell the two students to \"Knock it off,\" thinking they were either filming a video or pulling a student prank. As Anderson opened the first set of double doors, they shot out the windows, injuring him with flying glass and hitting Nielson in the shoulder with shrapnel. Anderson and Nielson ran back down the hall into the library, and Nielson alerted the students inside to the danger, telling them to get under desks and keep silent. She dialed 9-1-1 and hid under the library's administrative counter. Anderson fell to the floor bleeding from his injuries, and hid inside an open staff break room."}, {"context": " Harris removed his trench coat. At 11:22\u00a0a.m., the custodian called Deputy Neil Gardner, the assigned resource officer to Columbine, on the school radio, requesting assistance in the senior parking lot. The only paved route took him around the school to the east and south on Pierce Street, where at 11:23\u00a0a.m. he heard on his police radio that a female was down, and assumed she had been struck by a car. While exiting his patrol car in the Senior lot at 11:24\u00a0a.m., he heard another call on the school radio, \"Neil, there's a shooter in the school\"."}, {"context": " Harris, at the west entrance, immediately turned and fired ten shots from his carbine at Gardner, who was sixty yards away. As Harris reloaded his carbine, Gardner leaned over the top of his car and fired four rounds at Harris from his service pistol. Harris ducked back behind the building, and Gardner momentarily believed that he had hit him. Harris then reemerged and fired at least four more rounds at Gardner (which missed and struck two parked cars), before retreating into the building. No one was hit during the exchange of gunfire. Gardner reported on his police radio, \"Shots in the building. I need someone in the south lot with me.\""}, {"context": " By this point, Harris had shot 47 times, and Klebold just 5. The shooters then entered the school through the west entrance, moving along the main North Hallway, throwing pipe bombs and shooting at anyone they encountered. Klebold shot Stephanie Munson in the ankle; she was able to walk out of the school. The pair then shot out the windows to the East Entrance of the school. After proceeding through the hall several times and shooting toward\u2014and missing\u2014any students they saw, they went toward the west entrance and turned into the Library Hallway."}, {"context": " Deputy Paul Smoker, a motorcycle patrolman for the Jeffco Sheriff's Office, was writing a traffic ticket north of the school when the \"female down\" call came in at 11:23\u00a0a.m., most likely referring to the already dead Rachel Scott. Taking the shortest route, he drove his motorcycle over grass between the athletic fields and headed toward the west entrance. When he saw Deputy Scott Taborsky following him in a patrol car, he abandoned his motorcycle for the safety of the car. The two deputies had begun to rescue two wounded students near the ball fields when another gunfight broke out at 11:26\u00a0a.m., as Harris returned to the double doors and again began shooting at Deputy Gardner, who returned fire. From the hilltop, Deputy Smoker fired three rounds from his pistol at Harris, who again retreated into the building. As before, no one was hit."}, {"context": " Inside the school cafeteria, teacher Dave Sanders and two custodians, Jon Curtis and Jay Gallatine, initially told students to get under the tables, then successfully evacuated students up the staircase leading to the second floor of the school. The stairs were located around the corner from the Library Hallway in the main South Hallway. Sanders then tried to secure as much of the school as he could. By now, Harris and Klebold were inside the main hallway. Sanders and another student were down at the end of the hallway, where he gestured for students in the library to stay. They encountered Harris and Klebold, who were approaching from the corner of the North Hallway. Sanders and the student turned and ran in the opposite direction. Harris and Klebold shot at them both, with Harris hitting Sanders twice in the back and neck but missing the student. The latter ran into a science classroom and warned everyone to hide. Klebold walked over towards Sanders, who had collapsed, to look for the student but returned to Harris up the North Hallway."}, {"context": " Sanders struggled toward the science area, and a teacher took him into a classroom where 30\u00a0students were located. Due to his knowledge of first aid, student Aaron Hancey was brought to the classroom from another by teachers despite the unfolding commotion. With the assistance of a fellow student named Kevin Starkey, and teacher Teresa Miller, Hancey administered first aid to Sanders for three hours, attempting to stem the blood loss using shirts from students in the room, and showing him pictures from his wallet to keep him talking. Using a phone in the room, Miller and several students maintained contact with police outside the school."}, {"context": " As the shooting unfolded, Patti Nielson talked on the phone with emergency services, telling her story and urging students in the library to take cover beneath desks. According to transcripts, her call was received by a 9-1-1 operator at 11:25:05\u00a0a.m. In the library were a total of 52 students, two teachers and two librarians. Two bombs were thrown into the cafeteria, both of which exploded. Another bomb was thrown into the library hallway; it exploded and damaged several lockers. At 11:29\u00a0a.m., the gunmen entered the library. Harris yelled, \"Get up!\" so loudly that he can be heard on the 9-1-1 recording at 11:29:18\u00a0a.m. Klebold then shouted \"Everybody get up, now!\""}, {"context": " Harris fired his shotgun twice at a desk. A student named Evan Todd had been standing near a pillar when the shooters entered the library, and had just begun hiding behind a copier. Todd was hit by wood splinters in the eye and lower back but was not seriously injured. Todd then hid behind the administrative counter. The shooters walked into the library, toward rows of computers. Klebold said \"I've been waiting for this for a long time.\" A disabled student, Kyle Velasquez, 16, was sitting at the north row; police later said he had not hidden underneath the desk when the shooters had first entered the library, but had curled up under the computer table. Klebold shot and killed Velasquez with his shotgun, hitting him in the head and back."}, {"context": " The shooters put down their ammunition-filled duffel bags at the south\u2014or lower\u2014row of computers and reloaded their weapons. They walked between the computer rows, toward the windows facing the outside staircase. Klebold shouted \"Everybody get up! We're gonna blow this library up!\" One of the gunmen stated \"This is our revenge\" and \"This is for all you put us through this last year.\" Klebold shouted \"All jocks stand up!\" When nobody stood up, Harris said to \"get the guys in white hats.\" One of them said \"Anybody with a white hat on is dead\". Wearing a white baseball cap at Columbine was a tradition among sports team members. Several students tried to hide their white hats."}, {"context": " Noticing police evacuating students outside the school, Klebold said \"Pigs are here\" and Harris said: \"Let's go kill some cops.\" They shot out the windows in the direction of the police. Officers returned fire, and the gunmen retreated from the windows; no one was injured. Klebold then removed his trench coat. He shouted: \"Everyone with a white cap, stand up!\" When no one stood up in response, he said, \"Fine, I'll start shooting anyway!\" and fired his shotgun at a nearby table, injuring three students: Patrick Ireland, Daniel Steepleton, and Makai Hall."}, {"context": " Harris walked toward the lower row of computer desks with his shotgun, firing a single shot under the first desk from a short distance away, while down on one knee. He hit 14-year-old Steven Curnow with a mortal wound to the neck. He then walked closer, got on one knee, and shot under the adjacent computer desk, injuring 17-year-old Kacey Ruegsegger with a shot which passed completely through her right shoulder and hand, also grazing her neck and severing a major artery. When she started gasping in pain, Harris tersely stated, \"Quit your bitching.\""}, {"context": " Harris walked over to the table across from the lower computer row, slapped the surface twice and knelt, saying \"Peek-a-boo\" to 17-year-old Cassie Bernall before shooting her once in the head, killing her instantly. Harris had been holding the shotgun with one hand at this point and the weapon hit his face in recoil, breaking his nose. After fatally shooting Bernall, Harris turned toward the next table, where Bree Pasquale sat next to the table rather than under it. Harris's nose was bleeding heavily; witnesses later reported that he seemed disoriented and had blood around his mouth. Harris asked Pasquale if she wanted to die, and she responded with a plea for her life. Harris laughed and responded \"Everyone's gonna die.\" When Klebold said \"shoot her\", Harris responded \"No, we're gonna blow up the school anyway.\""}, {"context": " Klebold noticed Ireland trying to provide aid to Hall, who had suffered a wound to his knee. As Ireland tried to help Hall, his head rose above the table; Klebold shot him a second time, hitting him twice in the head and once in the foot. Ireland was knocked unconscious, but survived. Klebold walked toward another table, where he discovered 18-year-old Isaiah Shoels, 16-year-old Matthew Kechter and 16-year-old Craig Scott (Rachel's younger brother), hiding underneath. Klebold called to Harris, \"There's a nigger over here!\" and tried to pull Shoels out from under the table."}, {"context": " Harris left Pasquale and joined him. According to witnesses, they taunted Shoels for a few seconds, making derogatory racial comments. The gunmen both fired under the table; Harris shot Shoels once in the chest, killing him instantly, and Klebold shot and killed Kechter. Though Shoels was not shot in the head, Klebold said \"I didn't know black brains could fly that far.\" Meanwhile, Scott was uninjured; he lay in the blood of his friends, feigning death. Harris then yelled; \"Who's ready to die next?!\" He turned and threw a cricket at the table where Hall, Steepleton, and Ireland were located. It landed on Steepleton's thigh, Hall quickly tossed it behind them, and it exploded in mid-air. Harris walked toward the bookcases between the west and center section of tables in the library. He jumped on one and shook it, apparently attempting to topple it, then shot at the books which had fallen."}, {"context": " Klebold walked to the east area of the library. Harris walked from the bookcase, past the central area to meet Klebold. The latter shot at a display case located next to the door, then turned and shot toward the closest table, hitting and injuring 17-year-old Mark Kintgen in the head and shoulder. He then turned toward the table to his left and fired, injuring 18-year-olds Lisa Kreutz and Valeen Schnurr with the same shotgun blast. Klebold then moved toward the same table and fired several shots with the TEC-9, killing 18-year-old Lauren Townsend."}, {"context": " At this point, the seriously injured Valeen Schnurr began screaming, \"Oh my God, oh my God!\" In response, Klebold asked Schnurr if she believed in the existence of God; when Schnurr replied she did, Klebold asked \"Why?\" and commented \"God is gay\" before walking from the table. Harris approached another table where two girls were hiding. He bent down to look at them and dismissed them as \"pathetic\". Harris then moved to another table where he fired twice, injuring 16-year-olds Nicole Nowlen and John Tomlin. Tomlin moved out from under the table. Harris then taunted Tomlin's attempt at escape before Klebold shot him repeatedly, killing him."}, {"context": " Harris then walked back over to the other side of the table where Townsend lay dead. Behind the table, a 16-year-old girl named Kelly Fleming had, like Bree Pasquale, sat next to the table rather than beneath it due to a lack of space. Harris shot Fleming with his shotgun, hitting her in the back and killing her instantly. He shot at the table behind Fleming, hitting Townsend and Kreutz again, and wounding 18-year-old Jeanna Park. An autopsy later revealed that Townsend died from the earlier gunshots inflicted by Klebold."}, {"context": " The shooters moved to the center of the library, where they reloaded their weapons at a table. Harris then pointed his carbine under a table, but the student he was aiming at moved out of the way. Harris turned his gun back on the student and told him to identify himself. It was John Savage, an acquaintance of Klebold's. He asked Klebold what they were doing, to which he shrugged and answered, \"killing people.\" Savage asked if they were going to kill him. Possibly because of a fire alarm, Klebold said, \"What?\" Savage asked again whether they were going to kill him. Klebold said no, and told him to run. Savage fled, escaping through the library's main entrance."}, {"context": " After Savage left, one of the gunmen stated \"This is what we've been waiting for all our lives.\" Harris turned and fired his carbine at the table directly north of where they had been, hitting the ear and hand of 15-year-old Daniel Mauser. Mauser reacted by shoving a chair at Harris; Harris fired again and hit Mauser in the center of the face at close range, killing him by breaking his neck. Both shooters moved south and fired randomly under another table, critically injuring two 17-year-olds, Jennifer Doyle and Austin Eubanks, and fatally wounding 17-year-old Corey DePooter. DePooter was later credited with having kept his friends calm during the ordeal. He was the last to die in the massacre, at 11:35\u00a0a.m."}, {"context": " There were no further victims. They had killed 10 people in the library and wounded 12. Of the 56 library hostages, 34 remained unharmed. Investigators would later find that the shooters had enough ammunition to have killed them all. Throughout the library massacre, the gunmen seemed to be enjoying themselves, shouting things like \"yahoo\" after shooting. At this point, several witnesses later said they heard the shooters comment that they no longer found a thrill in shooting their victims. Klebold was quoted as saying, \"Maybe we should start knifing people, that might be more fun.\" They moved away from the table and went toward the library's main counter. Harris threw a Molotov cocktail toward the southwestern end of the library, but it failed to explode. Harris then went around the east side of the counter and Klebold joined him from the west; they converged close to where Todd had moved after having been wounded."}, {"context": " Klebold pulled out a chair, pointed his TEC-9 at Todd, and commented \"Look what we have here.\" Harris seemed disoriented from his broken nose, and asked \"What?\" Klebold responded \"Just some fat fuck\". Todd was wearing a white hat. Klebold asked if he was a jock, and when Todd said no Klebold responded \"Well, that's good. We don't like jocks.\" Klebold then demanded to see his face, Todd partly lifted his hat so his face would remain obscured. When Klebold asked Todd to give him one reason why he should not kill him, Todd said: \"I don't want trouble.\" Klebold responded back angrily \"Trouble? You don't even know what fucking trouble is!\" He also remarked \"You used to call me a fag. Who's a fag now?!\" Todd tried to correct himself: \"That's not what I meant! I mean, I don't have a problem with you guys. I never will and I never did.\" Klebold then spoke to Harris, \"I'm gonna let this fat fuck live, you can have at him if you want to.\""}, {"context": " Harris did not pay much attention and said \"Let's go to the commons.\" Klebold turned and fired a single shot into an open library staff break room, hitting a small television. Before they left, Klebold slammed a chair down on top of the computer terminal and several books on the library counter, directly above the bureau where Patti Nielson had hidden. The two walked out of the library at 11:36\u00a0a.m., ending the hostage situation there. Cautiously, fearing the shooters' return, 34 uninjured and 10 injured survivors began to evacuate the library through the north door, which led to the sidewalk adjacent to the west entrance. Kacey Ruegsegger was evacuated from the library by Craig Scott. Had she not been evacuated at this point, Ruegsegger would likely have bled to death from her injuries. Patrick Ireland, unconscious, and Lisa Kreutz, unable to move, remained in the building. Patti Nielson joined Brian Anderson and the three library staff in the exterior break room, into which Klebold had earlier fired shots, and locked themselves in."}, {"context": " After leaving the library, the gunmen entered the science area, where they threw a small Molotov cocktail into an empty storage closet. It caused a fire, which was extinguished by a teacher hidden in an adjacent room. The gunmen proceeded toward the south hallway, where they shot into an empty science room. At approximately 11:44\u00a0a.m., they were captured on the school security cameras as they re-entered the cafeteria. The recording shows Harris kneeling on the landing and firing a single shot toward one of the propane bombs left in the cafeteria, in an unsuccessful attempt to detonate it. As Klebold approached the propane bomb and examined it, Harris took a drink from one of the cups left behind. Klebold lit a Molotov cocktail and threw it at the propane bomb. They left the cafeteria at 11:46\u00a0a.m, as the Molotov cocktail exploded. The gallon of fuel attached to the bomb ignited, causing a fire that was extinguished by the fire sprinklers."}, {"context": " After leaving the cafeteria, they returned to the main north and south hallways of the school, shooting aimlessly. They walked through the south hallway into the main office before returning to the north hallway. On several occasions, they looked through the windows of classroom doors, making eye contact with students hidden inside, but they never tried to enter any of the rooms. They taunted students hidden inside a bathroom, making such comments as: \"We know you're in there\" and \"Let's kill anyone we find in here,\" but never attempted to enter the bathroom. At 11:55\u00a0a.m., they returned to the cafeteria, and briefly entered the school kitchen. They returned up the staircase and into the south hallway at 11:58\u00a0a.m."}, {"context": " They reentered the library, perhaps to watch their car bombs detonate, which had been set to explode at noon, but which failed. The library was empty of surviving students except for the unconscious Patrick Ireland and the injured Lisa Kreutz. Once inside, at 12:02\u00a0p.m., they shot through the west windows at police, who returned fire. Nobody was injured in the exchange. By approximately 12:08\u00a0p.m., both gunmen had committed suicide. In a subsequent interview, Kreutz recalled hearing a comment such as, \"You in the library,\" around this time. Harris sat down with his back to a bookshelf and fired his shotgun through the roof of his mouth; Klebold went down on his knees and shot himself in the left temple with his TEC-9. An article by \"The Rocky Mountain News\" stated that Patti Nielson overheard them shout \"One! Two! Three!\" in unison, just before a loud boom. However, Nielson said at no time had she ever spoken with either of the writers of the article, and evidence suggests otherwise. Just before committing suicide, Klebold lit a Molotov cocktail on a nearby table, underneath which lay Patrick Ireland, which caused the tabletop to momentarily catch fire. Underneath the scorched film of material was a piece of Harris's brain matter, suggesting Harris had shot himself by this point."}, {"context": " In 2002, the \"National Enquirer\" published two photos of Harris and Klebold after their suicides, showing both dead laying on their backs, and the guns in seemingly curious locations, such as Klebold's right hand laying on his gun despite his being left-handed, and leading to speculation that Harris shot Klebold before killing himself. However, the photographs were taken after SWAT had checked the bodies for bombs and booby-traps, and likely kicked Klebold onto his back. The placement of his blood and baseball cap suggest he died face down on Harris's legs."}, {"context": " A total of 188 rounds of ammunition were fired by the perpetrators during the massacre. Harris fired nearly twice as much as Klebold; he fired his carbine rifle a total of 96 times, and discharged his shotgun 25 times. Klebold fired the TEC-9 handgun 55 times, while he discharged a total of 12 rounds from his double-barreled shotgun. Additionally, law enforcement officers fired a total of 141 rounds during exchanges of gunfire with the shooters. By noon, SWAT teams were stationed outside the school, and ambulances started taking the wounded to local hospitals. A call for additional ammunition for police officers in case of a shootout came at 12:20\u00a0p.m. Authorities reported pipe bombs by 1\u00a0p.m., and two SWAT teams entered the school at 1:09\u00a0p.m., moving from classroom to classroom, discovering hidden students and faculty. They entered at the end of the school opposite the library, hampered by old maps and unaware a new wing had recently been added. They were also hampered by the sound of the fire alarms."}, {"context": " Meanwhile, families of students and staff were asked to gather at nearby Leawood Elementary School to await information. All students, teachers, and school employees were taken away, questioned, and offered medical care in small holding areas before being bussed to meet with their family members at Leawood Elementary. Some of the victims families were told to wait on one final school bus that never came. Patrick Ireland had regained and lost consciousness several times after being shot by Klebold. Paralyzed on his right side, he crawled to the library windows where, on live television, at 2:38\u00a0p.m., he stretched out the window, intending to fall into the arms of two SWAT team members standing on the roof of an emergency vehicle, but instead falling directly onto the vehicle's roof in a pool of blood. He became known as \"the boy in the window\". They were later criticized for allowing Ireland to drop more than seven feet to the ground while doing nothing to try to ensure he could be lowered to the ground safely or break his fall. Lisa Kreutz, shot in the shoulder, arms, hand, and thigh, remained laying in the library. She had tried to move but became light-headed. Kreutz kept track of time by the sound of the school's bells until police arrived."}, {"context": " At 2:15\u00a0p.m. students placed a sign in the window: \"1 bleeding to death,\" in order to alert police and medical personnel of Dave Sanders' location in the science room. Police initially feared it was a ruse by the shooters. A shirt was also tied to the doorknob. At 2:30\u00a0p.m. this was spotted, and by 2:40\u00a0p.m. SWAT officers evacuated the room of students, and called for a paramedic. Hancey and Starkey were reluctant to leave Sanders behind. By 3:00\u00a0p.m., the SWAT officers decided a paramedic was not coming or could not get in, and opted to move Sanders themselves, and placed him in a chair. As they did so, a paramedic arrived, and found Sanders had no pulse. He had died in the science room of his injuries before he could receive medical care. He was the only teacher to die in the shooting."}, {"context": " Kreutz was finally evacuated at 3:22\u00a0p.m., along with Patti Nielson, Brian Anderson and the three library staff who had hidden in the break room. Officials found the bodies in the library by 3:30\u00a0p.m. By 4:00\u00a0p.m., Sheriff Stone made an initial estimate of 25 dead students and teachers, fifty wounded, and referred to the massacre as a \"suicide mission.\" US President Bill Clinton issued a statement. Stone said that police officers were searching the bodies of the gunmen. They feared they had used their pipe bombs to booby-trap corpses, including their own. At 4:30\u00a0p.m. the school was declared safe. At 5:30\u00a0p.m., additional officers were called in, as more explosives were found in the parking lot and on the roof. By 6:15\u00a0p.m., officials had found a bomb in Klebold's car in the parking lot, set to detonate the gas tank. Stone then marked the entire school as a crime scene."}, {"context": " At 10:40\u00a0p.m., a member of the bomb squad, who was attempting to dispose of an un-detonated pipe bomb, accidentally lit a striking match attached to the bomb by brushing it against the wall of the ordnance disposal trailer. The bomb detonated inside the trailer but no one was injured. The bomb squad disrupted the car bomb. Klebold's car was repaired and, in 2006, put up for auction. On the morning of April 21, bomb squads combed the high school. By 8:30\u00a0a.m. the official death toll of 15 was released. The estimate was ten over the true count, but close to the total count of wounded students. The total count of deaths was 12 students (14 including the shooters) and one teacher; 20 students and one teacher were injured as a result of the shootings. Three more victims were injured indirectly as they tried to escape the school. It was then the worst school shooting in US history."}, {"context": " At 10\u00a0a.m., the bomb squad declared the building safe for officials to enter. By 11:30\u00a0a.m., a spokesman of the sheriff declared the investigation underway. Thirteen of the bodies were still inside the high school as investigators photographed the building. At 2:30\u00a0p.m., a press conference was held by Jeffco District Attorney David Thomas and Sheriff John Stone, at which they said that they suspected others had helped plan the shooting. Formal identification of the dead had not yet taken place, but families of the children thought to have been killed had been notified."}, {"context": " Throughout the late afternoon and early evening, the bodies were gradually removed from the school and taken to the Jeffco Coroner's Office to be identified and autopsied. By 5:00\u00a0p.m., the names of many of the dead were known. An official statement was released, naming the 15 confirmed deaths and 27 injuries related to the massacre. On April 22, the bombs left in the kitchen were found. In the days following the shootings, Rachel Scott's car and John Tomlin's truck became memorials, and impromptu memorials were held in Clement Park. On April 30, carpenter Greg Zanis erected 15 six feet tall wooden crosses to honor those who had died at the school. Daniel Rohrbough's father cut down the two meant for the gunmen. There were also fifteen trees planted, and he cut down two of those as well."}, {"context": " Also on April 30, high-ranking officials of Jeffco and the Jeffco Sheriff's Office met to decide if they should reveal that Michael Guerra had drafted an affidavit for a search warrant of Harris's residence more than a year before the shootings, based on his previous investigation of Harris's website and activities. Since the affidavit's contents lacked the necessary probable cause, they decided not to disclose this information at a press conference held on April 30, nor did they mention it in any other way."}, {"context": " Over the next two years, Guerra's original draft and investigative file documents were lost. In September 1999, a Jeffco investigator failed to find the documents during a secret search of the county's computer system. A second attempt in late 2000 found copies of the document within the Jeffco archives. Their loss was termed \"troubling\" by a grand jury convened after the file's existence was reported in April 2001. It was concealed by the Jeffco Sheriff's Office and not revealed until September 2001, resulting from an investigation by the TV show \"60 Minutes\". The documents were reconstructed and released to the public, but the original documents are still missing. The final grand jury investigation was released in September 2004."}, {"context": " In the wake of the shooting, victims Rachel Scott and Cassie Bernall came to be regarded as Christian martyrs by Evangelical Christians. Considerable media attention focused upon Bernall, who had been killed by Harris in the library and who Harris was reported to have asked, \"Do you believe in God?\" immediately prior to her murder. Bernall was reported to have responded \"Yes\" to this question before her murder. Emily Wyant, the closest living witness to Bernall's death, denied that Bernall and Harris had such an exchange. The closest living witness to Scott's death, Richard Castaldo, once claimed Harris asked Scott if she believed in God, and murdered her after she answered \"You know I do\", but this also appears to be untrue."}, {"context": " Survivor Valeen Schnurr claims that she was the one questioned as to her belief in God. Joshua Lapp thought Bernall had been queried about her belief, but was unable to correctly point out where Bernall was located, and was closer to Schnurr during the shootings. Another witness, Craig Scott claimed the discussion was with Bernall. When asked to indicate where the conversation had been coming from, he pointed to where Schnurr was shot. In August 1999, students returned to the school, and principal Frank Deangelis led a rally of students clad in \"We are Columbine\" shirts."}, {"context": " Several former students and teachers suffer from PTSD. Six months after the shootings, Anne Marie Hochhalter's mother committed suicide. Greg Barnes, a student who witnessed Sanders get shot, committed suicide in May 2000. Though the attack was planned as a terrorist attack which would cause \"the most deaths in US history\", the motive has never been ascertained with confidence. Soon after the massacre, it was thought Harris and Klebold targeted jocks, blacks, and Christians. Both sought to provide answers in the journals and video tapes, but investigators found them lacking. In a letter provided with the May 15 report on the Columbine attack, Sheriff John Stone and Undersheriff John A. Dunaway wrote they \"cannot answer the most fundamental question\u2014why?\""}, {"context": " The conclusion of the FBI was mental illness, that Harris was a clinical psychopath, and Klebold was depressive. Dr. Dwayne Fuselier, the supervisor in charge of the Columbine investigation, would later remark: \"I believe Eric went to the school to kill and didn't care if he died, while Dylan wanted to die and didn't care if others died as well.\" In April 1998, as part of his diversion program, Harris wrote a letter of apology to the owner of the van. Around the same time, he derided him in his journal, stating that he believed himself to have the right to steal something if he wanted to. By far the most prevalent theme in Klebold's journals is his private despair at his lack of success with women, which he refers to as an \"infinite sadness.\" Klebold had repeatedly documented his desires to commit suicide, and his final remark in the Basement Tapes, shortly before the attack, is a resigned statement made as he glances away from the camera: \"Just know I'm going to a better place. I didn't like life too much.\""}, {"context": " According to this theory, used by Dave Cullen for his 2009 book \"Columbine,\" Harris had been the mastermind, having a messianic-level superiority complex, and hoping to demonstrate his superiority to the world; Klebold was a follower who primarily participated in the massacre as a means to simply end his life. However, this theory has met with criticism. For instance, it was Klebold and not Harris who first mentioned going on a killing spree in his journal, and there is evidence to suggest both were depressed, such as Harris being prescribed antidepressants. Sheriff Stone said \"I've talked to students who were shot by Klebold. He was not just a follower.\""}, {"context": " There have been other attempts to diagnose Harris and Klebold with mental illness. Peter Langman believes Harris was a psychopath and Klebold was schizotypal. Professor Aubrey Immelman published a personality profile of Harris, based on journal entries and personal communication, and believes the materials suggested behavior patterns consistent with a \"malignant narcissism\u00a0... pathological narcissistic personality disorder with borderline and antisocial features, along with some paranoid traits, and unconstrained aggression\"."}, {"context": " The link between bullying and school violence has attracted increasing attention since the massacre. Both of the shooters were classified as gifted children who had allegedly been victims of bullying for four years. Early stories following the shootings charged that school administrators and teachers at Columbine had long condoned bullying. Critics said this could have contributed to triggering the perpetrators' extreme violence. Klebold said on the Basement Tapes, \"You've been giving us shit for years.\""}, {"context": " Accounts from various parents and school staffers describe bullying at the school as \"rampant.\" Nathan Vanderau, a friend of Klebold, and Alisa Owen, Harris's eighth-grade science partner, reported that Harris and Klebold were constantly picked on. Vanderau noted that a \"cup of fecal matter\" was thrown at them. Reportedly, they were regularly called \"faggots\". Klebold is known to have remarked to his father of his hatred of the jocks at CHS, adding that Harris in particular had been victimized. Klebold had stated, \"They sure give Eric hell.\" Chad Laughlin stated \"A lot of the tension in the school came from the class above us...There were people fearful of walking by a table where you knew you didn't belong, stuff like that. Certain groups certainly got preferential treatment across the board.\" Brown also noted Harris was born with mild chest indent. This made him reluctant to take his shirt off in gym class, and other students would laugh at him."}, {"context": " A year after the massacre, an analysis by officials at the U.S. Secret Service of 37 premeditated school shootings found that bullying, which some of the shooters described \"in terms that approached torment\", played the major role in more than two-thirds of the attacks. A similar theory was expounded by Brooks Brown in his book on the massacre, \"No Easy Answers\"; he noted that teachers commonly ignored bullying, and that whenever Harris and Klebold were bullied by the jocks at CHS, they would make statements such as: \"Don't worry, man. It happens all the time!\" if anyone expressed shock or surprise."}, {"context": " Dave Cullen disputes the theory of \"revenge for bullying\" as a motivation. While acknowledging the pervasiveness of bullying in high schools including CHS, he has claimed they were not victims of bullying. He said Harris was more often the perpetrator than victim of bullying. During junior year, both Harris and Klebold had been confronted by a group of students at CHS\u2014all members of the football team\u2014who sprayed them with ketchup and mustard while referring to them as \"faggots\" and \"queers\". According to Brown, \"People surrounded them in the commons and squirted ketchup packets all over them, laughing at them, calling them faggots...That happened while teachers watched. They couldn't fight back. They wore the ketchup all day and went home covered with it.\" Laughlin stated \"I caught the tail end of one really horrible incident, and I know Dylan told his mother that it was the worst day of his life.\" According to Laughlin, it involved seniors pelting Klebold with \"ketchup-covered tampons\" in the commons."}, {"context": " During and after the initial investigations, social cliques within high schools such as Trench Coat Mafia were widely discussed. One perception formed was that both Klebold and Harris were outcasts who had been isolated from their classmates, prompting feelings of helplessness, insecurity, and depression, as well as a strong need for attention. This concept has been questioned, as both Harris and Klebold had a close circle of friends and a wider informal social group. One of Harris's last journal entries read: \"I hate you people for leaving me out of so many fun things.\" \"The lonely man strikes with absolute rage\" wrote Klebold. In an interview, Brown described them as the school's worst outcasts, \"the losers of the losers\"."}, {"context": " Sociologist Ralph Larkin has theorized the massacre was to trigger a revolution of outcast students and the dispossessed; \"as an overtly political act in the name of oppressed students victimized by their peers...The Columbine shootings redefined such acts not merely as revenge but as a means of protest of bullying, intimidation, social isolation, and public rituals of humiliation.\" One author argues Columbine was only increasingly linked to terrorism after the September 11 attacks. On the Basement Tapes, Harris claimed they would \"kick-start a revolution\". Klebold wore a Soviet Union pin on his boots during the massacre."}, {"context": " The attack occurred on April 20, Adolf Hitler's birthday, which led to speculation in the media that the attack was political. Some people, such as Robyn Anderson, stated that the pair were not obsessed with Nazism nor did they worship or admire Hitler in any way. Anderson stated, in retrospect, that there were many things the pair did not tell friends. Harris at least did revere the Nazis. He praised them often in his journal, and some of his friends grew irritated at his frequent Nazi salutes and quotations in the months leading up to the shooting. At a certain point, Harris realized he needed to reduce this behavior, for fear of revealing his plans."}, {"context": " The original date for the massacre may have been April 19, like the Oklahoma City Bombing. On April 11, Harris said \"there are 7 and 1/3 days left.\" However, Harris wished for more ammunition from Mark Manes, for which one had to be 21 years old to obtain from K-Mart, and Manes did not get it for him until the evening of the 19th, causing the massacre to happen on the 20th. Manes asked if Harris was going shooting that night. Harris replied he would tomorrow. In 2001, K-Mart announced it would no longer sell handgun ammunition."}, {"context": " In one scheduled meeting with his appointed psychiatrist, Harris had complained of depression, anger, and suicidal thoughts. He was prescribed Zoloft. He complained of feeling restless and having trouble concentrating; his doctor switched him to Luvox, a similar selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Toxicology reports confirmed that Harris had Luvox in his bloodstream at the time of the shootings. Klebold had no medications in his system. Opponents of contemporary psychiatry like Peter Breggin claimed that the psychiatric medications prescribed to Harris may have exacerbated his aggressiveness."}, {"context": " Harris wished to join the United States Marine Corps. His application to the Marines was rejected shortly before the shootings because of his taking Luvox. According to the recruiting officer, Harris did not know about this rejection. However, for example Brooks Brown said he did. Blame for the shootings was directed at a number of metal or 'dark music' bands. Both Harris and Klebold were fans of the German rock bands KMFDM and Rammstein. Harris was enrolled in German class. His website contained lyrics from both artists, such as KMFDM's \"Son of a Gun\", \"Stray Bullet\", and \"Waste\", as well as translations for the songs done in German."}, {"context": " In the same blog post which threatened Brown, Harris wrote: \"Ill just go to some downtown area in some big ass city and blow up and shoot everything I can. Feel no remorse, no sense of shame.\" The last sentence is a quote from the KMFDM song \"Anarchy\". As above, Klebold wrote in Harris's yearbook \"My wrath for January's incident will be godlike,\" and he wore a shirt saying \"Wrath\" during the massacre. \"Wrath\" and \"Godlike\" are songs by KMFDM. On April 20, 1999 KMFDM released the album \"Adios\". Harris noted the coincidence of the album's title and release date in his journal \"a subliminal final \"Adios\" tribute to Reb and Vodka. thanks KMFDM... I ripped the hell outa the system\". He quotes \"Godlike\"."}, {"context": " Sascha Konietzko of KMFDM issued a statement: First and foremost, KMFDM would like to express their deep and heartfelt sympathy for the parents, families and friends of the murdered and injured children in Littleton. We are sick and appalled, as is the rest of the nation, by what took place in Colorado yesterday. KMFDM are an art form\u2014not a political party. From the beginning, our music has been a statement against war, oppression, fascism and violence against others. While some of the former band members are German as reported in the media, none of us condone any Nazi beliefs whatsoever."}, {"context": " The majority of that blame was directed at Marilyn Manson and his eponymous band. In the weeks following the shootings, media reports about Harris and Klebold portrayed them and the Trench Coat Mafia as part of a gothic cult. After being linked by news outlets and pundits with sensationalist headlines such as \"Killers Worshipped Rock Freak Manson\" and \"Devil-Worshipping Maniac Told Kids To Kill\", many came to believe that Manson's music and imagery were their sole motivation, despite later reports that the two were not fans. In truth, they were moderate fans of Manson, but not nearly as much as KMFDM, Rammstein, or Nine Inch Nails."}, {"context": " In the immediate aftermath, the band canceled the remaining North American dates of their \"Rock Is Dead Tour\" out of respect for the victims, while steadfastly maintaining that music, movies, books or video games were not to blame. Manson stated: On May 1, 1999, Manson expanded his rebuttal to the accusations leveled at him and his band in an op-ed piece for \"Rolling Stone\" magazine, He castigated the ensuing hysteria and moral panic and criticized the news media for their irresponsible coverage; he chastised America's habit of hanging blame on scapegoats to escape responsibility. He rebuked the ensuing \"witch hunt\" and \"the sad fact that America puts killers on the cover of Time magazine, giving them as much notoriety as our favorite movie stars...Don't be surprised if every kid who gets pushed around has two new idols.\" Columbine and America's fixation on a culture of guns, blame, and \"celebrity by death\" was further explored in the group's 2000 album \"Holy Wood\"."}, {"context": " In 2002, Manson appeared in Michael Moore's documentary, \"Bowling for Columbine\"; his appearance was filmed during the band's first show in Denver since the shooting. When Moore asked Manson what he would have said to the students at Columbine, he replied, \"I wouldn't say a single word to them. I would listen to what they have to say and that's what no one did.\" Parents of some of the victims filed several unsuccessful lawsuits against film companies, over films such as \"The Basketball Diaries\", which includes a dream sequence with a student shooting his classmates in a trench coat. In the Basement Tapes, they debate on whether or not Steven Spielberg or Quentin Tarantino are appropriate choices to direct films about the massacre. Their home videos also show inspiration taken from \"Pulp Fiction\". Both were fans of the film \"Lost Highway\". \"Apocalypse Now\" was found in Harris's VCR."}, {"context": " They were avid fans of the movie \"Natural Born Killers\", and used the film's acronym, NBK, as a code for the massacre. In February 1998, Klebold envisioned a massacre with a girl like in the film, writing \"Soon...either ill commit suicide, or I'll get w. [redacted girl's name] & it will be NBK for us.\" In April 1998, Harris wrote \"When I go NBK and people say things like \"oh it was tragic\" or \"oh he is crazy!\" or \"It was so bloody.\" I think, so the fuck what you think that's a bad thing?\" In Harris's yearbook Klebold wrote \"the holy April morning of NBK\". Around February 1999, he wrote \"maybe going \"NBK\" (gawd) w. eric is the way to break free.\" In Harris's last journal entry, he wrote \"Everything I see and I hear I incorporate into NBK somehow...feels like a Goddamn movie sometimes.\""}, {"context": " Violent video games were also blamed. Parents of some of the victims also filed several unsuccessful lawsuits against video game manufacturers. Both Harris and Klebold were fans of shooter video games such as \"Doom\", \"Quake,\" \"Duke Nukem 3D\", \"Wolfenstein 3D\", and \"Postal\". Harris wrote the massacre will \"be like the LA riots, the Oklahoma bombing, WWII, Vietnam, Duke and Doom all mixed together.\" \"Duke Nukem 3D\" had pipe bombs. In \"Postal\" the main character shoots himself in the mouth rather like Harris did. In the cafeteria, Harris shot at the propane bombs, expecting them to explode. In several shooter games including \"Doom\" and \"Duke Nukem 3D\", explosions can be set off by shooting at barrels or tanks or bombs. In his last journal entry, Harris wished to \"Get a few extra frags on the scoreboard.\""}, {"context": " They were fans of \"Doom\" especially. Harris said of the massacre, \"It's going to be like fucking \"Doom\".\" He also wrote \"I must not be sidetracked by my feelings of sympathy...so I will force myself to believe that everyone is just another monster from Doom.\" In Harris's yearbook, Klebold wrote \"I find a similarity between people and Doom zombies\". In \"Doom\", the first gun you obtain after the handgun you start with is a pump-action shotgun. Harris named his sawn off, pump-action shotgun Arlene after a character in the Doom novels. Harris said the gun was \"straight out of \"Doom\"\". Klebold had a TEC-9 and a sawn off, double-barreled shotgun. The Doom novels and Harris's journal reference an AB-10 several times, which is like a TEC-9. \"Doom II\" introduces the \"super shotgun\", which is a sawn off, double-barreled shotgun."}, {"context": " Rumors that the layout of the \"Doom\" levels Harris created resembled that of CHS circulated after the massacre, but appear to be untrue, though some still believe it. Harris spent a great deal of time creating a large WAD, named Tier (a song by Rammstein), calling it his \"life's work.\" The WAD was uploaded to the Columbine school computer and to AOL shortly before the attack, but appears to have been lost. Eric David Harris (April 9, 1981\u00a0\u2013 April 20, 1999) was born in Wichita, Kansas. The Harris family relocated often, as Harris's father was a U.S. Air Force transport pilot. His mother was a homemaker. The family moved from Plattsburgh, New York, to Littleton, Colorado, in July 1993, when his father retired from military service."}, {"context": " The Harris family lived in rented accommodations for the first three years that they lived in the Littleton area. During this time, he attended Ken Caryl Middle School, and Harris met Klebold. In 1996, the Harris family purchased a house south of CHS. His older brother attended college at the University of Colorado Boulder. Dylan Bennet Klebold (; September 11, 1981\u00a0\u2013 April 20, 1999) was born in Lakewood, Colorado. His parents were pacifists and attended a Lutheran church with their children. Both Dylan and his older brother attended confirmation classes in accordance with the Lutheran tradition. As had been the case with his older brother, Klebold was named after a renowned poet\u00a0\u2013 in his case the playwright Dylan Thomas."}, {"context": " At the family home, the Klebolds also observed some rituals in keeping with Klebold's maternal grandfather's Jewish heritage. Klebold attended Normandy Elementary in Littleton, Colorado for the first two grades before transferring to Governor's Ranch Elementary and became part of the CHIPS (\"Challenging High Intellectual Potential Students\") program. He found the transition to Ken Caryl Middle School difficult. Unlike the white caps of the jocks, Harris and Klebold wore black baseball caps. As was typical in the 1990s, they wore them backwards. Harris wore a KMFDM cap, and apparently did not wear it during the massacre. Klebold's cap had a Colorado Avalanche logo on the front and a Boston Red Sox logo sewn onto the back."}, {"context": " Following the Columbine shooting, schools across the United States instituted new security measures such as see-through backpacks, metal detectors, school uniforms, and security guards. Some schools implemented school door numbering to improve public safety response. Several schools throughout the country resorted to requiring students to wear computer-generated IDs. Schools also adopted a zero tolerance approach to possession of weapons and threatening behavior by students. Despite the effort, several social science experts feel the zero tolerance approach adopted in schools has been implemented too harshly, with unintended consequences creating other problems."}, {"context": " Some schools renewed existing anti-bullying policies. Rachel's Challenge was started by Rachel Scott's parents, and lectures schools about bullying and suicide. Police departments reassessed their tactics and now train for Columbine-like situations after criticism over the slow response and progress of the SWAT teams during the shooting. Sheriff Stone did not seek reelection. Police followed the traditional tactic at Columbine: surround the building, set up a perimeter, and contain the damage. That approach has been replaced by a tactic that takes into account the presence of an active shooter whose interest is to kill, not to take hostages, known as the Immediate Action Rapid Deployment tactic. This tactic calls for a four-person team to advance into the site of any ongoing shooting, optimally a diamond-shaped wedge, but even with just a single officer if more are not available. Police officers using this tactic are trained to move toward the sound of gunfire and neutralize the shooter as quickly as possible. Their goal is to stop the shooter at all costs; they are to walk past wounded victims, as the aim is to prevent the shooter from killing or wounding more. Dave Cullen has stated: \"The active protocol has proved successful at numerous shootings...At Virginia Tech alone, it probably saved dozens of lives.\""}, {"context": " After the massacre, many survivors and relatives of deceased victims filed lawsuits. Under Colorado state law at the time, the maximum a family could receive in a lawsuit against a government agency was $600,000. Most cases against the Jeffco police department and school district were dismissed by the federal court on the grounds of government immunity. The case against the sheriff's office regarding the death of Dave Sanders was not dismissed due to the police preventing paramedics from going to his aid for hours after they knew the gunmen were dead. The case was settled out of court in August 2002 for $1,500,000."}, {"context": " In April 2001, the families of more than 30 victims received a $2,538,000 settlement in their case against the families of Harris, Klebold, Manes, and Duran. Under the terms of the settlement, the Harrises and the Klebolds contributed $1,568,000 through their homeowners' policies, with another $32,000 set aside for future claims; the Manes contributed $720,000, with another $80,000 set aside for future claims; and the Durans contributed $250,000, with an additional $50,000 available for future claims. The family of victim Shoels, rejected this settlement, but in June 2003 were ordered by a judge to accept a $366,000 settlement in their $250-million lawsuit against the shooters' families. In August 2003, the families of victims Fleming, Kechter, Rohrbough, Townsend, and Velasquez received undisclosed settlements in a wrongful death suit against the Harrises and Klebolds."}, {"context": " In 2000, youth advocate Melissa Helmbrecht organized a remembrance event in Denver featuring two surviving students, called \"A Call to Hope.\" The library where most of the massacre took place was removed and replaced with an atrium. In 2001, a new library, the HOPE memorial library, was built next to the west entrance. On February 26, 2004, thousands of pieces of evidence from the massacre were put on display at the Jeffco fairgrounds in Golden. A permanent memorial \"to honor and remember the victims of the April 20, 1999 shootings at Columbine High School\" was dedicated on September 21, 2007, in Clement Park. The memorial fund raised $1.5 million in donations over eight years of planning."}, {"context": " The shooting resulted in calls for more gun control measures. In 2000, federal and state legislation was introduced that would require safety locks on firearms as well as ban the importation of high-capacity ammunition magazines. Though laws were passed that made it a crime to buy guns for criminals and minors, there was considerable controversy over legislation pertaining to background checks at gun shows. There was concern in the gun lobby over restrictions on Second Amendment rights in the United States."}, {"context": " Michael Moore's \"Bowling for Columbine\" focuses heavily on a perceived American obsession with handguns, its grip on Jeffco, and its role in the shooting. \"Columbine\" has since become a euphemism for a school shooting, rather like \"going postal\". A video game called Super Columbine Massacre RPG! was based on the massacre. The 2016 biographical film \"I'm Not Ashamed\", based on the journals of Rachel Scott, includes glimpses of Harris's and Klebold's lives and interactions with other students at CHS."}, {"context": " The 1999 black comedy, \"Duck! The Carbine High Massacre\" is inspired by the Columbine massacre. The 2003 Gus Van Sant film \"Elephant\" depicts a fictional school shooting, but is based in part on the Columbine massacre. The 2003 Ben Coccio film \"Zero Day\" was also based on the massacre. Also in 2003, the Uwe Boll film \"Heart of America: Home Room\" was released. The film's main plot focuses on two bullied students, who plan to carry out a school shooting on the last day of school after being tortured by the school jocks. The main character has second thoughts and quits at the last minute, while the other carries out the plan with a female accomplice. The film is believed to have been inspired by several shootings that are listed before the credits, Columbine being among them."}, {"context": " The first documentary on the massacre may have been the TLC documentary \"Lost Boys\" in 2000. The 2002 Michael Moore documentary film \"Bowling for Columbine\" won several awards. Also in 2002, A&E made \"Columbine: Understanding Why\". In 2004, the shooting was dramatized in the documentary \"Zero Hour\". In 2007, the massacre was documented in an episode of the National Geographic Channel documentary series, \"The Final Report\". In the 2009 film \"April Showers\", which was written and directed by Andrew Robinson, who was a senior at CHS during the shooting. The 2013 film \"Kids for Cash\" about the kids for cash scandal detail it as part of the \"zero-tolerance\" policy in the wake of the Columbine shootings."}, {"context": " Foster the People's \"Pumped Up Kicks\" was inspired by the massacre. Columbine students Jonathan and Stephen Cohen wrote a song called \"Friend Of Mine (Columbine)\", which briefly received airplay in the US after being performed at a memorial service broadcast on nationwide television. The song was pressed to CD, with the proceeds benefiting families affected by the massacre, and over 10,000 copies were ordered. Shortly following the release of the CD single, the song was also featured on the \"Lullaby for Columbine\" CD."}, {"context": " Since the advent of online social media, a fandom for shooters Harris and Klebold has had a documented presence on social media sites, especially Tumblr. Fans of Harris and Klebold refer to themselves as \"Columbiners.\" An article published in 2015 in the \"Journal of Transformative Works\", a scholarly journal which focuses on the sociology of fandoms, noted that Columbiners were not fundamentally functionally different from more mainstream fandoms. Columbiners create fan art and fan fiction, and have a scholarly interest in the shooting."}, {"context": " The Columbine shootings influenced subsequent school shootings. Many school shooting plots mention it. Shortly after, a rash of copycat threats led to the closing of entire districts. One arrested student boasted he could \"outdo\" its number of casualties. The first copycat may have been the W. R. Myers High School shooting, just 8 days later, when a 14-year old Canadian student went into his school at lunchtime, with a sawed-off .22 rifle under his dark blue trench coat, and opened fire, killing one student. A month after the massacre, Heritage High School in Conyers, Georgia had a shooting which Attorney General Janet Reno called a Columbine \"copycat\". A friend of Harris and Klebold, Eric Veik, was arrested after threatening to \"finish the job\" at CHS in October, 1999."}, {"context": " In 2001, Charles Andrew Williams, the Santana High School shooter, reportedly told his friends that he was going to \"pull a Columbine,\" though none of them took him seriously. In 2005, Jeff Weise, an American Indian who wore a trench coat, killed his grandfather, who was a police officer, and his girlfriend. He took his grandfather's weapon and his squad car, and drove to his former high school in Red Lake and murdered several students before committing suicide. In an apparent reference to Columbine, he asked one student if they believed in God."}, {"context": " Convicted students Brian Draper and Torey Adamcik of Pocatello High School in Idaho, who murdered their classmate Cassie Jo Stoddart, mentioned Harris and Klebold in their homemade videos, and were reportedly planning a \"Columbine-like\" shooting. In December 2007, a man killed two at a Youth With A Mission center in Arvada, Colorado and another two at the New Life Church in Colorado Springs before committing suicide. He quoted Harris prior to the attack under the heading \"Christianity is YOUR Columbine\"."}, {"context": " In a self-made video recording sent to the news media by Seung-Hui Cho prior to his committing the Virginia Tech shootings, he referred to the Columbine massacre as an apparent motivation. In the recording, he wore a backwards baseball cap and referred to Harris and Klebold as \"martyrs.\" Adam Lanza, the perpetrator of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting had \"an obsession with mass murders, in particular the April 1999 shootings at Columbine High School in Colorado.\" The perpetrator of the Emsdetten school shooting praised Harris in his diary."}, {"context": " In November 2007, Pekka-Eric Auvinen imitated Columbine with a shooting in Jokela in Tuusula, Finland. He wore a shirt saying \"Humanity is Overrated\". The perpetrator of the Dawson College shooting wrote a note praising Harris and Klebold. The Tumblr fandom gained widespread media attention in February 2015 after three of its members conspired to commit a mass shooting at a Halifax mall on Valentine's Day. In 2017, two 15-year-old school boys from Northallerton, UK were charged with conspiracy to murder after becoming infatuated with the crime and \"hero-worshipping\" Harris and Klebold."}, {"context": " Ralph Larkin wrote the Columbine massacre established a script for school shootings. Larkin examined twelve major school shootings in the US in the following eight years and found that in eight of those, \"the shooters made explicit reference to Harris and Klebold.\" Larkin wrote \"Numerous post-Columbine rampage shooters referred directly to Columbine as their inspiration; others attempted to supersede the Columbine shootings in body count.\" In 2012, sociologist Nathalie E. Paton of the National Center for Scientific Research in Paris analyzed the videos created by post-Columbine school shooting perpetrators. A recurring set of motifs was found, including explicit statements of admiration and identification with previous perpetrators. Paton said the videos serve the perpetrators by distinguishing themselves from their classmates and associating themselves with the previous perpetrators."}, {"context": " A 2014 investigation by ABC News identified \"at least 17 attacks and another 36 alleged plots or serious threats against schools since the assault on Columbine High School that can be tied to the 1999 massacre.\" Ties identified by ABC News included online research by the perpetrators into the Columbine shooting, clipping news coverage and images of Columbine, explicit statements of admiration of Harris and Klebold, such as writings in journals and on social media, in video posts, and in police interviews, timing planned to an anniversary of Columbine, plans to exceed the Columbine victim counts, and other ties."}, {"context": " A 2015 investigation by CNN identified \"more than 40 people...charged with Columbine-style plots.\" According to psychiatrist E. Fuller Torrey of the Treatment Advocacy Center, a legacy of the Columbine shootings is its \"allure to disaffected youth.\" In 2015, journalist Malcolm Gladwell writing in \"The New Yorker\" magazine proposed a threshold model of school shootings in which Harris and Klebold were the triggering actors in \"a slow-motion, ever-evolving riot, in which each new participant's action makes sense in reaction to and in combination with those who came before.\""}]}, {"title": "HD 214810", "paragraphs": [{"context": " HD 214810 is a visual binary star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. The pair orbit each other with a period of about 54.2\u00a0years."}]}, {"title": "Exercise and music", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The interplay of exercise and music have been long-discussed, crossing the disciplines of biomechanics, neurology, physiology, and sport psychology. People \"automatically feel the beat\" of the music they listen to and instinctively adjust their walking pace and heart rate to the tempo of the music . Listening to music while exercising has been found in multiple studies to create an increased sense of motivation, distracting the mind while increasing heart rate. Faster tempo music has been found by researchers to motivate exercisers to work harder when performing at a moderate pace, but peak performance has been found to be unaffected by listening to music."}, {"context": " In a study published in 2009, researchers at the Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences at Liverpool John Moores University had 12 subjects ride a stationary bicycle at a pace that they could sustain for 30 minutes while listening to a song of the subject's choice. In successive trials, they rode the bikes again, with the tempo of the music variously increased or decreased by 10%, without the subject's knowledge. The researchers results showed that the riders heart rate and mileage decreased when the tempo was slowed, while they rode a greater distance, increased their heart rate and enjoyed the music more at the faster tempo. Though the participants thought their workout was harder at the more upbeat tempo, the researchers found that when the faster-paced music was heard while exercising \"the participants chose to accept, and even prefer, a greater degree of effort\"."}, {"context": " Scientists at the University of Wisconsin\u2013La Crosse found in a 2003 study that participants who chose to listen to faster-paced music generated a higher heart rate, pedaled harder and generated more power, increasing their level of work by as much as 15% by diverting their focus to the music. The study tested 20 volunteers who listened to an MP3 player loaded with a mix of 13 songs that they selected and then rode an exercise bike for an hour at a pace and gear of their choice. The study found that heart rates rose from 133 to 146 beats per minute and power output increased accordingly, when listening to the tempo-less sound of crashing waves versus music with a medium to fast tempo."}, {"context": " A 2004 study by a research team from Australia, Israel and the United States found that runners performing at a pace where they were at 90% of their peak oxygen uptake enjoyed listening to music. Crazy enough, the music had no effect on their heart rate or running pace, regardless of the music's tempo. Generally, studies suggest that athletes use music in purposeful ways to facilitate training and performance. In one study, seventy elite Swedish athletes completed a questionnaire relating the empirical motives for listening to music. The results showed that most of they often listened to music during pre-event, pre-training sessions, and warm-ups. The athletes gave as reasons for listening to music that they felt that it increased activation, positive affect, motivation, performance levels, and flow. There are also types workout music using brainwave entrainment that claims to boost performance."}, {"context": " To further this idea, a study from the \"New York Times\" shows how music helps boost workouts. This experiment was done by testing a control group of people working out in a normal workout setting and the same group of people working out with machines that incorporated beats and rhythms into each rep. To do this, they installed the kits into three different workout machines, one a stair-stepper, the other two weight machines with bars that could be raised or pulled down to stimulate various muscles. Thomas Hans Fritz, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute who led the study said, \u201cParticipants could express themselves on the machines by, for instance, modulating rhythms and creating melodies.\u201d Throughout each workout, the researchers monitored the force their volunteers generated while using the machines, as well as whether the weight lifters\u2019 movements tended to stutter or flow and how much oxygen the volunteers consumed, a reliable measure of physical effort. Afterward, the scientists asked the volunteers to rate the tolerability or unpleasantness of the session, on a scale from 1 to 20."}]}, {"title": "Diachasma alloeum", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Diachasma alloeum is a small wasp in the family Braconidae. It is a parasitoid of \"Rhagoletis pomonella\", the apple maggot. The wasp lays its eggs into third-instar larvae of the fly, which then develop after the larvae have pupated. The immature wasps then eat the fly larvae and overwinter inside the fly puparia. \"D. alloeum\" wasps attacking \"R. pomonella\" in apples appear to be undergoing a speciation event in concert with their hosts. This is an example of sequential sympatric speciation."}]}, {"title": "Paskal Milo", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Paskal Milo (born 22 February 1949) is an Albanian historian, politician, and leader of the Social Democracy Party of Albania. He has also been a member of the Albanian Parliament since 1992, and a professor of Albanian and Foreign literature. Milo has held various posts under the Albanian government in the late 1990s and early 2000s, notably that of Foreign Minister. Milo was born in Palas\u00eb, a village of the Himar\u00eb municipality, Vlor\u00eb County. He graduated in the University of Tirana and holds a PhD degree. After the post of Foreign Minister of Albania, he has been a Minister for the European Integration of Albania in 2001-2002."}]}, {"title": "Yakar", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Yakar is a surname and it may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Erwin Huber (athlete)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Erwin Huber (5 April 1907 \u2013 23 May 2003) was a German athlete. He competed in the men's decathlon at the 1928 Summer Olympics and the 1936 Summer Olympics."}]}, {"title": "Nu'man", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Nu'man () or Nu'maan is an Arabic given name dating to pre-Islamic times, meaning \"blood\" or \"red\". Not to be confused with the close proximity of a similar Arabic word meaning happiness. It is also used with the definite article, , transliterated \"an-Nu'man\" or \"al-Nu'man\". It may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "List of Belgian supercentenarians", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Belgian supercentenarians are citizens, residents or emigrants from Belgium who have attained or surpassed 110 years of age. The Gerontology Research Group (GRG) has validated the longevity claims of 20 Belgian supercentenarians, including 18 residents and 2 emigrants. The oldest known Belgian person was Joanna Deroover, who died in 2002 aged 112 years 186 days. The oldest Belgian man ever was Jan Machiel Reyskens, who lived 111 years and 241 days from 1878 to 1990. As of , the oldest living Belgian is Elisabeth de Proost, born 5 February 1908, aged .  The list including known and validated supercentenarians who died before 2015 was compiled by the Gerontology Research Group (GRG). Later cases were sourced either from more recent GRG data, from administrative reports or from press coverage, as indicated in the table. Unranked entries have not been validated by the GRG, which only publishes recent cases above 112 years old."}]}, {"title": "Takuya Seguchi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"Updated to 23 February 2018\"."}]}, {"title": "St. Johnsbury and Lamoille County Railroad", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The St. Johnsbury and Lamoille County Railroad (StJ&LC) was constructed in the 1870s as the Vermont Division of the Portland and Ogdensburg Railway to connect the Great Lakes with the seaport of Portland, Maine. The westerly connection with the Great Lakes was never made. The eastern end of the Vermont Division was leased to the Maine Central Railroad in 1912, and the remainder of the line became a subsidiary of the Boston and Maine Railroad. The Boston & Maine operated their segment as the St. Johnsbury and Lake Champlain Railroad after 1925. This segment was reorganized as the St. Johnsbury and Lamoille County Railroad in 1948."}, {"context": " Freight traffic was 30% inbound commodities, 20% outbound dairy products to Boston, 15% outbound forest products, and 25% outbound limestone, talc and asbestos. The remaining 10% was bridge line traffic (westbound paper and eastbound feed) for the Maine Central Railroad Mountain Division. Six 70-ton General Electric Diesel locomotives replaced steam locomotives. Passenger service ended in 1956. Trucks had taken all of the milk traffic by 1961, but bridge line traffic had increased six-fold following the 1953 dissolution of Maine Central's joint operating agreement with Boston and Maine Railroad. Light-duty rail and covered bridges prevented the line from accepting new heavier \"incentive\" freight car loadings. The covered bridges were replaced or reinforced so worn out light diesel locomotives could be replaced by larger locomotives; but track conditions deteriorated under the heavier loads."}, {"context": " The State of Vermont purchased the line from Samuel Pinsly in 1973. The line was then operated by Morrison-Knudsen as the Vermont Northern Railroad for a time. In 1978, local shippers took over the operation and it became the Lamoille Valley Railroad. In 1989, the line was leased to a Florida company and was operated by them until major flooding in 1995 and 1997 damaged the line so much that it was not profitable to repair the track. In 2002, the state of Vermont started converting the 96 mile route into a recreational trail and created the Lamoille Valley Rail Trail."}, {"context": " Milepost 0: St. Johnsbury interchange with Maine Central Railroad and Canadian Pacific Railway. Milepost 1.4: Fairbanks Scales factory Milepost 11.5: Danville Milepost 19.7: Walden Milepost 27.8: Greensboro Bend Milepost 34.7: Hardwick junction with Hardwick and Woodbury Railroad. 98-foot covered bridge built 1909 over the Lamoille River burned 1959. Milepost 39: Preserved 90-foot Fisher covered bridge built in 1908 over the Lamoille River was strengthened in 1968 to be the last covered railroad bridge in service."}, {"context": " Milepost 41: Wolcott 120-foot covered bridge built 1909 over the Lamoille River replaced by steel bridge about 1968. Milepost 48.9: Morrisville was the most important shipping point on the line. Milepost 51.6: Hyde Park Milepost 56.4: Johnson Eastern Magnesia Talc Milepost 64.6: Cambridge Junction with Central Vermont Railroad. 113-foot covered bridge built 1899 over the Lamoille River replaced by steel bridge about 1968. Milepost 78.4: Fairfield Milepost 83: Sheldon Milepost 84.6: Sheldon Junction with Central Vermont Railroad  Milepost 90.9: Highgate Milepost 94.7: East Swanton junction with Central Vermont Railroad. Three-span 369-foot covered bridge over the Missisquoi River built in 1898 was on the main line between East Swanton and Swanton. It was preserved by routing StJ&LC trains over the Central Vermont Railroad. Milepost 96.1: Swanton Swanton Lime Works and interchange with Central Vermont Railroad"}]}, {"title": "Ateyaba", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Atebaya is the first studio album by French rapper Joke. It was released on June 2, 2014, by Dej Jam France and Universal Music. The album features guest appearances by Jhene Aiko, Pusha T, Dosseh, Seth Gueko, Rim'K, Bip's and Titan."}]}, {"title": "Old Union County Courthouse (Georgia)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Old Union County Courthouse in Blairsville, Georgia was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It was designed by architects Golucke & Stewart. It has a hipped roof with intersecting gables. An original clock tower is gone, as are some decorative turrets. It has a Richardsonian Romanesque stone-trimmed arch at the main entrance. The courthouse is in the center of a traffic circle that includes Cleveland Street from the south, Pat Haralson Memorial Drive from the north, Blue Ridge Street from the west, and Wellborn Street and Candler Drive from the east. Until 2016 US 19/129/SR 11 circled around the courthouse from Cleveland Street to the south onto Blue Ridge Street to the west."}]}, {"title": "Horse and buggy", "paragraphs": [{"context": " A horse and buggy (in American English) or horse and carriage (in British English and American English) refers to a light, simple, two-person carriage of the late 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, drawn usually by one or sometimes by two horses. Also called a roadster or a trap, it was made with two wheels in England and the United States, and with four wheels in the United States as well. It had a folding or falling top. A Concorde buggy, first made in Concord, New Hampshire, had a body with low sides and side-spring suspension. A buggy having two seats was a double buggy. A buggy called a stanhope typically had a high seat and closed back."}, {"context": " The bodies of buggies were sometimes suspended on a pair of longitudinal elastic wooden bars called \"sidebars\". A buggy whip had a small, usually tasseled tip called a \"snapper\". In countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada, it was a primary mode of short-distance personal transportation, especially between 1815 and 1915. At that time, horseback riding in towns and rural areas was less common and required more specific skills than driving a buggy. Horsemanship tended to be an aristocratic skill of larger American and British landowners, North American western pioneers, the military and scouts. Buggies required at least crudely graded main roadways, where horses could go almost anywhere. The growing use of"}, {"context": " buggies for local travel expanded, along with stage lines and railroads for longer trips. In cities and towns, horse-drawn railed vehicles gave carriage to poor workers and the lower middle class. The upper middle class used buggies, as did farmers, while the rich had the more elegant 4-wheel carriages for local use. In the late 19th century, bicycles became another factor in urban personal transport. Until mass production of the automobile brought its price within the reach of the working class, horse-drawn conveyances were the most common means of local transport in towns and nearby countryside. Buggies cost around $25 to $50, and could easily be hitched and driven by untrained men, women, or children. In the United States, hundreds of small companies produced buggies, and their wide use helped to encourage the grading and graveling of main rural roads and actual paving in towns. This provided all-weather passage within and between larger towns."}, {"context": " By the early 1910s, the number of automobiles had surpassed the number of buggies, but their use continued well into the 1920s in out of the way places. During the 1930s, unemployment due to the Great Depression and high gasoline prices meant many car owners in the U.S. and Canada could no longer afford to drive. The Bennett buggy (in Canada) \u2013 or Hoover wagon (in the U.S.) \u2013 was an automobile converted to be pulled by horses. In the 21st century, the buggy is still used as normal, everyday means of transportation by Anabaptists like the Amish, parts of the Old Order Mennonites, parts of the Old Order River Brethren and parts of the German-speaking \"Russian\" Mennonites in Latin America but also by the Old Order German Baptist Brethren and Old Brethren German Baptists (both are conservative Schwarzenau Brethren). A triangular warning sign with red border and yellow background is often attached to the rear of the buggy."}, {"context": " Commercial horse-and-buggy rides mainly for tourists are conducted in several places, for example in New York City's Central Park area, in Vienna, Brussels and other European and North American sites. Today, the term \"horse and buggy\" is often used in reference to the era before the advent of the automobile and other socially revolutionizing major inventions. By extension, it has come to mean clinging to outworn attitudes or ideas, and hopelessly outmoded, old-fashioned, non-modern, or obsolete."}]}, {"title": "2016 Miami Marlins season", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Miami Marlins' 2016 season was the 24th season for the Major League Baseball franchise, and the fifth as the \"Miami\" Marlins. This was the first season under manager Don Mattingly. The Marlins finished in third place in the National League East. This also marked Jos\u00e9 Fern\u00e1ndez's final season as he died in a boating accident on September 25. \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; BB = Walks; SO = Strikeouts; Avg. = Batting average; OBP = On Base Percentage; SLG = Slugging Percentage; SB = Stolen bases\"  \"Note: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts\""}]}, {"title": "Zolta\u0301n Farkas", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Zolt\u00e1n Farkas may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Goodwen", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Goodwen was formed officially in March 2003. Originally created as a Ska band, Goodwen has pioneered a genre all their own. Blending aggressive Indie rock with three-piece horn section created a very original sound. Powerful and emotional music was the proverbial fuel for their incredibly energetic live show. The band, composed of seven members, has relentlessly toured the Midwest. Goodwen currently has one full album, \"En Memoria Vestrum\", with plans to release a second in the future. They also have two demo CDs available. The song \"Question Marks\" has also been featured in the compilation from Future Destionation Records, \"Reasons for Living\"."}, {"context": " Growing up in the household of the signed banjo artist Todd Elam, Tyler and Jordan Elam, (guitar and drums), along with long-time friend Dustin Smith began creating music as early as 2000. Gradually as they began to expand their musical skills, more projects were developed involving more musicians using a variety of different instruments. Cody Madonna, a longtime friend of Jordan, suggested the idea of beginning a Ska band. With this development came the addition of Armond Luckey and his amazing trumpet ability, Dustin Schamaun with a deep appreciation for the underlying tones of jazz saxophone, and Julie Heidorn on trombone."}, {"context": " GOODWEN - Is a six member group from Middletown, Ohio that plays \"progressive horn rock\". The musical style is broad-based due to the diverse tastes of the group. The sound can move from heavy to soft. There are those who mistake Goodwen for a Ska band because they have a trumpet and sax. Most assuredly, they are not.~FaithFest.net.\" Goodwen has stated in their Cincy CDs interview that, though the band has horns and was originally thought to be a Ska band, Goodwen does not consider themselves to be a Ska band, nor do they wish to be thought of as a Ska band."}, {"context": " Current: Past Over the years, Goodwen has shared stages with many bands such as: Blindside, The Elms, Ace Troubleshooter, Roper, Dead Poetic, Cartel, Showbread and others. Touring from Wisconsin to West Virginia, the band has performed over two hundred shows. Often the band toured with their long-time friends The Red Racer, a prominently Indie rock band from Terre Haute, Indiana. Goodwen has also made several performances at Ichthus Christian rock festival with attendance in the tens of thousands."}, {"context": " Future Destinations Compilation Reasons for Living DVD Online Video Sample In late 2005 Goodwen was contacted by an anonymous solo performer dubbed A New Reality, who claimed that Goodwen had stolen his music without consent. The performer has no formal proof other than a recording of the song \"A Glance at the Present from the Past\" performed differently. There have since been no further accusations. In early 2006, Cody Madonna declared that he would be taking a year-long certification course in Orlando, Florida to become a licensed Harley Davidson mechanic. Unable to perform without a bass guitar player, Goodwen decided to take a break. Though the official final show of Goodwen was March 3, 2006 at \"4th and Main\" in Franklin, Ohio, the band has since performed one reunion show at \"The Garage\" in Springboro Ohio From the message boards, with the return of Cody scheduled for the summer of 2007, Goodwen has plans to write and record new material. Members have also claimed that they expect a new album release mid to late summer of 2007, which will contain several songs already written in the Goodwen Archives as well as songs currently being written.  Rocking at the Alter Cincy CD's Interview Cox News Goodwen Article Goodwen News Video Footage (QuickTime) Concert Listing"}]}, {"title": "Faculty psychology", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Faculty psychology views the mind as a collection of separate modules or faculties assigned to various mental tasks. The view is explicit in the psychological writings of the medieval scholastic Theologians, such as Thomas Aquinas. It is also present, though more implicitly, in Franz Joseph Gall's formulation of phrenology, the now-disreputable practice of measuring personality and sensory traits by estimating brain mass of organs on one's head to determine ways to improve faults. However, faculty psychology has been revived in Jerry Fodor's concept of modularity of mind, the supposition that different modules manage sensory input and other mental functions."}, {"context": " It is debatable to what extent the continuous \"mention\" of faculties throughout the history of psychology should be taken to indicate a continuity of the term's meaning. In medieval writings, psychological faculties were often intimately related to metaphysically-loaded conceptions of \"forces,\" particularly to Aristotle's notion of an efficient cause. This is the view of faculties which is explicit in the works of Thomas Aquinas: By the 19th century, the founders of Experimental Psychology had a very different view of faculties. In this period, Introspection was well-regarded by many as one tool among others for the investigation of mental life. In his \"Principles of Physiological Psychology,\" Wilhelm Wundt insisted that faculties were nothing but descriptive class-concepts, meant to denote classes of mental events which could be discerned in introspection, but which never actually appeared in isolation. He took caution in insisting that older, metaphysical conceptions of faculties must be guarded against, and that the scientist's tasks of classification and explanation must be kept distinct:  It was in this and the ensuing period that faculty psychology came to be sharply distinguished from the act psychology promoted by Franz Brentano -- whereas the two are barely distinguished in Aquinas, for example."}]}, {"title": "Junior Paulo", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Junior Paulo may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Turkish Airlines Flight 634", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Turkish Airlines Flight 634 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Turkish Airlines' hub at Istanbul Atat\u00fcrk Airport to Diyarbak\u0131r Airport in southeastern Turkey. On 8 January 2003 at 20:19 EET (18:19 UTC), the aircraft operating the flight, a British Aerospace Avro RJ100, struck the ground on final approach approximately short of the runway threshold during inclement weather conditions. In the following collision with a slope, a post-crash fire broke out, killing 75 of the 80 occupants, including both pilots."}, {"context": " The aircraft involved in the accident was a 1993-built British Aerospace Avro RJ100 with manufacturer serial number E3241. Owned by Trident Jet (Dublin) Limited, it was equipped with four Lycoming LF507-1F turbofan engines and performed its first flight in March 1994. Until the time of the accident, it had accumulated a total of 20,000 flight hours in a total of 17,000 flight cycles. The aircrew consisted of two pilots and three flight attendants. Captain Alaaddin Yunuk, a former Turkish Air Force pilot aged 34, had joined Turkish Airlines in 1995 and had accumulated 6,309 flight hours in total. First Officer Ismail Uluslu, aged 33, had joined Turkish Airlines in 1998 and had since clocked 2,052 flight hours in total. The flight was carrying 75 passengers. Of the 80 people on board, initially six passengers survived but one passenger later succumbed to his injuries."}, {"context": " Flight 634 departed Istanbul Atat\u00fcrk Airport at 18:43 EET (16:43 UTC) for the nearly two-hour flight to Diyarbak\u0131r in southeastern Turkey. Approximately one hour into the flight and off the destination airport, the crew contacted Diyarbakir Airport's approach control, which cleared the flight to approach the airport from the south for runway 34 using VHF omnidirectional range \u2013 a type of short-range radio navigation system which enables aircraft with a receiving unit to determine their position and stay on course \u2013 and instructed the crew to descend to . The weather report relayed to crew by the controller stated no winds and visibility of ."}, {"context": " When the flight was from runway 34 and at an altitude of , air traffic control instructed the crew to continue the approach and report as soon as they had established visual contact with the runway. The crew acknowledged the call and prepared the aircraft for landing, deploying the landing gear and extending the flaps. Continuing to descend, the aircraft reached its minimum descent altitude (MDA) of \u2013 the lowest altitude to which descent is authorized on final approach or during circle-to-land maneuvering in execution of a standard instrument approach procedure where no electronic glideslope is provided (the airport was not equipped with an instrument landing system) \u2013 but both pilots said that they still had no visual reference to the runway or its approach lighting system because of the thick fog. One pilot discerned some lights in the distance but was not sure what exactly they belonged to."}, {"context": " Nonetheless, violating standard procedures, the captain decided to continue the approach to as close as to the runway and descended further to and beyond, well below the MDA. At off the threshold of the runway and at an altitude of (which in this case constituted the decision height), the ground proximity warning system (GPWS) started to trigger aural alarms. Eight seconds later, the crew decided to abort the landing and initiated a go-around, but before being able to execute the command struck the ground with the undersurface of the fuselage and the landing gear at 20:19 EET (18:19 UTC), off the threshold of runway 34 and off the approach lights at a speed of around ."}, {"context": " The aircraft slid on the ground for about while starting to disintegrate. Eventually, it hit a slope, broke up into three major pieces, exploded and caught fire; most of the bodies and parts of the wreckage were burnt. The debris was spread out in an area of about . The impact instantly killed both pilots, the three flight attendants and 69 of the 75 passengers. Six passengers survived, one of whom however later succumbed to his injuries in hospital. Since the crash site was within the boundaries of the airport, search and rescue teams of the 2nd Tactical Air Force Command stationed at Diyarbak\u0131r Air Base, which included two helicopters, were quickly deployed. However, neither helicopter was able to participate in the rescue efforts because of the dense fog, which, according to eyewitness accounts, was below one metre at times. Numerous firetrucks and ambulances were deployed to extinguish the post-crash fire and rescue the victims."}, {"context": " The investigation into the accident was carried out by Turkey's Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). Both flight recorders \u2013 the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) and the flight data recorder (FDR) \u2013 were found intact and were sent to Turkish Airlines' laboratories for analysis. According to records, Captain Yunuk and First Officer Uluslu were found to have been properly trained, qualified and experienced. They had sufficient rest before reporting for duty on the day of the accident. Drug and alcohol tests returned negative results."}, {"context": " Investigators also turned their attention to the aircraft, but were not able to detect any abnormalities. All maintenance checks were completed properly. Close examination of the engines revealed that they were operating normally at the time of the accident. The aircraft was properly configured for landing \u2013 the flaps and the landing gear were extended properly and the altimeter was set correctly \u2013 and the ground proximity warning system (GPWS) also produced alarms which could be easily heard on the CVR recordings."}, {"context": " Search and rescue teams who immediately rushed to the site to respond to the crash reported thick fog at the crash site and complained about the lack of visibility which according to their account was as low as at times. This clearly contradicts the weather report the air traffic controller at Diyarbak\u0131r Airport has relayed to the crew minutes before the crash. According to them, the fire could not even be seen until arriving on the scene. Analysis of the FDR and the CVR revealed that at the moment the aircraft struck the ground it was at a heading of 339\u00b0 (north-northwest, in line with the runway centerline) and short of the threshold of runway 34 at a positive pitch rate of five degrees (which corresponds to a slight nose-up position). The autopilot was found to have been activated up until a short time before the accident.  The investigation was completed around two years later in April 2005 and concluded that: The Turkish Airline Pilots Association stated that an instrument landing system might have prevented the accident."}]}, {"title": "What a Night (Loveable Rogues song)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"What a Night\" is a song performed by British band, Loveable Rogues. It was their debut single and was intended to feature on a debut album. The single was released in Ireland and the United Kingdom on 19 April 2013. The band were dropped from Syco in October 2013, but the single was featured on their debut album \"This and That\", released in 2014 on Super Duper Records. Loveable Rogues first announced that they're signed to Syco on June, 2012. In late 2012, the band released a free mixtape through their Soundcloud channel. The collection of songs was released as a free download and was called 'First Things First'. \"What A Night\" was previewed along with new songs such as \"Maybe Baby\", \"Talking Monkeys\" and \"Honest\".  Two teaser videos were released before the music video. The first teaser video was uploaded to their Vevo channel on 11 February 2013. The second teaser released two days after or a week before the music video released; on 19 February 2013, the music video was uploaded to their Vevo channel. The video features the band having a night party with their friends. \"What a Night\" debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 9 on 27 April 2013 after debuting at number 5 on the UK Singles Chart Update."}]}, {"title": "Chelan High School", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Chelan High School is a small rural public high school located in Chelan, Washington. It is located within the Cascade Mountains, lying on the edge of the North Cascades National Park and the Wenatchee National Forest. Chelan High School has an approximate enrollment of 415 students in grades 9\u201312. The school's mascot is the Mountain Goats, and the school colors are Green, White and Red. Chelan High School's mascot is the Mountain Goats and their school colors are Green, White and Red. Chelan is a member of the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association and competes in the 1A Caribou Trail Conference. The Caribou Trail Conference consists of Chelan High School, Cascade High School, Cashmere High School, and Omak High School. The school participates in 14 sports, which are listed below."}]}, {"title": "Solar eclipse of May 9, 1948", "paragraphs": [{"context": " An annular solar eclipse occurred on May 9, 1948. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide. Annularity was visible from Car Nicobar, the northernmost of the Nicobar Islands, and Burma, Thailand including Bangkok, French Indochina (the part now belonging to Laos), North Vietnam (now belonging to Vietnam), China, South Korea, Rebun Island in Japan, Kuril Islands in the Soviet Union (now belonging to Russia), and Alaska. It was the first central solar eclipse visible from Bangkok from 1948 to 1958, where it is rare for a large city to witness 4 central solar eclipses in just 10 years."}]}, {"title": "Jean Thorailler", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Jean Raymond Henri Thorailler (7 January 1888 \u2013 1956) was a French male water polo player. He was a member of the France men's national water polo team. He competed with the team at the 1912 Summer Olympics and 1920 Summer Olympics. Thorailler was the flag bearer for France during the opening ceremony of the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam."}]}, {"title": "Fries's goby", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Fries's goby (\"Lesueurigobius friesii\") is a species of goby native to the Eastern Atlantic Ocean along the coasts of Europe and northern Africa as well as the Mediterranean Sea to the Sea of Marmara. This species burrows into muddy or muddy sand substrates at depths of from and is frequently found in association with the Norway lobster \"Nephrops norvegicus\". This species can reach a length of TL. The specific name honours the Swedish zoologist Bengt Fredrik Fries (1799-1839)."}]}, {"title": "The Sunshine Makers (2015 film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Sunshine Makers is a 2015 British documentary film directed by Cosmo Feilding-Mellen. It is about Nicholas Sand and Tim Scully, central figures during the counterculture of the 1960s. It premiered at Doc NYC on 16 November 2015. The score was composed by London-based musical collective The Heliocentrics and released on Soundway Records in 2017."}]}, {"title": "Alannah MacTiernan", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Alannah Joan Geraldine Cecilia MacTiernan (born 10 January 1953 in East Melbourne, Victoria) is an Australian politician. A member of the Australian Labor Party, she was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Council in 1993 until moving to the Legislative Assembly in 1996, where she served as a senior minister in the Gallop state Labor government. She resigned from state politics in July 2010 in an unsuccessful attempt to win the federal seat of Canning at the 2010 federal election, where she then moved to local politics as the mayor of the City of Vincent from 2011 to 2013. She was elected to the federal seat of Perth at the 2013 federal election, though did not contest the seat at the 2016 federal election. She returned to Western Australian state politics at the 2017 state election as a Legislative Council member for the North Metropolitan region."}, {"context": " Alannah MacTiernan studied at the University of Western Australia where she completed an arts degree and a law degree. She started her career with the federal government, in the area of Aboriginal employment and training. She was elected to the Perth City Council in 1988, where she remained until 1994. In 1993, she was elected as the member for the East Metropolitan region in the Western Australian Legislative Council. She was Minister for Planning and Infrastructure in the West Australian government from 2001 to 2008. During that time she established the Public Transport Authority (Western Australia) which helped to transform the planning and management of public transport, particularly in Perth. Her period in office saw the construction of many railway and road projects, including the building of the 70-kilometre-long Mandurah Line (including a tunnel under central Perth), the extensions of the Joondalup Line, Mitchell Freeway, and the Roe and Tonkin Highways, as well as the Kwinana Freeway/Forrest Highway extensions."}, {"context": " In early 2010, she announced her plans to contest the Liberal-held federal seat of Canning, which included her state seat, and on 26 February 2010 resigned from the shadow ministry. She officially resigned from state parliament on 19 July 2010, two days after prime minister Julia Gillard had announced the timetable for the 2010 federal election. Despite particularly strong results in areas which she had previously represented, MacTiernan came up short of victory, only garnering a 2.16 percent swing\u2014three points short of what she needed to take the seat from Llberal incumbent Don Randall. She was elected as the mayor of the City of Vincent in October 2011."}, {"context": " After Stephen Smith revealed that he was going to retire as member for the federal electorate of Perth at the 2013 federal election, MacTiernan announced her intention to contest the seat for the ALP, and the only other candidate for Labor pre-selection Matthew Keogh withdrew his nomination. At the election on 7 September, MacTiernan was successful in winning the seat despite a 1.5% swing against her. In July 2014 it was reported that a UMR \"robo-poll\" of 23 federal electorates, conducted for the National Tertiary Education Union, had found that MacTiernan was the second most popular federal MP, with an approval rating among her own constituents of +30.  MacTiernan announced in February 2016 that she would not be contesting her seat at the 2016 federal election. She was succeeded by Labor's Tim Hammond. In August 2016 MacTiernan announced she would return to Western Australian state politics, and was placed as WA Labor's first candidate for the North Metropolitan electoral region. The landslide victory for WA Labor at the 2017 state election ensured her return to the Legislative Council."}]}, {"title": "James Stuart", "paragraphs": [{"context": " James Stuart may refer to: Several Earls of Moray, including and several Earls of Bute and their predecessors, including:"}]}, {"title": "Cyclone Kina", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Severe Tropical Cyclone Kina was a significant tropical cyclone which became the second-costliest storm to ever hit Fiji, only after Cyclone Winston of 2016. Total losses from Kina are estimated to be near (). The system was first noted as a tropical depression, to the east of the Solomon Islands on December 23. Over the next few days the system moved south-eastwards and gradually developed further, before it was named Kina, after it had developed into a tropical cyclone during December 26. During the middle of December 1992, an active phase of the Madden\u2013Julian oscillation took place which helped to reinforce atmospheric convection across the western Pacific Ocean. A tropical depression subsequently developed, within this area of atmospheric convection in the monsoon trough to the east of the Solomon Islands during December 23. Over the next couple of days the system moved south-eastwards and passed to the north-east of Temotu Province, before the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) started issuing warnings on it during December 26. During that day the system rapidly developed further, before the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 07P. The systems subsequently relaxed for about twelve hours, before it started to steadily develop further during December 27. The system was subsequently named Kina by the FMS, after it had become a category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale. After being named the system posed a threat to Vanuatu, as it moved south-eastwards and continued to develop further."}, {"context": " During December 29, the JTWC reported that Cyclone Kina had reached its peak intensity with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 220\u00a0km/h (140\u00a0mph), which made the system equivalent to a category 4 hurricane on the SSHWS. At around the same time TCWC Nadi also reported that the system had reached its initial peak intensity, with 10\u00a0- minute sustained wind speeds of 150\u00a0km/h (90\u00a0mph) which made it a category 3 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale. The system subsequently remained at its peak intensity until early on December 31, when it start to weaken and move eastwards towards the Yasawa island group. During the next day as the system approached the Northern Yasawa islands, Kina turned sharply towards the southeast, which made it pass between Fiji's two main islands of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu."}, {"context": " Severe Tropical Cyclone Kina impacted the island nations of Fiji and Tonga, while it also threatened Vanuatu during its developing stages. Kina was one of the most destructive tropical cyclones to affect Fiji, with parts of the archipelago experiencing the full brunt of a cyclone, for the first time in twenty years. Fiji also suffered its second-greatest ever financial loss from a tropical cyclone, as a result of Kinas strange track through the island nation. The only cyclone to cause more damage in Fiji was Winston of February 2016. Due to the impact of this system, the name Kina was subsequently retired, from the list of names for the region by the World Meteorological Organization."}, {"context": " The systems rain bands started to impact the island nation during December 28, and over the next few days produced torrential rainfall throughout the archipelago. Strong winds were observed in the islands during January 1 and gradually increased to hurricane force over the next few days, as the system passed virtually through the middle of Fiji. As a result, most parts of the archipelago suffered moderate to severe damage was recorded, while 23 people were killed in Fiji by Kina mostly as a result of drowning and being struck by flying objects."}, {"context": " Late on January 2, the FMS issued a gale warning for the Tongan island groups of Ha\u02bbapai, Tongatapu and Vava\u02bbu, while the system was located about to the northwest of Nuku'alofa. During the next day as Kina moved more towards the south-southeast than had been expected, a hurricane warning was issued for Tongatapu, while a storm warning was issued for Ha\u02bbapai. Later that day the cyclone subsequently passed about to the southwest of Nuku'alofa. The FMS subsequently downgraded the warnings to gale force as the system moved rapidly towards the south, before all warnings were cancelled early on January 4. Within the islands major damage was confined to the Tongatapu group where the system caused a moderate amount of damages, with severe damage reported to food crops while a minimal amount of damage was reported to dwellings. Within Nuku'alofa two people drowned, while another person was electrocuted."}, {"context": " In conjunction with Kina, Nina affected Wallis and Futuna between January 3\u20134, however, there were no tropical cyclone warnings were issued for the French Territory by the FMS.<ref name=\"Cyclone Passes W/F\"></ref> Kina affected Futuna during January 3, where sustained winds of up to and wind gusts of up to were recorded. Nina affected Wallis Island later that day where sustained winds of up to and wind gusts of up to were recorded. Within the islands some damage to crops and houses was reported."}, {"context": " After Severe Tropical Cyclone Joni had affected Tuvalu during the previous month, Nina and Kina indirectly impacted the island nation during the opening days of January 1993. The systems contributed to the strength of the westerly winds that were already present over the islands, with winds of up to reported throughout the islands. As these winds combined with a heavy westerly swell and high seas, where they caused flooding of up to over the islands of Nanumea, Nanumaga, Niutao, Nui and Vaitupu. As a result, damage was reported to crops and several buildings in the island nation, including thirty houses. The two cyclones caused a severe amount of erosion in the island nation, with the shoreline on Vaitupu, receding by about . The Vaitupu Fisheries Harbour, that had only just been built during 1992, was seriously damaged by waves attributed to the two cyclones."}, {"context": " On the island of Nanumea, a poorly designed sea wall trapped the storm surge on the island, which caused salt water contamination of the island vegetation and killed several trees. The An appeal for international assistance was subsequently made by the Government of Tuvalu, as supplied of food and other essentials like petrol and kerosene on the worst affected islands were running low. International assistance was subsequently provided, by the United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs, who provided an emergency grant of . The European Commission also provided emergency aid to Tuvalu which enabled the Red Cross, to provide foodstuffs, shelter, medical supplies and utensils to people whose homes were destroyed."}]}, {"title": "1994 British Formula Three Championship", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 1994 British Formula Three season was the 44th British Formula Three Championship, won by Jan Magnussen. The season started on 27 March at Silverstone and ended there on 2 October following eighteen races. 1994 saw the introduction of a new points-scoring system, with points now awarded down to tenth position, instead of only to sixth as previously, and all rounds counting towards the championship. Magnussen broke the series' previous win record held by 1983 champion Ayrton Senna by winning fourteen of the season's eighteen races. Class B was won by Duncan Vercoe.  Source:"}]}, {"title": "Small nucleolar RNA Z221", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Small nucleolar RNA Z221 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA. snoRNA Z221 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.  Plant snoRNA Z221 was identified in a screen of \"Oryza sativa\"."}]}, {"title": "Iranolacerta brandtii", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Iranolacerta brandtii, also known as Brandt's Persian lizard, is a species of lizard found in Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. It is named for Johann Friedrich von Brandt, a German zoologist, surgeon, pharmacologist, and botanist."}]}, {"title": "List of lakes in Montgomery County, Arkansas", "paragraphs": [{"context": " There are at least 5 named lakes and reservoirs in Montgomery County, Arkansas. According to the United States Geological Survey, there are no named lakes in Montgomery County, Arkansas."}]}, {"title": "Dorothy Johnston", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Dorothy Johnston (born 1948) is an Australian author of both crime and literary fiction. She has published novels, short stories and essays. Born in Geelong, Victoria, Australia, Johnston trained as a teacher at the University of Melbourne and later worked as a researcher in the education field. She lived in Canberra from 1979 to 2008, and currently lives in Ocean Grove, Victoria (Australia). She is a former President of Canberra PEN. She was a founding member of the \"Seven Writers Group\", also known as \"Seven Writers\" or the \"Canberra Seven,\" established in March 1980. Five of the original members ceased with the group, but Johnston and Margaret Barbalet continued with new writers.  She was a member of \"Writers Against Nuclear Arms\", with her novel \"Maralinga, My Love\", focusing on the impacts of nuclear testing in Australia. Her books include the Sandra Mahoney quartet of mystery novels. Essays"}]}, {"title": "UP Writers Club", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The UP Writers\u2019 Club is a literary organization at the University of the Philippines Diliman. It was founded in 1927. The organization has produced Philippine literary artists including 8 National Artists for Literature (Virgilio Almario, Edith Tiempo, Francisco Arcellana, F. Sionil Jose, NVM Gonzales, Jose Garcia Villa, Nick Joaquin, and Bienvenido Lumbera). http://upwritersclub.tumblr.com/"}]}, {"title": "The Branded Woman", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Branded Woman is a 1920 American silent drama film released by First National Pictures. It stars Norma Talmadge who also produced the film along with her husband Joseph Schenck through their production company, Norma Talmadge Productions. The film is based on a 1917 Broadway play \"Branded\", by Oliver D. Bailey and was adapted for the screen by Anita Loos and Albert Parker who also directed. As described in a film magazine, Ruth Sawyer (Talmadge) is the unhappy victim of a notorious marriage between her parents. Her grandfather Judge Whitlock (Fawcett) disowns his son and makes the wife Dot Belmar (Studdiford) swear never to claim her daughter. The judge adopts Ruth under the name Sawyer and is known to her only as her guardian. Dot is now associated with Velvet Craft (Serrano) who runs a gambling house. Dot decides to hit at the judge through Ruth by breaking her promise and goes to see her at a fashionable boarding school. Dot is recognized as a notorious woman and Ruth is dismissed as an undesirable student. Her mother takes Ruth to the gambling den and initiates her to its loathsome secrets. When the judge returns from Europe, he immediately goes to Ruth and saves her from the degradation of such a life. Later he has the den closed. Ruth is broken up over her branded name. The judge introduces her to Douglas Courtenay (Marmont), a youthful British diplomat. Douglas is recalled to Paris where a valuable post is awarded him. The Judge and Ruth cross over to Europe on the same ship. Following her grandfather's advice, Ruth does not tell Douglas her story. Several years pass, and Ruth and Douglas are happy in Paris with their baby daughter, and Douglas has steadily advanced in his career. Velvet enters Ruth's life, and she gives him money to buy his silence. She slips, however, when she gives Velvet several large pearls from a necklace. The firm where her husband bought it discovers this when he brings the necklace to add two more pearls. The jewelry house puts a detective on Ruth and Velvet's trail. Ruth finally is forced to confess, and Douglas puts the wrong light on her explanation and says his faith in her is destroyed. Ruth returns to her grandfather's house. Several months later Douglas, thoroughly repentant, finds her, and they leave in happiness.  A print of \"The Branded Woman\" is preserved in the Library of Congress collection."}]}, {"title": "List of members of the National Academy of Sciences (Evolutionary biology)", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Piedmont Natural Gas", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Piedmont Natural Gas Company, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Duke Energy. Piedmont is an energy services company whose principal business is the distribution of natural gas to over one million residential, commercial, industrial and power generation customers in portions of North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee, including customers served by municipalities who are their wholesale customers. They are invested in joint venture, energy-related businesses, including regulated interstate natural gas transportation and storage and regulated intrastate natural gas transportation businesses. In 2013, the company was awarded as a Platinum-level Start! Fit-Friendly Company by the American Heart Association for the fifth consecutive year. The award is the highest level of recognition in AHA\u2019s Start! Program and it is bestowed to Piedmont for its high quality working environment and well-being for its staff.  The company was incorporated in New York in 1950 and began operations in 1951. In 1994, it merged into a newly formed North Carolina corporation with the same name to move its business to North Carolina. The company was acquired by Duke Energy on October 3, 2016."}]}, {"title": "Artem Vakhitov", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Artem Olegovich Vakhitov (; born April 4, 1991) is a Russian Muay Thai kickboxer who competes in the cruiserweight and heavyweight divisions. Having begun practicing Muay Thai at eleven years old, Vakhitov first came to prominence due to a successful amateur career by winning four IFMA European and three world championships as well as taking silver at the World Combat Games in 2010 and gold in 2013. He turned professional in 2009, and signed with Glory in 2013 after becoming the WMC European Super Light Heavyweight Champion. He is currently ranked the #1 light heavyweight in the world by LiverKick.com, Combat Press and GLORY. Vakhitov is the current Glory Light Heavyweight Champion."}, {"context": " Artem Vakhitov was born in Prokopyevsk on April 4, 1991 and began basic martial arts training under his father's tutelage at the age of five years before going on to study karate at the age of six, which he practiced for five years. He was forced to give up karate aged eleven when he and his family moved to another part of the city, but he soon found the Kuzbass Muay Thai gym where he is trained by Vitaly Miller and is a training partner of Artem Levin. Vakhitov holds the classification of Master of Sports in muay Thai, and is also a classically trained musician."}, {"context": " Vakhitov first came to prominence when he won the IFMA Russian Championships in 2008 aged seventeen. Following this, he would go on to win the Russian Championships four more times (2009, 2010, 2011 and 2013), the European Championships four times (2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012) and the World Championships three times (2010, 2011 and 2012). He also won a silver medal in the -81\u00a0kg/178\u00a0lb division at the 2010 World Combat Games, held in Beijing, China between August 28 and September 4, 2010. After taking unanimous decision wins over Kim Olsen and Nurbolat Sengirov in the quarter-finals and semis, respectively, he then lost to Simon Marcus by split decision in the final."}, {"context": " Competing in the -91\u00a0kg/200\u00a0lb division at the 2013 World Combat Games in Saint Petersburg, Russia between October 18 and 26, 2013, Vakhitov outpointed Dzianis Hancharonak in the quarters, TKO'd Thomas Alizier and knocked out Emidio Barone with a knee in the final to take the gold medal. In his first outing as a professional, Vakhitov competed in the \"Souboj Tit\u00e1n\u016f\" tournament in Plze\u0148, Czech Republic on November 21, 2009 and made it to the final where he faced Ji\u0159\u00ed \u017d\u00e1k. The bout was ruled a draw after the regulation three rounds and so it went to an extension round to decide the winner, after which \u017d\u00e1k took the judges' decision."}, {"context": " The following year, he entered the Tatneft Cup 2010 at -80\u00a0kg/176\u00a0lb. After beating Saiseelek Nor-Seepun in the opening round on January 31, 2010 and Yordan Yankov in the quarter-finals on April 30, 2010, both by unanimous decision, Vakhitov then exited the competition when he was defeated by his longtime teammate Artem Levin in the semi-finals on July 29, 2010, retiring in his corner at the end of the third round. He then re-entered the tournament, however, when Levin was unable to fight Alexander Stetsurenko in the final due to injury and Vakhitov was selected as his replacement. In a close match on October 20, 2010, Vakhitov took Stetsurenko into an extension round before losing by UD."}, {"context": " Having signed with the short-lived Muaythai Premier League, Vakhitov made his promotional debut on September 2, 2011 at \"Muaythai Premier League: Stars and Stripes\" in Long Beach, California, United States where he rematched Simon Marcus. It was a closely contested affair but Marcus edged ahead by successfully scoring from the clinch with elbows and knees on various occasions to win a unanimous decision. He faced another familiar foe in his sophomore MPL appearance, taking on Ji\u0159\u00ed \u017d\u00e1k at \"Muaythai Premier League: Blood and Steel\" in The Hague, Netherlands on November 6, 2011. He avenged his earlier loss to the Czech by winning via unanimous decision."}, {"context": " On December 2, 2011, Vakhitov won his first title as a professional, defeating Vando Cabral via TKO due to a cut caused by an elbow in round three at \"Battle of Champions 6\" in Moscow, Russia to become the WMC European Super Light Heavyweight (-82.55\u00a0kg/182\u00a0lb) Champion. He was set to replace Artem Levin in a fight with Joe Schilling for the WBC Muaythai Interim World Light Heavyweight Championship at \"Battle for the Belts\" in Bangkok, Thailand on June 9, 2012. He withdrew from the bout, however, after conceding that he would be unable to meet the -79.3\u00a0kg/175\u00a0lb weight limit and his place was taken by Karapet Karapetyan."}, {"context": " Continuing to move up in weight, Vakhitov beat Alexander Oleynik on points in a -91\u00a0kg/200\u00a0lb bout at the \"Alpha Cup\" in Moscow on May 18, 2013. It was the third meeting between the pair, with Vakhitov defeating Oleynik twice previously in the amateur ranks. Vakhitov signed with Glory shortly after, as a competitor in the kickboxing organization's -95\u00a0kg/209\u00a0lb light heavyweight division. He gave an impressive performance in his first fight under the Glory banner, scoring an early knockdown over Luis Tavares before finishing him with a liver shot just over a minute into the first round at \"\" in New York City, New York, US on June 22, 2013."}, {"context": " He defeated fellow amateur standout Nenad Pagonis by unanimous decision at \"\" in New York City on November 23, 2013. Vakhitov defeated Igor Jurkovi\u0107 via UD at \"\" in Broomfield, Colorado, US on May 3, 2014. He rematched Dzianis Hancharonak at \"Monte Carlo Fighting Masters 2014\" in Monte Carlo, Monaco on June 14, 2014, winning by unanimous decision and taking the vacant WMC World Heavyweight (-95.0\u00a0kg/209\u00a0lb) Championship. He was expected to fight against Andrei Stoica at on April 3, 2014. The Romanian withdrew for undisclosed reasons, however, and was replaced by Saulo Cavalari. Vakhitov lost the fight by split decision."}, {"context": " Vakhitov returned at against Danyo Ilunga and won the fight by unanimous decision and won the opportunity to re-match Saulo Cavalari for the Glory Light Heavyweight championship. Vakhitov successfully re-matched and defeated Saulo Cavalari by unanimous decision at and won the Glory Light Heavyweight championship. It was announced that Vakhitov would fight light heavyweight title contender Zack Mwekassa at in France. Vakhitov successfully defended his championship and stopped Mwekassa by knocking him down three times; declaring Vakhitov the winner by tko."}, {"context": " As his second title defense, Vakhitov was scheduled to rematch Saulo Cavalari at and dominated the fight, winning by tko in the second round. Vakhitov fought and successfully defended his Light Heavyweight championship against Brazilian contender, Ariel Machado at . Vakhitov knocked Machado down in the second round with a head kick, but after beating the 10 count, Vakhitov continued to beat Machado and won the fight by unanimous decision. It was announced that Vakhitov would re-match former opponent Danyo Ilunga at which will mark Vakhitov's fourth title fight in Glory."}]}, {"title": "Ramsay Cox", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Henry Ramsay Cox (19 May 1911 \u2013 1 December 2005) was an English first-class cricketer active 1930\u201354 who played for Nottinghamshire and Cambridge University. He was born and died in Radcliffe-on-Trent."}]}, {"title": "NetherRealm Studios", "paragraphs": [{"context": " NetherRealm Studios is an American video game developer based in Chicago, Illinois, founded in May 2010 to replace Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment's WB Games Chicago subsidiary. Led by video game industry veteran and \"Mortal Kombat\" co-creator Ed Boon, the studio is in charge of developing the \"Mortal Kombat\" and \"\" series of fighting games. On February 12, 2009, Midway Games, developer, publisher and owner of the \"Mortal Kombat\" intellectual property, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in the United States. Warner Bros. subsequently acquired \"substantially all of the assets\", including \"Mortal Kombat\", \"This Is Vegas\" and the Midway Games company structure, on July 10, 2009. While Warner Bros. went on to close most of Midway Games' Chicago, Illinois headquarters and San Diego, California and Liverpool, England development studios, they retained the Midway Games Chicago development studio, which became part of Warner Bros.' Interactive Entertainment division. The surviving studio was renamed WB Games Chicago a few days later. On April 20, 2010, the studio was reincorporated as NetherRealm Studios, effectively replacing WB Games Chicago.  NetherRealm Studios' first game, the ninth installment and reboot of the \"Mortal Kombat\" series, was released in April 2011. Their first game in an original intellectual property, \"\", based on the DC Universe, was released in 2013. The success of the two games allowed the development of respective sequels; \"Mortal Kombat X\" in 2015 and \" Injustice 2\" in 2017. Meanwhile, NetherRealm Studios has also developed the Android and iOS versions of \"\", \"\" and \"WWE Immortals\"."}]}, {"title": "Villalba de la Sierra", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Villalba de la Sierra is a municipality located in the province of Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 616 inhabitants."}]}, {"title": "KDKZ-LD", "paragraphs": [{"context": " KDKZ-LD is a low-powered television station that is licensed to Farmington, Missouri, and is serving the northwestern parts of the Cape Girardeau, MO/Paducah, KY media market, and the southernmost part of the St. Louis media market. The station is available on cable in the Farmington vicinity via Boycom Media. It is affiliated with AMGTV. This station also offers a local newscast at 10 p.m. CT weeknights, with replays at 1 a.m., therefore some AMGTV programming is pre-empted for that newscast and/or infomercials."}]}, {"title": "Colombina Parra", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Colombina Violeta Parra Tuca (born 1970) is a Chilean musician and singer. She was part of the Chilean grunge/alternative rock scene in the 1990s. Her band, Ex, were well known in Latin America when their first album came out with singles like \"Sacar la Basura\", \"La Corbata de mi T\u00edo\" and \"Vendo Diario\" in 1996. Parra is the daughter of the physicist, mathematician and self-titled \"anti-poet\" Nicanor Parra and the niece of famed folk singer Violeta Parra."}]}, {"title": "Euge\u0300ne Kuborn", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Eug\u00e8ne Kuborn (14 November 1902 \u2013 12 February 1991) was a Luxembourgian swimmer. He competed in the men's 100 metre backstroke at the 1924 Summer Olympics and the 1928 Summer Olympics and the water polo at the 1928 Summer Olympics."}]}, {"title": "Przew\u0142oka", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Przew\u0142oka may refer to the following villages in Poland:"}]}, {"title": "Austin Lone Stars", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Austin Lone Stars were a soccer club that competed in the SISL, USISL and United Soccer Leagues from 1987 to 2000. The club originally started in 1987/88 as the Austin Sockadillos in the original indoor SISL league. They became the Austin Lone Stars in 1994. In 1987, Fernando Marcos established the Austin Sockadillos. Coached by Tony Simoes and assisted by Wolfgang Suhnholz, the team played in the Southwest Indoor Soccer League (SISL). During the 1988-1989 season, they played their home games at Tatu's All Star Indoor Soccer Place. The league ran two outdoor seasons, but in 1989, introduced a summer outdoor season as well. During the 1989 outdoor season, the league was known as the Southwest Outdoor Soccer League and the team was known as the Capital Sockadillos It played its home games at a variety of venues including Burger Center, Nelson Field, and House Park. During the 1989 indoor season, the Sockadillos finished runner up to the Lubbock Lazers, but garnered multiple post-season honors,including MPV and league leading scorer (71 goals) Brian Monaghan, assist leader Uwe Balzis and Coach of the Year Tony Simoes. This year, Saeed Kadkhodaian also became team owner and Suhnholz replaced Simoes as head coach. Kadkhodaian had played for the team in its first few seasons. He had also held several positions in the team management. In 1990 Kadkhodaian leased the club to the Austin Capital Soccer Club. In March 1994, the team was renamed the Lone Stars and Suhnholz returned as head coach. By this time, the team was co-owned by Kadkhodaian and Rick Schram. In February 1997, the Lone Stars became a fully professional team.  MVP Leading scorer Rookie of the Year Coach of the Year"}]}, {"title": "Rognes, Bouches-du-Rho\u0302ne", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Rognes is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rh\u00f4ne department in southern France."}]}, {"title": "2nd Royal Bavarian Uhlans", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 2nd Royal Bavarian Uhlan Regiment () was a Bavarian Army Cavalry Regiment formed in 1863 in Ansbach. From 6 July 1864 it was nominally commanded by King Ludwig II of Bavaria until he was succeeded by King Otto of Bavaria on 13 June 1886. The regiment was part of the 4th Cavalry Brigade of then II Royal Bavarian Army Corps and later III Royal Bavarian Army Corps. The peacetime uniform was of dark green with crimson plastron and facings. A czapka with crimson top and white plume was worn in full dress."}, {"context": " During the Franco-Prussian War the \"2.Ulanen Regiment\" fought at Worth and Sedan in August and September 1870. It then undertook patrol work during the Siege of Paris. In August 1914 the regiment saw action at the Battle of the Marne and in Flanders. It was subsequently transferred to the Eastern Front. In common with the other Royal Bavarian cavalry regiments, the \"2.Ulanen Regiment\" was disbanded in February 1919. Between the wars its traditions were preserved by the 2nd Squadron of the \"Reiter-Regiment Nr. 17\" which formed part of the garrison of Ansbach."}]}, {"title": "Tora-Con", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Tora-Con is an annual two-day anime convention held during April at the Rochester Institute of Technology in Rochester, New York. The conventions name comes from the Japanese word 'tora' meaning tiger and is organized by the Rochester Institute of Technology Anime Club. The event is family friendly. The convention typically offers an Animated Music Video Contest, anime showings, Artists Alley, concerts, contests, Cosplay Chess Tournament, Cosplay Contest, Cosplay Dating Game, dances, gaming tournaments, Iron Cosplay, panels, and performances.  Tora-Con was founded to raise money for the Anime Club. They hit an attendance capacity of 2,500 in 2010 and had to close registration. The convention celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2014. In 2014, the event expanded to additional parts of campus and capped attendance at 3,000 people."}]}, {"title": "Polyadenum", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Polyadenum is a genus of proturans in the family Acerentomidae."}]}, {"title": "Roy Robinson (rugby league)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Roy Robinson (birth registered first \u00bc 1931 - 1999) was a professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s. He played at club level for St. Helens, Barrow, and Warrington (Heritage \u2116 604), as a , or , i.e. number 11 or 12, or 13, during the era of contested scrums. Roy Robinson's birth was registered in Prescot, Lancashire, he lived on Wilson Street, attended Rivington Road School, and played rugby on \"The Bruk\", a piece of wasteland adjacent to the Beecham's factory in St. Helens, he played snooker and dominoes at Windle Labour club, he died aged 68 at his home on Cowley Hill Lane, St Helens, Merseyside."}, {"context": " Roy Robinson played right-, i.e number 12, in St. Helens' 13-2 victory over Halifax in the 1955\u201356 Challenge Cup Final during the 1955\u201356 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 28 April 1956, in front of a crowd of 79,341. Although Roy Robinson had previously played 6-matches for St. Helens, he replaced the injured Walter Delves in the 1956 Challenge Cup final, which was the first ever match he had played in the Challenge Cup. Roy Robinson played right-, i.e. number 12, and scored a try in St. Helens' 16-8 victory over New Zealand in the 1955\u201356 New Zealand rugby tour of Great Britain and France during the 1955\u201356 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Wednesday 26 October 1955, in front of a crowd of 11,327."}, {"context": " Roy Robinson was transferred from St. Helens to Barrow along with Walter Delves for a combined fee of \u00a32,260 (based on increases in average earnings, this would be approximately \u00a3112,500 in 2015), he made his d\u00e9but for Warrington on Saturday 28 November 1959, and he played his last match for Warrington on Saturday 30 April 1960. Roy Robinson was the son of the rugby league footballer for St. Helens, Alfred \"Alf\" Robinson. Roy Robinson's marriage to Doreen (n\u00e9e Blakoe) was registered during October\u2192December 1958 in St. Helens district. They had children; David Robinson (birth registered during April\u2192June in St. Helens district), and Lynn Robinson (birth registered during January\u2192March in St. Helens district)."}]}, {"title": "Orlando Weld-Forester, 4th Baron Forester", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Reverend Orlando Watkin Weld Weld-Forester, 4th Baron Forester (18 April 1813 \u2013 22 June 1894), known until 1886 as the Honourable Orlando Weld-Forester, was a British peer and Church of England clergyman. Weld-Forester was a younger son of Cecil Weld-Forester, 1st Baron Forester, and Lady Katherine Mary Manners. His elder brothers John Weld-Forester, 2nd Baron Forester, and George Weld-Forester, 3rd Baron Forester, were both Tory government ministers. He was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated as MA in 1835."}, {"context": " Weld-Forester was Rector of Broseley, near his family estates at Willey Hall from 1841 to 1859, of Doveridge, Derbyshire 1859 to 1867, and of Gedling near Nottingham from 1867 until, following his succession to the peerage, 1887. He was also Prebendary of Hereford Cathedral (in whose diocese Broseley lay) from 1847 to 1868. In 1874 he became Residentiary Canon of York Minster and Chancellor of the Diocese of York, serving both offices until his death. Lord Forester married, firstly, Sophia Elizabeth Norman, daughter of Richard Norman, in 1840. After his first wife's death in 1872 he married, secondly, Emma Maria Tollemache, daughter of William Tollemache, in 1875.  In 1886, at the age of 72, he succeeded his elder brother as fourth Baron Forester. He died at his cathedral duty house in York in June 1894, aged 81, and was buried in Shropshire at Willey parish church. He was succeeded in the barony by his son from his first marriage, Cecil. Lady Forester died in 1898."}]}, {"title": "Brakefield", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Brakefield is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}]}, {"title": "Kevin Masters Show starring Tom Rhodes", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Kevin Masters Show starring Tom Rhodes is an English language Dutch television late night talk show that aired every Monday night at 10 p.m. by the Yorin television station from 2002-2004 in the Netherlands. \"Kevin Masters Show starring Tom Rhodes\" was hosted by comedian Tom Rhodes and featured rapper E-Life as the musical sidekick. Rhodes started performing in the Netherlands at Toomlers once a year, beginning in 1998. The RTL network contacted Rhodes London management after seeing him perform in 2002. The producers wanted an American host to interview Dutch celebrities and interpret Dutch culture. The name \"Kevin Masters\" was simply a generic American name the producers used to fill in until they assigned an actual host. The audition for a host was held at Toomlers, (Yiddish word for \"Traveling Merrimaker\") the home theatre of Comedytrain, the first stand-up comedy collective in the Netherlands. The actual show was filmed at Rozen Theater in Amsterdam. He was living in Amsterdam with a girlfriend at the time of auditioning for the show. Tom's audition for the show featured his normal stand-up routine and was selected as the best by producers. In addition to Dutch celebrities, Tom also interviewed American celebrities. The charm of the show was that the American host had no idea who these Dutch celebrities were, which added to the humor Rhodes could play upon with each guest."}, {"context": " As a stand-up transitioning to talk show host, Rhodes had to learn to ignore the audience and speak to the people at home through the camera lens. To help him with this task, the Dutch producers allowed him to tape a cut out of Muhammad Ali's head over Camera One. The cut-out remained for the entire first season. In every episode, Rhodes would experience an aspect of Dutch culture in a five-minute film. He called this his favorite part of the show. Some of these experiences included: spending a day with a Dutch farmer, covering the Prime Minister debates, a tour of the Red Light district and gay night life of Amsterdam, attending fashion and master chef awards. Anything culturally unique in Amsterdam was explained to Rhodes by experts, which Rhodes called \"like having a magic passport to the entire country.\""}, {"context": " There is no censorship on Dutch television, unlike in the United States, so Rhodes and his guests were able to swear, show nudity, and even smoke cannabis. Steve-O from Jackass recreated his famous \"nut-staple\" trick on the program in 2003. Having experienced television in both American and the Netherlands, Rhodes says the Netherlands were much more auspicious. \"The difference between making TV in the US versus the Netherlands is that in the US when quitting time comes everyone runs for the exits and can't get away from their co-workers fast enough. In the Netherlands it is traditional that at the end of the day people go for a drink or a meal and continue talking about the project that you are working on to make it better,\" said Rhodes. In an interview about the show, Rhodes stated he wished the show would run for 5\u201310 years, giving him enough time to learn Dutch.  The show ran for three full seasons. It was a concept created by Amsterdam's Blammo Television and was produced by Holland Media House, now Blue Circle. Rhodes became very popular in the Netherlands and was the equivalent to David Letterman in the Dutch talk show world. When the show came to an end, the network asked Tom to be a presenter on Yorin Travel, now known as RTL Travel."}]}, {"title": "1967 Norwegian Football Cup", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Lyn's winning squad: Svein Bj\u00f8rn Olsen, Jan Rodvang, Kjell Saga, Helge \u00d8stvold, Knut Kolle, Svein Bredo \u00d8stlien, Andreas Morisbak, Jan Berg, Harald Berg, Ola Dybwad-Olsen, Knut Berg, Reidar Tessem, Tom \u00d8rehagen and Sveinung Aarnseth."}]}, {"title": "Tumacacori National Forest", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Tumacacori National Forest was established as the Tumacacori Forest Reserve by the U.S. Forest Service in Arizona on November 7, 1906 with . It became a National Forest on March 4, 1907. On July 1, 1908 the entire forest was combined with Baboquivari National Forest and Huachuca National Forest to establish Garces National Forest, and the name was discontinued. The lands are presently included in Coronado National Forest. The forest lands were southwest of Tumacacori, Arizona in Santa Cruz County, and include part of the Pajarito Mountains. The lands are presently administered by the Nogales Ranger District of Coronado."}]}, {"title": "Bitter Seeds", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Bitter Seeds is a 2011 documentary film by American filmmaker and director and political commentator Micha Peled. The film is the third part of Peled's globalization trilogy after \"\" (2001) and \"China Blue\" (2005). Micha Peled's documentary on biotech (Bt) farming in India observes the impact of genetically modified cotton on India's farmers, with a suicide rate of over a quarter million Bt cotton farmers each year due to financial stress resulting from massive crop failure and the price of Monsanto's Bt seeds. The film also disputes claims by the biotech industry that Bt cotton requires less pesticide and promises of higher yields, as farmers discover that Bt cotton requires more pesticide than organic cotton, and often suffer higher levels of infestation by Mealybug resulting in devastating crop losses, and financial and psychological stress on cotton farmers. Due to the biotech seed monopoly in India, where Bt cotton seed has become the standard, and organic seed has become unobtainable, thus pressuring cotton farmers into signing Bt cotton seed purchase agreements with biotech multinational corporation Monsanto.  Leslie Hassler in the \"Huffington Post\" called \"Bitter Seeds\" riveting and poignant, though in places incredibly painful to watch. The documentary has won 18 international film awards, including the Green Screen Award (2011) and the Oxfam Global Justice Award (2011)."}]}, {"title": "Las Chiapanecas", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"Las Chiapanecas\" (\"The Chiapan Women\" or \"The Women of Chiapas\") is a traditional melody from Chiapas and has acquired status as an informal anthem of that state. There exists controversy about the authorship of the \"Chiapanecas\" melody, but the most probable account is as follows: The \"Chiapanecas\" melody was composed by the musician Bulmaro L\u00f3pez Fern\u00e1ndez (1878\u20131960), born in the city of Chiapa de Corzo. L\u00f3pez Fern\u00e1ndez was inspired by Chiapan women's traditional attire, which his then-fianc\u00e9e tended to wear; following his marriage and death, his widow, Juana Mar\u00eda Vargas, retained control of the composition's original score."}, {"context": " Musician, composer, and conductor Juan Arozamena (1899\u20131926), born in Mexico City, frequently performed the melody and added to it the widely known text that Nat King Cole, among others, used in performances and on recordings. As time passed, performers added choreography, usually intended to be danced by women wearing traditional Chiapan attire. <br> Spanish original <poem> Un clavel cort\u00e9. Por la sierra azul, [second verse as sung by Nat King Cole: \"Por la sierra fui,\"] caminito de mi rancho[, / ;]"}, {"context": " como el viento fue mi caballo fiel a llevarme hasta su lado. Linda flor de abril, toma este clavel, que te brindo con pasi\u00f3n. No me digas no, que en tu boca est\u00e1 el secreto de mi amor. Cuando la noche lleg\u00f3 y con su manto de azul el blanco rancho cubri\u00f3, alegre el baile empez\u00f3. Baila, mi chiapaneca; baila, baila con garbo; baila, suave rayo de luz. Baila mi chiapaneca; baila, baila con garbo, que en el baile la reina eres t\u00fa(, Chiapaneca gentil). </poem> English translation <poem> I cut/plucked a carnation. My faithful horse went like the wind through the blue mountain range, (down) the little road to my ranch, [Second verse as sung by Nat King Cole: \"I went through the mountain range, (down) the little road to my ranch; my faithful horse went like the wind\"] to bring me to its [\"antecedent ambiguous\"] side. Lovely flower of April, take this carnation, which I bring to you with passion. Do not say no to me, for the secret of my love is in your mouth.  When the night arrived and covered the white ranch with its blue cloak, the happy dance began. Dance, my Chiapaneca [\"Chiapan woman\"]; dance, dance with grace; dance, soft [\"or\" \"smooth\"] ray of light. Dance, my Chiapaneca; dance, dance with grace, for in the dance you are the queen(, gentle Chiapaneca). </poem>"}]}, {"title": "Capture of Schwaben Redoubt", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Capture of Schwaben Redoubt () was a tactical incident in the Battle of the Somme, 1916. The redoubt was a German strong point long and wide, built in stages since 1915, near the village of Thiepval, overlooking the River Ancre. It formed part of the German defensive system in the Somme sector of the Western Front during the First World War and consisting of a mass of machine-gun emplacements, trenches and dug-outs. The redoubt was defended by the 26th Reserve Division, from Swabia in south-west Germany, which had arrived in the area during the First Battle of Albert in 1914. Troops of the 36th (Ulster) Division captured the redoubt on 1 July 1916, until forced out by German bombardments and counter-attacks after night had fallen."}, {"context": " The British kept the area of the redoubt under bombardment until 3 September, when the 49th (West Riding) Division attacked the area from the west, in a morning fog. The 36th Division infantry got across no man's land but were defeated, when German artillery and machine gun fire swept the Irish troops and German infantry counter-attacked from the flanks, using hand grenades. In late September, the British gained a footing in the redoubt, during the Battle of Thiepval Ridge Attack and counter-attack followed until 14 October, when troops of the 39th Division, captured the last German foothold in the redoubt and repulsed German counter-attacks from The site of the redoubt lies between the Thiepval Memorial and the Ulster Tower."}, {"context": " The 26th (\"W\u00fcrttemberg\") Reserve Division Franz von Soden) of the XIV Reserve Corps Hermann von Stein), arrived on the Somme in late September 1914, attempting to advance westwards towards Amiens. By 7 October, the advance had ended and temporary scrapes had been occupied. Fighting in the area from the Somme north to the Ancre, subsided into minor line-straightening attacks by both sides. The primacy of artillery had been established during the fighting of 1914 and the exploitation of artillery fire power in defensive fighting, required means of communication between the front line and artillery positions in the rear. Artillery organisation needed to be centralised to make sure that all guns in range engaged targets."}, {"context": " In late December 1915, Major Bornemann, commander of the 26th Division field artillery, wrote a report in which he described failures of communication, which led to an advantage created by the blowing of a mine being squandered by the artillery. Bornemann wrote that artillery battery observation posts had been left unmanned, on the assumption that they had been superseded by artillery liaison officers in the front line. Reporting had been inadequate due to complacency and reports should have been circulated to all headquarters rather than individual officers assuming that the information had been communicated. The artillery should avoid settling into routine firing, since prisoners had reported that its predictability made it easy to evade and limiting firing to the area in front of batteries should cease and oblique firing into adjacent sectors begin, to ensure that British artillery could not fire with impunity from the flanks. Concentrations of fire consumed too much ammunition on local targets and should be limited to provide ammunition for firing on other targets, to disrupt British operations and to reassure German infantry that they would not be abandoned by the artillery."}, {"context": " Retaliatory fire should be prompt and authority to order fire should be shared by all artillery officers, rather than relying on unreliable communications to request authority to fire on targets as they were observed. As an example, Bornemann recommended that if a British artillery battery was detected, it should be engaged with immediately. Co-operation with artillery observers in aircraft and balloons should be improved, with at least one target selected for bombardment in every aircraft sortie, for which the artillery commanders should draw up gridded drawings of targets within range. When British aircraft were overhead, battery positions should cease fire to remain hidden and German aircraft units should be contacted to drive the British away. Bornemann suggested that artillery group commanders should have control of all artillery ammunition allotted to the group and that artillery regimental headquarters should be responsible for replacing stocks and passing on demands for more ammunition to higher headquarters."}, {"context": " On the Western Front, General Erich Falkenhayn Chief of the General Staff at the \"Oberste Heeresleitung\" (\"OHL\", German army high command) instituted a construction plan in January 1915, by which the western armies would be provided with field fortifications built to a common system, to economise on infantry, while offensive operations were conducted on the Eastern Front. Barbed-wire obstacles had been enlarged from one belt wide to two belts wide and about apart. The front line had been increased from one trench to three, apart, the first trench () to be occupied by sentry groups, the second () to accommodate the front-trench garrison and the third trench for local reserves. The trenches were to be traversed and have sentry-posts in concrete recesses built into the parapet. Dugouts were to be deepened from to , apart and large enough for . An intermediate line of strong points (the ) about behind the front line was also be built. Communication trenches were to be dug back to the reserve line, renamed the second line, which was as well built and wired as the first line. The second line was built beyond the range of Allied field artillery, to force an attacker to stop and move field artillery forward before assaulting the line."}, {"context": " Behind the German front line, the ground rose steeply to the west for , to the top of Thiepval ridge, higher than the Ancre valley. Construction of a small network of trenches known as (Swabian Fieldworks) began on the ridge in early 1915, roughly north of Thiepval at the northern and highest point on the ridge. About further back, a second position (the Grandcourt Line), was dug south from Grandcourt to Pozi\u00e8res, with a line of new redoubts, , , , and . was developed into Redoubt) and connected to Mouquet Farm by , Thiepval wood by and to Thiepval village by . The redoubt dominated Thiepval, the ground to the south and St Pierre Divion to the north-west. With Stuff and Pommiers redoubts, the Germans had observation in all directions and garrisons which could reinforce the front line or deliver a counter-attack."}, {"context": " More fortifications were built, especially in the Intermediate, second and third positions, near the and redoubts. New battery positions were built to accommodate artillery reinforcements, dugouts were deepened and extra exits were added. Engineers sited and designed new trenches and stringently inspected the building work performed by the infantry. In early March 1916 and from the chief engineer of the 2nd Army inspected the first position in the area of the 26th Reserve Division; only in the area of Reserve IR 119 at Beaumont Hamel and the trenches to the west around Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt, were there enough shell-proof concrete posts. By July 1916, the German front line from Thiepval to St Pierre Divion was obstructed by sixteen rows of barbed wire and the second line lay behind five rows. Shell-proof dug outs deep, could accommodate all of the trench garrison."}, {"context": " In the British front sector allocated to X Corps at Thiepval, the Royal Engineers dug a series of Russian saps into no man's land, ready to be opened at Zero Hour and allow the British infantry to attack the German positions from a comparatively short distance. Russian saps in front of Thiepval were the task of 179th Tunnelling Company, which also prepared such saps further south at Ovillers and La Boisselle. In the X Corps section allocated to the 36th (Ulster) Division, ten Russian saps were run from the British lines into no-man's land, north-east of Thiepval Wood; each of the tunnels housed two mortars."}, {"context": " Field artillery support was to come from the 36th Divisional artillery, part of the 49th Divisional artillery and a regiment of French guns. A large number of heavy guns under the command of X Corps was also to fire on the 36th Division front. The preliminary bombardment of five days' duration, was extended by two more, due to wet weather and observers reported that the German wire was well cut. After a hurricane bombardment for a lifting bombardment was planned to fall on the German lines in succession, from A to A1 at zero hour, A1 to B three minutes after zero and from the B line to a line back after zero hour. The jump to the C line, would occur after and the final lift to the D line, after zero hour. After standing until after zero hour, to enable the 107th Brigade to assemble, the barrage would jump to a line east of the D line. Field artillery would \"walk\" up communication trenches during each lift and Stokes mortars were to join in the hurricane bombardment, as medium and heavy mortars bombarded strong points. The French artillery was to participate in the wire cutting bombardment and then fire gas shells into the Ancre valley."}, {"context": " On the south bank of the Ancre, the 36th (Ulster) Division (Major-General Oliver Nugent) objective was set at the fifth line of German trenches, known as the D line, with the right flank at sector D 8. The ground rose in a convex slope to the top of Bazentin Ridge, towards Redoubt and a series of parallel trenches, from the B line to the C line. The attack front was divided into two sections south of the Ancre, to be attacked by the 109th Brigade on the right and the 108th Brigade on the left. The 109th Brigade was advance with two battalions to capture the A line (the German front line), the immediate support trench (A1) and then the B line, before moving on to the Grandcourt\u2013Thiepval road and consolidating. Two reserve battalions were to occupy the A and B lines, when the advanced battalions had reached the final objective. The 108th Brigade was to capture the A and B lines and then dig in along the C line at the north-east corner of Schwaben Redoubt, with a detachment posted as a flank guard to the left and to send a party northwards, to observe the ground along the Grandcourt\u2013St Pierre Divion road, as two platoons advanced along the A and B lines to St Pierre Divion. The attack on the D line was to be made by the 107th Brigade with three battalions. The attacking battalions were to advance in eight waves at intervals and the 107th Brigade was to advance in artillery formation until resistance was met."}, {"context": " At four hours after dawn, the Irish troops formed up in no man's land, most along the sunken Thiepval\u2013Hamel road, obscured by the bombardment and smoke screens on the flanks and moved to within of the German front trench. The artillery and mortar bombardment lifted off the front trench at and the Irish advanced steadily, crossing the front trench with few losses but then the German counter-barrage fell on the rear of the first line and the support companies. As soon as the British guns stopped, machine-gun fire from Thiepval cemetery swept the support battalions as they moved forward and fire from Beaucourt Redoubt across the Ancre, caught the third support battalion on the left flank. The foremost infantry pressed on, reached the B line at and took a large number of prisoners but German troops emerged from dugouts in the A line behind the 108th Brigade, where the moppers-up had been killed by machine-gun fire. The leading waves continued to advance and reached the C line and the corner of Redoubt at The supporting battalion survivors had occupied their objectives but cross-fire from German machine-guns then prevented movement."}, {"context": " Reserve IR 99 of Reserve Infantry Brigade 52, holding the line north of Thiepval, was broken through and the attackers rushed Redoubt around The garrison, a support company standing by to reinforce the front defences, was surprised and surrendered after brief resistance. The centre battalion of RIR 99 had been destroyed in the breakthrough and taken prisoner. An attack towards the Grandcourt Line ran into the British barrage, then fell back to Redoubt and the \"Hansalinie\" which ran from the redoubt down the north edge of the ridge to the Ancre. The left hand battalion of RIR 99 had repulsed the attack on Thiepval but the centre and right, from the village to the Ancre south of St Pierre Divion, had been broken through, most of the troops having been trapped underground and taken prisoner. Observers in the Grandcourt Line were unable to see the breakthrough and over-running of the redoubt and the \"Hansalinie\" because of smoke and dust in the air. Only when the Irish advanced on the Grandcourt Line, was the identity of the troops visible in the area discovered. As soon as the British bombardment lifted, the only reserves nearby, the recruit battalion of IR 180 and a machine-gun company, occupied the Grandcourt Line around Thiepval."}, {"context": " The 107th Brigade advanced to the A line but the 10th Royal Irish Rifles on the right, had to pass through machine-gun fire from front, right flank and right rear, which caused many casualties. By runners had reported the fall of the C line, eight minutes before the advance to the D line was due to begin. Because of the defeats of the 32nd Division on the right flank at Thiepval and the VIII Corps divisions on the north bank of the Ancre, Nugent tried to get permission from X Corps headquarters to cancel the 107th Brigade attack on the D line. Nugent was over-ruled, as new attacks were being arranged on the flanks; about later X Corps HQ ordered the advance to stop until the situation on the flanks was clearer. The stop order failed to reach the 107th Brigade, because telephone lines had been cut and runners were shot down crossing no man's land. The brigade advanced for about in a \"wild and desperate venture\", before the survivors were repulsed from the objective by German troops in the D line (Grandcourt Trench). German attacks on the left flank from St Pierre Divion, were forced back several times, by the remaining men of the three battalions on the left flank; on the right flank, the Mouquet Switch trench was reconnoitred and found empty."}, {"context": " An attack from the east face of Redoubt was met by machine-gun fire but a party of about fifty men, reached an artillery position in a fold known as (Boom Ravine), in front of the Grandcourt Line. Other groups got into the line further south, where it was unoccupied. By the breakthrough on the 26th Reserve Division front had made Thiepval vulnerable to an attack from the redoubt, which would make the village untenable. Soden ordered General Auw\u00e4ter, commander of Reserve Infantry Brigade 52, to recapture the redoubt and sent a battalion of Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 8 (BRIR 8) as reinforcements. Auw\u00e4ter ordered the counter-attack to begin immediately by three groups, from the north-east, east and south-east, to forestall a wheeling movement against Thiepval and Ovillers. Delays caused to message runners by the British bombardment, held back the counter-attack until 4 Squadron RFC observed the attack of the 36th Division beyond the German front line, where it was out of view from the British lines. At a 4 Squadron observer reported that German artillery from Grandcourt to Courcelette, was moving to the rear and at that there was no sign of German troops massing against the redoubt. After an hour, the 36th Division was reported to still hold The Crucifix, to the south-east of the redoubt."}, {"context": " Two companies of pioneers tried to dig a communication trench across no man's land but at the attempt was abandoned, which left parties carrying supplies no alternative but to stop or be annihilated as they crossed no man's land in the open. Supplies ran out on the German side and German counter-attacks began on the right flank, at Redoubt and The Crucifix, despite an accurate flank barrage from the French artillery. The 146th Brigade of the 49th (West Riding) Division attacked Thiepval at but stopped after the leading battalion was shot down. A German counter-attack then began on the left flank and was equally visible to the British, who destroyed the attack with Lewis guns and artillery. At two of the 146th Brigade battalions were ordered to Redoubt to reinforce the Irish, who were being forced slowly back by counter-attacks but the leading battalions had been committed to the Thiepval attack and the other two were in the 32nd Division front line. At six companies advanced towards the C line but were forced back by machine-gun fire."}, {"context": " The three recruit companies of IR 180 advanced in lines, from Grandcourt, along the lower slopes of the ridge, to the \"Hansalinie\" and then began to bomb up the line towards Redoubt. The Irish troops in were overrun and captured or killed. In the centre, the counter-attack began from (Stuff Redoubt), with three companies of BRIR 8 but was promptly engaged by British artillery and forced under cover. The advance was continued along , which led from Courcelette to Thepval and then moved into the open opposite the south-eastern corner of Redoubt. The fourth company of the battalion, had been intended to move along , so joined the other three companies. By troops in the original front line near St Pierre Divion, had bombed southwards and recovered some of the captured front line. The advance up the \"Hansalinie\" had reached the north face of the redoubt and then been repulsed, during an attempt rush the redoubt."}, {"context": " By another rush on the south-eastern corner, by IR 180 had failed and more piecemeal attacks from all round the redoubt were driven off, with many casualties. Messages were sent back to the 26th Division headquarters for a bombardment and at the divisional artillery began to fire on the redoubt, from the north-east to the south-east for one hour. The German infantry attacked again, supported by two battalions of IR 185, which had arrived from reserve at Beugny at about and attacked from Stuff and redoubts. In costly hand-to-hand fighting, the Germans recaptured the redoubt in about thirty minutes, finding it strewn with about dead. By midnight the ridge had been re-occupied and two more battalions of IR 180 had arrived and moved to the \"Hansalinie\" and the redoubt, available to reinforce the front line from Thiepval to the Ancre."}, {"context": " The Reserve Army kept up a continuous bombardment on the Thiepval\u2013St Pierre Divion area after 1 July, which reduced the German field defences to wreckage and the defenders dispersed among shell-holes and the surviving dug-outs. On 3 September, the British attacked along the Ancre river despite poor weather, to gain strictly limited objectives in the Anzac and II Corps sectors, east of Thiepval. On the left of II Corps, the 49th Division (Brigadier-General Goring-Jones), was to capture two lines of trenches on a front. The infantry attack began at from the Hamel\u2013Thiepval road behind a creeping barrage, as the heavy artillery bombarded positions to the south-east, Redoubt and the Strasburg Line. Few casualties were suffered during the advance over no man's land and the two 147th Brigade battalions took the German front line and then reached the support trench. Direction was lost and one battalion missed the Pope's Nose salient; isolated groups of Germans held out in parts the front line. Machine-gun fire from III Battalion, IR 66 of the 52nd Division, which had just relieved III Battalion, IR 180 at Redoubt and the Strasburg Line, swept the British attackers and then the both battalions counter-attacked with bombing parties from both battalions."}, {"context": " The 146th Brigade on the left, was caught by machine-gun fire from the Pope's Nose and the right-hand battalion failed to reach the German front trench. The left-hand battalion reached the front trench but was not able to reach the support trench. Visual signalling failed in the mist and few runners got through the German standing barrage, which left the situation at the front unclear, until stragglers began to appear. By the survivors of the 146th Brigade had returned to the British front line. On the right, the infantry of the 147th Brigade defended the German front trench until they ran out of hand grenades and then dribbled back, until about A second attack was planned but the retreat of the 147th Brigade led to a postponement and when the state of the attacking battalions, which had lost became known, the attack was cancelled. IR 66 spent digging new dug-outs in Redoubt but failed to conceal the work and British artillery maintained a slow bombardment by super-heavy artillery, which could demolish even the deepest dug-outs."}, {"context": " The area to the right of Redoubt was attacked by the 53rd Brigade of the 18th (Eastern) Division during the Battle of Thiepval Ridge . The 8th Suffolks captured (Schwabian Trench) in a few minutes and after a ten-minute halt, advanced to Trench by meeting troops of the 54th Brigade north of Thiepval. The advance towards the redoubt was stopped after , by small arms fire from the front and flanks and the troops retired after dark. Attempts on the left to bomb forward during the evening also failed. The 54th Brigade was to capture the west end of Thiepval and advance about to Redoubt. The battalion on the right captured the east end of Thiepval and the left hand battalion managed to get halfway through the west end of the village. A third battalion sent forward as a reinforcement, was severely bombarded by German artillery as it moved forward and the survivors dug in with the leading battalions, just ahead of the village on the right; the attack on Redoubt was postponed."}, {"context": " On 28 September, the 53rd Brigade formed up for the attack, on tapes facing north-west from Trench, the left-hand battalion to capture the redoubt. The advance began at and captured Bulgar Trench easily. The Midway Line held out longer but the area east of redoubt was approached by On the left, the 7th Queen's advance on the redoubt, drifted to the left but managed to get into the southern face of the redoubt and take fifty prisoners. The battalion also managed to take the south-west corner, then attempted to attack to the north but was stopped and established a barricade. By all of the south face had been captured and the troops were ordered to dig in. The capture of the south face of Redoubt was observed by the crews of RFC contact patrols and artillery observation aircraft directed artillery-fire, which destroyed 16 gun pits, damaged fifteen and destroyed nine ammunition pits. Poor weather restricted flying on 29 September but the next day was bright and low-flying sorties discovered that most of the Redoubt had been captured."}, {"context": " On 29 September, the British positions in the redoubt had been consolidated and the 7th Queen's relieved. Next day, the 8th East Surrey was counter-attacked and forced out of the redoubt, until a bayonet attack restored the position but the west face was lost by the 7th West Kents. At the East Surreys attacked the northern face and took the objective but the attack up the west face was repulsed. A German counter-attack from the west at forced the defenders of the north face back to the Stuff Trench junction. The 55th Brigade in the Redoubt, was attacked by II Battalion, IR 66 at on 2 October, which gained a small area after a bombing fight had lasted all day. Both sides resumed bombing on 4 October, with no advantage gained by either side. Next day, the 8th Norfolks, tried a converging attack on the rest of the redoubt at through deep mud which impeded movement and no ground was gained."}, {"context": " In early October, the 39th Division took over from the 18th Division. Attacks by RIR 110 of the 28th Reserve Division, which had relieved the 26th Reserve Division, were made from The German attacks were supported by detachments and repulsed by two 117th Brigade battalions. At the 16th Sherwood Foresters made a surprise attack over ground, on the northern face beyond the crest, as the trenches had filled with mud but the Germans were waiting and repulsed the attack. On 14 October, the 4th/5th Black Watch, the 1st Cambridge and the 17th King's Royal Rifle Corps of the 117th Brigade, attacked the north side of the redoubt. The troops advanced over the open and captured the last part of the redoubt by taking about of II Battalion, RIR 110. Three German counter-attacks on 15 October, supported by detachments were defeated. A German attack on Redoubt, early on 21 October was repulsed and a British attack planned for the afternoon caught the Germans while still disorganised. Observers from 4 Squadron and 7 Squadron RFC watched the attack and directed artillery fire on German guns with zone calls, intended to suppress as much German artillery as possible rather than to destroy just a few guns."}, {"context": " The German defences opposite the 36th Division had been more severely damaged than positions further south. Front line trenches had been demolished, barbed wire had been swept aside and dug outs caved in, which caused the 9th Company of III battalion, RIR 99 many casualties. The British advanced too quickly for the German machine gunners to fire for long before they were overrun. Communications on the German side broke down but news of the breakthrough reached Soden quickly, from Beaucourt Redoubt on the north bank of the Ancre. II Battalion, Bavarian Reserve Regiment 8 (BRIR 8) at Irles, north-east of Thiepval was ordered to counter-attack but did not receive the order until The Brigade commander had already ordered all troops in the area to attack from Goat Redoubt and Grandcourt and then Bram, the commander of BRIR 8 arrived. In the confusion the counter-attack could not be co-ordinated and began piecemeal, with units joining in as they came up. The concentrated bombardment from demolished the remnants of the redoubt and soon after the infantry attacked, the remaining British troops retreated."}, {"context": " Artillery support for the 3 September attack was excellent but lack of surprise and the dominating position of Redoubt made success unlikely. The 49th Division troops were tired and had been sent partly trained replacements, said to have had low morale. Some of the replacements were so inexperienced that they thought that they were being ordered to walk into a German barrage, rather than follow the British creeping barrage. German analysis of the defeat at Thiepval during the Battle of Thiepval Ridge ascribed the British success to the defeat of RIR east of the village, which led to the village defences being outflanked. The British had been able to push up to Redoubt by bombing forward with hand grenades. A. G. Wauchope, the historian of the Black Watch wrote of the attack of 14 October,  On 1 July, the 36th Division lost and the 49th Division had By the time the 49th Division was relieved by the 25th Division on 19 August, it had lost In the attack of 3 September, the division lost more than in the four attacking battalions. Losses in the 18th Division during the capture of the redoubt, apart from the north-west corner from points and the division estimated that German casualties were \"Books\" Books \"Websites\""}]}, {"title": "Gunvald", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Gunvald may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Epiplema quadristrigata", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Epiplema quadristrigata is a moth of the family Uraniidae first described by Francis Walker in 1866. It is found in Australia and Sri Lanka. Its wingspan is about 2\u00a0cm. The wings are off white with brown bands and lines. Hindwing margins each with two tails."}]}, {"title": "10 Things I Hate About You", "paragraphs": [{"context": " 10 Things I Hate About You is a 1999 American teen romantic comedy-drama film directed by Gil Junger and starring Julia Stiles, Heath Ledger, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, and Larisa Oleynik. The screenplay, written by Karen McCullah and Kirsten Smith, is a loose modernization of William Shakespeare's late-16th century comedy \"The Taming of the Shrew\", retold in a late-1990s American high school setting. In the story, new student Cameron (Gordon-Levitt) is smitten with Bianca Stratford (Oleynik) and, in order to get around her father's strict rules on dating, attempts to get bad boy Patrick (Ledger) to date Bianca's ill-tempered sister, Kat Stratford (Stiles). The film is titled after a poem written by Kat about her bittersweet romance with Patrick. Much of the filming took place in the Seattle metropolitan area, with many scenes shot at Stadium High School in Tacoma."}, {"context": " Released March 31, 1999, \"10 Things I Hate About You\" was number two at the domestic box office during its opening weekend, behind only \"The Matrix\", and was a moderate financial and critical success. It was a breakthrough role for Stiles, Ledger, and Gordon-Levitt, all of whom were nominated for various teen-oriented awards. Ten years later, the film was adapted into a television series of the same title, which ran for twenty episodes and featured Larry Miller reprising his role as the father, Walter Stratford, from the film."}, {"context": " Cameron James, a new student at Padua High School in the Seattle area, becomes instantly smitten with popular sophomore Bianca Stratford. Geeky Michael Eckman warns him that Bianca is vapid and conceited, and that her overprotective father does not allow Bianca or her older sister, the shrewish Kat, to date. Kat, a senior, is accepted to Sarah Lawrence College in New York, but her father, Walter, wants her to stay close to home. Bianca wishes to date affluent senior Joey Donner, but Walter, an obstetrician worrisome of teenage pregnancy, will not allow his daughters to date until they graduate. Frustrated by Bianca's insistence and Kat's rebelliousness, Walter declares that Bianca may date only when Kat does, knowing that Kat's antisocial attitude makes this unlikely."}, {"context": " When Cameron asks Bianca out, she informs him of her father's new rule and, as a pretense for allowing her to date Joey, suggests that Cameron find someone willing to date Kat. Cameron selects \"bad boy\" Patrick Verona, but Patrick scares him off. Michael assists by convincing Joey to pay Patrick to take out Kat, under the pretense that this will allow Joey to date Bianca. Patrick agrees to the deal, but Kat rebuffs his first few advances. Michael and Cameron help him by prying Bianca for information on Kat's likes and dislikes. Armed with this knowledge, Patrick begins to win Kat's interest. She goes to a party with him, which enables Bianca to go as well, much to Walter's dismay."}, {"context": " At the party, Kat becomes upset when she sees Bianca with Joey, and responds by getting drunk. Patrick attends to her, and Kat starts to open up, expressing her interest in starting a band. However, when she tries to kiss him, Patrick pulls away and Kat leaves, infuriated. Meanwhile, Bianca ignores Cameron in favor of Joey, leaving Cameron dejected. Bianca soon realizes, however, that Joey is shallow and self-absorbed, and asks Cameron for a ride home. Cameron admits his feelings for her and his frustration with how she has treated him. Bianca responds by kissing him."}, {"context": " Joey offers to pay Patrick to take Kat to the prom so he can take Bianca. Patrick initially refuses, but relents when Joey offers him more money. Kat is still angry with Patrick, but he wins her over by serenading her with the accompaniment of the marching band, and she helps him sneak out of detention. They go on a date which turns romantic, but Kat becomes suspicious and angry when Patrick insists that she go with him to the prom, an event she is adamantly against. Bianca is irritated that Cameron has not asked her to the prom, and so accepts Joey's invitation, but Walter will not allow it unless Kat goes too. Kat confesses to Bianca that she dated Joey when they were freshmen and, succumbing to peer pressure, had sex with him. Afterward she regretted it and Joey dumped her, so she vowed to never again do anything just because everyone else was doing it. Bianca insists that she can make her own choices, so Kat agrees to go to the prom with Patrick, and Bianca decides to go with Cameron instead of Joey."}, {"context": " All is going well at the prom until Bianca learns that Joey planned to have sex with her that night. Angry that Bianca has spurned him for Cameron, Joey reveals his arrangement with Patrick, which causes Kat to leave heartbroken. Joey then punches Cameron, but is in turn beaten up by Bianca for having hurt her, Kat, and Cameron. Bianca and Cameron share another kiss. The next day, Bianca reconciles with Kat and begins dating Cameron. Walter admits that Kat is capable of taking care of herself, and gives her permission to attend Sarah Lawrence College. For an assignment in which the students were required to write their own version of William Shakespeare's Sonnet 141, Kat reads aloud a poem titled \"10 Things I Hate About You\", revealing that she still loves Patrick. Patrick surprises her with a guitar bought with the money that Joey paid him, and confesses that he has fallen for her. Kat forgives him, and the two reconcile with a kiss."}, {"context": " Many of the scenes were filmed on location at Stadium High School and at a house in the Proctor District of Tacoma, Washington. The prom sequence was shot over three days in Seattle. Costume designer Kim Tillman designed original dresses for Larisa Oleynik and Julia Stiles as well as the period outfits for Susan May Pratt and David Krumholtz. Gabrielle Union's snakeskin prom dress is a Betsey Johnson design. Heath Ledger and Joseph Gordon-Levitt's vintage tuxes came from Isadora's in Seattle. The primary tagline is an allusion to a poem written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning from her Sonnets from the Portuguese collection. (\"How do I loathe thee? Let me count the ways.\") Another tagline is a spoof from Shakespeare's \"Romeo and Juliet\" (\"Romeo, Oh Romeo, Get Out Of My Face.\") and another is a line from \"The Taming of the Shrew\" that is spoken in the film by Cameron (\"I burn, I pine, I perish!\"). The original script was finalized on November 12, 1997."}, {"context": " In its opening weekend, the film grossed US$8,330,681 in 2,271 theaters in the United States and Canada, averaging $3,668 per venue, and ranking number two at the box office (behind \"The Matrix\"). It grossed a total of $38,178,166 in the United States and Canada and $15,300,000 in other territories, about $53,500,000 worldwide. The film had an estimated budget of $16 million and is considered a moderate financial and critical success. On October 12, 1999, the Region 1 DVD was released. In the box office, the film is number ten in teen romance, 18th in high school comedies, and ranked 96th in comedies."}, {"context": " The film received generally positive feedback from critics. Geoff Andrew from \"Time Out\" praised the film's leads, stating \"Stiles grows into her character, and Ledger is effortlessly charming\". Brad Laidman from Film Threat said the film was \"pure of heart and perfectly executed.\" Ron Wells, another critic from Film Threat, expressed, \"Of all the teen films released this year, this one is, by far, the best.\" Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of four: \"Entertainment Weekly\" listed the film at #49 on its list of Best High School Movies."}, {"context": " On Rotten Tomatoes, the film got a 61% from critics, based on 62 reviews, with a rating of 6.1/10. The website's critical consensus was: \"Julia Stiles and Heath Ledger add strong performances to an unexpectedly clever script, elevating \"10 Things\" (slightly) above typical teen fare.\" \"10 Things I Hate About You\" was a breakthrough role for stars Stiles, Ledger, and Gordon-Levitt. Gordon-Levitt, Stiles, and Oleynik each received Young Star Award nominations for Best Actor/Actress in a Comedy Film. The movie was nominated for seven Teen Choice Awards: Choice Movie: Breakout Star (Stiles), Choice Movie: Comedy, Choice Movie: Funniest Scene (featuring Krumholtz), Choice Movie: Love Scene (featuring Stiles and Ledger), Choice Movie: Hissy Fit (Gordon-Levitt), Choice Movie: Villain (Gordon-Levitt) and Choice Movie: Soundtrack. The film's casting directors Marcia Ross and Donna Morong won \"Best Casting for Feature Film, Comedy\" at the Casting Society of America in 1999. In 2000, Stiles won the CFCA Award for \"Most Promising Actress\" for her role as Kat Stratford (tied with \u00c9milie Dequenne in \"Rosetta\") and an MTV Movie Award for Breakthrough Female Performance. The same year, Ledger was nominated for Best Musical Performance for the song \"Can't Take My Eyes Off You.\""}, {"context": " The soundtrack album features popular modern rock anthems from 1970s up to the late 1990s, including various covers from Letters to Cleo, who created modernised renditions of songs such as \"I Want You To Want Me\" by Cheap Trick and \"Cruel to Be Kind\" by Nick Lowe. The albums peak position in the Billboard (magazine) charts was 52nd, which was just after its release and it managed to hold a place in the Billboard top 200 for a total of 27 weeks. Artists such as The Notorious B.I.G. and Joan Jett were also used in the films soundtrack, although were not featured on the soundtrack album. The album was described by AllMusic as \"One of the best modern rock soundtracks of the spring 1999 season\"."}, {"context": " In June 1999, the Scholastic Corporation published a novelization of the story, adapted by David Levithan. The story is retold as it is in the film with each chapter written from the point of view of either Bianca, Cameron, Kat, Patrick, or Michael. In October 2008, ABC Family ordered a pilot episode of \"10 Things I Hate About You\", a half-hour, single-camera comedy series based on the feature film of the same name. Larry Miller is the only actor from the film to reprise his role in the television series. The director of the film, Gil Junger, directed many of the episodes including the pilot while the film's music composer, Richard Gibbs, also returned to do the show's music. The series was adapted and produced by Carter Covington. The show premiered on July 7, 2009, and lasted 20 episodes."}, {"context": " The film is a retelling of William Shakespeare's play \"The Taming of the Shrew\" in an American high school setting. Screenwriters Karen McCullah and Kirsten Smith also wrote the script for \"She's the Man\" (2006), a retelling of Shakespeare's play \"Twelfth Night\" set in an American college. Kat and Bianca share the same names as the female leads in the original play. Their surname is Stratford, a nod to Shakespeare's birthplace. Patrick's surname Verona references the home of his relative character Petruchio. The characters attend Padua High School, named after where the play is set."}, {"context": " Cameron (Lucentio, who disguises himself as a tutor named Cambio) tutors Bianca in French and slips in a line from play while obsessing over her: \"\"I burn, I pine, I perish\"\". Patrick's character reflects the outlandish behavior of Petruchio, and Michael coerces Patrick into the marching band incident with the words from Sonnet 56: \"\"Sweet love, renew thy force\"\". The physicality of Petruchio and Katherina is transformed into a playful paintball match; the prom substitutes for the Act V feast; Kat's poem replaces Katherina's famous Act V speech; and Joey Donner's wager over Bianca's virginity parallels the bet placed by Shakespeare's husbands regarding their partners' obedience."}]}, {"title": "Youghal lace", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Youghal lace (or Point d'Irlande) is a needle lace inspired by Italian needle lace developed in Youghal, County Cork, Ireland. Youghal lace was a top quality commercial product that ended with the First World War. Lace Making was taught in Youghal from 1845 by the Presentation Sisters. Mother Mary Ann Smith reverse-engineered some Italian lace to understand how it was made. She then taught the technique to local women and thus the school of lace began. Among the finest pieces of lace made in Youghal was a train for Queen Mary worn on her visit to India in 1911 as its Empress. The skill of lace making is still retained in Youghal to this day, however most specimens are kept in private collections and rarely put up for sale. There is no written record of either the stitches or the general technique at the Convents themselves, but the puzzling obscurity is illuminated by a number of important survivals:  In addition there are some surviving pieces from that era. The designs in Kenmare are examples of lace designs. None of them were drawn in youghal by the Presentation sisters there. Pat Earnshaw has written two books, Youghal and other Irish Lace and Youghal Lace, the craft and the cream."}]}, {"title": "Beni Ourtilane", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Beni Ourtilane is a town and commune in Setif Province, Kabylie in north-eastern Algeria. The city is mainly Kabyle."}]}, {"title": "Sheree Jemmotte-Rodney", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sheree Jemmotte-Rodney is the acting Attorney General of Montserrat."}]}, {"title": "Maryland State Board of Censors", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Maryland State Board of Censors was a three-member state agency created in 1916 required to view all films to be shown in the state, and decide whether or not the films were \"moral and proper.\" Without approval of the agency, a film could not be legally shown in Maryland. The agency was also charged with enforcing their decisions. One agency decision against a film led to the Supreme Court case \"Freedman v. Maryland\", 380 U.S. 51 (1965), which placed significant restrictions on state censorship statutes.  In 1970 the authority of the State Board of Censors was assigned to the newly created Maryland Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation. Due in part to rising costs of maintenance, the board was dissolved in 1981. At the time of its disbanding, it was the last state-specific film censorship agency in the United States."}]}, {"title": "Oxford Illustrated Press", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Oxford Illustrated Press Ltd was a book publishing company associated with Oxford, England. The company was based in Shelley Close, Headington, east Oxford. Books published by the Oxford Illustrated Press include:"}]}, {"title": "Gigelorum", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Gigelorum (or Giol-Daoram) is an insect of Scottish folklore. It was believed to be the smallest creature. No description or information is available about it except that it inhabits the ear of a mite. Speculation exists that it may be based upon the tiniest insect that can be discerned by people possessing excellent eyesight, the \"giolcam-daobhram\", which is described as \"an animalcule, the smallest supposable living thing\". Ronald Black, a one time Celtic studies lecturer, author and journalist, suggests that the creature could be a figment of the imagination of folklorist and Tiree minister John Gregorson Campbell as he could trace no authoritative sources for it.  Citations Bibliography"}]}, {"title": "Sergei Vasilyevich Shubin", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sergei Vasilyevich Shubin (; born October 18, 1991) is a Russian professional football player. Currently, he plays in the Russian Second Division for FC Spartak Tambov."}]}, {"title": "Dive Downes", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Dive Downes (b Thornby, Northamptonshire 1652 \u2013 d Dublin 1709) was Bishop of Cork and Ross from 1699 to 1709. Downes was born in Northamptonshire, son of the Reverend Lewis Downes. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He was ordained in 1678. In 1683 he became a prebendary of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin and in 1690 Archdeacon of Dublin. He was married four times. He married firstly Sarah Dodwell, secondly Anne Carleton, and thirdly Elizabeth Becher, widow of Horatio Townshend. By his fourth wife Catherine FitzGerald, daughter of the Hon Robert FitzGerald and Mary Clotworthy, and sister of Robert FitzGerald, 19th Earl of Kildare, he had a son Robert Downes MP, of Donnybrook Castle, and a daughter Anne. Robert was the father of William Downes, 1st Baron Downes, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland. Anne was the grandmother of Ulysses Burgh, 2nd Baron Downes.  He was a conscientious bishop, and in 1699-1700 he visited every parish in his diocese: his \"Visitation of Cork\" has survived."}]}, {"title": "My One and Only (song)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"My One and Only\" is a song composed by George Gershwin, with lyrics by Ira Gershwin, written for the 1927 musical \"Funny Face\" where it was introduced by Fred Astaire, Betty Compton and Gertrude McDonald. It was originally titled \"(What Am I Gonna Do) If You Turn Me Down?\""}]}, {"title": "East Providence, Rhode Island", "paragraphs": [{"context": " East Providence is a city in Providence County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 47,037 at the 2010 census, making it the fifth largest city in the state. East Providence is located at (41.801500, -71.360824). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (19.33%) is water. The following villages are located in East Providence: The City Manager is Police Chief Christopher Parella. In 1641, the Plymouth Colony purchased from the Indians a large tract of land which today includes the northern half of East Providence (from Watchemoket to Rumford), Rehoboth, Massachusetts, Seekonk, Massachusetts, and part of Pawtucket. Four years later, John Brown of Plymouth bought a considerably smaller piece of land from the Indians, which today comprises the southern part of East Providence (Riverside), Barrington, and a small part of Swansea. Finally, in 1661, Plymouth completed the \"North Purchase\" from which Attleboro, North Attleboro, and Cumberland were later formed. Over the whole the authorities gave the name 'Rehoboth'. The center of this large settlement, which is sometimes referred to as 'Old Rehoboth', is within the borders of modern East Providence. In 1812, the western half of Old Rehoboth was set off as a separate township called Seekonk, Massachusetts. Old Rehoboth's town center now became the heart of Old Seekonk. Finally, in 1862, the western part of Old Seekonk was ceded to Rhode Island and incorporated as East Providence."}, {"context": " Beginning around 1900 and continuing until the onset of the Depression in 1930, large numbers of Portuguese from Providence, Fall River, New Bedford, and Portugal settled in East Providence. By 1905, there were over 400 Portuguese in the town, the third highest in the state. The Portuguese, like other ethnic groups, were drawn to East Providence primarily by the lure of jobs. Many employment opportunities were available in the Watchemoket area, where numerous immigrants settled. In decades preceding the Civil War, Watchemoket Point was little more than a farming and fishing area with perhaps a few hundred residents. Watchemoket was situated directly across from the thriving city of Providence and thus benefited from the expansion of that community. More importantly, two bridges across the Seekonk River gave easy access to Watchmemoket. By the 1860s, tolls were no longer being charged to cross the Washington and Central Bridges, giving further stimulus to the growth of Watchemoket and the transformation of the village from a sleepy fishing area to the vital core of East Providence in 1862. Perhaps the first businesses to come to Watchemoket were inns built to service the large numbers of people coming through. The residents of Watchemoket also had their own library by the early 1870s. At first the organizers named it Ladies Library Association, but in 1885 they changed the named to Watchemoket Free Public Library. Already the commercial and population center of East Providence, by the mid-1880s, Watchemoket next became the political center as well. The town hall was moved from Rumford to the heart of the community, so it was more accessible. They purchased a lot on Taunton Avenue for $11,500 and erected a two-story brick building which opened in 1889. That same year the East Providence Police Department opened its headquarters in the town hall."}, {"context": " For some time after the incorporation of the town in 1862, the area around the old \"Ring of the Green\" was referred to as East Providence Center. The official town hall was located here until 1889, as were several churches. Moreover, the village was the population center of East Providence, containing many farms and mills along the Ten Mile River. Many people migrated from East Providence Center to the new center at Watchemoket. From the time of the Wannamoisett purchase in 1645 to the Civil War, the shore land from Watchemoket to Bullocks Point had remained a sparsely settled fishing and farming area. When East Providence was incorporated, no more than a few hundred of its residents made the coastal village their home. The white settlers had first learned of the plentiful supply of shellfish in the area from the Wampanoag Indians. More than two centuries later, the waters of Narragansett Bay, which washed the shores of Wannamoisett, still contained an abundant supply of edible sea treasures. Clams, quahogs, and oysters were harvested by Wannamoisett residents and sold in Providence. Arnold Medberry, for instance, brought his plow to the shoreline and began picking up clams by the handful. He loaded the shellfish on a cart and easily sold his entire day's catch in Providence. At that time, Medberry and his neighbors were referred to as \"clamdiggers\", a derogatory term comparable to the pejorative hayseed."}, {"context": " Already, by the early nineteenth century, individuals had begun to build summer homes, causing the population to double to about 500-600. During that time period, Cedar Grove, Lewis Station, Chimney Corners, Peck's Corner, Pleasant Bluffs, Sabin's Point, Sherman's Station, and Pomham were developed. New resort facilities were built, such as the Pomham House. Numbers of roads were lined with trees and houses, Christian Churches were formed, a library was built, and the Narragansett Engine Company was formed in 1878. By that time, the residents were no longer dismissed as \"clamdiggers\", but regarded as townspeople."}, {"context": " While many transactions were taking place, Charles I. D. Looff came to Riverside. He was a wood carver for a furniture business in New York, and spent spare time in his basement carveing wooden horses as a hobby. After long years of hard work, he produced the first steam powered carousel and sold it to Crescent Park. He operated the carousel and designed a summer recreation area. By the early 1900s, New Englanders recognized Crescent Park as the leading amusement park in the region. Looff accomplished fantastic achievements and, after his death, his family continued to operate Crescent Park. The park closed in the 1970s and the land was used for condominiums. The Crescent Park Looff Carousel still remains."}, {"context": " The City of East Providence is governed by a five member City Council, with council-members elected every two years from four wards and one elected at-large. The City Council sets all city policies and ordinances. The City Council elects a Mayor from among its members as well as appoints a City Solicitor, City Clerk and some ceremonial positions at the beginning of each Council term. The day-to-day operations of the City of East Providence is conducted by the City Manager that is selected by the City Council and serves for a fixed contract. The City Manager hires all other city employees (except Solicitor and Clerk) and manages the operation of the city. In order to have professional city management, the City Manager is required by ordinance to have a Masters in Business Administration, Masters in Public Administration or equivalent degree."}, {"context": " The City also has an elected School Committee, elected in the same manner as the City Council; an appointed Library Board of Trustees and various other City Council appointed governing and advisory boards and commissions. Effective as of the 2018 election, East Providence will move from a Council-Manager form of government to a Mayor-Council government and popularly elect an executive Mayor for the first time since the city was incorporated in 1958. The city has recently created a commission charged with facilitating the redevelopment of old industrial sites and brownfields along most of East Providence's 14-mile coastline on the Seekonk River as mixed use residential, commercial, and light industrial zones."}, {"context": " As of the census of 2000, there were 48,688 people, 20,530 households, and 12,851 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,632.1 people per square mile (1,401.8/km\u00b2). There were 21,309 housing units at an average density of 1,589.6 per square mile (613.5/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 86.49% White, 5.02% African American, 0.46% Native American, 1.15% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 2.80% from other races, and 4.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.89% of the population."}, {"context": " There were 20,530 households out of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% were non-families. 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.99. In the city, the population was spread out with 21.7% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.6 males."}, {"context": " The median income for a household in the city was $39,108, and the median income for a family was $48,463. Males had a median income of $34,342 versus $26,423 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,527. About 6.3% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.7% of those under age 18 and 11.0% of those aged 65 or over. The population has large immigrant communities from Portugal, the Azores, Madeira and Cape Verde. East Providence has 13 public and 5 non-public schools:"}]}, {"title": "Karl \"Dyzee\" Alba", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Karl Oliver Alba, also known as Dyzee (pronounced dizzy) (born 1979) is a professional b-boy (break dancer) from Toronto, Canada. He is recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records, holding the longest b-boy circle (24 hours straight). He is member of Supernaturalz and 7 Commandoz. Dyzee was one of the main characters in the motion picture BBoy documentary \"All Out War\" In 2010, BBoy Dyzee appeared in an award winning documentary about his work to create a scoring system for professional BBoy competitions."}]}, {"title": "Wilson, Calvert County, Maryland", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Wilson is an unincorporated community in Calvert County, Maryland, United States. Wilson is located along Wilson Road near the Chesapeake Bay, northeast of Prince Frederick."}]}, {"title": "Antoine, Duke of Montpensier", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Antoine d'Orl\u00e9ans (Antoine Marie Philippe Louis d'Orl\u00e9ans; 31 July 18245 February 1890) was a member of the French royal family in the House of Orl\u00e9ans. He was the youngest son of King Louis Philippe of France and his wife Maria Amelia Teresa of the Two Sicilies. He was styled as the Duke of Montpensier. He was born on 31 July 1824 at the ch\u00e2teau de Neuilly and died 4 February 1890 at Sanl\u00facar de Barrameda, Spain. On 10 October 1846 at Madrid, Spain, he married Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain, the daughter of King Ferdinand VII of Spain and his wife Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies."}, {"context": " They had ten children: Antoine de Montpensier lived in Spain from 1848 when he and his family had to leave France after the Revolution of 1848. During the Spanish revolution of 1868, he supported the insurgents under Juan Prim against Queen Isabel II, his own sister-in-law. In 1870 he fought a duel against Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville, the brother of King Francisco, and killed him. Antoine was convicted and sentenced to one month in prison. On 16 November 1870 the Cortes voted for the next king and chose Amadeo of Savoy with 191 votes. Antoine only received 27 votes, and left Spain, only to return in 1874. His ambitions were fulfilled by his daughter Mercedes, who became Queen of Spain after her marriage to Alfonso XII, son of Isabella II. However, she died at the age of 18 without issue."}, {"context": " The Duke's complete style in Spain, after his rise to the rank of Infante, was: \"Su Alteza Real el Seren\u00edsmo y Egregio Se\u00f1or Infante Don Antonio Mar\u00eda de Orleans, Duque de Montpensier\" (in English: \"His Royal Highness the Most Serene and Notable Prince Lord Antonio Mar\u00eda d'Orl\u00e9ans, Duke of Montpensier\"). Prince Antoine did not have a personal coat of arms. He used the traditional arms of the House of Orl\u00e9ans, consisting of: Azure, three \"fleur-de-lis\" Or and a label Argent [In heraldic blazon, \"Azure\" is blue, \"Or\" is gold, and \"Argent\" is silver]  This coat of arms was first used by Philippe d'Orl\u00e9ans, nephew and son in law of King Louis XIV of France. As cadets of the French royal family, they bore the arms of France differenced by a label argent."}]}, {"title": "Real News Update", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Real News Update is a weekly Webcast that launched on July 30, 2017 to support Donald Trump's 2020 presidential campaign. It is available on the campaign's Facebook, Twitter and YouTube accounts and is hosted by Donald Trump's daughter-in-law, Lara Trump, wife of Eric Trump. The show is presented in the form of a newscast and delivers updates on the accomplishments of the Presidency of Donald Trump. Lara Trump has a background in marketing and played an integral role in the 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump. She was \"viewed by many as a secret-weapon\" as she helped lock her home state of North Carolina in the election for her father-in-law, Donald Trump.<ref name=\"The Telegraph_10/19/2017\"></ref>"}, {"context": " Not long after Donald Trump's inauguration in January 2017, Lara had already begun work on her father-in-law's re-election effort alongside Michael Glassner, who runs the campaign committee. By March 2017 she was hired as a senior consultant by the digital vendor for President Donald Trump's political campaign. As a political operative before the launch of Real News Update, Lara, like her father-in-law, had her sights set on the mainstream media, regularly praising grassroots and bashing the media for what she sees as a disproportionate amount of negative coverage of his presidency. During a speech at a March 2017 political rally in Nashville, Tennessee, she said, \"It's more important, I think, now than ever, that we keep our movement alive. Because that same media\u2014and they're all here today, guys, right there\u2014they got it out for President Trump.\""}, {"context": " In May 2017, while commenting on the refusal of ABC, CBS, NBC, and CNN to air an advertisement that listed President Donald Trump's accomplishments during his first 100 days as president while decrying \"fake news\" media for allegedly not reporting on them, she said \"Apparently, the mainstream media are champions of the First Amendment only when it serves their own political views.\" By June 2017 she had established herself as the face of Donald Trump's re-election campaign. Real News Update launched its first video via Facebook on July 30, 2017. In the first episode, a video posted on July 30, 2017, Trump introduced herself and the webcast by saying, \"Hey everybody, Lara Trump here. I bet you haven't heard about all the accomplishments the president had this week because there's so much fake news out there. We wanted to give you a glimpse into his week.\""}, {"context": " In an interview shortly after the show's launch, when asked why she created Real News Update, she responded saying \"People who voted for Donald Trump want to hear about the things he's doing for the country and they deserve to hear the things he is doing for the country. Part of the reason the campaign is still here is to let them know what is going on so they don't have to just rely on the mainstream media.\" The webcasts are funded by the Trump 2020 re-election campaign. The videos are shot in a studio on the 15th floor of Trump Tower. While Lara Trump is the primary anchor of the program, various Trump allies and prominent media and political figures have taken turns anchoring the show, notably: Joy Villa, Steve Rogers, and Harlan Hill. Kayleigh McEnany hosted the program on August 6, 2017, one day after quitting her job at CNN."}, {"context": " In a CNN interview, political analyst Jeff Greenfield pointed out that political campaigns have been doing news-like videos \"ever since there were videos,\" likening Real News Update to the \"long and if not entirely noble tradition\" of political campaigning. During the same interview, Richard Tofel, President of ProPublica, said that \"Real News\" looks to him like \"politics as usual.\" In response to Lara Trump's statement that, \"I bet you haven't heard about all the accomplishments the president had this week because there's so much fake news out there,\" various outlets noted that the stories she highlighted, such as the plans of Foxconn to build a factory in Wisconsin and the donation of President's Trump's second-quarter salary to the Department for Education, had in fact previously been covered by the mainstream media."}, {"context": " CNN noted a distinction between Lara Trump's videos and previous media communications by politicians, saying that \"Presidents and lawmakers have used websites and social media platforms for years to promote their achievements, but the 'real news' series goes further, seeking to discredit the mainstream media and advertising what purports to be a reliable alternative\". Aaron Blake of \"The Washington Post\" described an episode of Real News Update as \"real spin, at best\" and said it \"felt a lot like propaganda -- or state TV.\"  \"Vox\" speculated that Lara Trump's video \"might be a partial fulfillment\" of plans that Donald Trump might have to launch his own broadcasting network, an idea that has been dubbed 'Trump TV'. https://www.donaldjtrump.com/media/"}]}, {"title": "1953 VFL Lightning Premiership", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 1953 VFL Lightning Premiership was an Australian rules football knockout competition played entirely on Tuesday, 2 June. It was played on the same day as Elizabeth II's Coronation between rounds 6 and 7 of the Victorian Football League's 1953 season with all games played at the MCG. This was the sixth time a lightning premiership had been contested in the VFL. It was contested by the 12 VFL teams who competed in the 1953 VFL season. A total of 36,715 people attended the competition. Richmond won its first Lighting Premiership competition defeating St Kilda in the final by 14 points."}]}, {"title": "Jaz\u0307dz\u0307o\u0301wki", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ja\u017cd\u017c\u00f3wki () is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina I\u0142awa, within I\u0142awa County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. <br>"}]}, {"title": "Grabas\u030cnica", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Graba\u0161nica (Cyrillic: \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430) is a village in the municipality of Novi Grad, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina."}]}, {"title": "Vo\u0308lcsej", "paragraphs": [{"context": " V\u00f6lcsej is a village in Gy\u0151r-Moson-Sopron County, Hungary."}]}, {"title": "Omar Mussa", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Omar Mbanza Mussa Rukundo (born 18 November 1980) is a Burundian international footballer, who has played for most of his professional career in Belgium, he plays for Belgian team SK Wilrijk in the 1ste provinciale Antwerpen league. Most of his club football has been played in Belgium, with spells at Royal Antwerp, K. Patro Eisden Maasmechelen and K.R.C. Mechelen. He also played briefly in Qatar for Al-Wakrah Sports Club during 2004. Mussa was born in Bujumbura, the capital of Burundi, to a Muslim family and was the son of a butcher. His family fled the country during violent clashes between Hutu and Tutsi factions and moved to The Congo, and from there on to Belgium."}]}, {"title": "Southern hospitality", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Southern hospitality is a phrase used in American English to describe the stereotype of residents of the Southern United States as particularly warm, sweet, and welcoming to visitors to their homes, or to the South in general. The term has engendered some controversy due to the connection of related practices to the culture of slavery, and its continued use during periods of both overt and covert racism, and other forms of prejudice. Southern hospitality \"first existed as a narrowly defined body of social practices among the antebellum planters classes\". As such, the origin of the practice was intimately tied to slavery. One analysis notes:"}, {"context": " Over time, however, the concept \"developed into a discourse that stretches far beyond the image of the planter class\", and the principles of Southern hospitality were eventually adopted by African Americans in the South, and incorporated into materials used to advertise destinations in the South to African American tourists. The concept of Southern hospitality has also been examined as a reflection of the religious beliefs of the region; the idea that one should be good to strangers is an outgrowth of such Biblical parables as the Good Samaritan. Early travel writer Ernest Hamlin Abbott wrote in 1902, \"as religious observances are in the South as naturally included in the hospitality of the home as anything else, so, conversely, hospitality in the South is an integral part of the church services\"."}, {"context": " Some characteristics of Southern hospitality were described as early as 1835, when Jacob Abbott attributed the poor quality of taverns in the South to the lack of need for them, given the willingness of Southerners to provide for strangers. Abbott writes: Abbott further describes how the best stores of the house are at the disposal of visitors. Furthermore, says Abbott: Food figures highly in Southern hospitality, a large component of the idea being the provision of Southern cuisine to visitors. A cake or other delicacy is often brought to the door of a new neighbor as a mechanism of introduction. Many club and church functions include a meal or at least a dessert and beverage. Churches in the South frequently have large commercial style kitchens to accommodate this tradition, but many \"fellowship suppers\" are \"covered dish\": everyone attending brings a dish. However, if a newcomer arrives without a dish, he or she will be made to feel welcome and served generously. When a death or serious illness occurs, neighbors, friends, and church members generally bring food to the bereaved family for a period of time. A number of cookbooks promise recipes advancing this concept."}]}, {"title": "Qadam Sharif (Delhi)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Dargah Qadam Sharif in Paharganj, Delhi consists of a small tomb complex, built in 1375-1376 CE, which also houses a mosque, a madrasa and a shrine (\"dargah\"), which is surrounded by a massive gated wall. Originally, Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1309 \u2013 1388) constructed the large rectangular tomb at its core for himself, and surrounded it with massive walls and impressive gates in typical Tughlaq style. However, when his son Fateh Khan died in 1376, he repurposed the tomb to be used for his son. Also added was a stone with a foot print of Muhammad, which Firuz Shah had brought in from Mecca. This foot print (\"Qadam Sharif\" = \"Footprint of the Prophet\" in English) gave the whole complex its name, Dargah Qadam Sharif. A mosque and a madrasa round out the inner tomb complex."}, {"context": " In the centuries since then, the whole area has been \"absorbed\" by housing and commercial buildings, although the tomb, most of the walls as well as a couple of the gate houses are still clearly visible. Furthermore, the madrasa and mosque at the tomb are still actively used, and the foot print is an important pilgrimage site. The complex is located just northwest of the New Delhi Railway Station in a dense \"urban jungle.\" Since most of the maps (including the Eicher city map) are highly inaccurate, one should use the map included in Peck's book to explore the area.  Nearby (and barely noticeable as a U-shaped building) are the remains of one of the glorious Seven Mosques of Firoz Shah's Wazir Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul Tilangani (Khan Jahan). The exact coordinates for the tomb are (28.649818,77.211879) and the U-shaped building are (28.649328,77.217689). On a side note, Firuz Shah Tughlaq's final resting place was in a new tomb in Hauz Khas."}]}, {"title": "Chilina elegans", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Chilina elegans is an air-breathing freshwater snail species in the genus \"Chilina\". It is found in Chile."}]}, {"title": "Sir Michael Duff, 3rd Baronet", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sir Charles Michael Robert Vivian Duff, 3rd Baronet (3 May 1907\u2013 3 March 1980) was a British socialite who was Lord Lieutenant first of Caernarvonshire and then of Gwynedd. Duff was the only son of Sir Robert George Vivian Duff, 2nd Baronet, of Vaynol (d.1914), and his wife, Lady Juliet Lowther (1881-1965), only child of the 4th Earl of Lonsdale and his wife, Constance Robinson, Marchioness of Ripon. His maternal grandmother was a sister of the 13th and 14th Earls of Pembroke and Montgomery, and a daughter of the Rt. Hon. Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea, the half-Russian younger son of the 10th Earl of Pembroke, and a good friend to Florence Nightingale. He had one sibling, Victoria Maud Veronica Duff (1904\u20141967, married John Edward Tennant). His stepfather, from 1919 until 1926, was Major Keith Trevor."}, {"context": " He was a godson of Mary of Teck (queen of King George V). Among his relatives was his maternal aunt, Lady Diana Cooper (n\u00e9e Manners). Handsome and good-mannered, he was famed as a host and raconteur. He inherited the Welsh estate of Vaynol (also known by its Welsh spelling 'Faenol'), the slate of which was the principal source of the family's wealth. Surrounded by the estate's seven-mile-long stone wall, the Duffs lived in Vaynol New Hall, which had been built in 1800. The medieval Vaynol Old Hall, also on the estate, was lived in by the farm manager and later the estate manager."}, {"context": " In 1928, Sir Michael assumed the additional surname of Assheton-Smith, only to renounce it in 1945. He served as High Sheriff of Anglesey for 1950. He then served as Mayor of Caernarvon, High Sheriff of Caernarvonshire (1932) and Lord Lieutenant of both Caernarvonshire and of Gwynedd. He was a practical joker, one of his favourite pranks being to dress up as Queen Mary and pay surprise visits to friends - until he bumped into the Queen herself in a neighbour's hall. He also wrote a light novel, \"The Power Of A Parasol\"."}, {"context": " Sir Michael Duff-Assheton-Smith, as he then was, married first, on 5 March 1935, Hon Millicent Joan Marjoribanks (born 1906), daughter of the 3rd and last Baron Tweedmouth. They divorced in July 1936, and the marriage was annulled 1937. Sir Michael Duff, as he then was, married as his second wife, on 14 July 1949, Lady (Alexandra Mary Cecilia) Caroline Paget (1913-73), the eldest daughter of Charles Paget, 6th Marquess of Anglesey, and his wife, Lady Marjorie Manners, the eldest daughter of the Henry Manners, 8th Duke of Rutland. They adopted a son, Charles David Duff (b. 1950), who became a theatre historian."}, {"context": " A documentary screened on BBC Two Wales in 2005 ('Faenol: Secrets Behind the Wall') featured Charles Duff discussing his childhood, the bisexuality of his adoptive parents, their marriage of convenience, and the details of his parentage. He did not inherit the estate, and when it was sold all the records were burnt, so compounding the mystery. In another interview for the BBC (Wall Of Silence, BBC Wales website) Charles said of Vaynol: \"It was a place of great conviviality and energy and joy.\" However, by the time Charles was in his teens, Sir Michael had come to believe that his second marriage and the adoption of his son had been grave errors, and according to Charles Duff, \"he started to demonise both my mother and myself.\" Although appearances were maintained, neither could then do much right in Sir Michael's opinion. By this time the house and estate were also in decline. (Before the Second World War there had been 17 gardeners.)  The Vaynol estate, in northern Wales, close to the Anglesey estate at Plas Newydd, passed out of Duff family hands, the last main portion including the demesne within the walls being sold off in 1984. This came into the family via Mary Assheton-Smith, niece and heiress of the famous squire Assheton-Smith, the celebrated foxhunter."}]}, {"title": "Bukhori dialect", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Bukhori (Tajiki: \u0431\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0440\u04e3 \u2013 \"buxor\u012b\", Hebrew script: \u05d1\u05d5\u05db\u05d0\u05e8\u05d9 \"buxori\"), also known as Bukhari and Bukharian, is a dialect of the Tajiki language spoken in Central Asia (and in the diaspora) by Bukharian Jews. The location where Bukharic exists is in Central Asia. The language classification of Bukharic is as follows: Indo-European > Indo-Iranian > Iranian > West Iranian > Southwest Iranian > Persian > Tajik > Bukharic. Bukhori is based on a substrate of classical Persian, with a large number of Hebrew loanwords, as well as smaller numbers of loanwords from other surrounding languages, including Uzbek and Russian. The vocabulary consists of a mixture of Persian, Arabic, Uzbek, and Hebrew words."}, {"context": " In early history of the Bukharian Jews, Central Asia fell under Sunni Uzbek control. The Bukharian Jewish community was severely discriminated against and isolated from the other Jews, as well as the Uzbek people. This pushed Bukharian Jews to create their own branch of Judaism, which lead to the creation of the Bukhori dialect spoken throughout Bukharian history. In 1987, the total number of speakers was 85,000. In the USSR, there were 45,000 speakers; in Israel, there were 32,000; and in all other countries combined, there were 3,000. One of the dialects of Bukharic is Raham\u012dm. Ethnic Tajik minorities exist in many countries, such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Uzbekistan. Later Samarkand and Bukhara in Uzbekistan are two cities which are particularly populated."}, {"context": " Today, the language is spoken by approximately 10,000 Jews remaining in Uzbekistan and surrounding areas, although most of its speakers reside elsewhere, predominantly in Israel (approximately 50,000 speakers), and the United States. Like most Jewish languages, Bukhori traditionally used the Hebrew alphabet. But throughout the past century, due to Soviet influence, Bukhori has been written in Latin in the 1920s, then Cyrillic from 1940 onwards. The Hebrew alphabet fell further into disuse outside of Hebrew liturgy when the Bukharian Jewish schools were closed in Central Asia and Bukharian Jewish publications, such as books and newspapers, began to appear using the Cyrillic alphabet. Today, many older Bukharian Jews who speak Bukharian only know the Cyrillic alphabet when reading and writing Bukharian. The origin of its respective spelling system is Talmudic orthography."}, {"context": " During the Soviet period, communists wanted Hebrew to be the language of culture and instruction in the Republic of Turkestan and in the Soviet\u2019s People Republic of Bukhara. In late 1921, the Turkestani People\u2019s Commissariat of Education ordered that schools for Bukharan Jews to teach in Bukharic and not in Hebrew. In Uzbekistan in 1934, 15 Bukharan Jewish clubs and 28 Bukharan Jewish red teahouses existed. However, in 1938, Bukharic was no longer used as the language for instruction in the schools and in cultural activities."}, {"context": " There were attempts made to bring back Bukharan Jewish culture in the Soviet Union. One significant attempt was a council was established for Bukharan Jewish literature in the Uzbekistan Writers\u2019 Union and was headed by Aharon Shalamaev-Fidoi (Shalamaev-Fidoi left for Israel in 1991). Another significant attempt was the \"Hoverim\" society was established in Tajikistan and was headed by Professor Datkhaev (Datkhaev left for the USA in 1992). An organization today that is continuing to support the Bukharan Jewish culture is the World Bukharian Jewish Congress. This organization is introducing to the public the unique story of the Bukharan Jews. Their goal is for others to learn about the history of the Bukharan Jews, as well as their culture, language and literature. Based on the Soviet census of 1979, 20% more of Central Asian Jews spoke Russian instead of Bukharic."}, {"context": " Among some Bukharian Jewish youth, especially in the New York City area, there has been a revival of using the Bukharian Jewish language written in a modified Latin alphabet similar to the one developed by Bukharian Jewish linguist and writer, Yakub Kalontarov. Today, youths learning the Bukharian Jewish language sponsored by the Achdut-Unity Club in Queens use the modified Latin alphabet. Classes on Bukharian Jewish history and the Bukhori language are also available at Queens College, CUNY since 2010, marking the first time that Bukhori has been taught in an American university. The classes are taught by Bukharian adjunct professor Imanuel Rybakov."}]}, {"title": "1972 U.S. Figure Skating Championships", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 1972 United States Figure Skating Championships was an event organized by U.S. Figure Skating to determine the U.S. national champions and the U.S. teams for the 1972 Winter Olympics and 1972 World Championships. Medals were awarded in three colors: gold (first), silver (second), and bronze (third) in four disciplines \u2013 men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing \u2013 across three levels: senior, junior, and novice. The event was held from January 13\u201316 at the Long Beach Arena in Long Beach, California."}, {"context": " The competition opened with the ladies' compulsory figures, in which Julie Lynn Holmes took the lead over Janet Lynn. But Lynn easily won the free skating with a faultless performance while Holmes skated cautiously. Second place in the free skating went to Dorothy Hamill, who probably performed the most difficult program but nonetheless could not overcome her deficit in the figures to reach the podium. Suna Murray captured the bronze medal. The previous years' champions in the pairs and dance events, JoJo Starbuck / Kenneth Shelley and Judy Schwomeyer / Jim Sladky, respectively, easily defended their titles without serious challenge. The pairs competition this year was notable for the new and innovative lifts performed by the second-place team Melissa and Mark Militano as well as by Starbuck / Shelley. The Militanos also included a throw double axel and side-by-side double axels in their program, elements that only a few top pairs in the world were attempting in this era, but they could not match the speed and unison of the champions."}, {"context": " The men's competition saw something of an upset as defending champion John Misha Petkevich had a poor free skate, missing both his triple salchow and triple loop jumps. Kenneth Shelley, on the other hand, had one of the best performances of his career, allowing him to take the title with the first-place votes of 4 of the 7 judges. He became the first skater to win national titles in both senior men and pairs since 1941, and the first in postwar history to qualify for the Winter Olympics in two disciplines."}, {"context": " The 1972 Championships also marked the introduction of a significant innovation: the use of a computer to calculate the competition results for the first time at the U.S. Championships. The initial version of the scoring software, called \"Hal\", was written by volunteer Al Beard in FORTRAN, and ran via a remote terminal link on a time-sharing system donated by Honeywell in Minneapolis, where Beard was employed. Although the computer results were used for public announcements of the results, the rules of the time actually required hand computation of the official results, so this was done after the fact.  <nowiki>*</nowiki> Eliminated before final round"}]}, {"title": "Graham Oaks Nature Park", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Graham Oaks Nature Park is a nature park in Wilsonville in the U.S. state of Oregon. Opened in 2010, the park is owned and operated by Metro, the regional government in the Oregon portion of the Portland metropolitan area. Prior to designating the land as a nature park, Metro originally planned to build a landfill on the property in the 1980s. Metro then purchased the property in 2001 for $1.6 million from the state. At one time, the state also owned the adjacent land to the north where the Dammasch State Hospital stood, and the land to the west where the Callahan Center was located before becoming the Living Enrichment Center. After buying the land, Metro started planting 150,000 native shrubs and trees on the former farm. Metro also spread an estimated 100 million wildflower and grass seeds and built trails and other amenities prior to the park opening."}, {"context": " A preview tour of the park was held in October 2008 at Graham Oaks. In August 2009, the Oregon State Parks & Recreation Commission provided Metro with a $500,000 grant for construction of the park. The next month, JP Contractors won the bid to build the $1.4 million park. Other funding for construction included $300,000 from Wilsonville and about $600,000 from Metro. In November 2009, construction started on park amenities, which were designed by landscape architecture firm GreenWorks. Graham Oaks officially opened to the public in September 2010. In January 2011, Wilsonville's South Metro Area Regional Transit added a stop at the park."}, {"context": " The Villebois development lies to the north, and to the east are Inza R. Wood Middle School and Boones Ferry Primary School. Wilsonville Road borders the park to the south, and Grahams Ferry Road on the west. The school district\u2019s Center for Research in Environmental Sciences & Technologies (CREST) located next to the primary school also uses the park as an outdoor classroom. Graham Oaks has six different types of habitat over the park. These habitats include oak savanna, wetlands, oak woodland, and a conifer forest, among others."}, {"context": " Amenities at the park include five plazas along the of trails. Trails include a portion of the Tonquin Trail, a paved regional trail planned to connect to Tualatin and Sherwood to the north. Other trails include Coyote Way, Legacy Creek, Arrowhead, Greenway, and Oak Woodland Walk, which connect to the adjacent parks and the neighborhoods of Villebois and the Park at Merryfield. Other features include a parking lot, restroom, picnic shelter, stone acorn sculpted by Mauricio Saldana. The picnic shelter features a green roof that includes plants, while the restroom includes solar panels on the roof. Additional environmentally friendly items at the park include bioswales, pervious pavement, and LED lighting. There are also overlooks and signs, with the signs provided by the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde. That tribe includes the Kalapuyan tribes who once inhabited the area."}]}, {"title": "Findern", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Findern is a village and civil parish in the District of South Derbyshire, approximately 5-6 miles south of Derby (Grid reference: ). The population of the civil parish was 1,669 at the 2011 Census. The village was mentioned in the Domesday Book, when it was held by Burton Abbey as an outlier of Mickleover. A priory once stood near the church, where the monks were supplied with fresh food from the fishponds on Common Piece Lane. After the dissolution of the abbey the Fynderne family, as the principal land-owners, took ownership of the village and the remaining Chapel of Ease. The Fyndernes lived in a fortified manor house on Castle Hill, though none of the house remains."}, {"context": " <nowiki> </nowiki>Sir Geoffrey de Fynderne left the village to join the Crusades, and brought back the Findern Flower, which in the UK only grows in the village, and only in particular areas. The flower has become an emblem of the village and is represented in many guises, including the emblem of Findern Primary School on Heath Lane. All Saints' parish church was rebuilt and consecrated in 1863, on the site of a Saxon chapel of ease, destroyed by fire. Built of sandstone, it stands adjacent to the village green. The church contains a monument to Isabella de Fynderne dated 1444, and also possesses the oldest parish communion plate in the UK. Findern also has a small Methodist chapel, built in 1835, close to the site of the old priory. The village previously also had an early 18th century Unitarian chapel, built just over five miles from Derby. At that time the law decreed that no Dissenting meeting house should be built less than that distance from the town. It was demolished in 1939."}, {"context": " Prior to the development of transport, the village was self-supporting and it was here, in 1740, that Jedediah Strutt came as an apprentice wheelwright. He had an obsessive interest in machinery, but when his uncle died and left him a small holding, he took it over and returned to Findern to marry Elizabeth Woollatt who lived at the old hall, where he had previously lodged. Later he went on to set up the mills and their communities at Belper and Milford, which now form an integral part of the Derwent Valley World Heritage Site."}, {"context": " The village historically had a strong weaving industry, with the majority of the cottages around the Green housing the looms. In 1846 there were as many as 22 velvet and silk looms in the village, but weaving had been known to have taken place in Findern as early as the 17th century Ivy Cottage, one of the oldest surviving properties in the village. In 1694 an early school was started here by Rev. Benjamin Robinson, the local presbyterian minister (for which he was summoned to explain why to the bishop). Modern Secondary education is now provided for many at John Port School in the nearby village of Etwall."}, {"context": " Although all industry has left the village the Green remains the still the centre of the village, with the post office, village store and a handful of other services. Before the Parish Council took action in the 1950s to restore it the Green was in poor shape, divided into four small grassed areas, divided by tarmac paths and frequently used by vehicles. There were no records as to owned the land until ownership was traced to the Crown, and the land purchased for \u00a350 by the Parish Council for the village."}, {"context": " There is a Neolithic cursus 1 \u00bd miles south of the village. Findern previously had two pubs, the 'Wheel Inn' located on Main Street just off Longlands Lane and a second, formerly the 'Greyhound' on the bankside of the Trent and Mersey Canal. In addition to this a house located on the far-side of the canal was historically the oldest pub in the village. The village is nowadays bounded on two sides by major A roads; the A38 and the A50. The former, to the north east, follows the course of the Roman road Icknield Street, while the latter passes to the south of the village centre and runs parallel to the canal. In contrast to the ancient route of the A38 the A50 road was laid only in 1997, with many villagers unhappy about the loss of fields and pleasant walks as a result. Since then the Findern Footpaths Group have made huge improvements to existing trails, created new footpaths, and been a key force for recording and preserving the local history of the village surroundings.  The nearest railway stations are Willington, Pear Tree and Derby. There is one level crossing: an automatic one on the parish border with Willington - there has been at least one fatality there. On the approach to the crossing a spur and basin have been created on the Trent and Mersey Canal, creating the UK's largest inland marina with berthing for 585 craft. Mercia Marina, with berths for several hundred narrow boats, is expected to have a great impact on the village and nearby Willington."}]}, {"title": "Coolie (1983 Hindi film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Coolie (, 'Porter') is a 1983 Indian Bollywood action comedy film, directed by Manmohan Desai and written by Kader Khan. The film stars Amitabh Bachchan as Iqbal, a railway coolie, with supporting roles played by Rishi Kapoor, Rati Agnihotri, Kader Khan, Waheeda Rehman, Suresh Oberoi and Puneet Issar. The film made over Rs. 10\u00a0million per territory, a rare achievement for the time. The film is notorious for a fight scene with co-star Puneet Issar, during which Amitabh Bachchan had a near-fatal injury due to a mistimed jump."}, {"context": " Before the film started Bachchan asked Kannada legendary actor Rajkumar to make his cameo in the film. There was a mutual respect between Amitabh and Rajkumar and they were both admirers of each other. A wealthy, but evil man named Zafar Khan (Kadar Khan), has fallen in love with a girl named Salma (Waheeda Rehman) and wants to marry her, but she and her father do not let him. Zafar is arrested for various crimes and is imprisoned for 10 years, but when he is released, he sees that Salma is married to a good man named Aslam Khan (Satyendra Kapoor). Zafar Khan wants to convince Salma to marry him but Salma refuses. Zafar murders Salma's father and plots his revenge by flooding the region in which Salma lives, nearly killing Aslam and injuring Salma, causing her to lose her memory. During this catastrophe, Salma is also separated from her young son, Iqbal (Amitabh Bachchan). On a railway platform, Iqbal attempts to go after her on foot while Salma is on a train, but he slips and the train leaves the platform. Zafar abducts Salma and tells the world she is his wife. He also adopts an infant from an orphanage in Kanpur, a boy named Sunny (Rishi Kapoor), for Salma to raise on the advice of a psychiatrist. Meanwhile, Iqbal is reunited with his uncle, who has lost his wife and son in the flood. In the process of a heated fight, Iqbal's uncle has lost his right arm, to which Iqbal tells him he will serve as his uncle's right arm from the present onward. The uncle will raise Iqbal as his own, as they have no more family. In the events of the flood, Iqbal's uncle's wife and son were killed."}, {"context": " Years pass, and Iqbal and his uncle work as coolies. Iqbal has grown up to be a dashing, confident young man, and is considered the leader of the local coolies. During an incident with a man named Mr. Puri, a coolie is beaten up badly, to which Iqbal is infuriated at. Mr. Puri is beaten up, but Iqbal is wrongfully imprisoned for his actions. On the same day, however, he is set free. He organises a labour strike, which brings the station to its knees. Sunny, a young, budding reporter, is covering the story. While speaking to Sunny, Iqbal sees a picture of Sunny's mother who turns out to be Salma. In another attempt to get Salma back, Iqbal rushes to her house to bring her back after all these years, but, to his horror, Salma does not recognize him. Zafar is infuriated at Iqbal's trespass. His crooks, disguised as police officers, near-fatally beat Iqbal, while he takes Salma to the psychiatrist to administer electric shocks on her so that her memory never returns. Sunny threatens to publish all of Zafar's crimes in the newspapers the following day if he does not return Salma to him."}, {"context": " Iqbal and Sunny become friends, and both find love; Iqbal with a Christian girl Julie D'Costa (Rati Agnihotri) and Sunny with his childhood sweetheart, Deepa (Shoma Anand). Meanwhile, Aslam has been imprisoned for a crime he did not commit. When he is finally let out, Julie tries to kill him in a graveyard because she thought he had murdered her father, John D'Costa (Amrish Puri), but, as the revolver is empty, she cannot fire. Aslam explains that Zafar had murdered her father, and framed Aslam, to which Julie believes him. Things are looking up, but the coolies uncover a banking and housing scandal against them. After a series of run-ins with the corrupt parties, Iqbal finds himself in a fight to the death with Zafar. Salma returns at a very pivotal scene in the film, during the election standoff between the communist workers under Iqbal and the capitalist lords under Zafar with her old memories intact and she publicly testifies against Zafar and how he destroyed her family. In the crowd is an old man, who turns out to be Iqbal's long-lost father Aslam. Also, Iqbal's uncle recognises a birthmark on Sunny, proving that Sunny was indeed the son he thought he had lost in the great flood. The family is reunited, much to the fury of Zafar, who then proceeds to shoot Iqbal's beloved mamu (uncle) who cared for him in his youth. Zafar then abducts Salma. Iqbal and Sunny both chase after the evildoers, killing Mr. Puri and Vicky in the process, until Iqbal corners Zafar in a masjid. The holy shroud from the shrine flies onto Iqbal's chest, and Iqbal defiantly faces Zafar with the belief in God's protection from harm with His name on his chest. He is shot several times by Zafar, but he continues to chase Zafar up the minaret, saying a part of the shahada with each shot. With the last of his strength, he cries the takbir and pushes Zafar off the parapet, killing him instantly, and Iqbal collapses into his mother's arms. Coolies from all faiths pray hard for his recovery, and Iqbal recovers from his injuries. He is brought back to life again."}, {"context": " With the death of Mohammed Rafi, the favourite singer of Manmohan Desai, a singer who cloned Mohd. Rafi was used to sing for Amitabh Bahchcan in the movie. Shabbir Kumar had his first time singing for Amitabh Bachchan since Kishore Kumar refused to sing for Amitabh Bachchan due to some issues. The film became famous even before its release when Amitabh Bachchan was critically injured on 26 July 1982 in the intestines while filming a fight scene with co-star Puneet Issar at the Bangalore University campus, which almost cost him his life."}, {"context": " In the fight scene, Bachchan was supposed to fall onto a table, but mis-timed his jump. This resulted in an internal abdominal injury. He was transferred to a Mumbai hospital, where according to the actor, he went into a \"haze and coma-like situation\", and was \"clinically dead for a couple of minutes\". While he was in the hospital, there were reports of widespread mourning and prayers were offered by many Indians in the country and abroad. According to reports, Rajiv Gandhi canceled a trip to the United States to be with him."}, {"context": " Bachchan received 60 bottles of blood from 200 donors, one of whom was carrying the Hepatitis B virus. Bachchan recovered from the accident, but discovered in 2000 that the virus had resulted in cirrhosis of the liver, which damaged about 75% of his liver. Bachchan later spoke out about his experience to raise awareness about the Hepatitis B vaccine. Despite critical injury, Bachchan recovered remarkably and resumed shooting on 7 January 1983. In the final cut of the film, the fight scene during which he got injured was frozen and a message appears marking the scene as the one in which he was injured. Manmohan Desai did this on Amitabh's wish."}, {"context": " Due to Bachchan's injury, the ending was also changed. The original script showed Amitabh dying after Kader Khan shot him. But later on, after the injury-and-recovery episode, Manmohan Desai, thinking that this would have a negative impact on the movie as well as a bad feeling in the audience, decided to change the ending. The modified ending has the hero recover after his operation. \"Humari taarif zara lambi hai. Bachpan se hain sar pe hai Allah ka haath aur Allahrakha hai apne saath. Baju pe 786 ka hai billa, 20 number ki bidi pita hu. kam karta hun coolie ka aur naam hai Iqbal\""}, {"context": " \"Hum mazdooron ka seena lohe ki deewaar hai, aur yeh humaare hathiyaar hain. Yeh humara pet paal bhi sakte hain aur tum jaison ka pet phaad bhi sakte hain\". The film was an 'All Time Earner', it got the highest verdict (equivalent to 'All Time Blockbuster' today) present at that time by Trade Guide (Bollywood box office magazine), and was among the rare movies which crossed 10\u00a0million per territory. There were only 13 'All Time Earner' [crossed 10\u00a0million per territory] movies till 1984, 9 of which starred Amitabh and \"Coolie\" was among them."}]}, {"title": "Murphy Lake (Maries County, Missouri)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Murphy Lake is a reservoir in Maries County, Missouri, United States. Murphy Lake lies at an elevation of 1001 feet (305 m)."}]}, {"title": "Maraca\u0301-Pucu River", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Marac\u00e1-Pucu River is a river of Amap\u00e1 state in Brazil. It is a tributary of the Amazon River."}]}, {"title": "Comparison of notetaking software", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The tables below compare features of notable note-taking software."}]}, {"title": "Paducah & Louisville Railway", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Paducah & Louisville Railway is a Class II railroad that operates freight service between Paducah and Louisville, Kentucky. The line is located entirely within the Commonwealth of Kentucky. The 270-mile line was purchased from Illinois Central Gulf Railroad in August, 1986. The 223-mile main route runs between Paducah and Louisville with branch lines from Paducah to Kevil and Mayfield, Kentucky and another from Cecilia to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. The PAL interchanges with Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF) and Canadian National (CN), formerly Illinois Central Railroad, in Paducah. In Madisonville, the line interchanges with CSX Transportation (CSXT)."}, {"context": " In Louisville, the line interchanges with the Indiana Rail Road (INRD), CSX Transportation (CSXT) and Norfolk Southern (NS). Class III line connections are at Princeton with the Fredonia Valley Railroad (FVRR) and at Louisville with the Louisville and Indiana Railroad (LIRC). The line today carries over 200,000 carloads of traffic on a CTC-controlled mainline with welded rail and even a section of double track nearly 20 miles long between Paducah and just east of Calvert City. This is a huge improvement from the little amount of traffic and poor condition the line was in by the time the ICG had sold it."}, {"context": " Today it is a big regional class II railroad connecting with 4 class I railroads (listed above), as well as the 3 shortline connections it makes which are also listed above. It has 270 route-miles of track, of which 233 miles of it are its mainline running between its namesake towns of Paducah and Louisville, as well as branch lines to Mayfield, Kevil, and Elizabethtown. The railroad serves \"many chemical plants and other manufacturing companies, several coal mines, numerous clay and stone quarries, lumber and propane distributors, farm [including a few large grain elevators] and mine equipment suppliers, warehouses, transloads, bulk terminals, riverports, and one military base.\"  The parent company of the PAL, P&L Transportation, also operates the Evansville Western Railway and the Appalachian and Ohio Railroad."}]}, {"title": "November 2011 Myanmar earthquake", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The November 2011 Myanmar earthquake was a magnitude 5.9 (M) moderate earthquake epicentered at Myanmar, about 130\u00a0km east of Manipur capital Imphal, India, on 21 November 2011 at 09:45 local time. The tremor was also felt in Indian states of Assam, Nagaland, Kolkata and some areas of north Bengal and in Bangladesh. The region had previously experienced one of the worst earthquakes in 1897, measuring 8.1 on the Richter scale, that claimed the lives of over 1,500 people. Again in September 2011, more than 50 people died after a killer quake measuring 6.9 had shook the region."}, {"context": " The magnitude 5.9 (M) earthquake occurred inland at 09:45 local time on 21 November 2011 in Myanmar, which is about 130\u00a0km (80 miles) east of Imphal, Manipur, India. Mild tremors were felt across parts of Assam, Nagaland and Manipur, Kolkata and some areas of north Bengal parts of India, and also in Bangladesh. The depth of the epicentre had resulted in lesser loss as compared to when it would be nearer the surface. No casualty or any damage was recorded immediate to the quake. However, in Guwahati, about 300 kilometres from the epicentre, homes were shaken for about 8\u201310 seconds at 08:46am (IST), which resulted in people running towards streets."}]}, {"title": "Diplomacy (2014 film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Diplomacy () is a 2014 Franco-German historical drama film directed by Volker Schl\u00f6ndorff and adapted from the play \"Diplomatie\" by Cyril Gely. The film premiered at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival on 12 February 2014. It was also screened at the Telluride Film Festival in August 2014. It won the C\u00e9sar Award for Best Adaptation at the 40th C\u00e9sar Awards. As the Allied Forces move toward Paris, Adolf Hitler commands General Dietrich von Choltitz to destroy the city. Choltitz sends a team to demolish the city's famous landmarks and to overflow the Seine, led by Lieutenant Hegger and advised by a captured Parisian engineer named M. Lanvin. The landmarks being targeted include the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre, the Place de la Concorde and Notre Dame de Paris."}, {"context": " A Swedish diplomat named Raoul Nordling sneaks into the general's office in the Hotel Meurice by means of a secret passageway. He points out the loss of innocent lives if the demolition goes through, and asks the general not to do it. The general is not swayed. Parisians start to revolt against the German patrols. Fighting fills the streets. Choltitz reveals that the Nazi government has a standing order to punish the officers' families. Nordling tries to downplay its significance, but Choltitz points out that it was enacted right as he was promoted, meaning that Hitler has his eyes on Choltitz."}, {"context": " Nordling offers the chance for the French Resistance to try to evacuate Choltitz's family. He confesses that he would not be able to choose between saving his family and saving Paris, were he in Choltitz's position. However, if he chooses Paris, the world will remember him as a hero. Choltitz relents and cancels the demolition. Lt Hegger tries to trigger it anyway, but is shot by Lanvin. After the fall of Nazi Germany, Choltitz spends two years in prison for his earlier actions during the Siege of Sevastopol. Nordling is awarded a medal for his persuasion of Choltitz in Paris, but he passes it over to Choltitz, recognizing him as the real hero.  The movie was well received by the critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 93% of 45 critics gave the film a positive review, for an average rating of 7.4/10. The site's consensus states that \"For filmgoers who value character development and smart dialogue over plot, Diplomacy yields rich, powerfully acted rewards.\" Brenda Benthien of kinocritics.com judged the \"theatrical tour-de-force\" was \"a Valentine to Schl\u00f6ndorff\u2019s beloved Paris\"."}]}, {"title": "Sta\u0302ncilor River", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The St\u00e2ncilor River is a tributary of the Jiul de Vest River in Romania."}]}, {"title": "Hispano-Moroccan War (1859\u201360)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hispano-Moroccan War, also known as the Spanish\u2013Moroccan War, the First Moroccan War, the Tetu\u00e1n War, or, in Spain, as the African War (), was fought from Spain's declaration of war on Morocco on 22 October 1859 until the Treaty of Wad-Ras on 26 April 1860. It began with a conflict over the borders of the Spanish city of Ceuta and was fought in northern Morocco. Morocco sued for peace after the Spanish victory at the Battle of Tetu\u00e1n. Throughout the 19th century, Morocco suffered military defeats at the hands of the Europeans, notably in the Franco-Moroccan War in 1844. In 1856 the British were able to pressure Morocco into signing the Anglo-Moroccan treaties of Friendship which instated limitations on Moroccan Customs duties and brought an end to Royal monopolies."}, {"context": " The Spaniards saw the Moroccan defeat in 1844 and the 1856 treaties with the British as a sign of weakness. Spurred by a national passion for African conquest, the Spaniards declared war on Morocco. In the late 1859, Moroccan tribesmen raided a Spanish garrison on the outskirts of Ceuta, provoking a response from the Spaniards who, ignoring Britain's pleas for a peaceful settlement, invaded Morocco; they quickly defeated the Sultan's Army near in Ceuta. The Spaniards reached Tetu\u00e1n on February 3, 1860. They bombarded the city for the following 2 days which allowed chaos to reign free, Riffian tribesmen poured into the city and pillaged it (mainly the Jewish quarters). The Moroccan historian Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri described the looting during the bombardment:"}, {"context": " On February 5 the Spanish entered the city, ending both the battle and the war. Alarmed by the Spanish victory at the battle of Tetu\u00e1n, the British put pressure on both the Moroccans and Spanish to make peace which resulted in the Spanish demand of 20 million duros (100 million pesetas) or $4 million in 1861 US dollars. The British lent the Moroccans \u00a3500,000 to aid in the repayment. The Spanish continued to occupy Tetu\u00e1n until the Moroccans paid their debt and deployed customs agents to Moroccan ports as they often collected Morocco customs revenue as payment."}]}, {"title": "Aerodrome Inc.", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Aerodrome Pictures is an American design studio that has provided branding for many television channels worldwide. The company was originally formed in 1985 by R. Scott Miller. Over the next three decades, the studio produced graphics for many channels, including HBO Family, Fox Broadcasting Company, Sci-Fi Channel among others. The studio also produced various film & show titles. In the late-2000s, the company lacked popularity, but continued to grow. R. Scott Miller set up Scott Miller & Associates Inc. in 1985 and designed the original graphics for the Discovery Channel and Turner Network Television. In 1992, as Scott Miller & Associates was working on the network identity for Sci-Fi Channel, it renamed itself as Aerodrome Pictures. Also, Aerodrome hired more people to work at the studio, and the company began winning more awards, including nine Emmy awards, at this time. In the late-2000s, the company started to fall in popularity, but afterward, they continued to grow slowly."}]}, {"title": "Monroe Township, Randolph County, Indiana", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Monroe Township is one of eleven townships in Randolph County, Indiana. As of the 2010 census, its population was 3,711 and it contained 1,609 housing units. Monroe Township was established before 1851. According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which (or 100%) is land and (or 0.03%) is water."}]}, {"title": "Morton W. Weir", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Morton W. Weir is a psychologist and academic. He most recently served as an acting president of Knox College. Before, he was the 5th chancellor at the University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign and an acting chancellor. At the time he served as interim president of Knox College he was a Senior Foundation Representative for the U of I Foundation, from which he retired in 2000. Weir graduated cum laude from Knox College in 1955 as a pre-medicine major. In 1958, he then received an M.A. in experimental psychology from University of Texas at Austin and received his Ph.D. a year later.  Weir was a professor of psychology at the University of Illinois for 33 years. In addition, he served as the head of the psychology department and the vice chancellor for academic affairs. After Jack Peltason's resignation as chancellor, Weir served as the university's first acting Chancellor. He would then go on to serve as the university's fifth chancellor a decade later. Weir then returned to his alma mater to serve as acting president."}]}, {"title": "The Narrow Way", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"The Narrow Way\" is a section on the studio half of Pink Floyd's fourth album \"Ummagumma\". It is a three-part song written and performed entirely by David Gilmour, using multiple overdubs to play all the instruments himself. Part one of the song was called \"Baby Blue Shuffle in D Major\" when played by the band in a BBC broadcast on 2 December 1968; it also strongly resembles the tracks \"Rain in the Country (take 1)\" and \"Unknown Song\" recorded (but eventually not used) for the soundtrack of Michelangelo Antonioni's film \"Zabriskie Point\" in November/December 1969. This portion features layered acoustic guitar with some spacey effects overtop.  Part two features an electric guitar and percussion which modulate heavily at the end, forming a drone that leads into part three. Part three of the song features Gilmour's only vocal contribution to the studio part of the album. It is the first Pink Floyd song to feature lyrics by Gilmour. This final part was incorporated into \"The Man and the Journey\" by the full band on their 1969 tour."}]}, {"title": "Revolving cylinder engine", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The primary claimed benefit of the revolving cylinder, axial piston engine is that a four-cycle, reciprocating piston engine can be achieved without the need for a complex and expensive valve train. The intake and exhaust flows are controlled by simple ports in the cylinder heads. Costs are further reduced because all cylinders at each end of the engine share a common fuel injector and/or spark plug. Additionally, the designs are typically compact and lightweight. Most revolving cylinder, axial piston engine designs utilize a fixed, multi-lobed barrel-type cam and rollers on the pistons to control the reciprocating movement of the pistons. The benefit of this approach, versus a conventional crankshaft-and-connecting-rod mechanism, is that the kinematics of the piston motion can be optimized with regards to combustion cycle efficiency."}, {"context": " The primary drawback to the revolving cylinder, axial piston engine design is that rotating piston assemblies are subjected to centrifugal forces, which can result in significant friction losses. These centrifugal forces increase at the square of the angular velocity. So unless the engine is run at very low rotational speeds, the friction losses due to centrifugal forces acting on the piston assemblies can quickly become unacceptable. To date, commercial or military acceptance of this design is limited to torpedo propulsion systems in current use (2009) by the United States Navy's mk 46 series and mk 48 series engines which use a derivative of the original Gould swashplate engine which was developed in the early 1960s for torpedo propulsion."}, {"context": " Problems associated with the design of the axial piston engine include high oil consumption, high fuel consumption, low rpm limit imposed by previously discussed frictional loads, low overall horsepower, mechanical complexity and complex machining methods needs to allow the engine to stand up to the loads imposed on the components. Additional problems are noted in that, the design does not have a long lifespan when compared to other engine designs due to large numbers of moving parts and relative high stresses. Wear and tear occurs at a faster rate because the engine makes more power pulses per turn of the cam than traditional engines. Lastly, due to very high initial torque and a need for large amounts of coolant, loss of oil or coolant to this design during running will almost certainly result in a catastrophic explosion of the engine because the engine generally has very light casings or shields located in the area around the cams and connecting rods.  The benefits of the design include relatively very high initial torque when compared to other engines, very compact design, able to be made to run on a variety of fuels from gasoline, diesel, kerosene, alcohol, to more exotic/energetic mixtures such as Otto Fuel, hydrogen peroxide/fuel mixes. US patent classification 123/56.8 describes several examples."}]}, {"title": "Bridge for Laboratory Sciences", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Bridge for Laboratory Sciences (shortened to the Bridge) is a two-story laboratory and classroom building on the campus of Vassar College in the town of Poughkeepsie, New York. Designed by Ennead Architects, the structure curves across the Fonteyn Kill and connects to the renovated Olmsted Hall as part of the Integrated Science Center project. Vassar College in the town of Poughkeepsie, New York, began a project to completely renovate New England Building and Sanders Physics Building, partially renovate Olmsted Hall, and construct a new science center in 2011. In anticipation of the building's construction, Vassar's Environmental Research Institute, in conjunction with Cornell University's Cooperative Extension Dutchess County began to monitor the water quality of the Fonteyn Kill, a stream that runs through Vassar's campus over which the building was to be built. The Bridge for Laboratory Sciences (or the Bridge for short) cost $90 million in 2013. The main construction team was Daniel O'Connell and Sons with architectural design by Ennead Architects. The Bridge opened on January 4, 2016."}, {"context": " The Bridge stands two stories tall and spans across the Fonteyn Kill. On one end, it connects to the renovated Olmsted Hall, making up the \"Integrated Science Center\", a facility with a total combined area of . On its other end, the building lets out near Skinner Hall for Music. Before the building's construction, people seeking to cross the Fonteyn Kill needed to descend a flight of stairs to cross a footbridge but the Bridge for Laboratory Sciences is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act, making it a more accessible link across the kill. A variety of techniques are being used to prevent birds from colliding with the Bridge for Laboratory Sciences, including shading fins and an ultraviolet glaze applied to exterior windows visible to birds but not to humans."}, {"context": " The structure is gently curved and supported by two concrete piles anchored in the wetland beneath. Curved trusses are built at the top of the structure with steel extensions built downward to support the building's two floors. The top-down construction was undergone in part to protect the riparian ecosystem below the structure. It totals in floor space, making it Vassar's largest academic building. Facilities in the Bridge include a wet laboratory, a robotics laboratory, a phytotron, a scientific visualization laboratory, machine and electric shops, a herbarium, an exterior patio, and a coffee shop. Faculty offices and multidisciplinary classroom\u2013lab spaces for biology, chemistry, earth science, and environmental sciences are also part of the structure."}]}, {"title": "1934\u201335 Connecticut State Huskies men's basketball team", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 1934\u201335 Connecticut State Huskies men's basketball team represented Connecticut State College, now the University of Connecticut, in the 1934\u201335 collegiate men's basketball season. This was the first year that the team was named the Huskies. The Huskies completed the season with a 7\u20138 overall record. The Huskies were members of the New England Conference, where they ended the season with a 1\u20132 record. The Huskies played their home games at Hawley Armory in Storrs, Connecticut, and were led by fourth-year head coach John J. Heldman, Jr.  !colspan=12 style=\"\"| Regular Season Schedule Source:"}]}, {"title": "Ed Harris (playwright)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ed Harris is a playwright, radio dramatist, comedy writer, librettist, poet and performer based in Brighton, England. Harris grew up in West London and attended Drayton Manor High School and Twyford Church of England High School in Acton. After finishing high school, he worked as a bin man and later a careworker, as well as travelling and working abroad, including waiting tables in Turkey and training huskies in Kiruna, Sweden. He received his first theatrical commission after being \u2018discovered\u2019 at a poetry gig he performed at in Brighton in 2002."}, {"context": " Harris has written extensively for BBC Radio drama and comedy. His first radio play, \"Porshia\", was produced in 2007 and starred Robert Webb Harris' first play, \"Never Ever After\", was shortlisted for the Meyer-Whitworth Award in 2008. His first major play, \"Mongrel Island\", was commissioned by Soho Theatre and opened Steve Marmion\u2019s first season as Artistic Director in July 2011. It was later produced in Mexico City in 2014 as \"Perro Sin Raza\", directed by Fernando Rozvar. Harris' \"The Cow Play\" was revived for the Edinburgh Festival Fringe."}, {"context": " His first play for children, \"What The Thunder Said\", won the Writers' Guild Award for Best Children\u2019s Play 2017. Between 2011 and 2015 he won a Sony Gold Radio Academy Award for his series \"The Resistance Of Mrs Brown\", a Writers' Guild Award for \"Troll\" and a BBC Audio Drama Award for \"Billions\". As well as many stand-alone plays, Harris has written numerous series, including an adaption of Franz Kafka\u2019s \"The Castle\". Harris also wrote and starred in the semi-autobiographical play, \"The Slow Kapow\". He is also the writer of \"DOT\" a sitcom that follows the exploits of some female staff in the Cabinet War Rooms during the Second World War, starring Fenella Woolgar, Kate O\u2019Flynn, Freya Parker, Jane Slavin and David Acton.  Harris is also a published poet. In 2018, Harris wrote the libretto for a new opera \"A Shoe Full Of Stars\" for Opera Schmopera with composer Omar Shahryar."}]}, {"title": "S\u0327\u0259rq Qap\u0131s\u0131", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sharg Gapisi () is an Azerbaijani language newspaper published in the Nakhichivan Autonomous Republic in Azerbaijan. It was founded in 1921. As of 1977, it was printed six days a week, with a circulation of 16,000."}]}, {"title": "Number Seven Yucai Middle School", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Number Seven Yucai Middle School (), also called \"Yucai School Attached to Sichuan Chengdu No. 7 High School\", is the middle school affiliated with No. 7 High School. In 1957, the growing city of Chengdu in Sichuan, China established No. 7 High School, the predecessor of today\u2019s Yucai. During the next forty years, the school expanded and altered its name, and was for a time known as No. 35. With guidance from the Chengdu Education Bureau, the school was reorganized again in 1997 to keep pace with its rapidly developing environment. Today the school sits under the jurisdiction of the Education Bureau of Chengdu\u2019s Jinjiang District."}, {"context": " Yucai Middle School educates boys and girls in the seventh, eighth, and ninth grades. Each grade holds approximately 1,000 students for a total enrollment of just over 3,000 students spread across 50 classrooms. Many of the 180 faculty have received local and national recognition for their teaching excellence: sixty-eight are considered \u201cFirst-Tier\u201d (\u4e00\u7ea7\u6559\u5e08); forty-eight are considered \u201cAdvanced\u201d (\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6559\u5e08); twelve have been recognized as \u201cExcellent Young Teachers\u201d (\u4f18\u79c0\u9752\u5e74\u6559\u5e08); nine are trustees or core members of provincial and municipal education committees (\u7701\u5e02\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u4f1a\u7406\u4e8b\u53ca\u4e2d\u5fc3); five have been selected to be \u201cExemplary Academicians\u201d (\u5b66\u79d1\u5e26\u5934\u4eba); and two have merited \u201cTop Level\u201d (\u7279\u7ea7\u6559\u5e08) classification."}, {"context": " Local, regional and national awards attest to Yucai\u2019s brand of excellence. Yucai has ranked first in Sichuan province both in number of student participants and also in awards won in national mathematics, physics, chemistry, and information science (\u4fe1\u606f\u5b66) contests. Yucai has won much recognition at the city and provincial level. It is a \u201cSuperior School of Basic Educational Reform in Sichuan\u201d (\u56db\u5ddd\u7701\u57fa\u7840\u6559\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6539\u9769\u5148\u8fdb\u5355\u4f4d) as well as an \u201cEducational Well-Being and Psychological Counseling Research Center\u201d (\u56db\u5ddd\u7701\u5fc3\u7406\u5065\u5eb7\u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u5730\u5b66\u6821). Its community support remains outstanding, as the school also received Sichuan\u2019s award for \u201cExemplary Parent Involvement\u201d (\u56db\u5ddd\u7701\u793a\u8303\u5bb6\u957f\u5b66\u6821). In Chengdu it has received the \u201cExemplary School Spirit\u201d (\u6210\u90fd\u5e02\u6821\u98ce\u793a\u8303\u6821) and \u201cExemplary Campus Ethics and Civility\u201d (\u6210\u90fd\u6587\u660e\u5355\u4f4d) awards among more than ten other provincial and citywide honors. Yucai\u2019s influence extends beyond Chengdu and into rural China through its participation in supportive teaching programs. Multimedia technology broadcasts Yucai\u2019s model classrooms, along with those of Dongfang Wendao Network School, into more than a hundred remote schools in western China.  Every year, teachers, principals and students from the United States, Singapore, South Korea, Russia and other countries visit Yucai to exchange ideas about education and pedagogy. Yucai\u2019s teachers and students regularly participate in study abroad programs. Every year some students attend summer camps outside of China to increase their experience, knowledge, and abilities."}]}, {"title": "Braunes Wasser", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Braunes Wasser (German for \"brown water\") is a river of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It flows into the Holtemme near Hasserode."}]}, {"title": "Cislago", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Cislago is a \"comune\" (municipality) in the Province of Varese in the Italian region Lombardy, located about northwest of Milan and about southeast of Varese. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 9,118 and an area of . The municipality of Cislago contains the \"frazioni\" (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Massina, Santa Maria, and Cascina Visconta. Cislago borders the following municipalities: Gerenzano, Gorla Minore, Limido Comasco, Mozzate, Rescaldina, Turate."}]}, {"title": "Pontfaverger-Moronvilliers", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Pontfaverger-Moronvilliers is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France. Although the town of Pontfaverger-Moronvilliers was originally two separate smaller towns, Pontfaverger and Moronvilliers, they were joined together as one in 1950 after Moronvilliers was destroyed during World War I and never rebuilt. The commune is traversed by the Suippe river."}]}, {"title": "1995 Stanley Cup playoffs", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 1995 Stanley Cup playoffs, the championship of the National Hockey League was played between May 6 and June 24, 1995. The sixteen teams that qualified, eight from each conference, played best-of-seven series for the conference quarterfinals, semifinals and championships, and then the conference champions played a best-of-seven series for the Stanley Cup. In the Final, the New Jersey Devils swept the favored Detroit Red Wings in four games to win their first championship. This was the only time Patrick Roy missed the playoffs in his career. His team, the Montreal Canadiens, missed the playoffs for the first time since 1970. The Canadiens and the Ottawa Senators missed the playoffs this year. Montreal and Ottawa would not miss the playoffs in the same year again until 2016, when all Canadian teams missed the playoffs. The Quebec Nordiques played their last ever playoff series during this time. They would move to Denver, Colorado during the summer. For the first time since 1980, no league semifinal/conference final games were played in Canada."}, {"context": " The following teams qualified for the playoffs: This was the final playoff series played by the Quebec Nordiques, as they would move to Denver, Colorado as the Colorado Avalanche after the season. Game four was the last playoff game at Buffalo Memorial Auditorium. With their win in Game 7, the Pens became the first team to have two 3-1 comebacks in playoff series against the same team. Game five was the last game ever played in the Boston Garden. Game four was the last game ever played in the Pacific Coliseum."}, {"context": " This was the second playoff series between these two teams, with Philadelphia winning the only previous meeting in two games. They last met in the 1978 Preliminary Round where Philadelphia swept the Colorado Rockies. This was the third conference final appearance for New Jersey and the second consecutive appearance after losing to the New York Rangers in seven games the year before. Philadelphia made their fourth conference final appearance and first since losing to Montreal in six games in 1989."}, {"context": " New Jersey handed Philadelphia their first two playoff home losses of the season winning 4-1 in game one and 5-2 in game two and they outshot the Flyers 28-21 and 24-20 respectively. In game three Philadelphia played with a sense of urgency. Trailing 2\u20131 the Flyers tied the game on Rod Brind'Amour's goal with 6:03 to go in regulation. They went on to win the game 3\u20132 on captain Eric Lindros' goal at 4:19 of the first overtime period. Playing with their newfound confidence the Flyers won game four by a score of 4\u20132 despite being outshot 34\u201319, Flyers goaltender Ron Hextall made 32 saves. In game five the Devils took a 2\u20131 lead into the second period which ended up scoreless. The Flyers tied the game on Kevin Dineen's second goal of the game at 3:13 of the third period. The Devils almost regained the lead on Stephane Richer's breakaway shot that hit the crossbar with less than four minutes to go in regulation. Then with less than a minute remaining Devils forward Claude Lemieux picked up the puck on a backcheck in the New Jersey zone and skated up the ice, once over the Flyers' blue line Lemieux fired a slap shot that beat Hextall on his blocker side. The goal silenced the Spectrum crowd and gave New Jersey a 3\u20132 lead with just 44.2 seconds to play. The Devils hung on to win the game 3\u20132."}, {"context": " In game six Philadelphia opened the scoring on Jim Montgomery's goal at 4:05 of the first period. The Devils calmly utilized the neutral-zone trap to shut down the Flyers' offense while their forwards took advantage. Stephane Richer tied the game with a power play goal at 10:25 and Brian Rolston put the Devils up 2\u20131 with a goal at 18:15. The scored remained 2\u20131 for New Jersey until midway through the second period. After a blocked shot by Devils defenseman Shawn Chambers led to a three on one rush for New Jersey, Randy McKay scored his seventh goal of the postseason. The Devils made it 4\u20131 at 10:11 of the third period when Bobby Carpenter passed the puck past Flyers defenceman Karl Dykhuis up to Claude Lemieux at center ice who went in on a breakaway and scored his league leading eleventh goal of the playoffs. The Flyers fought back as Mikael Renberg scored on the power play at 16:29 to cut the Devils' lead to 4\u20132 but New Jersey held on to the lead and went on to win the game and series, advancing to the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time in team history."}, {"context": " This was the fourteenth playoff series between these two teams, with Chicago winning eight of the thirteen previous series. They last met in the 1992 Division Final where Chicago swept Detroit in four games. This was the seventh conference final appearance for Chicago and first since 1992 where the Blackhawks swept Edmonton in four games. Detroit made their third conference final appearance and first since losing to Edmonton in five games in 1988. Game one of the series at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit saw a goaltending battle between Ed Belfour and Mike Vernon. The two teams skated to a 1\u20131 tie after regulation before Nicklas Lidstrom scored the game-winning goal for Detroit at 1:01 of the first overtime period. It was the first overtime playoff game that Detroit had won at home since 1960. In game two Chicago led by a score of 2\u20131 after two periods on goals by Chris Chelios and Tony Amonte. In the third period, Detroit kept pressing and eventually tied the game on Doug Brown's goal. Kris Draper scored the winner for Detroit with just 1:45 remaining in regulation. In game three of the series at the United Center, Detroit led 3\u20132 going into the third period. Jeff Shantz scored at 8:33 to tie the game for Chicago. The game went to double overtime where Vladimir Konstantinov scored the game-winner for Detroit at 9:25. The win gave the Red Wings a commanding 3\u20130 series lead. The Blackhawks responded to the urgency and came out flying in game four as Denis Savard and Joe Murphy both scored twice and captain Dirk Graham had a goal to give Chicago a dominating 5\u20130 lead after 40 minutes. Detroit scored twice in the third period on goals by Kris Draper and Ray Sheppard as the Blackhawks went on to win the game 5\u20132. In game five Chicago jumped out to a 1\u20130 lead on Denis Savard's power play goal at 10:18 of the first period. Detroit then tied the game on Steve Yzerman's goal at 11:36 of the second. After a scoreless third period the game went into double overtime where Vyacheslav Kozlov scored at 2:25 to give the Red Wings a 2\u20131 win and a series clinching victory.  Detroit made their nineteenth appearance in the Finals, and first since 1966 where they lost in six games to Montreal. New Jersey made their first appearance in the Finals, in their 21st season. Detroit last won the Stanley Cup in 1955. The Devils would blanket the Red Wings with defense to win their first Stanley Cup title."}]}, {"title": "Seraphim of Athens", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Seraphim (Greek, \u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bc) born Vissarion Tikas (Greek, \u0392\u03b7\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03a4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2) (October 26, 1913 \u2013 April 10, 1998) was Archbishop of Athens and All Greece from 1974 to 1998. He was born in Artesiano, a borough of Karditsa in Greece, in 1913. Archbishop Seraphim of Athens enrolled in the Theological School of the University of Athens in 1936 and graduated in 1940. During his second year (1938), he became a monk in the Pendeli Monastery. He was ordained a deacon by the then Metropolitan Bishop of Corinth and by Archbishop Damaskinos of Athens, and served at the Church of the Holy Trinity in Neo Iraklio."}, {"context": " In 1942 he was ordained a priest and an archimandrite, also by Archbishop Damaskinos and served as parish priest at the Church of St Luke in Patisia. During the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II, he joined the ranks of EDES under general Napoleon Zervas. He served as secretary of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece, and in 1949, was elected Metropolitan Bishop of Arta and in 1958 was transferred to Ioannina. Archbishop Seraphim of Athens was elected Archbishop of Athens and All Greece on January 13, 1974, succeeding Archbishop Ieronymos I.  As prelate of the Church of Greece, he visited the Patriarchates of Constantinople, Antioch, Moscow, Sofia and Belgrade. During his 24 years as church leader he swore in six Presidents of Greece and numerous Prime Ministers. He died in Athens on April 10, 1998."}]}, {"title": "Montescudo", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Montescudo is a frazione and former \"comune\" (municipality) in the Province of Rimini in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about southeast of Bologna and about south of Rimini. Montescudo borders the following municipalities: Coriano, Faetano (San Marino), Gemmano, Monte Colombo, Sassofeltrio. Montescudo is most likely of Etruscan origin. In the Roman era it was a station of the military mail service from Rimini to Rome. In 1209 it was conquered by Emperor Otto I, and later was under the Republic of Venice. In the late Middle Ages, through a series of bloody struggles, it was contended by the House of Malatesta of Rimini and by the Dukes of Urbino. In 1509 it was ceded by the Republic of Venice to the Papal States.  On 1 January 2016 Montescudo merged Monte Colombo to form the new municipality of Montescudo-Monte Colombo."}]}, {"title": "Schistonchus caprifici", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Schistonchus caprifici is a plant parasitic nematode in the genus \"Schistonchus\" parasitizing the caprifig (\"Ficus carica sylvestris\"). It is found in Spain and Italy. \"Blastophaga psenes\" is the vector of the nematode bringing it to the fig tree. This species is also transported by the cleptoparasite \"Philotrypesis caricae\" (Agaonidae)."}]}, {"title": "Telephone numbers in Malawi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ghana International Call Prefix: 00<br> Trunk Prefix: none In Malawi, the NSN length is usually seven or nine digits. To call Malawi, the following format is used: +265 1 XXX XXX or +265 X XXXX XXXX Within Malawi dial the 7 or 9 digit subscriber number. There are no area codes. The new number plan took effect in 2009."}]}, {"title": "Ashton Avenue Bridge", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Ashton Avenue Bridge is a former road-rail bridge located in Bristol, England. Grade II listed, it was constructed as part of the Bristol Harbour Railway, and is now part of a local access cycle path. The Great Western Railway (GWR) was a business proposal by Isambard Kingdom Brunel to shorten the travel time between London and the new world of North America, accessed via New York City. Able to gain finance from the City of Bristol, the first Act of Parliament allowed for the construction of the GWR from London to Bristol via Reading, Swindon and Bath, Somerset."}, {"context": " The original Bristol Harbour Railway (BHR) was a joint venture by the GWR and sister company the Bristol and Exeter Railway. It opened in 1872 between and the Floating Harbour. Its route included a tunnel under St Mary Redcliffe church, and a steam-powered bascule bridge over the entrance locks at Bathurst Basin. In 1876 the railway was extended by west to Wapping Wharf. By Act of Parliament of 1897, the GWR was authorised to make an eastwards connection between the BHR and the Portishead Railway, and then create the West Loop at which would face south towards and . This connection would allow a doubling of BHR rail access capacity to the Great Western main line."}, {"context": " In 1905, it was proposed to undertake the authorised extension of the BHR from Wapping Wharf across Spike Island. It would then junction into two branches: a western branch to Wapping via a line alongside the New Cut; and to Canons Marsh on the northside of the River Avon, which would then merge with the Portishead Railway (\"Butterfly Junction\"). Under a joint agreement, Bristol Corporation and the GWR engaged as their Chief Engineer J.C. lnglis. The building contractor was John Lysaght and Co., while Armstrong Whitworth were engaged to design the hydraulic movement system. Construction of the span-bridge started in 1905, with two squared rock-faced limestone piers, the southern one of which would pivot the swinging span. This supported a moveable Whipple Murphy truss span, weighing , with total metal work of the entire bridge weighing in at . With the bridge able to operate both ways, each opening/closing cycle consumed of water from the Floating Harbour. The bridge control cabin, road and railway signal boxes, and the reversible hydraulic motor were all housed in a single structure perched on stilts above the upper road deck."}, {"context": " The original estimate for the bridge was \u00a336,500, with the GWR agreeing to pay half. The final cost was \u00a370,389, to which Bristol Corporation asked the GWR to increase its contribution. After further negotiation the GWR contributed \u00a322,000. Designed and opened as the freight-only Wapping Wharf Branch, the bridge was opened on 3 October 1906 by the Lady Mayoress, Mrs A.J.Smith. With both railway and road operations and bridge maintenance undertaken by the GWR, it opened on average ten times a day until February 1934. The controlling railway signals were interlocked with the signal boxes on either side of the river, making it impossible for signals to be cleared unless the bridge span was locked in the closed position."}, {"context": " Bristol Corporation rescinded the GWR's obligation to maintain the swing apparatus in 1951, after which it was welded shut. After the completion of a new A370 road dual carriageway system in the docks area, and the opening of the replacement Plimsoll Bridge to the west in 1965, the road deck and signal cabin were removed. The BHR's connection with Temple Meads was closed and the track lifted in 1964, and the Canons Marsh branch closed the following year. The Western Fuel Company continued to use the line from the Portishead branch over the swing bridge and Wapping marshalling yard for commercial coal traffic. The rail line over the bridge was singled in 1976, and shut operationally after Western Fuel ceased railway operations in 1987. The bridge was revisited by GWR \"Pannier\" Tank No.1369 in 1996, prior to the re-opening of the residual BHR as a visitor attraction."}, {"context": " Grade II listed in May 2000, The single track rail line remained in place over the bridge, but was highly overgrown. Network Rail later lifted the track from the bridge to . The other side of the railway level has been converted into rail trail foot and cycle path, part of the Pill pathway. It is listed on the Heritage at Risk register. In 2015 it was announced that the bridge would close for a period of 12 months from the autumn for a complete renovation in connection with the MetroBus project. When reopened, the bridge will have a separate single bus lane and a wider cycle and pedestrian path.  Vol II, p 228."}]}, {"title": "Mordellistena horni", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Mordellistena horni is a beetle in the \"Mordellistena\" genus, which is in the Mordellidae family. It was described in 1927 by Maurice Pic."}]}, {"title": "Ritual (Keith Jarrett album)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ritual is an album of contemporary classical music written by Keith Jarrett and performed by on solo piano by Dennis Russell Davies that was recorded and released on the ECM label in 1977. The Allmusic review by Richard S. Ginell awarded the album 3 stars, noting, \"\"Ritual\" has several of the characteristics of Jarrett's solo improvisations -- the repetitive vamps and ostinatos, wistful lyricism, ruminative episodes developing organically out of what preceded them -- but without the jazzy/bluesy feeling that runs through the solo concerts. Also, the piece begins in a mournful way unusual for the usually optimistic Jarrett. In any case, it is a thoughtful, absorbing composition, thoroughly tonal harmonically, played with assured technique and appropriate use of classical expressive devices by Davies. Classical listeners as well as Jarrett devotees will find much to savor here\"."}]}, {"title": "USS Mississippi (1841)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " USS \"Mississippi\", a paddle frigate, was the first ship of the United States Navy to bear that name. She was named for the Mississippi River. Her sister ship was . Her keel was laid down by the Philadelphia Navy Yard in 1839; built under the personal supervision of Commodore Matthew Perry. She was commissioned on 22 December 1841, with Captain W. D. Salter in command and launched several weeks later. After several years of service in the Home Squadron, during which she performed experiments crucial to development of the steam Navy, \"Mississippi\" joined the West Indian Squadron in 1845 as flagship for Commodore Perry. During the Mexican\u2013American War, she took part in expeditions against Alvarado, Tampico, P\u00e1nuco, and Laguna de T\u00e9rminos, all successful in tightening American control of the Mexican coastline and interrupting coastwise commerce and military supply operations."}, {"context": " She returned to Norfolk for repairs on 1 January 1847, then arrived at Veracruz on 21 March 1847, carrying Perry to take command of the American fleet. At once she and her men plunged into amphibious operations against Veracruz, supplying guns and their crews to be taken ashore for the battery which fought the city to surrender in four days. Through the remainder of the war, \"Mississippi\" contributed guns, men, and boats to a series of coastal raids on Mexico\u2019s east coast, taking part in the capture of Tabasco in June 1847."}, {"context": " \"Mississippi\" cruised the Mediterranean Sea during 1849\u20131851, picking up Louis Kossuth on his way into exile, before returning to the United States to prepare for Commodore Perry's expedition to Japan. Serving as the flagship; it was commanded by Sydney Smith Lee. The squadron cleared Hampton Roads on 24 November 1852, for Madeira, the Cape of Good Hope, Hong Kong, and Shanghai, which was reached 4 May 1853. The squadron now approached Japan by calls in the Ryukyu Islands and Bonin Islands, and entered Edo Bay on 8 July 1853, remaining until the Japanese accepted an official letter by President Millard Fillmore on 14 July. After further cruising in the Far East, \"Mississippi\" and the squadron returned to Japan on 12 February 1854, remaining as part of Perry's show of force until the signing of the Convention of Kanagawa on 31 March. \"Mississippi\" returned to New York City on 23 April 1855, and again sailed for the Far East on 19 August 1857, to base at Shanghai and patrol in support of America's burgeoning trade with the Orient. As the flagship for Commodore Josiah Tattnall, she was present during the British and French attack on the Chinese forts at Taku in June 1859, and two months later, she landed a force at Shanghai when the American consul requested her aid in restoring order to the city, torn by civil strife. She returned to ordinary at Boston, Massachusetts, in 1860, but was reactivated when the American Civil War became inevitable."}, {"context": " \"Mississippi\" arrived off Key West, Florida, to institute the blockade there on 8 June 1861, and five days later made her first capture, the schooner \"Forest King\" bound with coffee from Rio de Janeiro to New Orleans, Louisiana. On 27 November 1861, off Northeast Pass of the Mississippi River, she joined in capturing the British bark \"Empress\", again carrying coffee from Rio to New Orleans. The following spring, she joined Farragut's squadron for the planned assault on New Orleans. After several attempts, on 7 April 1862, she and successfully passed over the bar at Southwest Pass, the heaviest ships ever to enter the river to that time."}, {"context": " As Farragut brought his fleet up the river, a key engagement was that with Fort Jackson and Fort Saint Philip on 24 April 1862, during which \"Mississippi\" ran the Confederate ram \"Manassas\" ashore, wrecking her with two mighty broadsides. One of her sailors, Seaman Christopher Brennan, was awarded the Medal of Honor for his part in the battle. The city was now doomed, and \"Mississippi\", her heavy draft making her less suitable to river operations than lighter ships, remained off New Orleans for much of the next year."}, {"context": " Ordered upriver for the operations against Port Hudson, Louisiana, \"Mississippi\" sailed with six other ships lashed in pairs, while she sailed alone. On 14 March 1863, she grounded while attempting to pass the forts guarding Port Hudson. Under enemy fire, every effort was made to refloat her by Captain Melancton Smith and his executive officer George Dewey (later to achieve fame as an admiral). At last, her machinery was destroyed, her battery spiked, and she was fired to prevent Confederate capture. When the flames reached her magazines, she blew up and sank. Three of \"Mississippi's\" men, Seaman Andrew Brinn, Boatswain's Mate Peter Howard, and U.S. Marine Corps Sergeant Pinkerton R. Vaughn, were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions during the abandonment. She lost 64 men, with the accompanying ships saving 223 of her crew."}]}, {"title": "Victoria River Downs Station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Victoria River Downs Station also often called Victoria Downs and often referred to as The Big Run is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station. It is located about south east of Timber Creek and west of Daly Waters in the Northern Territory. The property abuts the Daguragu Aboriginal Land Trust to the south, Camfield Station, Montejinni and Killarney Stations to the east, Delamere to the north and Humbert River Station and the Bilinarra-Jutpurra Aboriginal Land Trust to the west. The Auvergne and Wave Hills Stock routes both pass through the station as does the Buntine Highway that passes through the south east corner."}, {"context": " Currently Victoria River Downs has an area of The property was once the world's largest pastoral property with an area of , but following much of the land being resumed it is now less than half its former size, and less than half the size of the current largest, Anna Creek station. Several watercourses pass through the property including the Wickham River, Camfield River, Townsend River, Humbert River, Gill Creek, Blackskin Creek, Depot Creek, Jasper Creek and Battle Creek. The property is composed of several land types including ridges and plateaus on sandstone or dolomite, gently undulating plains of dolomite overlaid with loamy soils, limestone outcrops and alluvial floodplains with cracking clays. Vegetation includes wire grass, white grass and black spear grass on the red earth country with stands of ribbon grass, flinders grass, blue grass and feathertop wire grass on the clay country."}, {"context": " The station has been operating for over 100 years and is currently owned by Heytesbury Pty. Ltd.. The eastern boundary of Victoria River Downs adjoins Killarney Station, Killarney was exised from Victoria Downs when the station exceeded in size. The much smaller Humbert River station is on the western boundary. Camfield Station was also once an outstation of Victoria Downs which is now owned by the Australian Agricultural Company. This station occupies an area of and was won in a ballot in 1952 by Paul Vanderleer before having a series of owners, then was finally acquired by AACo. in 2004."}, {"context": " The station was originally established in 1883 on Bilingara and Karranga native lands by Charles Fisher and Maurice Lyons, who also owned nearby Glencoe Station. The men stocked the property with 20,000 head of cattle that had been overlanded from Wilmot by Nat Buchanan. The lease had been granted by the South Australian government in December 1879 for an area of land . Fisher ran into monetary problems and following legal battles the property was awarded to Goldsbrough Mort & Co. Ltd in 1889. In early 1900 Goldsbrough sold the lease and the stock for \u00a327,500 to a syndicate consisting of Forrest, Emmanuel & Company and the Kidman Brothers."}, {"context": " In 1893 the station was carrying an estimated herd of 23,000 cattle and by 1894 the station occupied an area of , carried 30,000 head of cattle and some 500 horses. The station was shipping cattle at this time to Batavia via Singapore along with other stations in the area, in 1894 the station shipped 2,205 head for which they were paid \u00a37717. By 1901 the station was carrying about 30,000 head of cattle. and by 1907 Victoria River Downs was stocked with an estimated 69,350 head of cattle. In 1902 a partnership between Sidney Kidman and the Emanuel brothers acquired the property which occupied an area of and was regarded as one of the largest cattle stations in the world."}, {"context": " Sidney Kidman sold Victoria River Downs to Bovril Australian Estates in 1909 along with another two stations, one being Northcote and the other in Western Australia near Wyndham called Carlton Hill for a total of \u00a3200,000. By 1923 the size of the property was estimated at making it the largest property in the Northern Territory at the time. In 1949 the Surveyor General of the Northern Territory, R. Miller, arrived to resume an area of from the eastern side of the property. Parts of the property have since been carved up leaving an area of ."}, {"context": " William Buckland, a Melbourne businessman, purchased the property in 1955 and then sold again in 1960 to Hooker Corporation. When changes were made to the lease in 1961 the Animal Production Branch approached the Hooker Pastoral Company to excise a small portion of the lease to establish a research station. The area was surrendered in 1963. It was named the Victoria river Research Station in 1965 but is commonly referred to as Kidman Springs. The research station commenced operations 1969. In 1984, the station was sold again, this time to Peter Sherwin for 11.6 million. Kerry Packer had sought to buy the property and had negotiated the sale agreement with Hooker but the Northern Territory government invoked its right of veto sale of large parcels of land and instead gave Sherwin approval. Packer acquired Newcastle Waters instead."}, {"context": " Sherwin was subject to a takeover bid by Elders in 1988 and Elders gave a 17.4% share in the property to Robert Holmes a Court, by 1989 Holmes a Court owned all of Victoria River Downs which today trades as Heytesbury Beef. The station and surrounding areas were pounded with heavy rains in February 2010, receiving over the course of the month. This figure was the highest monthly total ever in the 120 years that rainfall has been recorded at Victoria River Downs, and smashed the previous record set in 2004.  The station is served by the Victoria River Downs Airport, also owned by Heytesbury."}]}, {"title": "Open marriage", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Open marriage is a form of non-monogamy in which the partners of a dyadic marriage agree that each may engage in extramarital sexual relationships, without this being regarded by them as infidelity, and consider or establish an open relationship despite the implied monogamy of marriage. There are variant forms of open marriage (such as swinging and polyamory), each with the partners having varying levels of input on their spouse's activities. The term \"open marriage\" originated in sociology and anthropology. Through the 1960s, researchers used \"closed marriage\" to indicate the practices of communities and cultures where individuals were intended to marry based upon social conventions and proscriptions, and \"open marriage\" where individuals had the ability to make their own choice of spouse."}, {"context": " Nena O'Neill and George O'Neill changed the meaning of the term with the 1972 publication of their book \"Open Marriage\". The O'Neills describe \"open marriage\" as a relationship in which each partner has room for personal growth and can individually develop outside friendships, rather than focus obsessively on their couplehood and their family unit (being \"closed\"). Most of the book describes approaches to revitalizing marriage in areas of trust, role flexibility, communication, identity, and equality. Chapter 16, entitled \"Love Without Jealousy\", devoted 20 pages to the proposition that an \"open marriage\" might possibly include some forms of sexuality with other partners. Fueled by frequent appearances of the O'Neills on television and in magazine articles, the redefinition entered popular consciousness, and \"open marriage\" became a synonym for sexually non-monogamous marriage."}, {"context": " In her 1977 book \"The Marriage Premise\", Nena O'Neill advocated sexual fidelity in a chapter of that name. As she later said, \"The whole area of extramarital sex is touchy. I don't think we ever saw it as a concept for the majority, and certainly it has not proved to be.\" Today, with many committed couples not seeking formal marriage, the term is frequently generalized to \"open relationship\". There are definitional issues that complicate attempts to determine the actual incidence of open marriage."}, {"context": " The meaning of \"open marriage\" can vary from study to study depending on how the particular researchers have set their selection criteria. Individuals might claim to have open marriages when their spouses would not agree. Studies and articles that interview individuals without taking their married status into account may not receive accurate information about the actual \"open\" status of the marriage. Blumstein and Schwartz asked more than 6,000 couples whether or not they had an understanding allowing sex outside their relationship. Interviewed individually, the partners in some couples gave very different responses to this question; the respective replies from one married couple were"}, {"context": " \"Sure we have an understanding. It's 'You do what you want. Never go back to the same one.' See, that's where it's going to screw your mind up, to go back the second time to the same person.\" (Blumstein & Schwartz, 1983, page 286) \"We've never spoken about cheating, but neither of us believe in it. I don't think I'd ever forgive him. I don't think I'd be able to. I don't know. I haven't met up with that situation.\" (Blumstein & Schwartz, 1983, page 287) Couples may have an open marriage in principle, but not engage in extramarital sex. Studies that define open marriage by agreement alone will tend to report a higher incidence than studies that define open marriage by agreement and behavior. Spaniel and Cole found that 7 percent of couples would consider participating in an open marriage, but only 1.7 percent of couples reported having open marriages that actually included extramarital sex."}, {"context": " Blumstein and Schwartz found that 15 percent of married couples share an agreement that allows extramarital sex, but only about 24 percent of men and 22 percent of women (or 6 percent and 5 percent of the total, respectively) who had such an agreement actually engaged in extramarital sex during the prior year. Researchers have regularly applied \"open marriage\" in overly narrow terms. For example, Hunt defined open marriage specifically as swinging couples who meet with other swinging couples to swap mates."}, {"context": " Open marriage is usually defined in terms of legally married, opposite-sex partners. Data collected from these kinds of open marriages may not generalize to other kinds of open relationships. For example, cohabiting couples tend to show higher levels of involvement in extra-relational intimacy compared to married couples. Gay male couples show very high levels of open relationships compared to straight couples. The impact of open marriage on relationships varies across couples. Some couples report high levels of marital satisfaction and have long-lasting open marriages."}, {"context": " Other couples drop out of the open marriage lifestyle and return to sexual monogamy. These couples may continue to believe open marriage is a valid way of life, just not for them. The extent to which open marriage actually contributes to divorce remains uncertain. Blumstein and Schwartz note a slightly higher risk of divorce among couples who engage in extramarital sex, even if the couples agree to allow extramarital sex. However, Rubin and Adams did not observe any significant difference in the risk of divorce for couples in open marriages and couples in sexually monogamous marriages."}, {"context": " A 1981 study concluded that around 80 percent of people in open marriages experienced jealousy over their extramarital relationships. Couples in open marriages experienced as much or more jealousy than people in sexually monogamous marriages. Martin Weinberg, Colin J. Williams, and Douglas Pryor found that 77 percent of bisexuals in sexually open relationships had partners who experienced jealousy at some point. The largest group, at 46.2 percent, said their partners experienced only a little jealousy. The remaining 30.8 percent said their partners experienced moderate to extreme jealousy. (These findings may not generalize to heterosexual married couples, as most of subjects were not married.) In addition, bisexuals are often more jealous of outside partners of their own sex."}, {"context": " \"Primary partners were reportedly more jealous of an 'outside' partner of their own sex -- for example, a man whose primary partner was a woman would say she was more jealous of his relationships with other women. The logic that underlies this was that a person of the same sex as themselves could meet similar needs and thus replace them. A person of the opposite sex would not compete in this way, satisfying a different set of needs for their partner.\" (Weinberg, Williams, & Pryor, 1995, page 108)"}, {"context": " People who experience normal jealousy have at least nine strategies for coping with jealousy. The problem-solving strategies include: improving the primary relationship, interfering with the rival relationship, demanding commitment, and self-assessment. The emotion-focused strategies include: derogation of partner or rival, developing alternatives, denial/avoidance, support/catharsis, and appraisal challenge. These strategies are related to emotion regulation, conflict management, and cognitive change."}, {"context": " Couples involved in open marriages or relationships typically adopt a set of ground rules to guide their activities. Ground rules in relationships allow partners to coordinate their behaviors, so they achieve shared goals with fewer conflicts. Some ground rules are universal in the sense that they apply to virtually all relationships in a particular culture. Other ground rules apply to particular kinds of relationships, such as friendships or marriages. Still other ground rules are designed to manage romantic rivalry and jealousy. The ground rules adopted by sexually monogamous couples tend to prevent behaviors that are viewed by the participants as acts of infidelity."}, {"context": " The ground rules adopted by sexually open couples tend to prohibit behaviors that provoke jealousy or sexual health concerns. Partners may change the ground rules of their relationships over time. One example of a changing ground rule includes where a married couple decides to separate. Without divorcing, they are still legally married. However, they may choose to continue cohabitation. Ground rules in open relationships may include, for example: that partners disclose who they have sex with; that they limit their involvement with others (for example, to dating or physical intimacy but not relationships); or that they not become involved with certain people (such as the other partner's friends or coworkers)."}, {"context": " Couples in open marriages may prefer different kinds of extramarital relationships. Couples who prefer extramarital relationships emphasizing love and emotional involvement have a polyamorous style of open marriage. Couples who prefer extramarital relationships emphasizing sexual gratification and recreational friendships have a swinging style of open marriage. These distinctions may depend on psychological factors such as sociosexuality and may contribute to the formation of separate Polyamory and Swinging communities. Despite their distinctions, however, all open marriages share common issues: the lack of social acceptance, the need to maintain the health of their relationship and avoid neglect, and the need to manage jealous rivalry."}, {"context": " Many open couples establish rules that forbid emotional attachment, extramarital children, extramarital sex in the marital bed, extramarital sex with those known to both partners, or extramarital sex without the use of barrier contraception. Some open marriages are one-sided. Some situations giving rise to this are where the libidos of partners differ greatly, or illness renders one partner incapable of, or no longer desiring, sex. The couple may remain together while one partner seeks out sexual gratification as they sees fit. The difference between these situations and a cheating situation is that both partners in the marriage are aware of, and agree to the arrangement."}, {"context": " Another type of \"one-sided open marriage\" is Cuckoldry. Cuckolding is desrcibed as a physical relationship where a submissive man gains masochistic and/or erotic pleasure from his female partner having sex with another man. Extramarital relationships vary in terms of the degree of sexual involvement desired and the degree of emotional involvement desired. Presented with the potentiality of non-monogamous intimacy, a given individual might be motivated more either by the desire for multiple sexual partners or a wider erotic experience than offered by monogamy, or by the desire for multiple others with whom to form an emotional or familial bond."}, {"context": " Polyamory is motivated by a desire to expand love by developing emotionally involved relationships with extramarital partners. Swinging is motivated by a desire for physical gratification by engaging in sexual activities with extramarital partners. The distinction between polyamory and swinging applies to open marriages. Delineation of polyamory and swinging has appeared in academic literature, popular media, and Web sites devoted respectively to polyamory and to swinging. (The swing sites prefer to frame the distinction more along Gould's \"utopic swingers\" and \"recreational swingers\".)"}, {"context": " A \"polyamorous style\" of open marriage emphasizes the expansion of loving relationships by developing emotional attachments to extramarital partners. A \"swinging style\" of open marriage emphasizes physical gratification by engaging in recreational sex with extramarital partners. The preference for a polyamorous versus a swinging style of open marriage may depend on many psychological factors. One factor may be sociosexuality, an individual's willingness to engage in sexual behavior without having emotional ties to the sex partner. Individuals who are very willing to engage in sexual behavior without emotional ties are said to have \"unrestricted sociosexuality\". Individuals who are very unwilling to engage in sexual behavior without emotional ties are said to have \"restricted sociosexuality\". Individuals can vary along a continuum from unrestricted to restricted sociosexuality."}, {"context": " Couples with different styles of open marriage tend to self-segregate in order to find others who share similar philosophies and interests, which has likely contributed to the development of separate polyamory and swinging communities. These offer informational resources and support, even if a given couple in an open marriage cannot see themselves joining either community. Some couples may not have a strong preference for either style of open marriage, feeling equally at home either community. The partners within a couple may differ in their respective preferences. One partner may prefer a polyamorous style of open marriage and participate in the Polyamory community, while the other partner may prefer a swinging style of open marriage and participate in the swinging community. Variations in couple preferences and individual preferences thus can result in overlap between the polyamory and swinging communities."}, {"context": " Surveys show consistently high disapproval of extramarital sex. Hunt briefly mentions three surveys conducted in the 1960s in which large majorities disapproved of extramarital sex under any conditions (see page 255 of his book \"Sexual Behavior in the 1970s\"). More recent surveys show that 75\u201385 percent of adults in the United States disapprove of extramarital sex. Similar levels of disapproval are observed in other Western societies. Widmer, Treas, and Newcomb surveyed over 33,500 people in 24 nations and found 85 percent of people believed extramarital sex was \"always\" or \"nearly always\" wrong."}, {"context": " However, disapproval of extramarital sex does not specifically imply disapproval of open marriage, since open marriage does not always involve extramarital sex. Much of that disapproval is attributed to \"religious and moral reasons.\" A few studies have shown more direct disapproval of open marriage. In a national study of several hundred women and men, Hunt reported that around 75 percent of women and over 60 percent of men agreed with the statement \"Mate-swapping is wrong.\" A study of several hundred men and women living in the midwestern United States found that 93 percent would not consider participating in swinging."}, {"context": " Yet another study asked 111 college women about various forms of marriage and family. These young women viewed open marriage as one of the least desirable forms of marriage, with 94 percent saying they would never participate in a marriage where the man has a right to sex outside the marriage, and 91 percent saying they would never participate in a marriage where the woman has a right to sex outside the marriage. The evidence thus shows strong social disapproval of open marriage. Very large majorities of people in Western societies disapprove of extramarital sex in general, and substantial majorities feel open marriage is wrong even when the spouses agree to it. Nine out of ten people say they would never consider open marriage for themselves."}, {"context": " Some critics object to open marriages on the ground that open marriages violate religious principles. Generally, non-monogamous people tend not to be very religious. A 1998 review observed that, across the various studies, most swingers (approximately two-thirds) claimed to have no religious affiliation. Engaging in sex with a greater number of partners increases risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. A 1985 study found that 33 percent of male swingers and 10 percent of female swingers claimed to actively fear this risk."}, {"context": " In another study, sexually transmitted diseases topped the list of disadvantages of swinging, and 58 percent of swingers expressed some fear of HIV/AIDS. Some couples have decided to drop out of open marriage lifestyles and become sexually monogamous in response to HIV/AIDS. The risk of sexually transmitted diseases can be greatly reduced by practicing safer sex. However, the percentage of people in open marriages who practice safer sex remains disputed. Anecdotal observations range from claiming no one at a swing event practiced safer sex to claiming everyone at an event practiced safer sex. A survey of swingers found that \"Over 62% said that they had changed their behaviors because of the AIDS scare. The two most frequently mentioned changes were being more selective with whom they swung and practicing safer sex (e.g., using condoms). Almost 7% said they had quit swinging because of the AIDS epidemic. Finally, one third said that they had not changed any of their habits, and, of these respondents, more than a third said nothing, not even AIDS, would get them to change.\""}, {"context": " Although a majority of swingers reported changing their behaviors in response to HIV/AIDS, some chose to become more selective in choosing partners rather than adopting safer sex practices. Greater selectivity in choosing partners is not a reliable means of reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS. Many people are not aware they are infected, and no outwards signs of infection may be visible. One psychological study suggests people may not be particularly good at detecting lies about HIV status. Remarkably, one-third of swingers flatly rejected the idea of changing their behaviors in response to HIV/AIDS. These finding suggest people involved in open marriages may indeed be at somewhat greater risk of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS."}, {"context": " These concerns do not apply to open marriage alone, which would affect only 1 to 6 percent of the married population.. Though most Westerners claim to be monogamous, a it is more precise to say that they are serially monogamous. Several authors consider open marriages to be psychologically damaging. They claim sexual non-monogamy proves too difficult for most couples to manage, and their relationships suffer as a consequence. These authors contend that sexual non-monogamy provokes jealousy in couples. This disrupts couples' sense of security in their relationships and interferes with their sense of intimacy. Consequently, these authors view open marriage as a \"failed\" lifestyle."}, {"context": " In fact, the impact of open marriage varies across couples. Some couples report high levels of satisfaction and enjoy long-lasting open marriages. Other couples drop out of the open marriage lifestyle and return to sexual monogamy. These couples may continue to view open marriage as a valid lifestyle for others, but not for themselves. Still other couples experience problems and report that open marriage contributed to their divorces. Investigators do not yet know why couples respond to open marriages differently."}, {"context": " Due to strong social disapproval of open marriages, people in open marriages frequently try to hide their lifestyle to family, friends, and colleagues. Blumstein and Schwartz note: \"Openly non-monogamous married and cohabiting couples often feel they are thought of as bizarre or immoral by the rest of their world. They have to work out their sex lives in opposition to the rest of society. They may have an understanding with each other, but they usually keep it secret from family, friends, and people at work.\" (Blumstein & Schwartz, 1983, pages 294\u2013295)."}, {"context": " Keeping their lifestyles secret reduces the amount of social support available to people in open marriages. Numerous studies have shown that social support carries many psychological and physical health benefits. Thus, strong social disapproval of open marriage may lead to a loss of psychological and health benefits for couples in open marriages. Whether an open marriage is with the knowledge, consent or encouragement of the partners, the practice may still be regarded as extramarital sex or adultery, which may be illegal in some jurisdictions."}, {"context": " The percentage of men and women actively involved in open marriages may be determined from data reported in 1983 by Blumstein and Schwartz. Out of 3,498 married men, 903 had an agreement with their spouses allowing extramarital sex; out of these 903 married men with an agreement allowing extramarital sex, 24 percent (or 217 men) actually engaged in extramarital sex during the previous year. This means about 6 percent (i.e., 217 / 3498) of married men were actively involved in open marriages during the previous year. The number is only slightly less for married women. Out of 3,520 married women, 801 had an agreement with their spouses allowing extramarital sex; out of these 801 married women with an agreement allowing extramarital sex, 22 percent (or 176 women) actually engaged in extramarital sex during the previous year. This means about 5 percent (i.e., 176 / 3520) of married women were actively involved in open marriages during the previous year."}, {"context": " The estimates based on the Blumstein and Schwartz study are slightly higher than estimates provided by other researchers. Hunt, based on interviews from a 1974 national study of sexual behavior, estimated that 2\u20134 percent of the married population is involved in open marriages. Bartell (1971) estimated that 2 percent of the married population is involved in open marriages. The lowest estimate comes from a study conducted by Spanier and Cole (1975) of several hundred people living in the midwestern United States. This study found just 1.7 percent of married people involved in open marriages."}, {"context": " Following the 1972 publication of \"Open Marriage\", the popular media expressed a belief that open marriages were on the rise. This belief turned out to be incorrect. Comparing data from the earlier Kinsey studies with his own data, Hunt concluded the incidence of extramarital sex had remained about the same for many years. \"Among wives under 25, however, there is a very large increase, but even this has only brought the incidence of extramarital behavior for these young women close to\u2014but not yet on par with\u2014the incidence of extramarital behavior among under-25 husbands.\" (Hunt, 1974, page 254)"}, {"context": " Hunt attributed the mistaken impression of increasing open marriages to a barrage of books, articles, and television shows dealing with the topic. He also notes that speculative comments about increases in open marriage would sometimes be repeated often enough that people cited them as evidence. Nearly twenty years later (1993), in a national study of sexual behavior, Janus and Janus likewise denied that open marriages were on the rise. In fact, they suggested the number of open marriages may have declined:"}, {"context": " \"Despite popularization in a book of that title in the early 1970s, open marriage has never become as prevalent as nonconsensual extramarital activities, and its popularity seems to be waning even further today.\" (Janus & Janus, 1993, pages 197\u2013198) Open marriage remains a controversial topic capable of generating much media interest. A large amount of media interest can mislead people into thinking the incidence of open marriage is on the rise. Conversely, media attention given to the marriage movement can mislead people into thinking the incidence of open marriage is declining. Weiss notes:"}, {"context": " \"Despite the vast attention given to these alternative lifestyles in the 1970s, and despite the more recent claims that Americans are 'returning to traditional models of monogamous marriage,' there is no scientific basis for concluding that these patterns increased in popularity earlier or that they have become less common in the 1980s and 1990s.\" (Weiss, 1997) Investigators have found no reliable evidence that open marriage has either increased or decreased substantially over the last two generations."}]}, {"title": "Gerald R. Ford International Airport", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Gerald R. Ford International Airport is a commercial airport in Cascade Township approximately southeast of Grand Rapids, Michigan. The facility is owned by the Kent County Board of Commissioners and managed by an independent authority. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017\u20132021 categorized it as a small hub primary commercial service facility. The facility opened as the Kent County Airport and later became Kent County International Airport; in December 1999 the airport was renamed for Gerald R. Ford, the 40th Vice President and the 38th President of the United States. Ford represented the Grand Rapids area in the United States House of Representatives from 1949 to 1973."}, {"context": " The airport is the largest commercial airport in the West Michigan region and is the second largest airport in Michigan after Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport. GRR covers . The airport currently has flights to 27 domestic airports. Grand Rapids' first airport broke ground in November 1919, south of downtown. This was eight years after the area witnessed its first landing, a Wright biplane at Comstock Park State Fairgrounds on September 10, 1911. The airport was operated by the Kent County Board of Supervisors."}, {"context": " The first scheduled air service in the United States was between Grand Rapids and Detroit (actually Dearborn's Ford Airport) on a Ford-Stout monoplane named \"Miss Grand Rapids\", which started July 26, 1926. In 1938\u201339 the Works Progress Administration made improvements including new runways and runway widening, fencing, sodding, lighting, remodeling the administration building and construction of a new restaurant. Circa 1940 the airport extended between 32nd and 36th Streets, from Jefferson Avenue east to the railroad; the west end was soon expanded south to just north of Himes Street and in the 1950s runway 18/36 was extended to 5700\u2019 and reached south to 44th Street."}, {"context": " In 1959, the county began construction on the present airport in Cascade Township, several miles east of the first. The new airport opened November 23, 1963, and was dedicated June 6, 1964; it had a runway designated 8/26 and a designated 18/36. The first scheduled jet was a United Airlines Boeing 737-200 on April 28, 1968, from Chicago O'Hare. The aircraft, N9003U, was named 'City of Grand Rapids'. In 1968, the only scheduled non-stops beyond Michigan were to Chicago and Green Bay. On January 27, 1977, the Board of Commissioners renamed Kent County Airport as Kent County International Airport with the opening of a U.S. Customs Service Office in the main terminal building."}, {"context": " In 1997, the board added the runway\u00a017/35 to allow continued operations during a $32 million reconstruction of runway\u00a08R/26L, completed in 2001. It completed a passenger terminal renovation in 2000 at a cost of approximately $50 million. In 2004 the airport served more than 2\u00a0million passengers for the first time in a year. In 2010, the airport broke the 2004 record with almost 2.2\u00a0million passengers, as increase of over 23% from 2009. On January 2, 2007, a U.S. Air Force jet carried the remains of former President Gerald Ford to his namesake airport as part of funeral services culminating in burial at his Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids the next day."}, {"context": " From April 2010 through October 2011, the airport was a focus city for Allegiant Air. Air Canada operated the airport's only international flights to Toronto Pearson International Airport from July 2008 until September 2013. It was the airline's second attempt at service between the two markets. Delta Air Lines operates Boeing 757-200 seasonally between Grand Rapids and Detroit during the summer, making it the largest aircraft that is currently serving GRR. Gerald R. Ford International Airport has two parallel east\u2013west runways and one north\u2013south runway. Along with cargo and general aviation facilities, the airport has a two-level passenger terminal with two concourses: A has seven gates and B has eight. Runways 8R/26L and runway 17/35 have ILS. The airport also has a general aviation runway north of the main 8R/26L runway."}, {"context": " In September 2017, the airport celebrated the opening of phase one of their Gateway Transformation, a 59,000 square foot addition onto the passenger terminal facility that included a consolidated passenger security screening checkpoint, a new Marketplace with expanded retail and food & beverage offerings, new business centers and lounges, and much more. Concourse A's tenants are Allegiant Air and Delta Air Lines. American Airlines, Frontier Airlines, Southwest Airlines and United Airlines occupy Concourse B. All gates have climate-controlled jetways."}, {"context": " When new baggage screening regulations were introduced by the Transportation Security Administration in 2002, the airport was the first in the nation to conduct trials on the new screening machines. The baggage processing areas were too small for the machines so they were placed in the passenger lobby. The Gerald R. Ford International Airport is currently served by six passenger airlines (and two cargo airlines). The airport handled of air freight in 2016. The airport is at the intersection of 44th Street and Patterson Avenue. It abuts I-96 on the east, M-6 on the south, M-37 on the west, and M-11 on the north."}, {"context": " Metro Cab and Metro Cars provides taxi and luxury sedan service and the airport is served by Avis, Budget, Enterprise, Hertz, and National/Alamo rental car companies on-site. Rapid route 17, Woodland/Airport, travels between the airport and Woodland Mall (Kentwood Station) on weekdays between 6.30am and 10.30pm. From Woodland Mall, passengers can continue on to downtown or parts of the east side of Grand Rapids via routes 5 and 6, or across town to Grandville and Wyoming on routes 24, 28 and 44."}, {"context": " The airport has two aircraft spotter locations. There is an observation deck located on the mezzanine level of the passenger terminal building, which gives a relatively unobstructed view of the ramp area and runway 8R and 26L. An outdoor viewing area on Kraft Avenue north of 52nd Street has picnic tables, litter barrels, and a portable toilet. Radio station 1650 AM broadcasts transmissions by air traffic controllers, pilots, and GFIA operations and ground crew staff. The viewing area is open year-round daily from dawn to dusk."}, {"context": " In 2013 the airport began building a natural treatment system to improve stormwater management practices and safeguard the waters of the Thornapple River. The new, innovative system will include a biological treatment system that will improve collection of stormwater runoff and naturally remove sediments and pollutants before sending the water to the Thornapple River, which flows just east of the airfield. The airport eliminated the two separate security checkpoints in each concourse and created one consolidated checkpoint in the grand hall area to help traffic flow much faster and to be prepared for future growth. In addition, the grand hall area and the entrance area to the airport was renovated with more shopping and dining options. Work began in late 2015 and completed in June 2017. Concourse A and B were recently refurbished and completed in early 2015."}, {"context": " In 2016, the airport partnered with the Cascade Community Foundation on plans to renovate the current outdoor viewing area to make it a larger, more inviting place for people to relax. The renovated park opened in May 2017. The airport began construction of a roof over the parking deck in March 2015 to increase close-in, covered long-term parking. The roof covers most of the fourth floor, though some spaces on the fourth and third floors remain uncovered due to airfield sight-line requirements for the FAA control tower. The garage roof was completed in November 2015 and will allow use of the fourth floor spaces during heavy snow."}]}, {"title": "LaMonte", "paragraphs": [{"context": " LaMonte, Lamonte or La Monte may refer to the following people:"}]}, {"title": "Tony Wilson", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Anthony Howard \"Tony\" Wilson (20 February 1950 \u2013 10 August 2007) was a British record label owner, radio and television presenter, nightclub manager, impresario and journalist for Granada Television and the BBC. Wilson was the man behind some of Manchester's most successful bands. He was one of the five co-founders of Factory Records and the founder and manager of the Ha\u00e7ienda nightclub. Wilson was known as \"Mr Manchester\", dubbed as such for his work in promoting the culture of Manchester throughout his career."}, {"context": " He was portrayed by Steve Coogan in Michael Winterbottom's 2002 film \"24 Hour Party People\", and by Craig Parkinson in Anton Corbijn's 2007 film \"Control\". Depending in what he was working on, he would switch between alternate versions of his name. For example, when he was being a serious formal and respectable persona, such as certain tv presenting appearances, he would use \"Anthony H Wilson\", or for example when reporting for \"Granada Reports\" he was referred to as \"Anthony Wilson\", otherwise he would go by \"Tony Wilson\" most commonly while on Factory Records business, all alternate versions being legitimate variants of his full name."}, {"context": " Wilson was born 20 February 1950 in Hope Hospital in the Hope area of Pendleton, Salford 6, Lancashire, to Sydney Wilson and Doris Knupfer, and moved to Marple, near Stockport in Cheshire, at the age of five. His maternal grandfather was a Jewish German immigrant. After passing his Eleven plus exam, Wilson attended De La Salle Grammar School in Weaste Lane, Pendleton, Salford. He developed a love of literature and language, ignited by a performance of \"Hamlet\" at Stratford upon Avon. Wilson started his professional career in 1968 at the age of 17, working as an English and Drama teacher at Blue Coat School in Oldham. He later graduated with a degree in English from Jesus College, Cambridge."}, {"context": " After his graduation in 1971, Wilson began as a trainee news reporter for ITN, before moving to Manchester in 1973, where he secured a post at Granada Television. He went on to present Granada's culture, music and events programme, \"So It Goes\". Through the 1970s and 1980s he was one of the main anchors on \"Granada Reports\", a regional evening news programme, where he worked with Richard and Judy among others. He continued in this line of work even at the height of his success in the music industry."}, {"context": " He reported for ITV's celebrated current affairs series, \"World in Action\" in the early 1980s and from 1987 hosted \"After Dark\", the UK's first open-ended, late night chat show, in which he chaired live discussions in a darkened studio, first on Channel 4 and later BBC4. In 1989, Wilson hosted \"The Other Side of Midnight\", another Granada weekly regional culture slot, covering music, literature and the arts in general. Wilson co-presented the BBC's coverage of \"The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert\" at Wembley Stadium with Lisa I'Anson in 1992. He hosted the short-lived TV quiz shows \"Topranko!\" and MTV Europe's \"Remote Control\" in the 1990s, as well as the Manchester United themed quiz, \"Masterfan\", for MUTV."}, {"context": " In 2006 he became the regional political presenter for the BBC's \"The Politics Show\". He presented a weekly radio show on Xfm Manchester \u2013 \"Sunday Roast\" \u2013 and a show on BBC Radio Manchester. In October he joined Blur bassist Alex James, Blue Peter presenter Konnie Huq and previously unknown presenter Emily Rose to host the 21st century version of the iconic 1980s music programme, \"The Tube\", for Channel 4 Radio which ran until 2 March 2007. His final music TV show was filmed in December 2006 for Manchester's Channel M. Only one episode, entitled 'The New Friday', was recorded before Wilson became ill."}, {"context": " Wilson's involvement in popular music stemmed from hosting Granada's culture and music programme \"\"So It Goes\"\". Wilson, who intensely disliked the music scene of the mid-1970s which was dominated by such genres as progressive rock and arena rock, saw the Sex Pistols at Manchester's Lesser Free Trade Hall, in June 1976, an experience which he described as \"nothing short of an epiphany\". He booked them for the last episode of the first series, probably the first television showing of their revolutionary British strand of punk rock."}, {"context": " He was the manager of many bands, including A Certain Ratio and the Durutti Column, and was part owner and manager of Factory Records, home of Happy Mondays, Joy Division and New Order \u2013 the band managed by friend and business partner Rob Gretton. He also founded and managed the Ha\u00e7ienda nightclub and Dry Bar, together forming a central part of the music and cultural scene of Manchester. The scene was termed \"Madchester\" in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He made little money from Factory Records or the Ha\u00e7ienda, despite the enormous popularity and cultural significance of both endeavours. Both Factory Records and the Ha\u00e7ienda came to an abrupt end in the late 1990s."}, {"context": " A semi-fictionalised version of his life and of the surrounding era was made into the 2002 film, \"24 Hour Party People\", which stars Steve Coogan as Wilson. After the film was produced, Wilson wrote a novelisation based on the screenplay. He played a minor role (playing himself) in the 2005 film, \"A Cock and Bull Story\", in which his character interviews Steve Coogan. Wilson also co-produced the 2007 Ian Curtis biopic, \"Control\" (his character this time being played by Craig Parkinson). He died a few months before its release."}, {"context": " Wilson was a partner in the annual 'In the City' and 'Interactive City' music festivals and industry conferences, and also F4 Records, the fourth version of Factory Records, which was set up to be an online distributor for Wilson's long term prot\u00e9g\u00e9 Vini Reilly, of the Durutti Column. Wilson identified himself as a socialist and refused to pay for private healthcare on principle. Wilson was also an outspoken supporter of regionalism. Along with others including Ruth Turner, he started a campaign for North West England to be allowed a referendum on the creation of a regional assembly, called the \"Necessary Group\" after a line in the United States Declaration of Independence. Although his campaign was successful, with the Government announcing that a vote would take place, this was later abandoned when North East England voted against the introduction of a regional tier of government. Wilson later spoke at several political events on this subject. He was also known for using Situationist ideas."}, {"context": " Wilson's goal of a strong regional political settlement was eventually achieved in 2017, ten years after his death, with the election of a \u201cMetro Mayor\u201d for Greater Manchester and an equivalent for Merseyside. Wilson was married twice, first to Lindsay Reade and then to Hilary, with whom he had a son, Oliver, and a daughter, Isabel. In 1990 he started a relationship with Yvette Livesey, a former Miss England and Miss UK, who was his girlfriend until his death in 2007. Livesey has since co-operated with a biography of Wilson's life, called \"You're Entitled to an Opinion\u00a0...\", written by David Nolan and published in 2009."}, {"context": " After Wilson developed renal cancer and had one kidney removed in 2007, doctors recommended he take the drug Sutent (a.k.a. sunitinib). Manchester Primary Care NHS Trust refused to fund the \u00a33,500 per month cost of providing the drug, while patients being treated alongside him at the Christie Hospital and living just a few miles away in Cheshire did receive funding for the medication. A number of Wilson's music industry friends, including former Happy Mondays manager Nathan McGough, their current manager Elliot Rashman and TV stars Richard Madeley and Judy Finnegan, formed a fund to help pay for Wilson's medical treatment."}, {"context": " Wilson said: \"This [Sutent] is my only real option. It is not a cure but can hold the cancer back, so I will probably be on it until I die. When they said I would have to pay \u00a33,500 for the drugs each month, I thought where am I going to find the money? I'm the one person in this industry who famously has never made any money. I used to say 'some people make money and some make history', which is very funny until you find you can't afford to keep yourself alive. I've never paid for private healthcare because I'm a socialist. Now I find you can get tummy tucks and cosmetic surgery on the NHS but not the drugs I need to stay alive. It is a scandal.\""}, {"context": " In early 2007 emergency surgery was performed to remove one of his kidneys. This forced the postponement of plans to create a Southern Hemisphere version of the In the City festival. Despite the surgery, the cancer progressed and a course of chemotherapy was not effective. Wilson died of a heart attack in Manchester's Christie Hospital on 10 August 2007 aged 57. Following the news of his death, the Union Flag on Manchester Town Hall was lowered to half mast as a mark of respect. Probate documents reveal his estate was valued at \u00a3484,747 after tax. That figure includes the value of his city centre flat on Little Peter Street. The will, signed by Wilson on 4 July 2007, gave Yvette Livesey, 39, his girlfriend of 17 years, the proceeds from their home. He also left her his share of six businesses. His son Oliver and daughter Isabel shared the rest of his estate."}, {"context": " His funeral was at St Mary's RC Church, Mulberry Street, Manchester (The Hidden Gem) on 20 August 2007. As with everything else in the Factory empire, Tony Wilson's coffin was also given a Factory catalogue number: FAC 501. He is buried at Southern Cemetery in Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester. His black granite headstone, erected in October 2010, was designed by Peter Saville and Ben Kelly and features a quotation, chosen by Wilson's family, from Mrs G Linnaeus Banks's 1876 novel \"The Manchester Man\", set in Rotis serif font. The quotation reads: \"Mutability is the epitaph of worlds/ Change alone is changeless/ People drop out of the history of a life as of a land though their work or their influence remains.\"  The main square of the HOME/First Street development in Manchester, which opened in 2015, is named Tony Wilson Place."}]}, {"title": "Mitopiella", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Mitopiella cinctipes is a species of harvestmen in a monotypic genus in the family Phalangiidae."}]}, {"title": "Dicentrarchus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Dicentrarchus is a genus of temperate basses native to the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Currently, the two species in this genus are:"}]}, {"title": "Chongos zamoranos", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Chongos zamoranos is a dessert of Mexican cuisine made of curdled milk. It is typically prepared with rennet tablets, milk, sugar and cinnamon. The result is a dish of soft cheese-like consistency on a sweet brown milky syrup. Its origin is attributed to colonial-era convents in the city of Zamora, Michoacan. This is a premature solid which doesn't really count as a liquid."}]}, {"title": "Edoxaban", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Edoxaban (DU-176b, trade names Savaysa, Lixiana) is an oral anticoagulant drug which acts as a direct factor Xa inhibitor. It was developed by Daiichi Sankyo and approved in July 2011 in Japan for prevention of venous thromboembolisms (VTE) following lower-limb orthopedic surgery. It was also approved by the FDA in January 2015 for the prevention of stroke and non\u2013central-nervous-system systemic embolism. US FDA-labeled indications: Edoxaban is contraindicated in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients with a creatinine clearance (CrCl) greater than 95 mL/minute because of an increased risk of ischemic stroke compared to warfarin."}, {"context": " It is also contraindicated in patients with active pathological bleeding. Spinal or epidural hematomas resulting in long-term or permanent paralysis may occur with neuraxial anesthesia (epidural or spinal anesthesia) or spinal/epidural puncture; the risk is increased by the use of indwelling epidural catheters, concomitant administration of other drugs that affect hemostasis (e.g., NSAIDs, platelet inhibitors, other anticoagulants), in patients with a history of traumatic or repeated epidural or spinal punctures, a history of spinal deformity or surgery, or if optimal timing between the administration of edoxaban and neuraxial procedures is not known."}, {"context": " \"More common\" \"Less common\" \"Rare\" Edoxaban inhibits free factor Xa and prothrombinase activity and inhibits thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Inhibition of factor Xa in the coagulation cascade reduces thrombin generation and thrombus formation. Factor Xa (FXa) is an essential blood coagulation factor that is responsible for the initiation of the coagulation cascade. FXa cleaves prothrombin to its active form thrombin, which then acts to convert soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin and to activate platelets. Stabilization of the platelet aggregation by fibrin mesh ultimately leads to clot formation."}, {"context": " A number of anticoagulants inhibit the activity of Factor Xa. Unfractionated heparin (UFH), low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), and fondaparinux inhibit the activity of factor Xa indirectly by binding to circulating antithrombin (AT III). These agents must be injected. Warfarin, phenprocoumon, and acenocoumarol are orally active vitamin K antagonists (VKA) which decrease hepatic synthesis of a number of coagulation factors, including Factor X. In recent years, a new series of oral, direct acting inhibitors of Factor Xa have entered clinical development. These include rivaroxaban, apixaban, betrixaban, LY517717, darexaban (YM150), and edoxaban (DU-176b). Andexxa has been studied as a reversal agent for edoxaban, but has not received FDA approval so far."}]}, {"title": "EP Aviation", "paragraphs": [{"context": " EP Aviation based in McLean, Virginia, is an aviation company owned by Academi (formerly Blackwater Security). Assets may include an Embraer Super Tucano and 28 other aircraft including eight SA330J Puma and 14 Bell 412 helicopters. Blackwater has another affiliate known as Presidential Airways which also has a number of registered aircraft. The Pumas were former Bundespolizei and were purchased from HELOG. EP Aviation is active in Afghanistan and Iraq. EP Aviation is named for Blackwater's owner, Erik Prince.  The EP Aviation fleet includes the following aircraft (as of August 2016): The airline fleet also included the following aircraft (as of October 2011): SA.330J (c/n 1358) N605R, ditched \"somewhere in Afghanistan\" around 15 December 2008 and there is damage to its tailrotor."}]}, {"title": "Chilo thyrsis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Chilo thyrsis is a moth in the Crambidae family. It was described by Stanis\u0142aw B\u0142eszy\u0144ski in 1963. It is found in Tanzania. The larvae have been reported feeding on \"Zea mays\"."}]}, {"title": "Guaro (Larense)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Guaro is an informal descriptive term for people from Lara State, in Venezuela. \"Guaro\" is also used by inhabitants of Lara, Yaracuy, Portuguesa, and Trujillo to refer to people (i.e. \"ese guaro\") much like \"bloke\" or \"dude\" is used in UK and US English. Also, in those regions, Guaro is an adjective used to describe someone who talks (or says) too much. \"Guaroloco\" (crazy guaro) is traditionally said of mischievous or extroverted people. It's relatively easy to recognize the people from this region of Venezuela because of their extensive use of the word \"guaro\" and its derivatives."}]}, {"title": "William Learned Marcy Pendleton", "paragraphs": [{"context": " William Learned Marcy Pendleton (February 19, 1865 \u2013 1947) was a French-born painter, classified as a member of the American School. Pendleton was born in Paris on February 19, 1865, to American parents. Pendleton was a student of Carolus-Durand, who also taught John Singer Sargent. Pendleton became a member of la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Artistes Ind\u00e9pendants. He was awarded an honorable mention at the Salon de Paris exhibition in 1888, at the age of 23. His grandfather was US Secretary of State William L. Marcy.  William died on 18th of January 1947 in Brooklyn, New York and was buried at Albany rural cemetery."}]}, {"title": "Bridgewater House, Runcorn", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Bridgewater House is in the Old Coach Road, Runcorn, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade\u00a0II listed building. Originally built for the use of the Duke of Bridgewater, it has since has been used for various purposes and has now been converted into offices. Bridgewater House was built in 1771, near the lower end of a line of ten locks leading from the Runcorn basin of the Bridgewater Canal to the River Mersey. It was the occasional residence of the Duke of Bridgewater when he was supervising the building and operation of the Runcorn branch of the canal. The canal was opened to the Mersey in 1773 and completed throughout its length in 1776. After the Duke's death in 1803 the house was used as offices by the Bridgewater Trustees, and from 1872 by the Bridgewater Navigation Company. In 1887 the assets of this company, including the house, were bought by the Manchester Ship Canal Company, who used it mainly for the purpose of entertaining. At the outbreak of the Second World War, part of the house was taken over by the Balloon Section of the Royal Air Force. In 1943 the whole house was requisitioned by the Air Ministry. After the war the house returned to the ownership of the Manchester Ship Canal Company and its future became uncertain. In 1998 a fire damaged the roof and many of the rooms."}, {"context": " The house is built in brown brick with a slate roof and stone dressings in Georgian style. Its consists of 2\u00bd\u00a0storeys with a basement. The entrance front has five bays and the canal front seven bays. Steps lead up to the entrance which has a stone Doric doorcase and the entrance front is rusticated up to the ground floor level. There are stone bands at the first and second sill levels and at the top is a stone cornice with a brick parapet. The roof is hipped. The authors of the \"Buildings of England\" series describe the house as being \"imposing\".  The house has been repaired and restored and is now owned by Bridgewater Property Management. This company uses it partly for its own purposes and leases the rest of the building as offices for other companies. Citations Sources"}]}, {"title": "Viktor Lachugin", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Viktor Viktorovich Lachugin (; born 28 April 1990) is a Russian professional footballer. As of May 2009, he plays for FC Amkar Perm. He made his professional debut in the Russian Second Division in 2008 for FC Dynamo-Voronezh Voronezh."}]}, {"title": "Gymnopilus karnalensis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Gymnopilus karnalensis is a species of mushroom in the Cortinariaceae family. List of \"Gymnopilus\" species"}]}, {"title": "The Agony of the Eagles", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Agony of the Eagles (French:L'agonie des aigles) may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Think Garage", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "List of festivals in North Carolina", "paragraphs": [{"context": " This is an incomplete list of festivals that take place in the state of North Carolina, and have an article on Wikipedia."}]}, {"title": "Lunca River (Jijia)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Lunca River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania."}]}, {"title": "Chloramine", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Chloramines are derivatives of ammonia by substitution of one, two or three hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms: monochloramine (chloroamine, NHCl), dichloramine (NHCl), and nitrogen trichloride (NCl). The term \"chloramine\" also refers to a family of organic compounds with the formulas RNCl and RNCl (where R is an organic group). Monochloramine (chloramine) is an inorganic compound with the formula NHCl. It is an unstable colorless liquid at its melting point of , but it is usually handled as a dilute aqueous solution, in which form it is sometimes used as a disinfectant. Chloramine is too unstable to have its boiling point measured."}, {"context": " The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 13.80 to 18.41 per 500\u00a0grams. Chloramine is used as a disinfectant for water because it is less aggressive than chlorine and more stable against light than hypochlorites. NHCl is commonly used in low concentrations as a secondary disinfectant in municipal water distribution systems as an alternative to chlorination. This application is increasing. Chlorine (referred to in water treatment as free chlorine) is being displaced by chloramine\u2014to be specific monochloramine\u2014which is much more stable and does not dissipate as rapidly as free chlorine. NHCl also has a much lower, however still present, tendency than free chlorine to convert organic materials into chlorocarbons such as chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. Such compounds have been identified as carcinogens and in 1979 the United States Environmental Protection Agency began regulating their levels in U.S. drinking water."}, {"context": " Some of the unregulated byproducts may possibly pose greater health risks than the regulated chemicals. Adding chloramine to the water supply may increase exposure to lead in drinking water, especially in areas with older housing; this exposure can result in increased lead levels in the bloodstream, which may pose a significant health risk. In swimming pools, chloramines are formed by the reaction of free chlorine with amine groups present in organic substances, such as urine, sweat and shed skin cells. Chloramines, compared to free chlorine, are both less effective as a sanitizer and, if not managed correctly, more irritating to the eyes of swimmers. Chloramines are also responsible for the distinctive \"chlorine\" smell of swimming pools. Some pool test kits designed for use by homeowners are not able to distinguish free chlorine and chloramines, which can be misleading and lead to non-optimal levels of chloramines in the pool water."}, {"context": " There is also evidence that exposure to chloramine can contribute to respiratory problems, including asthma, among swimmers. Respiratory problems related to chloramine exposure are common and prevalent among competitive swimmers. US EPA drinking water quality standards limit chloramine concentration for public water systems to 4 parts per million (ppm) based on a running annual average of all samples in the distribution system. In order to meet EPA-regulated limits on halogenated disinfection by-products, many utilities are switching from chlorination to chloramination. While chloramination produces fewer regulated total halogenated disinfection by-products, it can produce greater concentrations of unregulated iodinated disinfection byproducts and \"N\"-nitrosodimethylamine. Both iodinated disinfection by-products and \"N\"-nitrosodimethylamine have been shown to be genotoxic."}, {"context": " NHCl is a highly unstable compound in concentrated form. Pure NHCl decomposes violently above . Gaseous chloroamine at low pressures and low concentrations of chloroamine in aqueous solution are thermally slightly more stable. Chloroamine is readily soluble in water and ether, but less soluble in chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. In dilute aqueous solution, chloroamine is prepared by the reaction of ammonia with sodium hypochlorite: This is also the first step of the Raschig hydrazine synthesis. The reaction has to be carried out in a slightly alkaline medium (pH\u00a08.5\u201311). The acting chlorinating agent in this reaction is hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which has to be generated by protonation of hypochlorite, and then reacts in a nucleophilic substitution of the hydroxyl against the amino group. The reaction occurs quickest at around pH\u00a08. At higher pH values the concentration of hypochlorous acid is lower, at lower pH values ammonia is protonated to form ammonium ions , which do not react further."}, {"context": " The chloroamine solution can be concentrated by vacuum distillation and by passing the vapor through potassium carbonate which absorbs the water. Chloroamine can be extracted with ether. Gaseous chloroamine can be obtained from the reaction of gaseous ammonia with chlorine gas (diluted with nitrogen gas): Pure chloroamine can be prepared by passing fluoroamine through calcium chloride: The covalent N\u2212Cl bonds of chloramines are readily hydrolyzed with release of hypochlorous acid: The quantitative hydrolysis constant (\"K\" value) is used to express the bactericidal power of chloramines, which depends on their generating hypochlorous acid in water. It is expressed by the equation below, and is generally in the range 10 to 10 ( for monochloramine):"}, {"context": " In aqueous solution, chloramine slowly decomposes to dinitrogen and ammonium chloride in a neutral or mildly alkaline (pH \u2264 11) medium: However, only a few percent of a 0.1\u00a0M chloramine solution in water decomposes according to the formula in several weeks. At pH values above 11, the following reaction with hydroxide ions slowly occurs: In an acidic medium at pH values of around 4, chloramine disproportionates to form dichloramine, which in turn disproportionates again at pH values below 3 to form nitrogen trichloride:"}, {"context": " At low pH values, nitrogen trichloride dominates and at pH\u00a03\u20135 dichloramine dominates. These equilibria are disturbed by the irreversible decomposition of both compounds: In water, chloroamine is pH-neutral. It is an oxidizing agent (acidic solution: , in basic solution ): Reactions of chloroamine include radical, nucleophilic, and electrophilic substitution of chlorine, electrophilic substitution of hydrogen, and oxidative additions. Chloroamine can, like hypochlorous acid, donate positively charged chlorine in reactions with nucleophiles (Nu):"}, {"context": " Examples of chlorination reactions include transformations to dichloroamine and nitrogen trichloride in acidic medium, as described in the decomposition section. Chloroamine may also aminate nucleophiles (electrophilic amination): The amination of ammonia with chloroamine to form hydrazine is an example of this mechanism (the Raschig process): Chloramine electrophilically aminates itself in neutral and alkaline media to start its decomposition: The chlorohydrazine (NHCl) formed during self-decomposition is unstable and decomposes itself, which leads to the net decomposition reaction:"}, {"context": " Monochloramine oxidizes sulfhydryls and disulfides in the same manner as hypochlorous acid, but only possesses 0.4% of the biocidal effect of HClO. Chloramines should be removed from water for dialysis, aquariums, hydroponic applications, and homebrewing beer.. Chloramine must be removed from water prior to use in kidney dialysis machines because it can cause hemolytic anemia if it enters the blood stream. In hydroponic applications, chloramine stunts the growth of plants. When a chemical or biological process that changes the chemistry of chloramines is used, it falls under reductive dechlorination. Other techniques use physical\u2014not chemical\u2014methods for removing chloramines."}, {"context": " The use of ultraviolet light for chlorine or chloramine removal is an established technology that has been widely accepted in pharmaceutical, beverage, and dialysis applications. UV is also used for disinfection at aquatic facilities . Ascorbic acid (vitamin\u00a0C) and sodium ascorbate completely neutralize both chlorine and chloramine, but degrade in a day or two, which makes them usable only for short-term applications. SFPUC determined that 1000\u00a0mg of vitaminC\u00a0 tablets, crushed and mixed in with bath water, completely remove chloramine in a medium-size bathtub without significantly depressing pH."}, {"context": " Activated carbon has been used for chloramine removal long before catalytic carbon, a form of activated carbon, became available; standard activated carbon requires a very long contact time, which means a large volume of carbon is needed. For thorough removal, up to four times the contact time of catalytic carbon may be required. Most dialysis units now depend on granular activated carbon (GAC) filters, two of which should be placed in series so that chloramine breakthrough can be detected after the first one, before the second one fails. Additionally, sodium metabisulfite injection may be used in certain circumstances."}, {"context": " Home brewers use reducing agents such as sodium metabisulfite or potassium metabisulfite (both proprietary sold as Campden tablets) to remove chloramine from brewing fermented beverages. However, residual sodium can cause off flavors in beer so potassium metabisulfite is preferred. Sodium thiosulfate is used to dechlorinate tapwater for aquariums or treat effluent from wastewater treatments prior to release into rivers. The reduction reaction is analogous to the iodine reduction reaction. Treatment of tapwater requires between 0.1 and 0.3 grams of pentahydrated (crystalline) sodium thiosulfate per 10\u00a0L of water. Many animals are sensitive to chloramine, and it must be removed from water given to many animals in zoos."}, {"context": " Chloramine, like chlorine, can be removed by boiling and aging. However, time required to remove chloramine is much longer than that of chlorine. The time required to remove half of the chloramine (half-life) from of water by boiling is 26.6 minutes, whereas the half-life of free chlorine in boiling 10 gallons of water is only 1.8 minutes. A variety of organic chloramines are known and proven useful in organic synthesis. Examples include \"N\"-chloromorpholine (ClN(CHCH)O), \"N\"-chloropiperidine, and \"N\"-chloroquinuclidinium chloride.  Chloramines are often an unwanted side-product of oxidation reactions of organic compounds (with amino groups) with bleach. The reduction of chloramines back into amines can be carried out through a mild hydride donor. Sodium borohydride will reduce chloramines, but this reaction is greatly accelerated with acid catalysis."}]}, {"title": "Steve Robinson (rugby league)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Steve Robinson (born 4 March 1965) is an Australian former rugby league footballer of the 1980s and 1990s. A utility back who's primary position was five-eighth, he could also play in the centres, at halfback and at fullback. Robinson was from Penrith, New South Wales, and played 38 games in three seasons with the Penrith Panthers between 1983 and 1985, before moving to the St George Dragons for five seasons between 1986 and 1990. He finished his Australian career at Eastern Suburbs for two seasons between 1991 and 1992. Robinson was a member of St George Dragons team that won the 1988 Panasonic Cup, scoring a try in the Cup Final.  He also featured with several English clubs between 1983 and 1993 including Castleford Tigers, Halifax, Hull Kingston Rovers, Oldham and Scarborough Pirates. In 1988, Robinson was selected on the bench for a President's XIII that played the touring Great Britain Lions at the Seiffert Oval in Canberra. In wet and muddy conditions, the President's XIII defeated the tourists 24\u201316."}]}, {"title": "National Bank of Whittier Building", "paragraphs": [{"context": " National Bank of Whittier Building is a historic building in uptown Whittier, California. Built in 1923 by John and David Parkinson in the Beaux Arts Neoclassical architecture style, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The current building is the best remaining example of the Beaux Arts style in the City. The building is of national significance as it was the site of Richard M. Nixon's first law office. Whittier was Nixon's boyhood home from the age of nine. In 1938 he served as the Deputy City Attorney to the City of Whittier. A replica of President Nixon's office has been re-created and is available to tour at the Whittier Historical Museum."}]}, {"title": "Menazel Sazmani", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Menazel Sazmani or Manazel Sazmani () may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Facesitting", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Facesitting, also known as queening or kinging, is a sexual practice in which one partner sits on or over the other's face, typically to allow or force oral\u2013genital or oral\u2013anal contact. In addition to oral-genital and oral-anal contact, the position also leaves the bottom partner's hands free to stimulate other erogenous zones (e.g., anus, nipples, etc.). The top partner may be facing either direction in this position. It is common for this position to form part of BDSM, involving dominance and submission, though this need not be the case. Within a BDSM or D/s context, facesitting can be a form of erotic humiliation."}, {"context": " Facesitting is common among dominant and submissive individuals, for demonstrating superiority and for sexual gratification. Unlike smothering, in facesitting the bottom partner is not deprived of air. The full-weight body-pressure, moisture, body odors, and darkness can be perceived as powerful sexual attractions or compulsions. The person sat upon may be in bondage, sexually submissive, or simply held down by the body-weight of the other person. In some cases, the submissive will consume the dominant's bodily waste(s) (urolagnia and coprophilia)."}, {"context": " Sometimes special furniture is used, such as a \"queening stool\" or \"smotherbox\". A \"queening stool\" is a low seat which fits over the submissive's face and contains an opening to allow oral-genital and/or oral-anal stimulation of the domme while seated. The position allows the pelvic floor muscles (PFM) to relax and therefore partly exposing the labia minora to intimate touch. The gluteus maximus and levator ani muscles, the major muscles of the crotch, can relax and sag allowing easy access to the vagina and anus. Additionally, the stool allows for greater comfort and allows for the activity to be done for a longer period of time."}, {"context": " A smotherbox (or \"smothering box\") is a special form of queening stool which also allows the person under the seat to be locked in place, restrained by the neck as in a set of stocks. A smotherbox has two openings. One is in a vertical side of the box for the neck of the person who has his or her head inside the smotherbox. The other is in the top of the box to expose his or her face. The inside of a smotherbox is often padded to provide support for his or her neck and prevent his or her head from moving. The padding may also muffle noises from the outside, causing a relaxation effect and heightening his or her other senses. Smotherboxes are usually custom made pieces of furniture that may have a special significance for their users. They are sometimes made out of precious woods, with leather used for the seat."}, {"context": " The smotherbox is placed on a stable surface. The cover (top half of the smotherbox) is open while the submissive lies down on his or her back and places his or her head in the box. When he or she is in position the cover is closed. The cover can have hinges or be a separate part. Locks may be used to emphasize the submissive position or the submissive's hands may be fastened above his or her head to the box. Smotherboxes may be more permanently mounted to tables or other stable objects, and the submissive restrained to that surface instead. A Queening Chair or Facesitting Throne is another variation that is popular, designed to emphasize the relative place of the domme and submissive. They can be elegant and more formal than the smotherbox."}, {"context": " In 1980, Monty Python recorded a humorous song, \"Sit on My Face\", about the pleasures of facesitting. Written by Eric Idle, the song's lyrics are sung to the melody of \"Sing As We Go\" by Gracie Fields. The opening gives way to multiple male voices singing \"Sit on my face and tell me that you love me.\" The remaining lyrics contain numerous references to fellatio and cunnilingus, such as \"when I'm between your thighs you blow me away\" and \"life can be fine if we both 69\". In 2014, the British government announced a ban on the production of hardcore pornography for the Internet. Ostensibly, the bill sought to protect women from sex acts that were violent or unsafe, and banned a wide variety of sex practices, including facesitting, strangulation and fisting. This law impacts only the production of pornographic videos as opposed to acts performed privately. Protests against the law were held outside the Palace of Westminster, with protesters saying the law does not reflect the wishes of the public."}]}, {"title": "Oxfordshire Museums Council", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Oxfordshire Museums Council (OMC) is an organisation representing museums in Oxfordshire, England. OMC was founded in 1983 and represents around 40 museums. It is a registered charity (no. 296734) that is formed of representatives from museums operated by the local authority and Oxford University, as well as independent and volunteer museums."}]}, {"title": "Mercedes, Buenos Aires", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Mercedes () is a city in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is located 100\u00a0km west from Buenos Aires and 30\u00a0km southwest of Luj\u00e1n. It is the administrative headquarters for the district (\"partido\") of Mercedes as well as of the judicial district. The Catedral Bas\u00edlica de Mercedes-Luj\u00e1n, located in the city, is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mercedes-Luj\u00e1n. Mercedes has a population of 51,967 people (51,5% women, 48,5% men) as per the . Mercedes was first established as a fortress against native indigenous attacks. Its original name was \"\"La Guardia de Luj\u00e1n\"\" and it was one of several fortress built in the \"borders\" of Buenos Aires to protect this city and gather the people living in the county near."}, {"context": " It became a town on 25 June 1752 when founded by Jos\u00e9 de Z\u00e1rate during a military campaign known as \"\"La Valerosa\"\". In 1777 viceroy Pedro de Cevallos proposed moving the town, but actually it was moved to its present location by viceroy Juan Jos\u00e9 de V\u00e9rtiz on 8 May 1779. When moved its name was changed to \"\"Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de las Mercedes\"\". Mercedes is one of the few towns in Argentina in which three different railways meet, thus been connected with large commercial areas as Buenos Aires as well as the Pacific Ocean, the Andes range and the pampas plains. This was a powerful reason during the 19th century for proposing the city as the capital of Buenos Aires Province. Finally La Plata became capital, but Mercedes became known as the \"West Pearl\"."}, {"context": " In 1812 the Mercedes Partido was established because of the city's increasing population and commercial activities. The first municipal government was elected in 1856. Then-governor of Buenos Aires, Mariano Saavedra, officially named it \"Ciudad de Mercedes\" in 1865, the same year that railway came to Mercedes for the first time. The most important churches in the city are: Mercedes has three railway stations, with two of them still active: Mercedes (Sarmiento) is terminus of the Sarmiento Line diesel branch from Moreno and Mercedes (San Mart\u00edn) is part of the San Mart\u00edn Railway line where long-distance services are operated by state-owned companies Trenes Argentinos and Ferrobaires to Rufino and Alberdi respectively. The station was originally built by the Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway. Mercedes Sarmiento and San Mart\u00edn are also located few meters to one another."}, {"context": " The third station is Mercedes (Belgrano), originally built by French-owned Compa\u00f1\u00eda General and inactive since the 1970s. That station is far from the city's commercial area. Railway stations with the name \"Mercedes\" are: Notes: Mercedes can be reached from the city of Buenos Aires by the \"Acceso Oeste\" and then by National Route 5 until km. 100. From the city of Lobos by Provincial Route 41 to the north (80-km length) and from Chivilcoy by Route 5 to the northwest. The city can also be reached from San Antonio de Areco after completing 50\u00a0km.-length by Provincial Route 41."}, {"context": " Mercedes has a bus terminal, located near the Mercedes (Sarmiento) railway station. The city of Mercedes is 34\u00b0 39'south latitude and 59\u00b0 25' west longitude, along the Luj\u00e1n River. It is 35\u00a0km (30 min by car) from the city of Luj\u00e1n, one of the most importante religious center and pilgrimage of Argentina; 100\u00a0km (1.45 h self) from Buenos Aires and, 152\u00a0km from La Plata, capital of the province. The climate of this region is the Mesopotamian type temperate humid with an annual average of 16\u00a0\u00b0C . The winter is mild with average temperatures of 9\u00a0\u00b0C, while the summer is mild with an average temperature of 23\u00a0\u00b0C."}, {"context": " On the outskirts of Mercedes there is an old \"pulper\u00eda\" or rural bar and store, institutions which enjoy mythical status in gaucho culture. Known as \"\"lo de Cacho\"\" (Cacho's), it claims to be the last pulper\u00eda of the Pampas and retains the atmosphere of 1850, the year it opened. There is an original wanted poster for the outlaw Juan Moreira and reminders of gauchos, their culture and knife fights. There is an old war memorial called \"\"La Cruz de Palo\"\". It is a wooden cross remembering where the last of the native attacks to Mercedes took place on 27 October 1823."}, {"context": " Mercedes is known for its peaches and salami, been the venue for the National Peach Fair (\"Fiesta Nacional del Durazno\") as well as the National Salami Fair (\"Fiesta Nacional del Salame Quintero\"). Both fairs have their own queen elected each year. Mercedes has been the birthplace of several football players (Lucas Biglia), musicians, writers and journalists. Nevertheless, it is most known as the town where ephemeral president H\u00e9ctor Jos\u00e9 C\u00e1mpora was born as well as dictator Jorge Rafael Videla.  The city was organized by a-hundred-meters-long square blocks (as a Roman castra). The streets are numbered with even numbers from South to North and with odd numbers from East to West. Thus, is really easy to orient, find addresses and calculate distances along the city."}]}, {"title": "Defensor pacis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The tract Defensor pacis (The Defender of Peace) laid the foundations of modern doctrines of sovereignty. It was written by Marsilius of Padua (Italian: Marsilio da Padova), an Italian medieval scholar. It appeared in 1324 and provoked a storm of controversy that lasted through the century. The context of the work lies in the political struggle between Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Pope John XXII. The treatise is vehemently anticlerical. Marsilius' work was censured by Pope Benedict XII and Pope Clement VI."}, {"context": " \"Defensor pacis\" extends the tradition of Dante's \"De Monarchia\" separating the secular State from religious authority. It affirmed the sovereignty of the people and civil law and sought to greatly limit the power of the Papacy, which he viewed as the \"cause of the trouble which prevails among men\" and which he characterized as a \"fictitious\" power. He proposed the seizure of church property by civil authority and the elimination of tithes. In his view, the Papacy would retain only an honorary pre-eminence without any authority to interpret the scriptures or define dogma."}, {"context": " As its name implies, it describes the State as the defender of the public peace, which is the most indispensable benefit of human society. The author of the law expresses will of the people, not of the whole populace, but of the most important part (\"valentior\") of the citizens; these people should themselves elect, or at least appoint, the head of the government, who, lest he should be tempted to put himself above the scope of the laws, should have at his disposal only a limited armed force. This chief is responsible to the people for his breaches of the law, and in serious cases they can sentence him to death. The real cause of the trouble which prevails among men is the Papacy, the development of which is the result of a series of usurpations."}, {"context": " Marsilius denies, not only to the pope, but to the bishops and clergy, any coercive jurisdiction or any right to pronounce in temporal matters. He also denies episcopal authority of excommunications and interdicts, or other imposed interpretations of divine law. He is not opposed to penalties against heretics, but he would have them pronounced only by civil tribunals. Desiring to see the clergy practice a holy poverty, he proposes the suppression of tithes and the seizure by the secular power of the greater part of the property of the church. The clergy, thus deprived of its wealth, privileges and jurisdiction, is further to be deprived of independence, for the civil power is to have the right of appointing to benefices, etc. The supreme authority in the church is to be the council, but a council summoned by the emperor."}, {"context": " The pope, no longer possessing any more power than other bishops (though Marsilius recognizes that the supremacy of the See of Rome goes back to the earliest times of Christianity), is to content himself with a pre-eminence mainly of an honorary kind, without claiming to interpret the Holy Scriptures, define dogmas or distribute benefices; moreover, he is to be elected by the Christian people, or by the delegates of the people, i.e. the princes, or by the council, and these are also to have the power to punish, suspend or depose him. The theory was purely democratic, but was all ready to be transformed, by means of a series of fictions and implications, into an imperialist doctrine; and in like manner it contained a visionary plan of reformation which ended, not in the separation of the church from the state, but in the subjection of the church to the state.  In 1535, Thomas Cromwell paid William Marshall to translate \"Defensor\" into English in order to give intellectual support towards the implementation of Royal Supremacy."}]}, {"title": "Fly River roundleaf bat", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Fly River roundleaf bat (\"Hipposideros muscinus\") is a species of bat in the family Hipposideridae. It is found in West Papua, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea."}]}, {"title": "Oleg Syromolotov", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Oleg Vladimirovich Syromolotov (Russian: \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0301\u0433 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0301\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0421\u044b\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0301\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432; born 19 May 1953) was Deputy Director of Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB), the successor of the Soviet-era KGB. He has headed the DKR, the organisation's counterintelligence branch. He was chief of security for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. Syromolotov became major-general in the Russian Army on 18 December 1993. He rose through the ranks of the FSB, eventually becoming Director of Counterintelligence Support for the Transport Department of Economic Security. From 12 July 2000 until July 2004 he was Deputy Director of the Russian FSB - Federal Security Service chief of counterintelligence department."}, {"context": " Syromolotov gave a rare interview on the 80th anniversary of the formation of Russia's first counterintelligence department in May 2002. He said that over the past two years, DKR personnel had caught 14 foreign agents and put some 260 foreign secret services employees under surveillance. Syromolotov was colonel-general of the Army until early 2007, when he was promoted to general alongside future FSB Director Alexander Bortnikov. On 28 April 2009 President Dmitry Medvedev issued Presidential Decree 468, which appointed Syromolotov as a member of the Presidential Council of the Russian Federation on the Development of Physical Fitness and Sports. He was also appointed by President Putin to head security for the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 in Sochi, and the XXVII World Summer Universiade 2013 in Kazan. His appointment came as a surprise to observers who expected that a counterterrorism specialist would be selected."}]}, {"title": "Duty and Honor", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"Duty and Honor\" is the seventh episode of the first season of the period drama television series \"The Americans\". It originally aired on FX in the United States on March 13, 2013. Philip Jennings (Matthew Rhys) is sent to New York City to discredit a Polish dissident. He meets up with Irina (Marina Squerciati), a former lover whom he knew back in Russia. They attend a travel agent convention where Irina poses as a travel agent from Montreal. Irina tells Philip that she has been waiting a long time to see him again. Irina is set to meet with Charles Duluth (Reg Rogers), a journalist and contact of Philip's, and Andrzej Bielawski, a Polish resistance leader and celibate man loosely based on the priest Jerzy Popie\u0142uszko. Irina pretends to be a Polish immigrant."}, {"context": " The three of them go out to dinner. Shortly after, Charles leaves Irina and Andrzej alone. As they walk back to the hotel, Irina convinces Andrzej to let his guards hang back and give them more peace. Philip, dressed as a mugger, steals from them and the guards give chase. Later at the hotel, Irina drugs Andrzej. Philip apologizes to Irina for hurting her during the mugging. She tells him that he fathered a child with her, who is now 18 years old. Irina tells Philip that she wants to start a new life with him, before Philip beats her, giving her bruises on her face. Andrzej wakes up the next morning as a US official enters with photos of the beaten Irina, claiming that she was brutally beaten and raped by Andrzej."}, {"context": " Philip sleeps with Irina, and the same night receives a call from an apologetic Elizabeth (Keri Russell), who asks him to come home. Irina tells Philip that their son is in the army. Irina confides in Philip that she has grown tired of working with the KGB, believing that what they did to Andrzej was cruel. She wants her and Philip to run away together, but Philip believes she is lying to him about having a son together. Philip refuses to go with her, saying that he cannot leave his family. While Philip is in New York, Elizabeth and the children are invited to dinner with the Beemans. Sandra (Susan Misner) informs Elizabeth that Stan (Noah Emmerich) is busy working. She confides in Elizabeth that her marriage with Stan isn't working, and that she is envious of Elizabeth and Philip for being able to work together professionally. Elizabeth remarks that marriage is hard and Sandra replies, \"at the end of the day, you either choose to keep going or you don\u2019t.\""}, {"context": " Meanwhile, Stan and Chris Amador (Maximiliano Hern\u00e1ndez) go out to a bar. Amador remarks that Stan is more comfortable at work than he is in his personal life. He suggests that Stan chat up a girl at the bar, but instead Stan meets up with Nina (Annet Mahendru). They have sex. Nina tells him that she will not blackmail him because of their liaison and that it doesn't have to happen again if he doesn't want it to. Philip returns from New York, where Elizabeth tells him she wants to work on their marriage. She asks him if anything happened between him and Irina and he says no.  The episode was written by Joshua Brand and directed by Alex Chapple. In its original American broadcast on March 13, 2013, \"Duty and Honor\" was watched by 1.70 million viewers, according to Nielsen ratings."}]}, {"title": "Follow Through Magnet School", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Follow Through Magnet School (formerly School 8) is a former elementary school in Buffalo, New York. It served Grades K through 8 and was located at the corner of East Utica Street and Masten Avenue in the city's East Side. It closed in 2004, although it has served as a swing school for other schools that are being reconstructed. School 8 was built in 1838 at the corners of Franklin and Church Streets, the first school building that was built under the reorganized Buffalo Public Schools district. It came under criticism for its construction as its elaborate design and front pillars were more than required for the new school system. This building would be closed in 1883 due to a lack of enrollment, and the number 8 was transferred to a new school built in the growing East Side. In 1918, this building was destroyed by fire and replaced the following year by the current building. An addition was built to the school in 1961, and had a name change in 1976 as part of the desegregation plan. The building was closed in 2004 due to budget cuts, but served as a swing school for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Multicultural Institute, City Honors High School, and School 81 while their home buildings were being reconstructed. The building may be used to house Middle Early College High School and Buffalo's Adult Learning Program beginning with the 2013-2014 school year  \"Previous assignment and reason for departure denoted in parenthesis\" \"Previous assignment and reason for departure denoted in parentheses\""}]}, {"title": "Vladyslav Sukhomlynov", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Vladyslav Sukhomlynov (; born 2 January 1978) is a retired footballer who played as a midfielder for clubs in Ukraine, Greece and Kazakhstan. Sukhomlynov spent most of his career playing football for Ukrainian Premier League sides FC Borysfen Boryspil, FC Chornomorets Odessa, FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih and FC Metalist Kharkiv. He also spent time in the Ukrainian lower leagues with Borysfen Boryspil, FC Inter Boyarka and FC CSKA Kyiv. In July 2001, Sukhomlynov joined Greek Superleague side Panachaiki F.C. for six months."}]}, {"title": "Wairarapa Rugby Football Union", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Wairarapa Rugby Football Union was formed in 1886 and played until 1971, when they amalgamated with the Bush Rugby Football Union to form Wairarapa Bush Rugby Football Union. Wairarapa had 15 All Blacks between 1903-1971. Wairarapa held the Ranfurly Shield, briefly in 1927, and again between 1928-29. They held it again for one match in 1950 before losing it to South Canterbury."}]}, {"title": "Stala", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sampsa Astala, (born 23 January 1974 in Vantaa, Finland), known by stage names Stala and Kita, is the lead singer of the Finnish glam rock band Stala & SO. and the former and original drummer for the metal band Lordi. His current stage name, Stala, comes from his own surname, Astala. His other stage name, which he used during his time in Lordi and whenever appearing as drummer, Kita, comes from the Finnish word meaning \"jaws\", \"gap\", or \"maw\". Sampsa Astala created Stala & SO. as SO, back in 1997. The band recorded a few albums and toured in Finland but Astala didn't have much time for Stala & SO anymore since he joined Lordi in 2000 as drummer. He arranged and performed all backing vocals on the Lordi albums, but could not sing live due to his massive mask. With the band Lordi he went on to win the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest. In recognition, the city of Karkkila, where he spent his teenage years, named its youth facilities after him. Despite many critics wrongly accusing Lordi of being a satanic band, on the \"Thank you to...\" list on the Lordi albums, Kita thanks \"Almighty God.\""}, {"context": " On 4 October 2010 there was an announcement from Lordi, saying that Kita no longer was a member. Further explanation told that his leaving was a joint decision between him and his bandmates, as Kita's increasing exposure as himself with Stala & So., rather than in costume as Kita, was \"breaking the rules\" of Lordi. In end of 2010 it was announced that Stala & SO. would participate in Eurovision Song Contest 2011. On 23 November, the first promosingle of the new album was released, \"\"Everything For Money\"\". On 29 November, \"\"Pamela\"\", the song with which he would play in Eurovision stage was revealed through the YLE channel. On 28 January, they passed the semi final and they got \"the card\" for the final on 12 February. On 16 February their debut album, \"\"It Is So.\"\", was released."}, {"context": " Kita is a manbeast from an ancient alien race. Originally a brutal battle beast from the Mu Arae star system used in combat, he was sent to Earth for an unknown purpose. The time-traveling Mr. Lordi found Kita in the mountains of Himalaya, enslaved by a snake demon. After Mr. Lordi defeated the demon, Kita allied with him. It is not known if Kita is actually the name of the whole race or the individual. It is rumored that Earth's Yeti stories originate from sightings of members from Kita's race sent to Earth, which may link them to the Mi-Go of the Cthulhu Mythos."}]}, {"title": "St. Thomas (New Brunswick) Tommies", "paragraphs": [{"context": " St. Thomas Tommies is the nickname of the athletics teams at St. Thomas University (New Brunswick) (STU) in Fredericton, New Brunswick. The name \u201cTommies\u201d derives from the First World War, referring to a British soldier or \u201cTommy\u201d. These soldiers would be called upon across no-mans-land, if German soldiers wished to speak to a British soldier. \u201cTommies\u201d were known for their bravery and courage while travelling through the most dangerous grounds of the war. STU basically shares the campus with the University of New Brunswick and hence some of the facilities. The men's and women's hockey teams, and the men's and women's Cross Country Running teams are members of the Atlantic University Sport. The remainder of the teams are members of the Atlantic Colleges Athletic Association.  Those teams are: As reported on CBC Radio on February 5, 2014, the women's basketball team is on a nearly four year winning streak. On February 4, they won their 94th consecutive game. In 2016, St. Thomas cut the men's hockey program citing financial difficulties."}]}, {"title": "Chris Stabb", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Christopher \"Chris\" Stabb (born 12 October 1976) is an English footballer, who plays for Bradford Park Avenue. Born in Bradford, Chris Stabb began his footballing career in the Bradford City academy. In 1997, he moved to neighbours Farsley Celtic but joined Ossett Town in 1998. He re-joined Farsley Celtic in 2002 where he has played ever since. He was the club's captain for a few years before fellow defender Carl Serrant took the armband. Stabb experienced the club's rise up the leagues featuring three promotions in four years. He missed the club's 2007\u201308 season in the Conference National due to a knee injury which threatened his future in football. Stabb made his return to the team on 14 September in a friendly against Sheffield United."}]}, {"title": "Charles Gaylord", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Charles Henry Gaylord (September 24, 1936 \u2013 August 4, 2009) was an American martial artist. He began learning martial arts in 1954. After receiving his black belt, Gaylord became the second generation of the Emperado Method of Kajukenbo. In 1963, he moved from Hawaii to Northern California where he began teaching his own style of Kajukenbo, which became known as the \"Gaylord Method\". Gaylord was featured in Episode 10 of \"Fight Quest\" on the Discovery Channel. In 1967 Charles Gaylord, along with other accomplished Kajukenbo practitioners Aleju Reyes, Joe Halbuna, Tony Ramos, and Al Dacascos formed the Kajukenbo Association of America (KAA.) The KAA organization lasted until the early 1970s, but it was brought back in 1980 under the leadership of Charles Gaylord who had recently received his 9th degree black belt under founder Adrian Emperado. Fifteen years later in September 1995, the KAA and all of its black belts promoted Charles Gaylord to the honorary rank of 10th degree black belt. Grandmaster Gaylord's traditional Kajukenbo curriculum continues to be taught by his chief instructors who operate Kajukenbo schools in Hawaii and other parts of the United States."}]}, {"title": "L'Extase mate\u0301rielle", "paragraphs": [{"context": " 'L'Extase mat\u00e9rielle' is an essay written by French Nobel laureate J. M. G. Le Cl\u00e9zio. The book's title means Material Ecstasy in English. This essay may be advising that we should pay the utmost attention to what there is around us, not to what there might be or ought to be. According to a review of 'L'Extase mat\u00e9rielle' the reasoning behind the essay is to accept that \"what there is is all there is\"(and to demand more is ludicrous) This essay consists of personal deliberations, discursively written, which are (probably) intended more to provoke his readers than to comfort them. Le Cl\u00e9zio seems to have been motivated to write this essay not just taking ideas from other writers, but also to explain his own research and also to relate his very own perspective on life. The essay is emotionally written.  This is a collection of essays which explicitly theorize many of the principles Le Cl\u00e9zio himself wrote in Terra Amata. Le Clezio expresses his fondness for small things in these essays."}]}, {"title": "John Christopher Hartwick", "paragraphs": [{"context": " John Christopher Hartwick (January 6, 1714 \u2013 July 17, 1796) was an American Lutheran minister in Colonial America and founder of Hartwick College. Hartwick was a native of the dukedom of Saxe-Gotha in the province of Thuringia in Germany and studied at the University of Halle. He was educated in the Lutheran Pietism movement. Hartwick emigrated to America in 1746 to serve as a missionary to the German settlers in and around Rhinebeck in New York\u2019s Hudson Valley. He was an eccentric idealist and intolerant of parishioner's vices, requiring them to sign a promise that they would \"\"forswear shooting, horse-racing, boozing, and dancing.\"\" He was forcefully removed from his first parish by fellow ministers of the area, and from there moved around the northern colonies, unable to find a that would put up with his pious ."}, {"context": " Hartwick felt that allowing the common person to own land and live so far from one another was the cause of their immorality. He envisioned a utopian community dedicated to the principles of pious living. He made a series of land deals and eventually obtained a nearly 24,000 acre (97\u00a0km\u00b2) patent from the Mohawk Indians in Otsego County, New York located southwest of what would become Cooperstown, New York. The first attempt toward a permanent settlement on the site was made by Hartwick in 1761. Hartwick commissioned his neighboring landowner, Judge William Cooper, to lease his land to suitable Christian settlers for the establishment of this \"New Jerusalem.\" But Cooper essentially ignored Hartwick's criteria, and leased the property indiscriminately. Most (if not all) of his tenants had little interest in Hartwick's utopian vision for the settlement. His holdings would form the basis for the community of Hartwick, New York."}, {"context": " In 1764 Hartwick wrote an article condemning the death penalty for theft as contrary to divine law. He believed there should be government-run educational schools to replace the exclusive private schools of the day. John Christopher Hartwick died during 1796 at Clermont Manor, the home of Robert R. Livingston. Hartwick had benefited financially from Cooper\u2019s indiscriminate leasing deals and left instructions in his will for the founding of a public seminary. However he made the task difficult by designating Jesus Christ as his heir. The seminary did not open until 15 years after his death."}, {"context": " Hartwick's choice as director of the seminary had been Dr. John Christopher Kunze a leading Lutheran theologian. Prominent political and religious leaders Jeremiah Van Rensselaer and Frederick Muhlenberg convinced Dr. Kunze to direct the seminary and teach theology at his home in New York City. Also benefiting from Hartwick's endowments were Rev. Anthony Braun who taught sciences and languages in Albany and Rev. John Frederick Ernst who taught elementary school on the Hartwick land patent. The school first known as the Hartwick Seminary, eventually became Hartwick College. Hartwick College traces its founding to the death of John Christopher Hartwick in 1797. During the 1920s, the Trustees of Hartwick Seminary voted to close the seminary and use the funds to open a new college in the nearby city of Oneonta, New York."}]}, {"title": "Silviu Craciunas", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Silviu Craciunas (in Romanian: Cr\u0103ciuna\u0219; 1914\u20131998) was a Romanian writer, best known for his 1961 book \"The Lost Footsteps\". That is his account of imprisonment, torture and persecution at the hands of the communists. The book was heavily praised when it came out in the West in 1961, receiving strong reviews in \"The Economist\" and the \"Times Literary Supplement\" among others. However, it has since been alleged that Craciunas was actually a double agent in the pay of Romanian secret police, the Securitate."}, {"context": " Craciunas was born in Miluan in northwestern Romania, as the son of an Orthodox priest. He studied medicine and then law at Cluj University, receiving his doctor's degree in Law and Economics and Political Science in 1940. He worked in the glass and sugar industries, prior to the communist takeover of the country. The communists nationalized all privately owned factories in 1948, and Craciunas ostensibly became involved in the anti-communist underground movement, helping to smuggle people out of Romania."}, {"context": " Craciunas was first arrested in 1938 for having fascist manifestos on him. In 1948, he was arrested again, this time for having helped people flee Romania, and after reaching an agreement with the Securitate, it seems, he was sent abroad posing as a refugee. In Paris, he took contact with the Romanian National Committee, a Romanian exiles' organization, and with its help, and with the help of Western intelligence agencies, he returned in 1949 clandestinely to Romania, where he submitted his first report to the Securitate regarding the Romanian exile community. After a few months, he was arrested again by the authorities under suspicion of being a double agent. He spent four years in the Malmaison prison, after which he was transferred to a prison hospital in Suceava, from where he managed to \"flee\". In 1955, he signed a formal agreement with the Securitate to work for them as an informer. In 1957, he returned to the West, where he obtained political asylum in Great Britain in 1959. In 1977, he emigrated to Spain, where he stayed for ten years, before returning to Great Britain.  Craciunas died in Brighton and Hove, in 1998."}]}, {"title": "Barry Hammett", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Barry Keith Hammett, (born 9 October 1947) is a Church of England priest and former Royal Navy chaplain. He was Chaplain of the Fleet, Director General of the Naval Chaplaincy Service and Archdeacon for the Royal Navy from 2002 to 2006. He was born on 9 October 1947 and educated at Eltham College; Magdalen College, Oxford; and St Stephen's House, Oxford. He was ordained deacon in 1974, and priest in 1975; He served as a naval chaplain from 1977 to 2006. He was also an Honorary Chaplain to the Queen from 1999 to 2006."}]}, {"title": "List of stencil artists", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Notable stencil artists include:"}]}, {"title": "Fractus cloud", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Fractus clouds (\"scuds\") are small, ragged cloud fragments that are usually found under an ambient cloud base. They form or have broken off from a larger cloud, and are generally sheared by strong winds, giving them a jagged, shredded appearance. Fractus have irregular patterns, appearing much like torn pieces of cotton candy. They change constantly, often forming and dissipating rapidly. They do not have clearly defined bases. Sometimes they are persistent and form very near the surface. Common kinds include \"scud\" and \"cloud tags\"."}, {"context": " Fractus are accessory clouds, named for the type of cloud from which they were sheared. The two principal forms are cumulus fractus (formerly, fractocumulus) and stratus fractus (formerly, fractostratus). Fractus clouds may develop into cumulus if the ground heats enough to start convection. Stratus fractus is distinguishable from cumulus fractus by its smaller vertical extent, darker color, and by the greater dispersion of its particles. Cumulus fractus clouds actually look like ragged cumulus clouds. They may originate from dissipated cumulus clouds, appearing in this case as white ragged clouds located at significant distances from each other. Cumulus fractus in particular form on the leading and trailing edges of summer storms in warm and humid conditions. Observing fractus gives an indication of wind movements under the parent cloud."}, {"context": " Masses of multiple fractus clouds, located under a main cloud, are called pannus. Fractonimbus are a form of stratus fractus, developing under precipitation clouds due to turbulent air movement. They are dark-gray and ragged in appearance. Fractonimbus exist only under precipitation clouds (such as nimbostratus, altostratus or cumulonimbus), and don't produce precipitation themselves. Fractonimbus may eventually merge completely with overlying nimbostratus clouds. In rainstorms, scud often form in the updraft area where the air has been cooled by precipitation from the downdraft, thus condensation occurs below the ambient cloud deck. If scud are rising and moving towards the main updraft, sometimes marked by a rain-free base (RFB) or wall cloud, then the thunderstorm is still developing from rising scud.  In addition to forming in inflow, fractus also form in outflow. Scud are very common on the leading edge of a thunderstorm where warm, moist air is lifted by the gust front. Scud are usually found under shelf clouds."}]}, {"title": "The Definitive Part One", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Definitive Part One, released in 2008, is a compilation album by the British heavy metal band Cloven Hoof. Apart from one new song, \"Mutilator\", all of the tracks are re-recorded versions of existing Cloven Hoof songs from the past. The drums, bass, keyboard and rhythm guitar tracks were recorded live in the studio, with vocals and guitar solos being dubbed in for a cleaner finish. Guitarist/keyboardist Mick Powell was still a part of the band's lineup when this album was recorded, but had left by the time of release and is credited as a guest musician."}]}, {"title": "Zhang Huaizhi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Zhang Huaizhi () (1862 \u2013 1934) was a brigade-general during the Boxer Rebellion; a warlord in the early Chinese Republic; Viceroy of Shandong. He was eliminated in the Second Zhili-Fengtian War."}]}, {"title": "J\u00e6nberht", "paragraphs": [{"context": " J\u00e6nberht (died 792) was a medieval monk, and later the abbot, of St Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury who was named Archbishop of Canterbury in 765. As archbishop, he had a difficult relationship with King Offa of Mercia, who at one point confiscated lands from the archbishopric. By 787, some of the bishoprics under Canterbury's supervision were transferred to the control of the newly created Archbishopric of Lichfield, although it is not clear if J\u00e6nberht ever recognised its legitimacy. Besides the issue with Lichfield, J\u00e6nberht also presided over church councils in England. He died in 792 and was considered a saint after his death."}, {"context": " J\u00e6nberht was a monk at St Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury before being selected as abbot of that monastic house. He came from a prominent family in the kingdom of Kent, and a kinsman of his, Eadhun, was the reeve of King Egbert II of Kent. J\u00e6nberht himself was on good terms with Egbert. J\u00e6nberht was consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury on 2 February 765, at the court of King Offa of Mercia; this location implies that his election was acceptable to the king. In 766, he received a pallium, the symbol of an archbishop's authority given by the papacy. At this time, Kent had been subjected by Offa; in 776, perhaps at the urging of J\u00e6nberht, Kent rebelled and secured its freedom. In 780 and 781, J\u00e6nberht attended church councils at Brentford that were led by King Offa. Although initially on good terms with Offa, J\u00e6nberht's ties to Egbert were also strong: after the Battle of Otford, Egbert granted a number of estates to Christ Church. When Offa reasserted control over Kent, which occurred by 785 at the latest, he confiscated these lands and regranted to some of his thegns."}, {"context": " During J\u00e6nberht's term of office, a dispute arose between the see of Canterbury and Offa which led in 787 to the creation of the rival Archdiocese of Lichfield under Hygberht. Originally, Offa attempted to bring the southern archbishopric of Canterbury to London, but when the papacy refused permission, Offa secured the creation of a third archbishopric in the British Isles. Lichfield was the main Mercian bishopric, and thus the new archbishopric was under Offa's control. There were several reasons for the conflict between J\u00e6nberht and Offa. J\u00e6nberht's opposed Offa's deposition of the Kentish dynasty. They conflicted over land which they both claimed as theirs, and J\u00e6nberht refused to crown Offa's son Ecgfrith. Problems were also caused by the archbishop minting his own coins at Canterbury. Matthew Paris, writing in the thirteenth century, stated that J\u00e6nberht conspired to admit Charlemagne to Canterbury if he invaded Britain. This story may reflect a genuine tradition recorded at St Albans Abbey, where Paris was based, or it may be a fabrication to fill in details of J\u00e6nberht's life where Paris had no other information. A rumour during J\u00e6nberht's reign also falsely claimed that Offa was plotting with Charlemagne to depose Pope Hadrian I; at least one modern historian, Simon Keynes, believes it possible J\u00e6nberht was behind the rumour. Offa's eventual successor later admitted to the papacy that Offa's actions had been motivated by hatred of J\u00e6nberht and the Kentish people."}, {"context": " In 787, Pope Hadrian sent a pallium to Hygberht of Lichfield, elevating Lichfield to an archbishopric, and Ecgfrith was crowned. There is no extant contemporary evidence, however, that J\u00e6nberht ever recognised Hygberht as an archbishop. Canterbury retained as suffragans the bishops of Winchester, Sherborne, Selsey, Rochester, and London. The dioceses of Worcester, Hereford, Leicester, Lindsey, Dommoc and Elmham were transferred to Lichfield. J\u00e6nberht presided at a council held at London, sometime after the elevation of Lichfield, attended by most of the bishops from southern Britain. J\u00e6nberht died on 12 August 792. J\u00e6nberht was buried in the abbey church of St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury. J\u00e6nberht has since been revered as a saint, with a feast day of 12 August."}]}, {"title": "WWE Libraries", "paragraphs": [{"context": " WWE Libraries Inc. (branded as WWE Legacy Department) is a WWE-owned subsidiary that consists of the largest collection of professional wrestling videos and copyrights in the world. It is comprised not only of past and current works by WWE (formerly the Capitol Wrestling Corporation, World Wide Wrestling Federation, World Wrestling Federation, and World Wrestling Entertainment) but the works of now defunct professional wrestling promotions dating back to the 1940s. As of 2014, the library stands at 150,000 hours of content including weekly television shows, pay-per-views, and recorded house shows. The collection represents a very significant portion of the visual history of modern professional wrestling in the United States and Canada. WWE has made their classic holdings available through numerous home-video releases, the \"WWE Vintage\" television program, and the WWE Network."}, {"context": " The dates listed below for purchased organizations and libraries represent the duration of that company, and may not necessarily represent the extent of historical video owned. The library includes all past and present WWE tapes dating back to the 1950s, including all previous forms of the company. Although not wrestling content, the library's holdings also includes footage from various WWF/E produced ventures including documentaries, reality shows, and fictional works produced for home video, the WWE Network and other broadcasters, and any motion pictures produced by WWE Studios. The footage saved from WWE's days as the Capitol Wrestling Corporation is also among the few surviving footage of broadcasts from the DuMont Television Network, as most of their footage was destroyed in the mid-1970s."}, {"context": " For years, WWE has engaged in a campaign of purchasing libraries of defunct wrestling promotions. The first significant purchases took place in 2001, when they bought the complete historical archives of their former competitor World Championship Wrestling. The purchase of the Extreme Championship Wrestling intellectual unit and library during its bankruptcy proceedings in 2003 gave the company the majority of all national professional wrestling content available at the time. Throughout its history, WWE has had a long relationship with the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). For many decades, until the mid-1980s, the NWA acted as a governing body of the many various regional wrestling promotions, and membership allowed for decreased regional competition and the shared use of big-name stars for local events. WWE (as Capitol Wrestling) was a member of the NWA between 1952 and 1963, and again (as the WWWF) between 1971 and 1983. In 1998, WWE (as the WWF) hosted NWA matches on its programming."}, {"context": " Jim Crockett Promotions was an NWA member for its entire existence and by the end of the promotion's run \"was\", more or less, the NWA, thanks to its control of the largest regional NWA promotions. This was exemplified by the presence of all major NWA titles in World Championship Wrestling when Crockett Promotions morphed into WCW in the 1980s. WCW's relationship with the NWA was even more convoluted than WWE's, until WCW left the NWA in 1993. As a result of WWE's former membership in the NWA, through its ownership of WCW and its predecessor libraries, and through its ownership of Extreme Championship Wrestling (which was an NWA member until it suddenly severed ties in 1994) and other smaller regional promotions, WWE owns a vast amount of NWA footage, making up the majority of significant NWA matches from the 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s."}, {"context": " Although professional wrestling has been on television throughout the medium's existence, not all broadcasts were recorded, nor necessarily saved, and most promotions did not have a regular television presence until the 1970s. Many promotions taped over everything, so very little footage exists. The historical availability of individual, non-televised matches is also incomplete, as likely only the most significant bouts were recorded for posterity, and can be lost to time. A number of factors have adversely affected the quality of some surviving tapes. For example, upon taking control of the World Championship Wrestling library, it was noted that the tapes were unlabeled and not categorized. The condition of some WCW tapes is such that WWE could not air them on WWE Classics on Demand, or on the current WWE Network."}, {"context": " WWE owns the unedited master tapes for all content in the library. However, due to a lawsuit over the \"WWF\" initials brought on by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), from May 2002 until June 2012, they were not allowed to use the letters WWF or the \"scratch\" logo used between December 15, 1997 and May 5, 2002 (the pre-\"scratch\" logo was not covered under this lawsuit, with a variation of this being used in the November 15, 2010 WWE \"Raw\" Old School edition). As a result, any instances of someone saying \"WWF\" (though not World Wrestling Federation) were edited and shots of the \"scratch\" logo were either removed or blurred on re-airings or video releases released during that time frame, except for the UK exclusive WWE Tagged Classics DVD range. In late July 2012, WWE reached a settlement with the WWF which once again allows them to use the \"WWF\" initials and scratch logo on archive footage. Unedited footage first appeared on \"Raw 1000\" and since then has appeared in full length matches posted to the WWE website and home video releases. In exchange, WWE is no longer permitted to use the WWF initials or logo in any new, original footage, with any old-school logos for retro-themed programming now using the original WWF logo, but modified without the F."}, {"context": " Music rights issues are also reason for occasional editing by WWE of its library when airing or releasing videos. While most wrestlers' entrance themes are done in-house, those whose music is not owned by WWE are often dubbed over with cheaper alternatives rather than providing the original audio, in lieu of WWE paying licensing fees to the writers/performers of the original songs. Videos heavily affected in particular by these cost-cutting decisions are those featuring footage from Extreme Championship Wrestling, which was famous for using recordings by mainstream music acts such as Metallica, AC/DC, and Dr. Dre for their wrestlers' entrances, although AC/DC and Metallica have provided music for WWE pay-per-view events as well. Exceptions to non-Johnston composed themes that WWE leaves in its archives are either songs that are in the public domain, such as the \"Dawn\" section of \"Also sprach Zarathustra\" used by Ric Flair and \"Pomp and Circumstance\", which was used by Gorgeous George and later Randy Savage; or songs that the WWE acquired from its purchase of WCW, most notably the entrance music to Booker T."}, {"context": " Due to a 1991 lawsuit, matches featuring Jesse Ventura on commentary were dubbed over for subsequent releases. However, matches featuring Ventura commentating are shown with unaltered audio on the WWE Network. Since 2007, WWE has edited footage featuring Chris Benoit due to Benoit's murder-suicide involving his wife and son. WWE has released some footage of Benoit from its own library as well as WCW and ECW in the years since, but all of these have been group shots not focused on Benoit (most notably the 2004 Royal Rumble). Benoit's wife Nancy Benoit, who performed in a manager role in WCW under the stage name Woman, was also initially removed, but footage of her was later re-added."}]}, {"title": "Fox Island, Falkland Islands", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Fox Island is one of the Falkland Islands. It is near West Falkland, to its west, near Spring Point and Dunnose Head in Queen Charlotte Bay."}]}, {"title": "Sarah Pratt (actress)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sarah Pratt (born 1966), is a French actress."}]}, {"title": "KANW", "paragraphs": [{"context": " KANW (89.1 MHz) is a radio station based in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Launched in 1951, it is the oldest FM radio station in New Mexico. KANW is a public radio station run by the Albuquerque Public Schools. For most of the day it airs New Mexico music and local public radio programming, with some NPR news programming in the morning. KANW is also broadcast on KANR 91.9 in Santa Rosa, KGGA 88.1 in Gallup, New Mexico, KIDS 88.1 in Grants, New Mexico, and KANM 90.3 in Grants, New Mexico. There is also an HD Radio format broadcast of KANW 89.1 FM ."}, {"context": " In late 2016, KANW acquired two more stations from Educational Media Foundation. These are KANM (formerly KDRI) 90.3 in Grants and KGGA 88.1 in Gallup, New Mexico. Both stations are former Air 1 outlets. KANM gives KANW two stations in the Grants area as KIDS already serves as a satellite of KANW so KANM now airs the news and talk format which also airs on a translator in the area. KANW broadcasts a news, information and talk format on its HD2 sub channel. Programming comes from NPR, Public Radio International, American Public Media and BBC World Service. This format is available in Grants on 91.1 K216AW and in Espanola on 91.1 K216GQ which upgraded its signal from 44 watts horizontal to 200 watts vertical in late summer 2015. On August 1, 2016, the format was made available in Albuquerque on 107.5 K298BY. In early 2017 the format was picked up on KDRI 90.3 in the Grants area which also continues to air on the 91.1 translator."}]}, {"title": "Country Yossi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Yossi (Joseph) Toiv (born January 9, 1949), known professionally as Country Yossi, is an American Orthodox Jewish composer, singer, radio show host, author, and magazine publisher. A pioneering composer and singer in the Jewish music genre, Toiv has to his credit three albums as a member of the group Or Chodosh (\"New Light\") circa 1971\u201373, seven albums under the name \"Country Yossi and the Shteeble Hoppers\", and a series of six albums for children called \"Kivi and Tuki\". He also released \"Country Yossi's Classic Calls\" a humorous collection of actual on-air phone calls to his radio show. He has also released two animated Kivi and Tuki DVDs."}, {"context": " Toiv adopted his stage name from his parodies of popular country music tunes that he reworked to convey Orthodox Jewish themes. He then transferred the name as a brand name onto the magazine, radio show, musical albums, and children's books which he has published for the mostly Orthodox Jewish market in the United States. Toiv has become infamous as the composer of \"Little Kinderlach\" which was adapted as the ubiquitous Kars4Kids jingle. Yossi Toiv was born and raised in East New York, Brooklyn. His father, Chaim Toiv, was a well-known hazzan. As a child in the 1950s, Yossi enjoyed listening to country music and writing Jewish parodies of popular songs, such as \"Big Bad Moish\" (a takeoff on \"Big Bad John\")."}, {"context": " He attended the Lubavitcher yeshiva in Brooklyn,NY and was one of the first students at Yeshiva Sh'or Yoshuv founded by Rabbi Shlomo Freifeld. One of his roommates was Rabbi Shmuel Brazil, with whom he formed a band called Or Chodosh (New Light). While Brazil demurred from performing on stage on the request of Freifeld, he did write several of the band's hits, including \"Shmelkie's Niggun\" and \"\"Bilvavi\"\". Yossi and the other band members, Yussie Lieber and Nachum Deutsch, toured in concert while Brazil joined them in the recording studio."}, {"context": " The band members eventually married and started working; Toiv sold diamonds on 47th Street in Manhattan. A number of years later, during a summer vacation in the Catskill Mountains, he met bandleader Heshy Walfish and told him about the country music parodies that he had written as a child. Walfish encouraged him to return to the concert circuit with a new persona, Country Yossi, and collaborated with him on new songs. In 1986 Toiv parlayed his growing popularity into an Orthodox Jewish radio program called the Country Yossi Show in New York City. To satisfy rabbinical demand for separating the sexes, he designated one hour for children, one hour for men, and one hour for women. Later he started a weekly evening radio show in the Catskills. The Country Yossi Show offers music, chat, and \"halakha\" (Jewish law) trivia questions with prizes for correct answers. The show aired in 1986 until 2015."}, {"context": " In 1988, Toiv began publishing an English-language monthly advertising magazine called \"Country Yossi Magazine\", distributed in New York City. Many types of topics are discussed including Torah, Humor, People, Opinion, Real Life,Sound Off, Letters to the Editor etc. and often controversial issues are broached by its writers. Various articles relating to the controversy surrounding Chabad messianism were published in the 1990s. In the acknowledgments for her book \"Holy Brother: Inspiring Stories and Enchanted Tales about Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach\", author Yitta Halberstam Mandelbaum thanks Toiv for his willingness to print many of her controversial articles, including one about musician-rabbi Shlomo Carlebach which led to her writing that biography."}, {"context": " Through his magazine and radio show, Toiv has promoted the careers of many singers and entertainers catering to the Orthodox Jewish market, including Dovid Gabay, Avi Newmark, Yacov Young, Shua Kessin, Yossi Green, Eli Gerstner, and Shauli. His career has inspired many others including Yossi Green (songwriter), Lenny Solomon (Shlock Rock) and Sheya Mendlowitz (Producer). Toiv has collaborated with Heshy Walfish on 15 humorous music albums on Orthodox Jewish themes for children. Many songs are parodies of mainstream songs that Toiv has adapted to convey Jewish messages. Toiv created the characters Kivi and Tuki, and the Shteeble-Hoppers, for these albums."}, {"context": " Toiv wrote all the lyrics for a 2008 NCSY CD Jewish Version that parodies contemporary pop, rock, and punk hits. Toiv parodied \"Hey There Delilah\" as \"Hey There Gedaliah\", rewrote \"Numb\" as \"Dumb\", and recast \"No One\" as \"Shalom\". He composed one of the songs on Shua Kessin's 2009 album. He also wrote the lyrics to Daddy Come Home, whose recording by the Yeshiva Boys Choir was in a YouTube video which amassed over 4 million views. Toiv married Hadassah Buchinger (born 1954 in Tel Aviv) in Brooklyn in October 1973. They have four daughters.  Toiv earned a master's degree in psychology from Long Island University."}]}, {"title": "Jean Morin (artist)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Jean Morin (c.1595 or 1605 \u2013 1650) was a French baroque painter, printmaker, painter, etcher, engraver and publisher. Morin was born and died in Paris. His father \u00c9tienne Morin was a master painter who died young (circa 1612-1615). He was married to Marie Oignet (or Houegnet, Vanier, Wanier etc.) who was very likely Flemish. Jean had two sisters: Marie, who never married (1611-1703) and Catherine (near 1610-1672), who in 1631 married the Flemish painter and engraver Matthieu van Plattenberg, called Plattemontagne in France. Van Plattenberg was originally from Antwerp and became a founding member of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. Their son (and therefore nephew of Jean Morin) was the painter Nicolas de Plattemontagne who studied under Morin and Philippe de Champaigne.  Van Plattenberg and Morin worked together on various publications such as a series of landscapes and marine scenes. Morin likely never married. His graphic work consists of 118 plates, which are undated and the chronology of which is unknown. Six plates do not have his signature. The works include: Many of these works were made after paintings of leading artists of the time."}]}, {"title": "Scythris cicadella", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Scythris cicadella, the sand owlet, is a moth of the Scythrididae family. It was described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1839. It is found in central and south-western Europe. The habitat consists of dry or sandy soil. The wingspan is 9\u201311\u00a0mm. The forewings are deep brown. Females have numerous bluish-white scales. Males are heavily dusted, giving the forewings an almost white appearance. Adults are on wing from mid-May to the end of June and fly during the day when they visit flowers. The larvae feed on \"Scleranthus annuus\" and \"Scleranthus perennis\". Larvae can be found in May and June."}]}, {"title": "Alexander Bramble", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Alexander Bramble (born 13 July 1984) is a Montserratian international footballer who plays as a midfielder. Bramble made his international debut for Montserrat on 26 March 2008, in a FIFA World Cup qualifier. He has five caps to date, all of which came in FIFA World Cup qualifying matches."}]}, {"title": "Louis Edmond Duranty", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Louis Edmond Duranty (6 June 1833 \u2013 9 April 1880) was a prolific French novelist and art critic. Duranty supported the realist cause and later the Impressionists. He was challenged to a duel in 1870 by \u00c9douard Manet over an affront. He was a friend of Edgar Degas, who painted a celebrated portrait of him in 1879 (Burrell Collection, Glasgow). He was a frequent visitor to the Caf\u00e9 Guerbois. Also the author of \"The New Painting\". Duranty adopted 'truth' as the slogan of his short-lived journal \"R\u00e9alisme\" (1856\u201357), and in the second volume he composed principles of realism."}]}, {"title": "Karunki", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Karunki is a locality situated in Tornio Municipality, Lapland, Finland with 483 inhabitants in 2012. Karunki is located at the Torne river in where the border to Sweden goes. On the Swedish side of the river, oppostite to Karunki, the village Karungi (pop 232) is located. There is no bridge here, but crossing the river is done by boat or on the ice. These two villages have a common history since before the national border was drawn in the river, through the village, in 1809."}]}, {"title": "U\u0308c\u0327bulaq", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \u00dc\u00e7bulaq may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Caladenia brachyscapa", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Caladenia brachyscapa is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is native to Victoria and possibly Clarke Island in Bass Strait. It is a ground orchid with a single hairy leaf and a reddish-pink flower with thick, black, club-like swellings on the petals and sepals. Although formally described in 1988 living specimens have not been observed since 1979. \"Caladenia brachyscapa\" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single hairy leaf, long, wide with a few red blotches near the base."}, {"context": " A single flower wide is borne on a wiry, hairy spike high. The dorsal sepal is long, wide and is erect or curved forward. The lateral sepals are about the same length as the dorsal sepal but wide and the petals are long and wide. The sepals and petals are pinkish with red markings and end in a club-like, dark reddish-brown gland. The labellum is long, wide when flattened, white to reddish with a deep red tip which curves downwards. The sides of the labellum curve upwards and have 5 to 7 purplish teeth up to long on each side and the middle part has blunt white teeth near its tip. There are four or six rows of calli along the centre of the labellum. Flowering occurs from October to November."}, {"context": " The species was first formally described by Geoffrey Carr in 1988 and the description was published in \"Muelleria\" from a specimen collected near Warrnambool in 1959. At the time, this was the only specimen known apart from a partly opened flower which may be of the same species, collected in the Port Campbell National Park in 1966. There is a single recording of the species on Clarke Island in 1979, but the area where it was seen has since been heavily grazed and probably no longer suitable for this orchid. It is now presumed to be extinct in both Victoria and Tasmania. The specific epithet (\"brachyscapa\") is derived from the Ancient Greek words \"brachys\" meaning \"short\" and \"skapos\" meaning \"stem\".  The only certain specimen of this species was growing in partly cleared forest at the type location near Warrnambool. \"Caladenia brachyscapa\" is classified as \"presumed extinct\" under the Commonwealth Government \"Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999\" (EPBC) Act and as \"extinct\" under the Victorian Government Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988."}]}, {"title": "Hussainabad block", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hussainabad block is one of the administrative blocks of Palamu district, Jharkhand state, India. According to census (2001), the block has 29,113 households with aggregate population of 177,013. The block has 183 villages. Its largest town is Hussainabad, also known as Japla."}]}, {"title": "Morven Parish, New South Wales", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Morven Parish is a civil parish of County of Napier, a county in the central western part of New South Wales, Australia. The parish is in Warrumbungle Shire and the only town of the parish is Morven."}]}, {"title": "Endotricha hemicausta", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Endotricha hemicausta is a species of snout moth in the genus \"Endotricha\". It is found in northern Australia."}]}, {"title": "Fear and Loathing in America", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Fear and Loathing in America: The Brutal Odyssey of an Outlaw Journalist 1968\u20131976 is a collection of hundreds of letters Hunter S. Thompson wrote (as well as a handful he received) after his rise to fame with his 1966 hit \"\". These letters deal primarily with Thompson and his editor at Random House, Jim Silberman, his correspondence with Oscar Zeta Acosta, and his perpetually fluctuating relationship with Jann Wenner, the founder of \"Rolling Stone\". Through this time period, Thompson discusses \"Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas\", \"Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72\", and his unending desire to see \"The Rum Diary\" made into a film.  In this second volume of letters \u2013 the first being \"The Proud Highway: The Saga of a Desperate Southern Gentleman 1955\u20131967\"' \u2013 an insight into Thompson's eccentricity and brilliance is found."}]}, {"title": "Sasini Tea & Coffee", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sasini is one of Kenya's major tea and coffee producers, and is one of the country's \"Big 6\" tea producers. The company's headquarters are located in Nairobi and the company's stock is listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange. Sasini is a member of the Sameer Group of Companies, which is also located in Kenya. Tea is grown by a Sasini subsidiary, Kipkebe Limited, which operates two major CTC factories (Kipkebe and Keritor) serving four estates and outgrowers in Western Kenya, with a combined production capacity of over 10 million kilograms of tea annually. Tea is exported by Sasini to Egypt and the United Kingdom among others."}, {"context": " Coffee The company's coffee plantations are located at altitude in central Kenya with facilities in Kiambu County and Nyeri County. Sasini's Mweiga Estate in Nyeri District has an airstrip capable of transshipment of planeloads of not less than 5,700 bags of coffee. Dairy and Horticulture Sasini's dairy division produces milk and flavored yogurts, as well as producing milk for sale to the food industry in general. Its horticulture division is growing, producing such vegetables as peas and corn.  Retail coffee shops Sasini has recently started rolling out coffee shops in Nairobi, with aim to spread outside Kenya. This is seen as a valuable addition to shareholders. They sell packaged versions of their products, as well as mugs, brewing necessities, and tea balls."}]}, {"title": "Unknown Path", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Unknown Path (Spanish:Senda ignorada) is a 1946 Spanish crime film directed by Jos\u00e9 Antonio Nieves Conde and starring Enrique Guitart, Alicia Palacios and Fernando Nogueras."}]}, {"title": "Oregon Coliseum", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Oregon Coliseum is an art deco facility in the Ogle County, Illinois county seat of Oregon. It stands on the edge of the Oregon Commercial Historic District as a contributing structure to the overall integrity of the historic district. The coliseum was constructed in 1922 by the City of Oregon as city leaders sought to increase entertainment offerings in the city."}]}, {"title": "I briganti (Mercadante)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " I briganti is an 1836 opera by Saverio Mercadante for the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre-Italien in Paris, based on Schiller\u2019s \"Die R\u00e4uber\". The lead role, Ermano, was written for the tenor Giovanni Battista Rubini, the supporting cast included soprano Giulia Grisi, baritone Antonio Tamburini and the bass Luigi Lablache. Nevertheless, the opera failed, and Rubini departed for London."}]}, {"title": "Bernard Lodge", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Bernard Lodge (born 1933) is a British graphic designer. He worked for the BBC from 1959 to 1977 before launching a freelance career. He has been described by the Open University as a pioneer of graphic design in television. Lodge attended the Royal College of Art and joined the BBC graphics department. He is known for his work on the science-fiction television series \"Doctor Who\", for which he designed the first four series logos. He also designed and engineered the first five title sequences. These include the 'howlaround' versions and the 'slit-scan' time tunnel versions. In 1974, Lodge won a Royal Television Society Award for Best Graphics, becoming one of the first people involved in \"Doctor Who\" to win an award for his work. His designs were used until 1980, when Sid Sutton was appointed as the designer of a new title sequence by incoming producer John Nathan-Turner.  After leaving the BBC, he worked on films, including Ridley Scott's \"Alien\" and \"Blade Runner\"."}]}, {"title": "United States Penitentiary, Lee", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The United States Penitentiary, Lee (USP Lee) is a high-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Virginia. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. The facility also has an adjacent satellite prison camp which houses minimum-security male offenders. USP Lee is located in the Lee County Industrial Park an unincorporated area in Lee County, Virginia, in the southwest part of the state. The prison is located off of U.S. Route 58 at the intersection of Route 638, near Pennington Gap and east of Jonesville."}, {"context": " The annual per capita income of Lee County was $12,917 in the early 1990s, making the Virginia area a prime candidate to host a federal prison and bring money into the community. Architectural and construction work of the facility was administered by Hayes, Seay, Mattern & Mattern, now known as AECOM. Computer modeling was utilized to identify and minimize blindspots of prison watchtowers. Construction began in the summer of 1998 on a budget of $102 million. The penitentiary was completed in August 2001 and began receiving inmates in 2002. According to project manager Gary Carsten of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, the main recurring problem of the facility is the excessive strain on Lee County's sewage system."}, {"context": " Archaeological discoveries on the prison property include arrowheads and pottery from a Native American gravesite believed to be associated with an ancient hospital dating as far back as 10,000 years. On February 25, 2008, inmate Edward Porta apparently walked away from the minimum security camp when he turned up missing during a 4 p.m. count. Porta defrauded the U.S. Department of Agriculture of more than $400,000. He remained a fugitive for over eight years until he was recaptured in May 2016, and was profiled on the television program \"America's Most Wanted\"."}, {"context": " There have been incidents of violence at USP Lee and several homicides. Inmate Quinten Corniel was killed on September 30, 2008 and inmate Ernest Bennett on January 22, 2010, both during altercations with other inmates. On April 29, 2010, Filikisi Hafoka, a member of the Tongan Crip Gang, was taken off life support after being stabbed on the previous weekend. As is procedure, USP Lee went into lockdown after these incidents and investigations were conducted. The killers of Corniel and Bennett were subsequently convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison."}]}, {"title": "A.K.M. Shahjahan Kamal", "paragraphs": [{"context": " A.K.M. Shahjahan Kamal (born 10 February 1950) is a Bangladeshi politician. He is a parliament member of Jatiya Sangsad and the current Minister of Civil Aviation and Tourism. In the 2014 Bangladeshi general election he was elected from the Lakshmipur-3 seat. He was District Director of Lakshmipur district council. He is one of the directors of Janata Bank Limited."}]}, {"title": "Edna Malone", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Edna Margaret Malone (born February 1, 1899) was a Canadian dancer. Her married names included Edna Siegrest, Edna Spangler; her stage name was Peggy Malone. Malone was born in Nelson, British Columbia. She began her dance training with Gladys Attree in Nelson, and was invited to study at the Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn School in Los Angeles, California in 1917. She danced with St. Denis, Doris Humphrey and Betty Horst on a tour that crossed Canada. In 1920 Malone worked as a dancer as part of the dinner vaudeville show at the Rose Room in San Francisco's Palace Hotel, where she was reviewed \"Miss Edna Malone, the famous soloist danseuse is probably the highest developed type of an interpretative dancer appearing before the public today.\"  Works in her repertoire included \"The Inspiration of Wedgwood\", \"The Moon of Love\", \"A Chopin Fantasy\" and \"the Egyptian Palace Dance\"."}]}, {"title": "Shashank Kumar", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Shashank Kumar is an Indian entrepreneur who co-founded Green Agrevolution, a start up working in the agriculture sector in India. His expertise arises from experience as an associate for two and a half years in a management consulting firm in supply chain, retail and FMCG sectors. He has worked for leading FMCG companies for their problems related to secondary distribution network, price elasticity and continuous replenish system. He has done his B.Tech from IIT Delhi and has also done minor MBA from Department of Management Studies, IIT Delhi."}, {"context": " He was born in Chapra - a small town of Bihar, India and raised in a lower-middle-class family. His father is a retired Grade 3 government officer in Bihar State Electricity Board and his mother was teacher in a government school. After completing his basic schooling from Netarhat Residential School, Jharkhand, he went to IIT Delhi for his undergraduate studies in Textile Engineering and graduated in 2008. He also completed his minor MBA degree from Department of Management & Studies, IIT Delhi in 2008."}, {"context": " After he graduated from IIT Delhi in 2008, he joined a management consulting firm Beacon Advisory Services where he worked as an Associate for two and a half years. His working area was supply chain, retail and FMCG sectors. He worked for leading FMCG companies for their problems related to secondary distribution network; Price elasticity & Continuous replenish system. He along with his old friend Manish Kumar from IIT Kharagpur started a not for profit society Farms and Farmers (FnF) Foundation in 2011 with an aim of maximizing profit per unit area of small & marginal farmers of India. He started his work from his home state - Bihar, India. Under his leadership, FnF could set up an excellent team of people from IIT Kharagpur, IIM Ahmedabad, NIT Jamshedpur, ISM Dhanbad & FnF won many awards such as Mahindra Spark The Rise, Jain-INCID for its work on micro irrigation in Bihar, India. FnF got initial support from NABARD under Rural Innovation Fund (RIF) and UPNRPM. In short span of 5 years, FnF made its national and global entity for conceptualizing and implementing the concept of rural entrepreneurship in agriculture and offering end to end agricultural services to small farmers. FnF also encourages farmers to build a community owned institution as Farmer Producer Organization (FPO). His work at FnF got featured by many leading media group - Times of India, ET, HT, CNN-IBN and many more. In 2014, FnF got awarded by DFID under the Millennium Alliance initiative of FICCI and got funded to work in other south Asian developing country- Nepal. He resigned as president of FnF in financial year 2015\u201316 when leadership role of FnF was handed over to Shyam Sundar Singh (IIT Kharagpur & IIM Ahmedabad) & Sonu Kumar Adarsh (ISM Dhanbad)."}, {"context": " While working as president of Farms & Farmers (FnF) Foundation, he felt the need of technology to build a scalable working model to improve efficiency and transparency in Agricultural value chain. In 2012, he co-founded a social enterprise, Green Agrevolution and developed a technology driven model of last mile delivery of farming services - DeHaat. DeHaat is a mobile based technology which connects small farmers to their 360 degree of agricultural requirement \u2013 seed to market. Android version of DeHaat is used by local micro entrepreneurs, farmers group and farmer producer organization (FPO) to offer various services to local farmers in a sustainable way. Each unit DeHaat caters to 1000 farmers in catchment area of 6\u20137\u00a0km. It brings services such as wide range of agricultural inputs (seed, fertilizers, crop protection), customized crop advisory and market linkage of farm produce under one roof. Small farmers get the access to services from DeHaat at cost of INR 200 per farmer per year."}, {"context": " He along with other co-founder, Amrendra Singh ( Computer Engineer, NIT Jamshedpur) led his team for many milestones such as winning Vodafone Foundation \u201cMobile for Good\u201d in 2015, Eureka at IIT Bombay in 2013, Tata Social Enterprise Competition at IIM Calcutta in 2014, Action for India in 2015. DeHaat got featured by Business outlook among top 20 social business innovation in 2014. While working with 10,000+ farmers in Bihar, U.P. & Odisha, DeHaat also got featured by Yourstory in 2015. He has been invited to many institute like IIT Kharagpur, IIT Kanpur, XLRI, IIM Lucknow, IIT Patna to speak on entrepreneurship & to motivate youth to come into agriculture sector."}, {"context": " He is the youngest in his family. His elder brother is a software engineer with Accenture and his sister is a fashion designer. He is married to Mailinie Jauhar, who is his batchmate of IIT Delhi. She is AVP with a consulting firm, EXL Service. He was awarded with Ashoka Fellowship in 2013 as a global changemaker. Honorable CM, Bihar Shri Nitish Kumar awarded him as the Social Entrepreneur of the Year, Bihar in 2012\u201313. NABARD, ISB & PARFI awarded him as leading social entrepreneur in 2013. In 2014, he got featured by Forbes India magazine as Forbes 30 Under 30. He was also featured as Amazing Indian by Times Now in 2014. He had also received Role of Honour award during his IIT life in 2008.  He presented DeHaat technology to PM, Rwanda in Delhi in 2015 at Indo-Africa technology summit. He accompanied PM India & FICCI delegation to Kenya in 2016 to present DeHaat technology. He was invited to Tanzania by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to participate for deriving efficient model of agricultural extension in 2015. He was also invited to TiECon silicon valley in 2016 as TiECon speaker"}]}, {"title": "Filmfare Award for Best Actor \u2013 Telugu", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Filmfare Best Actor Award is given by the \"Filmfare\" magazine as part of its annual Filmfare Awards South for Telugu films. The awards were extended to \"Best Actor\" in 1972. The year indicates the year of release of the film."}]}, {"title": "List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The following is a list of United States cities, towns, and unincorporated areas (Census Designated Places) in which a plurality of the population is African American or Black."}]}, {"title": "Atteln", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Atteln is a village in the district of Paderborn, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is part of the town Lichtenau. Atteln is situated in the Paderborn tableland, approximately 20\u00a0km south of Paderborn. Atteln is the central town in the Altenau valley. Starting in the north, rotating clockwise, Etteln, D\u00f6renhagen, Ebbinghausen, Husen, Dalheim, Elisenhof, Helmern and Henglarn are neighbouring villages of Atteln. Germanic tribes were living in the area of Atteln already 5000 years ago, and their traces can still be seen today. Seven cist graves, two of them in Atteln, have been discovered in the Altenau valley. The largest cist grave has been excavated in Atteln in 1978. Atteln is the oldest rural parish in the diocese of Paderborn. A priest Meinhard of Atteln in mentioned in 897. The town probably got its name from the family (of) Atteln, a noble family that arrived in the Altenau valley in 804. One Anselm of Atteln is recorded in a 13th-century document. Atteln gained importance during medieval times, when a court was established in the village. Atteln's baroque style parish church St Achatius was built in 1712."}]}, {"title": "List of East Asian stock exchanges", "paragraphs": [{"context": " This is a list of East Asian stock exchanges. Note: Entries in \"italics\" indicate a market that has been merged with another."}]}, {"title": "Podmelec", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Podmelec () is a village west of Kne\u017ea in the Ba\u010da Valley in the Municipality of Tolmin in the Littoral region of Slovenia. The parish church in the settlement is dedicated to the Assumption of Mary and belongs to the Koper Diocese."}]}, {"title": "Moorfields", "paragraphs": [{"context": " In London, the Moorfields were one of the last pieces of open land in the City of London, near the Moorgate. The fields were divided into three areas, the Moorfields proper, just north of Bethlem Hospital, and inside the City boundaries, and Middle and Upper Moorfields to the north. The headwaters of the Walbrook formed much of the eastern boundary. After the Great Fire of London in 1666, refugees from the fire evacuated to Moorfields and set up temporary camps there. King Charles II of England encouraged the dispossessed to move on and leave London, but it is unknown how many newly impoverished and displaced persons instead settled in the Moorfields area. In the early 18th century, Moorfields was the site of sporadic open-air markets, shows, and vendors/auctions. Additionally, the homes near and within Moorfields were places of the poor, and the area had a reputation for harbouring highwaymen, as well as brothels and public cruising areas for gay men. James Dalton and Jack Sheppard both retreated to Moorfields when in hiding from the law."}, {"context": " Much of Moorfields was developed in 1777, when Finsbury Square was developed; the remainder succumbed within the next few decades, notably when Moorfields proper was replaced by the modern Finsbury Circus in 1812. Until that time the fields separated the western and eastern growth of London beyond the city wall - with the eastern extension being better known as the East End. In 1780 it was the site of some of the most violent rioting during the Gordon Riots. The district was once the site of The Foundery, a centre of Wesleyan Methodism."}, {"context": " A fashionable carpet manufactory was established here by Thomas Moore (c. 1700\u20131788) in the mid-eighteenth century. Moore's carpet manufactory at Moore Place made a number of fine carpets commissioned by the architect and interior designer, Robert Adam, for the grand rooms he designed for his wealthy clients. Thomas Moore lived at his home on Chiswell Street until his death. His Moore Park factory remained in operation until 1793, when his daughter, Jane, and her husband, Joseph Foskett, sold the lease to another carpet manufacturer.  Today the name survives in the names of Moorfields Eye Hospital (since moved to another site); St Mary Moorfields; Moorfields the short street (on which stands the headquarters of the British Red Cross) parallel with Moorgate (and containing some entrances to Moorgate station); and Moorfields Highwalk, one of the pedestrian \"streets\" at high level in the Barbican Estate. Moorfields Highwalk is featured in the music video to Robbie Williams' song \"No Regrets\"."}]}, {"title": "2010 Carlton Rugby 7's", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 2010 Carlton Rugby 7's was the second year of the Carlton Rugby 7's tournament. Fiji Barbarians defeated Spain 36 - 07 in the final of the Cup."}]}, {"title": "Mark Zemansky", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Mark Waldo Zemansky (May 5, 1900 \u2013 December 29, 1981) was an American physicist. He was a professor of physics at the City College of New York for decades and is best known for co-authoring \"University Physics\", an introductory physics textbook, with Francis Sears. The book, first published in 1949, is often referred to as \"\"Sears and Zemansky\"\", although Hugh Young became a coauthor in 1973. He grew up in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn where his mother, Bessie Cohen Zemansky (1868\u20131946), helped to found a Reform temple, and his father, Dr. Abraham Philip Zemansky (d. 1932), an 1874 graduate of the College of Physicians and Surgeons in the City of New York, was one of the first attending physicians at Lebanon Hospital located in The Bronx, New York (later merged as Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center)."}, {"context": " His twin brother, Abraham Philip Zemansky Jr. (Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, '23), died in 1928 at age 28 of septicemia after a mastoid operation. Zemansky graduated from City College of New York in 1921 and received a Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1927. His Ph.D. research and thesis was done under the supervision of Harold Worthington Webb (1884\u20131974) and his thesis was entitled \"The Diffusion of Imprisoned Resonance Radiation In Mercury Vapor\". It was published in the journal \"Physical Review\" in 1927."}, {"context": " In 1925, he joined the faculty of City College of New York. Zemansky was a National Research Council fellow, at Princeton University from 1928 to 1930, then at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin, Germany from 1930 to 1931. The research he did during that time was in radiation and collision processes of gaseous atoms. In 1934, he co-authored with Allan C. G. Mitchell, son of the astronomer Samuel Alfred Mitchell, a seminal treatise entitled \"Resonance Radiation and Excited Atoms\". Nearly thirty years later, with enhanced interest in resonance phenomena set off by the invention of the laser and the discovery of the M\u00f6ssbauer effect, the book would be reprinted in 1961."}, {"context": " In the early 1940s, he was involved in helping scientists get out of Germany and into the United States; in 1941, Zemansky and Rudolf Ladenburg helped Fritz Reiche and his family get out of Germany and into the United States securing them aid and academic positions. From 1946 to 1956, he was associated with the Cryogenic Laboratory of Columbia University where he collaborated with Henry A. Boorse, an expert on low-temperature physics, on the measurement of heat capacities of superconducting metals and other researches. During this time he was involved in helping Chien-Shiung Wu to arrange for her groundbreaking experiment, in which the violation of parity conservation in weak interactions was established, to be carried out at the low-temperature laboratories of the National Bureau of Standards."}, {"context": " Zemansky taught for over four decades at the City College of New York until 1967 when he became a Professor Emeritus of Physics. As chairman of the physics department from 1956 to 1959, he brought it into the modern era. From 1963 to 1966 he was the first executive officer of the City University's new doctoral program in physics. He was active in the American Association of Physics Teachers and was its president in 1951 and its executive secretary from 1967 to 1970. He died at his home in Teaneck, New Jersey on December 29, 1981 of leukemia complications, and was survived by his wife Adele and son Herbert.  Zemansky, his wife Adele, and their family resided in Teaneck, New Jersey until the time of his death. They had two sons, Philip Zeman (1939\u20131979), and Herbert Zeman (b. 1943), a physicist and inventor of medical devices who graduated from Oberlin College in 1965 (A.B. Physics) then Stanford University in 1972 (M.S., Ph.D. Physics)."}]}, {"title": "Philip S. Corbet", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Philip Steven Corbet (21 May 1929 \u2013 13 February 2008) was a British entomologist whose work focused largely on aquatic insects and dragonflies. He co-authored and authored several books on the subject, which established him as a world expert on the order Odonata. He is also noted for his interest in biological controls as a substitute for synthetic pesticides in agriculture. Born in Kuala Lumpur, where his father was a microbiologist at the Rubber Research Institute, Corbet was educated at Nelson College in New Zealand from 1940 to 1945 and then for a year at Dauntsey's School in Wiltshire. He went on to study zoology at the University of Reading before completing his doctoral studies at the University of Cambridge in 1953."}, {"context": " Corbet was employed as an entomologist and zoologist by the East African High Commission in Uganda between 1954 and 1962. Initially he worked at the East African Freshwater Fisheries Research Organization in Jinja and then, from 1957, at the East African Virus Research Institute at Entebbe. He then moved to Canada where he worked at the Entomology Research Institute in Ottawa, before becoming director of the Canada Department of Agriculture Research Institute at Belleville, Ontario, in 1967. Four years later he was appointed professor of biology at the University of Waterloo. In 1974 he returned to New Zealand, taking up the position of professor and director of the Joint Centre for Environmental Science at the University of Canterbury and Lincoln Agricultural College. In 1978 he became chair of the zoology department at the University of Canterbury, and two years later he was appointed professor of zoology at the University of Dundee, where he remained until his retirement in 1990."}, {"context": " Corbet continued to conduct entomological research at the University of Edinburgh, where he appointed an honorary professor in 1996. The same year he retired to Cornwall, where he continued writing and served on the Cornwall Wildlife Trust. He died at Truro following a heart attack in 2008. In Canada, Corbet investigated methods of pest suppression that reduced or eliminated the need for synthetic chemical pesticides, and led the team that suppressed the populations of biting insects that threatened Expo 67 in Montreal. Corbet authored or co-authored numerous publications, including the books \"Dragonflies: behaviour and ecology of Odonata\" (1960, expanded and updated in 1999) and \"A Biology of Dragonflies\" (1962)."}]}, {"title": "Alpha Profiling", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Alpha profiling is an application of machine learning to optimize the execution of large orders in financial markets by means of algorithmic trading. The purpose is to select an execution schedule that minimizes the expected implementation shortfall, or more generally, ensures compliance with a best execution mandate. Alpha profiling models learn statistically-significant patterns in the execution of orders from a particular trading strategy or portfolio manager and leverages these patterns to associate an optimal execution schedule to new orders. In this sense, it is an application of statistical arbitrage to best execution. For example, a portfolio manager specialized in value investing may have a behavioral bias to place orders to buy while an asset is still declining in value. In this case a slow or back-loaded execution schedule would provide better execution results than an urgent one. But this same portfolio manager will occasionally place an order after the asset price has already begun to rise in which case it should best be handled with urgency; this example illustrates the fact that Alpha Profiling must combine public information such as market data with private information including as the identity of the portfolio manager and the size and origin of the order, to identify the optimal execution schedule."}, {"context": " Large block orders can generally not be executed immediately because there is no available counterparty with the same size. Instead, they must be sliced into smaller pieces which are sent to the market over time. Each slice has some impact on the price, so on average the realized price for a buy order will be higher than at the time of the decision, or less for a sell order. The implementation shortfall is difference between the price at the time of the decision and the average expected price to be paid for executing the block, and is usually expressed in basis points as follows."}, {"context": " The alpha profile of an order is the expected impact-free price conditioned on the order and the state of the market, form the decision time to the required completion time. In other words, it is the price that one expects for the security would have over the execution horizon if the order were not executed. To estimate the cost of an execution strategy, market impact must be added to the impact-free price. It is well worth stressing that attempts to estimate the cost of alternative schedules without impact adjustments are counter-productive: high urgency strategies would capture more liquidity near the decision time and therefore would always be preferred if one did not account for their impact. In fact, front-loaded execution schedules have a higher average impact cost."}, {"context": " One way to compute an alpha profile is to use a classification technique such as Naive Bayes: find in the historical record a collection of orders with similar features, compute the impact-free price for each case, and take the simple average return from trade start over the next few days. This method is robust and transparent: each order is attached to a class of orders that share specific features that can be shown to the user as part of an explanation for the proposed optimal decision. However, an alpha profiling model based on classifying trades by similarity has limited generalization power. New orders do not always behave in the same way as other orders with similar features behaved in the past. A more accurate estimation of alpha profiles can be accomplished using Machine Learning (ML) methods to learn the probabilities of future price scenarios given the order and the state of the market. Alpha profiles are then computed as the statistical average of the security price under various scenarios, weighted by scenario probabilities."}, {"context": " Optimal execution is the problem of identifying the execution schedule that minimizes a risk-adjusted cost function, where the cost term is the expected effect of trading costs on the portfolio value and the risk term is a measure of the effect of trade execution on risk. It is difficult to attribute the effect of trade execution on portfolio returns, and even more difficult to attribute its effect on risk, so in practice an alternate specification is often used: cost is defined as the implementation shortfall and risk is taken to be the variance of the same quantity. While this specification is commonly used, it is important to be aware of two shortcomings. First, the implementation shortfall as just defined is only a measure of the cost to the portfolio if all orders are entirely filled as originally entered; if portfolio managers edit the size of orders or some orders are left incomplete, opportunity costs must be considered. Second, execution risk as just defined is not directly related to portfolio risk and therefore has little practical value."}, {"context": " A method for deriving optimal execution schedules that minimize a risk-adjusted cost function was proposed by Bertsimas and Lo. Almgren and Chriss provided closed-form solutions of the basic risk-adjusted cost optimization problem with a linear impact model and trivial alpha profile. More recent solutions have been proposed based on a propagator model for market impact, but here again the alpha profile is assumed to be trivial. In practice, impact is non-linear and the optimal schedule is sensitive to the alpha profile. A diffusion model yields a functional form of market impact including an estimate of the speed exponent at 0.25 (trading faster causes more impact). It is not difficult to derive optimal execution solutions numerically with non-trivial alpha profiles using such a functional form for market impact"}]}, {"title": "Zai Yu", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Zai Yu (522\u2013458 BC), also known by his courtesy name Ziwo and as Zai Wo, was a prominent disciple of Confucius, known for his gift in speech. However, Confucius severely criticized him for proposing to shorten the three-year mourning period after the death of a parent. Zai Yu was a native of the State of Lu. He was considered the most eloquent speaker among Confucius' disciples. However, the only references of him in the \"Analects\" were Confucius' criticism of him. In an important discussion of mourning, Zai Yu questioned the necessity for the three-year mourning period after the death of a parent, and suggested a maximum of one year of mourning. Confucius severely criticized Zai Yu, describing him as inhuman. Confucius also criticized him for sleeping during the day, comparing him to rotten wood that cannot be carved (\u673d\u6728\u4e0d\u53ef\u96d5\u4e5f). Despite the criticism, he remained one of the Master's close disciples."}, {"context": " According to Sima Qian's \"Records of the Grand Historian\", Zai Yu served as a minister in Linzi, the capital of Qi, and was killed when he was involved in the rebellion of Chen Heng (\u9673\u6046) and his clan was exterminated. Sima Qian further says that Confucius was ashamed of Zai Yu's death. However, this account has been questioned by scholars since ancient times, as the \"Zuozhuan\" only mentions that Kan Zhi (\u961a\u6b62) was killed in Chen Heng's rebellion. As Kan Zhi was also known by his courtesy name Ziwo, which was identical to that of Zai Yu, Sima Qian may have conflated the two people's stories.  In Confucian temples, Zai Yu's spirit tablet is placed the second among the Twelve Wise Ones, on the west. During the Tang dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong posthumously awarded Zai Yu the nobility title of Marquess of Qi (\u9f4a\u4faf). Song dynasty emperors further awarded him the titles of Duke of Linzi (\u81e8\u83d1\u516c) and Duke of Qi (\u9f4a\u516c)."}]}, {"title": "Yana Urqu (Canas-Canchis)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Yana Urqu (Quechua \"yana\" black, \"urqu\" mountain, \"black mountain\", hispanicized spellings \"Yanaorcco, Yanaorco\") is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about high. It is located in the Cusco Region, Canas Province, Langui District, and in the Canchis Province, Marangani District. Yana Urqu lies on a ridge northeast of Langui Layo Lake, northwest of Pawka."}]}, {"title": "Jamestown, Saint Helena", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Jamestown is the capital of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, located on the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is also the historic main settlement of the island and is on its north-western coast. It is the island's only port and the centre of the island's road and communications network. It was founded when colonists from the English East India Company settled on the island in 1659 and was briefly occupied by the Dutch East India Company in 1673 before being recaptured. Many of the buildings built by the East India Company in the 1700s survive and give the town its distinctive Georgian flavour."}, {"context": " The town briefly hosted Napoleon in 1815 during his exile on St. Helena and later served as a base for the Royal Navy's efforts to suppress the slave trade. It had no role during the First World War and only played a minor role during the Second World War. Jamestown was founded in 1659 by the English East India Company and named after James, Duke of York, the future King James II of England. A fort, originally named the Castle of St John, was quickly built and, with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, the fort was renamed James Fort, the town Jamestown and the valley James Valley. The fort and associated gun batteries dominated James Bay and were sporadically improved over the years. In January 1673 the Dutch East India Company briefly seized control of the island until the English East India Company recaptured it in May. Since then the town has been continuously inhabited under English and then British rule."}, {"context": " After his defeat in the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815 and the subsequent occupation of Paris, the Emperor of the French, Napoleon, surrendered to the British and was exiled to St Helena. He arrived on 21 October aboard the 74-gun ship and resided at the Briars in Jamestown for several months until he was transferred to Longwood House in a more remote part of the island in December. Jamestown was chosen to host a vice admiralty court and a naval base for British efforts to interdict the slave traffic between Africa and the Americas. Captured slave ships were often brought to Jamestown to be sold and their cargos were off-loaded in Rupert's Valley. By the time that the naval station was closed in the 1870s, an estimated 25,000 slaves had been rescued, although about 5,000 died shortly after arrival and were buried in Rupert's Valley. Long lost, their graves were rediscovered in 2006 in conjunction with preliminary digging for the airport. A team of archaeologists arrived in mid-2008 to excavate the graves. Some of the finds from the excavations are on exhibit at the International Slavery Museum in Liverpool, England."}, {"context": " The island was too isolated to play any role in the First World War and only played a minimal one during the Second World War. The oil tanker RFA \"Darkdale\" was sunk by the in James Bay on 22 October 1941 with only 9 of the 50-man crew surviving. She had been sent to St Helena a few months prior to refuel ships operating in the South Atlantic. The wreck leaked small amounts of oil until its gradual deterioration caused the Ministry of Defence to dispatch a team of divers to pump out all the remaining oil in June 2015."}, {"context": " The town is built on igneous rock in the James Valley, sandwiched between steep cliffs. It is therefore rather long and thin. The walls of the valley are rough and steep, and rockfalls have been a problem, although now minimised by netting. A small stream, the \"Run\", runs through the valley. The town is commonly divided into lower and upper parts, depending on the distance up James Valley. Being the island's main port (and with the Saint Helena Airport only receiving its first scheduled flight in October 2017) the town is still currently the main entrance to the island to visitors. Despite not being connected to Jamestown proper by road, Rupert's Valley, the next valley north, is also part of the town. It houses much of the island's infrastructure, such as its power station and associated fuel storage, and a one-ship wharf was completed in June 2016."}, {"context": " The town has over 100 listed buildings, mostly from the Georgian era. Main Street has been described as \"one of the best examples of unspoilt Georgian architecture anywhere in the world.\" Many buildings are built out of local volcanic rock. St James' Church dates from 1772 and is the oldest Anglican church in the Southern Hemisphere. Another of the town's prominent features is Jacob's Ladder, a staircase of 699 steps, built in 1829 to connect Jamestown to the former fort on Ladder Hill. The ladder is very popular with tourists, is lit at night and a timed run takes place there every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part. The Museum of Saint Helena is situated in Jamestown, one of two museums on the island (the other being Longwood House)."}, {"context": " Jamestown is formally a city, a status granted by Queen Victoria in 1859, and its full name is the \"City of James Town\". It is also one of the 8 districts (administrative divisions) and is the capital of both the island of Saint Helena and the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. The Castle, one of the oldest buildings in the town, is one of the main government buildings. Jamestown features a tropical hot desert climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: BWh) with essentially consistent temperatures throughout the year. Despite the fact that the town has a desert climate, its temperatures are moderated by the adjacent ocean and cold currents therein, leading to a cool climate for the deep tropical latitude. As a result, it seldom gets very hot in Jamestown. The temperature in the Jamestown area is some 5 degrees warmer than the rest of the island, because of the difference in altitude. While Jamestown receives less than of rainfall per year, the higher parts of the island are also wetter than the town, which lies on the drier coast and in a sheltered location. The highlands above Jamestown receive up to inches per year of precipitation and are lush with vegetation. The surrounding waters can be quite rough at times, and there is a sea wall to protect the settlement."}, {"context": " As of 2016, the town had 630 residents, a significant decline since the 2008 population of 714. The town's population has been shrinking and it is no longer the largest settlement on the island, having been surpassed by Half Tree Hollow, Saint Paul's and Longwood. As a British territory, the island follows the British education system. There is one primary school, serving children ages four to eleven, in Jamestown, Pilling Primary School, which was created by the amalgamation of Jamestown First School and Pilling Middle School in September 2007. The island's only secondary school is Prince Andrew School in Saint Paul's.  The Anglican Parish of St. James is one of the three parishes of the Diocese of St Helena on the island. St James' Church is the primary church in the parish and is the oldest Anglican Church in the southern hemisphere; the present building was put up in 1772. There are 3 daughter churches: St John's, in Upper Jamestown, St Mary's, the Briars, and St Michael's, in Rupert's Valley. The sole Catholic Church in St Helena, Sacred Heart Church, is located in Jamestown, as is a Baptist church."}]}, {"title": "Paracapperia anatolicus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Paracapperia anatolicus is a moth of the family Pterophoridae family described by Aristide Caradja in 1920. It is found in Greece, Asia Minor and Syria. There are also records from Spain and Romania, but these seem doubtful."}]}, {"title": "Tafsir Novin", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Tafsir Novin is an exegesis on the Quran written by Mohammad Taghi Shariati, father of Ali Shariati. The author is believed to be one of the pioneers of age-dependent commentation in Iran. Inspired by religious reformist ideas, in his book he targets common people. He avoids philosophical terms and tries to use as little lexicographical discussions as possible. From older commentations, he cites Majma' al-Bayan, Al-Tibbyan Fi Tafsir al-Quran, and Tafsir al-Kabir (al-Razi) which he both uses as reference and at times criticises."}]}, {"title": "North Dakota State Bison women's basketball", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The North Dakota State Bison women's basketball team is part of the athletic program at North Dakota State University in Fargo, North Dakota, United States. They are members of the NCAA Division I and the Summit League. The Bison head coach is Maren Walseth. NCAA Division II runner-up teams: Postseason appearances:"}]}, {"title": "Gleb Ivashentsov", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Gleb Aleksandrovich Ivashentsov is a Russian diplomat and researcher, holding the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. He has been the Deputy Director at the Russian Centre for APEC Studies since 2010. Ivashentsov graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations in 1967. Ivashentsov served as the Soviet and Russian Consul General to Bombay (present-day Mumbai) from 1991 to 1995, and as the Russian Ambassador to Myanmar from 1997 to 2001. He also served as the Russian Ambassador to South Korea.  He served as the Director of the Second Asian Department (2AD) and the Third Asian Department (3AD) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Ivashentsov was awarded the Order of Friendship in 2003 and the Khanhwa Medal for diplomatic merit from South Korea in 2009."}]}, {"title": "Talking Cricket", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Talking Cricket () is a fictional character that appears in Carlo Collodi's 1883 book \"The Adventures of Pinocchio\" (\"Le avventure di Pinocchio\"). The Cricket, which has lived in Geppetto's house for over a century, makes his first appearance in chapter IV, after Pinocchio's mischief has landed his creator Geppetto in prison, and insists that Pinocchio must either attend school or work, to function properly in the world. When Pinocchio refuses to listen, the Cricket states, \"You are a puppet and what's worse is that you have a head of wood\", whereupon Pinocchio throws a mallet at the cricket, killing him."}, {"context": " In chapter XIII, the Cricket appears as a ghost to Pinocchio, telling him to return home rather than keep an appointment with the Fox and the Cat (\"Il Gatto e la Volpe\"). Pinocchio refuses and in chapter XIV, he is subsequently injured. The Cricket reappears in chapter XVI, where his colleagues, the Crow and the Owl, and he tend to Pinocchio's injuries. The Cricket makes his final appearance in chapter XXXVI, living in a house given him by the Fairy with Turquoise Hair, at which he allows Pinocchio and the ailing Geppetto to stay while Geppetto recovers his health."}]}, {"title": "Curtis Hibbert", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Curtis Mayfield Hibbert (born September 2, 1966) is a police constable and Canadian Olympian. He is the first Canadian and first person of colour to win World Championship medals in gymnastics. With five golds, Hibbert is the most successful gymnast in history in a single Commonwealth Games. Born in Kingston, Jamaica, Hibbert immigrated to Canada with his family in 1970. He started gymnastics training three years later at age nine. Hibbert first came to national attention in 1983 with appearances in the Canadian Nationals, Canada Winter Games, and Pan Am Games. In 1987 he won a silver medal in the high bar at the World Championships, setting up his appearance at the 1988 Seoul Olympics with the Canadian team, where he made the finals in three events and finished 22nd in the all-around competition. Hibbert was the star performer of Canada's Commonwealth Games team in 1990 winning 7 medals: 5 gold, 1 silver and 1 bronze. Hibbert again competed for Team Canada in the 1992 Barcelona Olympic games, finishing 36th in the all-around. He won the silver medal at the 1987 World Gymnastics Championships in the high bar, and tied for bronze on vault at the 1992 Paris World Gymnastics Championships. Between 1987 and 1992 Hibbert won two World Championship medals, six Canadian All-Around titles, a Commonwealth Games All-Around title. Hibbert retired from competitive gymnastics in 1993."}, {"context": " Following retirement Hibbert established the Kids Super Gym Club in Erin Mills, Ontario, fostering a strictly non-competitive atmosphere where fun takes precedence for young athletes of all skill levels. Throughout his gymnastics career, Hibbert has been a volunteer coach of young gymnasts from across the globe. Hibbert has done hundreds of speaking engagements across the country focused on goal setting and translating the olympic experience into life experience. He has been to elementary and high schools across the city of Toronto speaking to students, helping teachers develop gymnastics programs and motivating young people to be active.  In 1995 Hibbert began a career as one of the most active stuntmen in both Canadian and American movie and television productions. Some of his many works include 16 Blocks, X-Men, Chicago, and Undercover Brother."}]}, {"title": "Domrud-e Amir-e Olya", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Domrud-e Amir-e Olya (, also Romanized as Domr\u016bd-e Am\u012br-e \u2018Oly\u0101) is a village in Afrineh Rural District, Mamulan District, Pol-e Dokhtar County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 72, in 16 families."}]}, {"title": "The Connoisseur (newspaper)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Connoisseur (by Mr. Town [pseud.], Critic, and Censor-General. 2 vols. 140 nos. (31 January 1754 \u2013 30 September 1756), was a London weekly eighteenth century newspaper founded and chiefly run by George Colman the Elder and the parodist Bonnell Thornton as a 'plebeian' counterpart to Edward Moore's \"The World\", a periodical of about the same time, which dealt more with the interests of aristocrats. James Boswell says in his \"Life of Johnson\":"}]}, {"title": "2017\u201318 Memphis Grizzlies season", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 2017\u201318 Memphis Grizzlies season was the 23rd season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA). During this season, the Grizzlies announced that both Zach Randolph and Tony Allen would have their numbers be retired for the franchise at some point in the future, both of whom would be the first for this franchise's history. On November 27, 2017, head coach David Fizdale was fired after an eight-game losing streak and a publicized benching of Marc Gasol. Associate head coach J.B. Bickerstaff was promoted as an interim head coach. The Grizzlies also missed the playoffs for the first time since the 2009\u201310 NBA season, as well as recording one of their longest losing streaks in franchise history near the end of the season with 19 straight losses from January 31 to March 17, 2018, beginning the losing steak with a 101\u2013105 loss to the Indiana Pacers, but finally snapping their losing streak with a 101\u201394 victory over the Denver Nuggets on Saint Patrick's Day."}, {"context": " The Grizzlies would then suffer their worst loss in franchise history during the regular season on March 22, 2018, losing to the Charlotte Hornets 79\u2013140 in a 61 point blowout. Star point guard Mike Conley Jr. also missed all but 12 games due to injury. It was their first 60+ losing record since 2007\u201308, and also their first season since 2008\u201309 without Zach Randolph, as he signed with the Sacramento Kings via free agency on July 2017. The signing reunited him with Grizzlies teammate Vince Carter, who also signed with them the same day. Randolph led the Grizzlies to seven playoff appearances and one Conference Finals appearance (2013).  The Grizzlies originally did not have a pick in the 2017 NBA Draft, but they did acquire the Orlando Magic's 35th pick and Houston Rockets' 45th pick through trades involving future second round draft picks. As a result, they acquired power forward Ivan Rabb out of California and shooting guard Dillon Brooks out of Oregon respectively. <noinclude>"}]}, {"title": "National Eligibility and Entrance Test", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The National Eligibility cum Entrance Test or NEET is an entrance examination in India, for students who wish to study graduate and postgraduate medical course (MBBS, MD, MS) and dental course (BDS, MDS) in government or private medical colleges and dental colleges respectively in India. NEET-UG (Undergraduate), for MBBS and BDS courses, is currently conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) which also conducts NEET-SS in partnership with Prometric Testing Pvt Ltd headquartered in the USA.. NEET-UG replaced the All India Pre Medical Test (AIPMT) and all individual MBBS exams conducted by states or colleges themselves in 2013. However, many colleges and institutes had taken a stay order and conducted private examinations for admission to their MBBS and BDS courses. Last NEET-UG was held on 6 May, 2018 and results were declared on 4 June of the same year."}, {"context": " NEET-UG is a single entrance test for admissions to more than 66,000 MBBS and BDS seats across India. In 2018 NEET exam, around 80% of the candidates wrote the exam in English, 11% in Hindi, 4.31% in Gujarati, 3% in Bengali and 1.86% in Tamil. From 2019, the National Testing Agency will conduct NEET, instead of CBSE. Undergraduate courses at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi, Postgraduate Institute for Medical Education and Research in Chandigarh, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research JIPMER are outside the NEET\u2019s purview, as these institutes were set up by separate laws."}, {"context": " NEET was initially proposed to take place from 2012 onwards. However, for several reasons, the CBSE and Medical Council of India deferred NEET by a year. The test was announced by the Government of India and was held for the first time on 5 May 2013 across India for students seeking admission for both Undergraduate and Postgraduate Medicine. On 18 July 2013, SC gave the decision in favour of 115 petitions and cancelled the NEET exam and announced that MCI could not interfere with the admission process done by colleges."}, {"context": " Following the announcement from the Medical Council of India that it would introduce the NEET-UG exam in 2012, several states including Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu strongly opposed the change, stating that there was a huge variation in the syllabus proposed by the MCI and their state syllabi. Even though NEET 2016 is conducted in English and Hindi, it was announced that students can write exams in Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, Bengali, Assamese and Gujarati languages from 2017 onwards. Kannada, Odia languages are added to the list so that students can write the exams in nine Indian languages and English."}, {"context": " The Supreme Court of India quashed the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET) for admissions into all medical and dental colleges on 18 July 2013. The apex court ruled that the Medical Council of India cannot conduct a unified examination. According to a 2013 announcement by CBSE, CBSE planned to conduct AIPMT on 4 May 2014. The final decision on NEET UG was planned to be taken after the verdict of the Supreme Court of India. The Central Board of Secondary Education announces the results and the All India Merit List for NEET-UG. The merit list and the wait-list are prepared as per the directives of the Supreme Court of India, DGHS, MCI and DCI. The results for 2013 were announced on 5 June."}, {"context": " NEET was declared illegal and unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of India in 2013. However, it was restored on 11 April 2016, after a five-judge Constitution bench recalled the earlier verdict and allowed the Central Government and the Medical Council of India (MCI) to implement the common entrance test until the court decides afresh on its validity. The All India Pre Medical Test, also known as AIPMT, held on 1 May 2016, was considered as the first phase of the NEET. Students who registered for Phase One were given a chance to appear for the next phase of NEET held on 24 July 2016, but with a condition that candidates have to give up their NEET Phase 1 score. The above dates are as per the order of the Supreme Court."}, {"context": " The Medical Council of India (MCI) announced the syllabus for the NEET-UG in 2011. The syllabus had been initially published as a draft to invite feedback from other stakeholders. The syllabus for NEET-PG is the same as that of the MBBS course described in the MCI Regulations concerning Graduate Medical Education, 1997. The multiple choice questions (MCQs) will be based on the MBBS syllabus, as will the knowledge that needs to be acquired during the internship period, which is also described in said regulations. The distribution of questions, model questions and method of tie breaking for ranking have been placed on the website, as well as in the Prospectus."}, {"context": " The Undergraduate NEET exam is currently conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education, and was held for the first time on 5 May 2013. With regards to the marking, each correct answer achieves four marks, with one mark being deducted for every wrong answer. The Common Entrance Test (CET), also known as the NEET Postgraduate exam, is for admission to postgraduate medical courses across India. It was held online during 23 November \u2013 6 December 2012. The All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) will conduct a separate medical entrance test for MDS courses on 13 January 2013. There was a controversy which emerged due to the dress code regulations in 2017"}, {"context": " As per the orders of Honourable Supreme Court, there will be a single medical entrance exam all over India for admission into medical and dental colleges. The colleges will not be able to conduct their own medical entrance exam and thus all will accept students based on National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test 2017 (NEET) Score. All India Pre Medical Test (AIPMT), is now known as NEET. The total number of seats offered under NEET are 66,000 which is distributed accordingly. NEET is also for admission into 15% seats in government medical and dental colleges and in all private medical and dental colleges all over India except Andhra Pradesh, Telangana. These states do not participate in NEET (15% all India quota)."}]}, {"title": "Axelborg", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Axelborg is a building on Vesterbrogade in Copenhagen, Denmark, home to the Danish Agriculture and Food Council. DLG Group is also headquartered in the building. The building was built in 1920 and was originally constructed for a bank. An Irma flagship store opened on the ground floor in 2015. Axelborg was constructed as a new headquarters for Den Danske Andelsbank, and construction was completed by 1920. The building was designed by architects Arthur Wittmaack and Vilhelm Hvals\u00f8e. It takes its name from the adjoining square Axeltorv, which had been inaugurated in 1917."}, {"context": " In 1928, the Danish Broadcasting Corporation (founded in 1925), relocated to rented rooms in the building, but the need for more suitable facilities with proper broadcasting studios and a concert hall for the new radio symphony orchestra soon became evident. Consequently, a new building, \"St\u00e6rekassen\" was constructed on Kongens Nytorv and the radio relocated there in 1931. Since then, the building has been occupied by The Danish Agricultural Council (\"Landbrugsraadet\"), in 2009 renamed \"Landbrug & F\u00f8devarer\" (Danish Agriculture and Food Council).  The building was expanded between 1961 and 1965. The building is constructed in red brick. It has a central rotunda which is topped by a large, domed lantern."}]}, {"title": "Joe Creek (South Dakota)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Joe Creek is a stream in the U.S. state of South Dakota. The creek was named for Joe Arnold, an Indian who often sold firewood to the local riverboat traffic."}]}, {"title": "Dikastes", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Dikastes (, pl. \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03af) was a legal office in ancient Greece that signified, in the broadest sense, a judge or juror, but more particularly denotes the Attic functionary of the democratic period, who, with his colleagues, was constitutionally empowered to try to pass judgment upon all causes and questions that the laws and customs of his country found to warrant judicial investigation. In the circumstance of a plurality of persons being selected from the mass of private citizens, and associated temporarily as representatives of the whole body of the people, adjudicating between its individual members, and of such delegates swearing an oath that they would well and truly discharge the duties entrusted to them, there appears some resemblance between the constitution of the Attic \"dikasterion\" (court) and an English or American jury, but in nearly all other respects the differences between them are large. At Athens the conditions of his eligibility were, that the dikast should be a free citizen, in the enjoyment of his full franchise (), and not less than thirty years of age, and of persons so qualified six thousand were selected by lot for the service of every year. Of the precise method of their appointment our information is somewhat obscure, but we may gather that selection took place every year under the conduct of the nine archons and their official scribe; that each of these ten archons drew by lot the names of six hundred persons of the tribe, or phyle, assigned to him; that the whole number so selected was again divided by lot into ten sections of 500 each, together with a supernumerary one consisting of a thousand persons, from among whom the occasional deficiencies in the sections of 500 might be supplied."}, {"context": " To each of the ten sections one of the ten first letters of the alphabet was appropriated as a distinguishing mark, and a small tablet (), inscribed with the letter of the section and the name of the individual, was delivered as a certificate of his appointment to each dicast. Three bronze plates found in the Piraeus, and described by Edward Dodwell in his \"Travels\", are supposed to have served this purpose. The inscriptions upon these plates consist of the following letters: , and , and also bear representations of owls and Gorgon heads, and other devices symbolic of the Attic people. The thousand supernumeraries had in all probability some different token, but of this we have no certain knowledge."}, {"context": " Before proceeding to the exercise of his functions the dikast was obliged to swear the official oath, which was done in the earlier ages at a place called Ardettus, just outside Athens, on the banks of the Ilissos, but in later times at some other spot, of which nothing is known. In the time of Demosthenes the oath asserted the qualification of the dikast, and a solemn engagement by him to discharge his office faithfully and incorruptibly in general, as well as in certain specified cases which bore reference to the appointment of magistrates, a matter in no small degree under the control of the dikast, inasmuch as few could enter upon any office without having had their election submitted to a court for its approbation, or \"docimasia\"; and besides these, it contained a general promise to support the existing constitution, which the dikast would of course be peculiarly enabled to do, when persons were accused before him of attempting its subversion."}, {"context": " This oath being taken, and the divisions made as above mentioned, it remained to assign the courts to the several sections of dikastes in which they were to sit. This was not, like the first, an appointment intended to last during the year, but took place under the conduct of the \"thesmothetae\", \"de novo\", every time that it was necessary to impanel a number of dikastes. In ordinary cases, when one, two, or more sections of 500 made up the complement of judges appropriated to trying the particular kind of cause in hand, the process was extremely simple. Two urns or caskets () were produced, one containing tickets inscribed with the distinctive letters of the sections; the other furnished with similar tickets to indicate the courts in which the sittings were to be held. If the cause was to be tried by a single section, a ticket would be drawn simultaneously from each urn, and the result announced, that section B, for instance, was to sit in court F; if a thousand dikastes were required, two tablets would, in a similar manner, be drawn from the urn that represented the sections, while one was drawn from the other as above mentioned, and the announcement might run that sections A and B were to sit in court F, and the like. A more complicated system must have been adopted when fractional parts of the section sat by themselves, or were added to other whole sections: but what this might have been we can only conjecture, and it is obvious that some other process of selection must have prevailed upon all those occasions when judges of a peculiar qualification were required; as, for instance, in the trial of violators of the mysteries, when the initiated only were allowed to judge; and in that of military offenders who were left to the justice of those only whose comrades they were, or should have been at the time when the offense was alleged to have been committed."}, {"context": " It is clear that the allotment of the dikastes to their several courts for the day took place in this manner, in the marketplace, and that it was conducted in all cases, except one, by the thesmothetae; in that one, which was when the magistrates and public officers rendered an account of their conduct at the expiration of their term of office, and defended themselves against all charges of corruption or inappropriate behavior (or \"euthyne\") in it, the \"logistae\" were the officiating personages. As soon as the allotment had taken place, each dikast received a staff, on which was painted the letter and color of the court awarded him, which might serve both as a ticket to procure admittance, and also to distinguish him from any loiterer that might endeavor to obtain a sitting after business had begun."}, {"context": " The dikastes received a fee for their attendance ( or ). This payment is said to have been first instituted by Pericles, and it is generally supposed from Aristophanes, who makes his character Strepsiades say that for the first obolus he ever received as a dikast, he bought a toy for his son, that it was at first only one obolus. According to the Scholiast on Aristophanes the pay was subsequently increased to two oboli, but this seems to be merely an erroneous inference from the passage of his author. Three oboli or the triobolon () occurs as early as 425 BC in the comedies of Aristophanes, and is afterwards mentioned frequently. The German classicist Philipp August B\u00f6ckh inferred from these passages that the triobolon was introduced by Cleon about 421 BC, but this opinion is disputed, however, and some scholars think that the pay of three oboli for the dikasts existed before that time."}, {"context": " However this may be, this much is certain: the pay of the dikastes was not the same at all times, although it is improbable that it should ever have been two oboli. The payment was made after every assembly of a court of \"heliastae\" by the \"Kolakretai\" in the following manner. After a citizen had been appointed by lot to act as judge in a particular court, he received on entering the court together with the staff ( or ) a tablet or ticket (). After the business of the court was over, the dikast, on going out, delivered his ticket to the \"prytaneis\", and received his fee in return. Those who arrived too late had no claim to the triobolon. The annual amount of these fees is reckoned by Aristophanes at 150 talents, a sum which is very high and can perhaps only be applied to the most flourishing times of Athens."}]}, {"title": "South Brookfield, New York", "paragraphs": [{"context": " South Brookfield is a hamlet in Madison County, New York, United States. The community is east-southeast of Hamilton. The ZIP code that covers South Brookfield is 13485."}]}, {"title": "Hundred of Glynne", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Hundred of Glynne was a Hundred of Gladstone County, Northern Territory Australia. It is located 600 km southeast of Darwin, at Latitude: -14\u00b0 38' S and Longitude: 134\u00b0 48' E and It was named after the wife of British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone, Catherine Glynne. The only town in the former Hundred is the small settlement of Ngukurr. The first European to see the Hundred was Ludwig Leichhardt who crossed the Roper River at the Roper Bar in 1845, and in 1855 Augustus Charles Gregory passed to the south of the Hundred on his route to Gladstone, Queensland."}, {"context": " This Hundred was one of just 6 Hundreds in the County of Gladstone (located in the Roper River area) which was gazetted 09/01/1873. Each of these hundreds was designed to be roughly 10 miles by 10 miles in area though some variation occurred due to the river course. The Hundred lapsed with the passage in 1976 and subsequent assent of the Crown Lands Ordinace 1976 (No 1 of 1977) and the Crown Lands (Validation of Proclamations) Ordinance 1976. In 2012 the southern fringe of the hundred was incorporated into the Limmen National Park."}]}, {"title": "Teresa Bonvalot", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Teresa Bonvalot (born 7 October 1999) is a Portuguese professional surfer. She placed 21st on the 2016 and 2015 Women's Championship Tour rankings after she placed twice 13th at Cascais Women's Pro in Portugal. She won the European surfing junior championionships both in 2016 and 2017."}]}, {"title": "Bayh\u2013Dole Act", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Bayh\u2013Dole Act or Patent and Trademark Law Amendments Act (Pub. L. 96-517, December 12, 1980) is United States legislation dealing with intellectual property arising from federal government-funded research. Sponsored by two senators, Birch Bayh of Indiana and Bob Dole of Kansas, the Act was adopted in 1980, is codified at 94 Stat. 3015, and in 35 U.S.C. \u00a7 200\u2013212, and is implemented by 37 C.F.R. 401. The key change made by Bayh\u2013Dole was in ownership of inventions made with federal funding. Before the Bayh\u2013Dole Act, federal research funding contracts and grants obligated inventors (wherever they worked) to assign inventions they made using federal funding to the federal government. Bayh\u2013Dole permits a university, small business, or non-profit institution to elect to pursue ownership of an invention in preference to the government."}, {"context": " The Bayh\u2013Dole Act grew out of the Congress's efforts to respond to the economic malaise of the 1970s. One of Congress's efforts was focused on how best to manage inventions that were created with the more than $75 billion a year invested in government sponsored R&D. Three philosophies were debated: \"a Hamiltonian belief that the solution lay with a strong central government, which should take charge and actively manage these resources\"; \"a Jeffersonian belief that the solution lay with the individual and that the best thing government could do to provide incentives for success was to get out of the way of these individuals\"; and a belief that \"held that government could only hurt and that it should make sure that everyone benefited financially from government's efforts\"."}, {"context": " Prior to the enactment of Bayh-Dole, the U.S. government had accumulated 28,000 patents, but fewer than 5% of those patents were commercially licensed. These patents had accumulated because after World War II, the government under President Harry S. Truman decided to continue and even ramp up its spending on research and development, on the basis of Vannevar Bush's famous report entitled, \"Science The Endless Frontier\", which stated: \"Scientific progress is one essential key to our security as a nation, to our better health, to more jobs, to a higher standard of living, and to our cultural progress.\" However, the government did not have a unified patent policy governing all the agencies that funded research, and the general policy was that government would retain title to inventions and would license them only nonexclusively. \"Those seeking to use government-owned technology found a maze of rules and regulations set out by the agencies in question because there was no uniform federal policy on patents for government-sponsored inventions or on the transfer of technology from the government to the private sector.\""}, {"context": " In 1968 the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) introduced a uniform \"Institutional Patent Agreement\" to allow grantee nonprofit institutions to obtain assignment of patentable inventions made with federal funding for which the institution had decided to seek patents. By 1980, over seventy universities and research organizations had negotiated an IPA with HEW or with the National Science Foundation. In the 1970s, faculty at Purdue University in Indiana had made important discoveries under grants from the Department of Energy, which did not issue Institutional Patent Agreements. Officials at the university complained to their Senator, Birch Bayh, whose staff investigated. At the same time, Senator Robert Dole was made aware of similar issues, and the two senators agreed to collaborate on a bill, along the lines of the \"Jeffersonian belief\" described above."}, {"context": " Accordingly, as described below, the legislation decentralized control of federally funded inventions, vesting the responsibility and authority to commercialize inventions with the institution or company receiving a grant, with certain responsibilities to the government, the inventor, and the public, as described below. The Bayh\u2013Dole Act authorizes the Department of Commerce to create standard patent rights clauses to be included in federal funding agreements with nonprofits, including universities, and small businesses. The standard patent rights clause is set forth at 37 CFR 401.14(a). The clause is incorporated into federal funding agreements through a number of contracting instruments, including grants made to universities and contracts made with for-profit companies."}, {"context": " Under the standard patent rights clause, small businesses and non-profit organizations, if they obtain title by assignment to \"subject inventions,\" can retain that title by complying with certain formalities. No small business or nonprofit organization, however, is required to obtain ownership of such inventions. All organizations agree to do the following: If an organization does not elect to retain title, then control of the invention passes to the Federal agency. The agency may waive its right to take title to the invention, and allow the inventors to retain title to their inventions."}, {"context": " If an organization elects to retain title to a subject invention for which it has obtained assignment, the organization is obligated to do the following: Certain additional requirements apply to nonprofit organizations only. Nonprofits must also: A subject invention is defined as \"any invention of the contractor that is conceived or first actually reduced to practice in the performance of work under a funding agreement.\" The CFR addresses the relationship between federal funding and other funding that may supplement the federally supported research. If an invention is made outside the research activities of the federally funded research \"without interference with or cost to the government-funded project,\" then the invention is not a subject invention. Similarly, an invention is not a subject invention if it arises in closely related research outside the \"planned and committed activities\" of the federally funded project, and the closely related research does not \"diminish or distract from the performance\" of the federally funded project."}, {"context": " There is a growing body of case law on Bayh-Dole. Stanford v. Roche, was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States that held that title in a patented invention vests first in the inventor, even if the inventor is a researcher at a federally funded lab subject to the Bayh\u2013Dole Act. The judges affirmed the common understanding of US Constitutional law that inventors automatically own their inventions, and contractual obligations to assign those rights to third parties are secondary."}, {"context": " The case arose because a Stanford employee, who was under obligation to assign inventions to Stanford, spent time at a biotech company to learn a technique, and signed an agreement with that company agreeing to assign inventions to it. The company was later purchased by Roche. Stanford filed patents on work the employee did after returning to Stanford, and the company (and later Roche) introduced products based on the work the Stanford employee did at the company. When Stanford sued Roche for infringing its patents, Roche countered that it had an ownership interest in the patents due to the agreement that the Stanford employee had signed. Among the arguments Stanford made at the District, Federal Circuit, and Supreme Court levels, was one that stated that the Bayh\u2013Dole Act gave grant recipients a \"right of second refusal\" subject to the Government's right of first refusal, based on the following language of the statute: \"If a contractor does not elect to retain title to a subject invention in cases subject to this section, the Federal agency may consider and after consultation with the contractor grant requests for retention of rights by the inventor subject to the provisions of this Act and regulations promulgated hereunder.\""}, {"context": " While the District court accepted that argument, both the Federal Circuit and the Supreme Court denied it, leaving the basic law of inventorship unchanged. Only one case has discussed the implications of disclosing subject inventions. In \"Campbell Plastics Engineering & Mfg., Inc. v. Les Brownlee\", 389 F.3d 1243 (Fed. Cir. 2004), the court held that since the appellant failed to comply with the invention disclosure provisions of a contract, the court upheld the transfer of title to an invention to the U.S. Army. Specifically, the contract required, per Bayh-Dole, that an invention be disclosed to the U.S. Army through a specific form, DD Form 882s. Campbell Plastics never disclosed its subject invention through this form. Campbell Plastics argued instead that it disclosed all parts of its invention over the course of the contract, but simply never used the form. The court did not specifically address the legitimacy of the particular form, but assumed that it was sufficient. Nevertheless, the court found that the \"piecemeal submissions [did] not adequately disclose the subject invention under the contract.\" The result was a forfeiture of the subject invention."}, {"context": " In a footnote in a famous experimental use case, \"Madey v. Duke University\", 307 F.3d 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2002), the court briefly mentions Bayh-Dole in suggesting that experimental uses by researchers are supported under the law. Specifically, the \"Madey\" court quoted the district court as holding that where a subject invention exists and the defendant is a recipient of government funding, \"in light of the Bayh-Dole Act ... use of the patents that has been authorized by the government does not constitute patent infringement.\""}, {"context": " In \"University of Rochester v. G.D. Searle & Co.\", 358 F.3d 916 (Fed. Cir. 2004), the court rejected a claim that Bayh-Dole altered the grounds for patentability. The court, quoting an Amicus curi\u00e6, stated no connection exists between the Bayh-Dole Act and the legal standards that courts employ to assess patentability. Furthermore, none of the eight policy objectives of the Bayh-Dole Act encourages or condones less stringent application of the patent laws to universities than to other entities."}, {"context": " The government's march-in right is one of the most contentious provisions in Bayh-Dole. It allows the funding agency, on its own initiative or at the request of a third party, to effectively ignore the exclusivity of a patent awarded under the act and grant additional licenses to other \"reasonable applicants.\" This right is strictly limited and can only be exercised if the agency determines, following an investigation, that one of four criteria is met. The most important of these is a failure by the contractor to take \"effective steps to achieve practical application of the subject invention\" or a failure to satisfy \"health and safety needs\" of consumers."}, {"context": " Though this right is, in theory, quite powerful, it has not proven so in terms of its practical application \u2014as of January, 2015, no federal agency has exercised its march-in rights. Five march-in petitions have been made to the National Institutes of Health. In \"In Re Petition of CellPro, Inc.\", CellPro petitioned the NIH in March 1997 after five years of patent litigation with The Johns Hopkins University and Baxter Healthcare. CellPro had a patented, FDA-approved device for purifying stem cells for use in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation procedures; Johns Hopkins had patents on a different method to purify stem cells and had licensed them to Becton Dickinson, which had sublicensed them to Baxter, which was developing products but had none on the market. CellPro argued that the march-in provisions were created for this situation, especially because (in its view) availability of essential medical technology was at stake. The NIH denied this claim citing:"}, {"context": " In \"In the Case of NORVIR\", the NIH received requests from Essential Inventions in January 2004, and other members of the public and members of the United States Congress, to exercise march-in rights for patents owned by Abbott Labs covering the drug ritonavir, sold under the trade name Norvir, a prescription drug used in the treatment of AIDS. In 2003 Abbott raised the price of Norvir 400% for U.S. customers (but not for consumers in any other country), and had refused to license ritonavir to another company for purposes for providing protease inhibitors coformulated with ritonavir. The NIH denied the petition finding no grounds to exercise its march-in rights. The NIH cited:"}, {"context": " In \"In the Case of Xalatan\" the NIH received a request from Essential Inventions in January 2004 to adopt a policy of granting march-in licenses to patents when the patent owner charged significantly higher prices in the United States than they did in other high income countries, on the basis of Pfizer's glaucoma drug being sold in the United States at two to five times the prices in other high income countries. The NIH held that \"the extraordinary remedy of march-in was not an appropriate means for controlling prices.\""}, {"context": " In \"In the Case of Fabrazyme\" patients with Fabry disease petitioned on August 2, 2010, for march-in rights in response to Genzyme's inability to manufacture enough Fabrazyme to treat all Fabry patients. In 2009, Genzyme rationed the drug to less than a third of the recommended dose as a result of manufacturing problems and FDA sanctions, but did not anticipate being able to meet the market needs until late 2011. The patients had a return of their symptoms and were put at greater risk of morbidity and mortality at the reduced dosage. The petitioners contended that where a licensee of a public invention has created a drug shortage, the public health requirements of the Bayh\u2013Dole Act are not met and other manufacturers should be allowed to enter the market."}, {"context": " On November 3, 2010, the NIH denied the petition for march-in, stating that under the then-current FDA drug approval process, it would take years of clinical testing to bring a biosimilar of Fabrazyme to market and therefore march-in would not address the problem. The NIH also stated that it would continue to monitor the situation and if Genzyme could not meet its production deadlines, or if a third party licensee requested a license, the march-in request would be revisited. The NIH additionally required regular updates from Mount Sinai School of Medicine, the patent holder, which agreed to not seek injunctions for potentially infringing products being sold during the shortage. On February 13, 2013, NIH's Office of Technology Transfer issued a \"close out\" letter stating that: \"The December 2012 report from Genzyme stated that: (1) U.S. Fabry patients remain on full dose regimens, (2) Genzyme continues to accommodate new patients with full dosing and without placing them on a waiting list; and (3) Genzyme is able to provide full doses of Fabrazyme to patients transitioning to Fabrazyme."}, {"context": " On October 25, 2012 the NIH received a petition on behalf of a coalition of public interest groups to exercise its march-in rights against AbbVie over its antiretroviral drug ritonavir (sold under the name Norvir). On October 25, 2013 NIH denied the petition stating that, as in 2004 when similar pricing and availability issues regarding the same drug were raised and discussed at public hearings, the NIH'S role in the case was limited to compliance with the Bayh-Dole Act and that \"... the extraordinary remedy of march-in is not an appropriate means of controlling prices of drugs broadly available ...\".  Despite an ambiguity noted by commentators as to the effects on the public of a contractor's failure to comply with the requirements of Bayh-Dole, the courts have clarified that any such failure does not in and of itself divest an owner of title or render a patent invalid."}]}, {"title": "O. microlepis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " O. microlepis may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Children and Social Work Act 2017", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Children and Social Work Act 2017 (c 16) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom."}]}, {"title": "Lyropteryx", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Lyropteryx is a genus of butterflies of the family Riodinidae. Species of this genus are widespread in the tropical areas of the South America. Forewings are large, subtriangular, while the hindwings are relatively small. In most of species of this genus, the upper surface of the wings is black, with numerous longitudinal streaks of metallic blue-green colours on the outer half. The undersides are black, with the basal half spotted with purple pink and the outer half with black and white stripes.  This genus include four species:"}]}, {"title": "Damage (U.S. band)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Damage was a New York City hardcore band circa 1983 to 1988."}]}, {"title": "Rail fence cipher", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The rail fence cipher (also called a zigzag cipher) is a form of transposition cipher. It derives its name from the way in which it is encoded. In the rail fence cipher, the plain text is written downwards and diagonally on successive \"rails\" of an imaginary fence, then moving up when the bottom rail is reached. When the top rail is reached, the message is written downwards again until the whole plaintext is written out. The message is then read off in rows. For example, if 3 \"rails\" and the message 'WE ARE DISCOVERED. FLEE AT ONCE' is used, the cipherer writes out:"}, {"context": " Then reads off to get the ciphertext: Note that this particular example does NOT use spaces separating the words. The decipherer will need to add them based on context. If spaces are shown in the ciphertext, then they must be included in the count of letters to determine the width of the solution grid. Keys can also be used in this cipher eg In this example shown above have Key=3 which means there is three rails, or three lines of text. Here is another example to see how to actually solve a Rail Fence cipher. We'll use a 3-rail fence to encode a new phrase and include spacing in between the words. Our ciphertext comes out as IA_EZS_ELYLK_UZERLIPL. Note that our ciphertext has a total of 21 units (letters + spaces). This will be important later on as we try to decipher it."}, {"context": " To solve the cipher, you must know the height and cycle of the puzzle. The height is simply the number of fence rails used to create it. In this example, we said that 3 fence rails were used, so the height is 3. The height will always be higher than 2 and no more than the number of letters in the ciphertext (in this case 21) or else the phrase will not be properly encoded; the height can thus be discovered by process of elimination if not known. To determine the puzzle width, which will tell us how many total units will be in each row, you must determine the \"cycle\" of letters. A \"cycle\" of letters runs from the top row, down through each subsequent row, and then up again, but stopping before reaching the top row again. (The next letter on the top row will actually begin the next cycle.)"}, {"context": " So a 2-rail puzzle has a \"cycle\" of 2 units; a 3-rail puzzle has a \"cycle\" of 4 letters; a 4-rail puzzle has a \"cycle\" of 6 letters; etc. (See below.) The math equation for this is: \"Cycle\" = ([# of rails] x 2) - 2 (since the top and bottom rows have half as many units per cycle as any middle row(s)). Our 3-rail fence example has a \"cycle\" of 4 units. So divide the total units (letters + spaces) by the cycle number and round down to the next whole number. There are 21 units in the example, so our \"base puzzle width\" is 5 (21 / 4 = 5.25, which rounds down to 5)."}, {"context": " It is important to realize that there are 5 \"full cycles\" plus a \"partial cycle\" of 1 more letter (5 x 4 = 20 and 20 + 1 = 21 units). Therefore, the top row has 6 units in it (5 \"full cycles\" + the 1 extra letter that is starting off the 6th cycle all by itself). The middle row has 10 units (5 \"full cycles\" x 2 units for each cycle). The bottom row has 5 units (5 \"full cycles\" x 1 unit for each cycle since it is the bottom-most row). Take the first 6 units from our ciphertext and write them across the top row, leaving much space between the units: [IA_EZS]_ELYLK_UZERLIPL."}, {"context": " The middle row takes the next 10 units and adds 1 unit just after and 1 unit just before each unit in the top row: IA_EZS[_ELYLK_UZE]RLIPL. The bottom row gets the final 5 units written below and in between the pairs of units in the middle row: IA_EZS_ELYLK_UZE[RLIPL]. Now just follow the down-up-down-up pattern to determine the original message: I_REALLY_LIKE_PUZZLES! The rail fence cipher is not very strong; the number of practical keys (the number of rails) is small enough that a cryptanalyst can try them all by hand."}, {"context": " The term zigzag cipher may refer to the rail fence cipher as described above. However, it may also refer to a different type of cipher system that looks like a zigzag line going from the top of the page to the bottom. As described in Fletcher Pratt's \"Secret and Urgent\", it is \"written by ruling a sheet of paper in vertical columns, with a letter at the head of each column. A dot is made for each letter of the message in the proper column, reading from top to bottom of the sheet. The letters at the head of the columns are then cut off, the ruling erased and the message of dots sent along to the recipient, who, knowing the width of the columns and the arrangement of the letters at the top, reconstitutes the diagram and reads what it has to say.\""}]}, {"title": "Andarapa District", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Andarapa District is one of the nineteen districts of the province Andahuaylas in Peru. The people in the district are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (96.35%) learnt to speak in childhood, 3.44% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census)."}]}, {"title": "Kac\u030cina glava", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ka\u010dina glava is a mountain peak found in Kosovo. Notes: References:"}]}, {"title": "List of King of the Hill characters", "paragraphs": [{"context": " King of the Hill is an American animated sitcom created by Mike Judge and Greg Daniels. The main characters are Hank Hill, Peggy Hill, Bobby Hill, Luanne Platter, Dale Gribble, Bill Dauterive, Jeff Boomhauer, Kahn Souphanousinphone, and Elroy \"Lucky\" Kleinschmidt."}]}, {"title": "Wilhelm Batz", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Wilhelm Batz (21 May 1916 \u2013 11 September 1988) was a German \"Luftwaffe\" fighter ace during World War II. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. Batz flew 445 combat missions and claimed 237 enemy aircraft shot down. 234 of these victories were achieved over the Eastern Front, including at least 46 Il-2 Sturmoviks, but he did claim three victories, including one four-engine bomber against the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) over the Ploie\u015fti oil fields. Batz was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords."}, {"context": " Batz was born on 21 May 1916 in Bamberg, at the time in the Kingdom of Bavaria. He was the son of a Beamter, a civil servant. After Batz graduated with his \"Abitur\" (university-preparatory high school diploma), for four years, he volunteered military service in the \"Luftwaffe\" on 1 November 1935. Batz grew up between the World Wars, with the Red Baron as his ideal of a fighter pilot. Batz joined the \"Luftwaffe\" in 1935 and trained as a fighter pilot, becoming an instructor in 1937 at the flying school at Kaufbeuren and the fighter pilot school at Bad Aibling. Promoted Leutnant in November 1940, his applications for combat assignment were continually rejected. With some 5,000 flying hours, Batz was finally transferred to 2./Erg\u00e4nzungs-Jagdgruppe Ost in December 1942. Batz was then transferred to II./\"Jagdgeschwader\" 52 (JG\u00a052). On 11 March 1943, Batz claimed his first victory, an Il-2 Sturmovik, while flying a mission over the Strait of Kerch. He was appointed \"Staffelkapit\u00e4n\" (Squadron Leader) of 5./JG\u00a052 in May 1943, and by September, he had claimed 20 victories. Batz claimed his 75th aerial victory on 26 March 1944 for which he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (), followed by his 100th victory two days later. He was the 67th \"Luftwaffe\" pilot to achieve the century mark."}, {"context": " Batz was promoted to \"Hauptmann\" (captain) on 1 April 1944. The narrow land bridge to the Crimean peninsula, held by the German 17th Army, came under attack from Soviet forces on 7 April, leading to the capture of Odessa on 10 April during the Dnieper\u2013Carpathian Offensive. In these battles, Batz claimed six aerial victories on 8 April, five on 10 April, reaching his 120th victory on 13 April. One day later, II. \"Gruppe\" (2nd group) moved to an airfield at Cape Chersonez located at the Sevastopol Bay. That morning, the airfield came under aerial attack and bomb splinters injured Batz. Although his injuries were minor, he was grounded for two weeks and banned by the doctor from flying operationally. During his convalescence, Batz succeeded G\u00fcnther Rall as \"Gruppenkommandeur\" (group commander) of III. \"Gruppe\" (3rd group) of JG\u00a052 on 19 April 1944."}, {"context": " In June, his unit was moved to defend Romanian targets against the American 15th Air Force. Batz claimed two P-51 Mustang fighter aircraft and a B-24 Liberator bomber at this time. Batz was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves () on 20 July for 188 victories, 200 being achieved on 17 August 1944. The award was presented by Adolf Hitler at the \"F\u00fchrerhauptquartier\" (F\u00fchrer Headquarters) at Rastenburg on 25 August 1944. Two other \"Luftwaffe\" officers were presented with the Oak Leaves that day by Hitler, the night-fighter pilot \"Hauptmann\" (Captain) Heinz Str\u00fcning and the officer of anti-aircraft warfare, \"Major\" (Major) Herbert Lamprecht."}, {"context": " By the end of 1944, Batz had shot down 224 enemy aircraft. In February 1945, Batz was transferred to take command of II. \"Gruppe\" of JG\u00a052, based in Hungary. Batz was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords () on 21 April 1945. The bestowal of the Swords to his Knight's Cross cannot be verified via the records held in the German Federal Archives. Batz presented evidence of the conferment which was confirmed by the \"Gemeinschaft der Jagdflieger\" (Association of German Armed Forces Airmen)."}, {"context": " On 4 May 1945, II. \"Gruppe\" moved to Zeltweg Air Base but did not fly combat missions from this airfield. On 8 May, \"General der Flieger\" Paul Deichmann, the commanding officer of \"Luftwaffenkommando\" 4, ordered the cease-fire by 12:00. To avoid capture by Soviet forces, Batz conferred with Deichmann and was ordered to fly his aircraft to Munich, landing at Unterbiberg where they surrendered to US forces, becoming prisoners of war. He and II. \"Gruppe\" personnel where then taken to F\u00fcrstenfeldbruck where most of the men were released in June 1945. Batz was taken to Bad Aibling where the ground personnel had surrendered and released shortly after."}, {"context": " Following World War II, Batz applied for service in the German Air Force of the \"Bundeswehr\" in 1955, joining in 1956 holding the rank of \"Major\". Following flight training in the United States, he was commanded to a training squadron of , a pilot training school, in Landsberg. He later commanded this training facility for nine months in 1961. Batz was then appointed Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of \"Lufttransportgeschwader\" 63 (LTG 63\u2013Air Transport Wing 63) stationed at the Hohn Air Base in Schleswig-Holstein. He commanded this wing from 1961 to 1964, surrendering command to Horst Rudat. Promoted to \"Oberstleutnant\" (lieutenant colonel), Batz then served as a staff officer with \"Lufttransportkommando\" (Air Force Transport Command) in K\u00f6ln-Wahn and retired on 30 September 1972."}, {"context": " Batz died on 11 September 1988 in a hospital Ebern in Unterfranken. He was buried on the cemetery in Quettingen, a borough of Leverkusen-Opladen. Matthews and Foreman, authors of \"Luftwaffe Aces \u2014 Biographies and Victory Claims\", researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 233 confirmed and eight unconfirmed aerial victories, numerically ranging from 1 to 233, omitting the 223rd claim. All these victories were claimed on the Eastern Front. Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = \"Planquadrat\"), for example \"PQ 85131\". The \"Luftwaffe\" grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 \u00d7 4\u00a0km in size."}]}, {"title": "1991 NFL Draft", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 1991 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held April 21\u201322, 1991, at the Marriott Marquis in New York City, New York. On that day, Raghib \"Rocket\" Ismail from the University of Notre Dame, who was projected as the number one overall pick, instead signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL). No teams elected to claim any players in the supplemental draft that year.  The first six selections of the draft were defensive players. No previous draft had begun with more than three consecutive defensive picks."}]}, {"title": "Gotha Go P.60", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Gotha Go P.60 was a flying wing design proposal."}]}, {"title": "USS Sciota (1861)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " USS \"Sciota\" was a built on behalf of the United States Navy for service during the Civil War. She was outfitted as a gunboat, with both a 20-pounder rifle for horizontal firing, and two howitzers for shore bombardment, and assigned to the Union blockade of the waterways of the Confederate States of America. The first U.S. Navy ship to be so named, USS \"Sciota\" was one of the \"ninety-day gunboats\" rushed through construction at the beginning of the Civil War, \"Sciota\" was laid down in the summer of 1861 at Philadelphia by Jacob Birley and J. P. Morris and Company; launched on 15 October 1861; and commissioned at the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 15 December 1861, Lieutenant Edward Donaldson in command."}, {"context": " The new screw gunboat was assigned to the Gulf Blockading Squadron and arrived at Ship Island, Mississippi, on the afternoon of 8 January 1862. On 6 February, she captured blockade runner, \"Margaret\", off Isle of Breton, Louisiana, as the sloop was attempting to escape to sea laden with cotton. When Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles divided naval jurisdiction in the Gulf of Mexico between Flag Officer William McKean and Flag Officer David Farragut, \"Sciota\" was assigned to Farragut's West Gulf Blockading Squadron which had been created to wrest New Orleans from Southern hands."}, {"context": " During the first weeks in April, \"Sciota\", supported Farragut's efforts to get his deep draft ships across the bar off Pass a L'Outre and into the Mississippi River. During this period, she also steamed up the river gathering information about Southern defenses. On the 18th, the ships of Farragut's fleet took position close to Fort St. Philip and Fort Jackson. \"Sciota\" bombarded these forts, and she continued to duel with the Confederate guns intermittently for the next six days. In the early morning darkness of the 24th, \"Sciota\" got underway with the fleet and dashed up river past the forts. After New Orleans, surrendered, \"Sciota\" operated up the river with Farragut. She attacked and passed the Confederate forts at Vicksburg, Mississippi on 28 June when Farragut raced by that riverside stronghold to join Flag Officer Charles H. Davis' Western flotilla."}, {"context": " Since the Army was unable to provide the troops necessary for joint operations against Vicksburg, Farragut decided to return down river to turn his attention to the blockade in the western gulf. \"Sciota\" again ran the gauntlet past the Southern batteries. The gunboat continued operations on the Mississippi below Vicksburg for much of the remainder of the year. She engaged Southern batteries at Donaldsonville, Louisiana, on 4 October. On 3 January 1863, Farragut ordered gunboats, \"Sciota\", \"Cayuga\", and \"Hatteras\" to Galveston, Texas which had just been captured by the South in a surprise attack shortly after midnight on New Year's Day. On the 10th, Commodore Bell, in \"Brooklyn\" led an attack by \"Sciota\", \"Owasco\", and \"Katahdin\" on the Confederate batteries at Galveston. They learned that the Southern guns were capable of firing past the Union squadron-more than two and one-half miles."}, {"context": " After the engagement, \"Sciota\" continued to operate in the Gulf of Mexico, bolstering the still leaky blockade in the area. On 14 July, she collided with the Union steamer, \"Antona\", in the Mississippi River about eight miles above Quarantine and sank. However, she was raised late in August and taken to New Orleans to be refitted. The ship returned to blockade duty off the Texas coast early in December. On the last day of 1863, she and \"Granite City\" made a reconnaissance from Pass Cavallo, and landed soldiers on the gulf shore of Matagorda Peninsula in action continuing through 1 January 1864."}, {"context": " While \"Granite City\" covered the troops ashore from attacks by Confederate cavalry, \"Sciota\" reconnoitered the mouth of the Brazos River. Returning to the landing area, \"Sciota\" anchored close to the beach and shelled Confederate positions. \"Granite City\" steamed down to Pass Cavallo to call up \"Monogahela\", \"Penobscot\", and \"Estrella\" to assist. Confederate gunboat, \"John F. Carr\", closed and fired on the Union troops, making some very good hits ... but was driven ashore by a severe gale and destroyed by fire. The Union troops were withdrawn on board ship. Reporting on the operation, Lt. Col. Frank S. Hasseltine wrote:"}, {"context": " Captain Perkins, of the \"Sciota\", excited my admiration by the daring manner in which he exposed his ship through the night in the surf till it broke all about him, that he might, close to us, lend the moral force of his ... guns ... and by his gallantry in bringing us off during the gale. On 21 January 1864, \"Sciota\" and \"Granite City\" joined several hundred troops in a reconnaissance of the Texas coast. They covered the troops at Smith's Landing, Texas, and the subsequent foray down the Matagorda Peninsula."}, {"context": " On 4 April, \"Sciota\" captured the schooner \"Mary Sorly\" attempting to run the blockade at Galveston with a cargo of cotton. She had previously been United States Revenue Cutter, \"Dodge\", seized by the Confederates at Galveston at the war's outbreak. \"Sciota\" continued operations on the Texas coast through the summer. On 13 September, she came across a large quantity of cotton afloat at sea, picked up 83 bales, and sent them to New Orleans. On 27 October, she captured Prussian schooner, \"Pancha Larispa\", attempting to run through the blockade into either Velasco or San Luis Pass, Texas. The next day, she took \"Cora Smyser\" while that British schooner vainly attempted the same feat."}, {"context": " In November, \"Sciota\" was ordered to Pensacola, Florida for repairs. In January 1865, she steamed to Mobile Bay to help clear torpedoes from the waters there. On 14 April, the day of President Abraham Lincoln's assassination, she struck a torpedo and sank off Mobile, Alabama. Her commanding officer, Acting Lieutenant James W. Magune, reported: The explosion was terrible, breaking the beams of the spar deck, tearing open the waterways, ripping off starboard forechannels, and breaking fore-topmast.  Early in July, she was raised. Her hulk was sold at public auction at New York City on 25 October 1865."}]}, {"title": "Daphne odora", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Daphne odora (winter daphne) is a species of flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae, native to China, later spread to Japan and Korea. It is an evergreen shrub, grown for its very fragrant, fleshy, pale-pink, tubular flowers, each with 4 spreading lobes, and for its glossy foliage. It rarely fruits, producing red berries after flowering. The Latin specific epithet \"odora\" means \"fragrant\". It grows best in fertile, slightly acid, peaty, well-drained soils. It grows in full sun or partial shade, and is hardy to , possibly lower. In Korea, the plant is also poetically called \"churihyang\" - a thousand-mile scent - referring to the fragrance of the foliage. In Japan, the plant is more commonly known as \"jinchoge\".  Plants are not long lived, senescing within 8 to 10 years. \"Daphne\" generally do not react well to root disturbance, and may transplant badly. \"D. odora\" is also susceptible to virus infection, which causes leaf mottling. All parts of the plant are poisonous to humans and a range of domestic animals and some people experience dermatitis from contact with the sap. \"Daphne odora\" is propagated by semi-ripe cuttings in summer."}]}, {"title": "List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols", "paragraphs": [{"context": " This is a list of the symbols of the provinces and territories of Canada. Each province and territory has a unique set of official symbols."}]}, {"title": "Antoine Fre\u0301chette", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Antoine Fr\u00e9chette (22 August 1905 \u2013 17 April 1978) was a Canadian businessman and politician. Fr\u00e9chette was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. Born in Saint-Alexandre, Quebec, he was an insurance agent, life insurance broker and life underwriter by career. He was first elected at the T\u00e9miscouata riding in the 1958 general election after two previous unsuccessful attempts to win the riding in 1953 and 1957. In 1959, Fr\u00e9chette sponsored private member's bill C-21 which modified the \"Representation Act\" so that his T\u00e9miscouata electoral district was renamed Rivi\u00e8re-du-Loup\u2014T\u00e9miscouata. After serving his only term, the 24th Canadian Parliament, he was defeated in the 1962 election in this renamed riding by Philippe Gagnon of the Social Credit party."}]}, {"title": "Lake Oconee", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Lake Oconee is a reservoir in central Georgia, United States, on the Oconee River near Greensboro and Eatonton. It was created in 1979 when Georgia Power completed the construction of the Wallace Dam on the Oconee River. Lake Oconee runs through Georgia's Morgan, Greene, and Putnam counties and is separated from its sister lake, Sinclair, by Wallace Dam. Oconee is the name of an ancient Creek town. Lake Oconee serves as a reservoir for Georgia Power Company's Wallace Hydroelectric Plant. The lake has 374 miles of shoreline with a surface area of 19,971 acres. It is formed by the Oconee River and Apalachee River (Georgia)  Lake Oconee is home to a number of golf communities, including Reynolds Lake Oconee, Cuscowilla, and Harbor Club. There are also senior living communities including Del Webb at Lake Oconee."}]}, {"title": "Zhang Wei (badminton, born 1977)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Zhang Wei (, born 2 December 1977) is a former Chinese badminton player. Zhang was selected to join the national team in 1997. He played in the men's doubles event partnered with Zhang Jun. He participated in four consecutive Sudirman Cup, winning 3 gold medals in 1999, 2001, 2005, and a silver medal in 2003. He and Zhang Jun was qualified to compete at the 2000 Summer Olympics, but because of the injury on his left abdominal muscles while doing the exercises, he missed the event. He retired from the national team in 2005, and started to playing in Denmark. He returned to Shanghai in 2007, and star coaching the Shanghai team. He also competed for Shanghai at the 2009 National Games.  \"Men's doubles\" \"Men's doubles\" \"Mixed doubles\" The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) since 1983. \"Men's doubles\" \"Mixed doubles\""}]}, {"title": "Kerkebet Subregion", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kerkebet Subregion (Carcabat District) is a subregion in the northwestern Anseba region (Zoba Anseba) of Eritrea. Its capital lies at Kerkebet (Carcabat)."}]}, {"title": "Letter 1949", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Letter 1949 () is a 2008 Taiwanese drama starring Queenie Tai, Lin Yo-wei, Alien Huang, Hawick Lau. It was produced by Eastern Shine Production. The series was broadcast on free-to-air Chinese Television System (CTS) from 9 to 26 November 2008, Monday to Thursday at 20:00. In 2010 Zhang Chen Guang was nominated for \"Best Supporting Actor\" and Zhang Yu Ao was nominated for \"Best Art and Design Award\" at the 45th Golden Bell Awards. In 2009, 80-year-old former journalist Lin Xiang refuses to move out of his old home earmarked for demolition. Lin Xiang after much persuasion by his students finally provided an old photo of his for an 'Old Shanghai' photo exhibition. The exhibition arrives in Tapei, Han Zu Guang takes his wife, Qiao Yan Qing, to see it at the invitation of a former colleague. At the exhibition Qiao Yan Qing faints at seeing Lin Xiang's photo of herself taken in 1949, who has been waiting for her for 60 years ..."}]}, {"title": "Rolly Crump", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Roland Fargo \"Rolly\" Crump (born February 27, 1930) is an American animator and designer noted particularly for his work as a Disney Imagineer. Crump was born in Alhambra, California, and joined Walt Disney Studios in 1952. Initially he worked on inbetweening, before becoming an assistant animator working on movies including \"Peter Pan\", \"Lady and the Tramp\", \"Sleeping Beauty\", and \"One Hundred and One Dalmatians\". In 1959, he joined WED Enterprises, later Walt Disney Imagineering, and became a designer of some of Disneyland's attractions and shops, including The Haunted Mansion, Enchanted Tiki Room and Adventureland Bazaar. As well as his work at Disney, he designed innovative and satirical psychedelic posters in the early and mid 1960s, including several for the West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band as well as logos for the band's singer Bob Markley. He also designed guitar string packaging for Ernie Ball."}, {"context": " He was responsible for designing many of the Disney attractions at the 1964 New York World's Fair, including It's a Small World and in particular the Tower of the Four Winds marquee. In 1966, when the attraction moved to Disneyland, he designed the large animated clock at the entrance that sends puppet children on parade. Crump contributed to early designs of the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World in Florida, and worked on designs for NBC's \"Disney on Parade\" in 1970, before leaving Disney to work on outside projects including Busch Gardens, the ABC Wildlife Preserve in Maryland, and Ringling Brothers & Barnum and Bailey Circus World. In 1976 he returned to work for Disney, designing the Land and Wonders of Life pavilions at the Epcot Center, before leaving again in 1981 to design the proposed Cousteau Ocean Center in Norfolk, Virginia, and to set up his own business, the Mariposa Design Group, which developed projects in Oman, Las Vegas, Denver and elsewhere. Crump finally returned to Disney in 1992, as executive designer at Imagineering, working on the Epcot Center.  He retired from Disney in 1996, and published an autobiography, \"It\u2019s Kind of a Cute Story\", in 2012."}]}, {"title": "Xenia Peni", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Xenia Peni (born February 28, 1983) is a Papua New Guinean former swimmer, who specialized in breaststroke events. Peni represented Papua New Guinea, as a 17-year-old, at the 2000 Summer Olympics, where she became the nation's first female flag bearer in the opening ceremony. Peni competed only in the women's 100 m breaststroke at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. She received a ticket from FINA, under a Universality program, in an entry time of 1:18.58. She challenged seven other swimmers in heat two, including Bolivia's 26-year-old Katerine Moreno and Angola's N\u00e1dia Cruz, who competed in her fourth Olympic Games at age 25. She trailed behind Cruz in a spirited challenge by five-hundredths of a second (0.05) to round out the field in 1:19.62. Peni failed to advance into the semifinals, as she placed thirty-ninth overall in the prelims."}]}, {"title": "1922 Lupeni mine disaster", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 1922 Lupeni mine disaster was a coal mining explosion at the Lupeni Coal Mine district in the Jiu Valley of Greater Romania, on April 30, 1922. A total of 82 miners were killed. The Associated Press reported on April 30, 1922, that \"Upward of 100 persons were killed today in a mine explosion in the Lupeni district of Transylvania. The bodies of 50 victims were completely carbonized while those of others were blown to pieces.\""}]}, {"title": "Fred R. Shapiro", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Fred R. Shapiro is the editor of \"The Yale Book of Quotations\", \"The Oxford Dictionary of American Legal Quotations\", and several other books. He has also published numerous articles on language, law, and information science, including \"The Politically Correct United States Supreme Court and the Motherfucking Texas Court of Appeals: Using Legal Databases to Trace the Origins of Words and Quotations\" and \"Who Wrote the Serenity Prayer.\" He is an associate librarian and lecturer in legal research at Yale Law School. His work in identifying sources of recent sayings is seen in \"The Dictionary of Modern Proverbs.\""}]}, {"title": "Southern Outpost", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Southern Outpost is an independent electronic Record label that was started in Sydney, Australia, in 1998 but is now based in San Francisco, United States. The labels main musical focus is the genre of electro music, having released music from such artists as DJ K1 (from Aux 88), DJ Godfather, Scape One, Dcast Dynamics, dynArec among others."}]}, {"title": "Urfa", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Urfa, officially known as \u015eanl\u0131urfa (; ) (; \u0548\u0582\u057c\u0570\u0561 \"U\u1e59ha\" in Armenian, \u0710\u0718\u072a\u0717\u071d \u016arhay in Syriac) and known in ancient times as Edessa, is a city with 2.031 million inhabitants in south-eastern Turkey, and the capital of \u015eanl\u0131urfa Province. Urfa is a multiethnic city with a Turkish, Kurdish, Armenian and Arab population. Urfa is situated on a plain about eighty kilometres east of the Euphrates River. Its climate features extremely hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters. The city has been known by many names in history: \u0548\u0582\u057c\u0570\u0561 \"U\u1e59ha\" in Armenian, \u0710\u0718\u072a\u0717\u071d \"Urhai\" in Syriac, \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0627 \"Ar-Ruh\u0101\" in Arabic and \u039f\u03c1\u03c1\u03b1, \"Orrha\" in Greek (also \u039f\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1, \"Orrhoa\"). For a while during the rule of Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175 - 164 BCE) it was named \"Callirrhoe\" or \"Antiochia on the Callirhoe\" (). During Byzantine rule it was named \"Justinopolis\". Prior to Turkish rule, it was often best known by the name given it by the Seleucids, , \"Edessa\"."}, {"context": " \"\u015eanl\u0131\" means \"great, glorious, dignified\" in Turkish, and Urfa was officially renamed \u015eanl\u0131urfa (Urfa the Glorious) by the Turkish Grand National Assembly in 1984, in recognition of the local resistance in the Turkish War of Independence. The title was achieved following repeated requests by the city's members of parliament, desirous to earn a title similar to those of neighbouring cities 'Gazi' (veteran) Antep and 'Kahraman' (Heroic) Mara\u015f. The history of Urfa is recorded from the 4th century BC, but may date back at least to 9000 BC, when there is ample evidence for the surrounding sites at Duru, Harran and Nevali Cori. Within the further area of the city are three neolithic sites known: G\u00f6bekli Tepe, G\u00fcrc\u00fctepe and the city itself, where the life-sized limestone \"Urfa Man\" statue was found during an excavation in Bal\u0131kl\u0131g\u00f6l and is now on display at the \u015eanl\u0131urfa Archaeology and Mosaic Museum. The city was one of several in the upper Euphrates-Tigris basin, the fertile crescent where agriculture began."}, {"context": " According to Jewish and Muslim tradition, Urfa is Ur Kasdim, the hometown of Abraham. This identification was disputed by Leonard Woolley, the excavator of the Sumerian city of Ur in 1927 and scholars remain divided on the issue. Urfa is also one of several cities that have traditions associated with Job. For the Armenians, Urfa is considered a holy place since it is believed that the Armenian alphabet was invented there. Urfa was conquered repeatedly throughout history, and has been dominated by many civilizations, including the Ebla, Akkadians, Sumerians, Babylonians, Hittites, Armenians, Hurri-Mitannis, Assyrians, Medes, Persians, Ancient Macedonians (under Alexander the Great), Seleucids, Arameans, the Neo-Assyrian Osrhoenes, Romans, Sassanids, Byzantines, and Arabs"}, {"context": " Although the site of Urfa has been inhabited since prehistoric times, the modern city was founded in 304 B.C by Seleucus I Nicator and named after the ancient capital of Macedonia. In the late 2nd century, as the Seleucid dynasty disintegrated, it became the capital of the Arab Nabataean Abgar dynasty, which was successively a Parthian, Armenian, and Roman client state and eventually a Roman province. Its location on the eastern frontier of the Empire meant it was frequently conquered during periods when the Byzantine central government was weak, and for centuries, it was alternately conquered by Arab, Byzantine, Armenian, Turkish rulers. In 1098, the Crusader Baldwin of Boulogne induced the final Armenian ruler to adopt him and then seized power, establishing the first Crusader State known as the County of Edessa and imposing Latin Christianity on the Greek Orthodox and Armenian Apostolic majority of the population."}, {"context": " Islam had first arrived in Urfa around 638 AD, when the region surrendered to the Rashidun army without resisting, and had become a significant presence under the Ayyubids (see: Saladin Ayubbi), Seljuks. In 1144, the Crusader state fell to the Turkish Abassid general Zengui, who had most of the Christian inhabitants slaughtered together with the Latin archbishop (see Siege of Edessa) and the subsequent Second Crusade failed to recapture the city. Subsequently, Urfa was ruled by Zengids, Ayyubids, Sultanate of Rum, Ilkhanids, Memluks, Akkoyunlu and Safavids before Ottoman conquest in 1516."}, {"context": " Under the Ottomans Urfa was part (Sanjak) of the Aleppo Vilayet. The area became a centre of trade in cotton, leather, and jewellery. There was a small but ancient Jewish community in Urfa, with a population of about 1,000 by the 19th century. Most of the Jews emigrated in 1896, fleeing the Hamidian massacres, and settling mainly in Aleppo, Tiberias and Jerusalem. There were three Christian communities: Syriac, Armenian, and Latin. According to Lord Kinross, 8,000 Armenians were massacred in Urfa in 1895. The last Neo-Aramaic Christians left in 1924 and went to Aleppo (where they settled in a place that was later called \"Hay al-Suryan\" \"The Syriac Quarter\")."}, {"context": " In 1914 Urfa was estimated to have 75,000 inhabitants: 45,000 Muslims, 25,000 Armenians and 5,000 Assyrian Christians. There was also a Jewish presence in the town. During the First World War, Urfa was a site of the Armenian and Assyrian Genocides, beginning in August 1915. By the end of the war, the entire Christian population had been killed, had fled, or was in hiding. The British occupation of the city of Urfa started de facto on 7 March 1919 and officially de jure as of 24 March 1919, and lasted until 30 October 1919. French forces took over the next day and lasted until 11 April 1920, when they were defeated by local resistance forces before the formal declaration of the Republic of Turkey on 23 April 1920)."}, {"context": " The French retreat from the city of Urfa was conducted under an agreement reached between the occupying forces and the representatives of the local forces, commanded by Captain Ali Saip Bey assigned from Ankara. The withdrawal was meant to take place peacefully, but was disrupted by an ambush on the French units by irregular Kuva-yi Milliye \u015eebeke Pass on the way to Syria, leading to 296 casualties among the French. Modern Urfa presents stark contrasts between its old and new quarters. It is a stronghold of the governing Justice and Development Party. However, in the 2009 local elections, the city elected an independent, Ahmet E\u015fref Fakibaba, as mayor."}, {"context": " As the city of Urfa is deeply rooted in history, so its unique cuisine is an amalgamation of the cuisines of the many civilizations that have ruled in Urfa . Dishes carry names in Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Syriac, and Turkish, and are often prepared in a spicy manner. It is widely believed that Urfa is the birthplace of many dishes, including Raw Kibb\u00e9 (\u00c7i\u011f K\u00f6fte), that according to the legend, was crafted by the Prophet Abraham from ingredients he had at hand. The walnut-stuffed Turkish dessert crepe (called \"\u015f\u0131ll\u0131k\") is a regional specialty."}, {"context": " Many vegetables are used in the Urfa cuisine, such as the \"'Ec\u0131r,\" the \"Kenger,\" and the \"\u0130sot\", the legendary local red capsicum that is a smaller and darker cultivar of the Aleppo pepper that takes a purplish black hue when dried and cured. Unlike most of the Turkish cities that use different versions of regular butter in their regional cuisine, Urfa is, together with Antep, Mardin and Siirt a big user of clarified butter, made exclusively from sheep's milk, called locally \"Urfaya\u011f\u0131\" (\"\"Urfabutter\"\")."}, {"context": " \u015eanl\u0131urfa GAP Airport is located about 34\u00a0km (21\u00a0mi) northeast of the city and has direct flights to Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir. The first 7.7km section, connecting the city centre with the museum quarter, of a planned 4-route, 78km network of trolleybus lines opened on 16 October 2018. An initial fleet of 10 bi-articulated trolleybuses, together with all fixed equipment, has been supplied by manufacturer Bozankaya. Urfa has a hot summer Mediterranean climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification \"Csa\"). Urfa is very hot during the summer months. Temperatures in the height of summer usually reach 39\u00a0\u00b0C (102\u00a0\u00b0F). Rainfall is almost non-existent during the summer months. Winters are cool and wet. Frost is common and there is sporadic snowfall. Spring and autumn are mild and also wet."}]}, {"title": "Saving Private Ryan", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Saving Private Ryan is a 1998 American epic war film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Robert Rodat. Set during the Invasion of Normandy in World War II, the film is notable for its graphic portrayal of war, and for the intensity of its opening 27 minutes, which includes a depiction of the Omaha Beach assault during the Normandy landings. It follows United States Army Rangers Captain John H. Miller (Tom Hanks) and a squad (Tom Sizemore, Edward Burns, Barry Pepper, Giovanni Ribisi, Vin Diesel, Adam Goldberg, and Jeremy Davies) as they search for a paratrooper, Private First Class James Francis Ryan (Matt Damon), who is the last-surviving brother of four servicemen."}, {"context": " Rodat wrote the script in 1994 and was eventually picked up by Paramount Pictures in 1996. Spielberg, who at the time was forming DreamWorks Pictures, came on board to direct the project and both DreamWorks and Paramount jointly produce and release the film. After the cast went through training supervised by Marine veteran Dale Dye, the film's principal photography started in June 1997 and lasted two months. The film's D-Day scenes were shot in Ballinesker Beach, Curracloe Strand, Ballinesker, just east of Curracloe, County Wexford, Ireland."}, {"context": " Released on July 24, 1998, the film received universal acclaim from critics and audiences; praise was given to Spielberg's directing, the performances (particularly from Hanks), historical accuracy, the battle sequences, cinematography, score, and screenplay. It was also a box office success, grossing $216.8 million domestically, making it the highest-grossing film of 1998 in the United States, and $481.8 million worldwide, making it the second-highest-grossing film of 1998 worldwide. At the 71st Academy Awards, the film was nominated for 11 Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor for Hanks and Best Original Screenplay; it won five, including Spielberg's second win for Best Director, Best Film Editing, Best Cinematography, Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing. \"Saving Private Ryan\" was released on home video in May 1999, earning another $44 million from sales."}, {"context": " Widely hailed as one of the best films ever made., the film has been frequently lauded as an landmark in the war film genre and has been credited with contributing to a resurgence in America's interest in World War II as old and new films, video games, and novels about the war enjoyed renewed popularity after its release. In 2014, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, being deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.\""}, {"context": " An elderly veteran visits the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial with his family. At a tombstone, he falls to his knees with emotion. The scene then shifts to the morning of June 6, 1944, as American soldiers land on Omaha Beach as part of the Normandy Invasion. They suffer heavy losses in assaulting fortified German defensive positions. Captain Miller of the 2nd Ranger Battalion leads a breakout from the beach. Elsewhere on the beach, a dead soldier lies face-down in the bloody surf; his pack is stenciled \"Ryan,S\"."}, {"context": " In Washington, D.C., at the U.S. War Department, General George Marshall learns that three of the four sons of the Ryan family were killed in action and that the fourth son, James, is with the 101st Airborne Division somewhere in Normandy. After reading Abraham Lincoln's Bixby letter aloud, Marshall orders Ryan brought home. Three days after D-Day, Miller receives orders to find Ryan and bring him back. He chooses seven men from his company\u2014T/Sgt. Horvath, Privates First Class Reiben and Caparzo, Privates Mellish and Jackson, Technician 4th Grade Irwin Wade, medic Wade\u2014plus T/5 Upham, an interpreter from headquarters. They move out to Neuville, where they meet a squad of the 101st engaged against the enemy. Caparzo is killed by a German sniper who is then killed by Jackson. They locate a Private James Ryan but he is not the right one. From passing soldiers, Miller learns that Ryan is defending an important bridge in Ramelle."}, {"context": " Near Ramelle, Miller decides to neutralize a German machine gun position at a derelict radar station, despite his men's misgivings. Wade is killed in the skirmish. At Upham's urging, Miller declines to execute a surviving German soldier, and sets him free. Losing confidence in Miller's leadership, Reiben declares his intention to desert, prompting a confrontation with Horvath, which Miller defuses by disclosing his civilian career as a high school English teacher, about which his men had set up a betting pool. Reiben stays."}, {"context": " At Ramelle, Ryan is among a small group of paratroopers preparing to defend the key bridge. Miller tells Ryan that his brothers are dead, and that he was ordered to bring him home. Ryan is distressed about his brothers, but he will not leave the fight. Miller combines his unit with the paratroopers in defense of the bridge against the imminent German attack. Miller prepares to ambush the enemy with various .30 caliber guns, Molotov cocktails, detonation cords, anti-tank mines and improvised satchel charges made from socks."}, {"context": " Elements of the 2nd SS Panzer Division arrive with two Tiger tanks and two Marder assault guns, all protected by foot soldiers. Although the Americans inflict heavy casualties on the Germans, including destroying one Tiger tank, both Marders and a 20 mm gun, most of the paratroopers, along with Jackson, Mellish and Horvath are killed, while Upham is immobilized by fear. Miller attempts to blow up the bridge, but is shot and mortally wounded by the freed German prisoner from the radar station, who had somehow rejoined a fighting unit. Miller crawls to retrieve the bridge detonator, and fires ineffectually with his pistol at the oncoming tank. As the tank reaches the bridge, an American P-51 Mustang flies overhead and destroys the tank, after which American armored units arrive to rout the remaining Germans. Having seen Miller get shot, Upham leaps out from hiding and confronts the German prisoner, shooting and killing him."}, {"context": " Reiben and Ryan are with Miller as he utters his last words, \"James... earn this. Earn it.\" The elderly veteran is revealed to be Ryan and the grave he is standing at is Miller's. Ryan asks if he was worthy of such sacrifice. He salutes Miller's grave. In 1994, Robert Rodat wrote the script for the film after discovering the story about the World War II life stories of the Niland brothers. Rodat's script was submitted to producer Mark Gordon. Gordon then sent the script to Paramount Pictures, whose executives liked and purchased the script. At the same, Steven Spielberg, who was at the time establishing DreamWorks Pictures, picked up the script and became interested in the film."}, {"context": " After Spielberg signed on to direct the film, both Paramount and DreamWorks, who agreed to finance and produce the film together with Amblin Entertainment and Mutal Film Company, made a distribution deal where DreamWorks would took over the film's domestic distribution while Paramount would release the film internationally. In exchange for distribution rights for \"Saving Private Ryan\", Paramount would retain domestic distribution rights to \"Deep Impact\", while DreamWorks would acquire international distribution."}, {"context": " In casting the film Spielberg sought to create a cast that \"looked\" the part, stating in an interview, \"You know, the people in World War II actually looked different than people look today\", adding to this end that he cast partly based on wanting the cast \"to match the faces I saw on the newsreels.\" Before filming began, several of the film's stars, including Edward Burns, Tom Sizemore, Barry Pepper, Vin Diesel, Adam Goldberg, Giovanni Ribisi, and Tom Hanks, endured ten days of \"boot camp\" training led by Marine veteran Dale Dye and Warriors, Inc., a California company that specializes in training actors for realistic military portrayals. Matt Damon was intentionally not brought into the camp, to make the rest of the group feel resentment towards the character. Spielberg had stated that his main intention in forcing the actors to go through the boot camp was not to learn the proper techniques but rather \"because I wanted them to respect what it was like to be a soldier.\" During filming, Sizemore was battling drug addiction and was required by Spielberg to take drug tests every day during filming and if he failed a test, all of his scenes would be reshot with a different actor."}, {"context": " The film's second scene is a 20+ minute sequence recounting the landing on the beaches of Normandy. Spielberg chose to include this particularly violent sequence in order \"to bring the audience onto the stage with me\" specifically noting that he did not want the \"audience to be spectators\" but rather he wanted to \"demand them to be participants with those kids who had never seen combat before in real life, and get to the top of Omaha Beach together.\" Spielberg had already demonstrated his interest in World War II themes with the films \"1941\", \"Empire of the Sun\", \"Schindler's List\", and the \"Indiana Jones\" series. Spielberg later co-produced the World War II themed television miniseries \"Band of Brothers\" and its counterpart \"The Pacific\" with Tom Hanks. When asked about this by \"American Cinematographer\", Spielberg said, \"I think that World War II is the most significant event of the last 100 years; the fate of the baby boomers and even Generation X was linked to the outcome. Beyond that, I've just always been interested in World War II. My earliest films, which I made when I was about 14 years old, were combat pictures that were set both on the ground and in the air. For years now, I've been looking for the right World War II story to shoot, and when Robert Rodat wrote \"Saving Private Ryan\", I found it.\""}, {"context": " Spielberg wanted an almost exact replica of the Omaha Beach landscape for the movie, including sand and a bluff similar to the one where German forces were stationed and a near match was found in Ireland. The D-Day scenes were shot in Ballinesker Beach, Curracloe Strand, Ballinesker, just east of Curracloe, County Wexford, Ireland. Hanks recalled to Roger Ebert that although he realized it was a movie, the experience still hit him hard, stating, \"The first day of shooting the D-Day sequences, I was in the back of the landing craft, and that ramp went down and I saw the first 1-2-3-4 rows of guys just getting blown to bits. In my head, of course, I knew it was special effects, but I still wasn't prepared for how tactile it was.\" Filming began June 27, 1997, and lasted for two months. Some shooting was done in Normandy, for the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial in Colleville-sur-Mer and Calvados. Other scenes were filmed in England, such as a former British Aerospace factory in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, Thame Park, Oxfordshire and Wiltshire. Production was due to also take place in Seaham, County Durham, but government restrictions disallowed this."}, {"context": " According to Gordon and producer Gary Levinsohn, the producers were hardly involved in the production as Spielberg was entrusted with full creative control of the film. Both producers were only involved in raising foreign financing and handling international distribution. Gordon, however, said that Spielberg was \"inclusive and gracious and enormously solicitous in terms of the development of the screenplay.\" \"Saving Private Ryan\" has received critical acclaim for its realistic portrayal of World War II combat. In particular, the sequence depicting the Omaha Beach landings was named the \"best battle scene of all time\" by \"Empire\" magazine and was ranked number one on \"TV Guide's\" list of the \"50 Greatest Movie Moments\". The scene cost US$12 million and involved up to 1,500 extras, some of whom were members of the Irish Reserve Defence Forces. Members of local reenactment groups such as the Second Battle Group were cast as extras to play German soldiers. In addition, twenty to thirty actual amputees were used to portray American soldiers maimed during the landing. Spielberg did not storyboard the sequence, as he wanted spontaneous reactions and for \"the action to inspire me as to where to put the camera\"."}, {"context": " The historical representation of Charlie Company's actions, led by its commander, Captain Ralph E. Goranson, was well maintained in the opening sequence. The sequence and details of the events are very close to the historical record, including the sea sickness experienced by many of the soldiers as the landing craft moved toward the shoreline, significant casualties among the men as they disembarked from the boats, and difficulty linking up with adjacent units on the shore. The distinctive signature \"ping\" of the US soldiers' M1 Garand rifles ejecting their ammunition clips is heard throughout the battle sequence. Many details of the Company's actions were depicted accurately; for instance, the correct code names for the sector Charlie Company assaulted, and adjacent sectors, were used. Included in the cinematic depiction of the landing was a follow-on mission of clearing a bunker and trench system at the top of the cliffs which was not part of the original mission objectives for Charlie Company, but which was undertaken after the assault on the beach."}, {"context": " The landing craft used included twelve actual World War II examples, 10 LCVPs and 2 LCMs, standing in for the British LCAs that the Ranger Companies rode in to the beach during Operation Overlord. The filmmakers used underwater cameras to better depict soldiers being hit by bullets in the water. Forty barrels of fake blood were used to simulate the effect of blood in the seawater. This degree of realism was more difficult to achieve when depicting World War II German armored vehicles, as few examples survive in operating condition. The Tiger I tanks in the film were copies built on the chassis of old, but functional, Soviet T-34 tanks. The two vehicles described in the film as Panzers were meant to portray Marder III tank destroyers. One was created for the film using the chassis of a Czech-built Panzer 38(t) tank similar to the construction of the original Marder III; the other was a cosmetically modified Swedish SAV m/43 assault gun, which also used the 38(t) chassis. The depiction of P-51 Mustangs as low level ground attack aircraft in an anti-tank role, is historically inaccurate: P-47 Thunderbolts and Hawker Typhoons carried out this role in the campaign in western Europe, with both types of aircraft often firing rockets."}, {"context": " There are, however, historical inaccuracies in the film's depiction of the Normandy campaign. At the time of the mission, American forces from the two American beach areas, Utah and Omaha, had not yet linked up. In reality, a Ranger team operating out of the Omaha beach area would have had to move through the heavily enemy-occupied city of Carentan, or swim or boat across the estuary linking Carentan to the channel, or transfer by boat to the Utah landing area. On the other hand, US forces moving out of Utah would have had direct and much shorter routes, relatively unencumbered by enemy positions, and were already in contact with some teams from both US airborne divisions landed in the area."}, {"context": " The Utah beach landings, however, were relatively uncontested, with assault units landing on largely unoccupied beaches and experiencing far less action than the landings at Omaha. The filmmakers chose to begin the narrative with a depiction of the more dramatic story of Omaha, despite the strategic inaccuracy of an impossible mission that could easily have been pursued from the other beach area. In addition, one of the most notable of the operational flaws is the depiction of the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich as the adversary during the fictional Battle of Ramelle. The 2nd SS was not engaged in Normandy until July, and then at Caen against the British and Canadians, 100 miles east. Furthermore, the Merderet River bridges were not an objective of the 101st Airborne Division but of the 82nd Airborne Division, part of Mission Boston."}, {"context": " Much has also been said about various \"tactical errors\" made by both the German and American forces in the film's climactic battle. Spielberg responded by saying that in many scenes he opted to replace sound military tactics and strict historical accuracy for dramatic effect. Some other technical errors were also made, such as the reversed orientation of the beach barriers and the tripod obstructions with a mine at the apex. To achieve a tone and quality that was true to the story as well as reflected the period in which it is set, Spielberg once again collaborated with cinematographer Janusz Kami\u0144ski, saying, \"Early on, we both knew that we did not want this to look like a Technicolor extravaganza about World War II, but more like color newsreel footage from the 1940s, which is very desaturated and low-tech.\" Kami\u0144ski had the protective coating stripped from the camera lenses, making them closer to those used in the 1940s. He explains that \"without the protective coating, the light goes in and starts bouncing around, which makes it slightly more diffused and a bit softer without being out of focus.\" The cinematographer completed the overall effect by putting the negative through bleach bypass, a process that reduces brightness and color saturation. The shutter timing was set to 90 or 45 degrees for many of the battle sequences, as opposed to the standard of 180-degree timing. Kami\u0144ski clarifies, \"In this way, we attained a certain staccato in the actors' movements and a certain crispness in the explosions, which makes them slightly more realistic.\""}, {"context": " \"Saving Private Ryan\" was released in 2,463 theaters on July 24, 1998, and grossed $30.5 million on its opening weekend, opening to number one and remained at the top for four weeks until \"Blade\" top the film in its fifth week of release. The film grossed $216.5 million in the US and Canada. and $265.3 million in other territories, bringing its worldwide total to $481.8 million. It was the highest-grossing US film of 1998, succeeding \"Armageddon\", which top the film as the highest-grossing film of 1998 worldwide. Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 45.74 million tickets in the United States and Canada."}, {"context": " \"Saving Private Ryan\" received critical acclaim from critics and audiences; much of the praise went for Spielberg's directing, especially on the realistic battle scenes, the actors' performances., John Williams' score, the cinematography, editing, and screenplay. As of December 13, 2018, the film has a 'certified fresh' rating of 93% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 134 reviews with an average score of 8.6/10. The consensus states \"Anchored by another winning performance from Hanks, Spielberg's unflinchingly realistic war film virtually redefines the genre.\" The film also has a score of 90 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 35 critic reviews indicating \"universal acclaim\"."}, {"context": " Many critics associations, such as New York Film Critics Circle and Los Angeles Film Critics Association, chose \"Saving Private Ryan\" as Film of the Year. Roger Ebert gave it four stars out of four and called it \"a powerful experience\". Janet Maslin of \"The New York Times\" called it \"the finest war movie of our time.\" Gene Siskel, Ebert's co-host and critic of \"Chicago Tribune\", said that the film \"accomplishes something I had been taught was most difficult -- making an action-filled anti-war film or, at least, one that doesn't in some way glorify or lie about combat.\" On their program \"At the Movies\", Siskel and Ebert each named the film as the fourth and third best film of 1998 respectively. Writing for \"TIME\", Richard Schickel said that was \"a war film that, entirely aware of its genre's conventions, transcends them as it transcends the simplistic moralities that inform its predecessors, to take the high, morally haunting ground.\" Owen Gleiberman of \"Entertainment Weekly\" praised the film, saying that \"Spielberg has captured the hair-trigger instability of modern combat.\" Kenneth Turan of \"Los Angeles Times\" praised the film as well, calling it \"a powerful and impressive milestone in the realistic depiction of combat, Saving Private Ryan is as much an experience we live through as a film we watch on screen.\""}, {"context": " The film earned some negative reviews came from critics. Writing for \"Chicago Reader\", Jonathan Rosenbaum gave the film two stars and felt that \"it has a few pretty good action moments, a lot of spilled guts, a few moments of drama that don't seem phony or hollow, some fairly strained period ambience, and a bit of sentimental morphing that reminds me of \"Forrest Gump\".\" Andrew Sarris of Observer wrote that the film was \"tediously manipulative despite its Herculean energy.\" The film also earned some criticism for ignoring the contributions of several other countries to the D-Day landings in general and at Omaha Beach specifically. The most direct example of the latter is that during the actual landing, the 2nd Rangers disembarked from British ships and were taken to Omaha Beach by Royal Navy landing craft (LCAs). The film depicts them as being United States Coast Guard-crewed craft (LCVPs and LCMs) from an American ship, the . This criticism was far from universal with other critics recognizing the director's intent to make an \"American\" film. The film was not released in Malaysia after Spielberg refused to cut the violent scenes; however, the film was finally released there on DVD with an 18SG certificate much later in 2005."}, {"context": " Filmmaker Robert Altman wrote a letter to Spielberg stating, \"\"Private Ryan\" was awesome \u2014 best I've seen.\" Filmmaker Quentin Tarantino has expressed admiration for the film and has cited it as an influence on his 2009 film, \"Inglourious Basterds\". Many World War II veterans stated that the film was the most realistic depiction of combat they had ever seen. The film was so realistic that some combat veterans of D-Day and Vietnam left theaters rather than finish watching the opening scene depicting the Normandy invasion. Their visits to posttraumatic stress disorder counselors rose in number after the film's release, and many counselors advised \"'more psychologically vulnerable'\" veterans to avoid watching it. The Department of Veterans Affairs set up a nationwide hotline for veterans who were affected by the film, and less than two weeks after the film was released it had already received over 170 calls."}, {"context": " The film has gained criticism from some war veterans. Film director and military veteran Oliver Stone has accused the film of promoting \"the worship of World War II as the good war,\" and has placed it alongside films such as \"Gladiator\" and \"Black Hawk Down\" that he believes were well-made, but may have inadvertently contributed to Americans' readiness for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. In defense of the film's portrait of warfare, Brian De Palma commented, \"The level of violence in something like \"Saving Private Ryan\" makes sense because Spielberg is trying to show something about the brutality of what happened.\" Actor Richard Todd, who performed in \"The Longest Day\" and was amongst the first of the Allied soldiers to land in Normandy (Operation Tonga), said the film was \"Rubbish. Overdone.\" American academic Paul Fussell, who saw combat in France during World War II, objected to what he described as, \"the way Spielberg's \"Saving Private Ryan\", after an honest, harrowing, 15-minute opening visualizing details of the unbearable bloody mess at Omaha Beach, degenerated into a harmless, uncritical patriotic performance apparently designed to thrill 12-year-old boys during the summer bad-film season. Its genre was pure cowboys and Indians, with the virtuous cowboys of course victorious.\" Historian James DiEugenio has noted that the film is actually \"90 percent fiction\" and that Tom Hanks knew this, with his goal being to \"...commemorate World War II as the Good War and to depict the American role in it as crucial.\""}, {"context": " The film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards at the 71st Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor for Tom Hanks, and Best Original Screenplay. The film later won five including Best Cinematography, Best Sound Mixing, Best Sound Effects Editing, Best Film Editing, and Best Director for Spielberg and lost the Best Picture award to \"Shakespeare in Love\", being one of a few that have won the Best Director award without also winning Best Picture. The Academy's decision to not award the film with the Best Picture Oscar has resulted in much criticism in recent years, with many considering it as one of the biggest snubs in the ceremony's history."}, {"context": " The film also won the Golden Globes for Best Motion Picture\u00a0\u2013 Drama and Director, the BAFTA Award for Special Effects and Sound, the Directors Guild of America Award, a Grammy Award for Best Film Soundtrack, the Producers Guild of America Golden Laurel Award, and the Saturn Award for Best Action, Adventure, or Thriller Film. Today, the film is widely considered to be one of the greatest films ever made. The film has been frequently lauded as an influential work in the war film genre and is credited with contributing to a resurgence in America's interest in World War II. Old and new films, video games, and novels about the war enjoyed renewed popularity after its release. The film's use of desaturated colors, hand-held cameras, and tight angles has profoundly influenced subsequent films and video games."}, {"context": " The American Film Institute has included \"Saving Private Ryan\" in many of its lists, ranking it as the 71st greatest American movie in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition), as well as the 45th most thrilling film in AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills, the 10th most inspiring in AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers, and the eighth best epic film in \"AFI's 10 Top 10\". In 2014, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, being deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.\" \"Saving Private Ryan\" was voted as the greatest war film in a 2008 Channel 4 poll of the 100 greatest war films. In a readers poll for \"Rolling Stone\", it was voted as the 18th best film of the 1990s. \"Empire\" named the film as the 39th greatest film of all time."}, {"context": " On Veterans Day from 2001\u20132004, the American Broadcasting Company aired the film uncut and with limited commercial interruption. The network airings were given a TV-MA rating, as the violent battle scenes and the profanity were left intact. The 2004 airing was marred by pre-emptions in many markets because of the language, in the backlash of Super Bowl XXXVIII's halftime show controversy. However, critics and veterans' groups such as the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars assailed those stations and their owners, including Hearst-Argyle Television (owner of 12 ABC affiliates); Scripps Howard Broadcasting (owner of six); and Belo (owner of four) for putting profits ahead of programming and honoring those who gave their lives at wartime, saying the stations made more money running their own programming instead of being paid by the network to carry the film, especially during a sweeps period."}, {"context": " A total of 65 ABC affiliates\u201428% of the network\u2014did not clear the available timeslot for the film, even with the offer of The Walt Disney Company, ABC's parent, to pay all fines for language to the Federal Communications Commission. In the end, however, no complaints were lodged against ABC affiliates who showed \"Ryan\", perhaps because even conservative watchdogs like the Parents Television Council supported the unedited rebroadcast of the film. Additionally, some ABC affiliates in other markets that were near affected markets, such as Youngstown, Ohio, ABC affiliate WYTV (which is viewable in parts of the Columbus, Cleveland, and Pittsburgh markets, none of which aired the film), Gainesville, Florida, ABC affiliate WCJB-TV (which is viewable in parts of the Orlando and Tampa markets), and the network's affiliates in Hartford, Connecticut and Providence, Rhode Island (which are viewable in parts of the Boston and Springfield markets) still aired the film and gave those nearby markets the option of viewing the film. TNT and Turner Classic Movies have also broadcast the film."}, {"context": " The film was released on home video in May 1999 with a VHS release that earned over $44 million. The DVD release became available in November of the same year, and was one of the best-selling titles of the year, with over 1.5 million units sold. The DVD was released in two separate versions: one with Dolby Digital and the other with DTS 5.1 surround sound. Besides the different 5.1 tracks, the two DVDs are identical. The film was also issued in a limited 2-disc LaserDisc in November 1999, making it one of the last feature films to be issued in this format, as LaserDiscs ceased manufacturing and distribution by year's end."}, {"context": " In 2004, a \"Saving Private Ryan\" special edition DVD was released to commemorate the 60th anniversary of D-Day. This two-disc edition was also included in a box set titled \"World War II Collection\", along with two documentaries produced by Spielberg, \"Price For Peace\" (about the Pacific War) and \"Shooting War\" (about war photographers, narrated by Tom Hanks). The film was released on Blu-ray Disc on April 26, 2010 in the UK and on May 4, 2010 in the US, as part of Paramount Home Video's premium Sapphire Series. However, only weeks after its release, Paramount issued a recall due to audio synchronization problems. The studio issued an official statement acknowledging the problem, which they attributed to an authoring error by Technicolor that escaped the quality control process, and that they had already begun the process of replacing the defective discs.  On May 8, 2018, Paramount Home Media Distribution released \"Saving Private Ryan\" on Ultra HD Blu-ray to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the release of the film."}]}, {"title": "Will Lammert", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Will Lammert (5 January 1892 \u2013 30 October 1957) was a German sculptor. In 1959 he was posthumously awarded the National Prize of the German Democratic Republic. Will Lammert was born in Hagen in 1892, the son of a machinist. He completed an apprenticeship as stucco, stone and wood sculptor and initially worked in the studios of the Russian sculptor Moissey Kogan. From 1911 he studied under Richard Luksch at the state Kunstgewerbeschule (school of applied arts) in Hamburg with a scholarship received on the recommendation of the art collector and founder of the Folkwang Museum, Karl Ernst Osthaus. Between 1912 and 1913 he spent time studying in Paris. There he was introduced by his former teacher Moissey Kogan to the sculptors Alexander Archipenko and Otto Freundlich."}, {"context": " In 1914 he served as a soldier in the First World War, which he survived only after being seriously wounded. After the war he attended the College of Ceramics in H\u00f6hr, near Koblenz. In the years which followed he worked as a freelance sculptor in the town of his birth, as well as in D\u00fcsseldorf and Munich. He also exhibited works in conjunction with the group Das Junge Rheinland, whose members included Otto Dix and Max Ernst. In 1920 he married Hette Meyerbach. He moved to Essen in 1922, at the same time as the Folkwang Museum. In Essen, the state sponsored the foundation of the Margarethenh\u00f6he artists colony, where he occupied a studio. He created free-standing and architectural sculptures for buildings designed by the architects Edmund K\u00f6rner, Georg Metzendorf and Alfred Fischer. Along with his work as an artist he also ran a ceramics workshop. Both Hermann Blumenthal and Fritz Cremer began their artistic careers in his studio. In 1931, on the express recommendation of Max Liebermann, he received a scholarship from the Prussian Academy of Arts to study in Rome, and spent nine months at the Villa Massimo, working alongside the artists Werner Gilles, Ernst Wilhelm Nay and Hermann Blumenthal. In 1932 he joined the KPD, the German Communist Party."}, {"context": " After the Nazis seized power Lammert was sought by the Gestapo on charges of high treason. In the early summer of 1933 he was forced to emigrate via the Netherlands to Paris, his Jewish wife Hette and their two sons Till and Ule following on. For periods he lived in the same building as the German writer Bodo Uhse and publisher Willi M\u00fcnzenberg. However, in 1934 Lammert was expelled from France and forced to flee again, this time to the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, in Essen the press was stirring up hatred against the \"Bolshevist artist with his close Jewish relations\" and his \"degenerate art\". In the years which followed, almost all his works in Germany were destroyed by the Nazis."}, {"context": " Despite Lammert's greatest endeavours to find work as a sculptor, efforts which led him all the way to Siberia, there were few opportunities in the Soviet Union for him to practise his art. In 1938 he moved out of Moscow and into the suburb of Peredelkino, where was able to stay in Friedrich Wolf's dacha. He kept in close contact with other German emigres too, such as Johannes R. Becher, Adam Scharrer and Erich Weinert. He worked in various architect's offices and ran drawing groups together with another exiled artist, the painter Heinrich Vogeler. After the attack on the Soviet Union in 1941 he was expelled from the greater Moscow region, this time for being German, and arrived first of all in the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, where he worked at a \"kolkhoz\" collective farm. A year later he was conscripted into the Labour Army and brought to Kazan. His exile did not end with the war, however, but was merely converted into a \"Special Exile in Perpetuity.\""}, {"context": " Lammert was only allowed to leave the Soviet Union in December 1951, finally able to return to Germany - to the then East Germany. Prior to this, other returnees, such as Else and Friedrich Wolf, had repeatedly called for him to be given an exit permit. One year later he was elected a full member of the German Academy of the Arts. He died in October 1957 in Berlin, still working on the pieces for the Ravensbr\u00fcck concentration camp memorial site he had begun in 1954. Lammert was laid to rest in the Pankow III Cemetery in the Niedersch\u00f6nhausen district of Berlin where he had his studio. The National Prize of the German Democratic Republic was awarded to him posthumously in 1959. His wife used the money to set up the Will Lammert Prize, which was awarded by the German Academy of the Arts to numerous young sculptors between the years of 1962 to 1992."}, {"context": " At the age of twenty-two Lammert was already getting attention at the Cologne Werkbund exhibition. Two of his golden figures were removed from the exhibition as being morally offensive. All that remains of them today is a fragment of \"Kopf einer goldenen Figur\" (Head of a Golden Figure) from 1914. The other, \"Kleine Sitzende I\" (Small Girl Sitting I), had been created prior to that, in 1913. After the First World War he was represented by the gallery owner Alfred Flechtheim, and participated in various exhibitions held by the group Das Junge Rheinland. He created portraits, large standing and reclining female figures and a variety of small-scale sculptures. At the same time he was taking public commissions, including for example \"Mutter Erde\" (Mother Earth) in 1926, for the entrance to the South-West Cemetery in Essen, and a memorial to the war dead in Marburg in the form of a lion (1926/27). He returned from his study visit in Italy with \"Weiblichen und m\u00e4nnlichen Akt\" (Female and Male Figures) from 1932/33. After 1933, Lammert's early work was destroyed almost in its entirety in the run-up to the \"Degenerate Art\" campaign, on the instigation of its protagonist, Klaus Graf von Baudissin. This part of his output is known to us today primarily through the photographs of Albert Renger-Patzsch and Edgar Jen\u00e9. Together with some few small sculptures, only the \"Kleine Liegende\" (Small Reclining Girl) of 1930, a fragment of \"Ruth Tobi\" (1919) and an early version of \"Karl Ernst Osthaus\" (1930) remain. Casts of these sculptures can be found today in some museums, including the Nationalgalerie in Berlin, the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg, and in the Smart Museum of Art in Chicago. We also have a series of drawings, made predominately during his study visits to France (1912/13) and Italy (1932)."}, {"context": " Lammert could only take up his art again after his return from eighteen years of exile. During this period he produced some portrait and memorial sculptures, including figures of \"Karl Marx\" (1953), \"Eduard von Winterstein\" (1954), \"Friedrich Wolf\" (1954), \"Wilhelm Pieck\" (1955), and \"Thomas M\u00fcntzer\" (1956), but in the main he dedicated himself to his composition of the memorial site at the former Ravensbr\u00fcck concentration camp. After his death, some of Lammert's design was realised. The \"Tragende\" (Woman with Burden) from 1957 was enlarged and exhibited on a plinth in 1959. Thirteen sculptures originally intended for the foot of the stele have stood in the Old Jewish Cemetery in Berlin Mitte since 1985 to commemorate the Jewish victims of fascism. This group of figures (arrangement by Mark Lammert) was the first memorial in Berlin to the Jewish victims of the Nazis. A bust of Karl Marx, which was on display in the entrance to Berlin's Humboldt University, was removed at the time of German reunification."}]}, {"title": "Bulgarian-Serbian War", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The term Bulgarian-Serbian War or Serbian-Bulgarian War may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Tony Pinkney", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Tony Pinkney (born 1956) is Senior Lecturer in the Department of English literature and Creative Writing, Lancaster University, England. He played an active role in Oxford English Limited (OEL), a leftwing group pressing for 'progressive' reforms in the Oxford University English Faculty between 1982 and 1992, and edited its journal, . Fred Inglis has asserted in his biography of Raymond Williams that \u2018Tony Pinkney was the moving spirit of OEL\u2019. Pinkney\u2019s work on Raymond Williams challenged the notion of Williams as a doggedly realist writer and argued instead for his openness to certain currents in modernism and postmodernism. Pinkney\u2019s most recent work has focused on William Morris and utopianism and he now runs a well-known blog on this topic, 'William Morris Unbound'. In August 2011 he launched the Kelmsgarth Press with Makiko Minow, and he is now working on \"News from Nowhere Two\", a sequel to Morris's utopia."}]}, {"title": "Fifth Bridge", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Fifth Bridge () is a bridge in the city of Mosul, located in the province of Nineveh Governorate in Iraq over the Tigris River. The bridge was constructed in the 1980s and links the east and west sides of the city. During the Battle of Mosul in 2016, all bridges into the city were booby trapped with explosives by ISIL, which had occupied the city since June 2014. The bridge was destroyed by U.S. coalition airstrikes on 3 November 2016."}]}, {"title": "Tropical depression eight (2016)", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Swimming at the Island Games", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Swimming is an event at the Island Games, the biennial multi-sports event for island nations, territories and dependencies. Swimming at the Island Games started in 1985 and has been a sport in the games on every occasion since then. Individual Mandatory events for men & women are: Mandatory Team Optional event Minimum age - 13 NGR New Games Record Top Medalists Results Top Medalists Results Top Medalists Results Top Medalists Results Top Medalists Results Top Medalists Results Top Medalists Results  Top Medalists Results Top Medalists Results Top Medalists Results Top Medalists Results Top Medalists Results Top Medalists Results"}]}, {"title": "Kevin Kiner", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kevin Kiner (born September 3, 1958) is an American film and television composer best known for scoring \"\", \"\", and \"Star Wars Rebels\". For \"Star Wars: The Clone Wars\", Kiner was nominated for multiple Daytime Emmy and Annie Awards while winning several BMI Awards for his work on \"CSI: Miami\" and \"Walker, Texas Ranger\". Kiner was raised in Escondido, California, where his interest in music flourished through listening to different bands such as Yes, Pink Floyd, and the Eagles. After high school, Kiner attended the University of California, Los Angeles as a pre-medical student but later decided to pursue his passion for music instead. He then began traveling the world as a musical director for an international touring group before settling in Hollywood, where he began composing for film and television."}]}, {"title": "Glaucopsyche lycormas", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Glaucopsyche lycormas is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in the East Palearctic in Siberia, Mongolia, China, Korea and Japan."}]}, {"title": "Pretty Girls Make Graves (EP)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Pretty Girls Make Graves is a self-titled EP by Pretty Girls Make Graves, released in 2001 by Dim Mak Records. The four songs on this album are also found on Matador Records' re-release of the band's first full-length album, \"Good Health\"."}]}, {"title": "368th Training Squadron", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 368th Training Squadron is a United States Air Force ground training unit, located at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. The squadron reports to the 782d Training Group, part of the 82d Training Wing, at Sheppard Air Force Base, Texas and conducts training for airmen in civil engineering and emergency management. The squadron was first activated in 1942 as the 368th Bombardment Squadron. After training in the United States, it became one of the first units to deploy to the European Theater of Operations to participate in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. earning two Distinguished Unit Citations. After V-E Day, he squadron remained in Europe and participated in the photographic mapping of Europe and Africa until it was inactivated in 1946."}, {"context": " The squadron was reactivated in 1947 and served as a medium bomber unit with Strategic Air Command (SAC) until inactivating in 1963, as SAC drew down its medium bomber force. The squadron was established as a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bomber unit in early 1942. Trained under Second Air Force before deploying to England in September 1942, it became one of the first heavy bomber squadrons of the VIII Bomber Command 1st Bombardment Division. It was a highly decorated squadron during the air offensive over Nazi Germany and occupied Europe, engaging in strategic bombardment operations until the end of the war in Europe, in April 1945. After the war, the squadron assisted in demobilizing personnel using B-17s as transports along Air Transport Command routes from Western Europe, Italy and the United Kingdom to Gibraltar, and north and west Africa."}, {"context": " The 368th was reassigned to United States Air Forces in Europe occupation forces in late 1945, engaging in photographic mapping and strategic reconnaissance operations over Western occupation zones of Germany as well as the Soviet zone. Moved to Istres-Le Tub\u00e9 Air Base, France, it absorbed parts of demobilized squadrons and then returned to Germany as part of the American occupation forces. It was demobilized in Germany at the end of 1946. Reactivated as a Strategic Air Command (SAC) Boeing B-29 Superfortress squadron at MacDill Field, Florida in 1948, the squadron began upgrading to the new Boeing B-50 Superfortress, an advanced version of the B-29, in 1950. The B-50 gave the unit the capability to carry heavy loads of conventional weapons faster and farther; it was also designed for atomic bomb missions if necessary."}, {"context": " The squadron began receiving the first production models of the new Boeing B-47 Stratojet jet bomber in 1951 and despite initial difficulties, the Stratojet became the mainstay of the medium-bombing strength of SAC all throughout the 1950s. It began sending its B-47s to Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in 1963 when the aircraft was deemed no longer capable of penetrating Soviet airspace. The 368th was not operational from 3 January through 1 April 1963."}, {"context": " The Air Force had begun training certain civil engineering skills at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri in the 1970s. After 1992, additional Air Force training in emergency management and ground transportation was moved to Fort Leonard Wood as well, with Detachment 1, 364th Training Squadron acting as the manager for this training. Eventually, the detachment became the largest in the Air Force, and in early 2018 Air Education and Training Command decided to expand the detachment and replace it with a full squadron. The squadron was redesignated the 368th Training Squadron and absorbed the personnel and equipment of the detachment in a ceremony on 17 October 2018."}]}, {"title": "Battle of Pierres Noires", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Battle of Pierres Noires was a naval action that occurred during the Allied Operation Dredger, involving several Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) destroyers and a German \"Kriegsmarine\" U-boat with escorts near Brest, France. The RCN force managed to sink or damage some of the escorts on the surface, but the U-boat was able to escape. The port of Brest had been an important German U-boat base since the Fall of France, and its capture was one of the objectives of Operation Overlord. With the increasing effectiveness of the Allied anti-submarine campaign however it often became essential for any U-boat departing the port to have surface escorts. The German \"Kriegsmarine\" would often employ \"Vorpostenboot\"-class escort trawlers to accomplish that task, and over time these boats developed a reputation among the Allied navies. On 5 July 1944 Escort Group 12 and Escort Group 14 were deployed to the vicinity of Brest as part of Operation Dredger; EG 12 (Consisting of the RCN River-class destroyers , , and ) was tasked with intercepting the ships escorting the U-boats, while EG 14 would patrol further offshore to intercept any U-boats that managed to escape."}, {"context": " departed Brest on 5 July 1944 under the protection of 4 \"Vorpostenboot\" escort trawlers. Escort Group 12, with HMCS \"Qu'Appelle\" as the lead boat, detected the German force on radar and set off in pursuit at 30 knots. The two sides engaged in the vicinity of the Pierres Noires lighthouse in the late evening. The darkness, combined with uncertainty of the size of the German force and the close range at which the ships engaged each other nullified some of the advantage in speed and armour enjoyed by EG 12, and \"U-741\" managed to escape. However, despite inflicting some damage to all of the Canadian vessels, the \"Vorpostenboot\" \"V-715\" was sunk, another was heavily damaged, and the remainder withdrew to Brest. EG 12 withdrew to Portsmouth for repairs.  Operation Dredger would continue with further Allied naval infiltration into the Bay of Biscay, engaging the U-boats and their escorts in their home waters. \"U-741\" was sunk in the English Channel on 15 August, a few days after American forces began to lay siege to Brest. The last U-boat departed on 4 September, just before the Americans took control of the city on 19 September . HMCS \"Skeena\" would be lost in a storm off Iceland on 25 October, the only ship from EG 12 not to survive the war."}]}, {"title": "1855 in Ireland", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Events from the year 1855 in Ireland."}]}, {"title": "Fury: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Fury: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the original soundtrack of the 2014 film \"Fury\", composed by Steven Price. On November 19, 2013 composer Steven Price signed on to score the film. Var\u00e8se Sarabande revealed the details of the soundtrack album of the film on September 16, and released the original soundtrack album for the film on October 14, 2014."}]}, {"title": "List of windmills in Massachusetts", "paragraphs": [{"context": " This is a list of traditional windmills in the American state of Massachusetts. Known building dates are in bold text. Non-bold text denotes first known date. Iron windpumps are outside the scope of this list unless listed on the National Register of Historic Places."}]}, {"title": "Terry Robiskie", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Terrance Joseph \"Terry\" Robiskie (born November 12, 1954) is an American football coach and former player who is the wide receivers coach of the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He has also served as an assistant coach for the Tennessee Titans, Atlanta Falcons, Miami Dolphins, Cleveland Browns, Washington Redskins, and Los Angeles Raiders. Robiskie was born in New Orleans and was raised in Lucy, Louisiana, a city west of New Orleans. He attended Second Ward High School in Edgard, Louisiana, where he was a star quarterback. After high school, he went to Louisiana State University, where he was converted to a running back for LSU's football team. During his senior year, in 1976, he was a first-team All-SEC running back. He was the first LSU running back to run for over 200 yards in a single game, gaining 214 yards in 30 attempts against Rice University in 1976. He was also the first LSU running back to run for over 1,000 yards in a season (1976), and the first LSU running back to run for over 2,500 yards in a career (1973\u201376)."}, {"context": " Robiskie was drafted in the eighth round by the Oakland Raiders. He spent five years in the NFL as a running back with the Raiders (1977\u201379) and the Miami Dolphins (1980\u201381), while playing for acclaimed coaches John Madden, Tom Flores, and Don Shula. He was a role player, gaining only 553 yards for 5 touchdowns in five seasons before injury forced his retirement. Robiskie entered the coaching profession with the Los Angeles Raiders in 1982 as the assistant running backs coach where he tutored Marcus Allen to two Pro Bowls and two 1,000-yard seasons. Robiskie was the assistant special teams coach for the Raiders from 1985\u201387, and he tutored tight ends in 1988."}, {"context": " Robiskie was the offensive coordinator for the Raiders from 1989-93. In 1990, the Raiders ranked 9th in the NFL with 126.8 yards rushing per game and quarterback Jay Schroeder ranked 6th in the NFL with a 90.8 QB rating. In 1992, the Raiders ranked 11th in the NFL with 112.1 yards rushing. In 1993, Oakland ranked 5th in the NFL in passing and 13th in total offense as Robiskie helped quarterback Jeff Hostetler pass for 3,242 yards and 14 touchdowns. Robiskie\u2019s 12 years with the Raiders included seven playoff stints, four division titles, and a 38-9 victory over the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XVIII."}, {"context": " Robiskie spent the next seven years with the Washington Redskins as an offensive assistant coaching receivers. He began the 2000 season as passing game coordinator in Washington and helped the Redskins rank fifth in the NFC in total offense (337.3 yards per game) and passing (228.0 yards per game). He helped running back Stephen Davis total 1,318 yards and 11 touchdowns on 332 attempts, including five 100-yard outings. He concluded the 2000 season as the Redskins head coach for the final three games of the regular season following the departure of Norv Turner. Robiskie\u2019s record as head coach was 1-2, including a 20-3 win over Arizona on December 24."}, {"context": " Robiskie joined the Browns in 2001 as wide receivers coach and held that role through 2003. In 2004, he was named offensive coordinator, but late in the season was named interim head coach replacing Butch Davis, who resigned under fire for producing the lowest offensive yards, lowest points scored, and most turnovers in the league. His record was 1-4 in the interim role. Robiskie interviewed as permanent head coach, but that job went to Romeo Crennel. Robiskie then openly campaigned to remain as an assistant due to the fact that he garnered no attention from any teams and was named wide receivers coach in February 2005. Robiskie was fired in January 2007."}, {"context": " Shortly after being fired by the Browns, Robiskie was hired as an assistant coach for the Miami Dolphins. His new assignment with the Dolphins was wide receivers coach. Robiskie was on the same Washington Redskins staff as former Dolphins head coach Cam Cameron from 1994 to 1996. On January 26, 2008, Robiskie was hired by the Atlanta Falcons to be their wide receivers coach. He served in that capacity for eight seasons and was considered influential in the development of homegrown stars Julio Jones and Roddy White into legitimate offensive targets for Matt Ryan. Robiskie's contract with the Falcons was not renewed after the 2015 season.  On January 18, 2016, Robiskie was hired by the Tennessee Titans as the team's offensive coordinator. His contract with the Titans wasn't renewed following the 2017 season. On February 14, 2018, Robiskie was hired by the Buffalo Bills as the team's wide receivers coach. Robiskie and his wife, Cynthia, have 3 sons, Brian, Andrew, and Kyle. Brian was a wide receiver and Andrew was a center."}]}, {"title": "AACTA International Award for Best Supporting Actress", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The AACTA International Award for Best Supporting Actress is an accolade given by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA), a non-profit organisation whose aim is to \"identify, award, promote and celebrate Australia's greatest achievements in film and television.\" The award is presented at the annual AACTA International Awards, which rewards achievements in feature films, regardless of the country the film was made. The winners and nominees are determined by the international chapter of the Academy, which comprises eighty members of Australian filmmakers and executives. It was first handed out by the Academy in 2013 (for films released in 2012) as a discretionary prize, with Jacki Weaver being the first recipient.  In the following table, the years listed correspond to the year of film release; the ceremonies are held the following year. The actress in bold and in dark blue background have received a special award; those in bold and in yellow background have won a regular competitive award. Those that are neither highlighted nor in bold are the nominees. When sorted chronologically, the table always lists the winning actress first and then the other nominees."}]}, {"title": "Julia (wife of Marius)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Julia (c. 130 BC \u2013 69 BC) was a daughter of Gaius Julius Caesar II (praetor-grandfather of Caesar) and Marcia (daughter of praetor Quintus Marcius Rex). She was a sister of Gaius Julius Caesar III (the father of Julius Caesar) and Sextus Julius Caesar III, consul in 91 BC. At about 110 BC she married Gaius Marius; as a result, she is sometimes referred to as Julia Maria. They had a son, Gaius Marius the Younger. According to Plutarch, it was by marrying her, a patrician woman, that the upstart Marius got the snobbish attention of the Roman Senate and launched his political career. Julia is remembered as a virtuous woman devoted to her husband and their only child. Her reputation alone permitted her to keep her status, even after Sulla's persecutions against Marius himself and his allies.  Julia died in 69 BC and received a devoted funeral eulogy from her nephew Julius Caesar."}]}, {"title": "Svi\u0301noy", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sv\u00ednoy () is an island located in the north-east of the Faroe Islands, to the east of Bor\u00f0oy and Vi\u00f0oy. It takes its name from Old Norse, Sv\u00edney, meaning \"Swine Isle\". Svinoy also refers to a section of the ocean where North Atlantic water flows into the Norwegian Sea. There is a similarly named island, Swona, in the Orkney Islands. Sv\u00ednoy like Kalsoy is a comparatively isolated island, in that there are no bridge, tunnel or causeway links to it. There are boat and helicopter connections. Sv\u00ednoy is divided into two unequally sized peninsulas. The coast is mostly steep slopes and cliffs, including the precipice of Eysturh\u00f8vdi on the north coast. It has only one settlement, also named Sv\u00ednoy, where all the inhabitants live.  The coastline of the island has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because of its significance as a breeding site for seabirds, especially European storm petrels (25,000 pairs), Atlantic puffins (10,000 pairs) and black guillemots (100 pairs). There are seven mountains on Sv\u00ednoy:"}]}, {"title": "Henry C. Ma", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Henry C. Ma () served as the Chief Commissioner of the Scout Association of Hong Kong. Ma was active in Scouting both before and after World War II. Ma used market research and project management to gather feedback, build consensus, disseminate objectives and drive initiatives. He authorized a management survey conducted by J. Plaridel Silvestre, Regional Commissioner of the Asia Pacific office of the World Scout Bureau in 1975, which resulted in reforms of the Scout organization. Ma was particularly fond of project management was only emerging in the late 1960s. A list in 1975 contained twenty complicated and multi-faceted projects covering facilities, Scout Groups, leaders, youth training, staffing, funding, and even the future.  In 1980, Ma was awarded the 143rd \"Bronze Wolf\", the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting."}]}, {"title": "Gender Studies and Human Rights Documentation Centre", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Gender Studies and Human Rights Documentation Centre (Gender Centre) is a non-profit, non-governmental organization that strives to address the issues of gender inequality in Ghana. Based in Accra, Ghana, the Gender Centre has conducted studies on issues ranging from sexual and psychological violence against school girls to the ways in which social norms lead women to have a higher risk of HIV infection than men. The Centre works with local, national, and international organizations in its work towards addressing the problems facing women in Ghanaian society. The Gender Centre conducts research to provide both quantitative and qualitative data that will lead to new laws, fresh outlooks, and community discussions concerning women in this region of the world."}, {"context": " Dorcas Coker-Appiah is the executive director of the Gender Centre. The Gender Studies and Human Rights Documentation Centre was founded in 1995. Since that time it has conducted numerous studies and published its findings in two books, \"Violence Against Women & Children In Ghana\" and \"Gender Norms, Violence Against Women, HIV/AIDS, a Case Study In Ghana.\" The Gender Centre publishes its research, as well as manuals, a semiannual newsletter, and an annual report, for other organizations and individuals to use in striving to combat women's inequality."}, {"context": " The Gender Centre successfully conducted the Nkyinkyim Anti-Violence Project, which began in 1998 and continues today. The project aims to abolish violence against women through conducting community-based research and pursuing a grassroots approach in which meetings with traditional leaders, religious leaders, and community members lead to local teams responsible for raising awareness, dealing with domestic violence crises, and counseling women who have been victims of violence. The project initially began with 3 communities and expanded in 2005 to include a total of 18 communities around Ghana."}, {"context": " The Safe Schools Project, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) endeavors to address the pressing issue of sexual, physical, and psychological abuse of schoolgirls in Ghana. Over the course of two years the Gender Centre trained 120 counselors from thirty communities in the Central Region of Ghana to provide effective counseling to victimized school girls and to prevent further abuse by teachers and peers. The Gender Centre's most recent work concerns women's susceptibility to contracting HIV due to certain social norms and gender roles that exist in Ghanaian society. For this qualitative research project, interviewers were trained to ask probing questions and used tape recorders in order to encourage conversation flow with the anonymous interviewees. The final report, published by the Gender Centre, is meant to complement empirical evidence already existing about the rate of HIV/AIDS in West Africa. The Ghanaian government has adopted the popular ABCs of HIV prevention (abstinence, be faithful, use a condom), but the research by the Gender Centre shows that gender norms and domestic violence make this approach to combating the spread of HIV somewhat ineffective. Women in Ghana are traditionally sexually submissive, meaning that they are not always able to deny their male partners sex or insist on condom use. Men, on the other hand, are often free to take multiple sexual partners and even multiple wives. The practice of wife inheritance in which a widow will marry her deceased husband's relative can promote the spread of HIV as well, since the woman may have the virus herself or can contract it from her new husband's other wives or partners. Additionally, the social stigmatization faced by women already infected discourages them from revealing their positive status, putting others at risk for contracting the disease. After this initial research, the Gender Centre has been conducting meetings and workshops to raise awareness about how such social norms are putting women at a higher risk for contracting HIV. The Center endeavors to reverse these detrimental gender norms by holding support meetings in major cities all over the country and by running a series of radio shows about women's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS conducted in the local languages of Twi, Ewe, and Wale, as well as English."}, {"context": " The Gender Centre has collaborated with other organizations and agencies as it works to promote awareness about the issues facing women in Ghana today. The Centre has most recently worked with the Department for International Development (DFID), Rural Watch, Academy for Educational Development (AED), Bawku East Women's Development Association (BEWDA), The Centre for the Development for People (CEDEP), Amasachina Self Help Association, and the General Agricultural Workers Union (GAWU) of the Ghana Trades Union Congress (TUC).  The Gender Centre has published three works of research and analysis, \"Breaking the Silence & Challenging the Myths of Violence Against Women & Children in Ghana: Report of a National Study on Violence\" edited by Dorcas Coker-Appiah and Kathy Cusack, \"Gender Norms, Domestic Violence and Women's Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS\", and its most recent work, officially launched on 4 May 2010, \"The Architecture for Violence Against Women in Ghana\" edited by Kathy Cusack and Takyiwaa Manuh."}]}, {"title": "The Body Acoustic", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Body Acoustic is a compilation album released by American singer Cyndi Lauper in 2005. It consists of ten previously released tracks which have been re-recorded and re-arranged acoustically, as well as two new songs. The album title is a play on Walt Whitman's poem \"I Sing the Body Electric\", with the word \"body\" in this case referring to Lauper's body of work as a recording artist. The album features a number of guest artists, including Adam Lazzara, Shaggy, Sarah McLachlan, Jeff Beck, Vivian Green, Ani DiFranco, and Puffy AmiYumi.  The original pressing of the album became the only album from Cyndi Lauper to be copy-protected using Sony's controversial XCP technology. A DualDisc edition of the album was released which contained the entire album in enhanced stereo, four new videos directed by Lauper herself as well as a behind-the-scenes featurette on the making of the album. Tracks 5 and 6 are new songs, recorded specially for this album."}]}, {"title": "Joa\u0303o Aguiar (swimmer)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Jo\u00e3o Paquete Aguiar (born September 8, 1983) is an Angolan swimmer, who specialized in sprint freestyle events. He represented Angola, as a 17-year-old, at the 2000 Summer Olympics, and held numerous Angolan titles and meet records in the 50 m freestyle, while playing for August 1 Swimming Club in Luanda. Aguiar competed only in the men's 50 m freestyle at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. He received a ticket from FINA, under a Universality program, in an entry time of 24.00. He challenged seven other swimmers in heat three, including two-time Olympians Howard Hinds of the Netherlands Antilles and Emin Guliyev of Azerbaijan. He rounded out the field to last place in 25.70, just 1.7 seconds below his entry standard, and 1.98 behind leader Esteb\u00e1n Blanco of Costa Rica. Aguiar failed to advance into the semifinals, as he placed sixty-third overall in the prelims. He is currently a swimming advisor at Luanda International School. He regularly coaches MiniLiga swim meets."}]}, {"title": "Single-minded Dandelion", "paragraphs": [{"context": " TV Novel: Single-minded Dandelion () is a 2014 South Korean morning soap opera starring Kim Ga-eun, Hong In-young, Yoon Sun-woo and Jeon Seung-bin. It aired on KBS2 from August 25, 2014 to February 27, 2015 on Mondays to Fridays at 09:00 for 134 episodes. During the 1960s and 1970s, two sisters work at a flour mill and experience life and love."}]}, {"title": "Gabriel Ynoa", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Gabriel Ynoa G\u00f3mez (born May 26, 1993) is a Dominican professional baseball pitcher in the Baltimore Orioles organization. He previously played for the New York Mets. Ynoa signed with the New York Mets as an international free agent in November 2009. He made his professional debut that season with the Dominican Summer League Mets. Pitching for the Savannah Sand Gnats in 2013, Ynoa was named the South Atlantic League Pitcher of the Year, after winning 15 games and recording a 2.72 earned run average (ERA). Ynoa started 2014 with the St. Lucie Mets and was promoted to the Double-A Binghamton Mets during the season."}, {"context": " Ynoa was called up to the major leagues for the first time on August 13, 2016. That night, he pitched a perfect 11th inning against the San Diego Padres at Citi Field to record a win in his major league debut. On February 10, 2017, Ynoa was traded to the Baltimore Orioles for cash considerations. Ynoa made his debut with the Orioles on May 5 after being brought in from the bullpen in the first inning after Orioles' starter Wade Miley left the game with a wrist contusion. Ynoa threw six scoreless innings, allowing six hits while striking out five batters. It was Ynoa's longest career outing. He earned the victory in a 4-2 Orioles win. He missed the entire 2018 season with a right shin stress reaction. He was outrighted on November 1, then signed a minor league deal for the 2019 season."}]}, {"title": "Buc\u030ckovic\u0301i na Bezujanci", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Bu\u010dkovi\u0107i na Bezujanci (Cyrillic: \u0411\u0443\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u045b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u0435\u0437\u0443\u0458\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438) is a village in the municipality of \u010cajni\u010de, Bosnia and Herzegovina."}]}, {"title": "John W. Berry", "paragraphs": [{"context": " John W. Berry is a Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Queen's University. He can be seen as one of the main establishers of the field of acculturation psychology. Berry has been described as a person that \"has led, if not defined, contemporary approaches to acculturation.\" He attended Sir George Williams University in Montreal from which he obtained a B.A. in 1963. He then undertook graduate work at the University of Edinburgh from which he obtained a PhD in 1966. He was a faculty member for most of his career at Queen's University from which he is now an emeritus professor. He has held visiting appointments at many institutions including the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study and the National Research University Higher School of Economics, in Russia.  One of his well-known theories is the four-fold model of acculturation strategies, involving the strategies of Assimilation, Separation, Integration and Marginalization. According to Google Scholar, his work has been cited over 70,000 times."}]}, {"title": "BK Havli\u0301c\u030cku\u030av Brod", "paragraphs": [{"context": " BK Havl\u00ed\u010dk\u016fv Brod (until 2015 known as HC Rebel Havl\u00ed\u010dk\u016fv Brod) is an ice hockey team in Havl\u00ed\u010dk\u016fv Brod, Czech Republic. Until the 2014-15 season, the club played in the Czech 1. Liga, however, the team was relegated to the Czech 2. liga at the end of the season. The club was founded in 1928."}]}, {"title": "List of works by Averroes", "paragraphs": [{"context": " According to a chronology over Averroes\u2019 writings by Joseph Kenny OP, Averroes first writings date from his age of 31 (year 1157). The following is a bibliography of Averroes' works. Tal\u1e2b\u012b\u1e63 kit\u0101b \u02beAris\u1e6d\u016b f\u012b l-man\u1e6diq \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u064a\u0633\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642"}]}, {"title": "Robin Cook", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Robert Finlayson Cook (28 February 1946 \u2013 6 August 2005) was a British Labour Party politician, who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Livingston from 1983 until his death, and served in the Cabinet as Foreign Secretary from 1997 until 2001, when he was replaced by Jack Straw. He studied at the University of Edinburgh before being elected as the Member of Parliament for Edinburgh Central in 1974. In Parliament he was known for his debating ability and rapidly rose through the political ranks and ultimately into the Cabinet. As Foreign Secretary, he oversaw British interventions in Kosovo and Sierra Leone."}, {"context": " He resigned from his positions as Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons on 17 March 2003 in protest against the invasion of Iraq. At the time of his death, he was President of the Foreign Policy Centre and a Vice-President of the America All Party Parliamentary Group and the Global Security and Non-Proliferation All Party Parliamentary Group. Robin Cook was born in the County Hospital, Bellshill, Scotland, the only son of Peter and Christina Cook (n\u00e9e Lynch) (29 May 1912 \u2013 20 March 2003). His father was a Chemistry teacher who grew up in Fraserburgh, and his grandfather was a miner before being blacklisted for being involved in a strike."}, {"context": " Cook was educated at Aberdeen Grammar School and, from 1960, the Royal High School in Edinburgh. At first, Cook intended to become a Church of Scotland minister, but lost his faith as he discovered politics. He joined the Labour Party in 1965 and became an atheist. He remained so for the rest of his life. He then studied English Literature at the University of Edinburgh, where he obtained an undergraduate MA with Honours in English Literature. He began studying for a PhD on Charles Dickens and Victorian serial novels, supervised by John Sutherland, but gave it up in 1970."}, {"context": " In 1971, after a period working as a secondary school teacher, Cook became a tutor-organiser of the Workers' Educational Association for Lothian, and a local councillor in Edinburgh. He gave up both posts when he was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) on his twenty-eighth birthday, in February 1974. Cook unsuccessfully contested the Edinburgh North constituency at the 1970 general election, but was elected to the House of Commons at the February 1974 general election as Member of Parliament for Edinburgh Central, defeating George Foulkes for nomination. When the constituency boundaries were revised for the 1983 general election, he transferred to the new Livingston constituency after Tony Benn declined to run for the seat. Cook represented Livingston until his death."}, {"context": " In parliament, Cook joined the left-wing Tribune Group of the Parliamentary Labour Party and frequently opposed the policies of the Wilson and Callaghan governments. He was an early supporter of constitutional and electoral reform (although he opposed devolution in the 1979 referendum, eventually coming out in favour on election night in 1983) and of efforts to increase the number of female MPs. He also supported unilateral nuclear disarmament and the abandoning of the Labour Party's euroscepticism of the 1970s and 1980s. During his early years in parliament, Cook championed several liberalising social measures, to mixed effect. He repeatedly (and unsuccessfully) introduced a private member's bill on divorce reform in Scotland, but succeeded in July 1980\u2014and after three years' trying\u2014with an amendment to bring the Scottish law on homosexuality into line with that in England."}, {"context": " After Labour were defeated at the general election in May 1979, Cook supported Michael Foot's leadership bid and joined his campaign committee. When Tony Benn challenged Denis Healey for the party's deputy leadership in September 1981, Cook supported Healey. Cook became known as a brilliant parliamentary debater, and rose through the party ranks, becoming a frontbench spokesman in 1980, and reaching the Shadow Cabinet in June 1983, as spokesperson on European affairs. He was campaign manager for Neil Kinnock's successful 1983 bid to become leader of the Labour Party. A year later he was made party campaign co-ordinator but in October 1986 Cook was surprisingly voted out of the shadow cabinet. He was re-elected in July 1987 and in October 1988 elected to Labour's National Executive Committee. He was one of the key figures in the modernisation of the Labour Party under Kinnock. He was Shadow Health Secretary (1987\u201392) and Shadow Trade Secretary (1992\u201394), before taking on foreign affairs in 1994, the post he would become most identified with (Shadow Foreign Secretary 1994\u201397, Foreign Secretary 1997\u20132001)."}, {"context": " In 1994, following the death of John Smith, he ruled himself out of contention for the Labour leadership, apparently on the grounds that he was \"insufficiently attractive\" to be an election winner, although two close family bereavements in the week in which the decision had to be made may have contributed. On 26 February 1996, following the publication of the Scott Report into the 'Arms-to-Iraq' affair, he made a speech in response to the then President of the Board of Trade Ian Lang in which he said \"this is not just a Government which does not know how to accept blame; it is a Government which knows no shame\". His parliamentary performance on the occasion of the publication of the five-volume, 2,000-page Scott Report\u2014which he claimed he was given just two hours to read before the relevant debate, thus giving him three seconds to read every page\u2014was widely praised on both sides of the House as one of the best performances the Commons had seen in years, and one of Cook's finest hours. The government won the vote by a majority of one."}, {"context": " As Joint Chairman (alongside Liberal Democrat MP Robert Maclennan) of the Labour-Liberal Democrat Joint Consultative Committee on Constitutional Reform, Cook brokered the 'Cook-Maclennan Agreement' that laid the basis for the fundamental reshaping of the British constitution outlined in Labour's 1997 General Election manifesto. This led to legislation for major reforms including Scottish and Welsh devolution, the Human Rights Act and removing the majority of hereditary peers from the House of Lords. Other measures have not been enacted so far, such as further House of Lords reform. On 5 May 2011 the United Kingdom held a referendum on replacing the first-past-the-post voting system with the Alternative Vote method. On 6 May it was announced that the proposed move to the AV voting system had been rejected by a margin of 67.9% to 32.1%."}, {"context": " With the election of a Labour government led by Tony Blair at the 1997 general election, Cook became Foreign Secretary. He was believed to have coveted the job of Chancellor of the Exchequer, but that job was reportedly promised by Tony Blair to Gordon Brown. He announced, to much scepticism, his intention to add \"an ethical dimension\" to foreign policy. His term as Foreign Secretary was marked by British interventions in Kosovo and Sierra Leone. Both of these were controversial, the former because it was not sanctioned by the UN Security Council, and the latter because of allegations that the British company Sandline International had supplied arms to supporters of the deposed president in contravention of a United Nations embargo. Cook was also embarrassed when his apparent offer to mediate in the dispute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir was rebuffed. The ethical dimension of his policies was subject to inevitable scrutiny, leading to criticism at times."}, {"context": " Cook was responsible for achieving the agreement between Britain and Iran that ended the Iranian death threat against author Salman Rushdie, allowing both nations to normalize diplomatic relations. He is also credited with having helped resolve the eight-year impasse over the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial by getting Libya to agree to hand over the two accused (Megrahi and Fhimah) in 1999, for trial in the Netherlands according to Scots law. In March 1998, a diplomatic rift ensued with Israel when Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu cancelled a dinner with Cook, while Cook was visiting Israel and had demonstrated opposition to the expansion of Israeli settlements."}, {"context": " Although a republican, he and the Queen were on excellent terms, due to their mutual interest in horses. After the 2001 general election he was moved, against his wishes, from the Foreign Office to be Leader of the House of Commons. This was widely seen as a demotion\u2014although it is a Cabinet post, it is substantially less prestigious than the Foreign Office\u2014and Cook nearly turned it down. In the event he accepted, and looking on the bright side welcomed the chance to spend more time on his favourite stage. According to \"The Observer\", it was Blair's fears over political battles within the Cabinet over Europe, and especially the euro, which saw him demote the pro-European Cook."}, {"context": " As Leader of the House he was responsible for reforming the hours and practices of the Commons and for leading the debate on reform of the House of Lords. He also spoke for the Government during the controversy surrounding the membership of Commons Select Committees which arose in 2001, where Government whips were accused of pushing aside the outspoken committee chairs Gwyneth Dunwoody and Donald Anderson. He was President of the Party of European Socialists from May 2001 to April 2004. In early 2003, during a television appearance on BBC's debating series \"Question Time\", he was inadvertently referred to as \"Robin Cock\" by David Dimbleby. Cook responded with good humour with \"Yes, David Bumblebee\", and Dimbleby apologised twice on air for his slip. The episode also saw Cook in the uncomfortable position of defending the Government's stance over the impending invasion of Iraq, weeks before his resignation over the issue."}, {"context": " He documented his time as Leader of the House of Commons in a widely acclaimed memoir \"The Point of Departure\", which discussed in diary form his efforts to reform the House of Lords and to persuade his ministerial colleagues, including Tony Blair, to distance the Labour Government from the foreign policy of the Bush administration. The former political editor of \"Channel 4 News\", Elinor Goodman called the book 'the best insight yet into the workings of the Blair cabinet', the former editor of \"The Observer\", Will Hutton, called it \"the political book of the year\u2014a lucid and compelling insider's account of the two years that define the Blair Prime Ministership\"."}, {"context": " In early 2003 he was reported to be one of the cabinet's chief opponents of military action against Iraq, and on 17 March he resigned from the Cabinet. In a statement giving his reasons for resigning he said, \"I can't accept collective responsibility for the decision to commit Britain now to military action in Iraq without international agreement or domestic support.\" He also praised Blair's \"heroic efforts\" in pushing for the so-called second resolution regarding the Iraq disarmament crisis, but lamented \"The reality is that Britain is being asked to embark on a war without agreement in any of the international bodies of which we are a leading partner\u2014not NATO, not the European Union and, now, not the Security Council\". Cook's resignation speech in the House of Commons received an unprecedented standing ovation by fellow MPs, and was described by the BBC's Andrew Marr as \"without doubt one of the most effective, brilliant resignation speeches in modern British politics.\" Most unusually for the British parliament, Cook's speech was met with growing applause from all sides of the House and from the public gallery. According to \"The Economist\"s obituary, that was the first speech ever to receive a standing ovation in the history of the House."}, {"context": " After his 2003 resignation from the Cabinet, Cook remained an active backbench Member of Parliament until his death. After leaving the Government, Cook was a leading analyst of the decision to go to war in Iraq, giving evidence to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee which was later relevant during the Hutton and Butler inquiries. He was sceptical of the proposals contained in the Government's Higher Education Bill, and abstained on its Second Reading. He also took strong positions in favour of both the proposed European Constitution, and the reform of the House of Lords to create a majority-elected second chamber, about which he said (while he was Leader of the Commons), \"I do not see how [the House of Lords] can be a democratic second Chamber if it is also an election-free zone\"."}, {"context": " In the years after his exit from the Foreign Office, and particularly following his resignation from the Cabinet, Cook made up with Gordon Brown after decades of personal animosity \u2014 an unlikely reconciliation after a mediation attempt by Frank Dobson in the early 1990s had seen Dobson conclude (to John Smith) \"You're right. They hate each other.\" Cook and Brown focused on their common political ground, discussing how to firmly entrench progressive politics after the exit of Tony Blair. Chris Smith said in 2005 that in recent years Cook had been setting out a vision of \"libertarian, democratic socialism that was beginning to break the sometimes sterile boundaries of 'old' and 'New' Labour labels\". With Blair's popularity waning, Cook campaigned vigorously in the run-up to the 2005 general election to persuade Labour doubters to remain with the party."}, {"context": " In a column for the \"Guardian\" four weeks before his death, Cook caused a stir when he described Al-Qaeda as a product of a western intelligence: Some commentators and senior politicians said that Cook seemed destined for a senior Cabinet post under a Brown premiership. His first wife was Margaret Katherine Whitmore, from Somerset, whom he met at Edinburgh University. They married on 15 September 1969 at St Alban's Church, Westbury Park, Bristol and had two sons. Shortly after he became Foreign Secretary, Cook ended his relationship with Margaret, revealing that he was having an extra-marital affair with one of his staff, Gaynor Regan. He announced his intentions to leave his wife via a press statement made at Heathrow on 2 August 1997. Cook was forced into a decision over his private life after a telephone conversation with Alastair Campbell as he was about to go on holiday with his first wife. Campbell explained that the press was about to break the story of his affair with Regan. His estranged wife subsequently accused him of having had several extramarital affairs and alleged he had a habit of drinking heavily."}, {"context": " Cook married Regan in Tunbridge Wells, Kent on 9 April 1998, four weeks after his divorce was finalised. Introduced to horse racing by his first wife, Cook was a racing tipster in his spare time. Between 1991 and 1998 Cook wrote a weekly tipster's column for Glasgow's \"Herald\" newspaper, a post in which he was succeeded by Alex Salmond. In early August 2005, Cook and his wife, Gaynor, took a two-week holiday in the Highlands of Scotland. At around 2:20\u00a0pm on 6 August 2005, while he walked down Ben Stack in Sutherland, Cook suddenly suffered a severe heart attack, collapsed, lost consciousness and fell about down a ridge. He was assisted after his fall by another hill-walker who refused all publicity and was granted anonymity. A helicopter containing paramedics arrived 30 minutes after a 999 call was made. Cook then was flown to Raigmore Hospital, Inverness. Gaynor did not get in the helicopter, and walked down the mountain. Despite efforts made by the medical team to revive Cook in the helicopter, he was already beyond recovery, and at 4:05pm, minutes after arrival at the hospital, was pronounced dead. Two days later, a post mortem examination found that Cook had died of hypertensive heart disease."}, {"context": " A funeral was held on 12 August 2005, at St Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh, even though Cook had been an atheist. Gordon Brown gave the eulogy, and German foreign minister Joschka Fischer was one of the guests. British Prime Minister Tony Blair, who was on holiday at the time, did not attend. A later memorial service at St Margaret's Church, Westminster, on 5 December 2005, included a reading by Tony Blair and tributes by Gordon Brown and Madeleine Albright. On 29 September 2005, Cook's friend and election agent since 1983, Jim Devine, won the resulting by-election with a reduced majority.  In January 2007, a headstone was erected in the Grange Cemetery, Edinburgh, where Cook is buried, bearing the epitaph: \"I may not have succeeded in halting the war, but I did secure the right of parliament to decide on war.\" It is a reference to Cook's strong opposition to the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the words were reportedly chosen by his widow and two sons from his previous marriage. Articles"}]}, {"title": "300 North LaSalle", "paragraphs": [{"context": " 300 North LaSalle is a 60-story mixed-use building, constructed from 2006 to 2009, located on the north bank of the Chicago River on the Near North Side community area of Chicago, Illinois, United States. The building contains 1.3 million square feet (121,770 square meters) of space to include offices, retail shops, restaurants and public spaces, as well as three levels of underground parking. Due to its location on the north bank of the Chicago River, the building features a half-acre sunlit waterfront public garden with direct access to the river's edge. The structural steel was fabricated and erected by Cives Steel Co. and detailed by Maine Detailers, a division of Cives Steel Co."}, {"context": " 300 North LaSalle achieved Platinum certification under the U.S. Green Building Council\u2019s LEED for Existing Buildings (EB) category, the highest rating possible. The tower previously received Gold certification under the LEED for Core & Shell (CS) Rating System. The building was sold from the Hines companies in 2010, to KBS REIT II, Inc. and then again to The Irvine Company in 2014. As of July 29, 2010, the building was 93% leased to 24 tenants. Kirkland & Ellis, Chicago's biggest law firm, is the anchor tenant and leases floors in the low-rise and mid-rise sections of the building. Other tenants include the management consulting firm Boston Consulting Group, private equity firm GTCR, investment banks Lazard, Moelis & Company and Sagent Advisors, the restructuring and consulting firm AlixPartners, and the corporate law firm Quarles & Brady LLP."}]}, {"title": "Mauro Carbone", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Mauro Carbone (Mantua, 8 December 1956) is an Italian philosopher. Since 2009, he has been a full professor at the Facult\u00e9 de Philosophie of the Jean Moulin University Lyon 3 in Lyon, France. Since 2012, he has been a senior member of the Institut Universitaire de France. After studying at the University of Bologna and the University of Padua, Carbone received his PhD in 1990 at the \"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de Philosophie\" of the Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, Belgium, with a dissertation entitled \"\u00c0 partir de C\u00e9zanne et de Proust. La philosophie de l'expression de Maurice Merleau-Ponty\" [Moving from C\u00e9zanne and from Proust: Maurice Merleau-Ponty\u2019s philosophy of expression], awarded by the Royal Academy of Belgium. In 1993 he became a lecturer at the University of Milan, Italy, where in 2001 he was nominated associate professor of aesthetics. Three years later he inaugurated the chair of contemporary aesthetics, which he held until 2009."}, {"context": " Carbone is the founder of the journal \"Chiasmi International. Trilingual Studies concerning Merleau-Ponty\u2019s Thought\", which he co-directed since its foundation in 1999. He has been visiting professor in France, in Mexico, at The New School for Social Research of New York (2007), at the Beida Peking University (2009) and at the Chinese University of Hong Kong (2010). During the Spring Semester 2005 he has been fellow of the Italian Academy for Advances Studies at Columbia University in New York and during the Spring Semester 2011 he was a distinguished visiting international scholar at the University of Rhode Island."}, {"context": " In 2005 he wrote, in collaboration with Paolo Bignamini, \"Condannati alla libert\u00e0\" [Condemned to freedom], a theatrical adaptation of Jean-Paul Sartre's novel \"The Age of Reason\", which was staged that same year. Between 1998 and 2000 he was a member of the Board of Directors of the International Symposium on Phenomenology, and from 2008 to 2010 he co-founded and co-directed the ENCFP (European Network in Contemporary French Philosophy) together with Miguel de Beistegui, University of Warwick (UK), Arnold Davidson, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Pisa (Italy) and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Worms, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure (France)."}, {"context": " Since 2002 Carbone has been the director of the Italian book series \"L\u2019occhio e lo spirito. Estetica, fenomenologia, testi plurilingui\" and co-director of the French book series \"L\u2019\u0153il et l\u2019esprit. Esth\u00e9tique, ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologie, textes plurilingues\" for the publishing house Mimesis. He is currently the director of the Master Program in Aesthetics and Visual Cultures at the philosophy faculty at the Jean Moulin University Lyon 3, France. Carbone initially focused his research on the phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, specifically the intersection of perceptive and artistic experiences through the examination of Merleau-Ponty's parallel interest in the pictorial work of Paul C\u00e9zanne and the literary work of Marcel Proust. His first work published in French, \"La visibilit\u00e9 de l\u2019invisible. Merleau-Ponty entre C\u00e9zanne et Proust\" (2001), was praised for its \"mosaic\" of voices - Franco Paracchini, in a review in \"Les \u00c9tudes philosophiques\", distinguished the voices of Merleau-Ponty, of Carbone, and later of Proust and C\u00e9zanne, and admired the overview of the landscape of Merleau-Ponty's thought created by Carbone."}, {"context": " Such a direction of study has broadened, at first, to a larger consideration of phenomenology, and, later on, to that of the post-structuralist thought developed in France, even if still remaining bound to the parallel interest towards the philosophical reflection on modern painting and literature. Such a widening has led Carbone\u2019s studies to facing gnoseological and ontological topics, pushing him to examine the traditional relationship between philosophy and \u201cnon-philosophy\u201d. More recently, such directions have turned out in a reflection on the peculiar status of images in our time, on the possible ethical and political implications of our relationship with them, and on the ontological dimension of the \u201cBeing in common\u201d that would find its expression in such implications. This reflection is currently devoted to examine the influence of screens \u2013 understood as optical apparatuses by now dominant \u2013 on our collective and personal individuation."}, {"context": " Mauro Carbone has edited, among other works, the Italian edition of four Merleau-Ponty writings (\"Il visibile e l\u2019invisibile\", Bompiani, Milano, 1993; \"Linguaggio Storia Natura. Corsi al Coll\u00e8ge de France\", 1952-1961, Bompiani, Milano, 1995; \"La natura. Lezioni al Coll\u00e8ge de France 1956-1960\", Milano, Raffaello Cortina, 1996, \"\u00c8 possible oggi la filosofia? Lezioni al Coll\u00e8ge de France\", 1958-1959 e 1960-1961, Milano, Raffaello Cortina, 2003, 20112), of a work by Jan Pato\u010dka \"Saggi eretici sulla filosofia della storia\" (Torino, Einaudi, 2008) and one by Ernst Cassirer, \"Eidos ed Eidolon. Il problema del bello e dell\u2019arte nei dialoghi di Platone\" (Milano, Raffaello Cortina, 1998, 20092)."}, {"context": " The main influence on Mauro Carbone\u2019s thought has been that of Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Carbone has developed in a theoretically personal way certain notions that the French philosopher only managed to sketch before his sudden death. Among these, the notion of \u201csensible idea\u201d stands out, meant as the becoming essence inaugurated in our encounter with the sensible, and from the sensible remaining inseparable, lying at work in a peculiar retroflected temporality that Carbone, along with Merleau-Ponty, calls \u201cmythical time\u201d."}, {"context": " Carbone's two volumes \"Ai confini dell'esprimibile. Merleau-Ponty a partire da C\u00e9zanne e da Proust\" (1990) and \"Una deformazione senza precedenti. Marcel Proust e le idee sensibili\" (2004) form a diptych devoted to the notion of \"sensible idea\". In the latter volume, Carbone synthesizes the philosophical implications of the above-mentioned notions in the original idea of \u201cunprecedented deformation\u201d, by which he means to characterize the peculiar status that, in his opinion, the deformation assumes in the art of the Twentieth Century in order to leave behind the mimetic principle of representation and thus the conception of model meant as a preliminary given form."}, {"context": " According to what Leonard Lawlor wrote in a review in \"Continental Philosophy Review\", \"\"An Unprecedented Deformation\" seems to open onto something like a meta- or super-philosophical level\". In other words, with this book, Carbone develops also a critical thought about the status of Philosophy itself, reconsidering the way we actually think. Later on, another notion began to connect to the above-mentioned ones, namely, that of mutual precession between imaginary and real, which Carbone proposed \u2013 by developing a Merleau-Pontian formulation \u2013 so as to account for the producing of the peculiar retroflected temporality called mythical time. Moreover, Carbone attempted to develop the ethical and political implications of the conception of memory connected to the idea of unprecedented deformation in his reflection on the event of 9/11. Carbone highlighted the irreducible visual feature of 9/11, and thus approached it from an aesthetic perspective. He also searched the ontological roots of such ethical and political implications in the thought of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jan Patocka, Gilbert Simondon and Gilles Deleuze, proposing the notions of \u201ca-individual\u201d and \u201cdividual\u201d so as to point out the intimate relational issue of any identity (and hence its becoming and its divisibility)."}]}, {"title": "Ben Stahl", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ben Stahl (1915\u20131998) was an American political activist of working class interests. After graduating from Central High School in 1932, he entered Temple University, studied briefly at Gratz College, and became a leader of the Young People's Socialist League before receiving his B.A. in History from Temple in 1936. Immediately after graduation he took a job as a teacher with the Works Progress Administration's Workers\u2019 Education Program. He joined the American Federation of Teachers and became the secretary of his local before the age of 22."}, {"context": " From 1940 until 1942 he worked for the Pennsylvania Department of Public Assistance as a social worker. He married Evelyn Miller in 1942 and in 1943 he took on the role of National Representative with the Congress of Industrial Organizations' (CIO) Department of Organization. Working with the CIO to organize workers in the railroad, telephone, government, social work, brewing, jewelry, and education sectors would take him and his wife around the country from Boston to Los Angeles. Ben continued to work as a field organizer through the merger of the American Federation of Labor with the CIO in 1955 (mergers of local affiliates proceeded slowly over the next decade in Philadelphia). He and his family eventually returned to Philadelphia in 1959, where in 1962 he began the long three year fight to win the Philadelphia Federation of Teachers and cafeteria workers collective bargaining rights. At victory, the new local became the largest in the state."}, {"context": " Ben Stahl worked until 1969 as a field organizer for the AFL-CIO, when he became the Regional Director of the AFL-CIO's Human Resources Development Institute. He held this position until retirement in July 1982. In 1986 Mayor Wilson Goode appointed him Commissioner of the Philadelphia Commission on Human Relations. Throughout his working years and well into retirement he involved himself with numerous historical, labor, human rights, and civic organizations, which include: Ben Stahl's Papers may be accessed at the Urban Archives at Temple University  Accessions 756 and 952. Some copyright photographs are available in Photographic Collection PC-49 Box 14 Folder 7. \"Philadelphia Bulletin\" clipping files and electronic editions of the \"Philadelphia Inquirer\" and \"Daily News\" contain additional source material. More materials about Ben Stahl are available at Ben Stahl's homepage. There is a picture, his obit, a history he wrote of the Philadelphia AFL-CIO Human Rights Committee and a memorial by his elder son, Gerry Stahl."}]}, {"title": "He Lin (actress)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " He Lin (; born 14 November 1977) is a Chinese actress. In November 2005, she won the International Emmy Award for Best Actress for her starring role in the film \"Mother\" (or \"Slave Mother\", adapted from a novel by Rou Shi), and was the first Asian actress to be honored with an Emmy Award."}]}, {"title": "Ivana Milos\u030c", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ivana Milo\u0161 (born in Rijeka) is a Croatian volleyball player. She is a member of the Croatia women's national volleyball team and played for AGIL Novara in 2014. She was part of the Croatian national team at the 2014 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship in Italy."}]}, {"title": "List of Bienes de Intere\u0301s Cultural in the Province of A\u0301vila", "paragraphs": [{"context": " This is a list of Bien de Inter\u00e9s Cultural landmarks in the Province of \u00c1vila, Spain."}]}, {"title": "Azerbaijan Gymnastics Federation", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \u201cAzerbaijan Gymnastics Federation\u201d Public Association () is the overall governing body of the sports of gymnastics in Azerbaijan. \u201cAzerbaijan Gymnastics Federation\u201d Public Association was founded In 1994 after the Ministry of Justice of Azerbaijan issued State Registration Certificate of the Federation (AGF). AGF became an Affiliated Member Federation of the International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG) in 1994.AGF joined the European Union of Gymnastics (UEG) in 1996.Later, the Federation was restructured and the Founding Conference of AGF conducted on the 7th of October, First Lady of Azerbaijan Mehriban Aliyeva was elected as the President of the Federation in 2002."}, {"context": " AGF was selected as the \u201cFederation of 2009\u201d by the Ministry of Youth and Sport of Azerbaijan in December 2009.National Olympic Committee of Azerbaijan awarded the President of AGF \u2013 Mehriban Aliyeva with the nomination of \"Best Sports Figure of 2014\u201d in December 2014.In March 2015, AGF ranked in the 3 place by FIG for its activities for the year of 2014.The President of AGF, Mehriban Aliyeva was awarded with \u201cHeydar Aliyev\u201d order, and Vice-President of AGF, Altay Hasanov was awarded with \u201cShohrat\u201d order by the President of Azerbaijan in June 2015 for their activities during the European Games."}, {"context": " The gymnastics disciplines included in the activities of AGF are the following: Rhythmic Gymnastics, Men\u2019s Artistic Gymnastics, Women\u2019s Artistic Gymnastics Acrobatic Gymnastics, Aerobic Gymnastics Gymnastics for All Only individual performance on Trampoline is recognized as Olympic discipline. The Federation organized the first sporting championship in 5 disciplines of gymnastics (Men's and Women's Artistic Gymnastics, Trampoline Gymnastics, Acrobatic Gymnastics and Aerobic Gymnastics) - Joint Gymnastics Championships in Azerbaijan in August 2014.AGF organized Inter-regional Cup in the framework of Azerbaijan and Baku Rhythmic Gymnastics Championship in December 2014. AGF conducted several international championships, as FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Challenge Cup AGF Trophy in February 2016, FIG World Trampoline Gymnastics Cup AGF Trophy in March 2016,FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup AGF Trophy in July 2016,FIG Trampoline Gymnastics and Tumbling World Cup AGF Trophy in February 2017, FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Cup AGF Trophy in March 2017,FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup series, AGF Trophy in April 2017."}, {"context": " The President of AGF is Mehriban Aliyeva, and Vice-President is Altay Hasanov. The supreme governing body of AGF is General Assembly. The Executive Committee supervises the Federation\u2019s activities between the sessions of General Assembly and reports to GA. General Assembly elects the members of EC for 5 years period. Executive of AGF is composed of: Nihad Hagverdiyev, the International Relations Manager of AGF was elected a member of Disciplinary Commission of FIG at the Council Meeting of the FIG conducted in Orlando in May 2007,and at the Council Meeting held in Lillestr\u00f8m in May 2009."}, {"context": " Farid Gayibov, the Secretary General of AGF, was elected as a member of the Council of FIG at the 77th Congress of FIG held in Helsinki in October 2008, and at the 79th FIG Congress in Cancun in October 2012.Mr. Gayibov was elected as the Vice-President of UEG at the 25 Congress of the organization held in Portoro\u017e in December 2013.Farid Gayibov was elected the President of UEG at the 27th UEG Congress held in Split on December 2, 2017. Mehman Aliyev, International Relations Manager of AGF was elected a member of Disciplinary Commission of FIG at the Council Meeting of the FIG conducted in Liverpool In May 2013.  National Gymnastics Arena designed by Broadway Malyan was constructed between August 2009 and February 2014 to host Rhythmic and Artistic Gymnastics competitions. The Arena was inaugurated on April 16, 2014 and the 30th European Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships was the first event conducted at the NGA in June 2014."}]}, {"title": "Albert Feebery", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Albert Feebery (9 April 1889 \u2013 1964) was an English professional footballer who played as a left half. He made 91 appearances in the Football League for Crystal Palace. He also played in the Southern League for Coventry City and Folkestone. Feebery was born in Hucknall, Nottinghamshire, in 1889. He came from a footballing family: two brothers, Jack and Alf, also played in the Football League, and three others played at lesser levels. Feebery began his career with local club Hucknall, and was on the books of Nottingham Forest without playing for their league team, before signing for Southern League club Coventry City in 1911. After three years, during which he switched from left half to centre half, he moved on to another Southern League club, Crystal Palace. He played two seasons in the Southern League for Palace either side of the First World War, and another three after their election to the Football League, and captained the team for some of that time. In 1924, the 35-year-old Feebery returned to the Southern League with Folkestone. By December 1925, he was working as a milkman in Penge. Feebery died in 1964."}]}, {"title": "Nick Garrie", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Nick Garrie-Hamilton (born 22 June 1949, Ripon, North Yorkshire, England) better known as Nick Garrie, is a British singer-songwriter best known for his rare 1969 debut album, \"The Nightmare of JB Stanislas\". Original copies of the album, which was reportedly only available in France, are known to be expensive, and it was not until 2005, when Rev-ola Records issued it, that it was available on compact disc. In 2010, Elefant Records re-issued the album as a deluxe edition with newly recorded songs written in the late 1960s, demos of the originals and a short book written by the artist."}, {"context": " Garrie was never commercially successful in the English-speaking world. In the 1980s, he toured Spain with Leonard Cohen and, in the 1990s, he toured Japan and Korea with Francis Lai - a friend and admirer of Garrie's music over the years. They have co-written a number of songs. In 2009, Elefant Records put out a collection of Garrie's new songs entitled \"49 Arlington Gardens\", recorded with Scottish musicians in Glasgow, including Duglas T. Stewart (BMX Bandits), Norman Blake (Teenage Fanclub), Francis Macdonald (Teenage Fanclub) and Ally Kerr (singer/songwriter). In June 2012, for the first time in over 40 years, Garrie performed \"The Nightmare Of J.B. Stanislas\" in its entirety - with a string section and members of Trembling Bells - at the Primavera Sound festival in Barcelona to a rapturous reception and critical acclaim.  In recent years Garrie has played Shepherd's Bush Empire (with Camera Obscura), Celtic Connections (Glasgow), Tanned Tin (Barcelona), Tonic (New York), L'International (Paris), Lemonpop, Easypop and Felipop (Spain), Jacco Gardner (Netherlands) and Altafidelidad (Madrid and Barcelona). On 1 December 2017, Tapete Records released Garrie's most recent work, \"The Moon and the Village\". It was produced by two members of The Ladybug Transistor."}]}, {"title": "2017 Speedway Grand Prix of Poland", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 2017 Lotto Warsaw FIM Speedway Grand Prix of Poland was the second race of the 2017 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on May 13th at the Stadion Narodowy in Warsaw, Poland. The Speedway Grand Prix Commission nominated Przemys\u0142aw Pawlicki as the wild card, and Krystian Pieszczek and Pawe\u0142 Przedpe\u0142ski both as Track Reserves. The Grand Prix was won by Fredrik Lindgren, who beat Maciej Janowski, Jason Doyle and Martin Vacul\u00edk in the final. It was the second Grand Prix win of Lindgren's career, and was a result that took him to the top of the overall championship standings - 5 points clear of Doyle."}]}, {"title": "Christopher Duplanty", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Christopher David \"Chris\" Duplanty (born October 21, 1965 in Palo Alto, California) is a former water polo goalkeeper from the United States, who competed in three Summer Olympics (1988, 1992 and 1996) for his native country. He won the silver medal with the US Men's National Team at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea."}]}, {"title": "Joe\u0301e", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Jo\u00e9e (born Joey DeSimone, 1973) is a Canadian dance musician who enjoyed success in the late 1990s. Jo\u00e9e scored several hits on the Canadian Singles Chart, including \"Angel\" and \"If I Could\", along with \"Do You Right\" in 1998 and \"Arriba\" in 1999. He released his debut album \"Truth\" in 1999, and was nominated for a Juno Award in 2000 for Best Dance Recording. A follow-up self-titled album was released in 2002 on Erotico Music (distributed by Universal Music Canada)."}]}, {"title": "Undercover (1983 film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Undercover is a 1983 Australian film directed by David Stevens and starring Michael Pare and Genevieve Picot. It was based on an original idea by Miranda Downes, who wanted to make a film based on Australian underwear manufacturer Fred Burley. Stevens was attracted to the film because it gave him the chance to make a film that was fun and glamorous, which said something about Australia. The investors insisted on an American actor in the cast. Dennis Quaid was originally meant to play the American lead but his involvement was objected to by Actors Equity. Equity did not like Stevens' second choice for the role but approved his third, Pare."}]}, {"title": "Genaro Borrego Estrada", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Genaro Borrego Estrada (born 18 February 1949) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party who served as Governor of Zacatecas between 1986 and 1992 and as Head of the Mexican Social Security Institute during the government of Ernesto Zedillo. He also has served as Senator of the LVIII and LIX Legislatures of the Mexican Congress representing Zacatecas and as Deputy of the LII Legislature."}]}, {"title": "Sample News Group", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Sample News Group, LLC, is an American publisher of newspapers serving suburban and rural markets in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Vermont, New York, and New Hampshire. The company is family owned and is structured as a Pennsylvania limited liability corporation and is headquartered in Corry, Pennsylvania. The Sample News Group, LLC, was founded by George Raymond Sample, Jr. (1924\u20132008). As of 2017, George \"Scoop\" Sample \"(n\u00e9\" George Raymond Sample III; born 1952), one of eight children of George Sample, is listed as President. The Biddle family \u2013 namely two sons of Joseph Franklin Biddle, publishers John Hunter Biddle (1905\u20131977) and successor Joseph Franklin Biddle II (born 1936) \u2013 former publisher \"The Daily News\" of Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, sold The Joseph F. Biddle Publishing Company to The Sample News Group on October 21, 1991. The Sample News Group is also actively managed by George Sample's wife, Marlene Sample \"(aka\" \"Sissie\" Kane; \"n\u00e9e\" Marlene Sue Kane; born 1951).  The Sample News Group, LLC, as of 2017, owns the following:"}]}, {"title": "Dave Serrano", "paragraphs": [{"context": " David Scott Serrano is an American college baseball coach. Serrano formerly served as head coach at UC Irvine from 2005 to 2007, Cal State Fullerton from 2008 to 2011, and Tennessee from 2012 to 2017. Serrano graduated from Cerritos High School in 1982 and pitched two seasons at Cerritos College. He went 12\u20131 and earned JC All-American honors in 1985 while leading the Falcons to a 39\u20135 record and a state championship. Serrano then pitched for Cal State Fullerton in 1986, recording a 3\u20134 mark with one save in 15 appearances. He earned his bachelor's degree from Trinity College and University (now Bronte International University)."}, {"context": " He began his coaching career as an assistant to George Horton at Cerritos College in 1988. He succeeded Horton for the 1991 season after Horton left to become associate head coach to Augie Garrido at Cal State Fullerton. Serrano returned to assistant coaching duties for 1992\u201394 for the Falcons before going to Tennessee, where he served two seasons as pitching coach for Rod Delmonico. The Volunteers went 97\u201336 and made their first trip to Omaha in 44 years in 1995, when they were twice routed by Fullerton's third national championship team."}, {"context": " Serrano would become the pitching coach and recruiting coordinator for former Titan head coach Horton and the Titans for the 1997 through 2004 seasons. During Serrano's 8-year tenure at Fullerton, the Titans went 356\u2013154\u20131 (.698) and were in the NCAA Tournament every season. They won six Big West Conference championships, four NCAA Regionals and four NCAA Super Regionals to earn four trips to Omaha. In 2004, he was named the ABCA/\"Baseball America\" Assistant Coach of the Year. Every one of Serrano's Fullerton recruiting classes was ranked in the nation's Top 20. He also has nurtured a long list of pitchers who went on to play professionally, including Chad Cordero. He tutored six conference pitchers of the year and of the 25 All-American players at Fullerton during his tenure, 15 were pitchers."}, {"context": " He left after the Titans' fourth national championship to become head coach at UC Irvine, where he compiled a 114\u201366\u20131 (.633) record over three seasons and took the Anteaters to their first College World Series appearance in 2007. Their 47\u201317\u20131 season earned Serrano national coach of the year honors from Baseball America, which had ranked him as the nation's top assistant coach in 2004 with the Titans. He developed three more All-American pitchers at UCI. Serrano took over the Fullerton State Titans baseball team in 2008. He led the Titans to the NCAA tournament every year that he served as head coach. He also helped guide the Titans to the College World Series in 2009. Serrano's teams went on to play in Super Regionals in each of his first three seasons with Fullerton. The 2008, 2010, and 2011 Titans teams won the Big West Conference Championships. He compiled an overall record of 175\u201373 in his four seasons with the Titans."}, {"context": " Serrano was announced as the Tennessee Volunteers baseball head coach on June 15, 2011, replacing Todd Raleigh.. He did not have a winning record in conference play in six seasons with the Vols. He resigned at the end of the Volunteers' 2017 season. On July 3, 2017, Serrano was named the West Virginia Mountaineers' pitching coach. WVU and Serrano had a \"mutual parting of ways\" after one season. He and his second wife, Tracy, have three sons: Kyle (21), Zachary(19), and Parker(13). Kyle played for Dave at Tennessee."}]}, {"title": "Hamer (surname)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hamer (said Hay-mer) is an English and Dutch surname. \"Hamer\" is Dutch and Middle English for \"hammer\", and often is a metonymic occupational name, e.g. referring to a smith. In English the name could also be toponymic, suggesting an origin in Hamer, Lancashire. People with this surname include:"}]}, {"title": "Janne Reinikainen (footballer)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Janne Reinikainen (born 23 October 1981) is a Finnish football player currently playing for Mikkelin Palloilijat."}]}, {"title": "Trent Jewett", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Philip Trent Jewett (born March 3, 1964 in Dallas, Texas) is an American baseball coach and former minor league baseball player. He recently served as the bench coach for the Seattle Mariners from 2014 to 2015. He spent 2013 as the third-base coach of the Washington Nationals. Jewett joined the Nationals' coaching staff at the beginning of 2011 as a Major League coach, and later spent part of 2011 and all of 2012 as the Nationals' first-base coach. Jewett graduated from R.L. Turner High School, Carrollton, Texas, in 1982, and went on to the University of North Texas where he majored in business and played on the baseball team as catcher. He earned a Bachelor of Business Administration in 1988."}, {"context": " Jewett spent four seasons in the Pirates farm system as a catcher. For his career he had a .172 batting average with two HR and 26 RBI in 113 career games. Jewett spent seventeen years as a manager in Minor League Baseball, mostly in the Pittsburgh Pirates organization, including nine and a half seasons managing at the Triple-A level. Jewett has an overall MiLB managerial record of 1,178 wins and 1,166 losses for a winning percentage of .503. He won division titles in 1995 (Carolina Mudcats), 2003 (Nashville Sounds) and 2006 (Indianapolis Indians), and he led the Carolina Mudcats to the 1995 Southern League pennant."}, {"context": " He managed the Triple-A Calgary Cannons from 1996 to 1997, the Nashville Sounds from 1998 to 2000 and 2003 to 2004, and when the Pirates changed their Triple-A affiliate from Nashville to Indianapolis, Jewett became the manager of the Indianapolis Indians from to . In 2009, Jewett began his first of two years as a manager in the Nationals' minor league system. He led their High-A affiliate, the Potomac Nationals, in 2009 before being promoted to manage the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs for 2010. In the middle of the 2000 season, Jewett was promoted to the major-league Pirates as third-base coach, a position he held in Pittsburgh until the end of the 2002 season. This was his only hiatus from minor-league managing until he joined the Nationals' major-league coaching staff in 2011. On August 27, 2014 Trent Jewett Became Interim Manager while Lloyd Mcclendon attended a wedding for the weekend series against the Washington Nationals."}]}, {"title": "Aberdeen, Grey County, Ontario", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Aberdeen is a community in Grey County, Ontario, Canada. Aberdeen consists of a series of houses in a historical Canadian village site. The village is located north of both the Durham Interforest factory and the stretch of Grey Road 4 between Durham and Hanover. The first settlers came to Aberdeen around 1845. Milton C. Schofield built the first mill there on the Rocky Saugeen River in 1851. For a while, the small emerging village was called Scholfield's Mill. School was first taught in local homes, but a log structure was erected in 1854. S.S. Bentinck 10 was built in 1873. It was a stone building measuring 38 feet by 30 feet and costing $9 to build. Most of the labour and materials were donated. Dr. William J. Dunlop, minister of education in the Leslie Frost cabinet, 1952\u201360, received his education there. By 1945, the school was closed and any remaining students walked or were driven three miles to nearby Rocky Saugeen School. The school briefly reopened in 1966, but closed for good in 1967, when school amalgamation occurred and students were bussed to nearby Durham."}, {"context": " James W. Crawford bought the mill, use of the water and dam, and 20 surrounding hectares of land for $3400 - an enormous amount of money for the time - in 1879. He updated the mill and named the village after his birthplace in Aberdeen, Scotland. The village got its first post office and blacksmith shop in 1881. Other businesses included a spinning wheel maker, a weaver, and a cooper shop. The village boomed and expanded until 1896, when wood for the mill and export began to become scarce. In 1896, the Electric Light Company took out a lease that would provide electricity for Durham residents until the 1940s.  Most of the land, once cleared of its trees, is totally enclosed in trees again."}]}, {"title": "Comedy in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Comedy has a long and rich tradition in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and its people have long been associated with humor in various forms. The humor is usually directed towards the different ethnic groups in the former Yugoslavia, and there are many racial slurs, but they are usually taken lightly. During the 1980s and 1990s there was a series of popular comedy shows, most notably \"Audicija\", and \"Top Lista Nadrealista\". The shows, translated as \"Auditions\" and \"Top List of Surrealists\" featured early performances by many well known Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian actors and musicians. Both shows were re-incarnated to various degrees during the 1990s and onwards, with new casts and material.  Most \"settings\" would have a representative (if the sketch was racially orientated) from Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, and Hercegovina. This combination would cause calamity and comedy would begin creating itself. The popular protagonists of many jokes in Bosnia are Mujo, Suljo and Fata (sometimes Mujo, Haso and Fata). Mujo and Haso have recently been brought to life, in a series of sketches based on some of the more popular jokes, widely available online and in video and DVD formats."}]}, {"title": "Cult (book)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Cult: Leadership & Business Strategy: Ruthlessly Redefined is a management book written by \"management guru\" Arindam Chaudhuri and strategy professor A. Sandeep. The book was launched by Guy Kawasaki, former Chief Evangelist at Apple Inc. and current member, Board of Trustees at the Wikimedia Foundation, in December 2011 at an event in London attended by political and business leaders, and reached the top 10 business bestsellers list in India. The book deals with lessons for CEOs in running transnational corporations. The book is divided into two parts. The first part addresses leadership issues that CEOs face while running global corporations. The second part addresses business strategy issues that CEOs of very large corporations have to face.  Guy Kawasaki commented on the book, \"I have read the book and Steve Jobs would love this book, he truly would. This book is in the same quality of Malcolm Gladwell, Geoffrey Moore & Clayton Christensen.\" Marshall Goldsmith said Cult provides \"a view on vision you won\u2019t find anywhere.\""}]}, {"title": "Kra\u0308henbach (Kammel)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kr\u00e4henbach is a river of Bavaria, Germany. It is a right tributary of the Kammel in Ettenbeuren."}]}, {"title": "William Perfect", "paragraphs": [{"context": " William Perfect (1734\u20131809) was a British surgeon, obstetrician, early psychiatrist, pioneer of humane treatment of mental illness, Freemason, and poet. He was born in Oxford, England, the son of William Perfect (1712\u20131757), a clergyman of Huguenot extraction who was vicar of East Malling, Kent, from 1745. In 1749, Perfect apprenticed under William Everred, a London surgeon, for seven years and attended lectures by Colin MacKenzie, a Scottish obstetrician. He opened his medical and obstetric practice in High Street, West Malling, Kent in 1756, and he obtained his Medicinae Doctor (M.D.) from St Andrews University in 1783. He published three editions of his book, \"Cases in Midwifery\", 1781-1787, and each edition contained case reports describing in detail the conditions of the patients and the treatments which were administered. He is A distant Member of the Stratford and Taylor families."}, {"context": " In the 1760s, with Humphrey Porter, a doctor at Aylesford, Kent, Perfect conducted an extensive programme of inoculation against smallpox, in Kent and further afield. Also in the 1760s, he began to accommodate mentally ill people in his home, a practice that continued until his death in 1809, when his son George took over until 1815. The West Malling Asylum, which soon after moved to Malling Place, West Malling, continued to function through the 20th century as a principal private mental hospital in the county."}, {"context": " Perfect published a series of psychiatric case reports in several editions from 1778 to 1809, originally entitled \"Methods of Cure in Some Particular Cases of Insanity\", later \"Select Cases in the Different Species of Insanity\", and finally \"Annals of Insanity\". In the edition in 1809, Perfect wrote that he was presenting the results of his practice and observations. In advertising the second edition, he offered a revised, corrected, and enlarged book. Cases of mania and depression were described in detail as well as cases of alcoholism, and attempted and successful suicides. The treatments prescribed to patients were recorded in detail, including the medications prescribed by the physician. Electricity was used with good results in some cases. He was convinced of the role of heredity, and recognized the involvement of the brain, its vessels, and its membranes. In one case report, he noted how \"gentle treatment contributed much to the case and should always be adopted in preference to rigorous measures (where possible)\u2026 The proper management \u2026 is more to be depended upon than medicine, but when both are judicially and humanely blended, the patient has always the best chance of recovery.\""}, {"context": " Perfect joined the Freemasons in 1765, following the early death of his first wife Elizabeth Shrimpton (1735-1763), and became Provincial Grand Master of Kent from 1795 until his death. In 1795, the Freemasons' magazine published his memoirs. He published prose and poetry: \"A Bevin of Bays\" in 1763, and a two-volume collection, \"The Laurel-Wreath\", in 1766. Perfect died in June 1809, and was buried in East Malling churchyard. Perfect, William. \"Methods of Cure, in some Particular Cases of Insanity: the Epilepsy, Hypochondriacal Affection, Hysteric Passion, and Nervous Disorders, ...\" Rochester: T. Fisher, [1778?]."}, {"context": " Perfect, William. \"Cases of Insanity, the Epilepsy, Hypochondriacal Affection, Hysteric Passion, and Nervous Disorders, Successfully Treated ...\" Rochester: T. Fisher, [1780]. Perfect, William. \"Cases in Midwifery: With References, Quotations, and Remarks.\" Rochester: Printed for the author, by T. Fisher \u2026, [1781-1783]. Vol. 1, https://archive.org/details/casesinmidwifery01perf and vol. 2, https://archive.org/details/casesinmidwifery02perf Perfect, William. \"A Remarkable Case of Madness, with the Diet and Medicines, Used in the Cure \u2026\" Rochester: W. Gillman, 1791.  Perfect, William. \"Annals of Insanity, Comprising a Selection of Curious and Interesting Cases in the Different Species of Lunacy, Melancholy, or Madness with the Modes of Practice in the Medical and Moral Treatment, as Adopted in the Cure of Each.\" London, [1809]. https://archive.org/details/seleindif00perf"}]}, {"title": "Portland Hoffa", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Portland Hoffa (January 25, 1905, Portland, Oregon \u2013 December 25, 1990, Los Angeles, California) was an American comedian, actress, and dancer. As with most of her siblings, including sister Lebanon and brother Harlem, she was named for the city where she was born. She is remembered best as the stage and radio partner of her first husband, Fred Allen. Allen hosted several highly successful network radio shows in the 1930s and 1940s, in which Hoffa often participated. A veteran of vaudeville and Broadway-level stage productions, Hoffa met Allen while performing in \"The Passing Show\" in 1922 and joined him in his vaudeville routines (centered on his clever jokes spun off his weakness as a juggler). The couple married before Allen began his long-running radio work in 1932. Because Allen was a devout Roman Catholic Hoffa took instruction in the Catholic faith prior to the marriage."}, {"context": " Hoffa became familiar for her high-pitched voice, her brief routines involving jokes bounced off or from her mother, and, later, strolling Allen's Alley with her husband, after asking him what his question of the week for the Alley denizens would be. Although Hoffa performed under her real name on her husband's show, the character she portrayed as \"Portland Hoffa\" in the radio broadcasts was not Allen's wife; instead, she depicted an enthusiastic girl of indeterminate age, around thirteen years old. One of Allen's sponsors loathed the character played by Hoffa, and kept urging Allen to drop her from the show. Allen ignored these requests for as long as he could, then finally \u2014 in an angry outburst at a sales meeting \u2014 told the executive that the broadcasts were bearable only due to Hoffa's presence, and that if she were removed from the program then Allen would quit."}, {"context": " Allen's declining health was the main reason why he ceased hosting his own show after 1949, but Hoffa often joined him as a semi-regular on Tallulah Bankhead's radio variety show, \"The Big Show\" (1950\u201352). She also appeared as the \"mystery guest\" on one episode of television's \"What's My Line\", on which Allen had become a panelist from 1954 until his death in early 1956. Hoffa and Allen had also appeared in such films as \"Is Everybody Listening?\" (1947) and the Jack Benny vehicle \"Buck Benny Rides Again\" (1940)."}, {"context": " In 1959, after Allen's death, Hoffa married bandleader Joe Rines, later an advertising executive. Hoffa and Rines lived long enough to celebrate a silver wedding anniversary, allowing Hoffa an unusual second such anniversary in one lifetime. In 1965, she rounded up a large volume of her first husband's correspondence that was edited into and published as \"Fred Allen's Letters\". Rines died in 1986. Hoffa has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Twice widowed and childless, Hoffa died of natural causes in 1990, aged 85."}]}, {"title": "Andre\u0301-Napole\u0301on Fontainas", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Andr\u00e9-Napol\u00e9on Fontainas (23 December 1807 - 19 July 1863) was a Belgian liberal politician, alderman and burgomaster of Brussels. Fontainas was born and died in Brussels. His father came from the Auvergne region in France, and settled in Brussels in 1796 and worked in the \"Amigo\" prison. Andr\u00e9-Napol\u00e9on graduated as a lawyer at the State University of Louvain and started working at the bar of Brussels. He was elected to the communal council in 1841 and was appointed as an alderman in 1846. In 1849 he became a member of the chamber of representatives, after which he gave up his legal practice. As a politician he worked on social issues, to alleviate slum conditions and to improve educational facilities. In 1860, as first alderman of Brussels, he was appointed burgomaster by King Leopold I of Belgium. Andr\u00e9-Napol\u00e9on de Fontainas served only for 30 months, as he died on 19 July 1863, while in office.  In recognition of his efforts for education, the city council authorized the construction of a housing block for retired teachers and the \"Cit\u00e9 Fontainas\" was inaugurated on 26 September 1867."}]}, {"title": "Gare de Belz-Ploemel", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Belz-Ploemel is a railway station in Ploemel, Brittany, France. The station was opened on 23 July 1882, and is located on the Auray\u2013Quiberon railway. The station also serves the town of Belz. The station is served by TER (local) services operated by the SNCF. The following services currently call at Belz-Ploemel:"}]}, {"title": "Living torpedoes", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Living torpedoes (; also \"Strace\u0144cy\" \u2014 \u201cDesperates\u201d or \"the Lost\") was a social and military phenomenon which began in the Second Polish Republic in mid-1939, when the threat from Nazi Germany became real. The idea for creating the human torpedo unit was very similar to the famous Japanese kamikaze pilots \u2014 males and females willing to sacrifice their lives to defend their homeland. It is a matter of debate among military historians whether there were any real plans for the combat usage of such suicidal units, or whether it was purely a matter of propaganda."}, {"context": " On May 5, 1939, Adolf Hitler officially demanded the Free City of Danzig and the Polish Corridor. A day after Hitler\u2019s speech, the Polish daily \"Ilustrowany Kurier Codzienny\" from Krak\u00f3w published a letter written by a man from Warsaw named W\u0142adys\u0142aw Bo\u017cyczko and also signed by his relatives, the brothers Edward and Leon Lutosta\u0144ski. Bo\u017cyczko together with the Lutosta\u0144ski brothers appealed to the Poles, asking them to sacrifice their lives. Also, as early as spring 1937 a man from Katowice, Stanis\u0142aw Chojecki, had written a letter to Edward Rydz-\u015amig\u0142y, offering a similar ultimate sacrifice."}, {"context": " The appeal quickly spread all over the country, trumpeted by other newspapers and radio. Copies of several papers which published it have been preserved to this day; in some of them there are names and photographs of some of those who applied. The search for volunteers turned into a popular patriotic movement which lasted until the first day of World War II \u2014 September 1, 1939, the day the German invasion of Poland began. It is now difficult to estimate how many people volunteered; most probably there were as many as 4700 men and some 150 women (3000 names are documented, as the Polish Navy issued special IDs for volunteers, signed by Commodore Eugeniusz Poplawski). The first people took their oaths on June 29, 1939."}, {"context": " It is not exactly known what the Polish Army was going to use these people for. Presumably, they were supposed to man underwater human torpedoes, aimed at the destruction of German warships. Most probably, the Polish Army did not have the necessary equipment, but reportedly in the summer of 1939 in Gdynia, 83 selected volunteers were shown a special short movie about torpedoes manned by humans. An officer of the Navy who was present stated that Poland had 16 such torpedoes; they were eight meters long and weighed 420 kilograms. However, none of the volunteers ever saw these torpedoes. Some other volunteers were trained as glider pilots and parachute jumpers."}, {"context": " Also, at that time the Polish Navy created a Bureau of Living Torpedoes, which suggests that the idea was treated seriously. According to one of the volunteers, Marian Kami\u0144ski from Pozna\u0144, who saw the movie, Navy officers told him to return to Gdynia on October 12, 1939, for a two-month training course. The course never started \u2014 as Germany attacked Poland on September 1, 1939 \u2014 but some of the volunteers had by then been drafted into another special ops unit for sabotage and operations behind enemy lines."}, {"context": " On Tuesday, June 13, 1939, Ilustrowany Kurier Codzienny published a list of volunteers, adding that new names were added to it on daily basis. In several previous issues of the paper, other lists were published, with hundreds of names altogether. Among people presented in the June 13 issue are such names, as Tadeusz Gierat from Wola Duchacka, Krakow, who wrote: \"My life belongs to you, my homeland\", or Emilia Konopnicka from Tarnopol, who wrote: \"My father died in the war, and my Polish honor tells me to apply\". Boles\u0142aw Sobczyk from Gdynia wrote: \"At any given moment I am willing to give my life for Poland\", while J.F. from Trembowla wrote: \"I am over 50 years old, and I think that people like me are the best candidates\". Among volunteers there also was a group of coal miners from Nowa Wie\u015b in Polish Upper Silesia.  In the spring and summer of 1939, numerous letters from those willing to sacrifice their lives for Poland were printed in the newspapers. Here are excerpts from those letters:"}]}, {"title": "Dingee railway station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Dingee railway station is located on the Yungera line, in Victoria, Australia, and serves the northern Victorian town of Dingee. Disused Raywood station is located between Dingee and Eaglehawk, while disused Mitiamo station is located between Dingee and Pyramid. The former Public Transport Corporation had plans to sell the station in 1992, however these plans did not eventuate. In 2019, V-Line V/Locity railcars will begin to travel to the Swan Hill line. Dingee has one platform. It is serviced by V/Line Swan Hill line services.  Platforms 1:"}]}, {"title": "Osmani International Airport", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Osmani Airport (, \"\") is third largest airport in Bangladesh after Dhaka and Chittagong. The airport is operated by the Civil Aviation Authority, Bangladesh (CAAB) and is served by Biman Bangladesh Airlines, the national airline, which at one point earned most of its revenue from this airport. Private airlines Novoair and US-Bangla Airlines operate domestic flights to Dhaka. The vast majority of passengers using the airport are expatriate Bangladeshis and their descendants from the Sylhet Division living in the United Kingdom."}, {"context": " Osmani International Airport was built during British rule of the Indian Subcontinent, partly to check Japanese aggression from Burma. The airport was formerly known as Sylhet Civil Airport but was renamed after General M A G Osmani, Commander in Cheif of Independence War of Bangladesh as well as of Muktijuddho in 1971. The airport was initially served by domestic flights from Shahjalal International Airport by the country's national airline Biman Bangladesh Airlines. After many years of lobbying by expatriates living in the UK, limited expansion of the airport was carried out to enable medium-sized aircraft, such as the Airbus A310 used by Biman, to operate. The work was completed in October 2002 and the airport was designated an international airport by the government. However, the airport was not up to international standards to be capable of fully accommodating international flights due to many shortcomings with the instrument landing system and runway lighting system, and the designation was seen as a move to stave off pressure by the government."}, {"context": " Nevertheless, on 3 November 2002, the airport received its first international arrival. Biman flight BG020 from Kuwait via Abu Dhabi landed at 10:05 with 215 passengers en route to Dhaka. The disembarking passengers on the inaugural flight were greeted by then Finance & Planning Minister, M Saifur Rahman and State Minister for Civil Aviation and Tourism, Mir Mohammad Nasiruddin. For a brief period, Biman also operated a direct service from London but was later re-routed via Dhaka. Additional expansion of the runway and improvements to the runway lighting and airport facilities were commenced in 2004 to enable wide-bodied aircraft to safely land and takeoff from the airport."}, {"context": " The South Asia Transport and Trade Facilitation Conference report of 2006 (by the United States Trade and Development Agency) noted that the development of the airport \"up to the standards of [an] international airport\" to \"encourage private sector participation in air transport\" were projects that were under consideration by the government. Work started in 2006 to upgrade the terminal facilities to enable handling of international flights. The improvements include construction of a new terminal building, two Jetways and a taxi-way. In May 2007, the foreign affairs adviser, informed journalists that the works were on scheduled for completion in June 2007. He also confirmed that Biman will be operating Hajj flights directly from the airport during the Hajj season later in 2007. However, the runway expansion works had not been completed in June with the foreign affairs adviser indicating in August that \"minor dressing work\" still remained. The work was finally finished in December 2008."}, {"context": " In 2010 the decision was made to construct a refueling station. Construction work began in January 2012. In January 2014 the Project Director Aminul Haq stated that the project was 70% complete. On 1 April 2015, Flydubai resumed foreign airline service to Sylhet with its flight from Dubai\u2013International. Flydubai's introduction of nonstop flights from Dubai became the first international flights to Sylhet since the airport's \"international\" designation 18 years prior. The service was operated through a codeshare agreement with Bangladeshi airline Regent Airways. However, because Biman Bangladesh Airlines had refused to provide ground handling services, the route was cancelled the next day. Stranded passengers held a demonstration in response on 6 April, 2015. On November 2016, Flydubai decided to start its flight again from Sylhet to the Middle East. This flight is currently set to end on 7 September 2018.  As of November 2018, the following airlines provide service to Sylhet: Biman Bangladesh Airlines operates some domestic services between Sylhet and Dhaka which continue to or arrive from international destinations such as Abu Dhabi, Jeddah and London."}]}, {"title": "Lake Sentarum National Park", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Danau Sentarum National Park is a national park protecting one of the world's most biodiverse lake systems, located in the heart of Borneo Island, Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. It lies in the upper Kapuas River tectonic basin some 700 kilometres upstream from the delta. The basin is a vast floodplain, consisting of about 20 seasonal lakes, freshwater swamp forest and peat swamp forest. Local people call it as Lebak lebung (floodplain). The National Park is located in the western part of this basin, where three-quarters of the seasonal lakes occur. Approximately half of the park consists of lakes, while the other half consists of freshwater swamp forest."}, {"context": " An area of 800\u00a0km was first gazetted as Wildlife Reserve in 1982, which in 1994 was extended to 1,320\u00a0km (890\u00a0km is swamp forest area and 430\u00a0km is dry-land) when it became a Ramsar site. In 1999 it was declared a National Park, however a National Park Authority was only established in 2006. Danau Sentarum National Park has a rich fish fauna with around 240 recorded species, including the Asian arowana and clown loach botia. During a biological expedition, scientists found species of such fish genera as \"Chitala\", \"Scleropages\", and \"Parachela\", including many new species. There have been 237 bird species recorded including the Storm's stork and great argus. Of the 143 mammal species 23 are endemic to Borneo including the proboscis monkey. There is a relatively large population of the endangered orangutans present in the park. The 26 reptile species include the false gharial and estuarine crocodile.  The lakes support a large traditional fishing industry. The western part of the upper Kapuas floodplain is inhabited by almost 20,000 people, 88% of which are Malay fishermen. About 3,000 people live in about 20 village enclaves within the Park."}]}, {"title": "Entropy of fusion", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The entropy of fusion is the increase in entropy when melting a substance. This is almost always positive since the degree of disorder increases in the transition from an organized crystalline solid to the disorganized structure of a liquid; the only known exception is helium. It is denoted as formula_1 and normally expressed in J mol K A natural process such as a phase transition will occur when the associated change in the Gibbs free energy is negative. Since this is a thermodynamic equation, the symbol T refers to the absolute thermodynamic temperature, measured in kelvins (K).  Equilibrium occurs when the temperature is equal to the melting point formula_4 so that and the entropy of fusion is the heat of fusion divided by the melting point. Helium-3 has a negative entropy of fusion at temperatures below 0.3 K. Helium-4 also has a very slightly negative entropy of fusion below 0.8 K. This means that, at appropriate constant pressures, these substances freeze with the addition of heat."}]}, {"title": "Praia da Guarita", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Guarita Beach is a Brazilian beach in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. It is a public resort that stretches along 23 kilometers on the coast the city of Torres. It borders with Santa Catarina and can be accessed through two roads, the BR-101 and the RS-389, which is the last road before reaching the sea. The city of Torres is 197 km far from Porto Alegre and 280 km far from Florian\u00f3polis. The beach is located between the \"towers\" (in fact volcanic plugs) the city is named after, and is flanked by the Morro das Furnas to the north and the Morro da Guarita to the south. It includes an environmentally-protected area, the Parque da Guarita."}]}, {"title": "Louis Ivory", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Louis Ivory (born February 6, 1980) is a former American college football running back. He played for Furman. Ivory was born in Fort Valley, Georgia, where he attended Peach County High School. Ivory grew up 140 miles from Division I-AA (now known as Division I FCS) powerhouse Georgia Southern, which did not recruit him. He instead attended rival Furman University. In 2000, Ivory recorded 2,079 rushing yards and 16 touchdowns on 286 carries. As a junior, he received the 2000 Walter Payton Award for the most outstanding player in Division I-AA. In his senior year, Ivory rushed for 1,719 yards and 19 touchdowns on 289 carries."}]}, {"title": "Drastic Cinematic", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Drastic Cinematic is an LP by the American synthpop/electropop band Hyperbubble from German label Pure Pop For Now People. Guest vocals on the title track were provided by Aidan Casserly of Empire State Human, with whom the band would later work on the single, \"Aidan Casserly Vs. Hyperbubble\". The song \"Geometry\" included vocals by Manda Rin of the Scottish bands Bis and Data Panik as well as sampled sounds from her cat, Akiko. The song was later reprised in a second collaboration with the singer on the EP \"Hyperbubble + Manda Rin\"."}, {"context": " The album was released twice. It debuted in Europe and North America on April 2, 2011 as an edition of 100 copies with handmade covers. A CD/MP3 reissue of this limited edition vinyl album, Drastic Cinematic \u2013 Director's Cut, debuted on July 1, 2011 through Bubblegum. The reissue shared the same front cover and added three remixes by I European, Haberdashery and Mark Towns, who previously worked on \"Hits! The Very Best of Erasure\". The album included \"Welcome To Infinity Pt. 1\" and \"Pt. 2\". An earlier upbeat and poppy version \"Welcome to Infinity (Singles Only Mix)\" was released earlier in the year as a single by UK Bubblegum Records. The \"B\" side included the reissue's less frenetic I European mix. The original track was later added to the band's 2017 compilation album, \"Pretty Plastic\" with a slight parenthetical change to the title \u2013 \"(Singles Club Mix)\"."}, {"context": " The group released a music video for the single \"Explosive\" on Mar 21, 2013. The video directed by Hyperbubble member Jeff DeCuir was shot on location at Portmeiron in Wales as an homage to the TV series, \"The Prisoner\". The first track on the album, \"Vox Noir\", was used in the soundtrack for a 2012 stop-motion film by Sabra Booth. With \"Drastic Cinematic\", Hyperbubble produced what was variously dubbed a tribute to soundtrack composers of the '70s and '80s, \"a film-noir/futuristic soundtrack,\" and \"a soundtrack for an imaginary Jean-Luc Goddard [\"sic\"] film\" \u2013 the French director to whom the CD version is dedicated. A reviewer for ReGen magazine described the music as \"evocative of ever changing tensions in its fictional narrative backbone... [that] unlike classic electronic acts occupied with film scores like Tangerine Dream, ...is not constrained by the necessity to remain committed to one mood or a singular theme.\" The compositions included cameo vocals \"with distinctive accents ... to add foreign intrigue,\" \"little dialogues in English, French and German\" and even the Wilhelm scream. Hyperbubble utilizes \"their slick melodies as themes instead of verses or choruses, per se, and lets listeners fill in the gaps.\""}, {"context": " The album constituted a change from the band's usual cartoon bubblepunk to more dark and atmospheric moods or \"black and white audio noir,\" though still a continuation of \"Hyperbubble's commitment to retro,\" such as in \"Geometry\" \u2013 \"an old school synth track that's very catchy.\" Peek-a-boo Music Magazine noted that the vocals \"in combination with the drums and synthmelodies give ... a Kraftwerk-feeling.\" The three bonus tracks provided more conventional synthpop. babysue called it \"a non-stop fun experience from start to finish. Totally cool upbeat modern pop tunes presented with gutsy imagination and plenty of style.\"  All songs written by Jess and Jeff DeCuir"}]}, {"title": "Selaginella bifida", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Selaginella bifida is a lycophyte native to Rodrigues Island in the Mascarene Islands. It was found firstly in 1991 on the Mont Limon at 20\u2013150 m high and was confused with \"S. rodrigueziana\" Baker because of their strong phenotypical homologies. However, fastidious studies in 2009 highlight ciliate lateral leaf margins on several specimens and bifid microsporophyll apices during the emergence of reproductive parts, which differentiate a new taxon."}]}, {"title": "Laktinje", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Laktinje () is a village in the municipality of Debarca, Republic of Macedonia. Inhabitants from Laktinje associate the name of the settlement with the \"\u041b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435/Latinite\" (Latins), due to there being an old graveyard in the village. Pianka W\u0142odzimierz states it could be possible that the placename is derived from the name \"Vlah'ta\" or \"Vlah'tin\" ultimately from the form \"Vlah\". In Western Macedonian dialects dropping the initial \"v\" and substituting it for a \"h\" sound before the consonant occurs sporadically is a regular phenomenon which W\u0142odzimierz proposes could have happened in this instance. W\u0142odzimierz also states that the name could originate from a lost appellative \"\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430/Laktina\" meaning 'a bend on a river or road' (as the village is located on such a bend), ultimately from the collective form \"\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0434/laked\" < \"\u043b\u0430\u043a\u044a\u0442\u044a/Lak't\".  According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 82 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:"}]}, {"title": "Baseball in the Tampa Bay Area", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Baseball in the Tampa Bay Area, both amateur and professional, has had a long and storied history, even though the Tampa Bay Rays are one of the two youngest franchises in Major League Baseball. In 1913, the Chicago Cubs moved their spring training site to the city of Tampa. St. Petersburg soon followed, becoming a spring training host for the first time in 1914 when the St. Louis Browns came to town. Since 1914, more Major League spring training games have been played in St. Petersburg than any other city."}, {"context": " <nowiki>*</nowiki>Note: In 1951, the New York Giants, whose normal spring training site was in Phoenix, Arizona, swapped locations with the New York Yankees so Yankees' co-owner Del Webb could oversee both his team and a growing real estate business concurrently. The teams returned to their typical training sites in 1952. Tampa has hosted spring training for seven teams: the Boston Red Sox, Chicago Cubs, Chicago White Sox, Cincinnati Reds, Detroit Tigers, Washington Senators, and the New York Yankees, who currently call Tampa their spring training home."}, {"context": " Dunedin has been the only spring training home to the Toronto Blue Jays since the franchise's inception. The Tampa Bay area has had a long association with minor league baseball. The first modern example was the 1919 Tampa Smokers, a charter member of the original Class D Florida State League (FSL). The expansion St. Petersburg Saints joined the FSL in 1920. After the Smokers folded in 1954, the Tampa Tarpons played in the FSL from 1957 until 1989. Tampa, St. Petersburg, and other nearby communities also fielded teams in a variety of defunct minor leagues, including the Florida International League, the Florida State Negro League, and the short-lived Florida West Coast League."}, {"context": " The Tampa Bay area is currently home to several teams in the Florida State League (which is now a Class-A Advanced circuit), including the Tampa Tarpons, the Clearwater Threshers, the Dunedin Blue Jays, the Bradenton Marauders, and the Lakeland Flying Tigers. Several major league organizations also field squads in the rookie-level Gulf Coast League and the Florida Instructional League. Besides hosting actual baseball games, the corporate offices of Minor League Baseball have been located in St. Petersburg since 1973."}, {"context": " St. Petersburg was the home of the St. Petersburg Pelicans in the short-lived Senior Professional Baseball Association in 1989\u20131990. The league featured former major league players who were age 35 or older. The Pelicans won the only league championship. Several notable ballplayers have come from the college and university baseball programs in the Tampa Bay Area. Players and managers have reached the Major Leagues from the University of South Florida, University of Tampa, St. Petersburg College and Eckerd College. Other schools in the area with baseball programs include Pasco-Hernando Community College, Saint Leo University, Hillsborough Community College, and Clearwater Christian College"}, {"context": " The University of Tampa Spartans baseball program has won six Division II national championships: 1992, 1993, 1998, 2006, 2007, and 2013. Amateur baseball also has a long tradition in the Tampa Bay area. This tradition began in the ballfields of Ybor City and West Tampa, two neighborhoods founded in the late 1800s by immigrants from Cuba, Spain, and Italy. The neighborhoods were home to many social clubs, many of which sponsored highly competitive teams that inspired much local support. Today, high school and AAU baseball in the area is very competitive, with many players drafted out of high school into the major leagues every year."}, {"context": " Little League Baseball teams from the area have excelled in the Little League World Series, finishing as Runners-Up in the 1948, 1975, 1980 & 1981 Little League World Series tournaments. Tampa Bay area teams have won the state Little League tournament in 1967, 1969\u20131975, 1977, 1980\u20131981, 1988\u20131991, 1994, 2006, 2008, 2011, and 2012. In addition, local teams have won Junior League championships in 1982, 1985, 2004, and 2011. Little League Baseball's headquarters for the Southern Region was located in Gulfport until 2009."}, {"context": " Al L\u00f3pez, the first area native to play and manage in the major leagues and the first to be enshrined in the Baseball Hall of Fame, came out of the leagues of Ybor City in the early 20th century. Since then, many current and former major league players and managers such as Lou Piniella, Fred McGriff, Gary Sheffield, Tino Martinez, Luis Gonzalez, Dwight Gooden, Howard Johnson, Brad Radke, Craig Lefferts, Tony La Russa, Matt Joyce, Chone Figgins, Ryan Raburn, Hall of Famer Wade Boggs and Steve Garvey (among many others) have gotten their start on local baseball programs around the area.  The Tampa Baseball Museum is scheduled to open in Tampa's Ybor City in 2014. It aims to explain and celebrate the Tampa Bay area's rich baseball history with memorabilia and exhibits. The museum building was once the childhood home of Al L\u00f3pez, which was moved to its present location across the street from the Ybor City State Museum before being remodeled."}]}, {"title": "Cerro Aspero Batholith", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Cerro Aspero Batholith () is a group pf plutons in southern Sierras Pampeanas in central Argentina. The batholith covers an approximate area of 440 km and lies about 50 km south of the larger Achala Batholith. The batholith contains various circular plutons emplaced by stoping at pressures of 2 kbar or less. Alpa Corral, El Talita and Los Cerros are the three largest individual plutons and together they make up the bulk of the batholith. The most common rock type is monzogranite with biotite and an igneous texture that is equigranular but varies from coarse grained to porphyritic."}, {"context": " The emplacement of plutons occurred in the Middle to Late Devonian period. Contact aureoles for the batholith are, contrary to other batholiths, largely undeformed. The relation of the magmatic episode represented by the Cerro Aspero Batholith to the Famatinian orogeny is not fully understood. Alternatively it is grouped as a \"Achaliano\" igneous cycle. Vertical to near-vertical veins of fluorite formed in the Cretaceous occur in the batholith. At most veins reach 3 meters in thickness. Collectively these veins constitute the largest reserves of fluorite in the whole Sierras Pampeanas area."}]}, {"title": "Ropework", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ropework or marlinespike seamanship are traditional umbrella terms for a skillset spanning the use, maintenance, and repair of rope. Included are tying knots, splicing, making lashings, whippings, and proper use and storage of rope. While the skill of a sailor in the Age of Sail was often judged by how well he knew marlinespike seamanship, the knowledge it embraces involving docking a craft, towing, making repairs underway, and more is still critical for modern seafarers. A whipping knot is a means of holding the cut end of a rope together to prevent fraying and ensure ease of use. Constrictor knots can serve as temporary whippings while cutting ropes, as can a few layers of adhesive tape. The simplest form is the common whipping."}, {"context": " Modern synthetic fibers such as Nylon and polyester require alternative methods such as fusion, which uses heat to melt the fibers to make a clean cut and permanent end; non-melting fibers such as aramid require dipping the cut end in a rubberized adhesive coating, resin, or paint. However, the rope and knotting expert Geoffrey Budworth warns against the practice of fusing thus: Sealing rope ends this way is lazy and dangerous. A tugboat operator once sliced the palm of his hand open down to the sinews after the hardened (and obviously \"sharp\") end of a rope that had been heat-sealed pulled through his grasp. There is no substitute for a properly made whipping."}]}, {"title": "Sa Sandaling Kailangan Mo Ako", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sa Sandaling Kailangan Mo Ako (lit. \"The Moment You Need Me\") is a Filipino television drama weekly short-lived miniseries aired on ABS-CBN. It aired from November 16, 1998 to September 6, 1999. It starred some of the Philippines' renowned veteran actors and actresses combined with promising young artists under the direction of the reputable Filipino TV and movie director, Olivia M. Lamasan. This shows the intricacies of love, friendship, betrayal and forgiveness."}]}, {"title": "Liophryne similis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Liophryne similis is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests."}]}, {"title": "Dulce Veneno", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Dulce Veneno (English: Sweet Poison) is the 14th studio album by Mexican pop singer Mijares. This album was released on 10 December 2002 and it was produced by Mijares himself, Pancho Ruiz and Guillermo Gil. He worked with songwriters like Reyli Barba, Leonel Garc\u00eda, Arturo Castro and Aureo Baqueiro; Mijares also wrote some songs. Tracks:"}]}, {"title": "Rosa acicularis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Rosa acicularis, also known as the prickly wild rose, the prickly rose, the bristly rose, the wild rose and the Arctic rose, is a species of wild rose with a Holarctic distribution in northern regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. \"Rosa acicularis\" is a deciduous shrub growing 1\u20133 m tall. The leaves are pinnate, 7\u201314\u00a0cm long, with three to seven leaflets. The leaflets are ovate, with serrate (toothed) margins. The flowers are pink (rarely white), 3.5\u20135\u00a0cm diameter; the hips are red, pear-shaped to ovoid, 10\u201315\u00a0mm diameter."}, {"context": " The ploidy of this rose species is variable. Botanical authorities have listed it as tetraploid and hexaploid in North America (subsp. sayi), and octoploid in Eurasia (subsp. acicularis). On the northern Great Plains and in northwest Canada, extending to Whitehorse, Yukon its populations are generally tetraploid. This native rose species of the U.S. and Canadian northern Great Plains is the provincial flower of Alberta. It is not as common in the Parkland region of the Canadian Prairie provinces as \"Rosa woodsii\" (Woods' rose), but is the most abundant rose species growing in the boreal forest of northern Canada and Alaska."}]}, {"title": "Martin Bricknell", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Lieutenant General Martin Charles Marshall Bricknell is a British Army officer who currently serves as Surgeon General of the British Armed Forces. Bricknell commanded 22 Field Hospital in the Balkans. He went on to become Chief Medical Adviser at Headquarters Allied Rapid Reaction Corps in which capacity he was deployed as Medical Adviser at Headquarters International Security Assistance Force in 2006 and then as Medical Adviser at Headquarters Regional Command (South) in 2010. He became Head of Medical Operations and Capability in Headquarters Surgeon General in 2015 and Director of Medical Policy, Operations and Capability at the Ministry of Defence as well as Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Health) in December 2015. Bricknell received a US Bronze Star Medal for distinguished services in Afghanistan on 26 February 2015.  In May 2018, he was appointed Surgeon-General of the British Armed Forces with the acting rank of Lieutenant-general."}]}, {"title": "List of airborne wind energy organizations", "paragraphs": [{"context": " This is a list of airborne wind energy or kite-energy organizations that are advancing airborne wind energy systems (AWES). In 2011 there were over 40 organizations involved worldwide , but this number has increased to over 60 in 2017 . Categories of kite-energy or airborne-wind-energy organizations that are forming the nascent industry: education, academic, non-profit, for-profit, communication, research, original kite-energy equipment manufacturer, kite-line manufacturer, industry-wide association, history, testing, forum entity, library, cooperative, consortium, group, club, school, training school.  Generation by kite-energy systems may involve pumping, electricity generators flown in the upper flying system (flygen), electric generators situated on the land or sea or on board a vessel (groundgen), simple lifting of objects (lifting), pulling hulls or other objects (traction), or transportation; systems generate energy to do special tasks. Systems may be scaled from tiny to utility size. The following list is not complete but a representative collection."}]}, {"title": "Cops\u0326a Mica\u0306", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Cop\u0219a Mic\u0103 (; ) is a town in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania, located north of Sibiu, 33\u00a0km east of Blaj, and 12\u00a0km southwest of Media\u0219. The town's population of 5201 (as of 2011) is down significantly from its level in 1989, the year communism collapsed in Romania. At the 2011 census, 78.8% of inhabitants were Romanians, 11.9% Roma and 8.7% Hungarians. The town is best known for its status (in the 1990s) as one of the most polluted in Europe. This was due to the emissions of two factories in the area:  The Cop\u0219a Mic\u0103 City Council (\"Consiliul Local Cop\u0219a Mic\u0103\"), elected in the 2008 local government elections, is made up of 15 councillors, with the following party composition:"}]}, {"title": "Stanis\u0142aw \u0141apin\u0301ski", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Stanis\u0142aw \u0141api\u0144ski (25 September 1895 \u2013 26 January 1972) was a Polish film actor. He appeared in more than 20 films between 1931 and 1966."}]}, {"title": "Cirrhimuraena yuanding", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Cirrhimuraena yuanding is an eel in the family Ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). It was described by Tang Wen-Qiao and Zhang Chun-Guang in 2003. It is a subtropical, marine eel which is known from the East China Sea, in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Males can reach a maximum total length of 52 centimetres. The species epithet refers to Professor Zhu Yuang-Ding, the leading authority on ichthyology and fishery science in China."}]}, {"title": "Troy Town, West Virginia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Troy Town is an unincorporated community in Logan County, West Virginia."}]}, {"title": "Aryeh Lev Stollman", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Aryeh Lev Stollman is a writer and physician based in the United States. A neuroradiologist at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City, he has also published several works of fiction. Born in Detroit, Michigan and raised in Windsor, Ontario, where his father was an Orthodox rabbi and professor and chairman of the English Department at the University of Windsor, Stollman studied at Yeshiva University and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. He published his first novel, \"The Far Euphrates\" (Riverhead), in 1997. The book won the Lambda Literary Award for Gay Fiction at the 10th Lambda Literary Awards, as well as being named to year-end notable books lists by the American Library Association, the \"Los Angeles Times\" and the National Book Critics Circle. \"The Far Euphrates\" has been translated into German, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese and Hebrew. His second novel, \"The Illuminated Soul\" (Riverhead), was published in 2002 and won the Harold U. Ribalow Prize for Jewish literature from \"Hadassah Magazine\", and his short story collection \"The Dialogues of Time and Entropy\" (Riverhead) was published in 2003.  Openly gay, he is the partner of composer Tobias Picker."}]}, {"title": "Puebla de Valles", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Puebla de Valles is a municipality located in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 84 inhabitants."}]}, {"title": "William, Lord of Douglas", "paragraphs": [{"context": " William, Lord of Douglas can refer to several chiefs of the House of Douglas, an historic and warlike Scots family."}]}, {"title": "Voz y E\u0301xitos", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Voz y \u00c9xitos (\"Voice and Hits\") is the first greatest hits album and the second in the United States of Colombian recording artist and actress Fanny Lu, released on November 30, 2012 by Universal Music Latino."}]}, {"title": "Dane Whitehouse", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Dane Whitehouse (born 14 October 1970) is an English former footballer who played in the Football League for Sheffield United. Whitehouse was an accomplished left winger, who was equally comfortable filling in at left back. He served his only club, Sheffield United, for 13 years between 1987 and 2000, making 275 appearances and scoring 50 goals. Whitehouse signed professionally for Sheffield United in July 1987 and was soon to make his first team debut against Blackpool in 1988, aged just 18. He made a good early impression, but was in and out of the team for most of his early professional career. He played a part in the Blades promotion from the Old Division Three in 1988, and again in the next season when United were promoted to the top flight. He began to establish himself as a regular during the 1991\u201392 season, when he became a regular fixture. His goals included a double against Chelsea in a 2-1 win, and he also chipped in with three FA Cup goals."}, {"context": " In the Steel City derby of the 1991\u201392 campaign, Whitehouse scored against local rivals Sheffield Wednesday in a 2-0 win at Bramall Lane. In the return fixture at Hillsborough, he was once again on target. with Whitehouse scoring the first goal. After a game against Bristol City, Whitehouse broke his leg and missed a large proportion of the 1992\u201393 season. Despite the seriousness of the injury, he returned to play a part towards the end of the campaign. He starred in the closing stages of the Blades run to the FA Cup semi-final, making an appearance at Wembley Stadium in the defeat to Sheffield Wednesday. He was also on the score sheet twice in the final game of the season, when United hammered Chelsea 4-2."}, {"context": " Despite an opening day win over Swindon Town, United were again struggling to keep their Premiership status intact. In a 3-2 home win over West Ham United, Whitehouse smashed the ball into the top corner from nearly 30 yards for what was one of the goals of the season. Despite scoring several goals for United, United were relegated on the final game of the season, losing 3-2 away at Chelsea. Whitehouse was again in good scoring form at the start of the 1994\u201395 season. He eventually finished with 10 goals in all competitions, which included a hat trick in the League Cup against Stockport County, but despite his goals the Blades failed to win promotion."}, {"context": " After a disappointing 1995\u201396 season United parted with longtime manager Dave Bassett. Howard Kendall took charge and despite a clear out of players, Whitehouse was still a first team regular in the new regime. He finished with six goals in the 1995\u201396 season, which included a goal against Arsenal at Highbury in the FA Cup. During the 1997\u201398 campaign, Whitehouse was a regular up to November. In a game against Port Vale he was crudely tackled by Gareth Ainsworth, and Whitehouse suffered a serious knee injury. Despite an attempt to get back to fitness, which included a few outings for the reserves, Whitehouse was forced to retire.  Whitehouse, a United fan from birth, was a crowd favourite who regularly makes many fans all time Blades 11. After United were relegated from the Premiership he attracted the attention of many clubs but remained loyal to United. He is often seen at matches, and will be forever remembered as one of the club's greatest ever players."}]}, {"title": "Mstislav the Eyeless", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Mstislav Rostislavich Bezokii (or Mstislav \"The Eyeless\") () (died 1178) was Prince of Rostov (1175\u20131176) and Prince of Novgorod the Great (1160\u20131161, 1177\u20131178). He should not be confused with Mstislav Rostislavich Khrabryi, who was Prince of Smolensk and also Prince of Novogorod near the same time as Mstislav the Eyeless. He was son of Rostislav Yuryevich. Mstislav the Eyeless received his sobriquet (nickname) after being defeated by Vsevolod III \"The Big Nest\" in 1176 and being blinded along with his brother, Iaropolk and brother-in-law, Gleb. According to several chronicles, he and his brother traveled to Smolensk after their blinding and were miraculously cured there in the Church of Boris and Gleb, after which he traveled to Novgorod where he was made prince again. He died there a year later and is buried in the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom."}]}, {"title": "Lew Lehr", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Lew Lehr (May 14, 1895 \u2013 March 6, 1950) was a comedian, writer and editor known for his humorous contributions to Fox Movietone News, his radio appearances and his popular catchphrase, \"Monkeys is the cwaziest peoples.\" Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Lehr appeared in vaudeville and musical theater. In the early 1930s, he entered the short film business, notable for creating his \"Dribble Puss Parade\" film shorts. He was credited with at least 300 humorous newsreel inserts and short films for over 25 years beginning in 1932. (Some of these were posthumous, as Lehr died in 1950.)"}, {"context": " Lehr began making radio guest appearances during the late 1930s. In addition to broadcasts with Ben Bernie, he was one of the quizmasters on \"Detect and Collect\" (1935\u201336), filled in for Will Rogers in 1935 on \"Gulf Oil Headliners\" and took part in \"An Irving Berlin Tribute\" (1938). He was heard on \"You Asked for It\" (June 9, 1944), was a regular on the \"Camel Comedy Caravan\" of the early 1940s and later was one of the panelists on the 1947 revival of \"Stop Me If You've Heard This One\". His books included \"Lew Lehr's Cookbook for Men\" (1949) and \"Stop Me If You've Heard This One\" (Permabooks, 1949)."}, {"context": " Lehr died in Brookline, Massachusetts in 1950. Between 1937 and 1949, he was caricatured in eight Warner Bros. animated cartoons: \"She Was An Acrobat's Daughter\" (1937), \"Porky in Egypt\" (1938), \"The Sour Puss\" (1940), \"Porky's Snooze Reel\" (1941) \"Russian Rhapsody\" (1944), \"Herr Meets Hare\" (1945), \"Daffy Duck Hunt\" (1949) and \"Scaredy Cat\" (1948). This caricature later appeared in the fall 2001 \"South Park\" episode spoofing wartime Warner Bros. cartoons, \"Osama bin Laden Has Farty Pants\", which directly references the end of the \"Russian Rhapsody\" cartoon."}]}, {"title": "Limodorinae", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Limodorinae is an orchid subtribe in the tribe Neottieae."}]}, {"title": "Eodorcadion dorcas", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Eodorcadion dorcas is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Jakovlev in 1901. It is known from Mongolia."}]}, {"title": "Fred Spiess", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Dr. Fred Noel Spiess (December 25, 1919 \u2013 September 8, 2006) was a naval officer, oceanographer and marine explorer. His work created new advances in marine technology including the FLIP Floating Instrument Platform, the Deep Tow vehicle for study of the sea floor, and the use of acoustics for underwater navigation and geodetic positioning. Spiess (pronounced SPEES) was born in Oakland, California. He received an undergraduate degree from the University of California, Berkeley and a master's degree from Harvard University. He received his doctorate in physics from UC Berkeley in 1951."}, {"context": " Spiess was awarded the John Price Wetherill Medal in 1965 and the Maurice Ewing Medal in 1983. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1985. He was a fellow of the Acoustical Society of America, and was awarded their Pioneers of Underwater Acoustics Medal in 1985 for \"his leadership and insight in applying acoustics to study the ocean and the sea floor, for his many ingenious scientific and engineering contributions; for his introduction of students, scientists, and many others to underwater acoustics.\""}, {"context": " After graduating in 1941 from the University of California, Berkeley, he received a commission from the US Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps. During World War II, he made a record 13 war patrols on submarines in the Pacific Ocean and was awarded Silver and Bronze Stars for gallantry in combat. He continued in the Naval Reserve from 1946\u201356 and retired with the rank of captain, serving as the Deputy Oceanographer of the Navy from 1969 to 1974. Spiess' method for reckoning the position of an object from successive sonar contacts is still a standard for training of US Naval Officers."}, {"context": " Spiess joined the Marine Physical Laboratory at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1952 and served as director of the laboratory from 1958 to 1980. He served as director of the Scripps Institution from 1964 to 1965. Spiess is probably best remembered for his role in the creation of R/P FLIP (Floating Instrument Platform), a unique 355-for long research platform that is towed to the work area and then rotated to a vertical position to form a stable observation post in deep water. FLIP has remained in use for more than 40 years primarily for physical oceanographic and acoustic experiments. Spiess collaborated with Fred Fisher and Phillip Rudnick in development of the vessel."}, {"context": " FLIP has been used to study the acoustics of whales and other marine mammals, heat exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere, and the effects of seismic waves on water. The development of the echo sounder for sea-floor mapping was refined during World War II. Soon research ships crossing the oceans outlined the mid-ocean ridges, fracture zones, and deep-sea trenches. Because these devices sent out broad-beam sound waves from the sea surface, details of the sea floor shape remained obscured by fuzzy smeared out echoes. Ship navigation was so inaccurate that features smaller than a few kilometers across could not be mapped with any certainty. Spiess\u2019 solution to the resolution and mapping problem was twofold; bring the echo sounder close to the sea floor and locate the device within a seabed survey network."}, {"context": " During the 1960s, Spiess and his engineers at the Marine Physical Laboratory of Scripps developed the deep-tow instrument for mapping the deep sea floor from an altitude of tens of meters. The deep-tow instrument used a narrow-beam downward-looking echosounder, side-looking sonars, and subbottom profiling system to map features in unprecedented detail, e.g., geologic observations that approached that of outcrop mapping for land geologists. Evolution of the deep-tow to improve sea-floor mapping saw the addition of a magnetometer, cameras, video, water samplers, plankton nets, and other instruments as more varied seafloor environments were examined."}, {"context": " Spiess recognized that obtaining detailed images of the sea floor was only one component that is necessary for making geologic maps of the deep-sea floor. The position of the deep-tow vehicle must be known to within a few meters, thus leading to the development of the first sea-floor acoustic-transponder positioning system for working in deep water. The acoustic transponder capability eventually evolved into instruments for acoustic geodetic measurements by combining the technologies of seafloor acoustic beacons with shipboard GPS positioning. This geodetic system has been successfully deployed for directly measuring the direction of movement and speed of the oceanic Juan de Fuca lithospheric plate and for documenting movement on submarine landslides."}, {"context": " During the mid 1970s, several deep-tow cruises to the mouth of the Gulf of California at 21 N resulted in production of a geologic map of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) spreading ridge axis. The map was then used as the base for conducting diving programs using both French and US manned submersibles. These were the CYAMEX and RISE expeditions; the latter led by Spiess and Ken Macdonald. One of Spiess' projects during the RISE expedition (with Bruce Luyendyk) was to use the manned submersible ALVIN for seafloor gravity measurements across the axis of spreading. The diving expedition ultimately resulted in the discovery of high temperature black-smoker vents for which Spiess and his coauthors received the Newcomb Cleveland Prize for the best paper published in \"Science\" magazine in 1980.  Spiess died September 8, 2006 in San Diego, California, of cancer."}]}, {"title": "Genoese Navy", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Genoese Navy (), also known as the Genoese Fleet, was the naval contingent of the Republic of Genoa's military. From the 11th century onward the Genoese navy protected the interests of the republic and projected its power throughout the Mediterranean Sea. The navy declined in power after the 16th century, periodically coming under the control of foreign powers, and was finally disbanded following the annexation of Genoa by the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont in 1815. A center of trade since antiquity, the city of Genoa relied heavily on income from merchant shipping. Piracy posed a massive threat to the city's merchants, who were forced to pay soldiers to defend their ships. The city was likewise vulnerable to attack, a fact made apparent when in 935 a fleet led by Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi of the Fatimids sacked the city. The Muslim incursion spurred the city to build strong harbor defenses and renewed interest in an armed merchant marine. In 1005 the Republic of Genoa was established and the city was granted the status of Imperial City by the Holy Roman Empire. The new government was headed by a consul who would be elected every few years by the wealthiest merchant and landowners in the city. The young republic was as such dominated by the needs and desires of the merchant houses, and the navy was given a place of high importance in the new Thalassocracy. A High Admiral was appointed, and with the government coordinating the navy, Genoese traders and merchants came to dominate the Ligurian Sea in the 11th century. The city-state was considered one of the four \"Repubbliche Marinare\" in Italy alongside Venice, Pisa, and Amalfi. However, the early fleet lacked dedicated warships and was relegated to guarding the trade of the great merchant houses of Genoa, who continued to dominate the politics of the republic. In an effort to suppress piracy, the fleet was occasionally deployed to fight against Muslim corsairs from Aghlabid in North Africa. After decades of disorder caused by the Norman conquest of southern Italy, the Genoese navy briefly captured the city of Mahdia in 1087."}, {"context": " The beginning of the Crusades in 1095 resulted in a great period of profitability for Genoa. As new crusaders were constantly needed to secure the Holy Land (and later to reinforce the Crusader states), Genoa was able to profit by assisting in the transport of military forces from Europe. To better support the crusaders, a squadron of 12 Genoese galleys were deployed to the Holy Land during the First Crusade. The ships served to counter the threat posed by the Fatimid navy and saw some successes, with the fleet succeeding in trapping a Fatimid fleet in Beirut Harbor during the First Crusade. The Genoese Embriaco family became famous for their exploits in the Holy Land during this time, most notably for their leading of a Genoese seaborne attack during the Siege of Tripoli. In addition to receiving large amounts of loot from crusader commanders, the republic established a number of Genoese trading colonies in the Mediterranean and Black Seas during the Crusades. The Lebanese town of Byblos came completely under Genoese control, and the republic was entitled to 1/3 of the crusader-controlled city of Acre's income. The Genoese fleet sheltered in these ports and defended them from pirates. In the early 12th century the Genoese navy participated in the Pisan-led 1113\u201315 Balearic Islands expedition to suppress Majorcan piracy."}, {"context": " At this time the fleet relied principally on two types of galleys, heavy Byzantine-style dromon (\"dromone\")\",\" and lighter Italian-style galleys. This fleet was supplemented by armed merchant cogs. In addition to supporting the wars in the Holy Land, the navy played a vital role in the Genonese rivalry with the nearby Republic of Pisa, which competed with Genoa for influence in Corsica and Sardinia. It was common for the Italian maritime states to prey on their rival's merchant shipping, and the Genoese navy was known to both suppress and participate in this practice. In 1119 a Genoese squadron raided a Pisan merchant convoy, beginning the first of the Genoese-Pisan Wars. The first of the wars ended indecisively, but resulted in a century of raiding and piracy as both cities fought over Corsica and Sardinia. In the 1230s a second, undeclared war erupted between Genoa and Pisa as part of the wider Guelphs-Ghibellines Conflict. The Holy Roman Emperor sided with Pisa when the war broke out, forcing Genoa to find allies abroad. The republic sided with the Pope (who was at the time in a dispute with the Holy Roman Emperor), and sent a fleet to transport a Guelph army to Rome in a show of support for the papal cause. The Ghibellines discovered the plan and, along with a Pisan fleet, intercepted the Genoese navy at the Battle of Giglio in 1241. Weighted down with passengers and baggage, the Genoese navy lost 3 galleys sunk and 27 captured. The second war with Pisa ended in a white peace in 1243."}, {"context": " In the eastern Mediterranean, conflicts between Genoese and Venetian merchants in Acre resulted in the War of Saint Sabas being fought from 1256 to 1270. During the conflict the Genoese navy was defeated in a series of pitched battles against Venice, and so it resorted to attacking merchant convoys instead of warships. The disastrous defeats at the hands of Pisa and Venice hindered Genoese ambitions, but also led to the creation of a dedicated naval force in Genoa. Larger galleys were built, the office of High Admiral was granted more powers, and the formidable Genoese crossbowmen were added to the crews of Genoese warships. When a third war broke out between Pisa and Genoa, the rebuilt Genoese fleet won a major victory at the 1284 Battle of Meloria, in which the Genoese captured 37 Pisan galleys and 9000 sailors. The battle left Genoa the strongest naval power in the Western Mediterranean."}, {"context": " With Pisa in a state of decline, Genoa expanded into Corsica and northern Sardinia. In 1266 Genoese merchants purchased the city of Kaffa from the Golden Horde and went on to establish further trading colonies in the Black Sea and Byzantine Empire. This expansion brought Genoa into further conflict with the powerful city-state of Venice, which also had trade relations in the area. The bitter rivalry escalated into the first of the Venetian\u2013Genoese wars in 1296, at which point Genoa's fleet consisted of 125 war-galleys. Despite outnumbering the Venetian navy, the Genoese fleet was unable to catch them, and the Republic's merchants suffered greatly during the war. A change came in 1298 when a major engagement was fought in the Adriatic Sea off the coast of Kor\u010dula. In the Battle of Curzola a fleet of 75 Genoese galleys decisively defeated a force of 95 Venetian galleys, destroying or capturing 83 of the enemy ships. However, Genoese casualties were heavy and the city's shipyards were unable to quickly replace the ships lost at Curzola. The conflict ended in a relative stalemate in 1299. Following the war, Genoa dominated the Mediterranean slave trade and the Genoese navy employed thousands of galley slaves as oarsmen. This new policy decreased the cost of maintaining the navy, as rowers no longer had to be paid (as opposed to Venice, which only employed paid rowers), but also decreased the number of men available for boarding parties, as Genoese captains did not trust armed slaves."}, {"context": " In 1340 a contingent of 15 Genoese galleys under the command of Pietro Barbavera fought for the French fleet against the English fleet at the pivotal Battle of Sluys. As Genoa continued to expand its trade network during the 14th century, the navy was increasingly employed to defend trade routes. While these naval trade routes greatly benefited the city, they also left it vulnerable to disease. In 1347 the Black Death was introduced to Kaffa during a Mongol siege and soon spread aboard fleeing Genoese ships. A Genoese merchant fleet sailing from Kaffa spread the disease to Messina, from which city the plague spread to the rest of Europe. Over 40,000 people in the city of Genoa died in the pandemic, a disaster that reduced the amount of money available to finance the fleet. Many sailors were also killed by the Black Death, leaving the navy undermanned."}, {"context": " A third conflict with Venice began over trading disputes in the Black Sea in 1350. Venice allied itself with the Kingdom of Aragon and the Byzantine Empire, and in doing so mustered a large force that outnumbered the Genoese navy. Genoa won a costly victory at a battle in the Bosporus Straits in February 1352 that forced Byzantium to withdraw from the war. The tide of the war reversed when in 1353 the Genoese navy suffered a defeat at the Battle of Alghero. The loss of the fleet sparked civil unrest in Genoa, further hampering the Republic's war effort. To combat this discord, the republic was temporarily dissolved and Genoa came under the rule of the Duke of Milan. In November 1354 a Genoese fleet commanded by Admiral Paganino Doria surprised a Venetian fleet off the coast of Pylos. At the ensuing Battle of Sapienza Genoa sank or captured 35 Venetian galleys. A peace treaty was signed between Venice and Milan in 1355, bringing an end to the conflict. While the status quo in the east was maintained, the Kingdom of Aragon was able to establish itself as a major rival to Genoese domination of the Western Mediterranean. Genoa broke free from Milanese control following the conclusion of the war, and the republic was reestablished."}, {"context": " In 1378 the War of Chioggia broke out between Genoa and Venice, a conflict Genoa initiated to counter Venetian threats to the Republic's trade routes in the Black Sea. During the war, a large percentage of the navy was relegated to escorting transport ships from Genoa to Crimea. The Venetians took advantage of the absence of Genonese warships and raided coastal settlements under Genoese control. The Genoese navy suffered a defeat in 1378 when a squadron was destroyed by the Venetians off of the Cape d'Anzio. Genoa won a victory in May 1379, after which the fleet sailed to the port of Chioggia in the Adriatic and captured the city. The Genoese intended to use their new position at Chioggia to blockade the city of Venice, but on June 24, 1380 the navy was defeated and driven from the city by a Venetian relief force. 17 Genoese warships were captured in the ensuing rout, and the Genoese army was left stranded in Chioggia without supplies. The Genoese garrison later surrendered the town, and the War of Chioggia soon ended in a status quo, having exhausted both Genoa and Venice. The Genoese navy lost vital sailors, ships, and was supplanted as the leading naval power in the Western Mediterranean by Aragon."}, {"context": " The costly wars against Venice and the devastating impact of the Black Death greatly reduced the Genoese navy's strength. The rise of larger nation states also sapped the ability of the relatively small city-state to compete militarily. Genoa (with French support) launched a crusade against Tunisia in 1390, with the intent to protect Genoese trade colonies from Muslim pirates. During the war the Genoese navy provided ships while French knights laid siege to the fortress of Mahdi. The war was a success for the christian forces, but also resulted in the French gaining political influence in Genoa, which was pressured to declare itself a French fiefdom in 1396. The Genoese navy was brought under French control, and on 7 October 1403 was decisively defeated by Venice at the Battle of Modon after the Genoese fleet raided Venetian trade colonies. The Republic gained independence from France in 1409, but the prestige of the military had been severely damaged and the city remained of vital interest to both France and Aragon. In 1435 a Genoese fleet was dispatched at the request of Milan to the town of Gaeta, which was besieged by Aragon. At the time, the Duke of Milan and the King of Aragon were fighting as to who would control the Kingdom of Sicily. The Genoese fleet arrived at Gaeta and defeated the numerically superior Aragonese fleet at the Battle of Ponza. The Aragonese flagship was forced to surrender and King Alfonso V of Aragon was captured. Despite this setback, Aragon prevailed in the conflict and Sicily came under Aragonese control, making passage through the Strait of Messina difficult and further disrupting Genoese naval activities."}, {"context": " Starting in the 15th century the Ottoman Empire began to expand at the expense of the Byzantine Empire and other countries friendly to Genoese merchants. The gradual loss of Imperial territory, coupled with the destruction of smaller Christian states such as Trebizond, Cyprus, and Amasra chipped away at Genoese mercantile interests in the Black Sea. The Ottomans constructed a massive fleet, and in doing so became the domiant naval power in the Eastern Mediterranean. In 1453 Constantinople fell, and the Ottomans closed the Dardanelles and Hellespont to Christian shipping. This act cut the Genoese navy off from its bases in the Black Sea, and Genoa found itself isolated from the colonies that had for centuries provided the republic access to Russia and Central Asia. With no way to return home and having had their lines of communication disrupted, the Genoese squadron in the Black Sea dispersed. Now indefensible, warehouses, fortresses, and ships built by the republic were lost. The former Genonese colonies were eventual annexed by regional powers, with Kaffa falling to the Ottomans in 1475."}, {"context": " Despite the decline of the Genoese Navy and the Republic, Genoa's sailors remained in high regard. Cartographers and navigators such as Christopher Columbus, Battista Agnese, and Pietro Vesconte all hailed from the city state. The Genoese navy saw a period of revival under the leadership of admiral and statesman Andrea Doria, who renewed interest in the navy. Doria was born in Genoa and served as a mercenary for various nations during his early life. He returned from service as a mercenary captain in 1503 to encourage Genoa to resist French encroachment, but failed and was forced to flee the city. From 1503 to 1522 Doria commanded a Genoese squadron in the Mediterranean against the Ottomans and the Barbary states. He fought against the Holy Roman Empire on behalf of France in 1522 before leading the Genoese fleet into Genoa and expelling the French in 1528. Doria then came into the service of Emperor Charles V of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire and was granted the office of Imperial Admiral. Doria incorporated the Genoese navy into the Imperial navy and went on to defend the fortress of Koroni from the Ottomans and capture the city of Patras. A major victory over the Ottomans in the Battle of Girolata by the Genoese navy resulted in the capture of 11 galleys and Admiral Dragut. After retiring from military service, Doria worked to establish the Republic of Genoa as an autonomous state within the Holy Roman Empire, and in doing so gained the protection of the Emperor's army in return for providing the naval expertise of the Genoese. The Genoese economy began to shift from trade to banking and manufacturing as Portugal and Spain established their overseas empires, and Doria advocated that the Genoese navy should shift its doctrine from competition with other Christian nations to that of cooperation with other Europeans against Muslim piracy. He was also a strong proponent of using naval artillery, and as such equipped many of the navy's vessels with cannon."}, {"context": " The revival period ended in the mid-16th century due to a series of military failures. The Imperial fleet was decisively defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Preveza in 1538, a Genoese fleet was damaged by a series of storms during the 1541 Algiers expedition, a Genoese-Spanish fleet was defeated at Ponza in 1552, and the navy failed to stop a French force from capturing Corsica in 1553. Genoa sent a contingent of her fleet to a christian alliance that was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Djerba in 1560. However, in 1571 the Genoese navy contributed 29 galleys (53 ships in total) to the Holy League fleet at the pivotal Battle of Lepanto, during which the Genoese admiral Giovanni Andrea Doria smashed the right flank of the Ottoman fleet. The decisive Christian victory ended Ottoman domination of the Mediterranean."}, {"context": " 1556 saw the republic create the \"Magistrato delle galee\" (magistrate of the galleys) to combat small-scale piracy. During the 15th century competition between Genoa, Venice, Spain, and Portugal resulted in the creation of the Carrack. Genoa built a number of carracks during the 16th century and incorporated them into the navy. The decline of the Genoese navy and fleet continued through the 17th and 18th centuries. Changes in the economy of Genoa ensured that bankers, not merchants, became the strongest economic force in the city. The need to protect trade routes declined as a consequence, shrinking the need for a large navy."}, {"context": " At the start of the Thirty Years' War the Genoese navy consisted of only 10 galleys. Genoa allied itself with Spain during the war, leading to France laying siege to the city in 1625. Spain launched an expedition to relieve Genoa, known as the Relief of Genoa. In 1684 the French navy bombarded the city, an act that devastated parts of Genoa and razed the Republic's shipyards. In the postwar period the republic commissioned a number of frigates and corvettes into the navy, though funding for the force was minimal."}, {"context": " In 1742 the last possession of the Genoese in the Mediterranean, the island fortress of Tabarka, was lost to Tunis. Following the rise of first Revolutionary France and later Napoleonic France, the Genoese Republic's political situation became increasingly untenable. While officially neutral during the French Revolutionary Wars, Genoa's close proximity to France allowed the larger country to continuously pressure the republic. During the 1795 Battle of Genoa, a French fleet with Genoese support was defeated by the British Royal Navy off the coast of the city. This resulted in the Royal Navy establishing a years-long blockade of Genoa that harmed the republic's economy."}, {"context": " In 1797 the republic was dissolved and the city of Genoa itself was occupied by a French army. The lands that had formerly been under the control of the city of Genoa were reconstituted into the Ligurian Republic, a French client state. However, the Genoese navy remained intact. In 1798 the Ligurian fleet dispatched some of its ships to aid Napoleon Bonaparte's campaign in Egypt and Syria; this ended in disaster when the French fleet was scattered or destroyed at the Battle of the Nile. In 1804, newly-crowned Emperor Napoleon sought to appropriate the remnants of the Genoese navy and Genoa's shipyards for use against Great Britain, and so the city agreed to begin constructing 10 ships of the line (one of which, the \"Brillant\", would be captured while under construction and commissioned into the Royal Navy) and 10 frigates for the French Navy. In exchange for this service, Genoese officers and sailors were allowed to hold positions on French ships. In addition, all ships of the Ligurian Republic would be allowed to sail under the French flag."}, {"context": " Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the city was granted to the Kingdom of Sardinia. The Genoese navy was disbanded on 3 January 1815, the day the city was annexed. The Genoese navy was divided between a public fleet and a private fleet. The public fleet was directly funded by the city's government, and its ships were built at the expense of the state. These ships were used in major battles and to defend the harbor of Genoa itself. The private fleet was much larger than the public fleet, and was made up from ships belonging to the various merchant families that dominated Genoese politics. Both fleets were under the command of the office of the High Admiral, who was appointed by the ruler (either the doge, council, or duke depending on the era) of Genoa."}, {"context": " The galley was the primary ship used by the Genoese Navy. These ships possessed an advantage in terms of maneuverability when compared to purely sailing vessels, and their design allowed them to be produced relatively quickly. Genoese galleys were lighter and longer (45 meters long as opposed to the Mediterranean standard of 40-42 meters) than contemporary Venetian and Ottoman galleys, though this speed came at the cost of durability and maneuverability. Genoese galleys were also noted to have larger holds than the galleys of other naval powers; this extra space allowed Genoese galleys to carry more provisions, cargo, or soldiers. Genoa fielded two types of galleys; smaller and faster ones that were used to protect trade in times of peace, and heavier dromon-style galleys built for battle and garrison duty. The lighter galleys (many of which were classified as galiots) were more numerous, while the heavy galleys were usually only put to sea (or constructed, if the fleet was undersized) during times of war. The fleet also made extensive use of Brigantines and Feluccas, small sailing ships which acted as scouts and raiders when the republic's galleys were unable to operate effectively. In addition to galleys and light sailing ships, Genoa refitted merchant ships for combat roles during wartime. As naval technology progressed, the navy began to incorporate galleons and man-o-war into the fleet, though never on the same scale as the galley."}, {"context": " Genoese sailors were recruited from the city's populace or from the colonies. Many only served part time in the military, instead being professional merchant sailors, fishermen, or mercenaries. The republic also crewed many of its galleys with criminals, prisoners of war, and slaves. Conditions for sailors (both free and enslaved) were challenging, with disease being a constant issue. The navy encouraged captains to keep their crew alive by issuing heavy fines to those who lost too many men. The republic mandated that every galley in service be crewed with a barber - who also served as a surgeon - in order to maintain a standard of hygiene aboard the ship."}, {"context": " looking to provide its sailors with durable clothing that could be worn wet or dry, the navy began in the 15th century to equip sailors with Genoese-produced denim jeans, and in doing so became one of the driving forces behind the adoption of the clothing. Genoese sailors and marines were armed with boarding swords and bucklers or with crossbows and muskets. In the 16th century the Genoese marines were protected by iron or steel Cuirasses and wore Morions. The Genoese government maintained special facilities on the city's waterfront (collectively known as the Genoese Arsenal) where the republic's galleys were built, berthed, and maintained."}, {"context": " The flags of the great Italian naval powers are incorporated into the ensign of the modern day Italian Navy. The cities represented include Genoa, Venice, Pisa, and Almafi. The Genoese Navy's shore facilities left a major mark on the waterfront of modern-day Genoa. The Genoese Arsenal's extensive facilities were converted from military to civilian use following the Unification of Italy, leading to the port becoming a driving factor in Genoa's economic revival. These facilities were badly damaged by a British attack during World War II, after which the area was renovated; the Genoese ship building industry was moved out of the old harbor of the city, while the grounds of the former arsenal were converted into piers for docking ships and Genoa's cruise ship terminal. The oldest part of the arsenal became the foundation for the Galata Museo del Mare, a museum dedicated to the naval history of Genoa."}]}, {"title": "National Library of Latvia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The National Library of Latvia () also known as Castle of Light (\"Gaismas pils\") is a national cultural institution under the supervision of the Ministry of Culture of Latvia. The National Library of Latvia was formed in 1919 after the independent Republic of Latvia was proclaimed in 1918. The first supervisor of the Library was J\u0101nis Misi\u0146\u0161, a librarian and the founder of the Latvian scientific bibliography (1862\u20131945). Today the Library plays an important role in the development of Latvia's information society, providing Internet access to residents and supporting research and lifelong education."}, {"context": " The National Library was founded on 29 August 1919, one year after independence, as the State Library (\"Valsts Bibliot\u0113ka\"). Its first chief librarian and bibliographer was J\u0101nis Misi\u0146\u0161 (1862-1944) who made his immense private collection the basis of the new library. Within a year, until 1920, the stocks had grown to 250,000 volumes. Starting in the same year, all publishers were obliged to hand in a deposit copy of their works. Since 1927, the Library has published the \"National Bibliography of Latvia\"."}, {"context": " There were significant additions in 1939 and 1940, when the State Library took over many of the libraries and collections of the Baltic Germans, most of whom resettled to the Reich. Among these was a large part of the collection of the \"Society for History and Archaeology of Russia's Baltic Provinces\", est. 1834, the primary historical society of the Baltic Germans. In 1940, holdings encompassed 1.7 million volumes, so that they had to be stored in two different locations in the Old Town (J\u0113kaba iela 6/8 and Anglik\u0101\u0146u iela 5)."}, {"context": " During the German occupation of Riga (1941-1944), the State Library was renamed Country Library (\"Zemes bibliot\u0113ka\"), eliminating reference to a sovereign Latvian state). Under Soviet rule, it was known as State Library of the Latvian SSR (\"Latvijas PSR Valsts bibliot\u0113ka\"). According to Soviet customs, in 1966 it received an honorary name, commemorating Vilis L\u0101cis, a writer and the late prime minister of Soviet Latvia. From 1946, literature deemed 'dangerous' from the Soviet perspective was withdrawn from the shelves and could be accessed only with a special permit until 1988. In 1956, the State Library moved into its new building at Kri\u0161j\u0101\u0146a Barona iela."}, {"context": " Since the reestablishment of national independence 1991, the institution has been called National Library of Latvia. In 1995, it received as a permanent loan the \"Baltic Central Library\" of Otto Bong (1918-2006), a collection pertaining to the history, regional studies and languages of the Baltic countries. In 2006, the National Library joined the European Library online service. The Library's holdings today encompass more than 5 million titles, incl. about 18,000 manuscripts from the 14th century up to modern times. One of the characteristic cornerstones of the NLL, which characterizes every national library, is the formation of the collection of national literature, its eternal storage and long-term access."}, {"context": " The NLL is a centre of theoretical research and practical analyses of the activities of Latvian libraries. The Library carries out the functions of the centre of Latvia Interlibrary Loan, ensures the library and information service to the Parliament of the Republic of Latvia \u2013 the Saeima, implements the standardisation of the branch. Since the very outset, its main concern has been the national bibliography. The massive union catalogue \"Seniespiedumi latvie\u0161u valod\u0101\" (Ancient Prints in Latvian 1525-1855, published in Riga, 1999) received the Sp\u012bdola Prize in 2000 and was awarded \"The Beautiful Book of the Year 99\". In 2005, the \"Letonikas gr\u0101matu autoru r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101js (1523-1919)\" (Index of the Authors of Lettonica Books (1523\u20131919)) was published, providing information about versatile branches of science and representatives of various nations, Latvia being the main focus of their publications."}, {"context": " The NLL includes several collections of posters (artists Oskars \u0160teinbergs (1882\u20131937), Sigismunds Vidbergs (1890\u20131970), Raoul Dufy (1877\u20131953), Bernhard Borchert (1863\u20131945), Nikl\u0101vs Strunke (1894\u20131966) and others). Digitising collections at the NLL started in 1999. At present the Latvian National Digital Library Letonica, which was formed in 2006, holds digitized collections of newspapers, pictures, maps, books, sheet-music and audio recordings. In 2008 NLL launched two major digital projects. Periodika.lv is the NLL's collection of digitized historical periodicals in Latvian with the possibility to read full texts and search page by page."}, {"context": " Latvia has a tradition of Song and Dance Festivals organized every four years. The historical materials from the first Song Festival in 1864 till the Latgale Song Festival in 1940 can be explored in another digital collection of the National Library of Latvia. The first discussions about the need for a new National Library had already started in 1928, and the significance of the project of this century was further confirmed by the high-level international recognition. In 1999 almost all 170 UNESCO member states during its General Conference adopted a resolution, calling the member states and the international community to ensure all possible support for the implementation of the NLL project. The continuous growth of the Library had made it necessary to transfer parts of the stocks into other buildings. Thus, in 2013, NLL was distributed between five locations in Riga. Furthermore, some stocks were being stored since 1998 in a depot in Silakrogs outside the capital."}, {"context": " These inconveniences finally convinced the Parliament to approve a new building on the left bank of the Daugava. On 15 May 2008, after discussions lasting for many years, the state agency \"Three New Brothers\" and the \"Union of National Construction Companies\" signed the contract on the construction of the new \"National Library of Latvia\". On 18 May 2014, the main facility of the Library at Kri\u0161j\u0101\u0146a Barona iela was closed for the move. In 2008, construction started according to the design of the Latvian-American architect Gunnar Birkerts who has been tasked with the project already in 1989. The new building has 13 floors and is 68 m high. Construction costs were given as 193 million euros. 480 people work there."}, {"context": " As part of Riga's programme for its title as European Capital of Culture, selected holdings were symbolically carried from the old to the new building by a human chain on 18 January 2014. The new building was finally opened on 29 August that year, the Library's 95th anniversary. Today the NLL building is a dominant landmark on the Riga cityscape. It is used for a variety of purposes, regularly used for conferences and conventions. Among others, it hosted the 4th summit of the EU's Eastern Partnership programme in May 2015, and a debate chaired by the BBC's Jonathan Dimbleby on 14 March 2016."}]}, {"title": "Lars ten Teije", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Lars ten Teije (born 3 April 1998) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a winger for Vitesse. Ten Teije first joined Vitesse in 2007, from local side Victoria Boys. After featuring during pre-season, ten Teije was named as unused substitute in Vitesse's Johan Cruyff Shield defeat against Feyenoord. On 8 September 2017, ten Teije signed his first professional contract with Vitesse, agreeing to a three-year deal. A day later, ten Teije made his first-team debut during Vitesse's 3\u20130 away victory against Excelsior, replacing Tim Matav\u017e in the 83rd minute."}]}, {"title": "Darreh Mula", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Darreh Mula (, also Romanized as Darreh M\u016bl\u0101) is a village in Bazoft Rural District, Bazoft District, Kuhrang County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 191, in 32 families."}]}, {"title": "Irene Brin", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Irene Brin (born Maria Victoria Rossi, Rome, 14 June 1911 \u2013 Sasso, 31 May 1969) was an Italian fashion journalist, writer and art dealer. Irene Brin was born in Rome from a well-educated Ligurian family of progressive views. Her father was general Vincenzo Rossi, author of two popular military treaties: \"War in the Mountains\" (1902) and \"The English Expedition in Tibet\" (1905). Her mother, Maria Pia Luzzatto, was born and raised in Vienna from a Jewish family, and contributed transmitting to her daughters her passion for languages (she was fluent in Italian, French, German and English), art and literature."}, {"context": " Brin was also the niece of the criminal lawyer Francesco Rossi (1863-1948), who was Mayor of Bordighera from 1901 to 1907, and the cousin of the lawyer Paolo Rossi that became Minister of Education, as well as Chairman of the Antimafia Commission and President of the Constitutional Court. She was also a removed cousin of the daughter of Paolo Rossi, the writer Maria Francesca Rossi, known as Francesca Duranti. In 1934, at the age of twenty, Brin made her debut in the columns of the newspaper \"Il lavoro\u201d (The Work) in Genoa edited by Giovanni Ansaldo. In 1937 Ansaldo recommended her to Leo Longanesi as a columnist for the weekly \"Omnibus\". Initially she wrote under the pseudonym \"Mari\u00f9\", but later changed to \"Oriane\" as a tribute to Marcel Proust's character Oriane de Guermantes. She eventually adopted the name Irene Brin."}, {"context": " Brin's fianc\u00e9, Carlo Roddolo, died on 18 February 1937 in Addis Ababa. A few years later during a dance at the hotel Excelsior in Rome, she met Gaspero del Corso, a young officer with whom she discovered to share an intense passion for Proust, art and travelling. The two married shortly afterwards. In 1941 Brin wrote her first book \"Olga in Belgrade\", inspired by her experience during the war in Yugoslavia. In 1943 the couple returned to Rome. Following the armistice, Gaspero del Corso was considered a deserter and he then hid in the house, along with forty other officers and disbanded soldiers, to avoid the Nazi troops roundups. At that time Brin and del Corso's only income came from Irene's translation work which was scarce due to her refusal to work for publishers who were collaborating with the Nazi occupying forces. As such she was forced to sell their wedding gifts, including an alligator bag and prints and drawings by artists such as Picasso, Matisse, Morandi ..."}, {"context": " Shortly after Brin found a job as a saleswoman in the art library La Margherita, assisted by her husband who, under the false identity of Ottorino Maggiore, helped her procuring books and drawings. During her time at La Margherita, Brin met a then unknown artist, Renzo Vespignani. Through their connections, Brin and del Corso were able to sell a significant amount of his work, an episode that prompted them to rent a room in Via Sistina 146 and found The Gallery L\u2019Obelisco of Gaspero and Maria del Corso in 1946. The gallery inaugurated with a solo presentation of Giorgio Morandi. Parallel to established artists like Giorgio de Chirico, Salvador Dal\u00ec, Pablo Picasso and Giacomo Balla, Brin and del Corso also exhibited emerging talents like Alberto Burri and Lucio Fontana. Following a trip to New York, Brin established close links with the Brooklyn Museum and the Museum of Modern Art, introducing to the Italian art scene artists like Alexander Calder, Francis Bacon and Robert Rauschenberg."}, {"context": " In 1946, parallel to her activities at Gallery L'Obelisco, Brin began collaborating with \"La Settimana Incom\" an illustrated newsreel edited by of Luigi Barzini Jr.. Her surveys, initially aimed at dispensing advice to readers about style, social behaviour and fashion trends, resulted in short pieces laced with irony and literary quotations. A few of her contributions were signed with the pseudonym Contessa Clara R\u00e0djanny von Sk\u00e8witch, a fictional old aristocratic lady exiled from an unspecified country behind the Iron Curtain who would often recount her meetings with Royals and famous writers. Countess Clara later inspired Italian actor Alberto Sordi's parody character Count Claro."}, {"context": " In 1950, during a trip to New York, Brin was stopped by a lady in Park Avenue who asked her where she bought the classy dress she was wearing. (It was designed by Alberto Fabiani). The woman in question turned out to be Diana Vreeland, then editor in chief of \"Harper's Bazaar\". Brin and Vreeland became good acquaintances, and Brin became the first Italian contributor to the magazine, introducing Italian fashion to an international audience. In 1951 Brin worked actively to the success of the first Italian fashion show organized oby the Marquis Giovanni Battista Giorgini at his private residence in Villa Torrigiani in Via de 'Serragli in Florence. She also collaborated to the second edition that took place in July 1952 in the White Hall of Palazzo Pitti."}, {"context": " Despite being affected by an incurable disease, Brin continued her work activities and travelling. In the spring of 1969, she went to Strasbourg to visit a local art exhibitions. On the way back, not being able to continue the trip to Rome, she decided to stop in her family house in Bordighera, where she died on May 31. The Galley l'Obelisco continued until 1978. The final exhibition was a tribute to Tina Modotti. Its archive was bought by Giuseppe Cassetti who sold it to the National Gallery in Rome in 2000.  On 2 June 1955 Brin was knighted the \u201cGrand Cross of Order of Merit of the Italian Republic\u201d by the List of Presidents of Italy, Giovanni Gronchi for her contribution to \u201cthe success and development of Italian fashion in the world\u201d."}]}, {"title": "La Calera, Chile", "paragraphs": [{"context": " La Calera is a city and commune in the Quillota Province of central Chile's fifth region of Valpara\u00edso. La Calera is located northeast of Valpara\u00edso, and northwest of Santiago, in the Aconcagua River Valley. Its area is . La Calera borders Nogales to the north and west, Hijuelas to the east, and La Cruz to the south. The city of La Calera is partly enclosed by Route 5 and Route 60. La Calera's name comes from the production of quicklime (Spanish \"\"cal\"\") that is obtained from the processed limestone (Spanish: \"piedra caliza\") (calcium carbonate), extracted from the hills at the south of the town, which were already exploited by the Chilean and Peruvian Natives for some 400 years previously. Therefore, La Calera means \"quicklime mine\"."}, {"context": " Established by the Jesuits as a settlement of the Jesuit reduction, the estate of La Calera belonged to the Jesuits up to 1767, to the expulsion of Jesuits by the decree of King Charles III of Spain from March 1, 1767. The Bavarian Jesuit missionary Karl von Haimhausen was prominent in the area's early development. The turning point came in 1842, when it was acquired by Bolivian citizen Ildefonso Huici (father of socialite Eugenia Err\u00e1zuriz) who started industrialising it using local resources. By 1844, a small town had emerged consisting mainly in a number of workers' dwellings located around the factories and production centres established in it, giving life to what La Calera is today."}, {"context": " Due to its strategic crossroads location on the central valley and the pioneering and entrepreneurial work of locals and immigrants (Palestinian immigrants, Germans, Italians), La Calera has managed to remain a significant commercial and services centre to the interior of the Valparaiso Region, even though it is not the capital city of the Province. It also remains an important industrial base, employing a fair share of the rural population around it. According to data from the Census 2002 by the National Statistics Institute, the commune's population was 49,503 inhabitants (24,134 men and 25,369 women). Of these, 47,836 (96.6%) lived in urban areas and 1,667 (3.4%) in rural areas. Its 2007 estimated population was 50,644. La Calera holds 3.21% of the total population of the region. The city's central location in between Santiago de Chile and Valparaiso on the coast made the city of La Calera a true crossroads of industrial development."}, {"context": " Amongst the important immigrant communities set in La Calera before 1950, Palestinians and Italians stand out, which makes the town with the largest proportion of Palestine people in Latin America. The small but well prominent Palestinian community was recently reported in international news media. Even a former Mayor of the city was of Palestinian descent. As mentioned, Italians as well as French immigrants have established a thriving agricultural economy. La Calera has a mestizo cultural identity and over half the people have some Amerindian ancestry. It is estimated that Spanish descendants and mestizos make up more than 90% of the population."}, {"context": " The demonym for a person from La Calera is \"Calerano\" for a man, or \"Calerana\" for a woman. Notable Caleranos include: As a commune, La Calera is a third-level administrative division of Chile, administered by a Communal Council (\"Concejo Comunal\"), which is headed by a directly elected Mayor. The current Mayor, as of December 2008 is Dr. Eduardo Mart\u00ednez Machuca (Christian Democrat). The Communal Council has the following members: Within the electoral divisions of Chile, La Calera is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Mr. Eduardo Cerda (PDC) and Mrs. Andrea Molina (UDI) as part of the 10th electoral district, (together with La Ligua, Petorca, Cabildo, Papudo, Zapallar, Puchuncav\u00ed, Quintero, Nogales La Cruz, Quillota and Hijuelas). The commune is represented in the Senate by Ignacio Walker Prieto (PDC) and Lily P\u00e9rez San Mart\u00edn (RN) as part of the 5th senatorial constituency (Valpara\u00edso-Cordillera)."}]}, {"title": "2000 Australia rugby union tour", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 2000 Australia rugby union tour of Japan and Europe was a series of matches played in October and November 2000 in Japan and Europe by Australia national rugby union team. \"Scores and results list Australia's points tally first.\""}]}, {"title": "Alison Chapman", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Alison Chapman is an antique dealer and television antiques expert on ITV's the \"Secret Dealer\" and \"Dickinson's Real Deal\". She was named the 2016 Kent Businesswoman of the Year. She is managing director of Owlets Hythe LTD. Chapman has over 40 years' experience and expertise in jewellery, antiques, objet d\u2019art, ceramics and art. Chapman gives motivational talks and after-dinner speeches, even giving talks on P&O Cruises. Chapman mentors other businesses and volunteers at the Romney Hythe & Dymchurch railway.  She is married to Danny Martin, a director and general manager Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway. In 2014 her shop Owlets in Hythe was broken into and various items were stolen."}]}, {"title": "Crimthann", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Crimthann, Cremthann or in Modern Irish Criofan, is a masculine Irish given name meaning fox. Notable people with the name include:"}]}, {"title": "St. Joseph and Grand Island Railway", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The St. Joseph and Grand Island Railroad (SJ&GI) was created in about 1879 when the St. Joseph and Western Railroad (SJ&W) built a line from Hastings to Grand Island, Nebraska. Upon completion of the line, the SJ&W was reorganized into the SJ&GI. Doniphan, Nebraska, was plotted in 1879 at about the halfway point between Hastings and Grand Island and was named for John Doniphan, an attorney for the railroad. The SJ&GI was essentially part of the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) for most of its existence. When the UP built a shorter cutoff between Hastings and Gibbon in 1914, use of the SJ&GI tracks north of Hastings gradually declined. The line mostly was abandoned by 1989. The only remaining segment of the line between Hastings and Grand Island (the SJ&GI continued to St. Joseph, Missouri) is a few miles between the Union Pacific mainline through Grand Island and the coal-fired power plant south of Grand Island. The power plant receives two to three unit coal trains per week."}]}, {"title": "Daniel Miller (anthropologist)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Daniel Miller (born 1954) is an anthropologist most closely associated with studies of our relationships to things and the consequences of consumption. His theoretical work was first developed in \"Material Culture and Mass Consumption\" and is summarised more recently in his book \"Stuff\". This is concerned to transcend the usual dualism between subject and object and to study how social relations are created through consumption as an activity. More recently as the founder of the digital anthropology programme at University College London (UCL), and the director the Why We Post and ASSA projects he has pioneered the study of digital anthropology and especially ethnographic research on the use and consequences of social media and smartphones as part of the everyday life of ordinary people around the world."}, {"context": " Miller was originally trained in archaeology and anthropology at the University of Cambridge but has spent his entire professional life at the Department of Anthropology at the University College London, which has become a research center for the study of material culture and where more recently, he established the world's first programme dedicated to the study of digital anthropology. A prolific author, Miller criticises the concept of materialism which presumes our relationships to things are at the expense of our relationship to persons. He argues that most people are either enabled to form close relationships to both persons and objects or have difficulties with both."}, {"context": " With Miller's students he has applied these ideas to many genres of material culture such as clothing, homes, media and the car, through research based on the methods of traditional anthropological ethnography in regions including the Caribbean, India and London. In the study of clothing, his work ranges from a book on the Sari in India to more recent research explaining the popularity of blue jeans and the way they exemplify the struggle to become ordinary. His initial work on the consequences of the internet for Trinidad was followed by studies of the impact of mobile phones on poverty in Jamaica and more recently the way Facebook has changed the nature of social relationships."}, {"context": " Miller's work on material culture also includes ethnographic research on how people develop relationships of love and care through the acquisition of objects in shopping and how they deal with issues of separation and loss including death through their retention and divestment of objects. He argues that since we cannot control death as an event, we use our ability to control the gradual separation from the objects associated with the deceased as a way of dealing with loss. Complementary to this work on separation from things are three books about shopping, the most influential of which, \"A Theory of Shopping,\" looks at how the study of everyday purchases can be a route to understanding how love operates within the family. He has also carried out several projects on female domestic labour and being a mother, including studies of au pairs, and Filipina women in London and their relationship to their left behind children in the Philippines. Most of these projects are collaborations."}, {"context": " Since the early 2000s, Miller has been researching the effects of new social media on society. Several of his most recent books explore topics such as cell phones, Facebook and transnational families. Together with presenting a theoretical framework for studying social networking sites, his latest work has proposed a new concept of 'polymedia' as an analytical tool to examine the consequences of a situation where individuals configure and are held responsible for their choice of media, while access and cost recede as factors."}, {"context": " In 2009, Miller created a new masters programme in Digital anthropology at the Anthropology Department of University College London. In 2012 Miller launched a five-year project called Social Networking and Social Sciences Research Project, to examine the global impact of new social media. The study was based on ethnographic data collected through the course of 15 months in China, India, Turkey, Italy, United Kingdom, Trinidad, Chile and Brazil. The project was funded by the European Research Council. The results of this project were released in February 2016 under the title \"Why We Post\". The project published eleven Open Access volumes with UCL Press which, by August 2018, have been downloaded more than 500,000 times. The Why We Post monographs are currently also being published in the languages of their respective fieldsites. In addition, a free online course (MOOC) is available on FutureLearn. The course is also available in Chinese, Portuguese, Hindi, Tamil, Italian, Turkish, and Spanish on UCLeXtend. In addition a website containing key discoveries, stories and over 100 films is available in the same 8 languages.  In 2017 Miller launched a second five-year project The Anthropology of Smartphones and Smart Ageing which consists of ten simultaneous ethnographies in Brazil, Cameroon, Chile, China, Japan, East Jerusalem, Ireland, Italy and Uganda. This project investigates the impact of smartphones on the way people in mid-life deal with issues of health and wellbeing, and explores the potential of anthropology for making mobile health applications more sensitive to social and cultural contexts."}]}, {"title": "Yui Sakuma", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sakuma was born in Saitama Prefecture in 1995. In 2013, Sakuma auditioned as an exclusive model for the fashion magazine \"Vivi\". She won the Girls Award '13A/W on September 28 of the same year, and first appeared on \"Vivi\"'s December 2013 issue. She made her acting debut with Tao Tsuchiya in the 2014 film \"Jinr\u014d Game Beast Side\". She later starred in the 2015 Fuji Television drama \"Transit Girls\". In 2017 she played the role of Tokiko Sukegawa in the 96th NHK asadora \"Hiyokko\"."}]}, {"title": "Mike Mularkey", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Michael Rene Mularkey (born November 19, 1961) is an American football coach and former player. He played college football for the University of Florida, and then nine seasons as a tight end for the Minnesota Vikings and Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL). He has since served as the head coach of the Buffalo Bills, Jacksonville Jaguars and Tennessee Titans, the offensive coordinator for the Steelers, Miami Dolphins and Atlanta Falcons, and the tight ends coach for the Dolphins, Titans, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers."}, {"context": " Mularkey was born in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. He attended Northeast High School in Oakland Park, Florida, and played quarterback for the Northeast Hurricanes high school football team. Mularkey attended the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played tight end for coach Charley Pell's Florida Gators football team from 1980 to 1982. He finished his college career with 55 catches for 628 yards and 3 touchdowns. In 1983, Mularkey was a ninth-round draft pick for the San Francisco 49ers, but was released before appearing in a game. He went on to play with the Minnesota Vikings until the conclusion of the 1988 season. In 1989, he signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers as a free agent for the final three years of his playing career. In his nine NFL seasons, Mularkey played in 114 regular season games, started 46 of them, and caught 102 passes for 1,222 yards and 9 touchdowns."}, {"context": " Mularkey was given his first coaching position as an offensive/defensive line coach at Concordia University in St. Paul Minnesota for the 1993\u201394 season. He worked under head coach Tom Cross. He held the offensive/defensive lineman coaching position for one season. Mularkey started his NFL coaching career in 1994 with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as a quality control coach for both the offense and defense. In 1995, he was promoted to tight ends coach and held the position for one season. Mularkey was hired as the Pittsburgh Steelers' tight ends coach in 1996 and held the position until the conclusion of the 2000 season, when he replaced Kevin Gilbride as the team's offensive coordinator. He has a reputation for being an offense-oriented head coach with a penchant for trick plays. His skill for creating special packages to utilize multi-dimensional players such as Hines Ward and Antwaan Randle El earned him the nickname \"Inspector Gadget.\""}, {"context": " In 2004, Mularkey left the Steelers and was hired by the Buffalo Bills to succeed Gregg Williams as the team's head coach. Mularkey started out his first campaign as Bills head coach with a record of 0\u20134. He rallied his team to a 9\u20137 record by the end of the season, however, sparked by a six-game winning streak during which the Bills scored more points than in any other similar stretch in franchise history. However, a loss to the Steelers in the final game of the season kept the Bills out of the playoffs. Overall, they were 7th in the league in total offense. This would be their last winning season until 2014."}, {"context": " His second season in Buffalo was far less successful. Dogged by a quarterback controversy between J. P. Losman and Kelly Holcomb and a series of defensive personnel problems, Mularkey led the team to a 5\u201311 finish and a sixth consecutive year out of the playoffs - the longest such active streak in the American Football Conference (AFC). Mularkey's offensive schemes continued to be touted by then-general manager Tom Donahoe, despite the lack of production, finishing 24th in total offense. On January 12, 2006, Mularkey resigned as head coach of the Bills, citing a disagreement in the direction of the organization, who had recently hired new management, including ex-coach Marv Levy."}, {"context": " On January 22, 2006, Mularkey was hired to be the Miami Dolphins' offensive coordinator. As the offensive coordinator under Miami's head coach, Nick Saban, Mularkey had an unsuccessful season with injuries to his first-string quarterback, Daunte Culpepper, and starting running back, Ronnie Brown. The Dolphins only scored 16.3 points per game, ranking 29th in the NFL. Following the season, it was announced Saban had resigned as Dolphins head coach and he accepted the position of head coach of the Alabama Crimson Tide football team at the University of Alabama on January 3, 2007."}, {"context": " Upon the hiring of former San Diego Chargers offensive coordinator Cam Cameron as Dolphins head coach on January 19, 2007, it was announced that Mularkey would no longer serve as offensive coordinator but would remain with the team in another capacity. On March 15, 2007 it was officially announced that Cameron himself would call the offensive plays in 2007, leaving Mularkey to serve as tight ends coach. On January 25, 2008, it was announced that he would become the next offensive coordinator for the Atlanta Falcons. In his first season at Atlanta, Mularkey's offense rushed for 152.5 rushing yards per game, second most in the league. The Falcons also finished 10th in the NFL in scoring (up from 29th the previous year) with 24.4 points per game, and 6th in yards with 361.2 per game. Mularkey was named the Assistant Coach of the Year by Pro Football Writers of America following the 2008 season."}, {"context": " Following a 13-3 season in 2010, Mularkey was named the Offensive Coordinator of the Year by \"Sporting News\". He interviewed with multiple NFL teams for their head coaching vacancies for 2011. On January 11, 2012, Mularkey accepted the head coaching job for the Jacksonville Jaguars, making him the third full-time head coach in franchise history. His first win came in Week 3 of the 2012 season against the Indianapolis Colts. He led the team to a 2\u201314 record. On January 10, 2013, the Jaguars fired Mularkey after only one season. He had two years remaining on a three-year contract. However, Jaguars general manager David Caldwell, who had been hired on January 8, 2013, decided that the Jaguars needed \"an immediate and clean restart\" after winning only seven games in the past two seasons."}, {"context": " On January 22, 2014, the Tennessee Titans announced they hired Mularkey as their tight ends coach and he was given the title of assistant head coach for the 2015 season. On November 3, 2015, the Titans relieved Ken Whisenhunt of head coaching duties and announced that Mularkey would step in as interim head coach for the rest of the season. The Titans announced on January 16, 2016, that they would retain Mularkey as their full-time head coach, a highly criticized move by their fans and the media, who qualified the hire as \"uninspired\" and \"awful.\""}, {"context": " Mularkey was given full control over his staff, and on January 18, 2016, he hired former Atlanta Falcons wide receivers coach Terry Robiskie as the offensive coordinator and promoted assistant DC Dick LeBeau to defensive coordinator. He stated that the Titans would run an \"Exotic Smashmouth\" offense in 2016, meaning that they would go run-heavy, like a 1970s offense. After starting the season 1\u20133, the Titans beat the Browns and the Dolphins to improve to 3\u20133. Thanks to a last-minute win against Detroit in Week 2, blowouts against the Packers and the Dolphins respectively and a game-winning 53-yard field goal to beat the Kansas City Chiefs in Week 14, the team came within just one game of earning an AFC South division title and a trip to the playoffs, ending with a 9\u20137 record, the first winning season for Tennessee since 2011. The Titans also sent 5 players to the Pro Bowl, their highest number since 2008. In 2017, the Titans again finished with a 9\u20137 record, making the playoffs for the first time in 9 years with a 15\u201310 win over Jacksonville in Week 17. In the first round, the Titans rallied from a 21\u20133 halftime deficit against the Chiefs to win 22\u201321 to win their first playoff game since 2003. The Titans also sent 6 players to the Pro Bowl."}, {"context": " Mularkey and the Titans agreed to part ways after the 35-14 loss to the New England Patriots in the divisional playoff round. NFL head coaches under whom Mularkey has served: Assistants under Mularkey who became NCAA or NFL head coaches: Mularkey is married to Elizabeth \"Betsy\" Conant Mularkey, who is also a University of Florida graduate. The Mularkeys have two sons, Patrick and Shane. Shane was a scholarship football player at University of North Carolina but ended his playing days after shoulder surgery."}]}, {"title": "Kevan Barbour", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kevan Christopher Barbour (born 23 October 1949) is an international cricket umpire from Zimbabwe. Previous roles have included being president, chairman and provincial manager of the Manicaland Cricket Association. Barbour was born in Bulawayo and educated at Milton High School. He played for Matabeleland from 1968 until 1970, when he moved to work in Mutare, and then played for Manicaland until 1975. He also played for the Rhodesia B cricket team. After a further move to Kwekwe, he played for Midlands until 1977. He settled back in Mutare and played for Manicaland again until 1979."}, {"context": " He retired as a cricketer in 1996, and took up umpiring. He made his international umpiring debut in 1998 during an ODI game between Zimbabwe and Pakistan before making his Test umpiring debut the following year in the 1st Test between Zimbabwe and Sri Lanka at Bulawayo in November 1999. He umpired three further Tests in 2001, all in Zimbabwe: the 1st Test against Bangladesh at Bulawayo in April 2001, the 2nd Test against West Indies at Harare in July 2001, and then 2nd Test against South Africa at Bulawayo in September 2001. He was an umpire at the 2003 Cricket World Cup and is a member of the ICC's International Panel of Umpires and Referees.  As of August 2010, he has umpired four Tests and 51 ODIs, mostly recently standing in an ODI in October 2009. Save for two World Cup ODIs in South Africa, and three other ODIs in Sharjah in 2003, all have been played in Zimbabwe, and all but a handful involving the Zimbabwe national cricket team. Barbour has also been the third umpire in six Tests in Zimbabwe, most recently in 2005, and 29 ODIs."}]}, {"title": "Pomasia punctaria", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Pomasia punctaria is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in India."}]}, {"title": "L'association femmes et mathe\u0301matiques", "paragraphs": [{"context": " L'association femmes et math\u00e9matiques (in English: Association of Women and Mathematics), created in 1987, is a voluntary association promoting women in scientific studies and research in general, and mathematics in particular. This organization currently has about 200 members, including university professors of math, math teachers, sociologists, philosophers and historians that are interested in the \"woman question\" in scientific domains. According to its mandate, its principle objectives are:"}, {"context": " It specifically organizes a forum of young women mathematicians, as well as conferences on different topics related to its objectives. They hold regularly a general assembly, either in Paris or outside of the city, based on various themes. It also publishes an academic journal. The association has its headquarters at the Maison des math\u00e9maticiens at l'Institut Henri Poincar\u00e9 in Paris. It participates in different initiatives with other scholarly and professional societies, in particular the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Math\u00e9matique de France(Mathematical Society of France), la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de math\u00e9matiques appliqu\u00e9es et industrielles (Society of Applied and Industrial Maths), l'Association des professeurs de math\u00e9matiques de l'enseignement public (Association of Math Professors and Public Teachers) and l'Union des professeurs de sp\u00e9ciales.  Board of the Association for 2013:"}]}, {"title": "109th Battalion (Victoria & Haliburton), CEF", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 109th Battalion CEF was a unit of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, the men of which saw active service during the First World War. The battalion was formed from volunteers from the Ontario counties of Victoria and Haliburton. It was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel J.J Fee and headquartered in the town of Lindsay prior to embarkation. By the spring of 1916 the battalion had reached a strength of 1050 men and was embarked for England. On arrival in London the battalion strength was reallocated as reinforcements to replace the dead in the 20th, 21st, 28th and 124th Battalions.  The battalion was perpetuated by the 1st Battalion, The Victoria & Haliburton Regiment but that unit was later disbanded."}]}, {"title": "List of Tanzanian records in swimming", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Tanzanian records in swimming are the fastest ever performances of swimmers from Tanzania, which are recognised and ratified by the Tanzanian Swimming Federation."}]}, {"title": "Kurs\u0327unlu Waterfall Nature Park", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Kur\u015funlu Waterfall () is located 19\u00a0km from Antalya, Turkey at the end of a 7\u00a0km road branching off to the north of the Antalya-Serik-Alanya highway at a point 12\u00a0km east of Antalya. It is reduced to a mere trickle in the summer months. The waterfall is on one of the tributaries of the Aksu River, where the tributary drops from Antalya's plateau to the coastal plain. It is situated in the midst of a pine forest of exceptional beauty, and the environs provide a picnic and pleasure spot about twenty minutes by car from the centre of the city of Antalya.  The waterfall and its surronundings covering an area of was declared a nature park by the Ministry of Environment and Forest on May 21, 1991."}]}, {"title": "Paris Me\u0301tro Line 1", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Paris M\u00e9tro Line 1 is one of the sixteen lines composing the Paris M\u00e9tro (in Paris, France). It connects the La D\u00e9fense \u2013 Grande Arche and Ch\u00e2teau de Vincennes stations. With a length of , it constitutes an important \"East-West\" transportation route for the City of Paris. Excluding RER () lines, it is the most utilised subway line on the network with 213\u00a0million travellers in 2008 or 583,000 people per day on average. Line 1 (as indicated by its name) was the first line to open, with its inaugural section opening in 1900. It is also the first line on the network to be converted from manually driven operation to fully automated operation. Conversion, which commenced in 2007 and was completed in 2011, included new rolling stock, the MP 05, and laying of platform edge doors in all stations. The first eight MP 05 trains (#s 501 through 508) went into passenger service on 3 November 2011, allowing the accelerated transfer of the existing MP 89CC stock to line 4. The conversion allowed Line 1 to operate as the system's second fully automated line, after Line 14."}, {"context": " A transition to fully automated services was done without major interruption to passenger traffic. The new MP 05 rolling stock was able to operate efficiently alongside the manually-driven MP 89 CC rolling stock until there were enough MP 05 to no longer facilitate the need of the MP 89. Full automation was achieved for evening services in May 2012, with an increase to weekend services by August 2012. As of 15 December 2012 Line 1 is 100% automated with only a few MP 89 CC trains being used during rush hours when needed. The remaining 5 trains will remain stored on Line 1 near the Fontenay workshops until a new garage for Line 4 is opened south of the new Mairie de Montrouge station in February 2013."}, {"context": " In November 1898, Paris decided to undertake preliminary work of the metro network with the construction of the first line of the Parisian subway system. Work lasted twenty months under the leadership of engineer Fulgence Bienven\u00fce and was financed by the municipality of Paris. The line was divided into eight parts distributed between several companies. On 19 July 1900, the line was opened between Porte Maillot and Porte de Vincennes to connect the various sites of the World Fair. Only eight stations were finalized and opened with the inauguration; ten more were gradually opened between 6 August and 1 September 1900. The line followed the east-west monument axis in Paris. These eighteen stations were entirely built under the control of engineer Fulgence Bienven\u00fce, the majority of them 75 metres long and 4.10 metres wide. In March 1934, the first extension into the suburbs brought service to Ch\u00e2teau of Vincennes towards the east."}, {"context": " \u2022 April 20, 1896: the Paris City Council adopts the Fulgence Bienven\u00fce network project \u2022 March 30, 1898: declaration of public utility of the first six lines of the \"metropolitan railway\" \u2022 October 4, 1898: launch of works of line 1 Line 1 has had five different types of rolling stock throughout the years (from ). After successfully opening Line 14 as a fully automatic line, the RATP began to explore the possibility of automating existing lines on the system. The agency first focused on Line 1, since it is the busiest of all of the Paris subway lines, and also the line most frequented by tourists. Automation not only allowed Paris to remain as a model for technological innovations in the railway industry but also increases the number of lines in normal service when RATP workers are striking \"(from MP 05)\"."}, {"context": " Work began in 2007 and was largely carried out without interrupting passenger traffic. Preliminary work involved electrical and signaling upgrades throughout the entire line. Work also commenced on converting the original Porte Maillot station (also known as \"Espace Maillot\") into a light maintenance facility for the MP 05 rolling stock. In 2009, work commenced on installing platform screen doors; with B\u00e9rault and Porte Maillot being the first stations to be equipped. Due to its curved platform, Bastille (in 2011) was among the last stations to be equipped. During this time, individual stations were intermittently closed to allow platforms to be leveled with the height of the train floors (from )."}, {"context": " Although most of the stations remain the same as they were prior to automation (with the exception of the platform screen doors), many stations like St. Paul, received brand new signage. Franklin D. Roosevelt received a complete overhaul from its post World War II facade to a more contemporary & modern look. On November 3, 2011, the first eight trains of the new MP 05 rolling stock were put into service on Line 1. These trains ran alongside the MP 89 CC rolling stock until enough automated stock was available for passenger service. This cascading was achieved thanks to the SAET () system, which is the first version of Siemens Transportation Systems' Trainguard MT CBTC. The arrival of the new stock allowed the RATP to accelerate transfer of the MP 89 from Line 1 to Line 4 at a rate of about 2 to 3 trains per month between November, 2011 and November, 2012. That rate increased to 4 trains per month during November and December, 2012."}, {"context": " Major milestones were reached in May and July, 2012 as full automation reached sufficient levels by which the MP 89 were no longer needed during late evenings and weekends respectively. For the \"Nuit Blanche\" during October, 2012, Line 1 also operated in full automation. The final milestone was reached on December 15, 2012, as full automation of Line 1 approached 100%, allowing the remaining MP 89 trains to be pulled from regular service on December 21, 2012. Due to insufficient storage space on Line 4, the remaining 6 to 7 MP 89 trains remained stored on the Line 1 tracks near Fontenay until a new garage in the Montrouge area opened. That opening was tentatively set for February/March, 2013 and will coincide with the opening of the new Mairie de Montrouge station opening on Line 4.  A western extension of Line 1 from La D\u00e9fense station to the center of Nanterre is being considered. Another proposal being investigated would have a new station constructed at Fontenay \u2013 Rigollots, just before the line climbs to the surface to enter Fontenay shops, and then continue eastward to Val de Fontenay to connect with RER lines A and E. This line has 25 stations. Line 1 passes near several places of interest:"}]}, {"title": "Lansdowne Road", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Lansdowne Road Stadium (, ) was a stadium in Dublin owned by the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU) that was primarily for used rugby union and association football matches. The stadium was demolished in 2007 to make way for the construction of the Aviva Stadium, which opened in 2010. The stadium took its name from the adjacent street called Landsdowne Road. The stadium was situated in the neighbourhood of Ballsbridge in the city's Dublin 4 area. The stadium had convenient public transport links as the Lansdowne Road station of the Dublin Area Rapid Transit rail system is adjacent to the site and passed directly underneath the West Stand."}, {"context": " The stadium was named after the nearby road, which in turn was named after William Petty-FitzMaurice, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne. The Marquis was also the Earl of Shelburne, and nearby Shelbourne Road is also named after him. The stadium had a total capacity of 49,250, with 25,000 seats. However, competitive international football matches could not use the entire capacity because the stands at both ends of the ground (North and South) were standing-only terraces. FIFA and UEFA both mandate that international matches be played in all-seated venues. A temporary capacity of 36,000 was the result for competitive soccer. World Rugby, known as the International Rugby Board when the current Aviva Stadium opened, does not impose this restriction on international rugby venues. For non-competitive international football matches (friendly matches), the FIFA/UEFA all-seated mandate does not apply."}, {"context": " At the IRFU ground, Irish rugby and football international matches were played. Leinster also used the ground on a number of occasions when crowd size meant their traditional home of Donnybrook was not large enough. In 1999 and 2003, Lansdowne Road played host to the Heineken Cup final. Since 1990, Lansdowne was also a regular host of the FAI Cup Final. The stadium had also hosted huge concerts from artists such as Michael Jackson, Robbie Williams, Oasis, U2, The Corrs, Westlife and others. The Lansdowne Road Stadium was the brainchild of Henry Dunlop, the organiser of the first All Ireland Athletics Championships. Dunlop, a decorated track walker and engineering graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, founded the Irish Champion Athletic Club in 1871."}, {"context": " After an initial meeting at Trinity College, the Provost of the College banned any further meeting on campus. Dunlop had to find a new home for his sporting endeavours. Writing in 1921, Dunlop stated: \"I was therefore forced to look for another plot, and after careful consideration chose the present Lansdowne Road one. In conjunction with the late Edward Dillon (my trainer), I took a 69 year lease from the Pembroke Estate, paying a ground rent of \u00a360 per annum, of part only of the premises stretching from the railway to about 60 yards from the Dodder. I laid down a cinder running path of a quarter-mile, laid down the present Lansdowne Tennis Club ground with my own theodolite, started a Lansdowne archery club, a Lansdowne cricket club, and last, but not least, the Lansdowne Rugby Football Club - colours red, black and yellow. On the tennis club grounds the first tennis championship was held long before Fitzwilliam meetings.\""}, {"context": " Dunlop founded Lansdowne Football Club in 1872 and that club has played rugby union ever since at the grounds, being one of the most prominent and successful rugby clubs in Leinster and Ireland. Wanderers Football Club, founded in 1869, joined Lansdowne at the grounds later. The two clubs were tenants since that time, and also use the new Aviva Stadium. Some 300 cartloads of soil from a trench beneath the railway were used to raise the ground, allowing Dunlop to utilise his engineering expertise to create a pitch envied around Ireland."}, {"context": " Rugby gradually became the main use of the grounds: the first representative rugby match was an inter provincial fixture between Leinster and Ulster in December 1876, and on 11 March 1878, Lansdowne Road hosted its first international rugby fixture, against England, making it the world's oldest rugby union Test venue. Dunlop charged the IRFU \u00a35 and half of any profits over \u00a350 after expenses. The first victory Ireland had at the ground took place on 5 February 1887, against England. Around this time, the treasurer of the IRFU, Harry Sheppard, acquired the lease from Dunlop and when Sheppard died in 1906, the union paid his estate \u00a3200 for the lease. The IRFU built the first covered stand in 1908, alongside the railway. An uncovered stand was built over the Lansdowne club pavilion at the northwest corner of the ground."}, {"context": " The first international soccer match at the venue took place between Ireland and England on Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March 1900, when the Belfast-based Irish Football Association controlled that game throughout the island. England won by 2-0. In 1926, the Irish Free State played an international game against Italy at Lansdowne Road and this was to be the last soccer game at the stadium until Waterford United played Manchester United in a European Cup tie in September 1968. The day after the United Kingdom declared war in August 1914, three hundred and fifty rugby union players, of middle class and professional background with solicitors and barristers and many working in banks and insurance companies, assembled on the ground. They were addressed by FH Browning, the President of the IRFU, and they decided to volunteer to join the 7th Royal Dublin Fusiliers as a \"pals\" company, D Company. They marched from the grounds through the city on their way to the Curragh. Some were shortly commissioned as officers, others became NCOs and many of the others became specialists in the battalion, such as signallers, machine-gunners and medical orderlies. This unit saw action at Suvla Bay in the Dardanelles on 7 August 1915, when many of them fell. A memorial to the IRFU members who died in the Great War was erected on the inside of the external wall of the stadium after the war. It was to be preserved in any rebuilding by condition of the planning permission, and is now located just outside the new Aviva Stadium media centre."}, {"context": " After the First World War, the members of Lansdowne and Wanderers reclaimed land from the nearby River Dodder and created enough ground for two back pitches to be formed, enabling the main pitch to be turned out around to the configuration used ever since. In 1927, the old East Stand was built and a terrace created under it. Soldiers of the National Army filled the stand to test its strength. Unfortunately, the roof of the stand was not erected in time for the first match against Scotland. The day of the match saw torrential rain, soaking the spectators and the day was long remembered for the appalling conditions."}, {"context": " The Irish poet Louis MacNeice evokes the atmosphere at Lansdowne Park in the late 1930s in Rugby Football Excursion, a poem first published in 1938. MacNeice does not specify the actual occasion, but the details provided in the sixth stanza of the poem - \"Eccentric scoring - Nicholson, Marshall and Unwin, / Replies by Bailey and Daly\" - suggest that MacNeice was at Lansdowne Park on 12 February 1938 for a match between Ireland and England in the 1938 Home Nations Championship. Path\u00e9 News made a newsreel of this match. The newsreel shows the English and Irish teams running onto the pitch, watched by a huge crowd, followed by various shots of the match in progress."}, {"context": " Lansdowne Lawn Tennis Club was a tenant at the grounds and had grass tennis courts where the South Terrace was later located. During international rugby matches, the tennis courts were covered over with planks of wood to allow spectators stand and watch the rugby matches. In 1930, Lansdowne LTC left the ground to move across the Dodder river to Londonbridge Road, taking the turf from the tennis courts with them. The IRFU, which had its offices within the stadium complex, allowed occasional other uses of the ground, including athletics (a crowd of 40,000 witnessed Olympic gold medalist Ronnie Delany run there in an international athletics meeting in the 1950s)."}, {"context": " In 1952 Lansdowne Road hosted the first colours match between University College Dublin and Trinity College, Dublin. UCD took the honours. In 1954, the arrangement whereby Ireland matches were shared between Ravenhill Stadium and Lansdowne Road ended with the building of the Upper West Stand at Lansdowne creating 8,000 additional seats. In future, all Ireland internationals were to be played at Lansdowne Road. In September 1968 the first football match was played at IRFU headquarters as Waterford F.C. played Manchester United in the 1968\u201369 European Cup"}, {"context": " In 1977, the old West Lower Stand was demolished and the new West Lower Stand opened in 1978. The uncovered stand at the corner of the North Terrace was demolished and terracing extended. Lansdowne FC moved their clubhouse from under that stand to a new clubhouse within the grounds, near Herbert Bridge, beside the Dodder. The mock-Tudor tearooms of Lansdowne FC reverted to the IRFU. The East Stand replaced the Old East Stand in 1983, being financed by the sale of ten year tickets. In October 2005, a small fire in the north terrace put the terrace out of commission for all of Ireland's Autumn internationals. This meant that people who had travelled from as far away as Australia and New Zealand could not attend the match. The terrace reopened for the first game of the 2006 Six Nations Championship."}, {"context": " On 20 November 1988, Boston College beat Army 38-24 in the Emerald Isle Classic, the first major NCAA American football game ever played in Europe, played before 42,525 fans at the stadium. The Irish Government estimated at the time that the game brought nearly US$30 million in spending to the local economy. The Football Association of Ireland first leased the ground for international soccer matches in 1971, and from 1990 to 2006, the ground was used by for the vast majority of home fixtures by the Republic of Ireland soccer team. The reason for this was that Dalymount Park, the traditional home of Irish soccer was no longer considered an adequate venue for hosting internationals due to its lower capacity and fewer seats. It was primarily to allow midweek international soccer matches to take place in the evening that floodlights were installed in Lansdowne in the 1993."}, {"context": " On 15 February 1995, following the 1994 IRA ceasefire, English football hooligans caused the referee to abandon the game after just 27 minutes. Orchestrated by Combat 18, a neo-nazi organisation, English spectators threw debris (including seats, wood and metal) down at Irish fans in response to a goal being scored by Ireland's David Kelly. The last international rugby match before demolition was a 61\u201317 Ireland win over the Pacific Islanders on 26 November 2006. The final soccer international was a 5\u20130 win for the Republic of Ireland over San Marino on 15 November 2006. The last soccer game ever before redevelopment was Derry City's FAI Cup final win against St. Patrick's Athletic on 3 December 2006."}, {"context": " The last ever contest in the old Lansdowne Road Stadium was a rugby match that took place on 31 December 2006. Leinster beat Ulster 20 points to 12 in a Celtic League game that set a record attendance of 48,000 for such a league match. Demolition of the stadium began in May 2007. The stadium was replaced by a 50,000 all-seater football and rugby stadium that opened in May 2010. The development of the new stadium was finally announced in January 2004 at a cost of approximately \u20ac365 million; of this, \u20ac190 million came from the Irish government, with the remainder paid by the IRFU and Football Association of Ireland. The new stadium was designed by Populous, Scott Tallon Walker and Buro Happold, with ME Engineers providing the building services design. The development was originally meant to begin in January 2007 but was delayed. DSM Demolition commenced the works on 17 May 2007."}, {"context": " Football and rugby internationals were mainly played at Croke Park while the Aviva Stadium was being developed, with fixtures in both sports also taking place at Thomond Park, and RDS Arena with Ravenhill Stadium also hosting a rugby international. Croke Park is owned by the Gaelic Athletic Association, whose rules until recently did not allow foreign sports to be played on their grounds. In September 2006, Lars-Christer Olsson, CEO of UEFA, hinted that the new stadium might stage the UEFA Cup Final in 2010. The 2010 final was ultimately awarded to Hamburg, but in January 2009, UEFA named the new ground as the host stadium for the renamed 2011 UEFA Europa League Final."}, {"context": " In February 2009 a sponsorship deal, reported to be in the region of \u20ac44 million for 10 years, was struck under which the new stadium would be known as Aviva Stadium, which opened on 7 August 2010. The children's writer Gerard Siggins has based much of his 'Rugby Spirit' series in the modern Aviva Stadium. His hero, Eoin Madden, is on a school tour to the ground when he meets Brian Hanrahan, a true-life figure who was the only man ever to die playing sport in Lansdowne Road. Hanrahan, a Lansdowne FC rugby player, died when a scrum collapsed during a Leinster Senior Cup game against Trinity in 1928.  The seven books so far published in the series feature frequent visits to Aviva Stadium for matches. Siggins also co-authored the history of the stadium, Lansdowne Road: The Stadium, The Matches, The Greatest Days (O'Brien Press, 2010)"}]}, {"title": "Shirvan Rural District", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Shirvan Rural District () is a rural district (\"dehestan\") in the Central District of Borujerd County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 21,710, in 5,351 families. The rural district has 54 villages."}]}, {"title": "Pease, Missouri", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Pease is an unincorporated community in Laclede County, in the Ozarks of southern Missouri. Pease is located along the Osage Fork Gasconade River just upstream of the Missouri Route J crossing and the confluence of Parks Creek with the Osage Fork. A post office called Pease was established in 1885, and remained in operation until 1921. The community has the name of George Pease, a pioneer citizen."}]}, {"title": "Cyclic prefix", "paragraphs": [{"context": " In telecommunications, the term cyclic prefix refers to the prefixing of a symbol, with a repetition of the end. The receiver is typically configured to discard the cyclic prefix samples, but the cyclic prefix serves two purposes: For the cyclic prefix to serve its objectives, it must have a length at least equal to the length of the multipath channel. The concept of a cyclic prefix is traditionally associated with OFDM systems, however the cyclic prefix is now also used in single carrier systems to improve the robustness to multipath propagation."}, {"context": " A cyclic prefix is often used in conjunction with modulation to retain sinusoids' properties in multipath channels. It is well known that sinusoidal signals are eigenfunctions of linear, and time-invariant systems. Therefore, if the channel is assumed to be linear and time-invariant, then a sinusoid of infinite duration would be an eigenfunction. However, in practice, this cannot be achieved, as real signals are always time-limited. So, to mimic the infinite behavior, prefixing the end of the symbol to the beginning makes the linear convolution of the channel appear as though it were circular convolution, and thus, preserve this property in the part of the symbol after the cyclic prefix."}, {"context": " OFDM uses cyclic prefixes to combat multipath by making channel estimation easy. As an example, consider an OFDM system that has formula_1 subcarriers. The message symbol can be written as: The OFDM symbol is constructed by taking the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) of the message symbol, followed by a cyclic prefixing. Let the symbol obtained by the IDFT be denoted by Prefixing it with a cyclic prefix of length formula_4, the OFDM symbol obtained is: Assume that the channel is represented using"}, {"context": " Then, after convolution with the channel, which happens as which is circular convolution, as formula_8 becomes formula_9. So, taking the Discrete Fourier Transform, we get where formula_11 is the discrete Fourier transform of formula_12. Thus, a multipath channel is converted into scalar parallel sub-channels in frequency domain, thereby simplifying the receiver design considerably. The task of channel estimation is simplified, as we just need to estimate the scalar coefficients formula_13 for each sub-channel and once the values of formula_14 are estimated, for the duration in which the channel does not vary significantly, merely multiplying the received demodulated symbols by the inverse of formula_13 yields the estimates of formula_16 and hence, the estimate of actual symbols formula_17."}]}, {"title": "Handball at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's qualification", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The qualification for the 2012 Women's Olympic Handball Tournament is held from December 2010 to May 2012. Notes: Notes: Note :"}]}, {"title": "Ali Hudzafi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ali Hudzafi is a Singaporean football player. He plays currently for Hougang United in the S.League for 2017. Ali started his career with the Stags in their prime league team. In 2013, he was called up to the LionsXII to play in the Malaysia Super League. He make an appearance for the team against ATM FA as a last minute substitute. After being released by the LionsXII, he move to the Young Lions to play in the Sleague which he played for 2 seasons. (2014-2015) He joined Hougang United in 2016 but missed out on a majority of appearances in 2016 due to a long term injury.  He was re-signed for 2017."}]}, {"title": "Semagystia lukhtanovi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Semagystia lukhtanovi is a moth in the Cossidae family. It was described by Yakovlev in 2007. It is found in Tadjikistan. The length of the forewings is about 12\u00a0mm. The forewings are dark, brown with a narrow light border and with small dark spots at the veins at the outer margin. The hindwings are dark brown with a narrow border."}]}, {"title": "CKON-FM", "paragraphs": [{"context": " CKON-FM is a private radio station located in Akwesasne, a Mohawk nation territory that straddles the Canada\u2013United States border (and also, on the Canadian side, the interprovincial border between Quebec and Ontario). The station's studios are located in the Akwesasne Communication Society Building; that building is itself on both sides of the international border, with part of it being in Hogansburg, New York, and part of it in Saint Regis, Quebec. The ACS building was deliberately constructed on the international border as a symbol of Mohawk defiance between Canada and the United States, as well as an expression of communal unity."}, {"context": " Its licence was issued by the Mohawk Nation Council of Chiefs and Clanmothers. The station broadcasts on 97.3 MHz and is owned and operated by the Akwesasne Communication Society, a community-based non-profit group. The call sign CKON is a reference to the Mohawk word \"sekon\" (or \"she:kon\"), which means \"hello\" in English. While the station uses a call sign that would give the impression of being a licensed Canadian station, according to an article from the Canadian Journal of Communication, it is not, and there is no record of the station being licensed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), or by the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC). (The call sign CKON is however not listed as an available call sign as of this writing, despite the absence of any other station using that call sign, which may reflect an unofficial acknowledgement of the station by the Canadian government.) As such, official technical information about the station is unavailable; however, the station is reported to use 3,000 watts of effective radiated power, and its transmitter site is reported as being located on the Canadian side of the border, in St. Regis (part of the Quebec portion of the reserve). The building CKON is housed in is located on the Canada-United States border. CKON's tower is located on the US portion of the reserve. The station is licensed by a proclamation from the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation given via the Mohawk Nation Council of Chiefs. It is the only radio station in North America operating under the exclusive jurisdiction of an aboriginal government. Its founding board consisted of the following members: Frank David, Brian Cole, Salli Benedict, Lloyd Benedict, Diane Lazore, Doug George-Kanentiio and Francis Boots."}, {"context": " The Akwesasne Communications Society was formed in May 1982. The founding members of the ACS were: Diane Lazore, Francis Boots, Salli Benedict, Lloyd Benedict, Doug George-Kanentiio, Frank David and David Brian Cole. After two years of development CKON-FM went on the air on October 1, 1984 from its temporary facility on Cornwall Island. A permanent facility was built in St. Regis in 1988 with part of the broadcasting studios south of the 45th parallel (the border between Canada and the United States) and the administrative offices north of that line."}, {"context": " CKON-FM has a country music format, but also has adult contemporary music during evenings and oldies on Sundays. CKON-FM also strives to play local and nationwide Native artists. CKON-FM broadcasts in English and Kanien'keha, the language of the Mohawks. Other programming include an All-Mohawk program hosted by Teddy Peters on featuring native music along with other popular songs of all genre, plus a weekday Mohawk Language Lesson program, after the local news and community announcements. In addition to music and discussion programming, CKON is also the official broadcaster of Cornwall Colts Junior-league ice hockey. It also airs weather updates provided by Plattsburgh, New York NBC affiliate, WPTZ."}]}, {"title": "Ajaigarh", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ajaigarh or Adjygurh is a town and a nagar panchayat in the Panna District of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. Ajaigarh was the capital of a princely state of the same name during the British Raj. Ajaigarh was founded in 1765 by Guman Singh, a bundela Rajput who was the nephew of Raja Pahar Singh of Jaitpur. After Ajaigarh was captured by the British in 1809, it became a princely state in the Bundelkhand Agency of the Central India Agency. It had an area of , and a population of 78,236 in 1901. The rulers bore the title of \"sawai maharaja\". He commanded an estimated annual revenue of about \u00a315,000/-, and paid a tribute of \u00a3460/-. The chief resided at the town of Nowgong, at the foot of the hill-fortress of Ajaigarh, from which the state took its name. This fort, situated on a steep hill, towers more than 800\u00a0ft (244 m) above the eponymous township, and contains the ruins of several temples adorned with elaborately carved sculptures. The town was often afflicted by malaria, and suffered severely from famine in 1868\u20131869 and 1896\u20131897."}, {"context": " The state acceded to the Government of India on 1 January 1950; the ruling chief was granted a privy purse of Rs. 74,700/-, and the courtesy use of his styles and titles. All of these were revoked by the government of India in 1971, at the time when these privileges were revoked from all erstwhile princes. The former princely state became part of the new Indian state of Vindhya Pradesh, and most of the territory of the former state, including the town of Ajaigarh, became part of Panna District, with a smaller portion going to Chhatarpur District. Vindhya Pradesh was merged into Madhya Pradesh on 1 November 1956."}, {"context": " Maharajadhiraja Chhatrasal : 1649\u20131731 Devendra Vijay Singh :born 1913-died 1984 Ajaigarh or Ajaygarh Fort is listed among the top attractions of the region. It stands alone on a hilltop in the district of Panna and is easily accessible from Khajuraho. The fort is bordered by beautiful Vindhya Hills and provides absolutely stunning views of the Ken River. This grand fort is noted for its rich historical past and architectural beauty, which speaks volumes about the Chandela dynasty. There is plenty to explore at the fort, which makes it a treat for history and art lovers. Reminiscent of old times, this fort has two gates (earlier there were five), two temples and two rock-cut tanks, close to the northern gate. These tanks have been named as Ganga and Yamuna.  As of 2001 India census, Ajaigarh had a population of 13,979. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Ajaigarh has an average literacy rate of 59%, which is lower than the national average of 59.5%; with 61% of the males and 39% of females literate. 16% of the population is under 6 years of age. Ajaigarh Fort was sold to Oberoi Group and they plan to develop a tiger resort there."}]}, {"title": "Lambert II, Count of Louvain", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Lambert II (died Tournai, 19 June 1054) was count of Louvain between 1033 and 1054. Lambert was the son of Lambert I of Louvain (d. 1015). According to the Vita Gudilae (recorded between 1048\u20131051) he followed his brother Henry I of Louvain. Lambert scorned both temporal and spiritual authorities and in 1054 even took up arms against Holy Roman Emperor Henry III. He was defeated and lost his life at Tournai. During his reign Brussels began its growth. Lambert arranged to transfer the remains of Saint Gudule to the St. Michael church. This church, thereafter known as Saints-Michel-et-Gudule, developed to become St. Michael and Gudula Cathedral. Lambert also constructed a fortress on the Coudenberg hill.  Since Lambert II died in 1054, an imperial charter of September 1062 connecting a certain Lambert to the county Brussels, is probably referring to another person. Lambert of Louvain married Uda of Lorraine (also called Oda of Verdun), daughter of Gothelo I, Duke of Lorraine. Their children were:"}]}, {"title": "Eugene Cook (Georgia)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Eugene Cook (c. 1904 - April 14, 1967) was an American jurist. He was the Attorney General of Georgia from 1945 to 1965, and a Justice of the Georgia Supreme Court. He believed the NAACP was a communist organization."}]}, {"title": "Lyn Lifshin", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Lyn Diane Lifshin is an and teacher. Born in Barre, Vermont, she was raised in Middlebury, Vermont and is now 87 years old. She earned a bachelor's degree in English from Syracuse University and a master's degree in English from the University of Vermont (writing a thesis on Dylan Thomas). She also studied at Brandeis University, the Bread Loaf School of English and attended the Bread Loaf Writer's Conference. Lifshin moved to Schenectady, New York in the 1970s with her then husband, who worked for General Electric. She enrolled in a doctoral program in English at SUNY Albany, and began submitting her work for publication. She quickly began appearing in a variety of literary magazines. When she left SUNY, she began teaching creative writing workshops at various public venues such as libraries, as well as at her home in Niskayuna, New York. Eventually, she began earning a living primarily from workshops, readings, and visiting faculty positions."}, {"context": " Lifshin has been called \"The Queen of the Lit Mags\" and \"The Queen of Modern Romance Poetry\". Over 120 books and chapbooks of her work have been published. She has also edited four anthologies (appearing in innumerable others) and was the subject of the award-winning documentary film \"Not Made of Glass\". Her work has appeared in numerous literary magazines and cultural publications, including \"The American Scholar\", \"Christian Science Monitor\", \"Ploughshares\", \"nthWORD\", \"Blue Lake Review\", \"Dunes Review\", and \"Rolling Stone Magazine\".  Bibliographers and literary critics would be hard-pressed to find a literary journal that has not published at least one Lifshin poem at one time or another. To date, however, there is no comprehensive bibliography of her publications and unpublished manuscripts. She currently divides her time between a home in Niskayuna and a residence in Virginia."}]}, {"title": "Arturo Badillo", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Arturo Badillo (born June 2, 1987 in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico) is a Mexican professional boxer. He competes in the Super Flyweight division. In June 2008, Arturo knocked out title contender Javier Gallo, at the Auditorio Municipal in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. On July 9, 2011, Badillo will face WBA Super Flyweight Champion, Hugo C\u00e1zares. The bout will take place in Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico."}]}, {"title": "Agesilaus (historian)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Agesilaus (; ) was a Greek historian who wrote a work on the early history of Italy, fragments of which are preserved in Plutarch's \"Parallel Lives\", and in Stobaeus' \"Florilegium\"."}]}, {"title": "Z\u0301ro\u0301d\u0142a", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a may refer to the following places in Poland:"}]}, {"title": "Daumas (surname)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Daumas is a French surname. Notable people by that name include:"}]}, {"title": "List of Greek flags", "paragraphs": [{"context": " This is a list of flags used in the modern state of Greece or historically used by Greeks."}]}, {"title": "Mohammad Nourizad", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Mohammad Nourizad, () born 10 December 1952 in Shahriar County is an Iranian filmmaker, activist, and former journalist for the conservative daily \"Kayhan\". He was arrested after writing a letter to Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Iran's supreme leader, urging him to apologize to the nation for the bloody crackdown on the opposition after the disputed 2009 June presidential elections. On 18 April 2010, it was reported that he was sentenced three-and-a-half years in prison. His protest was called \"unexpected\" as he was \"a prominent Iranian conservative respected by supporters\" of the Islamic regime, and \"explicitly targeting\" the Supreme Leader for criticism in his letter. The letter read in part,"}, {"context": " \"As commander in chief of the armed forces, you didn't treat people well after the election. Your agents opened fire, killed the people, beat them and destroyed and burnt their property. Your role in this can't be ignored, ... Your apology can cool down the wrath of the people.\" A year earlier he had \"aroused a wave of protest and criticism\" with an article on his blog (Gah-e Nevesht) calling for Iran\u2019s leading clerics to avoid getting involved in governmental affairs, after several such clerics called for the dismissal of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's vice president, Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei. (Masha\u2019i had made a statement regarding the friendly relations between the Iranian nation and the Israeli people, as opposed to the Israeli state.)"}, {"context": " On 11 December 2010, Nourizad started a hunger strike to protest a lack of attention from Iranian authorities to his complaints of alleged mistreatment by interrogators at the Evin prison. On 16 December authorities detained his family members after they showed up outside the prison to inquire about his failing health. On July 15, 2013, Nourizad kissed the feet of a 4-year-old Bah\u00e1'\u00ed boy whose parents had been arrested for participation in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Institute for Higher Education, saying: \"\u2026why shouldn't I kiss your feet as a representative of the office of [Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei] and the [many] Shi'ite sources of emulation?\" and published the event on his blog. The boy's father responded in a letter from prison dated July 18 saying in part: \"Mr. Nourizad! Standing before Artin, you knelt and kissed his feet. I found this to be an utmost expression of love and respect, not to Artin but to the pure human spirit. At the same time, I wish that no person be forced to kneel before another person out of shame. \u2026. Mr. Nourizad! You asked Artin to slap you and to spit on you. I heard this request as your attempt to ease his pain, and the utmost sign of your honesty and your acceptance of responsibility. At the same time, I wish that no human body should have to be exposed to such a thing, as the body houses the human spirit and the human spirit is a display of the Divine one.\"  In September 2013, Nourizad filmed Mohammad Maleki, former Rector of the University of Tehran, publicly apologizing in a similar way for his part in turning away Bah\u00e1'\u00ed students from Iranian universities."}]}, {"title": "Inside Fighting Russia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Inside Fighting Russia (aka Our Russian Ally) is a 1942 22-minute Canadian short documentary film produced by the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) for distribution by United Artists, as part of the wartime \"The World in Action\" series. The film documents Russia's fight against Nazi Germany during the Second World War. \"Inside Fighting Russia\" is produced by Stuart Legg, and narrated by Lorne Greene. The film's French version title is \"La Russie sous les armes\". In 1942, during the Second World War, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, led by Joseph Stalin faced a formidable foe in Nazi Germany. Hitler's armoured legions attacked without warning, penetrating deep into the Soviet Union but were met by a fierce resistance. From ordinary citizens to the military that had to withstand the enemy attacks, the indomitable spirit of Russia began to change the course of the war."}, {"context": " With the Soviet Union now a major member of the Allied war effort, millions of Russians bolstered by their faith and courage, are thrown into the caldron of war. Factory workers, farmers in their fields, educators and students in their schools, doctors in their hospitals, all symbolized the country's utilization of its cooperative energy to fight fascism. Workers in Canada and Great Britain demonstrated their solidarity with their Russian allies with street rallies in Montreal and London. The vast resources of labor and materials were mobilized by the Communist leadership. Since the 1920s and 1930s, with great sacrifices made by the working class and peasants, the Soviet Union had been transformed through a series of Five-Year Plans, into the world's second greatest industrial power. Turning to war factories in Siberia, far from the front lines, workers turned out tanks and aircraft, the new weapons of a mechanized war."}, {"context": " With Moscow almost in sight, the furious Soviet counterattacks slowed and then stopped the advancing Nazi forces. In the coming months, the Soviet military leaders planned to throw back the invading Nazi armada and regain lost territories. Typical of the NFB's Second World War documentary short films in \"The World in Action\" series, \"Inside Fighting Russia\" was made in cooperation with the Director of Public Information, Herbert Lash. The film was created as a morale boosting propaganda film. \"Inside Fighting Rusia\" was a compilation documentary edited by James Beveridge to provide a coherent story. The film relied heavily on newsreel material from the Soviet Union, and represented a \"coup\" for the filmmakers, as Soviet newsreels were difficult to obtain."}, {"context": " The deep baritone voice of stage actor Lorne Greene was featured in the narration of \"Inside Fighting Russia\". Greene, known for his work on both radio broadcasts as a news announcer at \"CBC\" as well as narrating many of the \"Canada Carries On\" series. His sonorous recitation led to his nickname, \"The Voice of Canada\", and to some observers, the \"voice-of-God\". When reading grim battle statistics or narrating a particularly serious topic, he was known as \"The Voice of Doom\". In early 1942, NFB head John Grierson went to Hollywood to establish a new market for NFB documentaries, especially the war-themed \"The World in Action\" series which had been recently inaugurated. He met with Charlie Chaplin and Mary Pickford of United Artists (UA) and was able to strike a deal to distribute the first 12 films of the series in the United States. He already had an agreement to distribute NFB films throughout Canada and Great Britain. Grierson and the NFB also had an agreement with the producers, Louis de Rochemont and his brother Richard de Rochemont of \"The March of Time\" newsreels."}, {"context": " \"Inside Fighting Russia\", the very first film in \"The World in Action\" series to be distributed, \"... ran into trouble immediately. UA would not distribute it in the United States as they considered it to be Communist propaganda.\" In a similar move, the Province of Quebec through the Bureau de censure du Qu\u00e9bec banned the film, along with \"Our Northern Neighbour\", another NFB documentary that covered the same subject. After this abortive start, the film series started appearing in theatres about once a month. \"They would screen in 6,000 cinemas stateside and 1,000 in Great Britain, being seen by 3 million people in the United States alone. In Canada 23 copies in English would be released to theatres with a further two copies going out in French. These would circulate for about six months throughout the country.\""}, {"context": " \"Inside Fighting Russia\" was produced in 35\u00a0mm for the theatrical market. To ensure that Canadians from coast-to-coast could see them, each film was shown over a six-month period as part of the shorts or newsreel segments in approximately 800 theatres across Canada. After the success of \"Warclouds in the Pacific\", the NFB was able to make a further arrangement with United Artists for additional titles to be distributed in the United States. When the six-month theatrical tour ended, individual films were made available on 16\u00a0mm to schools, libraries, churches and factories, extending the life of these films for another year or two. They were also made available to film libraries operated by university and provincial authorities. A total of 199 films were produced before the series was canceled in 1959."}, {"context": " Historian Malek Khouri, in analyzing \"Inside Fighting Russia\" and the role of propaganda in the NFB wartime documentaries, said. \"During the early years of the NFB, its creative output was largely informed by the turbulent political and social climate the world was facing. World War II, Communism, unemployment, the role of labour unions, and working conditions were all subjects featured by the NFB during the period from 1939 to 1946\". Film historian Ian Aitken described \"Inside Fighting Russia\" as \"... While well-intentioned, the film lays it on a bit thick as to the strength and power of the Soviet people. The view presented of the communist system is naively oversimplified. While the USA and Soviets were fighting a common enemy, America\u2019s mistrust of communism could not be dispelled so easily.\""}]}, {"title": "1854 in paleontology", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Ophiobolus anguillides", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ophiobolus anguillides is a plant pathogen that causes stem canker on hemp."}]}, {"title": "Eugene J. Bedell", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Eugene J. Bedell (May 13, 1928 \u2013 January 4, 2016) was an American politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1972 to 1974 from District 5B and in the New Jersey Senate from the 12th Legislative District from 1974 to 1982. He died on January 4, 2016, at his home in Keansburg, New Jersey at age 87."}]}, {"title": "Lau, Nigeria", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Lau is a Local Government Area in Taraba State, Nigeria. Its headquarters is in the town of Lau and the area is dominated by Hausa Fulani people. Lau Local government has a border with Ardo kola, Jalingo, Yorro & Zing local government of Taraba state. It also share border with Numan Adamawa State. It has an area of 1,660\u00a0km\u00b2 and a population of 96,590 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is 662."}]}, {"title": "Entertainment Desk", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Entertainment Desk was a Canadian entertainment news television series, which aired on the Global Television Network in the 1990s. Anchored by Bob McAdorey, the show aired weekday afternoons."}]}, {"title": "Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress\" (also titled \"Long Cool Woman\" or \"Long Cool Woman (in a Black Dress)\") is a song written by Allan Clarke, Roger Cook, and Roger Greenaway and performed by the British rock group The Hollies. Originally appearing on the album \"Distant Light\", it was released as a single on 17 April 1972 (on Parlophone in the United Kingdom), selling 1.5 million copies in the United States and two million worldwide. It reached No. 2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in September 1972. \"Billboard\" ranked it as the No. 24 song for 1972."}, {"context": " On the day \"Long Cool Woman\" was recorded at AIR Studios, the group's producer, Ron Richards, was ill and, as a result, the song was produced by the group. The song is different from most other Hollies songs in that there are no three-part vocal harmonies, and the song features lead guitar and lead vocal work by Allan Clarke. Upon his return, Ron Richards mixed the recording. The song was written in the swamp rock style of Creedence Clearwater Revival, in terms of the vocal, rhythm, and melodic style. It came out in the spring of 1972 (the same year Creedence split up). Clarke imitated John Fogerty's vocal style, which was based on the Creedence song \"Green River\". According to Clarke, the song was written \"in about five minutes\"."}, {"context": " In the Hollies' native United Kingdom, the song was only a modest success for the band, peaking at number 32 on the charts. However, it became a surprising smash hit in the United States, peaking at number 2 for two weeks behind Gilbert O'Sullivan\u2019s \"Alone Again (Naturally)\". It was their highest charting single in America. It also got to number 2 in Australia. By this time, Clarke had already left the band, but he feels that \"it wasn't unfortunate\", since he had co-written the song. Clarke rejoined the Hollies in the summer of 1973, partly due to the success of this song."}]}, {"title": "1980 Ms. Olympia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 1980 Ms. Olympia contest was an IFBB professional bodybuilding competition was held in August 30, 1980, at the Sheraton Hotel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the 1st Ms. Olympia competition held. Total: $10,000"}]}, {"title": "Steve Ryan (author)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Steve Ryan (born February 15, 1949 in San Diego, California) is an American author who specializes in the creation of games and puzzles. Ryan is also a television game show historian and creator. Ryan was a long-standing staff member of Goodson-Todman Productions and Mark Goodson Productions, where he created the concept for the game show \"Blockbusters\". Ryan also created the rebus puzzles for the game show \"Classic Concentration\". He was also a writer and creator of puzzles for the game shows \"Body Language\", \"Catch Phrase\", \"Password Plus\" and \"Trivia Trap\"."}, {"context": " As senior games executive at Goodson\u2019s lottery division, Steve created games with million-dollar payoffs for many state and international lottery game shows including: \"The Big Spin\" for California, \"Bingo-Lotto\" for Lithuania Lottery, \"Bonus Bonanza\" for Massachusetts Lottery, \"A Chance de Ouro\" for Brazil Lottery, \"Flamingo Fortune\" for Florida Lottery, \"Illinois Luckiest\" for Illinois Lottery, \"Instant Riches\" for Illinois Lottery, \"New York Wired\" for New York Lottery, \"\" for Multi-State Lottery, \"Second Chance Sweepstakes\" for Ohio Lottery, \"Telelotto\" for Estonia Lottery, \"Win'n Spin\" for South Africa Lottery, \"Zama Zama\" for South Africa Lottery, and \"25th Anniversary Game Show\" for Pennsylvania Lottery. Some of his many game creations for these lottery shows include \u201cBeach Ball,\u201d \u201cCamelot\u2019s Riches,\u201d \u201cCapsize,\u201d \u201cConey Island Coaster,\u201d \u201cForce Field,\u201d \u201cGold Rush,\u201d \u201cHigh Roller,\u201d \u201cKnockout,\u201d \"Mismatch,\" \u201cNiagara,\u201d \u201cPowerBall Express,\u201d \u201cSkyscraper,\u201d \u201cSplashdown,\u201d \u201cSteeple Chase,\u201d \u201cThunderball,\u201d \u201cTreasure Quest,\u201d \u201cVortex,\u201d \u201cWrecking Ball,\u201d and \u201cZero Gravity.\u201d"}, {"context": " Ryan is recognized as one of the world\u2019s most prolific creators of puzzles with thousands of puzzles to his credit. He began his career as a puzzle columnist at Copley News Service where he created several puzzle and game features for readers across America and other English speaking countries. Those features include \u201cPuzzles & Posers\u201d which is a mixed grill of cerebral calisthenics designed to explore player\u2019s powers of reason, logic and ingenuity, and \u201cZig-Zag\u201d the original word maze-puzzle which challenges players to search for words from given categories. Both features have run non-stop from 1973 and 1975 (respectively) to current day. Both of Ryan\u2019s features have the distinction of being Copley News Service\u2019s longest running features in the history of the news organization. Creators Syndicate absorbed both features when Copley News Service sold in 2008."}, {"context": " Dozens of Steve Ryan books have evolved from his puzzle features and his work in television. Steve self-published his first book in 1975 titled \u201cPuzzle Cards.\u201d His \u201cGrape Vine\u201d puzzle in that book is recognized as the earliest known puzzle to utilize what is known as the \u201cfreeway rule\u201d within a genre of puzzles known as mazes-with-rules as referenced in SuperMazes by Robert Abbott. Worldwide, many Steve Ryan puzzle books have been translated and published for Chinese, Russian, Czechoslovakian, French, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, Indian, Malaysian and Indonesian markets."}, {"context": " Ryan is also co-author of \"The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows\", the most comprehensive book of its kind. This encyclopedia is often referred to as the Bible of the game show industry. As a reference book it documents every game show that has ever appeared in a national market whether it be in cable, syndication or network. Three updated editions have been published to date. The book has been used as a \"Jeopardy!\" answer: The answer was, \"'Beat the Odds,' 'Music Bingo' and 'Fast Draw' are entries in an encyclopedia of these by Schwartz, Ryan & Wostbrock.\" A contestant came in with the correct question, \u201cWhat are game shows?\u201d"}, {"context": " In addition to the books authored by Steve Ryan, his work has appeared in such magazines as \"Games\", \"Nick\", \"Nickelodeon\", \"Nick Toons\" and \"World of Puzzles\" in the U.S. and \"Games & Puzzles\" in the United Kingdom. Will Shortz, while editor at \"Games\" magazine, acknowledged the work of Steve Ryan as some of the best in the world of puzzles. Puzzle creations by Steve Ryan have been utilized by the Game\u2019s National Puzzle Test. His puzzles always rate as visually intriguing, with a high rate of contestants attempting to solve, yet with a lower than normal rate of success. That\u2019s the secret behind most Steve Ryan creations: visually stimulating and mentally captivating. A basic Steve Ryan philosophy has always been to make a puzzle appear easy to solve, yet quite engaging to conjure the solution."}, {"context": " Stix & Stones, a box game created by Steve Ryan, received the Parents' Choice 2010 Award for new game. After years of challenging fans to solve his brainteasers with pencils, players are asked to put down those pencils and grab a handful of sticks and stones to create images using the fewest possible number of sticks and stones. It\u2019s a game that encourages creative thinking with little or no artistic skill required. Ryan likes to say, \u201cIf you could play against Pablo Picasso, all you\u2019d have to do is out think him because he has to use the same sticks and stones as you do to create his image.\""}, {"context": " As a child, Ryan was inspired by the mathematical recreations of Henry Dudeney and Sam Loyd. Later, while studying Art and Design at California State University Long Beach, Steve polished his skills to illustrate his own puzzle and game creations. And, now, after decades of passionate work, Ryan\u2019s word games, number quizzes, problems in logic, devious dissections, scrambled letters, mazes-with-rules, mathematical recreations and more continue to inspire readers to sharpen their pencils and sharpen their wits. Many of his fans know him as the Picasso of Puzzles and Gauguin of Games."}]}, {"title": "Armadale and Thornlie railway lines", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Armadale railway line is a suburban railway line in Western Australia that runs from Perth to Armadale, and continues as the South Western Railway to Bunbury. The line crosses the Swan River at East Perth via the Goongoongup Bridge, and formerly had crossed it via the Bunbury Bridge. The Thornlie railway line is a spur line branching off the Armadale line between Beckenham and Kenwick stations that opened on 7 August 2005. The Armadale line opened on 2 May 1889. An 1891 contract tender described the route of the new line from East Perth to Pinjarra:"}, {"context": " The original stations in 1889 were Perth, Welshpool, Kelmscott and Armadale. Cannington, although operational in 1889, was opened in 1893. The following stations were opened: In September 1991 the line commenced electrified operation. Between 2004 and 2005, Armadale, Carlisle and Gosnells were upgraded to provide better facilities to passengers and provide better access between trains and buses. Lathlain station was closed on 3 February 2003 as part of the project. The latest station, Thornlie, was opened on 7 August 2005. The station is built on a spur line of the Armadale Line."}, {"context": " Between 21 March 1993 and 8 August 2005, trains on the Armadale line continued through Perth to the Joondalup line. In 2004 new railcars were introduced, which became exclusive to the Joondalup line. From 2005 until 2012, Armadale Line trains did not run through Perth to the other lines but on 20 August 2012, as part of works relating to the Perth City Link project to sink the Fremantle line, services from Fremantle connected to the line until the tunnel was opened on 18 July 2013 which saw the Armadale Line terminate in Perth again."}, {"context": " Victoria Park and Kelmscott Stations were upgraded between 2007 and 2008 as part of the Public Transport Authority's 'Building Better Stations' program. Victoria Park station was opened on 20 July 2008. and Kelmscott was opened on 21 November 2008. As part of the new Perth Stadium project, Belmont Park station closed on 13 October 2013. Perth Stadium station was opened in 2018 to replace it. As part of the Metronet project, both the Armadale main line and the Thornlie spur line will undergo extensions. The Armadale line will be extended to the suburb of Byford with a station being built approximately south of the Armadale railway station."}, {"context": " The Thornlie spur line will be extended to Cockburn Central railway station on the Mandurah railway line. Two new railway stations will be located on this extension, Nicholson Road and Ranford Road. Construction , and . Below is the annual patronage of Armadale and Thornlie railway lines from 2010\u20132011 financial year. Figures are provided as total boardings, which includes all fare-paying boardings and free travel on stations within the free transit zones as well as transfers between stations. The figures for rail replacement and special events services are not included in the total.  During peak hour times on weekdays, some railway stations are almost always bypassed to enable faster commutes. Express trains also run along the Armadale line on weekdays, and even often on weekends."}]}, {"title": "Cao Mianying", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Cao Mianying (; born 19 June 1967) is a Chinese rower. She won a silver medal in double sculls with her partner Zhang Xiuyun at the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games. She also competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics and 1992 Summer Olympics. She is from Haiyan County, Zhejiang province. She graduated from Beijing Sport University in sports training. She is responsible for training the national rowing women's team. She is a member of the Communist Party. In 2008, she became a delegate in the 11th National People's Congress, where she has repeatedly emphasised the importance of the development of sports."}]}, {"title": "Abbey Home Media", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Abbey Home Media is a British DVD distributor that releases content and other content aimed at a young audience. The company has partnerships with the pre-school brands CBeebies, LittleBe and Milkshake!, and with companies like DHX Media to release their content on DVD in the United Kingdom. Abbey Home Media also are a producer of their own franchises, which includes the likes of \"Bump the Elephant\", \"Fun Song Factory\" and \"Baby Bright\". The precessor of Abbey Home Media was Abbey Home Entertainment Group Limited (AHE) Abbey Home Entertainment was founded in 1989 by Ian and Anne Miles. AHE would acquire the Tempo Video brand name from WM Collins Video in 1990 and also later introduced other brand names:"}, {"context": " A subsidiary called Abbey Broadcast Communications was also founded during this time, which produced original content for AHE. According to Companieshouse, ABC is still in operation, even though they haven't made anything since 1999. In Early 2000, Abbey Home Entertainment was acquired by \"Just Group PLC\". after a while, all of AHE's sub-brands except for Tempo Pre-School were folded into Just Group's home media subsidiary Just Entertainment. Newer releases would be released under ether 2 names."}, {"context": " Another predecessor of Abbey Home Media was Tempo Video, which was originally launched by video distributor MSD Video in 1987 as a kids-focused video label. After 2 years MSD transitioned the distribution of Tempo to Collins Video and then transitioned the label off to Abbey Home Entertainment within 1990, a year after the company was founded. The label was folded a short while after Abbey Home Entertainment was bought by Just Group in 2000. In 2002, co-founder Ian Miles resigned from Just Group PLC, and he formed a new company under the Abbey name called Abbey Home Media Almost all of Just Group's properties were also taken by Abbey Home Media in the process. Abbey Home Media retained the Tempo Pre-School brand that Just Entertainment kept during their ownership of the Abbey brands and would later introduce the Tempo and Tempo TV Classics (Previously Tempo Classics) brands. Nowadays all of the releases are released under the single Abbey Home Media brand name."}]}, {"title": "Coolabine, Queensland", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Coolabine is a locality in the Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. Coolabine is a locality in a valley (approx 100 metres above sea level) surrounded by mountains to the north, east and south, a range that includes Mount Thilba Thalba (450 metres in neighbouring Gheerulla) and Connors Knob (420 metres in neighbouring Obi Obi). It is locality is bounded on its west by Obi Obi Creek. Cooloobun Creek rises in the mountains to the south and then flows through the locality from east to west, joining Obi Obi Creek.  The land is freehold and rural residential in character. The name \"Coolabine\" is an Aboriginal word meaning \"place of koalas\". Coolabine State School opened about 1928 and closed about 1956."}]}, {"title": "Michael J. Towey", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Michael John Towey (June 17, 1902 \u2013 September 29, 1960) was an organized labor leader and Democratic politician from Philadelphia. Towey was born in 1902 in County Mayo, Ireland, the son of Joseph and Ann Towey. He emigrated to the United States at the age of 15 and graduated from Philadelphia's Northeast High School. He later attended the University of Pennsylvania before graduating with an engineering degree from Drexel Institute of Technology. After graduating, Towey worked as a plumber and became the business representative of the United Association of Plumbers. He was later elected the president of Plumbers Union Local 690. Towey also became involved in Democratic party politics, running for the Democratic nomination in the 5th state Senate district in 1936. He fared poorly, placing a distant second to the machine candidate, Israel Stiefel."}, {"context": " Towey's prospects with the party improved by 1947, when he and Anthony Massing were nominated without opposition for Philadelphia City Council in the 5th district (the district sent two members to Council at the time). They went down to defeat in November against Republican nominees Louis Schwartz and Frederic Garman. Towey solidified his position in the party three years later when he defeated the machine-backed incumbent to become ward leader of the 19th ward (located in West Kensington). In 1951, he ran again for City Council from the river wards' newly drawn 6th district and was elected with 55% of the vote. Towey's election was part of a Democratic wave that combined with independent, pro-reform Republicans to sweep the Republican machine from power for the first time in 67 years."}, {"context": " The Democrats had come to power in the city because of their backing of a new city charter that reduced waste and mandated civil service reform. By 1954, however, Towey joined fellow Democrat James Hugh Joseph Tate in an effort to weaken the civil service reforms of the new charter. They fell just of the two-thirds vote in Council to put their amendments on the ballot. The following year, he was reelected with a slightly increased majority of 56%. In 1956, Towey and Tate again proposed charter amendments aimed at weakening civil service protections and this time found the required vote to put it on to the ballot for popular approval. The referendum failed in a vote that April.  In 1959, Towey ran for a third Council term and defeated Republican Stanley Bednarek with 60.3% of the vote, his greatest margin to date. The next year, he suffered a heart attack at his Juniata Park home and died at the age of 58. He was survived by his wife, the former Pearl Weidmayer, and was buried in Philadelphia's North Cedar Hill Cemetery."}]}, {"title": "Graffiti", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Graffiti (both singular and plural; the singular \"graffito\" is very rare in English except in archeology) is writing or drawings made on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and it has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire. In modern times, paint (particularly spray paint) and marker pens have become the most commonly used graffiti materials. In most countries, marking or painting property without the property owner's permission is considered defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime."}, {"context": " Graffiti may also express underlying social and political messages and a whole genre of artistic expression is based upon spray paint graffiti styles. Within hip hop culture, graffiti have evolved alongside hip hop music, b-boying, and other elements. Unrelated to hip-hop graffiti, gangs use their own form of graffiti to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Controversies that surround graffiti continue to create disagreement amongst city officials, law enforcement, and writers who wish to display and appreciate work in public locations. There are many different types and styles of graffiti; it is a rapidly developing art form whose value is highly contested and reviled by many authorities while also subject to protection, sometimes within the same jurisdiction."}, {"context": " Both \"graffiti\" and its occasional singular form \"graffito\" are from the Italian word \"graffiato\" (\"scratched\"). \"Graffiti\" is applied in art history to works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is \"sgraffito\", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into it. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek \u2014\"graphein\"\u2014meaning \"to write\"."}, {"context": " The term \"graffiti\" referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Use of the word has evolved to include any graphics applied to surfaces in a manner that constitutes vandalism. The only known source of the Safaitic language, a form of proto-Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD."}, {"context": " The first known example of \"modern style\" graffiti survives in the ancient Greek city of Ephesus (in modern-day Turkey). Local guides say it is an advertisement for prostitution. Located near a mosaic and stone walkway, the graffiti shows a handprint that vaguely resembles a heart, along with a footprint, a number, and a carved image of a woman's head. This is believed to indicate that a brothel was nearby, with the handprint symbolizing payment. The ancient Romans carved graffiti on walls and monuments, examples of which also survive in Egypt. Graffiti in the classical world had different connotations than they carry in today's society concerning content. Ancient graffiti displayed phrases of love declarations, political rhetoric, and simple words of thought, compared to today's popular messages of social and political ideals"}, {"context": " The eruption of Vesuvius preserved graffiti in Pompeii, which includes Latin curses, magic spells, declarations of love, alphabets, political slogans, and famous literary quotes, providing insight into ancient Roman street life. One inscription gives the address of a woman named Novellia Primigenia of Nuceria, a prostitute, apparently of great beauty, whose services were much in demand. Another shows a phallus accompanied by the text, \"mansueta tene\" (\"handle with care\"). Disappointed love also found its way onto walls in antiquity:"}, {"context": " Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka scribbled over 1800 individual graffiti there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Etched on the surface of the Mirror Wall, they contain pieces of prose, poetry, and commentary. The majority of these visitors appear to have been from the elite of society: royalty, officials, professions, and clergy. There were also soldiers, archers, and even some metalworkers. The topics range from love to satire, curses, wit, and lament. Many demonstrate a very high level of literacy and a deep appreciation of art and poetry. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:"}, {"context": " <poem>Wet with cool dew drops fragrant with perfume from the flowers came the gentle breeze jasmine and water lily dance in the spring sunshine side-long glances of the golden-hued ladies stab into my thoughts heaven itself cannot take my mind as it has been captivated by one lass among the five hundred I have seen here.</poem> Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its \"walis\", and people used to read and circulate them very widely."}, {"context": " Historic forms of graffiti have helped gain understanding into the lifestyles and languages of past cultures. Errors in spelling and grammar in these graffiti offer insight into the degree of literacy in Roman times and provide clues on the pronunciation of spoken Latin. Examples are \"CIL\" IV, 7838: \"Vettium Firmum / aed\"[ilem] \"quactiliar\"[ii] \"rog\"[ant]. Here, \"qu\" is pronounced \"co\". The 83 pieces of graffiti found at \"CIL\" IV, 4706-85 are evidence of the ability to read and write at levels of society where literacy might not be expected. The graffiti appear on a peristyle which was being remodeled at the time of the eruption of Vesuvius by the architect Crescens. The graffiti were left by both the foreman and his workers. The brothel at \"CIL\" VII, 12, 18\u201320 contains more than 120 pieces of graffiti, some of which were the work of the prostitutes and their clients. The gladiatorial academy at \"CIL\" IV, 4397 was scrawled with graffiti left by the gladiator Celadus Crescens (\"Suspirium puellarum Celadus thraex\": \"Celadus the Thracian makes the girls sigh.\")"}, {"context": " Another piece from Pompeii, written on a tavern wall about the owner of the establishment and his questionable wine: <poem> Landlord, may your lies malign Bring destruction on your head! You yourself drink unmixed wine, Water [do you] sell [to] your guests instead.</poem> It was not only the Greeks and Romans who produced graffiti: the Maya site of Tikal in Guatemala contains examples of ancient Maya graffiti. Viking graffiti survive in Rome and at Newgrange Mound in Ireland, and a Varangian scratched his name (Halvdan) in runes on a banister in the Hagia Sophia at Constantinople. These early forms of graffiti have contributed to the understanding of lifestyles and languages of past cultures."}, {"context": " Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the \"grottesche\" style of decoration. There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail. Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece."}, {"context": " Graffiti writing is often intertwined with hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti. However, there are many other instances of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges. The oldest known example of modern graffiti is found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers started more than eighty years ago, called Bozo Texino, documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, \"Who is Bozo Texino?\"."}, {"context": " Some graffiti have their own poignancy. In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World: <poem> Austin White \u2013 Chicago, Ill \u2013 1918 Austin White \u2013 Chicago, Ill \u2013 1945 This is the last time I want to write my name here.</poem> During World War II and for decades after, the phrase \"Kilroy was here\" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed \"Yardbird\" or \"Bird\"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words \"Bird Lives\". The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as \"L'ennui est contre-r\u00e9volutionnaire\" (\"Boredom is counterrevolutionary\") expressed in painted graffiti, poster art, and stencil art. At the time in the US, other political phrases (such as \"Free Huey\" about Black Panther Huey Newton) became briefly popular as graffiti in limited areas, only to be forgotten. A popular graffito of the early 1970s was \"Dick Nixon Before He Dicks You\", reflecting the hostility of the youth culture to that US president."}, {"context": " Rock and roll graffiti is a significant subgenre. A famous graffito of the twentieth century was the inscription in the London tube reading \"Clapton is God\" in a link to the guitarist Eric Clapton. The phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington station on the Underground in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall. Graffiti also became associated with the anti-establishment punk rock movement beginning in the 1970s. Bands such as Black Flag and Crass (and their followers) widely stenciled their names and logos, while many punk night clubs, squats, and hangouts are famous for their graffiti. In the late 1980s the upside down Martini glass that was the tag for punk band Missing Foundation was the most ubiquitous graffito in lower Manhattan, and was copied by hard core punk fans throughout the US and West Germany."}, {"context": " Along similar lines was the legend \"Frodo Lives,\" referring to the protagonist of \"The Lord of the Rings\". In 1979, graffiti artist Lee Quinones and Fab 5 Freddy were given a gallery opening in Rome by art dealer Claudio Bruni. For many outside of New York, it was their first encounter with their art form. Fab 5 Freddy's friendship with Debbie Harry influenced Blondie's single \"Rapture\" (Chrysalis, 1981), the video of which featured Jean-Michel Basquiat, and offered many their first glimpse of a depiction of elements of graffiti in hip hop culture. JaJaJa toured Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, and Holland with a large graffiti canvas as a backdrop. Charlie Ahearn's independently released fiction film \"Wild Style\" (Wild Style, 1983), the early PBS documentary \"Style Wars\" (1983), hit songs such as \"The Message\" and \"Planet Rock\" and their accompanying music videos (both 1982) contributed to a growing interest outside New York in all aspects of hip hop."}, {"context": " \"Style Wars\" depicted not only famous graffiti artists such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR, but also reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture by incorporating famous early break-dancing groups such as Rock Steady Crew into the film and featuring rap in the soundtrack. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983. Hollywood also paid attention, consulting writers such as PHASE 2 as it depicted the culture and gave it international exposure in movies such as \"Beat Street\" (Orion, 1984)."}, {"context": " This period also saw the emergence of the new stencil graffiti genre. Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by graffiti artist Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis. People often leave their traces in wet cement or concrete. This type of graffito often commemorates the mutual commitment of a couple, or simply records a person's presence at a particular moment. Often this type of graffito is dated and is left untouched for decades, offering a look into local historical minutiae."}, {"context": " With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent \"Peace, Love, and Linux.\" Due to laws forbidding it, some of the \"street artists\" were arrested and charged with vandalism, and IBM was fined more than US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs."}, {"context": " In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by TATS CRU in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings \"a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse\". Along with the commercial growth has come the rise of video games also depicting graffiti, usually in a positive aspect \u2013 for example, the \"Jet Set Radio\" series (2000\u20132003) tells the story of a group of teens fighting the oppression of a totalitarian police force that attempts to limit the graffiti artists' freedom of speech. In plotlines mirroring the negative reaction of non-commercial artists to the commercialization of the art form by companies such as IBM (and, later, Sony itself) the \"Rakugaki \u014ckoku\" series (2003\u20132005) for Sony's PlayStation 2 revolves around an anonymous hero and his magically imbued-with-life graffiti creations as they struggle against an evil king who only allows art to be produced which can benefit him. Following the original roots of modern graffiti as a political force came another game title, \"\" (2006), featuring a story line involving fighting against a corrupt city and its oppression of free speech, as in the \"Jet Set Radio\" series."}, {"context": " Other games which feature graffiti include \"Bomb the World\" (2004), an online graffiti simulation created by graffiti artist Klark Kent where users can paint trains virtually at 20 locations worldwide, and \"Super Mario Sunshine\" (2002), in which the hero, Mario must clean the city of graffiti left by the villain, Bowser Jr. in a plotline which evokes the successes of the Anti-Graffiti Task Force of New York's Mayor Rudolph Giuliani (a manifestation of the \"broken window theory\") or those of the \"Graffiti Blasters\" of Chicago's Mayor Richard M. Daley."}, {"context": " Numerous other non-graffiti-centric video games allow the player to produce graffiti (such as the \"Half-Life\" series, the \"Tony Hawk's\" series, \"\", \"Rolling\", and \"\"). \"Counter-Strike\", which is a \"Half-Life\" mod, allows users to create their own graffiti tags to use in the game. Many other titles contain in-game depictions of graffiti, including \"The Darkness\", \"\", \"NetHack\", \"\", \"The World Ends with You\", \"The Warriors\", \"Just Cause\", \"Portal\", and various examples of Virtual Graffiti. There also exist games where the term \"graffiti\" is used as a synonym for \"drawing\" (such as \"Yahoo! Graffiti\", \"Graffiti\", etc.)."}, {"context": " Marc Ecko, an urban clothing designer, has been an advocate of graffiti as an art form during this period, stating that \"Graffiti is without question the most powerful art movement in recent history and has been a driving inspiration throughout my career.\" Henry Chalfant is one of the foremost advocates of modern graffiti, having produced the documentary film Style Wars and co-authored the books \"Subway Art\" and \"Spray Can Art\". His most recent work, \"Henry Chalfant's Graffiti Archive: New York City's Subway Art and Artists\" displays his over 800 photographs of New York City Subway Graffiti Art."}, {"context": " Keith Haring was another well-known graffiti artist who brought Pop Art and graffiti to the commercial mainstream. In the 1980s, Haring opened his first Pop Shop: a store that offered everyone access to his works, which until then could only be found spray-painted on city walls. Pop Shop offered commodities such as bags and t-shirts. Haring explained that \"The Pop Shop makes my work accessible. It's about participation on a big level, the point was that we didn't want to produce things that would cheapen the art. In other words, this was still art as statement.\""}, {"context": " Graffiti have become a common stepping stone for many members of both the art and design communities in North America and abroad. Within the United States graffiti artists such as Mike Giant, Pursue, Rime, Noah, and countless others have made careers in skateboard, apparel, and shoe design for companies such as DC Shoes, Adidas, Rebel8, Osiris, or Circa Meanwhile, there are many others such as DZINE, Daze, Blade, and The Mac who have made the switch to being gallery artists, often not even using their initial medium, spray paint."}, {"context": " But perhaps the greatest example of graffiti artists infiltrating mainstream pop culture is the French crew 123Klan. Founded as a graffiti crew in 1989 by Scien and Klor, 123Klan has gradually turned their hands to illustration and design while still maintaining their graffiti practice and style. In doing so they have designed and produced logos and illustrations, shoes, and fashion for the likes of Nike, Adidas, Lamborghini, Coca Cola, Stussy, Sony, Nasdaq, and more. There is a significant graffiti tradition in South America, especially in Brazil. Within Brazil, S\u00e3o Paulo is a significant centre of inspiration for many graffiti artists worldwide."}, {"context": " Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil \"boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene\u00a0... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration.\" Graffiti \"flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities.\" Artistic parallels \"are often drawn between the energy of S\u00e3o Paulo today and 1970s New York.\" The \"sprawling metropolis,\" of S\u00e3o Paulo has \"become the new shrine to graffiti;\" Manco alludes to \"poverty and unemployment\u00a0... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples,\" and to \"Brazil's chronic poverty,\" as the main engines that \"have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture.\" In world terms, Brazil has \"one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently.\" Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the \"folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised,\" that is South American graffiti art."}, {"context": " Prominent Brazilian graffiti artists include Os G\u00eameos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of \"picha\u00e7\u00e3o\" and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of \"grafite\". Graffiti in the Middle East is emerging slowly, with pockets of taggers operating in the various 'Emirates' of the United Arab Emirates, in Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper \"Hamshahri\" has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, \"PingMag\", has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many graffiti artists in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference \"\u05e0 \u05e0\u05d7 \u05e0\u05d7\u05de \u05e0\u05d7\u05de\u05df \u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05df\" (\"Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman\") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel."}, {"context": " There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture. The modern-day graffiti artist can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color."}, {"context": " Stencil graffiti, originating in the early 1980s (Blek le Rat, Jef Aerosol, Speedy Graphito, Miss Tic ... ) is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the \"canvas\" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface. This method of graffiti is popular amongst artists because of its swift technique that requires very little time. Time is always a factor with graffiti artists due to the constant threat of being caught by law enforcement."}, {"context": " Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffiti artists. Yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffiti artists. Some of the most common styles of graffiti have their own names. A tag is the most basic writing of an artist's name; it is simply a handstyle. A graffiti writer's tag is his or her personalized signature. Tagging is often the example given when opponents of graffiti refer to any acts of handstyle graffiti writing (it is by far the most common form of graffiti). Tags can contain subtle and sometimes cryptic messages, and may incorporate the artist's crew initials or other letters."}, {"context": " One form of tagging, known as pissing, involves taking a refillable fire-extinguisher and replacing the contents with paint, allowing for tags as high as approximately . Aiming and keeping a handstyle steady in this form of tagging is very difficult, usually coming out wavy and sloppy. Another form is the throw-up, also known as a bombing, which is normally painted very quickly with two or three colors, sacrificing aesthetics for speed. Throw-ups can also be outlined on a surface with one color. A piece is a more elaborate representation of the artist's name, incorporating more stylized letters, usually incorporating a much larger range of colors. This is more time-consuming and increases the likelihood of the artist getting caught. A blockbuster or roller is a large piece, almost always done in a block-shaped style, done simply to cover a large area solidly with two contrasting colors, sometimes with the whole purpose of blocking other writers from painting on the same wall. These are usually accomplished with extended paint rollers and gallons of cheap exterior paint."}, {"context": " A more complex style is wildstyle, a form of graffiti usually involving interlocking letters and connecting points. These pieces are often harder to read by non-graffiti artists as the letters merge into one another in an often-undecipherable manner. Some artists also use self-adhesive stickers as a quick way to do catch ups. While certain critics from within graffiti culture consider this lazy, stickers can be quite detailed in their own right and often, are used in conjunction with other materials. Sticker tags are commonly executed on blank postage stickers, as these can easily be acquired with no cost on the writer's part."}, {"context": " Many graffiti artists believe that doing complex pieces involves too great an investment of time to justify the practice. Doing a piece can take (depending on experience and size) from 30 minutes to months on end, as was the case for Saber MSK while working on the world's largest graffiti piece on the LA river. Another graffiti artist can go over a piece in a matter of minutes with a simple throw-up. This was exemplified by the writer \"CAP\" in the documentary \"Style Wars\", who, other writers complain, ruins pieces with his quick throw ups. This became known as capping and often is done when there is a \"beef\", or conflict between writers."}, {"context": " A number of recent examples of graffiti make use of hashtags. Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism in 1961. Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal."}, {"context": " The murals of Belfast and of Los Angeles offer another example of official recognition. In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR."}, {"context": " Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffiti artist Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles \"Galang\" and \"Bucky Done Gun\", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffiti artists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville. Graffiti artist John Fekner, called \"caption writer to the urban environment, adman for the opposition\" by writer Lucy Lippard, was involved in direct art interventions within New York City's decaying urban environment in the mid-1970s through the 1980s. Fekner is known for his word installations targeting social and political issues, stenciled on buildings throughout New York."}, {"context": " Graffiti artists constantly have the looming threat of facing consequences for displaying their graffiti. Many choose to protect their identities and reputation by remaining anonymous. With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted \"graffiti\" art, graffiti artists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered \"performance art\" despite the image of the \"singing and dancing star\" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffiti artists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist."}, {"context": " Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it."}, {"context": " Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. \"One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome\"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts."}, {"context": " Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as \"De Zoot\", \"Vendex\", and \"Dr Rat\". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called \"Gallery Anus\". So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture."}, {"context": " The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as \"L'ennui est contre-r\u00e9volutionnaire\" (\"Boredom is counterrevolutionary\") and \"Lisez moins, vivez plus\" (\"Read less, live more\"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers. The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as \"on the street\" or \"underground\", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting for a variety of reasons\u2014but primarily because is it difficult for the police to apprehend them and for the courts to sentence or even convict a person for a protest that is as fleeting and less intrusive than marching in the streets. In some communities, such impermanent works survive longer than works created with permanent paints because the community views the work in the same vein as that of the civil protester who marches in the street\u2014such protest are impermanent, but effective nevertheless."}, {"context": " In some areas where a number of artists share the impermanence ideal, an informal competition develops: the length of time that a work escapes destruction is viewed as a measure of the respect the work garners in the community. A crude work that deserves little respect would be invariably removed immediately, while the most talented artists might have works last for days. Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest."}, {"context": " The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery. On top of the political aspect of graffiti as a movement, political groups and individuals may also use graffiti as a tool to spread their point of view. This practice, due to its illegality, has generally become favored by groups excluded from the political mainstream (e.g. far-left or far-right groups) who justify their activity by pointing out that they do not have the money \u2013 or sometimes the desire \u2013 to buy advertising to get their message across, and that a \"ruling class\" or \"establishment\" controls the mainstream press, systematically excluding the radical and alternative point of view. This type of graffiti can seem crude; for example fascist supporters often scrawl swastikas and other Nazi images."}, {"context": " One innovative form of graffiti that emerged in the UK in the 1970s was devised by the Money Liberation Front (MLF), essentially a loose affiliation of underground press writers such as the poet and playwright Heathcote Williams and magazine editor and playwright Jay Jeff Jones. They initiated the use of paper currency as a medium for counterculture propaganda, overprinting banknotes, usually with a John Bull printing set. Although short lived, the MLF was representative of London's Ladbroke Grove centered alternative and literary community of the period. The area was also a scene of considerable anti-establishment and humorous street graffiti, much of which is also produced by Williams. In 2009, following the elections in Iran, protesters (who regarded the electoral result as rigged) began to deface banknotes with slogans such as \"Death to the dictator\". In Colombia writing and drawing on banknotes has become increasingly popular, either to make political comments, for fun or as an artistic medium. The national government has run advertising campaigns in an attempt to discourage the practice. In the UK there have been signs of an MLF resurgence with a number of banknotes in circulation being over-marked with protest slogans such as \"Banks=Robbers\", relating to the perceived culpability of banks in the financial crisis."}, {"context": " Both sides of the conflict in Northern Ireland produce political graffiti. As well as slogans, Northern Irish political graffiti includes large wall paintings, referred to as \"murals\". Along with the flying of flags and the painting of kerb stones, the murals serve a territorial purpose, often associated with gang use. Artists paint them mostly on house gables or on the \"Peace Lines\", high walls that separate different communities. The murals often develop over an extended period and tend to stylization, with a strong symbolic or iconographic content. Loyalist murals often refer to historical events dating from the war between James II and William III in the late seventeenth century, whereas Republican murals usually refer to the more recent troubles."}, {"context": " Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological."}, {"context": " Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store. Tech Giants Hewlett Packard used graffiti company Graffiti Kings based in London to showcase the creative use for their Sprout computer by producing a video, during the video Hewlett Packard showed many pieces of graffiti art while the Graffiti Kings artist used the Sprout computer to draw digital graffiti. Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product. Shepard Fairey rose to fame after his \"Andre the Giant Has a Posse\" sticker campaign, in which his art was plastered in cities throughout America."}, {"context": " Many graffiti artists see legal advertising as no more than \"paid for and legalised graffiti\", and have risen against mainstream ads. The Graffiti Research Lab crew have gone on to target several prominent ads in New York as a means of making a statement against this practice. Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as \"racist\". It can then only be understood if one knows the relevant \"local code\" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context."}, {"context": " Hence, the lack of obvious racist graffiti does not necessarily mean that there is none. By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character. Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England a graffiti artist painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in their being repaired within 48 hours."}, {"context": " In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffiti artists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan. A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffiti artists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine \"Time Out\", curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti. Terrance Lindall, an artist and executive director of the Williamsburg Art and Historic Center, said regarding graffiti and the exhibition:"}, {"context": " \"Graffiti is revolutionary, in my opinion\", he says, \"and any revolution might be considered a crime. People who are oppressed or suppressed need an outlet, so they write on walls\u2014it's free.\" From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Dogancay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as \"Walls of the World\" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled \"Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent...\" (The walls whisper, shout and sing ... ) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris."}, {"context": " In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text \"Australian Painting 1788\u20132000\" concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners. Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris \u2014 a clear acceptance of the art form into the French art world."}, {"context": " Many graffiti artists have used their design talents in other artistic endeavors. In 2009 graffiti artist \"Scape\" published \"GRAFF; the Art & Technique of Graffiti\", the world's first book dedicated to displaying the full techniques of creating graffiti art. Other books that focus on graffiti include \"Faith of Graffiti\" by Norman Mailer, \"Trespass\" by Taschen press, and the comic book by Elite Gudz, \"Concrete Immortalz\", which has a graffiti artist as its main character. Figurines by KAWS, featuring icons of pop culture, often with crossed-out eyes, run in limited editions and sell for thousands of dollars. World-renowned street artist Banksy directed a film in 2010, \"Exit Through the Gift Shop\", which explored street art and commercialism."}, {"context": " Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses chlorofluorocarbons or volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint unto a surface. As an alternative, moss graffiti is starting to catch on, which uses moss to create text or images. The moss is glued onto a surface by means of beer, buttermilk, or yogurt combined with sugar. In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanise the country's communist revolution."}, {"context": " In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the \"King of Kowloon\" for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially. In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffiti artists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated \"Graffiti Zones\". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (\u674e\u6c38\u840d) stated, \"We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti\". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. Graffiti artists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, \"Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively.\""}, {"context": " In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. \"The New York Times\" ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes."}, {"context": " In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined 2 million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in \"G-20\" sounds like the Korean word for \"rat\", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Mr. Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of ROK, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, \"an ominous creature like a rat\" amounts to \"an organized criminal activity\" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park."}, {"context": " In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayri\u00e8re sup\u00e9rieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology. In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life."}, {"context": " The Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing \"on the spot\" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed 'cool' or 'edgy' image."}, {"context": " To back the campaign, 123 MPs (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: \"Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem.\" However, since the early 1990s, the British graffiti scene has been struck by self-titled \"art terrorist\" Banksy, who has revolutionized the style of UK graffiti (bringing to the forefront stencils to aid the speed of painting), as well as the content; making his work largely satirical of the sociological state of cities, or the political climate of war, often using monkeys and rats as motifs."}, {"context": " In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged. In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffiti artists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least \u00a31 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime."}, {"context": " Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffiti artists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the 'spray and run.' In Budapest, Hungary both a city-backed movement called \"I Love Budapest\" and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas. In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffiti artists. One early example is the \"Graffiti Tunnel\" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and create \"art\". Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing. Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced \"anti-graffiti squads\", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners."}, {"context": " Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison. Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it."}, {"context": " In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter."}, {"context": " Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all of the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all of the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them to not only focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti."}, {"context": " Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles and/or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing the property of another, both public and private property, including, but limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, trees, or power pole."}, {"context": " To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken."}, {"context": " When the police use search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays, etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces, such as permanent marking pens and markers or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew, paraphernalia to include any reference to \"(tagger's name),\" and any drawings, writings, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or mention of tagging crew membership; any newspaper clippings relating details of or referring to any graffiti crime."}]}, {"title": "Unisong International Song Contest", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Unisong International Songwriting Contest is the oldest international songwriting competition, that is for and judged by songwriters. Unisong International Song Contest was founded in 1996 by songwriter Alan Roy Scott (Music Bridges), publisher David Stark (SongLink International) and songwriter/promoter Brett Perkins (Brett Perkins Presents). Unisong is offering 16 songwriting categories: where the winner is judged equally on the quality of their song, originality AND the performance of it.  Winners receive prizes like a one-week all paid writing and performing retreat, cash and merchandise. The Unisong judges have included Lamont Dozier, Diane Warren, Bonnie Greenberg, Tom Sturges, K. C. Porter, Dave Koz, Peter Frampton, Fee Waybill, Alan Rich, Brenda Russell, Randy Bachman, Lester Sill, Don Grierson, Andrew Gold, Barry Mann, Randy Sharp, Harriet Schock, Mike Stoller, John Braheny, Michael Jay, Jorge Corrante, Don Was, John Kalodner, Bruce Lundvall & Desmond Child."}]}, {"title": "Nacimiento-Fergusson Road", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Nacimiento-Fergusson Road is the only road across the Santa Lucia Range in the Central Coast of California, connecting California State Route 1 and the Big Sur coast to U.S. Route 101 and the Salinas Valley. The road is well-paved and maintained over its length, but is winding and has precipitous drops. It is widely regarded as one of the best motorcycling roads in central California due to its ocean views and forest setting. The Nacimiento-Fergusson Road starts on California State Route 1 at the south end of the Kirk Creek Bridge, south of Lucia, approximately south of Carmel, and north of Hearst Castle. It heads east from the Pacific Ocean into the high country of Big Sur;"}, {"context": " after it reaches its summit at an altitude of , where it crosses a seasonally-open dirt road along the ridge of the mountains. The road descends through the heavily forested eastern side of the ridge, passes through the U.S. Army's Fort Hunter Liggett, and ends from its start, at Mission Road in Jolon. Two campgrounds along the road, Nacimiento Campground and Ponderosa Campground, are situated on the eastern slope of the Santa Lucia range within Los Padres National Forest. The Nacimiento Campground, nestled beneath Douglas fir trees alongside the Nacimiento River, is adjacent to Nacimiento-Fergusson Road and provides less privacy. Ponderosa Campground, known on some maps as \"Camp Nacimiento\", provides a private setting within a valley off the main road along the Negro Fork of the Nacimiento River."}]}, {"title": "Kever", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kever may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Prince Napole\u0301on Bonaparte", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Napol\u00e9on Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte, \"Prince Fran\u00e7ais\", Count de Meudon, Count di Moncalieri \"ad personam\", 3rd Prince von Montfort (commonly known as Prince Napol\u00e9on and occasionally as Prince J\u00e9r\u00f4me Napol\u00e9on; 9 September 1822 \u2013 17 March 1891) was the second son of J\u00e9r\u00f4me Bonaparte, king of Westphalia, by his wife Princess Catherine of W\u00fcrttemberg. He soon rendered himself popular by playing on his family ties to Napoleon I. After the French revolution of 1848 he was elected to the National Assembly of France as a representative of Corsica."}, {"context": " Born at Trieste in the Austrian Empire (today Italy), and known as \"Prince Napol\u00e9on\", \"Prince J\u00e9r\u00f4me Napol\u00e9on, or by the sobriquet of \"Plon-Plon\", he was a close advisor to his first cousin, Napoleon III of France, and in particular was seen as a leading advocate of French intervention in Italy on behalf of Camillo di Cavour and the Italian nationalists. An anti-clerical liberal, he led that faction at court and tried to influence the Emperor to anti-clerical policies, against the contrary influence of the Emperor's wife, the Empress Eugenie, a devout Catholic and a conservative, and the patroness of those who wanted French troops to protect the Pope's sovereignty in Rome. The Emperor was to navigate between the two influences throughout his reign."}, {"context": " When his cousin became President in 1848, Napoleon was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to Spain. He later served in a military capacity as general of a division in the Crimean War, as Governor of Algeria, and as a corps commander in the French Army of Italy in 1859. His curious nickname, \"Plon-Plon\", derives from his pronunciation of his name when he was a child, while the nickname \"Craint-Plomb\" (\"Afraid-of-Lead\") was given to him by the army due to his absence from the Battle of Solferino."}, {"context": " As part of his cousin's policy of alliance with Piedmont-Sardinia, in 1859 Prince Napoleon married Princess Maria Clotilde of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. When Napol\u00e9on Eug\u00e8ne, Prince Imperial died in 1879, Prince Napoleon became, genealogically, the most senior member of the Bonaparte family, but the Prince Imperial's will excluded him from the succession, nominating Prince Napoleon's son Napol\u00e9on Victor J\u00e9r\u00f4me Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bonaparte as the new head of the family. As a result, Prince Napoleon and his son quarrelled for the remainder of Prince Napoleon's life."}, {"context": " Prince Napol\u00e9on died in Rome in 1891, aged 68. Prince (J\u00e9r\u00f4me) Napol\u00e9on, upon being banished from France by the 1886 law exiling heads of the nation's former ruling dynasties, settled at Prangins on the shores of Lake Geneva, in Vaud, Switzerland where, during the Second Empire, he had acquired a piece of property. The assets he left his heir were extremely modest: Besides the Villa Prangins and the adjoining estate of 75 hectares, estimated at 800,000 francs of the time, approximately 130 million of France's old francs, they were limited to a portfolio valued at 1,000,000 (1891) francs, about 160 million old francs.  He and Maria Clotilde had three children: Prince Napol\u00e9on takes a leading role in Robert Goddard's novel \"Painting the Darkness\". References are made to his role in the Crimean War and his son's succession to the Bonapartist claim over him."}]}, {"title": "Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnula Pelli", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnula Pelli () is a 2003 Telugu film directed by G.Nageswara Reddy and produced by DVV Danayya and J Bhagavan under Sri Balaji Creations. The film stars Srikanth, Prabhu Deva and Namitha in the lead roles. The film was remade in Tamil as \"Enga Raasi Nalla Raasi\". The music was composed by Chakri."}]}, {"title": "George Cadogan, 3rd Earl Cadogan", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Admiral George Cadogan, 3rd Earl Cadogan, CB, KMT (5 May 1783 \u2013 15 September 1864) was a prominent British Royal Navy officer and politician of the mid-nineteenth century who first gained fame for his service in the Adriatic campaign of the Napoleonic Wars in command of . Cadogan later served as aide-de-camp to successive British monarchs and received promotion to full admiral. The son of Charles Cadogan, 3rd Baron Cadogan and his second wife Mary Churchill, Cadogan inherited his father's titles from his half brother Charles in 1832 and became the third Earl Cadogan. He was also created 1st Baron Oakley of Caversham on 10 September 1831. Later in life, Cadogan was elected to become a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London and died in 1864."}, {"context": " George Cadogan was born in 1783 at St James's Square in London, the eighth son of Charles Cadogan, 3rd Baron Cadogan and the second son of Mary Churchill, the Baron's second wife. George would follow his brother Thomas, 29 years his senior, into the Royal Navy, although Thomas had drowned in an accident in 1782. Joining the Navy aged 13 in 1796, Cadogan served in the French Revolutionary Wars. In 1804 Commander Cadogan was captain of the 18-gun ship-sloop . On 11 November 1804, \"Cyane\" was off Marie-Galante when she captured the 18-gun French privateer brig \"Bonaparte\". However, on 12 May 1805, the French captured Caddogan and \"Cyane\". She was cruising between Barbados and Martinique when she had the misfortune to encounter a French fleet under Admiral Villeneuve. The French frigates \"Hortense\" and \"Hermione\" so out-gunned \"Cyane\" that Cadogan had no choice but to strike his colours."}, {"context": " By 1807, George was a Post Captain and in 1811 he was given command of the newly commissioned HMS \"Havannah\", a 36-gun fifth rate frigate. In 1812 \"Havannah\" was ordered to the Adriatic, to reinforce the British squadron there that had already defeated the French forces in the area at several battles in 1811. \"Havannah\" was based at the island of Lissa, but in 1813 Cadogan was ordered to operate against the Northern Italian coastline in conjunction with the approaching forces of the Austrian Empire during the War of the Sixth Coalition."}, {"context": " Cadogan was highly successful in this endeavour, destroying or capturing numerous French and Italian ships off Vasto and other ports on the French-held coastline. In October 1813, Cadogan was attached to the force under Thomas Fremantle that forced the surrender of Trieste and later in the year \"Havannah\" successfully captured Zara from the French garrison in a daring coastal raid. In 1815, Cadogan returned to Britain and was made Companion of the Order of the Bath. The untimely deaths of six of Cadogan's seven brothers brought him the title of Earl Cadogan (which his father had been awarded in 1800) on the death of his eldest brother Charles Cadogan, 2nd Earl Cadogan in 1832. Cadogan took his seat in the House of Lords, but remained a prominent naval officer, continuing to rise in the service and serving as aide-de-camp to King William IV between 1830 and 1837 and Queen Victoria between 1837 and 1841. By 1851, Cadogan was a vice-admiral and in 1852 he became a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London.  Cadogan died a full admiral in 1864 in his London home in Piccadilly. As a naval captain in 1809 he had fought a duel with Lord Paget, who had seduced Cadogan's sister-in-law. Cadogan was married to Honoria Louisa Blake and the couple had five children, the eldest surviving son of whom, Henry, became on his death 4th Earl Cadogan and the fifth General Sir George Cadogan of the British Army. His youngest son Frederick William Cadogan sat as Member of Parliament for Cricklade."}]}, {"title": "Italian ship Folgore", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Folgore was the name of at least three ships of the Italian Navy and may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Bontoc, Southern Leyte", "paragraphs": [{"context": " ', officially the ', is a in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people. The town is home to the Bontoc Campus of the Southern Leyte State University, which offers agricultural and industrial courses. The town celebrates their fiesta in honor of the Holy Child Jesus. The Ulang Festival, held annually on January 15, is celebrated by colorful participants dancing in honor of the icon of the Se\u00f1or Santo Ni\u00f1o (Holy Child Jesus). Some devotees to the Se\u00f1or Santo Ni\u00f1o said that it can performed miracles that can heal sickness of those who touches the said icon."}, {"context": " The town is situated on a long stretch of rich alluvial plain, which considered as the greatest farming region in the entire Sogod Bay District, and is drained by the Salog and Divisoria Rivers. Because of its rich soil, there is much rice farming. The town is also the producer of abaca, copra and tobacco in the Bay District. Bontoc is politically subdivided into 40 barangays. The name \u201cBontoc\u201d is derived from an old creek called Bontoc creek near the present Roman Catholic Cemetery where old \u201cpueblo\u201d called Daan Lungsod existed during the early Spanish regime."}, {"context": " Before the coming of the Spaniards, Bontoc was a wilderness where few natives lived and wild animals roamed. When the Spaniards came, they found scattered warring tribes of primitive Malays who settled in prosperous villages near the mouth and along the fertile plains of the historic Salog river basin. They then successfully subjugated these warring tribes and immigrants and founded a cluster of villages which later on formed the nucleus of the Barrio of Bontoc. As far as history could recall the most popular among the ancient warring chiefs, was Mariano Barcelon who was nicknamed as \u201cTahug\u201d. He was acclaimed to be the bravest of the braves. His name was a terror to the Moro pirates that swarmed Philippine waters during the 16th century."}, {"context": " During the Spanish time up to the early part of the American regime, Bontoc was ruled by a succession of native \u201cCabezas de barangay\u201d, a unit government organization during that time. Bontoc was at that time a tributary \u201cpueblo\u201d belonging to the old town of Libagon which governed the people for many years both in civil and religious matter by a line of \u201ccapitanes or gobernadocillos. The cabezas de barangay who governed this little pueblo also earned for themselves the honor of being called \u201ccapitan\u201d by their own people. The church wielded tremendous power at that time in the affairs of the government. Any person who offends the clergy or disobeys religious order is severely punished."}, {"context": " Among the well-known capitanes who controlled the reins of the local administration of this barrio were: Hilario Barcelon, Manuel Leyes, Romualdo Tubia, Florentino Flores, Felipe Aguilar and the last well-known cabeza or capitan was Gerardo Faelnar popularly known among the people as Capitan Dadoy whose administration lasted up to the early days of American occupation. Shortly after the coming of the Americans, Bontoc became a unit barrio of Sogod. During the Japanese occupation, the town served as the seat of resistance movement against the Japanese with its general headquarters in sitio Mamingaw, Barangay Banahaw and under the command of Colonel Ruperto K. Kangleon. In one notable raid, an entire truckload of Japanese soldiers on patrol was completely annihilated at Sitio Trece, Barangay Santo Ni\u00f1o. A small monument stands in front of Bontoc motor pool at Sitio Trece commemorates this event.  On June 15, 1950, it became a regular municipality by the operative provisions of Republic Act No. 522."}]}, {"title": "Obertraubling", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Obertraubling is a municipality in Bavaria, Upper Palatinate (), in the district of Regensburg. Obertraubling is located directly on the southend of the City of Regensburg, the capital of Upper Palatinate. Community Population divided by subdivisions: In 1972 the previously independent municipalities Niedertraubling, Gebelkofen and Oberhinkofen joined with Obertraubling and became one municipality. Locally excavated stone axes and vessels dating back to 5000 BC suggest that Obertraubling has been inhabited since the Stone Age. Bronze Age burial mounds in the Neutraubling section dating back to 1,800 BC also indicate human habitation in this part of the Danube flood plain. A Roman farm was established here in the third century AD."}, {"context": " Obertraubling is first mentioned in an 817 AD document concerning a land swap. The name originates from the 11th century landowners, the 'Traublinger' noble family. During the Second World War Obertraubling was used as an airbase and factory for the Messerschmitt aircraft manufacturing company. Between the end of 1940 and April 23, 1945, the factory was able to house up to 2,750 slave laborers at a time. Between 20 February 1945 and 26 April 1945, inmates of Flossenb\u00fcrg concentration camp were held there until forced into a 'death march' to Dachau concentration camp.  Former and present Mayor: Community Council 2014 till 2020: Terms of election: every six years (May 2020)."}]}, {"title": "Janet Williams (soprano)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Janet Williams is an American soprano who has won international critical acclaim for performances at the Metropolitan Opera, Berlin Staatsoper, Paris Opera, Th\u00e9\u00e2tre des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, Opera de Lyon, Nice Opera, Th\u00e9\u00e2tre Royal de la Monnaie, Opera Geneva, Frankfurt Opera, Cologne Opera, Leipzig Opera, San Francisco Opera, Washington Opera, Dallas Opera, and Michigan Opera Theatre as well as in concerts throughout Europe, North America, Canada, Israel and Japan with conductors including Vladimir Ashkenazy, Daniel Barenboim, Myung-whun Chung, Philippe Herreweghe, Ren\u00e9 Jacobs, Marek Janowski, Neeme J\u00e4rvi, Raymond Leppard, Fabio Luisi, Sir Neville Marriner, Nicholas McGegan, Zubin Mehta, Kent Nagano, John Nelson, Donald Runnicles, Gerard Schwarz and Michael Tilson Thomas."}, {"context": " Williams has appeared with the Israel Philharmonic at Carnegie Hall, the Chicago Symphony, the Mostly Mozart Festival in New York and Tokyo, the New World Symphony, the Detroit Symphony, the New York, Los Angeles and Santa Fe Chamber Orchestras, as well as with orchestras throughout Europe in repertoire ranging from Bach and Mozart to contemporary works of living composers. Her interpretations as a recitalist have been critically acclaimed in New York, San Francisco, Washington D.C. and Detroit as well as Berlin, Paris, Tokyo, and in Iceland."}, {"context": " Williams' professional career began with the San Francisco Opera Center as a member of the Merola Program. She was awarded an Adler Fellowship and subsequently appeared with the company as a guest artist singing leading roles in the operas of Mozart, Puccini, Handel and Rossini. She was a member of the Berlin Staatsoper ensemble, making a critically acclaimed debut as Cleopatra in Carl Heinrich Graun's \"Cleopatra e Cesare\". Other roles in her repertoire include Pamina in \"Die Zauberfl\u00f6te\", Konstanze and Blondchen in \"Die Entf\u00fchrung aus dem Serail\", Susanna in \"The Marriage of Figaro\", Sophie in \"Der Rosenkavalier\", Adina in \"L'elisir d'amore\", \u00c4nnchen in \"Der Freisch\u00fctz\", Adele in \"Die Fledermaus\", Rosina in \"Il barbiere di Siviglia\", Musetta in \"La boh\u00e8me\", Gilda in \"Rigoletto\", Oscar in \"Un ballo in maschera\", and Nannetta in \"Falstaff\", as well as the Jungfrau in Schoenberg\u2019s \"Moses und Aron\" and Manon in Henze's \"Boulevard Solitude\". She is especially acclaimed for leading roles in the baroque operas of Handel, Telemann, Gassmann and Stradella at the Handel Festival in Halle, the Festwochen der Alten Musik in Innsbruck, Austria; the Spoleto Festival Italy, the Schwetzingen Festival, the Wexford Festival in Ireland and the styriarte festival in Graz."}, {"context": " Williams recently made her theatrical debut in Dante\u2019s \"La Vita Nova\" in a co-production of the Berlin Renaissance Theater and the Bayer-Leverkusen Kulturhaus. She has appeared in nationally and internationally televised specials, including the Kennedy Center Honors Concert in a tribute to honoree Marilyn Horne, the PBS broadcast of the San Francisco Opera Gala co-hosted by Joan Sutherland and the ARTE film documentary \"L'Opera Seria\". She was featured in an Oscar-winning documentary of the San Francisco Opera Chorus as Musetta in Francesca Zambello's production of \"La boh\u00e8me\". Her recordings include Brahms' \"Ein deutsches Requiem\" with the Chicago Symphony under Daniel Barenboim, Handel's \"Messiah\" with the Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra under Nicholas McGegan, Graun's \"Cleopatra e Cesare\" with the Concerto K\u00f6ln Orchestra under Ren\u00e9 Jacobs and Cimarosa's \"Il matrimonio segreto\" under Gabriele Bellini."}, {"context": " Williams holds Bachelor degrees in both Music Education and Vocal Performance from Michigan State University and a Masters in Vocal Performance from Indiana University, where she was a student and Assistant Instructor under Professor Camilla Williams. Other instructors and mentors have included world-renowned singers R\u00e9gine Crespin, Kammers\u00e4ngerin Helen Donath, Kammers\u00e4ngerin Reri Grist and noted international vocal pedagogue David Jones. Janet Williams was recently named Guest Professor of the Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik Hans Eisler in Berlin and is currently on the voice faculties of the Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik and Theater in Rostock and the Lotte Lehmann Summer Academy in Perleberg, Germany. She has presented master classes, seminars and workshops across the United States, as well as in London, Paris, Reykjavik and Berlin. Her book, \"Nail Your Next Audition, The Ultimate 30-Day Guide for Singers\", has attracted a global following of young singers and voice professionals."}]}, {"title": "Arbane\u0308", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Arban\u00eb () is a village in the former municipality of Vaqarr in Tirana County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Tirana."}]}, {"title": "Pillar (car)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Pillars are the vertical or near vertical supports of a car's window area or greenhouse\u2014designated respectively as the \"A, B, C\" or (in larger cars) \"D-pillar,\" moving from the front to rear, in profile view. The consistent alphabetical designation of a car's pillars provides a common reference for design discussion and critical communication. As an example, rescue teams employ pillar nomenclature to facilitate communication when cutting wrecked vehicles, as when using the jaws of life. The B pillars are sometimes referred to as \"posts\" (two-door or four-door \"post\" sedan)."}, {"context": " In the case of the B (or center) pillar on four-door sedans, the pillar is typically a closed steel structure welded at the bottom to the car's rocker panel and floorpan, as well as on the top to the roof rail or panel. This pillar provides structural support for the vehicle's roof panel and is designed for latching the front door and mounting the hinges for the rear doors. As the most costly body components to develop or re-tool, a vehicle's roof and door design are a major factor in meeting safety and crash standards. Some designs employ slimmer, chamfered windscreen pillars, A pillars, to help improve driver vision (thus reducing blind spots) through the use of stronger alloy steel in these components. As \"perhaps the most complex of all the structures on the vehicle\", the center or B-pillar may be a multi-layered assembly of various lengths and strengths."}, {"context": " Closed vehicles without a B-pillar are widely called hardtops and have been available in two or four-door body styles, in sedans, coupes and wagons. Designs without a center or \"B\" pillar for roof support behind the front doors offer increased occupant visibility, while in turn requiring underbody strengthening to maintain structural rigidity. In the early 1970s, General Motors broadened their definition of \"hardtop\" to include models with a B-pillar although: \"up to then, everybody thought a hardtop was a car without a center pillar.\""}, {"context": " Pillars are implied, whether they exist or not; where a design's greenhouse features a break between windows or doors without vertical support at that position, the non-existent pillar is \"skipped\" when naming the other pillars. Thus a two-door hardtop or a three box designed coup\u00e9 could have its rearmost pillar called the C-pillar even in the absence of a B-pillar. Conversely additional doors, such as on limousines, will create additional B-pillars; the B-pillars are then numbered, B1, B2, and so forth.  In addition to the pillar nomenclature derived from viewing an automobile in profile, some older cars have a two-part windshield or a split rear window, with the two halves separated by a pillar. Posts for quarter windows (a smaller window typically between the front window and the windshield) are not considered a named pillar."}]}, {"title": "2018 Cambodian League", "paragraphs": [{"context": " 2018 Cambodian League is the 34th season of the Cambodian League. Contested by 12 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with Cambodian Second League. The league starts from 3 March until 30 September. Boeung Ket are the defending champions. Nagaworld FC won the champion again after waiting since 2009. Source: FIFA Soccerway Cambodian League The number of foreign players is restricted to five per team. A team can use four foreign players on the field in each game, including at least one player from the AFC country.  Players name in bold indicates the player is registered during the mid-season transfer window. Note:"}]}, {"title": "Chopping Mall", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Chopping Mall is a 1986 American science-fiction comedy horror film directed by Jim Wynorski and produced by Julie Corman. Starring Kelli Maroney, Tony O'Dell, John Terlesky, and Russell Todd, the plot focuses on three security robots turned rogue and killing teenaged employees inside a shopping mall after dark. While not a commercial or critical success, the film has gained a cult following over the years. Park Plaza Mall has just installed a state-of-the-art security system, including shutters across all exits and three high-tech robots programmed to disable and apprehend thieves using tasers and tranquilizer guns. Four couples: Rick and Linda, Greg and Suzie, Mike and Leslie, Ferdy and Allison, decide to have a party in one of the furniture stores where three of them work. After hours, all of them (except Allison and Ferdy) begin to have sex, drink, and party inside the furniture store."}, {"context": " Outside, a lightning storm strikes the mall several times and damages the computer controlling the security robots, leading to them killing the technicians and a janitor before starting their routine patrol. Mike and Leslie get killed as they leave the store, and the others separate after witnessing this. The men break into a sporting-goods store to arm themselves with firearms, the women take gasoline and flares from an automotive store. Using a propane tank, the men blow up and seemingly destroy Protector 2. While the men set up the elevator as a booby trap, the robots ambush the women and ignite Suzie by shooting her gasoline can, killing her. Greg unsuccessfully shoots them before Rick drags him away."}, {"context": " The teenagers regroup and rig the elevator trap on Protector 2, destroying it. They then hide in the restaurant where Allison works. Inside, Greg confronts Allison and Linda about leaving the air ducts and exhibits rage due to Suzie's death, pulling his gun on Ferdy when he intercedes on Allison and Linda's behalf. Rick tries to calm him down, and Ferdy suggests destroying the robot's main control center in hopes of shutting them all down. The group agrees and heads to the control center on the third floor. The robot throws Greg over the railing and he falls to his death."}, {"context": " On the run, the four remaining survivors, Allison, Ferdy, Rick, and Linda also find the first robot recovered after its earlier defeat. They take refuge inside a department store and set up mannequins to confuse Protector 1, and Protector 3. Their plan works as they fire at the dummies and one of them blinds itself with its own reflected laser. However, the blind Protector 3 kills Linda and an enraged Rick rams a golf cart into it. A bolt of electricity kills him, but his attempts successfully destroy the robot."}, {"context": " As the final robot called Protector 1 corners Allison, Ferdy rescues her and shoots it point-blank, damaging its laser just before he falls unconscious. Despite an injured leg, Allison escapes into the paint store and sets up a trap by mixing paint and chemicals. She lures Protector 1 inside, where it gets stuck for failing to find traction on the spilled paint and thinners. She tosses a flare into the store, igniting the chemicals and finally destroys Protector 1. As daylight appears, Allison leaves the store and Ferdy awakens. The two remain the only survivors."}, {"context": " Julie Corman had a deal with Vestron to make a horror film that took place in a mall. Jim Wynorski agreed to write one cheaply if he could direct. Wynorski wrote the script with Steve Mitchell, whom he had known since the 1970s, when they met at conventions for EC Comics, and became friends. They decided to do a \"phantom of the mall\"-type movie and Mitchell says it was Wynorski's idea to feature robots. Wynorski said he was inspired by the 1954 film \"Gog\"; he claims he never saw the 1973 TV film \"Trapped\", which some believe inspired \"Chopping Mall\"."}, {"context": " Mitchell says they wrote up the story in 24 hours and sent it to Julie Corman. Vestron gave their approval within a week despite lack of a script. The script took around four or five weeks to write. Wynorski says Roger Corman \"was nothing but supportive from the get-go. He loved the idea.\" Wynorski says Kelli Maroney was cast because \"I had seen Kelli in a couple of things and I wanted to date her. So, I figured the one way to make that happen was to put her in a movie.\" She replaced Dana Kimmell, who had been cast on the strength of her performance in \"Lone Wolf McQuade\" but Dana did not want to do anything that was sexual,\" according to Mitchell. \"So Jim was very quick to say, \"Well, she\u2019s out, let\u2019s get Kelli,\" who was pretty much game for anything.\" Karrie Emerson also replaced someone else."}, {"context": " The script was full of in-jokes, writing in characters from \"A Bucket of Blood\" and \"Eating Raoul\". The writers got the actors from the respective films: Dick Miller, Mary Woronov, and Paul Bartel. Mitchell wanted John Terlesky to play the hero, but Wynorski wanted Russell Todd. Terlesky played the part of Mike. \"Chopping Mall\" also acts as a debut film for Rodney Eastman, who later went on to star in \"\" and \"\". Wynorski says Roger Corman took him out to lunch before making the film. He bought a yellow pad, \"and after lunch he said this here is what you gotta do and he gave me film school in an hour. Everything I learned in film school didn't count, but what he said made a lot of sense and I still have that yellow pad and I live by it. I now have it memorized, many dos and don'ts.\""}, {"context": " The film was written to be filmed at the Beverly Central Shopping Centre, but they charged too much money, so the film was shot mostly at Sherman Oaks Galleria (where \"Fast Times at Ridgemont High\" and \"Commando\" had been filmed). The Beverly Central was used for some exteriors. Mitchell later recalls, \"I think we both felt a pretty fair amount of pressure when we started shooting. It was Julie\u2019s picture, but it was still Roger\u2019s company, and he was the bottom line. We both very much wanted to make him happy.\""}, {"context": " Mitchell says, \"the specter of Roger loomed large for the first couple of days\", but after the second or third night, Corman said they were doing a \"very fine job\". \"So there was a collective sigh of relief on our part that we were making Roger happy, and that\u2019s what really mattered,\" says Mitchell. Wynorski says that Bartel and Woronov ad-libbed the bulk of their parts. Mitchell estimates filming took 20 days at the Galleria and two days at Corman's studios. At least two different versions of the film exist. The TV cut has some extra footage, such as a small homage to \"Attack of the Crab Monsters\", extended scenes of Ferdy and Allison watching TV, some aerial shots, and an extension of one of the Ferdy/Allison scenes. No official source offers this version."}, {"context": " On the DVD commentary tracks, Wynorski and Mitchell discussed many details of production, including an injury that the director suffered while helping prepare a stunt sequence, their unfriendly relationship with the Galleria's security chief (and friendly one with the mall's owner), the many beautiful women who were part of the cast, and ways that they dealt with having little time or money, yet finished their work on time. Concorde Pictures released the film in limited theaters on March 21, 1986. It was known during production as \"Robots\", then \"Killbots\". Upon initial release as \"Killbots\", the film did poorly at the box office; however, it fared better when it was re-released as \"Chopping Mall\". The name \"Chopping Mall\" was a suggestion of a janitor."}, {"context": " The film was released on VHS in the United States by the Vestron sublabel Lightning Video in 1986. Lionsgate released the film twice on DVD, once in 2004 (with special features including a featurette, commentary, still gallery, and trailer) and in 2012 as part of an 8-horror film DVD set. It was released for the first time on Blu-ray on September 27, 2016 as part of Lionsgate's new Vestron Video Collector's Series line. Wynorski later said, the film \"did okay when it was released in theaters. It got some okay reviews and did decent business, but it really found a life on VHS and cable. That\u2019s when it really was embraced.\"  On November 2011, Dry County Entertainment acquired the film rights and is planning a remake with a supernatural twist. The film will be produced and written by Kevin Bocarde and directed by Robert Hall."}]}, {"title": "Damon Jones (American football)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Damon Jones (born September 18, 1974 in Evanston, Illinois) is a former professional American football player who played tight end for five seasons for the Jacksonville Jaguars. Jones was the first tight end selected in draft by the Jaguars. Jones attended Evanston Township High School, where he was a star tight end & defensive end and basketball star. Jones is currently the head football coach at Seacoast Christian Academy."}]}, {"title": "Qi Xin", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Qi Xin (; born November 1926) is a Communist Party of China member who has written various articles on her husband Xi Zhongxun and is mother to Xi Jinping, current General Secretary of the Communist Party of China. Qi Xin was born in 1926. Her father, Qi Houzhi (\u9f50\u539a\u4e4b), was the head of the law bureau in the Nationalist government's Third Army during the Northern Expedition. In 1938, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Qi was attending a girl's middle school in Beiping, modern Beijing. After Beiping fell to the Japanese army, her elder sister Yun () took her to Tunliu County, Shanxi, to join the Eighth Route Army. Yun sent her younger sibling to the schoolgirl's team of the Counter-Japanese Military and Political University."}, {"context": " Later in the winter of 1939, Qi transferred to the female cadre's branch of the Cadre's School in Changzhi County, where she served as a tutor and team leader. She participated in fighting at Yincheng and Xihuo town. Qi entered the Central Party School in 1941, then was sent to Yan'an University's middle school in 1942. She married Xi Zhongxun in April 1944, then after graduating school later that year, Qi went to a rural village to work. In 1952, Qi moved with her husband to Beijing so that he could serve as head of the propaganda department. In 1953, Qi enrolled in the Marx's Institute. After graduating, Qi continued work at the institute, which was located quite far from the family home and required her husband to look after their children. Qi visited provincial and county-level schools set-up by the communist government as a consultant. It has been suggested that this position provided her family with relatively good protection during the Cultural Revolution, when her husband was denounced, but not imprisoned. Qi was asked to accompany Xi to Luoyang in 1975, however, to look after him whilst he was still under investigation."}, {"context": " A documentary about Qi was made in 2001, detailing her revolutionary background, titled \"Loyal and Dependable\u2014\u2014Qi Xin wife of Xi Zhongxun\" (). The piece also emphasised the education she has given her children and the high expectations she had of their work. Qi met Xi Zhongxun in 1943 whilst studying at the middle school in Suide County. At the time, Xi was still married to his first wife, Hao Mingzhu (), with whom he had three children. Later, the head of education at the Counter-Japanese Military and Political University wrote to Xi, introducing Qi Xin, after having met her sister and father. After sending Xi her own autobiographical introduction, the two married at the prefectural party office in Suide County on 28 April 1944. The couple had their first child in 1949, a daughter named Qiaoqiao (), followed by another daughter in 1952 named An'an (), and two sons named Jinping and Yuanping (). They led a frugal and austere lifestyle, not having shoes for the younger sons."}]}, {"title": "George Michael Moser", "paragraphs": [{"context": " George Michael Moser RA (17 January 1706 \u2013 24 January 1783) was a renowned artist and enameller of the 18th century, father of celebrated floral painter Mary Moser, and, with his daughter, among the founder members of the Royal Academy in 1768. He was the son of Michael Moser, an eminent Swiss engineer and worker in metal. Moser was born in Schaffhausen, Switzerland and trained initially as a coppersmith in Geneva. He later learnt additional skills as a chaser, goldsmith and engraver. He moved to London during the 1720s and married Mary Guynier. Surviving metal works by him include elaborate gold snuffboxes and watch-cases (including movements by noted watchmakers George Philip Strigel and John Ellicott, among others), and silver candlesticks in the Rococo style."}, {"context": " He subsequently rose to be head of his profession as a gold-chaser, medallist, and enameller, and was particularly distinguished for the compositions in enamel with which he ornamented the backs of watches, bracelets, and other trinkets. A beautiful example of this work was a watch-case executed for Queen Charlotte, adorned with whole-length figures of her two eldest children, for which he received 'a hatful of guineas.' Moser was drawing-master to George III during his boyhood, and on his accession to the throne was employed to engrave his first great seal. When the art school afterwards known as the St. Martin's Lane Academy was established about 1736, in Greyhound Court, Strand, he became manager and treasurer, and continued in that position until the school was absorbed in the Royal Academy."}, {"context": " Moser was an original member, and afterwards a director, of the Incorporated Society of Artists, whose seal he designed and executed, and was one of the 21 directors whose retirement, in 1767, led to the establishment of the Royal Academy. To Moser's zeal and energy the latter event was largely due. In association with William Chambers, Benjamin West, and Francis Cotes, he framed the constitution of the new body, and on 28 November 1768, presented the memorial to the king asking for his patronage."}, {"context": " He became a foundation member, and was elected the first keeper, having rooms assigned to him in Somerset House. For this position he was well qualified by his powers as a draughtsman and knowledge of the human figure, while his ability and devotion as a teacher gained for him the strong affection of the pupils. He taught many notable artists including William Blake. Another student was his nephew Joseph Moser. Moser was greatly esteemed in private life, and enjoyed the friendship of Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, and other literary celebrities of his day. According to Boswell, he once greatly mortified Goldsmith by stopping him in the middle of a vivacious harangue with the exclamation, 'Stay, stay! Toctor Shonson's going to say something'."}, {"context": " He died at Somerset House on 24 January 1783, and was buried in the churchyard of St Paul's, Covent Garden, his funeral being attended by almost all his fellow-academicians and pupils. On the day after Moser's death a notice of him from the pen of Sir Joshua Reynolds was published, in which he was described as the first goldchaser in the kingdom, possessed of a universal knowledge of all branches of painting and sculpture, and 'in every sense the father of the present race of artists.' He left an only daughter, Mary Moser."}]}, {"title": "Cerithiopsilla georgiana", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Cerithiopsilla georgiana is a species of very small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Cerithiopsidae. It was described by Pfeffer in 1886. The maximum recorded shell length is 5\u00a0mm. Minimum recorded depth is 1 m. Maximum recorded depth is 1 m."}]}, {"title": "Shariatpur-2", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Shariatpur-2 is a constituency represented in the Jatiya Sangsad (National Parliament) of Bangladesh since 1991 by Shawkat Ali of the Awami League. The constituency encompasses Naria Upazila and the Sakhipur Thana portion of Bhedarganj Upazila. Sakhipur Thana consists of Arshi Nagar, Char Bhaga, Char Kumaria, Char Census, Dhakhin Tarabunia, Digar Mahishkhali, Kachikata, Sakhipur, and Tarabunia union parishads. The constituency was created in 1984 from the Faridpur-15 constituency when the former Faridpur District was split into five districts: Rajbari, Faridpur, Gopalganj, Madaripur, and Shariatpur.  Ahead of the 2008 general election, the Election Commission redrew constituency boundaries to reflect population changes revealed by the 2001 Bangladesh census. The 2008 redistricting altered the boundaries of the constituency. Shawkat Ali was re-elected unopposed in the 2014 general election after opposition parties withdrew their candidacies in a boycott of the election."}]}, {"title": "National Association for the Teaching of English", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The National Association for the Teaching of English (NATE) is the UK subject teacher association for all aspects of English from pre-school to university. NATE supports effective teaching and learning, keeps teachers informed about current developments and provides them with a voice at a national level. NATE has several committees and standing working parties. It conducts research into the teaching of English and is involved in curriculum development initiatives with the Arts Council and Becta. NATE is also a member of the International Federation of the Teachers of English."}, {"context": " NATE publishes an online newsletter and two print periodicals, both of which are published three times a year and free to members: An online newsletter updating members on news in the world of English teaching and NATE. \"Teaching English\" is NATE's magazine aimed at primary and secondary teachers of English. The magazine contains: articles on practical teaching strategies and resources; articles on trends in English teaching and research; news pages, opinion pieces and columns; and book reviews relevant to English teachers. \"Teaching English\" was first published in 2013."}, {"context": " \"Teaching English\" replaced two periodicals, \"NATE Classroom\" (2006\u20132012) and \"English Drama Media\" (2003\u20132012), and is an amalgam of the two. Prior to 2013, NATE members received \"The English and Media Magazine\", published by the English and Media Centre, and either \"The Primary English Magazine\" or \"The Secondary English Magazine\", which were published by Garth Publishing Services, rather than in-house at NATE. \"English in Education\" is NATE's academic research journal. Articles are peer-reviewed and aimed at those conducting research in education. It was first published in 1967 and replaced the short-lived \"NATE Bulletin\", which was published from 1964 until 1966.  NATE is called upon to speak on behalf of English teachers to various news organisations. Links to the most recent articles are linked below. GCSE Essays sickeningly Violent NATE, in conjunction with Teachit , runs a very busy and informative staffroom area where any question asked is usually answered speedily. Staffroom Area"}]}, {"title": "100,000 rials note", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The one hundred thousand rial banknote is a denomination of Iranian currency that was issued in 2010, replacing the 50,000 rials note as the largest denomination. The bill features Rouhollah Khomeini's portrait on the front and the Tomb of Saadi on the back."}]}, {"title": "Shiotsu Station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Shiotsu Station first opened on December 15, 1910, as a station for both freight and passenger service on the Japanese Government Railways (JGR) Ch\u016b\u014d Main Line. The JGC became the JNR after the end of World War II. Regularly scheduled freight services were discontinued in April 20, 1960. With the dissolution and privatization of the JNR on April 1, 1987, the station came under the control of the East Japan Railway Company. Automated turnstiles using the Suica IC Card system came into operation from November 18, 2001.  Shiotsu Station has a single island platform and a single side platform serving three tracks, connected to the station building by an overpass."}]}, {"title": "Answer print", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Answer print refers to the first version of a given motion picture that is printed to film after color correction on an interpositive. It is also the first version of the movie printed to film with the sound properly synced to the picture. Answer prints are created during the post-production process after editing, dubbing and other related audio work and special effects sequences have been finished or completed to a degree satisfactory for pre-release viewing. They are used by the filmmaker and studio to ensure that the work going into the film during the post-production process is cohesive with the final goals for the project. In effect, it is a post-edit editing where the filmmaker can observe and direct the course of the film's final look and feel as it pertains to color correction, sound and special effects elements and overall pacing. Pre-release screenings for test audiences are often run from late answer print copies of the film, because often the filmmaker is using the screening as a way to help direct final choices regarding the finished project.  When the last answer print is approved and finalized, it is used to make an internegative from which the release prints are struck."}]}, {"title": "Caribbean reef squid", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Caribbean reef squid (\"Sepioteuthis sepioidea\"), commonly called reef squid, are small, torpedo-shaped squid with undulating fins that extend nearly the entire length of the body. In 2001, marine biologist Silvia Maci\u00e1 discovered that squid were able to propel themselves up out of the water about and fly approximately before re-entry; a discovery which led to the identification of six species of flying squid. The Caribbean reef squid is found throughout the Caribbean Sea as well as off the coast of Florida, commonly in small schools of 4-30 in the shallows associated with reefs. The habitat of the Reef Squid changes according to the squid's stage of life and size. New hatchlings tend to reside close to the shore in areas from 0.2\u20131 meters below the surface on or under vegetation. Young small squid typically congregate in shallow turtle grass near islands and remain several centimeters to two meters from the surface to avoid bird predators. Adults venture out into open water and can be found in depths up to 150 m. When mating, adults are found near coral reefs in depths of 1.5\u20138 m. The Caribbean reef squid is the only squid species commonly sighted by divers over inshore reefs in the Florida, Bahamas and Caribbean region."}, {"context": " This species, like most squid, is a voracious eater and typically consumes 30-60% of its body weight daily. Prey is caught using the club-like end of the long tentacles which are then pulled towards the mouth supported by the shorter arms. Like other cephalopods, it has a strong beak which it uses to cut the prey into parts so that the raspy tongue, or radula, can be used to further process the food. It consumes small fish, other mollusks, and crustaceans. Caribbean reef squid have been shown to communicate using a variety of color, shape, and texture changes. Squid are capable of rapid changes in skin color and pattern through nervous control of chromatophores. In addition to camouflage and appearing larger in the face of a threat, squids use color, patterns, and flashing to communicate with one another in various courtship rituals. Caribbean reef squid can send one message via color patterns to a squid on their right, while they send another message to a squid on their left."}, {"context": " Like other cephalopods, the Caribbean reef squid, is semelparous, dying after reproducing. Females lay their eggs then die immediately after. The males, however, can fertilize many females in a short period of time before they die. Females lay the eggs in well-protected areas scattered around the reefs. After competing with 2-5 other males, the largest male approaches the female and gently strokes her with his tentacles. At first she may indicate her alarm by flashing a distinct pattern, but the male soon calms her by blowing water at her and jetting gently away. He returns repeatedly until the female accepts him, however the pair may continue this dance or courting for up to an hour. The male then attaches a sticky packet of sperm to the female's body. As he reaches out with the sperm packet, he displays a pulsating pattern. The female places the packet in her seminal receptacle, finds appropriate places to lay her eggs in small clusters, and then dies."}]}, {"title": "Faustino M. Parera", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Faustino M. Parera is a village and municipality in Entre R\u00edos Province in north-eastern Argentina."}]}, {"title": "Doak\u2013Little House", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Doak\u2013Little House is a historic building in South Strabane Township, Pennsylvania. It is designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation."}]}, {"title": "Eubranchus doriae", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Eubranchus doriae is a species of sea slug or nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Eubranchidae. This species was described from Genova, Italy. It has also been reported from the Atlantic coast of France and the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland."}]}, {"title": "Mallama", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Mallama is a town and municipality in the Nari\u00f1o Department, Colombia."}]}, {"title": "Fortescue Dave Forrest Airport", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Fortescue Dave Forrest Airport is located about northeast of Fortescue Metals Group's Cloud Break mine in Western Australia. The airport is only served by charter flights from airlines across Western Australia. The airport has the ability to operate with one Airbus A320 or Boeing 737 and has full baggage handling services. The open-air terminal buildings are around and do not have any security services in the terminal."}]}, {"title": "Z\u0142ota Kaczka", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Z\u0142ota Kaczka (translation: Golden Duck) is a Polish award presented by the monthly \"Film\" since 1956."}]}, {"title": "Karjolsteinen", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Karjolsteinen (The Carriage Stone) is a Norwegian drama film from 1977. The film was directed by Knut Andersen based on a novel by Sigbj\u00f8rn H\u00f8lmebakk with the same name."}]}, {"title": "Svetlana Penkina", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Svetlana Alexandrovna Mulyavina-Penkina (; Belarusian: \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u044f\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430\u045e\u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0430; 6 June 1951 \u2013 October 2016) was a Soviet actress. Svetlana Penkina graduated from the Minsk Theater and Art Institute. She got the first taste of success for her role of Katya Bulavina in the Soviet thirteen-episode television drama series \"The Road to Calvary ()\" based on the trilogy \"The Road to Calvary\" () by Aleksey Tolstoy. The role was her diploma work at the Minsk Theater Institute. While working on the character, the young actress co-starred in two films. In the movie \"Dust in the Sun ()\" she played Anna Mikhailovna, an associate of Lithuanian revolutionary Joseph Vareikis. In \"The Color of Gold ()\" she appeared in one of the starring roles, Zoya."}, {"context": " In 1982, she played Lida in \"The Solar Wind\" (). In 1985, she had the role of secretary Vika in \"For The Coming Age\", the adaptation of the novel by Soviet writer Georgiy Markov. Soon after that, she retired from movie roles. Svetlana Penkina was born in 1951 in Belarus. the daughter of Alexander Pavlovich Penkin, who was a colonel in the army. In 1981, she married musician and singer Vladimir Mulyavin (1941\u2013 2003); the couple had one child, a son, Valery Vladimirovich Mulyavin (born 1982). She changed her surname to Mulyavina-Penkina.  On 20 October 2016, her body was found in her home. She was 65 years old. No cause of death was provided."}]}, {"title": "Maria Tacu", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Tacu Maria (born February 15, 1949, in Burdusaci, Bac\u0103u County, d. June 18, 2010, Bucharest) was a Romanian poet and prose writer. She graduated from the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University in Ia\u0219i, with a degree in Literature. She also published under the pen name Maria Constantines. Her debut was in the \"Astra\" magazine (1987) while her first published work was \"The Hierarchy of Light\" (Prize of the \"Writers Association\" from Ia\u0219i) a volume of poetry (1993). She published her first novel, \"My Aunt, Anestina\" in 2000. The main themes of love, loneliness, death and femininity, are found in subsequent novels. In 2005, \"Yesterday's Word\" (Vorba de Ieri), a novel about temptation and power is published. In 2008, \"Women under a Red Tree\", another novel about the relationships of art, love and death is published. Her last novel, \"Vlad and Katharina\" about Vlad the Impaler was published posthumously in 2011."}]}, {"title": "Amal Aloy", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Amal Aloy is a daily political cartoon strip published in Sangbad Pratidin for over a decade. It is drawn by veteran Bengali cartoonist Amal Chakrabarti."}]}, {"title": "Erigeron kachinensis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Erigeron kachinensis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Kachina fleabane and Kachina daisy. It is native to Utah and Colorado in the United States. It is an endemic of the Colorado Plateau. \"Erigeron kachinensis\" grows from a taproot and branching caudex and has stems up to 18 centimeters (7.2 inches) in length. The leaves at the base of the plant are up to 5 centimeters (2 iniches) long, with smaller ones along the stem. They are hairless and non-glandular. The flower heads have phyllaries which are often purplish and are hairless. They contain white or pinkish ray florets surrounding small yellow disc florets. It often flowers twice a year."}, {"context": " \"Erigeron kachinensis\" was discovered and described in 1968 in Utah, near Kachina Natural Bridge in Natural Bridges National Monument. It was discovered in the Dolores River Canyon in Colorado in 1977. It grows in hanging gardens and seeps in the cracks of rock faces. The rock is Cedar Mesa Sandstone. The plant relies on seeps of water coming from the rock cracks. If the water dries up, as in a drought, the plants die. Associated plants in the habitat include \"Aquilegia micrantha\" (Mancos columbine), \"Calamagrostis scopulorum\", \"Zigadenus vaginatus\" (death camas), and \"Cirsium calcareum\" (Cainville thistle).  The alcoves in which the plant grows sometimes contain Anasazi ruins. Tourists examining the ruins may affect the plants. The word \"kachina\" refers to a spirit being in the traditions of some of the Native American groups in the region."}]}, {"title": "Agbogbloshie", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Agbogbloshie is a nickname of a commercial district on the Korle Lagoon of the Odaw River, near the center of Accra, Ghana's capital city. Near the slum called \"Old Fadama\", the Agbogbloshie site became known as a destination for locally generated automobile and electronic scrap collected from across the City of Accra. It was alleged to be at the center of a legal and illegal exportation network for the environmental dumping of electronic waste (e-waste) from industrialized nations. The Basel Action Network, a small NGO based in Seattle, has referred to Agbogbloshie as a \"digital dumping ground\", where they allege millions of tons of e-waste are processed each year."}, {"context": " However, repeated international studies have failed to confirm the allegations, which have been labelled an \"e-waste hoax\" by international reuse advocate WR3A. The most exhaustive study of the trade in used electronics in Nigeria, funded by UNEP and Basel Convention, revealed that from 540 000 tonnes of informally processed waste electronics, 52% of the material was recovered. According to statistics from the World Bank, in large cities like Accra and Lagos the majority of households have owned televisions and computers for decades. The UN Report \"Where are WEEE in Africa\" (2012) disclosed that the majority of used electronics found in African dumps had not in fact been recently imported as scrap, but originated from these African cities. Agbogbloshie is situated on the banks of the Korle Lagoon, northwest of Accra's Central Business District. Roughly 40,000 Ghanaians inhabit the area, most of whom are migrants from rural areas. Due to its harsh living conditions and rampant crime, the area is nicknamed \"Sodom and Gomorrah\"."}, {"context": " The Basel Convention prevents the transfrontier shipment of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries. However, the Convention specifically allows export for reuse and repair under Annex Ix, B1110. While numerous international press reports have made reference to allegations that the majority of exports to Ghana are dumped, research by the US International Trade Commission found little evidence of unprocessed e-waste being shipped to Africa from the United States, a finding corroborated by the United Nations Environment Programme, MIT, Memorial University, Arizona State University, and other research. In 2013, the original source of the allegation blaming foreign dumping for the material found in Agbogbloshie recanted, or rather stated it had never made the claim that 80% of US e-waste is exported."}, {"context": " Whether domestically generated by residents of Ghana or imported, concern remains over methods of waste processing - especially burning - which emit toxic chemicals into the air, land and water. Exposure is especially hazardous to children, as these toxins are known to inhibit the development of the reproductive system, the nervous system, and especially the brain. Concerns about human health and the environment of Agbogbloshie continue to be raised as the area remains heavily polluted. In the 2000s, the Ghanaian government, with new funding and loans, implemented the Korle Lagoon Ecological Restoration Project (KLERP), an environmental remediation and restoration project that will address the pollution problem by dredging the lagoon and Odaw canal to improve drainage and flooding into the ocean."}, {"context": " In the 1960s, the slum area of Agbogbloshie was a wetland. As the city of Accra urbanized, a ghetto grew, referred to as Old Fadama or Ayaalolo. During the 1980s, the ghetto was a place of shelter for refugees from the Konkomba-Nanumba war. In the late 1990s, newly available electricity from the Akosombo Dam led to increased local demand for electric and electronic appliance consumption. Critics claim that this caused an imbalanced shift. The electricity from the Akosombo dam increased demand for functional second-hand televisions and computers, these were imported from the West by Africa's Tech Sector to help \u2018bridge the digital divide\u2019. Ghanaians welcomed these donations, because these computers cost one-tenth the price of a new one. The Basel Action Network circulated a claim in 2008 that as much as 75 percent of these second-hand electronics sent to Africa could not be reused and ended up in landfills."}, {"context": " The BAN allegation was slightly different from its 2002 claim of 80% waste (Exporting Harm, 2002) which became one of the most cited references in academic journals, though no documentation or peer reviewed source documentation has been made available. \"Mapping E-waste as a Controversy: From Statements to Debates II.\" In 2013 BAN denied ever making the claim, or ever stating any statistic for African imports. The local economy of Agbogbloshie is based on an onion market serving immigrants to Accra from the greater Tamale Region (Dagbani) in the north. Unemployed immigrants turned to scrap metal collection, including auto scrap, to supplement incomes. Electronic scrap processing is a fairly small activity at the market. The claim that \"hundreds of millions of tons of electronic waste are imported to the area each year\", as reported by several news sources, is considered by most experts to be utterly ridiculous and preposterous."}, {"context": " The United States is definitely not the leading exporter of e-waste to Ghana, although imports arrive from other countries such as France, Germany, Korea, Switzerland and the Netherlands. Multinational brands such as Philips, Canon, Dell, Microsoft, Nokia, Siemens and Sony are commonly found throughout the waste. According to the E-Waste Assessment Studies, \"Refurbishing of EEE and the sales of used EEE is an important economic sector (e.g. Alaba market in Lagos). It is a well-organized and a dynamic sector that holds the potential for further industrial development. Indirectly, the sector has another important economic role, as it supplies low and middle income households with affordable ICT equipment and other EEE. In the view of the sector\u2019s positive socio-economic performance, all policy measures aiming to improve e-waste management in Nigeria should refrain from undifferentiated banning of second-hand imports and refurbishing activities and strive for a co-operative approach by including the market and sector associations.\""}, {"context": " Followers of BAN.org have alleged that Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are adding to the waste when excess electronics are donated with the intention of helping scholarly institutions. They claim, based on the 75%-80% orphaned waste statistic, that exporters must have found numerous loopholes to avoid legislation forbidding e-waste shipping, such as labeling broken electronics as \u2018end-of-life\u2019 or \u2018second-hand-goods\u2019, falsely identifying them as in working order. If it were true that between 50% and 75% of the electronics imported are unable to be salvaged and remain on the land, the import would be illegal. However, the UN Studies have failed to find evidence of the allegation, and the only source of the dumping statistic has denied it."}, {"context": " Young men burning wires from auto harnesses and electronics have been the subject of several photojournal essays. The workers, mostly young men, disassemble cars, appliances, and scrap electronics gathered in wheeled push carts from Accra neighborhoods. Revenue from the recovery of metals such as copper, aluminum and iron, produce very low wages. Several British news outlets have made the recycling workers a cause celebre. Photographs of workers burning old wire on top of tires and plastic in order to melt the plastic, or dismantling the waste with their bare hands and stones, have been popularized by the press. Magnets from electronics are shown used to gather the smallest of ferrous metal scraps. The remaining materials are further burned or dumped nearby."}, {"context": " The workers, children and adults alike, sell the metal scraps to earn a living. A half a sack of copper or aluminium will sell for about 700 Ghana Cedis, amounting to about eight to ten Ghana cedis per day (4 to 6 USD). The population of Agbogbloshie consists of economic migrants from northern and rural parts of Ghana, where living standards are growing worse, causing people to move to urban settings, such as Agbogbloshie. Conditions may not be significantly better, but making a living is easier. Inhabitants of Agbogbloshie live, eat, work and relieve themselves on the land and amongst the waste. Children who are able to attend school often spend every evening and weekend processing waste searching for metals."}, {"context": " Dwellings are wooden shacks that lack water and sanitation. The area is also home to armed robbers, prostitutes, drug dealers and others involved in underground markets. Crime and disease run rampant throughout Agbogbloshie, creating an almost uninhabitable environment for humans. Outsiders have nicknamed the area \u201cSodom and Gomorrah,\u201d after two condemned Biblical cities, due to the harsh living conditions in Agbogbloshie. The processing and dumping of electronic waste in Agbogbloshie is polluting the area and creating serious environmental concern. Photographs from the Agbogbloshie e-waste landfill show e-waste workers regularly burn wires from auto harnesses and plastic-encased electronics to recover copper. E-waste contains toxic chemicals that are emitted into the ground, water and atmosphere when the electronics are broken down, burned and processed. Poisons such as lead, mercury, arsenic, dioxins, furans, and brominated flame retardants seep into the surrounding soil and water, thereby seriously polluting the landscape. Greenpeace lab tests have shown the water and soil from areas in Agbogbloshie revealed the area contained concentrations of chemicals at levels a hundred times more than the allowable amount.Several studies have confirmed high levels of lead in soil with particular risks to workers and children. Environmental lead contamination is predominantly due to burning off the plastic covering from copper wires. PVC insulation contains approximately 3000 mg/kg lead as a stiffener, and this lead is released during the burning."}, {"context": " Lead containing glass used in computer monitors (CRT tubes) also contributes to elevated soil lead levels. The Korle Lagoon, on which Agbogbloshie is situated, has extremely low levels of dissolved oxygen, a result of the large and uncontrolled quantities of domestic and industrial waste being emitted into the water. Studies indicate that the entrance to the lagoon is severely polluted and not suitable for primary or secondary contact, due to the large amounts of bacteria present. Processing electronic waste presents a serious health threat to workers at Agbogbloshie. The fumes released from the burning of the plastics and metals used in electronics are composed of highly toxic chemicals and carcinogens. Workers often inhale lead, cadmium, dioxins, furans, phthalates and brominated flame retardants.Exposure to these fumes is especially hazardous to children, as these toxins are known to inhibit the development of the reproductive system, nervous system, and the brain in particular. In similar e-waste processing areas, with conditions and demographics like those of Agbogbloshie, 80% of the children have dangerous levels of lead in their blood. Inhabitants often suffer from chronic nausea, headaches, chest and respiratory problems."}, {"context": " High levels of toxins have also been discovered in soil and food samples, as these chemicals stay in the food chain. E-waste presents a potential security threat to individuals and exporting countries. Hard drives that are not properly erased before the computer is disposed of can be reopened, exposing sensitive information. Credit card numbers, private financial data, account information and records of online transactions can be accessed by most willing individuals. Organized criminals in Ghana commonly search the drives for information to use in local scams."}, {"context": " Government contracts have been discovered on hard drives found in Agbogbloshie. Multimillion-dollar agreements from United States security institutions such as the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), the Transportation Security Administration and Homeland Security have all resurfaced in Agbogbloshie. The Ghanaian government has made an effort to restore the area through the \u201cKorle Lagoon Ecological Restoration Project\u201d (KLERP). In 2003, the OPEC Fund for International Development, the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa, and the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development provided a loan for this project with the expectation that the Ghanaian government dredge the lagoon and restore its surroundings. Other goals of the project include a reduction in flooding, an increase in marine life, an improvement of water quality and an improvement in general sanitary conditions."}, {"context": " Due to the invasive nature of the project, these restoration efforts have been disputed by the inhabitants of Agbogbloshie. The KLERP requires the people to leave the area, which is the only home for a majority of squatters. The Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA) has continually tried to evict the people, but have only been met with much resistance. The matter is still in dispute. In 2014, the NGO Pure Earth (formally Blacksmith Institute) funded the creation of a Copper Wire Recycling Center within Agbogbloshie and helped to install several automated machines to simplify the removal of plastic coating and reduce the burning. Efforts appear to be moderately successful however the burning continues."}]}, {"title": "Britons Publishing Society", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Britons Publishing Society, founded in 1923, was an offshoot of The Britons. According to scholar Gisela C. Lebzelter, The Britons split because: ... internal disagreements proved paralysing. Seven members were excluded in November 1923, and three executives members, J. H. Clarke, the famous British homeopath, R. T. Cooper and W. A. Peters, seceded to establish 'The Britons Publishing Society'. On December 15, 1923 the three executed a memorandum in which they expressed their organizational purpose as follows:  \"propagating views in regard to the Jews, the Christian Religion, the Government of the British Isles and the British Empire, and other matters which, in our opinion from time to time, it is in the interests of the British Public should be expressed and distributed and to do anything at all which, in our opinion, equips us for this purpose. The Society to be conducted not for the purpose of making profit\""}]}, {"title": "Worldwide Commodity Partners", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Worldwide Commodity Partners Limited was a company that sold carbon credits, for which there is no functioning secondary market, at inflated prices and which was wound-up by British regulatory authorities in 2014 in the public interest following an investigation by the Insolvency Service. It was one of a web of 13 companies that also included Eco-Synergies Limited that were shut down at the same time. Worldwide Commodity Partners had been named \"Fastest Growing Broker, Western Europe, 2012\" in the World Finance Awards."}]}, {"title": "Stephen Henderson (literary scholar)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Stephen E. Henderson (October 13, 1925 \u2013 January 7, 1997) was a professor of African-American literature and culture. He is noted for providing the first formal interpretation of militant Black poetry, and, with Vincent Harding and William Strickland, for founding the Institute of the Black World in Atlanta, Georgia. Henderson was born in Key West, Florida. He served two years in the U.S. Army towards the end of the Second World War, and then enrolled at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, where he earned a bachelor\u2019s degree in English and sociology with high honors in 1949. He went on to pursue graduate studies at the University of Wisconsin, being awarded a master's degree in English in 1950."}, {"context": " In 1950, he became a professor of English at Virginia Union University, which post he held until 1962, meanwhile obtaining a PhD in English and Art History (1959). In 1962 he took an appointment as chair of the English department at Morehouse, and from 1969 for two years was as a senior research fellow at the Institute for the Black World in Atlanta, before in 1971 taking on professorship at Howard University in Washington, D.C., teaching in the departments of English and African American Studies. He was director of the Institute for the Arts and the Humanities at Howard (1973\u201385), and also lectured in the US and abroad. His 1973 book \"Understanding the New Black Poetry: Black Speech and Black Music as Poetic Reference\" is regarded as a seminal work that has been \"heralded as the first formalized articulation of a theoretical understanding of African-American poetry and sparked new debate and dialogue in the world of African-American literature.\"  Henderson retired in 1992 and died aged 71 at his home in Langley Park, Maryland, on January 7, 1997."}]}, {"title": "Apostolic Vicariate of Rundu", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Apostolic Vicariate of Rundu () is a Roman Catholic apostolic vicariate in Namibia (southwestern Africa). Its cathedral episcopal see is St. Mary's in the city of Rundu. Although a missionary pre-diocesan jurisdiction, it's not exempt but a suffragan in the Ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Windhoek. \"(missionary members of Roman rite congregations)"}]}, {"title": "Eleni Skoura", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Eleni Skoura (\u0395\u03bb\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03a3\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1, 21 December 1896 \u2013 4 February 1991) was the first female member of parliament in Greece, elected in a by-election in January 1953, following the first official women's vote in that country in the November 1952 general elections. Women had previously been allowed to vote, and five women had been elected, in the 1944 elections for the National Council set up by the Greek Resistance. She represented Thessaloniki and had run against another woman, Virginia Zanna. Skoura was a member of the conservative Greek Rally."}]}, {"title": "Joe Collins (American football)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Joseph Collins was an American football player for the University of Notre Dame in 1908 and 1909. During his time at Notre Dame, Collins discovered and recommended Knute Rockne to the football team's coach, Frank Longman. He later played at the professional level for the Akron Indians, after being recruited by the team's coach, Peggy Parratt. In 1914, Harry Turner, the captain of the Canton Professionals (renamed the Canton Bulldogs in 1915), died when his spine broke during a tackle on Collins. Turner's death marked the first fatal accident involving a major professional football team in Ohio."}]}, {"title": "Mangelia christina", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Mangelia christina is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae. The length of the shell attains 6.5\u00a0mm, its diameter 2\u00a0mm. (Original description) The small, thin, slender shell is lucid white It shows a large swollen protoconch of 1\u00bd whorl, followed by nearly four subsequent whorls. The suture is distinct, not appressed or marginated. The fasciole in front of it is obscure but gives rise to a distinct shoulder not far from the suture. The aperture measures about half the length of the shell. The whorls are flattish. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl or a dozen) narrow, nearly straight ribs, with wider interspaces, obsolete on the base, but occasionally a little nodulous at the shoulder. The spiral sculpture is hardly discernable or none, even on the siphonal canal. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is feeble. The siphonal canal is hardly differentiated. The outer lip is straight, thin and sharp. The columella is straight and attenuated in front. The axis iis mpervious.  This marine species was found in abundant numbers off Fernandina, Florida, USA."}]}, {"title": "Manuel Jose\u0301 Arce", "paragraphs": [{"context": " General Manuel Jos\u00e9 Arce y Fagoaga (January 1, 1787 in San Salvador \u2013 December 14, 1847 in San Salvador) was a decorated General and president of the Federal Republic of Central America from 1825 to 1829, followed by Francisco Moraz\u00e1n. Manuel Jos\u00e9 Arce was the son of Spaniard Bernardo Jos\u00e9 de Arce, the Colonial Intendent of the Province of San Salvador from 1800 until 1801, and Antonia Fagoaga. He was born in what is now El Salvador. In 1801 he was sent to Guatemala to continue his education. There he graduated in philosophy from the Colegio de San Francisco Borja. He began the study of medicine at the Universidad de San Carlos de Borromeo, but it was interrupted because of his father's sickness. In December 1808, he married Felipa de Aranzamendi y Aguiar in San Salvador."}, {"context": " Arce joined the movement for independence from Spain, joining in the first \"Cry for Independence\" on November 5, 1811 in San Salvador. It was led by his uncle, Jose Matias Delgado, the vicar of San Salvador. The rebels held the government for nearly a month before royal authority was restored from Guatemala. Arce was also involved in the second uprising that began January 22, 1814. This cost him four years in prison. He strongly opposed the Mexican Empire of Agust\u00edn de Iturbide. In April 1822 Manuel Arz\u00fa, in command of Guatemalan troops supporting Mexico, occupied the cities of Santa Ana, El Salvador, and Sonsonate. On June 3, 1822, Arz\u00fa entered San Salvador, reaching the Plaza Mayor. Nine hours of fighting resulted in many casualties and burned houses. Colonel Arce was one of the commanders of the Salvadoran defenders."}, {"context": " Arce was also a member of the resistance towards the movement that was requesting annexation to the United States. The government of El Salvador had requested annexation to the United States on December 2, 1822. In October 1823 he left the United States to return to El Salvador. He stopped in Mexico. There he tried to raise a force to liberate Cuba from Spanish rule but it failed. Also in October 1823 he was elected a member of the executive triumvirate of Central America. He accepted this post on March 15, 1824 on his return to the country, serving until October 20, 1824. During this time the government succeeded in pacifying Nicaragua, with a minimum of violence."}, {"context": " Presidential elections were held in 1825, and Jos\u00e9 Cecilio del Valle won the most votes. The Liberals, however, controlled the federal Congress, and they decided that Valle had not won an absolute majority. They chose Arce as president. He served from April 29, 1825 to April 13, 1829. He soon lost the support of the Liberals in Congress. After 1826 neither house of the federal Congress met. Arce obtained some support from the clergy and the Conservative Party, but there were difficulties with the State of Guatemala. He deposed the Guatemalan state governor, Juan Barrundia, a Liberal, and replaced him. The Salvadoran state government was angry and rebelled, and a civil war started that lasted from 1826 to 1829. On 1829 Arce called Vice President Mariano Beltranena y Llano to temporarily exercise the presidency, but when Arce wanted to resume it, Beltranena refused and remained in office until April 1829 where the liberals troops entered Guatemala City and overthrew his administration."}, {"context": " In 1832 he was in Soconusco in Mexico, where he organized a military expedition against the federal government of Francisco Moraz\u00e1n. Arce was defeated on February 24, 1832. He finally returned to El Salvador in 1842, but soon he fled to Honduras and Guatemala. In April and May 1844 he directed some armed attempts to overthrow Francisco Malesp\u00edn in El Salvador. He returned again to the country in the middle of 1845. He left politics for a more private life in 1846, working on his book \"Brief Indications for the Reorganization of Central America\".  Arce died in poverty in San Salvador on December 14, 1847. His remains were interred at La Merced Church in San Salvador. On November 28, 1947 the Legislature elevated the town of El Chilamatal to a city, renaming it in the process city of Ciudad Arce."}]}, {"title": "Otto Kro\u0308ber", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Otto Kr\u00f6ber (22 May 1882 in Hamburg\u20135 January 1969) was a German entomologist specialising in Diptera. He worked mainly on Tabanidae, Omphralidae, Therevidae and Conopidae. Kr\u00f6ber was a professor in the Zoological Museum in Hamburg (now Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Universitat von Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany) Selected National Museum of Natural History via J. M. Aldrich Washington; Mus\u00e9um national d'histoire naturelle via J. Surcouf and Staatliches Museum f\u00fcr Tierkunde Dresden Weidner, H. 1969: Dr. h.c. Otto Kr\u00f6ber (22. Mai 1882 5. Januar 1969) Mitt. \"Hamburg. Zool. Mus. Inst\". 66 XXV-XXVII"}]}, {"title": "Orak", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Orak may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Telecommunications in Venezuela", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Telephones - main lines in use: 7.332 million (2011) Telephones - mobile cellular: 28,782,000 (2011) Telephone system: modern and expanding <br>\"domestic:\" domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations; recent substantial improvement in telephone service in rural areas; substantial increase in digitalization of exchanges and trunk lines; installation of a national interurban fibre-optic network capable of digital multimedia services; combined fixed and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership 130 per 100 persons"}, {"context": " <br>\"international:\" country code - 58; submarine cable systems provide connectivity to the Caribbean, Central and South America, and US; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 PanAmSat; participating with Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia in the construction of an international fiber-optic network; constructing submarine cable to provide connectivity to Cuba The government of Venezuela supervises a mixture of state-run and private broadcast media; 1 state-run TV network, 4 privately owned TV networks, a privately owned news channel with limited national coverage, and a government-backed Pan-American channel. A state-run radio network includes 65 new stations and roughly another 30 stations targeted at specific audiences. A state-sponsored community broadcasters include 244 radio stations and 36 TV stations. The number of private broadcast radio stations have been declining, but many remain in operation.  Internet Hosts: 1.016 million (2012) Internet Users: 8.918 million (2009) Country code (Top level domain): VE Venezuela has many Internet service providers, although the market is dominated by the now state-owned CANTV.net which offers ADSL and Dialup services. Broadband access Venezuela is provided through ADSL, Cable, Satellite, EDGE, EV-DO, WiFi Hotspots and more recently WiMax. Prices vary from $45 to $60 USD per month for basic broadband plans. Some of the most important providers are:"}]}, {"title": "Jericho, Pennsylvania", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Jericho, Pennsylvania may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Embryological origins of the mouth and anus", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The embryological origin of the mouth and anus is an important characteristic, and forms the morphological basis for separating bilaterian animals into two natural groupings: the protostomes and deuterostomes. In animals at least as complex as an earthworm, a dent forms in one side of the early, spheroidal embryo. This dent, the blastopore, deepens to become the archenteron, the first phase in the growth of the gut. In deuterostomes, the original dent becomes the anus, while the gut eventually tunnels through the embryo until it reaches the other side, forming an opening that becomes the mouth. It was originally thought that the blastopore of the protostomes formed the mouth, and the anus was formed second when the gut tunneled through the embryo. More recent research has shown that our understanding of protostome mouth formation is somewhat less secure than we had thought. Acoelomorpha, which form a sister group to the rest of the bilaterian animals, have a single mouth that leads into a blind gut (with no anus). The genes employed in the embryonic construction of the flatworm mouth are the same as those expressed for the protostome and deuterostome mouth, which suggests that the structures are equivalent homologous, and that the older ideas about protostome mouth formation were correct. An alternative way to develop two openings from the blastopore during gastrulation, called amphistomy, appears to exist in some animals, such as nematodes."}, {"context": " In many animals these early development stages later evolved in ways that no longer reflect these original patterns. For instance, humans have already formed a gut tube at the time of formation of the mouth and anus. Then the mouth is formed first, during the fourth week of development, and the anus is created four weeks later, temporarily forming a cloaca. Bilaterians likely evolved from an ancestor, which was radially symmetrical. There have been suggestions that the blastopore started out as the digestive surface on a radial organism, which became elongated (and thus bilaterially symmetrical) before its sides closed over to leave a mouth at the front and an anus at the rear. This matches with the \"flaps-folding-over\" model of gut formation, but an alternative view is that the original blastopore migrated forwards to one end of the ancestral organism, before deepening to become a blind gut. This is consistent with living Xenacoelomorpha, which are the sister taxon to protostomes and deuterostomes. The story is a little more complex, because the blastopore itself does not directly give rise to the mouth of these worms. This suggests that the last common ancestor of bilaterians had a similar gut configuration, and that the anus evolved after the mouth."}, {"context": " Exactly how a through gut formed from this blind gut is somewhat harder to tell. The genetic mechanisms responsible for anus formation are quite variable, which might suggest that the anus evolved several times in different groups. Scientists are currently looking into this matter to generate a more complete picture. In humans, the development proceeds differently. The buccopharyngeal membrane is created in the foregut and it is perforated during the 4th week of human development, creating the primitive mouth, whereas the cloacal membrane is created in the hindgut and it is perforated during the 8th week of human development, creating the primitive anus after the mouth opening has already been created."}]}, {"title": "Southern Soldier", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Southern Soldier is the third album by the 2nd South Carolina String Band, released on July 4, 1997. It features songs from the American Civil War era played on period instruments using the original words and music."}]}, {"title": "Jessica Dereschuk", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Jessica Ann Dereschuk (born May 3, 1983) is a beauty queen from Stacy, Minnesota, who has competed in the Miss USA pageant. Dereschuk was born to Gregory and Valarie Vaught Dereschuk. She has two brothers named Nicholas and Mikhail and one sister named Alexandra. Dereschuk won the Miss Minnesota USA title in her first attempt in late 2003. She represented Minnesota in the Miss USA 2004 pageant broadcast live from the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, California, in April 2004. Dereschuk did not place in the nationally televised pageant, which was won by Shandi Finnessey of Missouri."}, {"context": " As Miss Minnesota USA, Dereschuk worked to increase youth voter participation, supporting the Minnesota Secretary of State's \"Get Out the Vote\" initiatives. For her contributions to Minnesota\u2019s highest-in-the-nation voter turnout in 2004, 20 December 2004 was declared \"Jessica Dereschuk Day\" in Minnesota. One month previously, 20 November 2004 had been declared \"Jessica Dereschuk Day\" in Chisago County. Dereschuk graduated from North Branch High School in 2001 and later completed a degree in Fashion Merchandising and Women's Studies from Century Community College. After completing her year-long reign as Miss Minnesota USA, she appeared on the reality TV show \"The Cut\" in 2005 and worked as a wardrobe and photo stylist for Posh Makeup Artists."}]}, {"title": "Durham/Northumberland 4", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Durham/Northumberland 4 was a regional English rugby union league for teams from North East England which was at the tenth tier of national domestic competition. Promoted teams moved up to Durham/Northumberland 3 and there was no relegation as this was the basement division for the region. Ever decreasing numbers of teams caused the division to be cancelled at the end of the 2005-06 season with the majority of teams being promoted automatically to Durham/Northumberland 3. Following the cancellation of the division, The Cube was voted as the greatest ever player to grace the division by the entirety of the Rugby world with only one single vote against by some doyle called Midnight."}]}, {"title": "Choijin Lama Temple", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Choijin Lama Temple (; Official name given by Manchu Qing Emperor Guangxu (1871 \u2013 1908): Mongolian: \u04e8\u0440\u0448\u04e9\u04e9\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0433 \u0445\u04e9\u0433\u0436\u04af\u04af\u043b\u044d\u0433\u0447 \u0441\u04af\u043c; English; Compassion Perfection Temple, Chinese:\u8208\u4ec1\u5bfa) is a Buddhist monastery in Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia. The complex consists of six temples originally occupied by the brother of the ruler the Eighth Bogd Jetsun Dampa Khan, Choijin Lama Luvsankhaidav, who was the state oracle and 'Precious Wisdom and Clear Devotion' Khutugtu at the time. The complex was begun in 1904 and completed in 1908, in honor of the State Oracle Lama Lubsanhaidub /Losang Kedrup/, brother of the eighth Bogd Khan. The Choijin Lama Museum was originally a Buddhist temple complex, consisting of one main and five branch temples. It was active until 1937, when it was closed during the height of Communist repression against Buddhism and other religious traditions. In 1938 the complex was re-established as museum due to skillful efforts of wise people. This was how it was saved throughout communism."}, {"context": " The main temple features an 18th-century gilt statue of Buddha Sakyamuni with a statue of Choijin Lama Luvsankhaidav on the Buddha's right and the embalmed corpse of Baldan Choephel on his left. In addition, the temple boasts a copious collection of religious instruments, thangka paintings, silk embroideries, wood carvings, statues, and a biggest collection of cham dance masks). The annex to the temple contains an other temple, named 'Zankhang' and a central square in which Choijin Lama Luvsankhaidav performed Oracle trance rituals."}, {"context": " The Zuu Temple, dedicated to the Buddha Shakyamuni features papier-mache sculptures of Buddha in the past, present, and future. The 16 arhat disciples of Buddha appear on the temple walls with four Maharajas protectors shown sitting in caves on either side of the door. The Yidam Temple was used as a place of prayer by Choijin Lama Luvsankhaidav, and therefore closed to the public. In its center is a gilt bronze sculpture of one of the 84 Indian yogis, or Mahasiddha. Also depicted are the tantric gods Kalacakra, Mahamaya, Vajradhara and others with their shakti or consorts in postures of meditation that symbolize power and strength."}, {"context": " The fourth temple, the temple of amugulang or peace, is dedicated to the first Mongolian reincarnation of Boghda Jevzundamba, Undur Gegeen Zanabazar, (1635-1724). The museum, it preserves a rich heritage of Buddhist artifacts. Located in central Ulaanbaatar directly south of Sukhbaatar square, the museum is open year-round (with reduced hours during the winter months). Explanations of the almost overwhelming collection are not as detailed as they could be, but each temple has room attendants who can provide additional material. The museum itself and its objects also show the re-emergence of Buddhism in Mongolia after Communist repression, with a particularly interesting display on Buddhist cham dancing and its modern revival."}]}, {"title": "Municipal Corporations Act", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Municipal Corporations Act (with its variations) is a stock short title used in the United Kingdom for legislation relating to municipal corporations. The Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Acts 1840 to 1888 was the collective title of the following Acts:"}]}, {"title": "William P. Pollock", "paragraphs": [{"context": " William Pegues Pollock (December 9, 1870June 2, 1922) was a United States Senator from South Carolina. Born near Cheraw, he attended public and private schools and the University of South Carolina at Columbia. He graduated from the law department of that university in 1891 and served as clerk of the Committee on the District of Columbia in the United States House of Representatives from 1891 to 1893. He was admitted to the bar the latter year and commenced practice in Cheraw. He also engaged in agricultural pursuits, and was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1894 to 1898."}, {"context": " Pollock was a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1900 and was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives in 1902, 1904, and 1906. He was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the Sixty-second Congress, but was elected on November 5, 1918, as a Democrat to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Benjamin R. Tillman and served from November 6, 1918, to March 4, 1919. While in the Senate he was chairman of the Committee on National Banks (Sixty-fifth Congress).  William Pollock resumed the practice of law in Cheraw and died there in 1922; interment was in St. David's Cemetery."}]}, {"title": "Lanton, Gironde", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Lanton is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France."}]}, {"title": "Congress Street (Portland, Maine)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Congress Street is the main street in Portland, Maine. Congress stretches from Portland's southwestern border with South Portland through a number of neighborhoods before ending overlooking the Eastern Promenade on Munjoy Hill. In March 2009, the Portland City Council designated much of the inner portion of Congress Street a historic district. When what is now Portland was founded by British colonialists in the early 18th century, the population settled primarily on the waterfront near what is now India St. Congress was laid out and originally known as Back Street and later Queen Street. The first prominent structures on the street were the First Parish Meeting House, built in 1740 and replaced to the present structure in the 1820s as well as the hay scales in Market Square, later known as Monument Square. From the early settlement of Portland until the American Revolutionary War period, Back Street was considered the far edge of the town. It took the name of Congress Street beginning in 1823.  In 1921, the Etz Chaim Synagogue was built on the eastern end of Congress Street approaching Munjoy Hill. As of 2011, it was the only immigrant-era synagogue still functioning in Maine. A study in 2011 sought to change a number of features on the street, including decreasing the number of stoplights and ending left hand turns off of the street. Greater Portland planners also called the street the most congested artery in the region."}]}, {"title": "Mimetaxalus ochreoapicalis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Mimetaxalus ochreoapicalis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1971. It is known from Madagascar."}]}, {"title": "Randy Tate (baseball)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Randall Lee Tate (born October 3, 1952) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the New York Mets in 1975. His record that year was 5 wins and 13 losses with an earned run average of 4.45. While Tate is noted for never having achieved a Major League hit despite having 41 at bats, he is best known for nearly pitching a no-hitter on August 4, 1975 at Shea Stadium against the Montreal Expos. Despite not allowing a hit through seven and one third innings, Tate ended up losing the game\u2014which seems to have been the final straw for Mets management regarding the tenure of manager Yogi Berra, who was fired the next day.  After spending the entire 1975 season in the Mets starting pitching rotation, Tate was sent to the Mets' class AAA minor league affiliate at Tidewater for the 1976 season. He pitched poorly and never made another major league appearance. After 1976, Tate was traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates and pitched for their Triple A affiliate. He tore his rotator cuff and was forced out of the league."}]}, {"title": "Jody Handley", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Jody Handley (born 12 March 1979) is an English former footballer from Stafford, who most recently played for FA WSL 2 club Doncaster Rovers Belles. A pacy and intelligent attacking player, she featured as both a wide midfielder and striker for England as well as clubs including Wolves Women, Liverpool Ladies and Everton Ladies. She has featured in four FA Women's Cup finals with three different clubs, losing the first three but captaining Everton Ladies to their win in 2010. On the international stage Handley won 38 England caps and scored six goals following her debut in July 2002. She took part in the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup, and was a non-playing squad member at the 2005 and 2009 editions of the UEFA Women's Championship."}, {"context": " Handley began her career at Shrewsbury Ladies before moving on to Wolves Women in the middle of season 1993\u201394. Making nine appearances, she scored five goals to help Wolves take the Northern Premier title. In her first season in the National Premier Division she made 16 appearances and scored two goals including the opener in Wolves' first National Division win against Milwall Lionesses. The rest of Wolves' campaign did not go so well and they were eventually relegated after a further season. Handley remained in the top\u2013flight, having signed for Liverpool Ladies in December 1995. She also made an appearance in the FA Women's Cup final in April 1996, which Liverpool lost on penalties to Croydon."}, {"context": " In 1997 Handley played varsity soccer for the University of Detroit Mercy. She registered ten assists and was named league Newcomer of the Year. After her scholarship in the USA, Handley returned to Liverpool in March 1998. However, the Reds were kicked out of the 1997\u201398 FA Women's Cup when Handley played in a win over Millwall without international clearance. In 2000, she left Liverpool for local rivals Everton and was successfully converted from a midfielder to a striker. She moved to Doncaster Belles for season 2001\u201302 and scored twice on her debut. She went on to play in her second FA Women's Cup final, this time against Fulham. Despite getting on the score sheet Handley had to make do with another runners\u2013up medal; as professional outfit Fulham secured a 2\u20131 win."}, {"context": " Handley returned to Everton Ladies in the 2004\u201305 season and went on to score in the FA Cup semi-final win against Arsenal, however she was to be disappointed once again after a 1\u20130 loss to Charlton Athletic in the 2005 final. In the 2007\u201308 season Handley was named Everton captain through the absence of Leanne Duffy. Handley then led Everton to their first silverware in over a decade with a 1\u20130 win against Arsenal in the Premier League Cup final, where she was named Player of the Match. Season 2008\u201309 seemed to be full of promise for Handley, but it got off to a bad start when she suffered a broken ankle during the Umbro pre-season tournament. She recovered ahead of schedule and came on as a substitute in the 4\u20130 FA Cup win against Manchester City before travelling to Cyprus with England for a squad get together. Everton finished second in the league and qualified for the UEFA Women's Champions League."}, {"context": " In 2009\u201310 Handley captained Everton to their FA Women's Cup final win over Arsenal, setting up Natasha Dowie for the opening goal. The 2014 season saw Everton defeat local rivals Liverpool en route to the FA Women's Cup final, but Handley did not play as Arsenal won the final 2\u20130 at Stadium mk. Worse was to follow in September 2014 as Everton were relegated out of the top division for the first time in 21 years. On 28 January 2015, Handley announced that she had transferred from Everton back to Doncaster Belles. Unable to shake off injuries picked up in pre-season, Handley retired from playing in May 2015: \"I felt it was my body's way of telling me enough was enough\". She was studying physiotherapy through the Professional Footballers' Association (PFA) and hoped to stay in football in that capacity."}, {"context": " Handley first represented England as a 16-year-old and played in the U-18 national team. She also represented English Universities while a student. Good performances at club level led to further international recognition for Handley. She made her full debut against Nigeria in July 2002 and was named Player of the Match by Sky Sports. In October 2003 she got her first goal for the senior England team in a 2\u20132 draw against Russia in Moscow. She was on the score sheet in a 5\u20130 whitewash of Mexico in the 2005 Algarve Cup and was also involved in the World Cup qualifying campaign, scoring a goal in the record 13\u20130 win against Hungary en route to China 2007. She played in the finals, coming on for the last ten minutes of England's third game against Argentina, a 6\u20131 win which guaranteed a place in the quarter-finals."}, {"context": " In May 2009, Handley was one of the first 17 female players to be given central contracts by The Football Association. Handley attended Sir Graham Balfour School then studied health, diet and fitness at Liverpool University. She was later employed as a health development worker in Knowsley. In 2018 she graduated from the University of Salford with a degree in Physiotherapy, the first female Professional Footballers Association member to grduate through the programme linked between the university and the PFA."}]}, {"title": "Ibuki Mountains", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The are a mountain range straddling the border between Gifu and Shiga prefectures in Japan. After lowering and nearly disappearing in Shiga Prefecture, the range continues as the Suzuka Mountains. During the winter, the winds from the Ibuki Mountains are a cause of much of the snowfall on the N\u014dbi Plain covering Gifu and Aichi prefectures. The range is named after Mount Ibuki, the highest peak in the range at an elevation of 1377 meters above sea-level. Mount Kinka, Mount Dodo, Mount Kanmuri, and Mount Dainichi are some other notable peaks in the range.  Mount Ibuki is a popular destination among climbers and hikers. The mountain's base is easily reachable by private or public transportation. To the west of the mountain is another interesting place, Biwa lake."}]}, {"title": "Kharsor", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kharsor (; also known as \u1e28arsel and Kharsol) is a village in Khafri Rural District, in the Central District of Sepidan County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 17, in 5 families."}]}, {"title": "Louisiana Physician Consulting", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Louisiana Physician Consulting is an organization created to provide Louisiana Physicians with current areas of malpractice risk management as well as practice consulting. The organization was created by a retired physician, Kenneth Rhea, M.D. in New Orleans, La after many years of consulting work with the Non-Profit Insurance Company, LAMMICO (Louisiana Medical Mutual Insurance Company). Dr. Rhea is a widely published author of articles on the area of Malpractice Liability and is certified to grant Continued Medical Education Contact hours for physicians and registered nurses attending his programs.  The Senior Medical Risk Manager, Curtis C Gunter, M.S./Health Care, has also spoken widely on areas of risk to health care practitioners and has published over fifty articles on this area of health care. A few of the titles Gunter has published are, \"Instrumentation Litigation\", \" When patients refuse blood transfusions\" \" A Study of Why Patients Sue, Communicate or Litigate\" and \" The Care and Feeding of a Health Practice\"."}]}, {"title": "Nacho Libre (video game)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Nacho Libre is a video game for the Nintendo DS based upon the film of the same name. It was developed by Budcat Creations for Majesco Entertainment and released in 2006 in the US, and 2007 in Europe and Australia. The game was notable for its \"Photo Puppety\" art style, where still photos of characters from the film are used on 3D models. 5 of the 6 Wrestling arenas from the game are based on locations in the movie or script: The game has 2 Multiplayer modes that operate via the DS wireless connection:  The game received \"mixed\" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic."}]}, {"title": "Barry E. Jackson", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Barry Edward Jackson (born May 18, 1954) is an American production designer and writer. Although he grew up in Lompoc, California, he was born in Omaha, Nebraska. In the early 1990s, he began working in film as a production designer, director of storyboard teams, writer, and children's book author/illustrator. His screen credits include films such as, \"The Prince of Egypt\", \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\", \"Titan AE\", \"The Ant Bully\", \"Horton Hears a Who!\" and Ron Howard's \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\". He was one of several production designers on the Dreamwork's production \"Shrek\". He also conceptually designed the Paramount feature film \"Cool World\"."}, {"context": " In 2001 he production designed the all-digital animated short film \"Los Gringos\", which was critically reviewed and praised in \"Entertainment Weekly\". He also designed the opening title sequence for Joe Dante's film \"The Haunted Lighthouse\", a featured attraction at SeaWorld. In 2015, he began working film as a concept artist as \". His work can be seen in the animation feature \"Sausage Party\". Harper Collins released Jackson's first children's book, \"Danny Diamondback\", in 2008. The book is dedicated to his daughter Rachel.  Barry has penned the screenplay to this book and it is currently a fully funded feature film set for early production in January 2017."}]}, {"title": "Cardinal Mooney Catholic High School (Marine City, Michigan)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Cardinal Mooney Catholic High School is a private, Catholic high school in Marine City, Michigan. The curriculum focuses on college preparation. It is located in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit. Enrollment is about 200 students. Students often originate from Holy Cross Catholic School, which is situated next to the high school. Founded in 1977, the school was originally affiliated with the St. Peter's Parish in Mt. Clemens, Michigan. In 1983, the school relocated from its location behind St. Louis Parish, moving into a former public Middle School building near Crocker Road (Reimold), just north of Metropolitan Parkway, in Harrison Township, Michigan."}]}, {"title": "Raymond Eugene Plummer", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Raymond Eugene Plummer (March 27, 1913 \u2013 December 26, 1987) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Alaska. Born in Harlan, Iowa, Plummer received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln in 1937. He received a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Nebraska College of Law in 1939. He was in private practice of law in Dallas, Texas from 1939 to 1940. He was in private practice of law in Lincoln, Nebraska from 1940 to 1944. He was an Assistant United States Attorney of the District of Alaska Territory from 1944 to 1946. He was the United States Attorney for the District of Alaska Territory from 1946 to 1949. He was in private practice of law in Anchorage, Territory of Alaska (State of Alaska from 1959) from 1949 to 1961.  Plummer was nominated by President John F. Kennedy on August 28, 1961, to the United States District Court for the District of Alaska, to a new seat created by 75 Stat. 80. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 8, 1961, and received his commission on September 18, 1961. He served as Chief Judge from 1966 to 1973. He assumed senior status due to a certified disability on June 1, 1973. His service was terminated on December 26, 1987, due to his death."}]}, {"title": "South Australia proof of age card", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The South Australia Proof of age card is an identity photo card available to residents of South Australia over the age of 18. It is available to drivers and non-drivers primarily as an identity document and to access places restricted to persons over the age of 18. A key convenience of the card is that it can be obtained through an online application if the applicant has a drivers licence."}]}, {"title": "CD Coria", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Club Deportivo Coria is a Spanish football club based in Coria, C\u00e1ceres, in the autonomous community of Extremadura. Founded in 1965, it plays in Tercera Divisi\u00f3n \u2013 Group 14, holding home games at \"Estadio La Isla\", with a 3,000-seat capacity."}]}, {"title": "Pierre Adolphe Adrien Doyon", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Pierre Adolphe Adrien Doyon (; November 1, 1827 \u2013 September 21, 1907) was a French dermatologist and balneologist born in Grenoble. From 1848 he was \"interne des h\u00f4pitaux\" at Lyon, where he became affiliated with the hospice of Antiquaille. In 1858 he relocated to Saint-Martin-d'Uriage, where he participated in development of its spa. Here he was appointed medical inspector, a position he maintained until his death in 1907. Doyon is chiefly remembered for his published works. With Ernest Henri Besnier, he founded the journal \"Annales de dermatologie et de syphiligraphie\". He spoke fluent German, and had professional relationships with dermatologists in Austria and Germany. Doyon is responsible for translating the works of Ferdinand von Hebra, Albert Neisser, Heinrich Auspitz, and Moritz Kaposi from German into French. With French syphilologist Charles-Paul Diday (1812-1894), he co-authored works on venereal disease, such as \"Les herp\u00e8s g\u00e9nitaux\" and \"Th\u00e9rapeutique des maladies v\u00e9n\u00e9riennes et des maladies cutann\u00e9es\".  Doyon was an officer of the L\u00e9gion d'honneur and an associate member of the Acad\u00e9mie Nationale de M\u00e9decine."}]}, {"title": "The Jackpots", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Jackpots was a Swedish progressive-styled pop group, located in Gothenburg. The Jackpots made two albums, in 1967 and 1968. They became more popular in Belgium and Denmark. The Jackpots also sang in four-voice harmonies, something as can heard in \"Jack In The Box\", where backwards recording techniques were used, which for that time, had an impressive sound. Graham Gouldman and Eric Stewart, later of 10cc, contributed with songs for the Jackpots. Perry Ford who was a member of the English pop trio, Ivy League, also contributed with Lincoln City."}]}, {"title": "Atticus Clothing", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Atticus is a brand of clothing founded in 2001 by Blink-182 members Mark Hoppus and Tom DeLonge, along with their childhood friend Dylan Anderson. The name Atticus Clothing was derived from several places, one being the main character's father in the book \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" by the author Harper Lee. In addition to the literary connection the name is derived from Herodes Atticus, a Greek rhetorician who spent his fortune supporting music and the arts. The Atticus logo, created by Dylan Anderson, depicts a bird lying on its back in an almost cartoon death position, inspired by the \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" title.  The company is heavily influenced by music and released three volumes of their \"Dragging the Lake\" compilation CDs. Each CD featured songs from bands such as Blink-182, Alkaline Trio, New Found Glory, Name Taken, Bane, Rocket From The Crypt, Jimmy Eat World, Taking Back Sunday, Death Cab for Cutie, Matchbook Romance, Finch, Alexisonfire, Saosin, Thrice, Lagwagon, The Used, The Starting Line and Coheed and Cambria."}]}, {"title": "Drosera macrophylla", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Drosera macrophylla, the showy sundew, is a perennial tuberous species in the genus \"Drosera\" that is endemic to Western Australia. It grows in a rosette with leaves long and wide. It is a common species east of Perth. It grows in loam soils. It flowers from June to October. \"D.\u00a0macrophylla\" was first described by John Lindley in his 1839 publication \"A sketch of the vegetation of the Swan River Colony\". In 1992, Allen Lowrie and Sherwin Carlquist described a new subspecies, \"D.\u00a0macrophylla\" subsp. \"monantha\", which is distinguished from \"D.\u00a0macrophylla\" subsp. \"macrophylla\" by its single-flowered or rarely biflowered inflorescences. Subspecies \"monantha\" is abundant in the Bruce Rock/Merredin region."}]}, {"title": "The Very Best of Dolly Parton", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Very Best of Dolly Parton is a compilation album by Dolly Parton, released 7 March 2007. It sold platinum in the UK."}]}, {"title": "Zhou Qian", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Zhou Qian (Chinese: \u5468\u5029; pinyin: Zh\u014du Qi\u00e0n; born March 11, 1989) is a female wrestler from China. She won the Bronze medal at the 2014 World Wrestling Championships. She also won the Silver medal at the 2015 World Wrestling Championships and the Bronze medal at the 2015 Asian Wrestling Championships."}]}, {"title": "SV Schaffhausen", "paragraphs": [{"context": " SV Schaffhausen is a Swiss football club based in Schaffhausen, in the north of the country. It was founded in 1922. The club colors are black and white. The club nickname is \"Spielvi.\" The club operates a total of twenty teams, including 4 men's teams and 16 junior teams. They are known to be more active within local football than their bigger local rivals FC Schaffhausen. They currently play in the Swiss 1. Liga, the third tier of Swiss football. The club was formed in 1922 by the merger of two clubs, Hollow Tree and Sportclub Schaffhausen. Between 1949 and 1951 the club were trained by Albert Sing who went on to great success as coach of BSC Young Boys.  The club played for many years in the lower echelons of Swiss football until in 1990 the club made it into the 2nd tier, the Challenge League."}]}, {"title": "Hawes County", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Hawes County is one of the 141 Cadastral divisions of New South Wales. It is bounded on the south by the Manning River. Hawes County was named in honour of Sir Benjamin Hawes (1797\u20131862). A full list of parishes found within this county; their current LGA and mapping coordinates to the approximate centre of each location is as follows:"}]}, {"title": "Radha Mohan Das Agarwal", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Radha Mohan Das Agarwal is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Agarwal is a member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly from the Gorakhpur Urban constituency since 2002 in Gorakhpur district. Before becoming a politician, Agarwal was a doctor. Agarwal did his MBBS and MD from the Banaras Hindu University. It was during his college days, that he joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and then later joined the student politics. Agarwal was elected president of Junior Doctors Association in 1974 and later secretary of BHU Teachers' Association. He was then chosen as General Secretary of Federation of central university teacher's unions by profession."}, {"context": " From 1981 to 1986, he was a professor in the medical college. After leaving Banaras, Agrawal came back to Gorakhpur and established his own practice. His political activities started in 1998, when on the invite of Yogi Adityanath, the then uttaradhikari of Gorakshpeeth, he became his election convernor of Gorakhpur Urban assembly seat, when Yogi was contesting as BJP MP candidate from Gorakhpur for first-time. He was elected as an MLA from Gorakhpur Urban assembly seat in 14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh in the 2002 from on ticket of Hindu Maha Sabha.  In 15th (2007), 16th (2012) and 17th (2017) Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, he has been nomination from Bharatiya Janata Party and won the elections."}]}, {"title": "Adrian Hickmott", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Adrian Hickmott (born 30 March 1972) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Carlton and Geelong in the AFL. Hickmott was a utility player who had a tough style of play. He was usually used up forward but was also seen across half back. He started his career with Geelong in 1992 and played in the 1995 Grand Final loss to Carlton. It turned out to be his final game for the club and he was traded to the side that won the Grand Final, Carlton. With 22 games in his debut season at Carlton he won their award for best first year player, adding 17 more games the following year. Due to a knee injury he missed all of the 1998 season and in 1999 he played in another Grand Final, this time losing to North Melbourne.  In 2000 he kicked a career high of 27 goals for the year. The next season saw him gather 10 Brownlow Medal votes, the equal most by a Carlton player that season. For the next two years he was vice captain of the club and at the end of 2003 he was forced to retire after suffering a groin injury. Hickmott was a development coach at the Essendon Football Club and is currently serving as the backline coach at the West Coast Eagles."}]}, {"title": "57th meridian west", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The meridian 57\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Atlantic Ocean, South America, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 57th meridian west forms a great circle with the 123rd meridian east. Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 57th meridian west passes through:"}]}, {"title": "Johnson Fry", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Johnson Fry (November 21, 1901 \u2013 April 7, 1959), nicknamed \"Jay\", was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played with the Cleveland Indians for one season. He pitched in one game during the 1923 Cleveland Indians season on August 24, 1923. A single in his only at-bat left him with a rare MLB career batting average of 1.000. Fry died on April 7, 1959."}]}, {"title": "Zalug", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Zalug is a village in the municipality of Prijepolje, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 1047 people."}]}, {"title": "Island Queen", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Island Queen was a series of two American sidewheeler steamboats built in 1896 and 1925 respectively. Both vessels were passenger carriers cruising along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers as both an excursion boat and tramp steamer . The first \"Island Queen\" burned in 1922 in a fire which destroyed several other vessels. The second \"Island Queen\" was destroyed in 1947 when its Chief Engineer, using a welding torch, accidentally cut into her fuel tank. The Island Queen was reduced to its steel frame. The boat was scrapped by a local company."}, {"context": " The first \"Island Queen\" was a sidewheel excursion wooden hull steamboat built in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1896. She was owned by Coney Island Company and used to ferry passengers between Cincinnati and Coney Island amusement park. She was christened May 16, 1986 by the daughter of Lee H Brooks, Coney Island Company's chairman. In off-seasons when the park was closed she operated as a tramp steamer on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, going as far downstream as New Orleans. On April 27, 1922 her forward hurricane deck collapsed, injuring 27 children and paralyzing one. That same year on November 4, \"Island Queen\" was severally burned and decommissioned after a fire engulfed several steamboats in Cincinnati harbor."}, {"context": " The second \"Island Queen\" was built in parts beginning in 1923. Midland Barge Company of Midland, Pennsylvania built its steel hull, designed as a matched pair with the \"Cincinnati\" for the Louisville & Cincinnati Packet Company and John W. Hubbard. After taking delivery on the hull and naming it \"Louisville\", the owner instead resold it to the Coney Island Company. Coney Island Company finished the boat in Cincinnati on April 18, 1925. The new \"Island Queen\" measured 285-feet long and could carry 4,000 people. The 1000-ton sidewheeler was powered by oil-burning steam engines with six boilers. It was fully completed and christened in Cincinnati by the Coney Island Company on April 18, 1925."}, {"context": " Like her predecessor, \"Island Queen\" was used for excursions to Coney Island amusement park and tramping between New Orleans, and as far upstream as Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Coney Island Company hired musicians to entertain the passengers. Sidney Desvigne, a cornet player from New Orleans, recruited musicians from his hometown to perform on excursions for the Cincinnati market. In 1929, his band included Henry Julian, Ransom Knowling, Walter \"Fats\" Pinchon, Percy Servier, and Gene Ware. While in Pittsburgh, on September 9, 1947, her chief engineer struck her fuel tank with a welding torch, causing a fire and a series of explosions that eventually reduced \"Island Queen\" to her steel structure, and killed 19 crew. No passengers were aboard at the time of the fire, but about 40 members of the crew were aboard. Force from the explosions could be felt throughout downtown Pittsburgh, shattering windows in nearby buildings. There were even reports of people being knocked down on streets close to the dock."}]}, {"title": "Ottilie A. Liljencrantz", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ottilie A. Liljencrantz (January 19, 1876 \u2013 October 7, 1910) was an American writer of Norse-themed historical novels. Ottilie Adelina Liljencrantz was born in Chicago, Illinois, the daughter of Gustave Adolph Mathias Liljencrantz, a civil engineer, and Adelina Charlotte Hall Liljencrantz. Her father was born in Sweden. \"I wish that I could trace my descent to some renowned Viking,\" she confided in an interview, \"and I will not relinquish the pleasant belief that I have some valiant ancestor on Valhalla's benches,\" but history only confirmed her as a descendant of sixteenth-century Swedish clergyman Laurentius Petri. Among her teachers was drama teacher Anna Morgan, who remembered Liljencrantz as \"an attractive young woman with a mind unusually endowed. She had a vivid fancy and a true sense of proportion, she seemed to have been set apart for a career in literature\"."}, {"context": " When she was still a teenager, she wrote plays and produced them with the help of children in her neighborhood. One such drama, \"In Fairyland\" (1895), involved over 100 children when it was mounted as a benefit for the Home for Destitute Crippled Children. Books by Liljencrantz included \"The Scrape that Jack Built\" (1897, a children's book), \"The Thrall of Leif the Lucky: A Story of Viking Days\" (1902, a novel about Leif Erikson), \"The Ward of King Canute\" (1903), \"The Vinland Champions\" (1904), \"Randvar the Songsmith: A Tale of Norumbega\" (1906, a novel with a werewolf theme), and \"A Viking's Love and Other Tales of the North\" (1911, a collection of short stories published posthumously). Troy Kinney and Margaret West Kinney illustrated three of Liljencrantz's books. Her novel \"The Thrall of Leif the Lucky\" was adapted for a silent film, \"The Viking\" (1928).  Ottilie A. Liljencrantz died after a surgery to treat cancer in 1910, aged 34 years, in Chicago."}]}, {"title": "Contig", "paragraphs": [{"context": " A contig (from \"contiguous\") is a set of overlapping DNA segments that together represent a consensus region of DNA. In bottom-up sequencing projects, a contig refers to overlapping sequence data (reads); in top-down sequencing projects, contig refers to the overlapping clones that form a physical map of the genome that is used to guide sequencing and assembly. Contigs can thus refer both to overlapping DNA sequence and to overlapping physical segments (fragments) contained in clones depending on the context."}, {"context": " In 1980, Staden wrote: \"In order to make it easier to talk about our data gained by the shotgun method of sequencing we have invented the word \"contig\". A contig is a set of gel readings that are related to one another by overlap of their sequences. All gel readings belong to one and only one contig, and each contig contains at least one gel reading. The gel readings in a contig can be summed to form a contiguous consensus sequence and the length of this sequence is the length of the contig.\" A sequence contig is a continuous (not contiguous) sequence resulting from the reassembly of the small DNA fragments generated by bottom-up sequencing strategies. This meaning of contig is consistent with the original definition by Rodger Staden (1979). The bottom-up DNA sequencing strategy involves shearing genomic DNA into many small fragments (\"bottom\"), sequencing these fragments, reassembling them back into contigs and eventually the entire genome (\"up\"). Because current technology allows for the direct sequencing of only relatively short DNA fragments (300\u20131000 nucleotides), genomic DNA must be fragmented into small pieces prior to sequencing. In bottom-up sequencing projects, amplified DNA is sheared randomly into fragments appropriately sized for sequencing. The subsequent sequence reads, which are the data that contain the sequences of the small fragments, are put into a database. The assembly software then searches this database for pairs of overlapping reads. Assembling the reads from such a pair (including, of course, only one copy of the identical sequence) produces a longer contiguous read (contig) of sequenced DNA. By repeating this process many times, at first with the initial short pairs of reads but then using increasingly longer pairs that are the result of previous assembly, the DNA sequence of an entire chromosome can be determined."}, {"context": " Today, it is common to use paired-end sequencing technology where both ends of \"consistently sized\" longer DNA fragments are sequenced. Here, a contig still refers to any contiguous stretch of sequence data created by read overlap. Because the fragments are of known length, the distance between the two end reads from each fragment is known. This gives additional information about the orientation of contigs constructed from these reads and allows for their assembly into scaffolds. Scaffolds consist of overlapping contigs separated by gaps of known length. The new constraints placed on the orientation of the contigs allows for the placement of highly repeated sequences in the genome. If one end read has a repetitive sequence, as long as its mate pair is located within a contig, its placement is known. The remaining gaps between the contigs in the scaffolds can then be sequenced by a variety of methods, including PCR amplification followed by sequencing (for smaller gaps) and BAC cloning methods followed by sequencing for larger gaps."}, {"context": " Contig can also refer to the overlapping clones that form a physical map of a chromosome when the top-down or hierarchical sequencing strategy is used. In this sequencing method, a low-resolution map is made prior to sequencing in order to provide a framework to guide the later assembly of the sequence reads of the genome. This map identifies the relative positions and overlap of the clones used for sequencing. Sets of overlapping clones that form a contiguous stretch of DNA are called contigs; the minimum number of clones that form a contig that covers the entire chromosome comprise the tiling path that is used for sequencing. Once a tiling path has been selected, its component BACs are sheared into smaller fragments and sequenced. Contigs therefore provide the framework for hierarchical sequencing."}, {"context": " The assembly of a contig map involves several steps. First, DNA is sheared into larger (50\u2013200kb) pieces, which are cloned into BACs or PACs to form a BAC library. Since these clones should cover the entire genome/chromosome, it is theoretically possible to assemble a contig of BACs that covers the entire chromosome. Reality, however, is not always ideal. Gaps often remain, and a scaffold\u2014consisting of contigs and gaps\u2014that covers the map region is often the first result. The gaps between contigs can be closed by various methods outlined below."}, {"context": " BAC contigs are constructed by aligning BAC regions of known overlap via a variety of methods. One common strategy is to use sequence-tagged site (STS) content mapping to detect unique DNA sites in common between BACs. The degree of overlap is roughly estimated by the number of STS markers in common between two clones, with more markers in common signifying a greater overlap. Because this strategy provides only a very rough estimate of overlap, restriction digest fragment analysis, which provides a more precise measurement of clone overlap, is often used. In this strategy, clones are treated with one or two restriction enzymes and the resulting fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. If two clones, they will likely have restriction sites in common, and will thus share several fragments. Because the number of fragments in common and the length of these fragments is known (the length is judged by comparison to a size standard), the degree of overlap can be deduced to a high degree of precision."}, {"context": " Gaps often remain after initial BAC contig construction. These gaps occur if the Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library screened has low complexity, meaning it does not contain a high number of STS or restriction sites, or if certain regions were less stable in cloning hosts and thus underrepresented in the library. If gaps between contigs remain after STS landmark mapping and restriction fingerprinting have been performed, the sequencing of contig ends can be used to close these gaps. This end-sequencing strategy essentially creates a novel STS with which to screen the other contigs. Alternatively, the end sequence of a contig can be used as a primer to primer walk across the gap."}]}, {"title": "Jinan railway station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Jinan railway station () is a railway station in Jinan, Shandong, China. It has been served by the Jiaoji Railway since its opening in 1904. Jinan Station handles a large amount of common passenger trains running on the Beijing-Shanghai Railway and Qingdao-Jinan Passenger Railway as well as intercity CRH trains towards Qingdao/Qingdao North, Yantai, Weihai, Rongcheng and Longkou. Platform 1 and 2 are built on a couple of link rails to Beijing-Shanghai High-speed Railway and specially used to handle CRH trains which go northwards and southwards."}]}, {"title": "Sarah Kate Ellis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sarah Kate Ellis (born November 27, 1971) is an American media executive, most widely known for launching and turning around media brands within magazines such as \"New York\", \"InStyle\", \"Real Simple\", and \"Vogue\". After Ellis's graduation from Russell Sage College (1993) with a degree in Sociology and minor in Women's Studies, she began her career in media through the re-launch of Cond\u00e9 Nast. In January 2014, Ellis was appointed president and CEO of GLAAD, the nation's largest lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) media advocacy organization."}, {"context": " Ellis was born and raised in Staten Island, where she attended Staten Island Academy. She and her older brother Spencer were raised by their parents, Barbara and Ken Ellis. During her youth, Ellis was an athlete; she participated in field hockey and was a Junior Olympic swimmer. While attending Russell Sage College, Ellis led a media campaign against the college administration's attempt to shut down the only women's center on campus and, in her senior year of college, Ellis came out of the closet as a lesbian. In 2011, Ellis was selected to attend the Tuck Executive Education program at Tuck School of Business Dartmouth College and completed it in 2012."}, {"context": " In 1995, Ellis began her profession in media. She first worked at mass media company Cond\u00e9 Nast, which laid the groundwork for her career advancement. Initially, Ellis worked at Cond\u00e9 Nast's \"House and Garden\". From there, she moved to \"New York\" magazine as a senior manager, then to \"In Style\" as a director. Following her tenure at \"In Style\", Ellis launched and directed the turnaround of \"Real Simple\", which led her to \"Vogue\" where she oversaw 10 lifestyle group brands. Ellis specialized in marketing and applied her abilities most effectively through leadership roles. Extending the reach of her efforts, Ellis involved herself as co-chair of OUT at Time Inc., the company's LGBT employee resource group, where she led programming to spotlight the diversity of the LGBT community (2008-2013). Through OUT, she educated the organization's straight, ally employees on a wide range of LGBT issues by ."}, {"context": " Ellis began her activism for the LGBT community in 1992, when she marched on Washington to support the rights of women and then marched again in 1993 to support the rights of LGBT people. On January 1, 2014, Ellis began as president and CEO of GLAAD, the only U.S. organization working to move lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) equality forward through the power of the media. One of the first campaigns Ellis pursued at GLAAD was the organization's 2014 protest against the New York City St. Patrick's Day Parade, specifically the parade's ban of lesbian and gay participants. In an article in the \"New York Daily News\", Ellis wrote about her Irish-American heritage and sexual orientation, calling on parade organizers to end the ban."}, {"context": " In 2011, Ellis co-authored a memoir with her wife, Kristen Ellis-Henderson, titled \"Times Two, Two Women in Love and the Happy Family They Made,\" released by Simon & Schuster. The autobiography chronicled their simultaneous pregnancies and road to motherhood\u2014it was nominated for a Stonewall Book Award. In 2013, the couple was featured on the \"Gay Marriage Already Won\" cover of TIME Magazine. Ellis and her wife were also profiled in a special New York Times Style section about marriage equality following its legalization in New York State and were the subjects of The Huffington Post's three-part documentary web series titled \"Here Come the Brides.\" They were named one of GO Magazine's Most Captivating Couples of 2012 and are the mothers of two children. Ellis's marriage was the first marriage ceremony performed for a same-sex couple in the Episcopal Church of New York State.  Ellis is also a Vestry member of St. Luke's Episcopal Church."}]}, {"title": "Ministry of Labour, Social Insurance and Social Solidarity (Greece)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Ministry of Labour, Social Insurance and Social Solidarity () is a government department of Greece. The incumbent minister is Georgios Katrougalos of the Coalition of the Radical Left (Syriza). From 27 January 2015 to 28 August 2015 the \"Alternate Minister for Combatting Unemployment\" was Rania Antonopoulos and the \"Alternate Minister for Social Solidarity\" was Theano Fotiou. Dimitris Stratoulis was the \"Alternate Minister for Social Security\" from 27 January 2015 until 17 July 2015. Pavlos Haikalis was the \"Deputy Minister for Social Security\" from 18 July 2015 until 28 August 2015.  While Dimitris Moustakas was Minister there were no Alternate or Deputy Ministers. The \"Alternate Minister for Combatting Unemployment\" is Rania Antonopoulos and the \"Alternate Minister of Social Solidarity\" is Theano Fotiou. The \"Deputy Minister for Social Insurance issues\" is Anastasios Petropoulos."}]}, {"title": "Ben Bagdikian", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ben Haig Bagdikian (January 30, 1920 \u2013 March 11, 2016) was an Armenian-American journalist, news media critic and commentator, and university professor. An Armenian Genocide survivor, Bagdikian moved to the United States as an infant and began a journalism career after serving in World War II. He worked as a local reporter, investigative journalist and foreign correspondent for \"The Providence Journal\". During his time there, he won a Peabody Award and a Pulitzer Prize. In 1971, he received parts of the \"Pentagon Papers\" from Daniel Ellsberg and successfully persuaded the \"Washington Post\" to publish them despite objections and threats from the Richard Nixon administration. Bagdikian later taught at the University of California, Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism and served as its dean from 1985 to 1988."}, {"context": " Bagdikian was a critic of the news media. His 1983 book \"The Media Monopoly\", warning about the growing concentration of corporate ownership of news organizations, went through several editions and influenced, among others, Noam Chomsky. Bagdikian has been hailed for his ethical standards and has been described by Robert W. McChesney as one of the finest journalists of the 20th century. Ben-Hur Haig Bagdikian, born in Marash, Ottoman Empire, on January 30, 1920, was the fifth and youngest child of Aram Baghdikian (1882\u22121957) and Dudeh \"Daisy\" Uvezian (1886\u22121923). His father did post-graduate work at the American University of Beirut and taught Physics and Chemistry at St. Paul's College in Tarsus, run by Boston Congregationalists. His family left Marash on February 9, 1920, just ten days after Ben was born. They left during the Armenian Genocide, as Turkish forces reached the city, while the French retreated. While escaping persecution, the infant was dropped in the snow in the mountains while the family was climbing, thinking he was dead, but was picked up only when he began to cry. They arrived, first, in Boston and subsequently settled in Stoneham, Massachusetts. His father was a pastor at several Armenian churches in the Boston area (in Watertown, Cambridge) and Worcester. His mother was diagnosed with tuberculosis almost immediately after arrival in Boston and died three years later, after spending some time hospitalized in sanitariums. Bagdikian was known throughout his life as Ben, though his baptismal name was Ben-Hur, after the Christian-themed historical novel \"\" by Lew Wallace. Bagdikian grew up during the Great Depression, which, according to Robert D. McFadden, enforced a \"passion for social justice that shaped his reporting.\" Bagdikian described himself as an \"Armenian overlaid by, of all things, the culture of New England Yankee.\" Due to his father's role, Bagdikian regularly attended sermons and \"disliked the avenging God of the Old Testament and was outraged when Abraham was prepared to obey the order to sacrifice his son as a gesture of faith.\" Later in adulthood, Bagdikian became a member of the First Unitarian Church of Providence, a Unitarian Universalist congregation in Rhode Island."}, {"context": " Bagdikian graduated from Clark University, in Worcester, Massachusetts, as a pre-medical student. He was editor of \"The Clark News\", the college newspaper. Having taken many chemistry courses he sought to apply for a job as a chemist. Bagdikian briefly worked for the \"Springfield Morning Union\", in Springfield, Massachusetts, as a reporter. He served as a navigator (first lieutenant) in the United States Army Air Forces from May 1942 to January 1946, serving during World War II. Bagdikian married Elizabeth (Betty) Ogasapian in 1942, with whom he had two sons: Aram Christopher \"Chris\" Bagdikian (1944\u22122015) and Frederick, Jr. \"Eric\" Bagdikian (born 1951). They divorced in 1972. His second marriage, to Betty Medsger, a \"Washington Post\" reporter, ended in divorce as well. His third wife was Marlene Griffith, whom he married in 1983."}, {"context": " Bagdikian died at his home in Berkeley, California, on March 11, 2016, aged 96. A memorial service was held at the Unitarian Universalist Church of Berkeley on June 2, 2016. Throughout his career, Bagdikian contributed to more than 200 national magazines and journals. Bagdikian began working for the \"Providence Journal\" in 1947 as a reporter and Washington bureau chief. He also served as a local reporter. Bagdikian and \"Journal\" editor and publisher Sevellon Brown won a Peabody Award in 1951 for their \"most exacting, thorough and readable check-up of broadcasts\" of Walter Winchell, Drew Pearson, and Fulton Lewis, leading TV and radio commentators. He was a member of the staff that received the 1953 Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting, Edition Time for coverage of a bank robbery in East Providence (including an ensuing police chase and hostage standoff) that resulted in the death of a patrolman. As a foreign correspondent in the Middle East, he covered the Suez Crisis in the fall of 1956 riding with an Israeli tank crew. In 1957, Bagdikian covered the civil rights movement, especially the crisis in Little Rock, Arkansas. In the fall of that year he traveled to the South with black reporter James \"Jim\" N. Rhea to cover the widespread discontent of the whites with the Supreme Court order to desegregate public schools."}, {"context": " Bagdikian began a freelance career after leaving the \"Providence Journal\" in 1961. He researched media matters at the Library of Congress with the Guggenheim Fellowship he was awarded in 1961. Subsequently, he was a Washington-based contributing editor of \"The Saturday Evening Post\" from 1963 to 1967. He also wrote for \"The New York Times Magazine\" when he focused on social issues, such as poverty, housing, migration. Bagdikian researched news media at the RAND Corporation in 1969\u201370 and published a book titled \"The Information Machines: Their Impact on Men and the Media\" in 1971, which was praised as a \"readable report that one might expect from a first-rank professional writer. More impressive than the readability is the breadth and depth of his perception of technological and economic trends and his insight into potential social and political consequences.\""}, {"context": " Bagdikian joined \"The Washington Post\" in 1970 and later served as its assistant managing editor and in 1972 its second ombudsman as a representative of the readers. In June 1971 Bagdikian, as the assistant managing editor for national news at the \"Post\", met with Daniel Ellsberg, a military analyst, who passed him 4,000 pages of the \"Pentagon Papers\", excerpts from which were published by \"The New York Times\" days earlier and halted by a federal judge. While the \"Post\" lawyers and management were opposed, Bagdikian argued strongly in favor of publication of the documents despite pressure from the Nixon administration not to on national security grounds. Bagdikian famously stated: \"the (only) way to assert the right to publish is to publish.\" The first part was published by the \"Post\" on June 18, 1971. William Rehnquist phoned \"Post\" executive editor Ben Bradlee and threatened him with prosecution if the publication of the documents was not stopped. In a landmark decision, the Supreme Court decided 6\u20133 that \"to exercise prior restraint, the Government must show sufficient evidence that the publication would cause a 'grave and irreparable' danger.\""}, {"context": " Just months after the publication of the \"Pentagon Papers\" Bagdikian became an undercover inmate at the Huntingdon State Correctional Institution, a maximum-security prison in Pennsylvania, to expose the harsh prison conditions. With permission from the attorney general of Pennsylvania, he disguised himself as a murderer to observe the prison life without the knowledge of anyone inside the prison. He remained there for six days and his eight-part series on the conditions of the prison were published in the \"Post\" from January 29 to February 6, 1972. He reported \"widespread racial tension behind bars, outbursts of violence, open 'homosexualism' and an elaborate, yet fragile, code of etiquette.\" Bagdikian and \"Post\" reporter Leon Dash published the series first as a report (\"The Shame of the Prisons\", Pocket Books, 1972) and later as a book (\"Caged: Eight Prisoners and Their Keepers\", Harper & Row, 1976)."}, {"context": " He became the second ombudsman of the \"Post\" in 1972, but left the paper in August of that year after clashing with Bradlee \"as a conduit of outside and internal complaints.\" Bagdikian wrote for the \"Columbia Journalism Review\" from 1972 to 1974. He taught at University of California, Berkeley from 1976 until his retirement in 1990. He taught courses such as Introduction to Journalism and Ethics in Journalism. He was the dean of the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism from 1985 to 1988. He was named Professor Emeritus upon departure."}, {"context": " In 1987 Bagdikian testified on the effects of profit on news reporting before the House Energy Subcommittee on Communications and Technology, along with economist John Kenneth Galbraith. Bagdikian is famously quoted as telling his students at UC Berkeley: In an interview with PBS's \"Frontline\" Bagdikian stated that while the First Amendment allows newspapers to print anything, especially unpopular things, newspapers have an implied moral obligation to be responsible, because of their power on popular opinion and because the First Amendment was \"framed with the supposition that there would be multiple sources of information.\""}, {"context": " Bagdikian was an early advocate of in-house critics, or ombudsmen in newspapers, who he believed, would \"address public concerns about journalistic practices.\" He described the treatment of news about tobacco and related health issues as \"one of the original sins of the media,\" because \"for decades, there was suppression of medical evidence ... plain suppression.\" Bagdikian criticized the wide use of anonymous sources in news media, the acceptance of government narratives by reporters, particularly on \"national security\" grounds. Bagdikian formulated a law, dubbed the Bagdikian Law of Journalism: \"The accuracy of news reports of an event is inversely proportional to the number of reporters on the scene.\""}, {"context": " He was a harsh critic of TV news and the celebrity status of news anchors, which he argued, was the \"worst thing that can happen to a journalist.\" He noted, \"The job of the celebrity is to be observed, to make sure others learn about him or her, to be the object of attention rather than an observer.\" Bagdikian stressed the importance of local media. He argued that only locally based journalism can adequately report the local issues and candidates, otherwise \"voters become captives of the only alternative information, paid political propaganda, or no information at all.\" Regarding online journalism, Bagdikian stated that although there is \"lots of junk on it, but it\u2019s still an outlet for an independent with no money but plenty of ingenuity and skill, like MoveOn.org. It\u2019s not controlled by the corporations. Not yet.\""}, {"context": " When asked about what newspaper he recommends, Bagdikian said that he is a regular \"New York Times\" reader, and appreciates \"The Nation\", \"The Progressive\", alternative radio, \"The New York Review of Books\", and also reads \"Time\" and \"Newsweek\" to \"get a view of the total picture most magazine readers are getting.\" He also occasionally reads the \"National Review\" and \"The Weekly Standard\" \"to know what the right is thinking.\" Bagdikian recommended \"The Nation\", \"The Progressive\" and \"Newsweek\" for those who wanted to stay informed but have limited time to do so."}, {"context": " Bagdikian's first book, \"In the Midst of Plenty: The Poor in America\", was published in 1964 by Beacon Press and covered various categories of poverty in America, including the poor in Appalachia, the elderly in Los Angeles, men in flophouses in Chicago, and others. His studies at the RAND Corporation produced two books: \"The Information Machines: Their Impact on Men and the Media\" and \"The Effete Conspiracy and Other Crimes by the Press\", published by Harper & Row in 1971 and 1972, respectively."}, {"context": " His memoir, \"Double Vision: Reflections on My Heritage, Life and Profession\", was published by Beacon Press in 1995. In 1983 Bagdikian authored a widely cited and acclaimed work, \"The Media Monopoly\", which was published by Beacon Press after it was rejected by Simon & Schuster. Richard E. Snyder, Simon & Schuster's president, was, according to Bagdikian, \"vehemently opposed to the manuscript, because, among other reasons, [Snyder] felt it made all corporations look bad.\" The book describes the increasing concentration of the media in the US in the hands of corporate owners, which, he argued, threatened freedom of expression and independent journalism. He wrote that some 50 corporations controlled what most people in the United States read and watched. Bagdikian argued that \"media power is political power.\" The book went into 5 more editions\u2014in 1987, 1990, 1993, 1997, 2000. In 2004, \"The New Media Monopoly\" was published, essentially the 7th edition of the original. In 2000 Bagdikian stated, \"Every edition has been considered by some to be alarmist and every edition ends up being too conservative.\" In this latest version, Bagdikian wrote that the number of corporations controlling most of the media decreased to 5: Disney, News Corporation, Time Warner, Viacom, and Bertelsmann. He argued, \"This gives each of the five corporations and their leaders more communications power than was exercised by any despot or dictatorship in history.\""}, {"context": " The book became a \"standard text for many college classes\" and, according to Neil Henry, a classic that, along with \"Manufacturing Consent\" by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, is the \"most widely cited scholarly work about the effects of economics on modern news media practices, including market and political pressures that determine news content.\" The book was criticized by some for alleged bias and inaccuracies. \"The Christian Science Monitor\", though noting such problems, declared that it is a \"groundbreaking work that charts a historic shift in the orientation of the majority of America's communications media\u2014further away from the needs of the individual and closer to those of big business.\""}, {"context": " In 1997 Bagdikian opined that \"criticizing capitalism has never been a popular subject in the general news.\" In the 2000 U.S. presidential election Bagdikian endorsed Ralph Nader, the Green Party candidate. He was a founding member of the grassroots network Armenians for Nader. He stated: \"I think Ralph Nader has already powerfully defined the issues in this campaign and has had influence on the positions of both major party candidates.\" He argued that \"there's a natural hostility among corporate organizations toward Nader, because they see him as the person who's embarrassed them endlessly and sees them as part of the national political problem.\""}, {"context": " He appeared on KPFK along with Serj Tankian and Peter Balakian on April 24, 2005 to talk about the Armenian Genocide. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) had a 200-page file on Bagdikian spanning from 1951 to 1971. One document described him as well known in FBI files as a \"writer who has criticized the FBI in the past. He has made snide remarks relative to\" FBI director J. Edgar Hoover and \"some of his work has been described [specifically, by Hoover] as 'utter bunk'.\" C. Edwin Baker describes Bagdikian as \"probably the most quoted, certainly one of the most acute, commentators on media ownership.\" Arthur S. Hayes, Fordham University professor, wrote in his 2008 book \"Press Critics Are the Fifth Estate\" that Bagdikian has been \"farsighted, inspirational, influential, long lasting, and a forerunner.\" Sociologist Alfred McClung Lee praised Bagdikian as having the virtues of both an investigative journalist and a participant-observing social scientist. Robert D. McFadden of \"The New York Times\" called Bagdikian \"a celebrated voice of conscience for his profession, calling for tougher standards of integrity and public service in an era of changing tastes and technology.\" Edward Wasserman, the dean of the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism at the time of his death, Bagdikian was a \"major figure in 20th century US journalism and journalism education, and we\u2019re all his beneficiaries.\" Jeff Cohen, the founder of the media watch group Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) stated:"}, {"context": " Robert W. McChesney, who cites Bagdikian as one of the strongest influences on him, called Bagdikian one of the finest journalists of the 20th century. McChesney argued that Bagdikian was \"certainly accorded more respect by working journalists\" than Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, the authors of \"Manufacturing Consent\", due to their perceived radicalism, in contrast to Bagdikian's liberal views. Progressive journalist and writer John Nichols, writing for the \"Nation\", called Bagdikian a \"pioneering media reformer.\" He said of Bagdikian in an interview with \"Democracy Now!\":"}, {"context": " The \"Pentagon Papers\" controversy at the \"Washington Post\" was recounted in the 2017 Steven Spielberg film \"The Post\". Bagdikian was played by Bob Odenkirk. Bagdikian received honorary degrees, among others, from Brown University (Doctor of Humane Letters, 1961), Clark University (Doctor of Letters, 1963), Berkeley Citation from University of California, Berkeley (equivalent of an honorary degree, 1990), University of Rhode Island (Doctor of Letters, 1992). He was the commencement speaker of the 1972 Journalism Convocation of Northwestern University.  The fellowship program of the progressive magazine \"Mother Jones\" is named for Bagdikian due to his \"professional record, his personal integrity, and his commitment to social justice.\" Bagdikian was inducted into the Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame on October 30, 2016. According to the board he had \"long and significant ties to Rhode Island.\""}]}, {"title": "Jose\u0301 Juan Navarro", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Jos\u00e9 Juan Navarro Batista (born April 14, 1981 in Arucas, Las Palmas) is a Spanish weightlifter. Navarro represented Spain at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he competed for the men's middle heavyweight category (94\u00a0kg). Navarro placed tenth in this event, as he successfully lifted 173\u00a0kg in the single-motion snatch, and hoisted 210\u00a0kg in the two-part, shoulder-to-overhead clean and jerk, for a total of 383\u00a0kg."}]}, {"title": "Board of Education for the City of York", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Board of Education for the City of York was the school district serving the city of York, Ontario. In 1998 it merged into the Toronto District School Board. As the district merged into the TDSB, its schools were: Secondary schools:"}]}, {"title": "Aspersion", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Aspersion (la. \"aspergere/aspersio\"), in a religious context, is the act of sprinkling with water, especially holy water. Aspersion is a method used in baptism as an alternative to immersion or affusion. The word is formed of the Latin \"aspergere\", 'to sprinkle', of \"ad\", 'to', and \"spargo\", 'I scatter' (, 1 Corinthians 10:2, cf. Psalm 77:16-20). In addition, aspersion is performed as part of certain rites to remind people of their baptism, such as the renewal of baptismal vows performed by the Roman Catholic Church on Easter."}, {"context": " St. Peter is said to have once baptized five thousand people in one day; this was most likely accomplished by aspersion or affusion. Baptism by affusion (pouring) was certainly in practice in Apostolic times, being prescribed by the \"Didache\" but there are no accounts that clearly show sprinkling rather than pouring or immersion was used. The normal form of baptism for the first centuries\u2014until at least the twelfth century\u2014was immersion. However, when a person could not be immersed, baptism by aspersion or affusion was performed. There are records of people receiving baptism in prison, awaiting martyrdom, where immersion would be difficult or impossible, but the most common use was for a person who was ill and could not be removed from the bed; it therefore received the name \"baptism of the sick.\" Because of its rarity, doubts arose about its validity, as is shown by St. Cyprian's affirming it in the face of questioning."}, {"context": " At the time, baptism by aspersion, as by affusion, was regarded as a bar to Holy Orders; this appears to spring from the baptized person having put off baptism until he was in danger of death. In the West, baptism by aspersion and affusion slowly became the common practice in later centuries. In aspersion, an aspergilium may be used to place the water on the skin. The Roman Catholic Church regards baptism by aspersion as valid only if the water actually flows on the person's skin and is thus equivalent to pouring (\"affusion\"). If there is doubt about this, conditional baptism is administered.  While the root of the word \"baptize\" can mean \"to immerse\", the word is used in the New Testament also of a mere partial washing (). Nevertheless, some Christian denominations have taught that baptism not only by aspersion but even by affusion is invalid."}]}, {"title": "Elia Ballardini", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Elia Davide Ballardini (born 25 December 1991) is an Italian footballer who plays as a midfielder. His father is football coach Davide Ballardini. Born in Stockholm, capital of Sweden, Elia Ballardini started his career at A.C. Cesena. He was signed by Bellaria \u2013 Igea Marina and A.S. Andria BAT in temporary deals. On 14 January 2013 he was signed by Virtus Entella along with Sasha Cori. In 2014 the club promoted to Serie B."}]}, {"title": "Symmetric Phase Recording", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Symmetric Phase Recording is a tape recording (Computer storage media) technology developed by Quantum Corporation packs data across a tape's recording surface by writing adjacent tracks in a herringbone pattern: This eliminates crosstrack interference and guard bands so that more tracks of data can be stored on a tape."}]}, {"title": "Claudio Silveira Silva", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Claudio Silveira Silva (1939, R\u00edo Branco, Uruguay \u2013 2007) was a Uruguayan sculptor."}]}, {"title": "Swiss cheese (mathematics)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " In mathematics, a Swiss cheese is a compact subset of the complex plane obtained by removing from a closed disc some countable union of open discs, usually with some restriction on the centres and radii of the removed discs. Traditionally the deleted discs should have pairwise disjoint closures which are subsets of the interior of the starting disc, the sum of the radii of the deleted discs should be finite, and the Swiss cheese should have empty interior. This is the type of Swiss cheese originally introduced by the Swiss mathematician Alice Roth.  More generally, a Swiss cheese may be all or part of Euclidean space R \u2013 or of an even more complicated manifold \u2013 with \"holes\" in it."}]}, {"title": "Ivy Tech Community College, Central Indiana Region", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Central Indiana Region of Ivy Tech Community College serves Marion County and eight other counties (Boone, Hamilton, Hancock, Hendricks, Johnson, Morgan, Putnam and Shelby). Other class locations: Avon, Beech Grove High School, Center Grove High School, Franklin, Greencastle, Indian Creek Learning Center, Indy West, Lawrence, Mooresville, Noblesville, Pike High School, Shelbyville. List of Locations Classes are offered at fifteen locations within the region."}]}, {"title": "Josue\u0301 Binoua", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Reverend Josu\u00e9 Binoua is a Central African politician and religious figure who served in the government of the Central African Republic as Minister of Territorial Administration from 2011 to 2013 and as Minister of Security in 2013. Binoua ran as an independent candidate for President in the 2005 general election, finishing in eighth place with 1.52% of the vote. Although a member of the Union of the Active Forces of the Nation opposition coalition, Binoua did not endorse a candidate in the May 2005 run-off between Fran\u00e7ois Boziz\u00e9 and Martin Zigu\u00e9l\u00e9; Boziz\u00e9 eventually won."}, {"context": " Binoua was appointed to the government as Minister of Territorial Administration and Decentralization in April 2011. Following a rebellion in December 2012, a national unity government was appointed on 3 February 2013, composed of Boziz\u00e9 supporters, the opposition, and rebels; Binoua was retained in the government but moved to the post of Minister of Public Security, Immigration and Emigration, and Public Order. Boziz\u00e9 was ousted by the rebels, led by Michel Djotodia, in March 2013. Although Binoua had been loyal to Boziz\u00e9, he cooperated with the new government headed by Djotodia; he received the post of Adviser for Religious Affairs, with the rank of minister. Later, on 22 August 2013, he was appointed to his former post as Minister of Security, replacing Noureddine Adam."}]}, {"title": "Norm Jacobson", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Norm Jacobson (1917-1994) was an Australian rugby league footballer of the 1940s. A New South Wales representative three-quarter back, he played his club football career in the NSWRFL Premiership for the Newtown club. A and prolific try-scorer, Jacobson played in Newtown's grand final win in 1943. After returning from interstate Army service, he resumed playing for Newtown the following year and played in the 1944 grand final loss. In his final season at Newtown, Jacobson was the League's top try-scorer, with 27 tries from 19 appearances.  Jacobsen was selected to captain Western Districts when they hosted the 1951 French touring side and lost. After retiring from playing football, he coached Condobolin's rugby league side."}]}, {"title": "Adel Langue", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Jean Anderson Adel Bruano Langue (born 17 September 1997) is a Mauritian international footballer who plays for Cercle de Joachim as a midfielder. Born in Quatre Bornes, he has played club football for Cercle de Joachim. He made his international debut for Mauritius in 2015."}]}, {"title": "Matthew Ducie Moreton, 2nd Baron Ducie", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Matthew Ducie Moreton, 2nd Baron Ducie (died 1770) of Tortworth, Gloucestershire, was a British Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1721 and 1735 winning by-elections at four separate constituencies but never winning at a general election. He vacated his seat when he succeeded to the peerage as Baron Ducie. Moreton was the eldest son of Matthew Moreton, 1st Baron Ducie and his wife Arabella Prestwick, daughter of Sir Thomas Prestwick, 2nd Baronet, of Hulme, Lancashire. He was possibly educated at Harrow School."}, {"context": " Moreton's father left the House of Commons in 1720 on being raised to the peerage and the son was elected Member of Parliament for Cricklade at a contested by-election on 1 February 1721. Thereafter, he voted consistently for the Administration. He was defeated by a single vote at the 1722 general election. He was then elected MP for Calne at another contested by-election on 28 February 1723, possibly on the interest of Walter Hungerford to whom he was related. He stood in a contest for Gloucester at the 1727 general election, but was caught up in a double return and waived his rights. The Administration brought him in for Tregony at a by-election on 6 February 1729. He was subsequently brought in for Lostwithiel at a further by-election in 31 Mar 1735. A month later on 2 May 1735, he succeeded to the peerage as Baron Ducie on the death of his father."}, {"context": " When Walpole's government fell in 1742, Lord Ducie agreed to hold the office of surveyor of the petty customs in London in trust for Henry Bilson-Legge and Benjamin Keene, but in 1752 he asked to be relieved of it. In 1755 he was appointed Constable of St. Briavels, Warden of the Forest of Dean and Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire holding the posts to 1758, and High Steward of Gloucester which he held until 1766. He was unmarried and as his barony would become extinct, he was created Baron Ducie of Tortworth, on 27 April 1763 with a special remainder to the descent of his sister Elizabeth, who married Francis Reynolds.  Lord Ducie. died unmarried in December 1770 and was succeeded by his nephew Thomas Reynolds, who adopted the name Moreton."}]}, {"title": "FIL World Luge Championships 1967", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The FIL World Luge Championships 1967 took place in Hammarstrand, Sweden between 18-19 February 1967. This event was held following the cancellation of the previous year's championships in Friedrichroda, East Germany, which was the last cancellation in the history of the world championships."}]}, {"title": "List of escorteurs of the French Navy", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The \"escorteurs\" of the French Navy were light naval warships used for convoy protection during and after the Second World War. The earliest escorteurs in the French Navy were purchased from the British Royal Navy and the United States Navy. After the war, these were supplemented by former German and Italian vessels transferred to French control as war reparations. After the war, the term \"escorteur\" replaced that of and traditionally used by the French Navy. However, in the 1970s, the designation of \"escorteur\" ceased to be used and was replaced with that of frigate, destroyer, aviso or patroller."}]}, {"title": "Ger Colleran", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Gerard Colleran is an Irish journalist, the editor of the \"Irish Daily Star\" from 1999 to 2014, and since 2017 the editor of \"Kerry's Eye\". In 2009, \"Village\" listed him as one of Ireland's 100 most influential people. He is a native of Mayo, County Mayo, grew up in Quin, County Clare, and was educated at the University of London and the University of Limerick. Prior to his work at the \"Daily Star\" he was the editor of \"The Kerryman\"."}]}, {"title": "Calliostoma annulatum", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Calliostoma annulatum, also known as the purple-ring topsnail, blue-ring topsnail or jeweled topsnail, is a medium-sized sea snail with gills and an operculum. This is a sublittoral marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calliostomatidae. This snail lives off of the Pacific coast of North America. This top shell can be found in the littoral zone from Isla San Geronimo, Baja California, north to Forrester Island, Alaska. The shell height varies between 16\u00a0mm and 35\u00a0mm. The elevated-conic shell is imperforate and rather thin. This species is distinguished by its brilliantly colored shell, which is lustrous with a gold field, dotted with brown on the spiral rows of grains, the periphery or lower edge of each whorl encircled by a zone of violet or magenta stripes, the axis surrounded by a tract of the same. The brilliance of the colors fades somewhat once the animal dies. The thin shell shows numerous granulose spiral riblets, about 7 on the penultimate whorl, 9 or 10 on the base. It has few or none interstitial lirulae. The acute, reddish apex is minute. The sutures are slightly impressed. There are about 9 whorls, slightly convex, the last angular at periphery, flattened beneath. The rhomboidal aperture is oblique, fluted within. There is no umbilicus. The head and foot of the animal has a yellow-orange color with brown spots. The color of the shell is gold with purple stripes.  This species is fairly omnivorous, feeding seasonally on kelp, sessile fauna like bryozoans, and detritus."}]}, {"title": "Alejandro Felipe Paula", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Alejandro Felipe Paula also known as Jandi Paula (May 2, 1937 - Aug 13, 2018) was a Cura\u00e7aoan academic, historian and politician. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles from 28 December 1993 to 31 March 1994. Paula was director of the National Archive of the Netherlands Antilles between 1969 and 1989. He also was a professor and rector at the University of the Netherlands Antilles in the 1990s. Paula was born on Cura\u00e7ao on 2 May 1937. He was partially schooled in Trinidad and Tobago. Paula later studied in the Netherlands, the Dominican Republic and Italy. After the 1969 Cura\u00e7ao uprising Paula served on the Rebuilding commission and the investigationary commission. He served as chair of the latter commission but resigned after being threatened."}, {"context": " Paula served as director of the National Archive of the Netherlands Antilles between 1969 and 1989. Paula was a lecturer, and later professor, of sociology, philosophy and human rights at the University of the Netherlands Antilles from 1990 to 2000. In his last three years he served as rector magnificus. On 19 November 1993 a Cura\u00e7ao status referendum was held. With the outcome in opposition to what she had campaigned for, Prime Minister Maria Liberia Peters resigned. She was succeeded by Suzanne Camelia-R\u00f6mer. Paula was appointed as formateur by Governor of the Netherlands Antilles, Jaime Saleh. He managed to form a coalition government which would rule until a government would be formed after the February 1994 general election. Paula himself served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles. His government was sworn in on 28 December 1993. He was succeeded when the government of was installed on 31 March 1994.  Paula married a woman from Trinidad in 1966. The couple has two children. In 2011 the Peter Stuyvesant College was renamed in Paula's honour.. Paula passed away on August 13, 2018 due to health complications."}]}, {"title": "German military administration in occupied France during World War II", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Military Administration in France (; ) was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zone in areas of northern and western France. This so-called ' was renamed ' (\"north zone\") in November 1942, when the previously unoccupied zone in the south known as ' (\"free zone\") was also occupied and renamed ' (\"south zone\"). Its role in France was partly governed by the conditions set by the Second Armistice at after the success of the leading to the Fall of France; at the time both French and Germans thought the occupation would be temporary and last only until Britain came to terms, which was believed to be imminent. For instance, France agreed that its soldiers would remain prisoners of war until the cessation of all hostilities."}, {"context": " Replacing the French Third Republic that had dissolved during France's defeat was the \"French State\" (\"\"), with its sovereignty and authority limited to the free zone. As Paris was located in the occupied zone, its government was seated in the spa town of Vichy in , and therefore it was more commonly known as Vichy France. While the Vichy government was nominally in charge of all of France, the military administration in the occupied zone was a ' Nazi dictatorship. Its rule was extended to the free zone when it was invaded by Germany and Italy during ' on 11 November 1942 in response to Operation Torch, the Allied landings in French North Africa on 8 November 1942. The Vichy government remained in existence, even though its authority was now severely curtailed."}, {"context": " The military administration in France ended with the Liberation of France after the Normandy and Provence landings. It formally existed from May 1940 to December 1944, though most of its territory had been liberated by the Allies by the end of summer 1944. Alsace-Lorraine, which had been annexed after the Franco-Prussian war in 1871 by the German Empire and returned to France after the First World War, was re-annexed by the Third Reich (thus subjecting their male population to German military conscription.) The departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais were attached to the military administration in Belgium and Northern France, which was also responsible for civilian affairs in the wide \"zone interdite\" along the Atlantic coast. Another \"forbidden zone\" were areas in north-eastern France, corresponding to Lorraine and roughly about half each of Franche-Comt\u00e9, Champagne and Picardie. War refugees were prohibited from returning to their homes, and it was intended for German settlers and annexation in the coming Nazi New Order (\"Neue Ordnung\")."}, {"context": " The occupied zone (, , ) consisted of the rest of northern and western France, including the two forbidden zones. The southern part of France, except for the western half of Aquitaine along the Atlantic coast, became the \"zone libre\" (\"free zone\"), where the Vichy regime remained sovereign as an independent state, though under heavy German influence due to the restrictions of the Armistice (including a heavy tribute) and economical dependency on Germany. It constituted a land area of 246,618 square kilometres, approximately 45 percent of France, and included approximately 33 percent of the total French labor force. The demarcation line between the free zone and the occupied zone was a de facto border, necessitating special authorisation and a laissez-passer from the German authorities to cross."}, {"context": " These restrictions remained in place after Vichy was occupied and the zone renamed \"zone sud\" (\"south zone\"), and also placed under military administration in November 1942. The Italian occupation zone consisted of small areas along the Alps border, and a demilitarised zone along the same. It was expanded to all territory on the left bank of the Rh\u00f4ne river after its invasion together with Germany of Vichy France on 11 November 1942, except for areas around Lyon and Marseille, which were added to Germany's \"zone sud\", and Corsica."}, {"context": " The Italian occupation zone was also occupied by Germany and added to the \"zone sud\" after Italy's surrender in September 1943, except for Corsica, which was liberated by the landings of Free French forces and local Italian troops that had switched sides to the Allies. After Germany and France agreed on an armistice following the defeats of May and June, Marshal Wilhelm Keitel and General Charles Huntzinger, representatives of the Third Reich and of the French government of Marshal Philippe P\u00e9tain respectively, signed it on 22 June 1940 at the Rethondes clearing in Compi\u00e8gne Forest. As it was done at the same place and in the same railroad carriage where the armistice ending the First World War when Germany surrendered, it is known as the Second Compi\u00e8gne armistice."}, {"context": " France was roughly divided into an occupied northern zone and an unoccupied southern zone, according to the armistice convention \"in order to protect the interests of the German Reich\". The French colonial empire remained under the authority of Marshall P\u00e9tain's Vichy regime. French sovereignty was to be exercised over the whole of French territory, including the occupied zone, Alsace and Moselle, but the third article of the armistice stipulated that French authorities in the occupied zone would have to obey the military administration and that Germany would exercise rights of an occupying power within it:"}, {"context": " In the occupied region of France, the German Reich exercises all of the rights of an occupying power. The French government undertakes to facilitate in every way possible the implementation of these rights, and to provide the assistance of the French administrative services to that end. The French government will immediately direct all officials and administrators of the occupied territory to comply with the regulations of, and to collaborate fully with, the German military authorities. The military administration was responsible for civil affairs in occupied France. It was divided into \"Kommandanturen\" (singular \"Kommandantur\"), in decreasing hierarchical order \"Oberfeldkommandanturen\", \"Feldkommandanturen\", \"Kreiskommandanturen\", and \"Ortskommandanturen\". German naval affairs in France were coordinated through a central office known as the \"H\u00f6heres Kommando der Marinedienststellen in Gro\u00df-Paris\" (Supreme Command for Naval Services in the Greater Paris Area) who in turn answered to a senior commander for all of France known as the \"Admiral Frankreich\". After Case Anton, the \"Admiral Frankreich\" naval command was broken apart into smaller offices which answered directly to the operational command of Navy Group West."}, {"context": " In order to suppress partisans and resistance fighters, the military administration cooperated closely with the Gestapo, the \"Sicherheitsdienst\", the intelligence service of the SS, and the \"Sicherheitspolizei\", its security police. It also had at its disposal the support of the French authorities and police forces, who had to cooperate per the conditions set in the armistice, to round up Jews, anti-fascists and other dissidents, and vanish them into \"Nacht und Nebel\", \"Night and Fog\". It also had the help of collaborationists auxiliaries like the \"Milice\", the \"Franc-Gardes\" and the Legionary Order Service. The two main collaborationist political parties were the French Popular Party (PPF) and the National Popular Rally (RNP), each with 20,000 to 30,000 members."}, {"context": " The \"Milice\" participated with Lyon Gestapo head Klaus Barbie in seizing members of the resistance and minorities including Jews for shipment to detention centres, such as the Drancy deportation camp, en route to Auschwitz, and other German concentration camps, including Dachau and Buchenwald. Some Frenchmen also volunteered directly in German forces to fight for Germany and/or against Bolsheviks, such as the Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism. Volunteers from this and other outfits later constituted the cadre of the 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS \"Charlemagne\" (1st French)."}, {"context": " Stanley Hoffmann in 1974, and after him, other historians such as Robert Paxton and Jean-Pierre Az\u00e9ma have used the term \"collaborationnistes\" to refer to fascists and Nazi sympathisers who, for ideological reasons, wished a reinforced collaboration with Hitler's Germany, in contrast to \"collaborators\", people who merely cooperated out of self-interest. Examples of these are PPF leader Jacques Doriot, writer Robert Brasillach or Marcel D\u00e9at. A principal motivation and ideological foundation among \"collaborationnistes\" was anti-communism."}, {"context": " The Wehrmacht maintained a varying number of divisions in France. 100,000 Germans were in the whole of the German-zone in France in December 1941. When the bulk of the Wehrmacht was fighting on the eastern front, German units were rotated to France to rest and refit. The number of troops increased when the threat of Allied invasion began looming large, with the Dieppe raid marking its real beginning. The actions of British Commandos against German troops brought Hitler to condemn them as irregular warfare. In his Commando Order he denied them lawful combatant status, and ordered them to be handed over to the SS security service when captured and liable to be summarily executed. As the war went on, garrisoning the Atlantic Wall and suppressing the resistance became heavier and heavier duties."}, {"context": " Some notable units and formations stationed in France during the occupation: The \"Appeal of 18 June\" by de Gaulle's Free France government in exile in London had little immediate effect, and few joined its French Forces of the Interior beyond those that had already gone into exile to join the Free French. After the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, the French communist party, hitherto under orders from the Comintern to remain passive against the German occupiers, began to mount actions against them. De Gaulle sent Jean Moulin back to France as his formal link to the irregulars throughout the occupied country to coordinate the eight major \"R\u00e9sistance\" groups into one organisation. Moulin got their agreement to form the \"National Council of the Resistance\" (\"Conseil National de la R\u00e9sistance\")."}, {"context": " Moulin was eventually captured, and died under brutal torture by the Gestapo, possibly by Klaus Barbie himself. The resistance intensified after it became clear the tide of war had shifted after the Reich's defeat at Stalingrad in early 1943 and, by 1944, large remote areas were out of the German military's control and free zones for the \"maquisards\", so-called after the maquis shrubland that provided ideal terrain for guerrilla warfare. The most important anti-partisan action was the Battle of Vercors. The most infamous one Oradour-sur-Glane massacre. Other notable atrocities committed were the Tulle massacre, the Le Paradis massacre, the Maill\u00e9 massacre, and the Ascq massacre. Large maquis where significant military operations were conducted included the maquis du Vercors, the maquis du Limousin, the maquis des Gli\u00e8res, the maquis du Mont Mouchet, and the maquis de Saint-Marcel. Major round-up operations included the battle of Marseille and the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup."}, {"context": " Although the majority of the French population did not take part in active resistance, many resisted passively through acts such as listening to the banned BBC's \"Radio Londres\", or giving collateral or material aid to Resistance members. Others assisted in the escape of downed US or British airmen who eventually found their way back to Britain, often through Spain. By the eve of the liberation, numerous factions of nationalists, anarchists, communists, socialists and others, counting between 100,000 and up to 400,000 combatants, were actively fighting the occupation forces. Supported by the Special Operations Executive and the Office of Strategic Services that air-dropped weapons and supplies, as well as infiltrating agents like Nancy Wake who provided tactical advice and specialist skills like radio operation and demolition, they systematically sabotaged railway lines, destroyed bridges, cut German supply lines, and provided general intelligence to the allied forces. German anti-partisan operations claimed around 13,000-16,000 French victims, including 4,000 to 5,000 innocent civilians."}, {"context": " At the end of the war, some 580,000 French had died (40,000 of these by the western Allied forces during the bombardments of the first 48 hours of operation \"Overlord\"). Military deaths were 92,000 in 1939-40. Some 58,000 were killed in action from 1940 to 1945 fighting in the Free French forces. Some 40,000 \"malgr\u00e9-nous\" (\"against our will\"), citizens of re-annexed Alsace-Lorraine drafted into the Wehrmacht, became casualties. Civilian casualties amounted to around 150,000 (60,000 by aerial bombing, 60,000 in the resistance, and 30,000 murdered by German occupation forces). Prisoners of war and deportee totals were around 1.9 million. Of this, around 240,000 died in captivity. An estimated 40,000 were prisoners of war, 100,000 racial deportees, 60,000 political prisoners and 40,000 died as slave labourers."}, {"context": " The census for 1 April 1941 show 25,071,255 inhabitants in the occupied zone (with 14.2m in the unoccupied zone). This does not include the 1,600,000 prisoners of war, nor the 60,000 French workers in Germany or the departments of Alsace-Lorraine. The life of the French during the German occupation was marked, from the beginning, by endemic shortages. They are explained by several factors: Ersatz, or makeshift substitutes, took the place of many products that were in short supply; wood gas generators on trucks and automobiles burned charcoal or wood pellets as a substitute to gasoline, and wooden soles for shoes were used instead of leather. Soap was rare and made in some households from fats and caustic soda. Coffee was replaced by toasted barley mixed with chicory, and sugar with saccharin."}, {"context": " The Germans seized about 80 percent of the French food production, which caused severe disruption to the household economy of the French people. French farm production fell in half because of lack of fuel, fertilizer and workers; even so the Germans seized half the meat, 20 percent of the produce, and 80 percent of the Champagne. Supply problems quickly affected French stores which lacked most items. Faced with these difficulties in everyday life, the government answered by rationing, and creating food charts and tickets which were to be exchanged for bread, meat, butter and cooking oil. The rationing system was stringent but badly mismanaged, leading to malnourishment, black markets, and hostility to state management of the food supply. The official ration provided starvation level diets of 1,300 or fewer calories a day, supplemented by home gardens and, especially, black market purchases."}, {"context": " Hunger prevailed, especially affecting youth in urban areas. The queues lengthened in front of shops. In the absence of meat and other foods including potatoes, people ate unusual vegetables, such as Swedish turnip and Jerusalem artichoke. Food shortages were most acute in the large cities. In the more remote country villages, however, clandestine slaughtering, vegetable gardens and the availability of milk products permitted better survival. Some people benefited from the black market, where food was sold without tickets at very high prices. Farmers diverted especially meat to the black market, which meant that much less for the open market. Counterfeit food tickets were also in circulation. Direct buying from farmers in the countryside and barter against cigarettes were also frequent practices during this period. These activities were strictly forbidden, however, and thus carried out at the risk of confiscation and fines."}, {"context": " During the day, numerous regulations, censorship and propaganda made the occupation increasingly unbearable. At night, inhabitants had to abide a curfew and it was forbidden to go out during the night without an \"Ausweis\". They had to close their shutters or windows and turn off any light, to prevent Allied aircraft using city lights for navigation. The experience of the Occupation was a deeply psychologically disorienting one for the French as what was once familiar and safe suddenly become strange and threatening. Many Parisians could not get over the shock experienced when they first saw the huge swastika flags draped over the H\u00f4tel de Ville and flying on top of the Eiffel Tower. The British historian Ian Ousby wrote:"}, {"context": " Even today, when people who are not French or did not live through the Occupation look at photos of German soldiers marching down the Champs \u00c9lys\u00e9es or of Gothic-lettered German signposts outside the great landmarks of Paris, they can still feel a slight shock of disbelief. The scenes look not just unreal, but almost deliberately surreal, as if the unexpected conjunction of German and French, French and German, was the result of a Dada prank and not the sober record of history. This shock is merely a distant echo of what the French underwent in 1940: seeing a familiar landscape transformed by the addition of the unfamiliar, living among everyday sights suddenly made bizarre, no longer feeling at home in places they had known all their lives."}, {"context": " Ousby wrote that by the end of summer of 1940: \"And so the alien presence, increasingly hated and feared in private, could seem so permanent that, in the public places where daily life went on, it was taken for granted\". At the same time France was also marked by disappearances as buildings were renamed, books banned, art was stolen to be taken to Germany and as time went on, people started to vanish. With nearly inhabitants killed and tons of bombs dropped, France was, after Germany, the second most severely bomb-devastated country on the Western Front of World War II. Allied bombings were particularly intense before and during Operation Overlord in 1944."}, {"context": " The Allies' Transportation Plan aiming at the systematic destruction of French railway marshalling yards and railway bridges, in 1944, also took a heavy toll on civilian lives. For example, the 26 May 1944 bombing hit railway targets in and around five cities in south-eastern France, causing over 2,500 civilian deaths. Crossing the \"ligne de d\u00e9marcation\" between the north zone and the south zone also required an \"Ausweis\", which was difficult to acquire. People could write only to their family members, and this was only permissible using a pre-filled card where the sender checked off the appropriate words (e.g. 'in good health', 'wounded', 'dead', 'prisoner'). The occupied zone was on German time, which was one hour ahead of the unoccupied zone. Other policies implemented in the occupied zone but not in the free zone were a curfew from 10 p.m to 5 a.m, a ban on American films, the suppression of displaying the French flag and singing the \"Marseillaise\", and the banning of Vichy paramilitary organizations and the Veterans' Legion."}, {"context": " Schoolchildren were made to sing \"\"Mar\u00e9chal, nous voil\u00e0 !\"\" (\"Marshall, here we are!\"). The portrait of Marshal Philippe P\u00e9tain adorned the walls of classrooms, thus creating a personality cult. Propaganda was present in education to train the young people with the ideas of the new Vichy regime. However, there was no resumption in ideology as in other occupied countries, for example in Poland, where the teaching elite was liquidated. Teachers were not imprisoned and the programs were not modified overall. In the private Catholic sector, many school directors hid Jewish children (thus saving their life) and provided education for them until the Liberation."}, {"context": " One month after the occupation, the bi-monthly soldiers' magazine \"\" (\"The German Guide to Paris\") was first published by the Paris \"Kommandantur\", and became a success. Further guides, such as the \"Guide aryien\", counted e.g. the Moulin Rouge among the must-see locations in Paris. Famous clubs such as the Folies-Belleville or Bobino were also among the sought-after venues. A wide array of German units were rotated to France to rest and refit; the Germans used the motto \"\"Jeder einmal in Paris\"\" (\"everyone once in Paris\") and provided 'recreational visits' to the city for their troops. Various famous artists, such as Yves Montand, or later Les Compagnons de la chanson, started their careers during the occupation. Edith Piaf lived above L'\u00c9toile de Kl\u00e9ber, a famous bordello on the Rue Lauriston, which was near to the Carlingue headquarters and often frequented by German troops. The curfew in Paris was not upheld as strictly as in other cities."}, {"context": " The Django Reinhardt song \"Nuages\", performed by Reinhardt and the Quintet of the Hot Club of France in the Salle Pleyel, gained notoriety among both French and German fans. Reinhardt was even invited to play for the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht. The use and abuse of Paris in the visitations of German forces during the Second World War led to a backlash; the intensive prostitution during the occupation made way for the \"Loi de Marthe Richard\" in 1946, which closed the bordellos and reduced raunchy stage shows to mere dancing events."}, {"context": " During the German occupation, a forced labour policy, called \"Service du Travail Obligatoire\" (\"Obligatory work service, STO\"), consisted of the requisition and transfer of hundreds of thousands of French workers to Germany against their will, for the German war effort. In addition to work camps for factories, agriculture, and railroads, forced labour was used for V-1 launch sites and other military facilities targeted by the Allies in Operation Crossbow. Beginning in 1942, many refused to be drafted to factories and farms in Germany by the STO, going underground to avoid imprisonment and subsequent deportation to Germany. For the most part, those \"work dodgers\" (\"r\u00e9fractaires\") became \"maquisards\"."}, {"context": " There were German reprisals against civilians in occupied countries; in France, the Nazis built an execution chamber in the cellars of the former Ministry of Aviation building in Paris. Many Jews were victims of the Holocaust in France. Approximately 49 concentration camps were in use in France during the occupation, the largest of them at Drancy. In the occupied zone, as of 1942, Jews were required to wear the yellow badge and were only allowed to ride in the last carriage of the Paris M\u00e9tro. 13,152 Jews residing in the Paris region were victims of a mass arrest by pro-Nazi French authorities on 16 and 17 July 1942, known as the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup, and were transported to Auschwitz where they were killed."}, {"context": " Overall, according to a detailed count drawn under Serge Klarsfeld, slightly below 77,500 of the Jews residing in France died during the war, overwhelmingly after being deported to death camps. Out of a Jewish population in France in 1940 of 350,000, this means that somewhat less than a quarter died. While horrific, the mortality rate was lower than in other occupied countries (e.g. 75 percent in the Netherlands) and, because the majority of the Jews were recent immigrants to France (mostly exiles from Germany), more Jews lived in France at the end of the occupation than did approximately 10 years earlier when Hitler formally came to power."}, {"context": " The Liberation of France was the result of the Allied operations \"Overlord\" and \"Dragoon\" in the summer of 1944. Most of France was liberated by September 1944. Some of the heavily fortified French Atlantic coast submarine bases remained stay-behind \"fortresses\" until the German capitulation in May 1945. The Free French exile government declared the re-establishment of a provisional French Republic, ensuring continuity with the defunct Third Republic. It set about raising new troops to participate in the advance to the Rhine and the invasion of Germany, using the French Forces of the Interior as military cadres and manpower pools of experienced fighters to allow a very large and rapid expansion of the French Liberation Army (\"Arm\u00e9e fran\u00e7aise de la Lib\u00e9ration\"). Thanks to Lend-Lease, it was well equipped and well supplied despite the economic disruption brought by the occupation, and it grew from 500,000 men in the summer of 1944 to more than 1.3 million by V-E day, making it the fourth largest Allied army in Europe."}, {"context": " The French 2nd Armored Division, tip of the spear of the Free French forces that had participated in the Normandy Campaign and had liberated Paris on 25 August 1944, went on to liberate Strasbourg on 23 November 1944, thus fulfilling the Oath of Kufra made by General Leclerc almost four years earlier. The unit under his command, barely above company-size when it had captured the Italian fort, had grown into a full-strength armoured division. The spearhead of the Free French First Army, that had landed in Provence on 15 August 1944, was the I Corps. Its leading unit, the French 1st Armored Division, was the first Western Allied unit to reach the Rh\u00f4ne (25 August 1944), the Rhine (19 November 1944) and the Danube (21 April 1945). On 22 April 1945, it captured the Sigmaringen enclave in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, where the last Vichy regime exiles, including Marshal P\u00e9tain, were hosted by the Germans in one of the ancestral castles of the Hohenzollern dynasty.  Collaborators were put on trial in legal purges (\"\u00e9puration l\u00e9gale\"), and a number were executed for high treason, among them Pierre Laval, Vichy's prime minister in 1942-44. Marshal P\u00e9tain, \"Chief of the French State\" and Verdun hero, was also condemned to death (14 August 1945), but his sentence was commuted to life three days later. Thousands of collaborators were summarily executed by local Resistance forces in so-called \"savage purges\" (\"\u00e9puration sauvage\")."}]}, {"title": "Teton Gravity Research", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Teton Gravity Research (TGR) is an extreme sports media company based in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. The company was founded in 1996 by brothers Steve and Todd Jones, as well as friends Dirk Collins, Rick Armstrong, and Corey Gavitt. The group launched the company to create products that came from the perspective of athletes, showcased youth culture, and fostered the growth of high-risk action sports. TGR works closely with various athletes to create films, advertisements, products, and events that promote outdoor sports typically involving combinations of high elevations and speed, and requiring the highest athletic strength, skill, and judgment to avoid serious injury."}, {"context": " TGR productions have included athletes such as, Doug Coombs, Jeremy Jones, Tommy Moe, Rick Armstrong, Micah Black, Seth Morrison, Johan Olofsson, Jeremy Nobis, Tanner Hall, C.R. Johnson, J.P. Auclair, J.F. Cusson, Andy Irons, John John Florence, Sage Cattabriga-Alosa, Ian McIntosh, Travis Rice, Angel Collinson, Sammy Carlson, Ian Walsh, Jamie O'Brien, Wiley Miller, Xavier De Le Rue, Tom Burt, Chris Benchetler, Scotty Lago, Bryan Iguchi, Terje Haakonsen and Daron Rahlves. TGR has produced 32 award-winning action sports films rooted in skiing, snowboarding and surfing, and numerous original television broadcast series."}, {"context": " TGR is largely known for its \"Deeper\", \"Further\", \"Higher\" film trilogy, which continues TGR's focus on high-injury-risk extreme alpine sports. These three films showcase Jeremy Jones, who is a 10-time Snowboarder magazine \"Big Mountain Rider of the Year\" and the younger brother of TGR co-founders Steve and Todd Jones. Jeremy Jones revolutionized backcountry snowboarding with \"Deeper\", his 2010 ode to splitboarding and human-powered adventure. His 2012 sequel \"Further\" took him to the planet's most remote mountain ranges and earned him a nod as a 2013 National Geographic 'Adventurer of the Year'. His environmental advocacy work with Protect Our Winters won him recognition as one of President Barack Obama's 2013 'Champions of Change'. TGR released \"Higher\" in September 2014, which was filmed on location in Alaska, Wyoming, California, Massachusetts, and Nepal."}, {"context": " In April 2013, TGR became the official launch partner for the GSS C520, a camera platform which co-founder Todd Jones described as, \"the most advanced portable gyro stabilized system in the world.\" TGR produced a reel using footage the company shot while first using the GSS C520, which was recognized as a \"Vimeo Staff Pick.\" TGR markets to millions of people each year through its online platform, tetongravity.com. In addition to featuring TGR's athletes and films, the website offers advertising and editorial content, as well as extreme sports videos, stories, and photos contributed by community members."}, {"context": " TGR created a line of clothing rooted in youth culture and lifestyle of the extreme-sports athlete. TGR has produced national television commercials for brands such as Apple, Nissan, Jeep, Under Armour, Energizer and The North Face. TGR's creative direction, cinematography, early adoption of new technology, and experience filming in remote and extreme environments have made the company known for creating action-sports content, especially via aerial cinematography. On September 21, 2013, TGR awarded the largest cash prize in skiing history, $100,000, to Dale Talkington as the first-ever winner of The Co-Lab, an open source video contest in which skiers from around the world submitted video edits and fans voted online to determine the finalists. Dale Talkington's fellow finalists voted and Talkington was determined to be the winner."}, {"context": " TGR is known for producing action-sports films with environmental messages. The company is a key partner of 1% For The Planet and a member of Business for Innovative Climate & Energy Policy (BICEP), the Surfrider Foundation, and Protect Our Winters (which additionally was founded by TGR athlete Jeremy Jones.). Since its inception, TGR has produced television series for a range of networks and companies including NBC, Outside Television, Showtime, CarbonTV and Fuel TV. The company has also provided stock footage for clients including Red Bull Media House, The Weather Channel, Michelob, Apple, and HBO.  On March 5, 2014, Jeremy Jones and Teton Gravity Research were featured in an episode of \"60 Minutes Sports\"."}]}, {"title": "Zhengding Missionary Murder", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Zhengding Missionary Murder is an incident in which nine Catholic priests were kidnapped and killed in Zhengding, Hebei province, China on October 9, 1937. During the Sino-Japanese war, troops of the Japanese empire progressed to take in the city of Zhengding. Up to 5,000 local residents sought refuge from the local Bishop, Frans Schraven. Of those 5,000, it is estimated that 200 young women were amongst those seeking refuge, who were thought to be at risk of being abused as comfort women. The clergymen initially resisted the Japanese troops demands and were later abducted and according to reports burned alive. Besides Schraven, those who died were Fathers Gerard Wouters and Antoon Gerts (Netherlands), Father Thomas Ceska (Austria with Croatian heritage), Fathers Lucien Charny, Eugene-Antoine Bertrand, Andr\u00e9 Robial (France), Brother Wladislaw (Poland) and Anton Biskupits (Slovakia)."}, {"context": " The heroic act of the bishop and his priests has led to calls for his beatification and canonisation as patron saint for victims of sexual abuse. The Nantes France Diplomatic Archives holds an official document dated 13 February 1938, in which the Japanese embassy staff in Beijing, Morishima Morito writes to Francis Lacoste of the French Embassy in Beijing. The document reports the results of an investigation made by the Japanese government and describes the detailed and concrete measures taken by the Japanese army to protect the missionaries. In addition, the document alleges that the crime was committed by Chinese military stragglers, and not by Japanese soldiers. It says \"We have not found evidence to overturn the results even after the investigation was continued. Therefore, the Japanese government can not bear the responsibility for the incident.\"  A Dutch priest entered the locale three days after the incident and recorded the accounts of people there. \"A dozen robbers were all wearing a Japanese military uniform. Rather than a regiment hat, they were wearing a felt hat. (snip) They talked that they were Manchus of 'Red Beard', in other words bandits, and wanted the money to go back to the country.\""}]}, {"title": "Eccrisis plagiaticollis", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Eccrisis plagiaticollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1893."}]}, {"title": "Marek Kusto", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Marek Andrzej Kusto (born 29 April 1954 in Bochnia) is a retired Polish football player and manager. He played for several domestic and foreign clubs, including Wis\u0142a Krak\u00f3w, Legia Warsaw and KSK Beveren (Belgium), and for the Polish national team, participating in three consecutive World Cups: the 1974 FIFA World Cup, where Poland won the bronze medal; the 1978 FIFA World Cup; and 1982 FIFA World Cup, where Poland again won the bronze medal. He later worked as a coach for such clubs as Wis\u0142a Krak\u00f3w, Widzew \u0141\u00f3d\u017a and Arka Gdynia, among others."}]}, {"title": "2016 WHB Hungarian Open \u2013 Doubles", "paragraphs": [{"context": " This was the first edition of the tournament. Aliaksandr Bury and Andreas Siljestr\u00f6m won the title after defeating James Cerretani and Philipp Oswald 7\u20136, 6\u20134 in the final."}]}, {"title": "Sunbury and Lewistown Railroad", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Sunbury and Lewistown Railroad was a Class I Railroad connecting Lewistown, Pennsylvania with Sunbury, Pennsylvania.. Completed in 1874, the line was placed under an immediate lease by the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR), upon its completion. Although retaining its own board of directors and track maintenance, all locomotive traffic was owned by the PRR. For nearly a century, the line operated between Sunbury and Lewistown, serving as a relief line for both the Pennsylvania Main Line and Bald Eagle Valley Railroad through Williamsport, Pennsylvania. The line was noteworthy as a proving ground for new railroad technology in the United States, such as the \"X\"-shaped railroad crossing signs in 1917 (now nearly ubiquitous in the United States) and Pulse Code Cab Signaling technology in 1925. It is now a fallen flag railway, the name \"Sunbury and Lewistown\" having been phased out in 1901 when the line became part of the Pennsylvania Railroad's Sunbury Division."}, {"context": " In the mid-1860s, residents of Snyder County wanted to capitalize on the transportation and commerce possibilities of the recently constructed Northern Central Railway, which was located across the Susquehanna River in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. The Northern Central, completed in the 1850s, connected Sunbury to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, York, Pennsylvania, and Baltimore, Maryland, thus giving Snyder County a better connection to the surrounding region and beyond. To this end, the Middle Creek Railroad was formed in Selinsgrove in 1868, with the intention of planning, grading, and constructing a route. Without any ties to a major railroad, the Middle Creek Railroad only got as far as choosing the route and the completion of some grading before the company ran out of money and folded. The assets of the company were bought up and reorganized as the \"Sunbury and Lewistown Railroad\" in 1871."}, {"context": " With minimal financial backing (initially) from the Pennsylvania Railroad and Northern Central Railway, construction of the nearly 50-mile line continued at a slow pace for the next three years, with work progressing inward from both the eastern and western termini. The western group covered more territory, as the completion of the line's eastern end was contingent on the construction of the half-mile-long Selinsgrove Bridge spanning the Susquehanna River. The PRR signed a 99-year lease on the line in October 1871 and purchased half the outstanding stock of the line, and the entire line was completed in December 1871. Almost immediately, it became clear that the demand for such a line was not as high as its proprietors had anticipated, and the railroad ceased to operate."}, {"context": " The line was sold at sheriff's sale in May 1874, and reorganized as the Sunbury & Lewistown Railway on Feb. 1, 1876. The Pennsylvania Railroad, a lessor and major shareholder, assumed operation of the route. Thus, \"Sunbury and Lewistown\" functioned only in name for the most part - the rolling stock and motive power came from the Pennsylvania Railroad. Effective October 1, 1896, the shareholders of the Mifflin & Centre County Railroad Company and the Sunbury & Lewistown Railway Company approved the consolidation of the two companies into the Sunbury & Lewistown Railway Company. The Pennsylvania Railroad then executed a new 79-year operating lease."}, {"context": " Effective June 1, 1900, the Sunbury & Lewistown Railway Company and four other PRR-affiliated railroads merged into a new entity, the Schuylkill & Juniata Railroad Company. It was immediately leased to the Pennsy under a 20-year operating agreement. Effective April 1, 1902, the Schuylkill & Juniata Railroad Company was merged into the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Under PRR control, the line served as an important shortcut for moving Wilkes-Barre anthracite westward to Pittsburgh steel mills, avoiding Harrisburg, and for moving perishables to New York markets via an interchange with the Lehigh Valley Railroad at Mt. Carmel, avoiding both Harrisburg and Philadelphia. Freight traffic peaked on the line between 1900 and 1910, possibly in preparation for a planned (but canceled) PRR yard north of Selinsgrove in Shamokin Dam. Although the PRR bought a large tract of land planning for a yard or car shop, the proposed trunk yard was instead constructed at Northumberland, Pennsylvania in 1912, resulting in a loss of significance to the older route through Snyder County. Declining passenger numbers after the First World War led to a cancellation of all passenger traffic in January 1932, followed by a cessation of through traffic in the 1950s. The PRR sold its large tract to Pennsylvania Power & Light Co. for a new coal-fired power plant in 1945, to be served by both a PRR spur north from the S&L at a wye on the west end of the Susquehanna River Bridge and a spur south from the Reading Railroad at Clement Station, opposite Sunbury. Track between Maitland, Mifflin County, and Paxtonville, west of Middleburg, was removed in stages between 1958 and 1965. The remaining eastern segment, running west from Selinsgrove Junction (south of Sunbury) and then across the Susquehanna River to Paxtonville via Selinsgrove, was operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad until 1968, then came under the control of Penn Central (merger of the PRR and the New York Central), Conrail. The segment between Paxtonville and Kreamer, Pennsylvania was abandoned with the beginning of Conrail in April 1976. The remaining segment is operated today under the ownership of the Norfolk Southern Railway,which took over portions of Conrail in 1999. Conrail also operated the segment between Lewistown Junction and Maitland until the line, along with spurs to Milroy and an industrial parkm, were sold to the SEDA-COG Joint Rail Authority, and operation transferred to the Juniata Valley Railroad on August 19, 1996. Today, parts of the railroad grade between Kreamer and Maitland are still visible, though sixty years of development in the area have erased some segments."}, {"context": " Leaving south from the station at Sunbury, S&L traffic shared track with the Northern Central, which had been constructed a decade earlier. At Selinsgrove Junction station, on the east bank of the Susquehanna River, the line split, with the NCRR continuing south towards Harrisburg and the S&L crossing the River on the Selinsgrove Bridge. The original bridge over the river was wooden, but has been replaced several times since the opening of the line. The oldest segments of the current bridge date from 1888."}, {"context": " The line enters the borough of Selinsgrove on the Isle of Que, then crosses Penn's Creek on a smaller bridge into Selinsgrove proper, where the station still stands today, although it has not seen passenger traffic since the 1930s. Passing through what was once the industrial center of Selinsgrove, the line turns south, skirting around the edge of the campus Susquehanna University, where it turns west. West of Selinsgrove, several minor stations once existed that were closed in the late 1800s as they were not used enough to be financially viable. Winding its way through the Middle Creek (Penns Creek) valley, the route passed through the villages or towns of Clifford, Kreamer, Middleburg, Pennsylvania, Paxtonville (known to the railroad for a brief period as \"Benfer\"), Beavertown, Beaver Springs, Pennsylvania and McClure, before arcing to the southwest to follow Jacks Creek into Mifflin County, Pennsylvania. In Mifflin County, the railroad passed through Wagner, Shindle and Maitland before entering Lewistown from the east. The S&L track was laid directly onto Chestnut Street, connecting with the Pennsylvania Railroad for the final leg to Lewistown. One average the route took a little over an hour to complete, but a special train run shortly after the line's opening in 1871 made it from Sunbury to Lewistown in under forty five minutes."}]}, {"title": "Bistrit\u0326a (Siret)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Bistri\u021ba (; sometimes referred to as Bistri\u021ba Moldovean\u0103) is a river in the Romanian regions of Maramure\u0219, Bukovina and Moldavia (most of its length). It is a right tributary of the river Siret. Near Bac\u0103u it flows into the Siret. Its source is in the Rodna Mountains, at the foot of the G\u00e2rgal\u0103u peak. It flows through the counties Bistri\u021ba-N\u0103s\u0103ud, Suceava, Neam\u021b and Bac\u0103u. The towns Vatra Dornei, Bicaz, Piatra Neam\u021b, Roznov, Buhu\u0219i and Bac\u0103u lie along the Bistri\u021ba. The Bistri\u021ba is 283\u00a0km long, and its basin area is 7039\u00a0km\u00b2."}, {"context": " The upper reach is also known as Bistri\u021ba Aurie (). The following dams have been constructed on the river Bistri\u021ba: The following towns and villages are situated along the river Bistri\u021ba, from source to mouth: \u0218esuri, C\u00e2rlibaba Nou\u0103, Valea St\u00e2nei, Boto\u0219, Cioc\u0103ne\u0219ti, Iacobeni, Argestru, Vatra Dornei, Coz\u0103ne\u0219ti, Ortoaia, Gheorghi\u021beni, Rusca, Sun\u0103tori, , Cojoci, Satu Mare, Crucea, Holda, Holdi\u021ba, Bro\u0219teni, Lungeni, Frasin, M\u0103dei, P\u00e2r\u00e2ul C\u00e2rjei, Borca, Soci, P\u00e2r\u00e2ul P\u00e2ntei, Bu\u0219mei, Farca\u0219a, Pope\u0219ti, Frumosu, P\u00e2r\u00e2ul Fagului, S\u0103vine\u0219ti, Galu, Poiana Teiului, Topoliceni, Ro\u0219eni, Poiana Largului, C\u0103lug\u0103reni, Bistricioara, Ceahl\u0103u, Chiri\u021beni, Groz\u0103ve\u0219ti, Buhalni\u021ba, Rugine\u0219ti, Izvoru Alb, Bicaz, Cap\u0219a, Tarc\u0103u, Straja, Oan\u021bu, P\u00e2ng\u0103ra\u021bi, Preluca, Vaduri, Vii\u0219oara, Ag\u00e2rcia, Doamna, Piatra Neam\u021b, V\u0103leni, Cut, Dumbrava Ro\u0219ie, Br\u0103\u0219\u0103u\u021bi, S\u0103vine\u0219ti, Roznov, \u0218ovoaia, Z\u0103ne\u0219ti, Ruseni, Podoleni, Rediu, Costi\u0219a, Frunzeni, Buhu\u0219i, Bl\u0103ge\u0219ti, Racova, Buda, Gura V\u0103ii, G\u00e2rlenii de Sus, G\u00e2rleni, Ite\u0219ti, Lilieci, Bac\u0103u, Galbeni"}, {"context": " The following rivers are tributaries to the river Bistri\u021ba: Left: B\u00e2rjaba, Vulc\u0103nescu, \u0218es, Tinosu Mare, Iurescu, Bretila, \u021aib\u0103u, C\u00e2rlibaba, Afinetu, Valea St\u00e2nei, Andronic, Boto\u0219, Grop\u0103ria, Oi\u021ba, Brezu\u021ba, Fieru, Argestru, Chilia, Biliceni, Gheorghi\u021beni, Rusca, St\u00e2ni\u0219oara, C\u0103line\u0219ti, Frumu\u0219ana, Izvorul Arseneasa, Colbu, Arama, Chiril, Cojoci, Fieru, P\u00e2r\u00e2ul Fagului, Izvorul Casei, Le\u0219u, Puzdra (or Holda), Holdi\u021ba, Cot\u00e2rga\u0219i, Pietroasa, S\u0103ba\u0219a (or Sabasa), F\u0103rca\u0219a, Galu, Largu, St\u00e2na, V\u00e2rlanu, Lete\u0219ti, Hangu, Buhalni\u021ba, Potoci, Cap\u0219a, P\u00e2ng\u0103ra\u021bi, P\u00e2ng\u0103r\u0103cior, Cuejdiu, Crac\u0103u, C\u00e2lne\u0219, Rom\u00e2ni, Le\u021bcana, Racova"}, {"context": " Right: Putreda, Tomnatecu Mare, Tomnatecu Mic, Bila, Lala, Rotunda, Izvorul \u0218es, Zacla, Rusaia, M\u0103gura, Fundoaia, St\u00e2ni\u0219oara, Valea B\u00e2tcii, G\u00e2ndac, Diaca, Humor, Scoru\u0219, P\u00e2r\u00e2ul Rece, Suh\u0103rzelu Mic, Suh\u0103rzelu Mare, Tisa, Ciotina, Haju, Dorna, Neagra \u0218arului, Arina\u0219, Coz\u0103ne\u0219ti, Ortoaia, Bol\u0103t\u0103u, Rusca, O\u0219oiu, Sun\u0103tori, Valea Lutului, Izvoru R\u0103u, B\u00e2rn\u0103rel, P\u00e2r\u00e2ul Cornului, P\u00e2r\u00e2ul Ciucului, B\u00e2rnaru, C\u0103boaia, Neagra Bro\u0219teni, Borca, Stejaru, Dreptu, Ruseni, Zahorna, Ro\u0219eni, P\u00e2r\u00e2ul Duruitorilor, Bistricioara, Schitu, R\u0103pciuni\u021ba, \u021aiflic, Valea Str\u00e2mtorilor, Izvorul Alb, Secu, Izvoru Muntelui, Co\u0219u\u0219na, Bicaz, Crasni\u021ba, Crasna, Potoci, Tarc\u0103u, Oan\u021bul, Secu-Vaduri River, R\u00e2ul Gr\u0103dinii, Ag\u00e2rcia, Doamna, Neam\u021b, P\u00e2r\u00e2ul M\u0103n\u0103stirii, Afini\u0219ul, Sasca, Calul, Iapa, Mastac\u0103n, Nechitu, Poloboc, Dragova, Bl\u0103ge\u0219ti, Buda, Trebe\u0219"}]}, {"title": "39th meridian", "paragraphs": [{"context": " 39th meridian may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Koto Station", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kot'o Station is a railway station in Hwangch'o-rodongjagu, Changjin County, South Hamgy\u014fng province, North Korea on the Changjin Line of the Korean State Railway. There is a spur from the station to a factory. The station was opened on 1 November 1934 by the Sinh\u016dng Railway as part of the second section of its Changjin Line between Samg\u014f and Kujin. The Sinh\u016dng Railway was bought and absorbed by the Chosen Railway on 22 April 1938."}]}, {"title": "St Matthias' Church, Burley", "paragraphs": [{"context": " St Matthias' Church is an Anglican church in Burley, Leeds, West Yorkshire. The church was completed in 1854 and the north aisle and west porch were added in 1886. It is a Grade II* listed building. The church was funded by banker John Smith, and its spire by William Beckett. The architects were the Leeds firm of Perkins & Backhouse, who also built St Peter's Bramley. Work began in 1853 by Headingley builder Thomas Moxon, while the church's woodwork and wood carving were crafted by Messrs Winn and Pawson. The font, tablet and all architectural sculpture were executed by Robert Mawer.  In 1886, alterations were made to increase its capacity from 450 to 650 to serve the growing population. Burley had undergone a significant expansion in the intervening years caused mainly by the industrial revolution and sale of land for building to the south and west of the church by the Earl of Cardigan. St Matthias' Church stands in the Charismatic tradition of the Church of England. In the summer of 2018, Burley St Matthias merged with Riverside Church."}]}, {"title": "Three Kings (Family Guy)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"Three Kings\", alternatively spelled \"3 Kings\", is the 15th episode in the seventh season of the American animated television series \"Family Guy\". It originally aired on Fox in the United States on May 10, 2009. The episode is split into three segments, parodying films based on three Stephen King stories: \"Stand by Me\", \"Misery\" and \"The Shawshank Redemption\". The episode was written by Alec Sulkin and directed by Dominic Bianchi. The episode received mostly positive reviews for its break from the usual storyline in the series, in addition to receiving some criticism from the Parents Television Council. According to Nielsen ratings, it was viewed in 6.47 million homes in its original airing. The episode featured guest performances by Richard Dreyfuss, Roy Scheider and George Wendt, along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series."}, {"context": " The episode opens with Peter sitting in a study, explaining that \"Lois has been bitching that I watch too much TV and don't read enough books.\" He then picks out three novels by \"the greatest author of the last thousand years\", Stephen King, and proceeds to share them with the viewer. In the summer of 1955, four 12-year-old boys \u2014 Petey LaChance (Peter, with Richard Dreyfuss's voice in his head narrating the story), Quag Chambers (Quagmire), Joey Duchamp (Joe with Roy Scheider's voice in his head, who starts talking with Dreyfuss until Joe stops them), and Cleve Brown (Cleveland) \u2014 set out to find a dead body in the woods, following a set of railroad tracks to find it. At the start of their trip, they try going through Old Man Pressman's (Stewie) junkyard, only to be chased out by Pressman and his dog Chopper (Brian). As they travel further down the tracks, they are chased across a bridge by a train, which ends up running over Joey's legs, as does another train that follows closely behind, which effectively cripples him. The others end up going all the way back to Pressman's junkyard to get him a wheelchair."}, {"context": " Upon finding the body (which turns out to be Meg Griffin), they are confronted by the town bully Ace (Mayor West) and his gang, consisting of Beast-Man, Mer-Man, and Norm from \"Cheers\", who come to take credit for finding the body. Ace threatens the boys with a knife, but Petey pulls out a gun to intimidate Ace, who swears he will come back for revenge and could get a gun tomorrow. However, since their next meeting will be inevitable, as they live in the same neighborhood, Petey lets Ace have the body to avoid further consequences. Upon returning home, the boys go their separate ways; Joey comes to terms with being crippled and creates a new wheelchair rugby game called \"Don't-Feel-Sorry-For-Us-Ball\", Cleve grows up to marry Rebecca Romijn (who is the real-life wife of Jerry O'Connell, who played the character of \"the fat kid\" in the actual film), and Quag grows up to become a famous Hollywood actor who eventually dies of a drug overdose (a reference to the fact River Phoenix, who played Chris Chambers in the actual film, went the same way and the unseen adult version of Chris dies, but in a different manner), while Petey's fate becomes a mystery."}, {"context": " Famed writer Paul Sheldon (Brian) has just finished his latest and final installment in his series entitled \"Snuggly Jeff\", a series of children's books in which he kills off the titular character so he can focus on more serious work, despite objections from his agent, Marcia (Lois). While driving through a snowstorm, Paul accidentally hits Stephen King with his car, causing Paul to swerve off the road and crash into a snowbank. Paul is knocked unconscious in his car, while King, thrown aside by the impact, manages to conceive and write an entire novel in midair before hitting the ground completely unscathed."}, {"context": " Paul is rescued by Stewie Wilkes (Stewie), Paul's self-proclaimed number-one fan, who takes the injured Paul to his/her remote cabin. Upon finding and reading the manuscript of Paul's latest \"Snuggly Jeff\" book, Stewie is infuriated about the main character's death and forces Paul to rewrite it and bring Snuggly Jeff back to life, holding him hostage until he manages to do so. Stewie rejects the idea of bringing Snuggly Jeff back to life with a child's wish, calling it bad storytelling and comparing it to a plot hole in the film \"Contact\"."}, {"context": " After sending Stewie out for more paper, Paul finds several news articles in an album that imply Wilkes is actually a serial killer. Just then, the local sheriff (Joe) appears, and is surprised to find Paul there. Before he can help him, however, Stewie blows his legs off with a shotgun. The sheriff then complains that he will now have to spend the rest of his life in a wheelchair, only to be shot again and killed by Stewie. Paul finally finishes the book and demands Stewie let him go, but Stewie refuses, knowing he could try to turn him/her in to the police and tell them s/he kidnapped him, held him hostage, and fondled him in his sleep, which Paul did not know originally. Paul's ultimate fate is left ambiguous as the story ends with a \"Magnum, P.I.\"-style credits roll."}, {"context": " Back in Peter's study, Peter begins to describe the iconic sequence in \"The Shining\" in which Danny Torrance steers his tricycle through the halls, asking \"Can't you see Stewie doing that?\" but tricks the audience by finishing with \"Well, here's the Shawshank Redemption\". Andy Dufresne (Peter) is sent to Shawshank Prison, though none of the inmates think much of him, particularly Red (Cleveland, who narrates the story). A month passes before Andy literally says two words to Red (\"Vagina boob\"), and later asks him for a rock hammer, claiming he carves \"Star Wars\" figurines out of stone. He also suggests in a poorly veiled manner that he will use the hammer to tunnel out of the prison. Andy and Red end up becoming fast friends, and Red provides him with the rock hammer. One day, the prison's stern warden Samuel Norton (Carter) takes a liking to Andy's figurines and offers to sell them so he can take all the money for himself, crippling Bogs (Joe), one of the inmates who had raped Andy in the shower, as a sign of good will (despite Andy saying that he liked him). Andy is then given permission to clean Norton's office, and, while doing so, plays a record of \"Hollaback Girl\" across the whole prison, which utterly confuses all the inmates and infuriates Norton, who calls Andy into his office and places him in solitary confinement for two months after Andy indirectly insults him."}, {"context": " Afterward, Andy grows determined to escape from Shawshank, and informs Red that he is going to Zihuatanejo in Mexico, telling him that if he should ever get out of prison, he should go to a hayfield in Buxton, Maine, and there will be a volcanic rock, and a gift for him under it. During an inspection the next day, Andy has disappeared without a trace. In a fury, Norton throws one of Andy's rocks at a suggestive poster of David Cassidy on the wall of Andy's cell, tearing a hole through Cassidy's rectum. Norton then pulls the poster off, discovering a tunnel that Andy had made his escape through the night before. Andy is then shown breaking into a sewage pipe while Norton is distracted by watching an episode of \"Friends\", allowing him to crawl out to freedom. Sometime later, Red is brought before a parole board and complains that the concept of rehabilitation is just a way for the board members to make themselves feel important, and declares he will start killing people as soon as he is released; for no apparent reason, Red is put on parole anyway and released from Shawshank. Red goes to the field in Buxton with the volcanic rock to fulfill his promise to Andy, finding a box beneath the rock containing money and a postcard asking if he remembers the name of the Mexican village Andy told him about; unfortunately, to Red's annoyance, he does not. Andy is then shown preparing a boat on a beach in Zihuatanejo, eagerly waiting for Red to arrive, though Red never does."}, {"context": " At the end of the show, Peter thanks Stephen King and says they will see him in court, then tells the viewers to \"stay tuned for whatever FOX is limping to the barn with.\" In his second episode for the season, the first being \"Stew-Roids\", the episode was written by series regular Alec Sulkin, and directed by Dominic Bianchi before the conclusion of the seventh production season. It was the last episode to be handdrawn in animatics. The three stories were chosen, according to series creator Seth MacFarlane, mostly due to their \"iconic\" movie stature. Before producing the episode, writer Stephen King was approached by the \"Family Guy\" production team to create the episode, and obtain his written permission to create it; with King agreeing to allow the show to create the parody. King later stated that he enjoyed the episode and found it funny."}, {"context": " In addition to the regular cast, actor Richard Dreyfuss, actor Roy Scheider (who recorded his part in the episode shortly before his death in February 2008), and actor George Wendt guest starred in the episode. Recurring guest voice actors Chris Cox, actor Ralph Garman, writer Danny Smith, writer Alec Sulkin, and writer John Viener also made minor appearances. Actor Adam West guest starred in the episode as well. In its original airing in the United States, \"Three Kings\" was watched by 6.47 million homes and acquired a 3.2 rating in the 18\u201349 demographic, beating \"The Simpsons\", \"American Dad!\" and \"King of the Hill\". The Parents Television Council named \"Family Guy\" the Worst TV Show of the Week because of the episode's \"violence, sexual references and contribution to the coarsening of contemporary culture.\""}, {"context": " The episode received generally positive reviews from television sources and critics. Ahsan Haque of IGN rated the episode an 8.4/10, calling the change of pace from the show's usual random storytelling \"pleasant\". The \"Misery\" segment was criticized as being flat, but was made up for by the other two, particularly \"The Shawshank Redemption\". Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club gave it a B- and called the \"Stand by Me\" story \"too earnest to turn into much of a comic romp\" and that the gags in \"The Shawshank Redemption\" were \"too expected\". He called \"Misery\" a \"hoot\", stating: \"Anything where Brian is held in the palm of diabolical Stewie works wonders for me\"."}]}, {"title": "Noen Kum", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Noen Kum () is a subdistrict (\"tambon\") in the Bang Krathum district of Phitsanulok Province, Thailand. Noen Kum borders Wat Ta Yom to the north, Amphoe Wang Thong to the north-east, Phichit Province to the south and south-east, Phai Lom to the west and Nakhon Pa Mak to the north-west. Noen Kum lies within the Nan Basin, which is part of the Chao Phraya Watershed. The Wat Ta Yom River flows through Noen Kum. The subdistrict is subdivided into 11 smaller divisions called (\"muban\"), which roughly correspond to the villages in Noen Kum. There are 7 villages, several of which occupy multiple muban. Noen Kum is administrated by a Tambon administrative organization (TAO). The muban in Noen Kum are enumerated as follows:  The economy of Noen Kum is almost entirely based on rice farming and other agriculture. Noen Kum is home to the following seven temples:"}]}, {"title": "Nu'tenut", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The chief god of the Chukchi peoples. In Chukchi religious lore, Nu'tenut lived in a house built of iron. His retinue of attendants included the spirits of the earth, of light and darkness, of the sea, the sun, the moon and the sky."}]}, {"title": "LFNG", "paragraphs": [{"context": " LFNG \"O\"-fucosylpeptide 3-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, also known as LFNG and Lunatic Fringe, is a human gene. This gene encodes a member of the glycosyltransferase superfamily. The encoded protein is a single-pass type II Golgi membrane protein that functions as a fucose-specific glycosyltransferase, adding an N-acetylglucosamine to the fucose residue of a group of signaling receptors involved in regulating cell fate decisions during development. Mutations in this gene have been associated with autosomal recessive spondylocostal dysostosis 3. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different isoforms have been described, however, not all variants have been fully characterized."}, {"context": " Lunatic Fringe (Lfng) is a gene whose role in embryonic development is to establish the anterior boundary of somites, which will eventually develop in vertebrae, ribs, and dermis. Lunatic Fringe responds to certain threshold ratios of retinoic acid and FGF-8 in order to mark the anterior boundary of somites while another transcription factor, Hairy, responds to different threshold ratios of retinoic acid and FGF-8 to form the posterior boundaries of somites. A defect associated with Lfng mutations is spondylocostal dysostosis. Spondylocostal dysostosis is characterized by segmentation problems in the developing vertebrae resulting in fusion or lack of vertebrae along with abnormalities in the ribs. Clinically, spondylocostal dysostosis presents as a shortened neck and trunk relative total height and a mild form of scoliosis. Respiratory problems are also common in spondylocostal dysostosis because of the shortened trunk."}, {"context": " A knockout model for Lfng has been created in mice, and without Lfng, mice have shorter tails, and impaired rib, lung, and somite development. A deficiency of Lfng in male mice has also been associated with lack of spermatozoa in the epididymis of many mice; however, spermatogenesis was not impaired. Rather, the male mice were subfertile. In female mice, Lfng deficiency led to infertility because of abnormal folliculogenesis. Further examination showed that oocytes from these female mice did not complete meiotic maturation. However, there are other studies that contradict this stating that not all female mile deficient of Lfng are infertile. A possible explanation for this difference between these studies is that the Lfng alleles were functional different, however, this is unlikely. More likely is that this discrepancy results from differences in the genetic background of the mice or husbandry and colony conditions."}, {"context": " Lunatic Fringe is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the development of the somites. Somites give rise to the skeletal muscle, the axial skeleton, the tendons, and the dorsal dermis. The somites are formed via the clock-wave front model, and as each somite is formed, each cell receives a burst of FGF8 (a signaling molecule). Somites are formed anterior to posterior, and since FGF8 has a short half-life, this leads to a greater concentration of FGF8 in the posterior, and a lesser concentration in the anterior. Lunatic fringe responds to the lower concentration of FGF8 in the anterior and leads these cells to their developmental fate. Mutation of the Lunatic Fringe gene can cause severe Spondylocostal Dysostosis, which involves vertebral segmentation defects and rib abnormalities. A mutation was discovered in which a conservative phenylalanine close to the active site of the enzyme mutates, leading to the enzymatic inactivation of Lunatic Fringe. A \u201cknock-out\u201d model has been created using mice. In mice, Lunatic Fringe plays a crucial role in the Notch signaling pathway during the formation of somites, and a mutation in this gene leads to somites with irregular shapes and a defect in the anterior-posterior formation."}]}, {"title": "Toxidia peron", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Toxidia peron, the large dingy skipper or dingy grass-skipper, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria. The wingspan is about 30\u00a0mm. The larvae feed on \"Stenotaphrum secundatum\", \"Gahnia sieberiana\", \"Lomandra\" species, \"Dianella caerulea\" and other \"Dianella\" species."}]}, {"title": "Kaihon Kug, Arizona", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kaihon Kug, also historically known as Old Quijotoa Well, is a populated place situated in Pima County, Arizona. Kaihon Kug became officially recognized as its name by a decision of the Board on Geographic Names (BGN) in 1941. The name means \"box stands\" in the O'odham language, although \"kaihon\" is a borrowed word from the Spanish, \"cajon\". At the time of the BGN decision, there was some discussion as to the spelling of the two words; the board decided to use the O'odham spelling for Kaihon, and chose Kug, rather than Kuk, to diminish any confusion with the O'odham word for \"cries\". It has an estimated elevation of above sea level."}]}, {"title": "Chae Sang-byung", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Chae Sang-byung (; born December 18, 1979 in Seoul) is a former South Korean catcher who played for the Hanwha Eagles, Doosan Bears, and Samsung Lions in the Korea Baseball Organization. Chae attended Yonsei University in Seoul, South Korea. In 1999, as a sophomore, he made his first appearance for the South Korea national baseball team, and competed in international matches for three-consecutive years until graduation. In 2001, Chae competed in the Asian Baseball Championship held in Taiwan, and led his team to the silver medal. He was finally named to the All-Star team of the competition."}, {"context": " Signed by the Hanwha Eagles in January 2002, Chae remained on the first-team roster in his first professional year. In October 2002, he was selected for the South Korea national baseball team that finished runner-up at the 2002 Intercontinental Cup in Havana, Cuba. In Team Korea's second game in the round robin phase, Chae hit a solo home run in the 4th inning to lead his team to an 11-4 victory over Brazil. However, he played in only 29 games in his rookie season and 25 games in . At the end of 2003, Chae was traded to the Doosan Bears, but still, he hardly got opportunities to play, serving as backup to Hong Sung-Heon."}, {"context": " After the season, he temporarily left the Doosan Bears for the military service, and spent two seasons for the duty. Returned to the Doosan Bears in , Chae filled in as a starting catcher for Hong Sung-Heon who went on the disabled list. In the middle of the 2007 season, Hong came back from his injury, but Bears\u2019 manager Kim Kyung-Moon allowed Chae to compete with Hong for the starting job, and amid much controversy the manager Kim named Chae the starter for the rest of the season. On September 25, Chae hit an inside-the-park grand slam, which was the 3rd in the KBO league history. He finished the 2007 season, his first KBO season as a starting catcher, batting a career-high .237 with 7 home runs and 30 RBIs in 91 games. After the 2007 season, he was selected to be a reserve member of the South Korean national team for the 2007 Asian Baseball Championship."}, {"context": " In the season, Chae played in 112 games as a starting catcher, setting career-highs in hits (73) and RBI (42), but struggled at the plate, batting .215 with 5 home runs. Due to the poor offensive performance in the previous year and a persistent shoulder injury, Chae started the season in the second (reserve) team of the Bears. On July 16, he was eventually traded to the Samsung Lions. Chae finished the 2009 season with a disappointing batting average of .178 and 2 home runs, appearing in only 49 games as a platoon or backup catcher."}]}, {"title": "Mlada\u0301 Voz\u030cice", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Mlad\u00e1 Vo\u017eice is a town in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic about 17\u00a0km north-east of T\u00e1bor. The town originated from a settlement around a royal castle built on a hill and is known to have two churches as early as Charles IV's period. According to local resources, the castle was erected by Prince Spytihn\u011bv's order to house silver from the nearby mines. One of the earliest owners of the town might have been Stanim\u00edr z Vo\u017eice (Ztanimirum de Bazychce), as known from a 1273 written resource. The town then belonged to several dynasties, one of which gave the town its coat of arms: a tower set on fortification walls with two coats of arms on the sides."}, {"context": " Vo\u017eice goods were probably owned by the royal chamber but were frequently pawned or lent to feudal lords for services to the king. One of the first ones was Vil\u00e9m of Vo\u017eice who possessed the estate until 1318. From 1318 to 1425 Vo\u017eice was owned by the lords of Land\u0161tejn, Janovice, Orl\u00edk, Prague and Ronov houses. In March 1420, after the Battle of Sudom\u011b\u0159, Vo\u017eice was occupied by about 2000 horse riders led by Mike\u0161 Div\u016f\u010dek of Jemni\u0161t\u011b, the master of the Kutn\u00e1 Hora mint. On Great Friday morning, 1420, Jan \u017di\u017eka attacked the town and set it on fire. Many lords were captured or killed and just those who had escaped to the castle got away with their lives. \u017di\u017eka also seized a lot of horses for his army."}, {"context": " In September 1425, commander Jan Hv\u011bzda of V\u00edcemilice aka Bzdinka conquered the castle after five weeks' besiegement. He had the castle destroyed and the town was attached to Vla\u0161im. Mlad\u00e1 Vo\u017eice was then owned by many feudal houses, of which P\u0159eho\u0159ov\u0161t\u00ed of Kvasejovice had a chapel built on top of a hill from the castle ruins in 1646. In 1678 the estate changed owners for the K\u00fcenburgs, who adjoined other smaller possessions in the area and established it a hereditary estate. Long before 1848 and up to the 1860s, German was spoken among the rich while Czech was only spoken by the common people, who just strived to make a decent living. However, the first signs of community life in Mlad\u00e1 Vo\u017eice can be observed as early as late 18th and early 19th centuries but the highlight came after the events of 1848, which marked a breakthrough in the Czech national development. After 1860 the town's teachers and clerks, who had arrived after the school enlargement and establishment of a regional office, tax office and financial pension control, enlivened the town. The ideals of the new national life were also brought to Mlad\u00e1 Vo\u017eice by students from their schools and cities."}, {"context": " In 1862 the choir \"Vlastislav\" was founded by the patriotic teacher \u010ce\u0148ek Sedm\u00edk. At that time a \"Reading Club\" strived in the town but later it ceased to exist. Obviously, the national and cultural initiatives came mainly from the immigrant intelligence. For example, the local theatre club established in 1865 was run by educated people including immigrants. In 1875, the Voluntary Fire Brigade was established. It has expanded since, built a large fire brigade garage in 1945 and at present runs four large fire engines. One year later, the \"Vo\u017eice Academics Club\" was founded, focusing especially on re-establishing the library after the Reading Club and performing plays."}, {"context": " The magazine \"Vo\u017ei\u010dan\" (Vo\u017eice citizen) was issued in 1884 and the young generation published the hand-written magazine \"Pot\u011br\" (Spawn). 1885 was marked by the founding of the gymnastics organization Sokol. Josef Joachimsthal, the steward of the K\u00fcenburg estate, tried hard to bring railroad to the town from T\u00e1bor. Although negotiations were held until the period of the Czechoslovak Republic, they failed and postal bus transport was established instead in 1921, which was taken over by the Czechoslovak State Railways in 1945 and by \u010cSAD company (the Czechoslovak Automobile Transport) in 1949."}, {"context": " There used to be a district court in Mlad\u00e1 Vo\u017eice, a forestry administration office, a tax office, a gendarme office, a financial pension control, a chemist, two physicians, two veterinarians and a gelder, a notary, two lawyers, two taxis, two hotels, six pubs with three skittles, and three cartmen. There also was an almshouse, a poor hospital, an orphanage, a post office and the cinema \"Legie\" (Legion) of the Czech Legionary club. There were four small savings banks and representatives of 4 insurance companies. Mlad\u00e1 Vo\u017eice held annual markets, monthly markets and cattle markets, and Thursday piglet markets."}, {"context": " The citizens of Mlad\u00e1 Vo\u017eice and surroundings were employed mainly on the count farm, at the sawmill, brickyard, brewery and fish hatchery, they worked on other farms in the area, local distilleries but also in the Vo\u017eice quarry, slaughterhouse, agricultural cooperative and granary, mills, state stud farm or were employed in the forest administration. After 1918 there were also two car repair services, a hosiery mill, laundry and pressing shop as well as a steam power plant, which was later taken over by the company Jiho\u010desk\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny (South Bohemian power plants] in Mydlovary near \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice. By 1945 there were 74 various craftsmen and 37 various shops in the town. There was also a small furniture factory and two building companies."}, {"context": " Mlad\u00e1 Vo\u017eice citizens made a living by cutting wood for households, bringing water from the fountains, and picking fruit. In the 19th and early 20th centuries they went to work to the gold mine Roudn\u00fd. Apart from the above mentioned jobs they found seasonal and round-the-year ones all over the republic and before around Austria\u2013Hungary. The town and neighbourhood of Mlad\u00e1 Vo\u017eice was a purely agricultural area until 1945, and the change towards industrialization only began after the liberation. Until 1947 Mlad\u00e1 Vo\u017eice had been a court district in the political district of T\u00e1bor which occupied an area of 268 km2 and had 17422 inhabitants in 141 villages and remote settlements, associated in 39 political municipalities. It had two towns, Mlad\u00e1 Vo\u017eice and , and one township (formerly , before that Kamberk). It ranked among the purest Czech regions by nationality.  Since 1949, after the change in the political and state system, Mlad\u00e1 Vo\u017eice was included in the newly established district of in Prague region. After the land reorganization of 1960 Mlad\u00e1 Vo\u017eice fell under the district of T\u00e1bor in South Bohemian Region. In 1975-1980 small villages and hamlets were unified with the town of Mlad\u00e1 Vo\u017eice under one national committee (i.e. town council as used between 1945-1990) but after 1989 some of the villages recovered their independence."}]}, {"title": "Methylhydroxynandrolone", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Methylhydroxynandrolone (MOHN, MHN), also known as 4-hydroxy-17\u03b1-methyl-19-nortestosterone, as well as 4,17\u03b2-dihydroxy-17\u03b1-methylestr-4-en-3-one, is a synthetic, orally active anabolic\u2013androgenic steroid (AAS) and a 17\u03b1-alkylated derivative of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone) which was never marketed. It was first described in 1964, but was not developed for clinical use. The drug re-emerged in 2004 when it started being sold on the Internet as a \"dietary supplement\". MOHN joined other AAS as a controlled substance in the United States on 20 January 2005."}, {"context": " MOHN is non-aromatizable due to the presence of a hydroxy group at the C4 position, and for this reason, poses no risk of estrogenic side effects like gynecomastia at any dosage, unlike many other AAS. 5\u03b1-Reduction is also inhibited by the C4 hydroxy group of MOHN and, because of this, MOHN may have a relatively higher ratio of androgenic to anabolic activity than other nandrolone derivatives (as 5\u03b1-reduction, opposite to the case of most other AAS, \"decreases\" AAS potency for most nandrolone derivatives). Early assays found that MOHN had approximately 13 times the anabolic activity and 3 times the androgenic activity of methyltestosterone.  MOHN is the 4-hydroxylated derivative of normethandrone (17\u03b1-methyl-19-nortestosterone), the 17\u03b1-methylated derivative of oxabolone (4-hydroxy-19-nortestosterone), the 4-hydroxylated and 17\u03b1-methylated derivative of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone), and the 19-demethylated analogue of oxymesterone (4-hydroxy-17\u03b1-methyltestosterone)."}]}, {"title": "Kevin Kangas", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kevin Kangas is an American film maker. He is a screenwriter and director of horror films and films about serial killers. Many of his films have been shot in his home state of Maryland."}]}, {"title": "Aliff Dalam 7 Dimensi", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Aliff Dalam 7 Dimensi is a 2016 Malaysian action horror-comedy film directed by Faizal Ishak written by Anwari Ashraf and Ashraf Zain and produced by Anwari Ashraf Hashim and Syahrul I. Shariffuddin . It stars Izzue Islam ,Juliana Evans, Alif Satar, Man Kadir, Hasnul Rahmat, Kaka Azraff and Aleza Shadan.The film was also executive produced by Najwa Abu Bakar and co-executive produced by Gayatri Su-Lin Pillai and Imillya Irwani Roslan."}]}, {"title": "Batilly, Orne", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Batilly is a former commune in the Orne department in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of \u00c9couch\u00e9-les-Vall\u00e9es."}]}, {"title": "Kasjany", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kasjany is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Narewka, within Hajn\u00f3wka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. <br>"}]}, {"title": "Elizabeth Kerner", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Elizabeth Kerner (born 1958) is a fantasy writer. She is the author of \"Song in the Silence\", \"The Lesser Kindred\", and \"Redeeming the Lost\", the initial trilogy of a series based upon humans re-establishing contact with dragons, who fled mortal lands thousands of years ago. An American by birth, she moved to Scotland in 1976 to attend the University of St. Andrews. She obtained an MA (Hons) in English Language and Literature in 1981. She has since lived in New Orleans, East Sussex, Edinburgh, Hilo (Hawai'i), Forest Grove (Oregon) and Edinburgh again. Her day jobs have included being apprenticed to a variety of folk (mostly in Hilo) \u2014 a gold-smith, a book binder, and a short career as an assistant furniture and artwork restorer. In 1995 she moved back to her beloved Edinburgh, since which time she has spent 6 years, on and off, as a copy-editor on Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, a cutting-edge astronomy journal. In 2002 she married Dr Steven Beard, continuing the astronomy connection. They presently live with two cats in a small town on the Firth of Forth.  She is currently working on the next three books in the Kolmar series."}]}, {"title": "Karl Eller", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Karl Eller (born 1928, Chicago, Illinois) is an American businessman and entrepreneur. Eller grew up in Tucson, Arizona. He played football collegiately at the University of Arizona where he was a member of the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity. In 1962, Eller purchased the Arizona operations of New York-based billboard advertising company Foster and Kleiser and built it into a major regional business. As a result of the influence garnered by his leadership of this firm, Eller became one of the founding investors of the NBA's Phoenix Suns in 1968, and it was Eller's ownership group that hired future Suns owner Jerry Colangelo as its inaugural general manager."}, {"context": " Eller merged the outdoor advertising business with KTAR radio and television in 1968 to form Combined Communications, Inc., which was absorbed by Gannett in 1979. At its height, Combined Communications owned 7 major metropolitan television stations, 14 major metropolitan radio stations, 12 American and 2 Canadian outdoor advertising companies and two metropolitan daily newspapers. Eller would later go on to become the head of Columbia Pictures, during which he helped with that studio's 1983 merger with The Coca-Cola Company, and of the convenience store chain Circle K, which was based in Phoenix during Eller's tenure as CEO (1983\u20131990). During that time, Eller built Circle K into the second largest convenience store operation and the largest publicly owned convenience store chain in the U.S. with 4,641 stores in 32 states and an additional 1,386 licensed or joint venture stores in thirteen foreign countries. Under his leadership, the company grew from annual sales of $747,000,000 to $3,400,000,000. Circle K then declared bankruptcy and Eller resigned in 1990.  Eller was inducted into the Advertising Hall of Fame by the American Advertising Federation in March 2004 in New York City. Eller is also the first Arizonan and second outdoor advertising executive to be elected to the Advertising Hall of Fame. Karl Eller is the namesake of the Eller College of Management at the University of Arizona, where he is also an alumnus."}]}, {"title": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ottawa", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ottawa (, ) is a Catholic archdiocese that includes part of the Province of Ontario and includes the suffragan dioceses of Hearst, Pembroke, and the Timmins. It is currently led by Archbishop Terrence Prendergast. It was elevated to archdiocese status on June 8, 1886. As of 2004, the archdiocese contains 111 parishes, 177 active diocesan priests, 102 religious priests, and 400,000 Catholics. It also has 848 Women Religious, 147 Religious Brothers, and 60 permanent deacons.  The following is a list of the bishops and archbishops of Ottawa and their terms of service:"}]}, {"title": "Pilipinas HD", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Pilipinas HD is a Philippine free-to-air television channel that broadcasts cultural programming. During its initial broadcast from 12 June (Philippine Independence Day) until 31 August, Trinidad rented a satellite space to all subscription providers to be able to watch by the viewing public free of charge. On 1 September 2016, Pilipinas HD was launched on digital terrestrial television it signed a blocktime deal with Broadcast Enterprises and Affiliated Media, Inc. However, unlike its pay-TV counterpart, BEAM TV handles and supplies the channel's programming on a dedicated subchannel.  This is a list of programs to be aired on the channel's initial run:"}]}, {"title": "Angelokastro, Aetolia-Acarnania", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Angelokastro (Greek: \u0391\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03cc\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf) is a village and a former municipality in Aetolia-Acarnania, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Agrinio, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 55.726 km."}]}, {"title": "Evening (magazine)", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Eito Yasutoko", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Eito Yasutoko is a Japanese professional vert skater. Eito won a gold medal at the 2003 Gravity Games and a Gold medal at the 2005 X Games in England. His brother is professional vert skater Takeshi Yasutoko. Best Tricks Twister, 1080 California Roll, Double backflip 180."}]}, {"title": "Ronald D. Coleman", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ronald D'Emory Coleman (born November 29, 1941) is an American politician and a former member of the United States House of Representatives from Texas. He was elected as a Democrat to the 98th United States Congress and to the six succeeding Congresses. He served from January 3, 1983 until January 3, 1997. He was not a candidate for re-election to the 105th United States Congress. He was implicated in the House banking scandal in 1992 but was reelected following receipt of a letter of no wrongdoing from the Department of Justice. In Congress he was a member of the House Appropriations Committee, the House Armed Services Committee, and the Select Committee on Intelligence."}]}, {"title": "Tri-Services Guard of Honour", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Tri-Services Guard of Honour (\"\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f-\u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0917\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\") is an infantry company of the Indian Armed Forces which is responsible for providing guards of honour for high ranking Indian and foreign officials. The company was created shortly after India gained it's independence from the United Kingdom in 1947. It is headquartered in New Delhi and is composed of 100 men and women who are drawn from the three services of the Indian Armed Forces (Indian Army, Indian Air Force, and Indian Navy). The guard excludes the Indian Coast Guard in any of its protocol events.  The company is deployed to the Rashtrapati Bhavan or the Secretariat Building only during the visits of Presidents, Prime Ministers, and Defense Ministers to India. On January 25, 2015, during President Barack Obama's state visit to India, Wing Commander Pooja Thakur made history by becoming the first female officer to lead the company during an arrival ceremony."}]}, {"title": "Eastern Tatras", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Eastern Tatras form part of the European Tatra Mountains range in Poland and Slovakia. The term is rarely used, with the area more commonly referred to as the High Tatras and the Belianske Tatras () ranges."}]}, {"title": "Universal Media Disc", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Universal Media Disc (UMD) is a discontinued optical disc medium developed by Sony for use on their PlayStation Portable handheld gaming and multimedia platform. It can hold up to 1.8 gigabytes of data and is capable of housing video games, feature-length films, and music. UMD was the trademark of Sony Computer Entertainment for their optical disk cartridge (ODC). While the primary application for UMD discs is as a storage medium for PSP games, the format is also used for the storage of motion pictures and, to a lesser degree, television shows for playback on the PSP. The video is encoded in the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC format, with the audio in ATRAC3plus. Video stored on UMD is typically encoded in 720\u00d7480 resolution, but is scaled down when displayed on the PSP."}, {"context": " The American punk rock band The Offspring released their \"\" on the format. The BBC released a number of its programmes on UMD in the UK, including \"The Office\", \"The Mighty Boosh\", \"Doctor Who\" and \"Little Britain\". Some adult films have been released on UMD in Japan. UMD VIDEO Case dimensions: H\u00d7W\u00d7D = 177\u00d7104\u00d714mm ECMA-365: Data Interchange on 60\u00a0mm Read-Only ODC \u2013 Capacity: 1.8\u00a0GB (UMD) According to the official ECMA specification Sony designed the UMD to support two possible future enhancements and products."}, {"context": " In comparison to Sony's MiniDisc format the sliding shield which prevents direct disc contact on MiniDiscs is absent from all UMDs released, though it is an option according to the ECMA specification. DVD region coding has been applied to most UMD movies and music. However regional lockout is not applied to games, making them region-free. UMDs offer large capacity and the capability to store quality audio/video content; however, the format's proprietary nature and the lack of writers and blank media made adoption difficult. The UMD format never saw implementation on any device other than the PlayStation Portable, and as a result the market was very limited compared to those for other optical media formats. Buyers were generally put off by the high price of UMD releases, which often retailed at comparable prices to but lacked the extra content found on DVDs. Poor sales of UMD movies early in the format's life had caused major studios Universal and Paramount to rescind their support. Retail support of the format experienced similar troubles, and in 2006 Wal-Mart began phasing out shelf space devoted to UMD movies, with other chains soon following suit. By 2006 most non-specialty retail stores had stopped bringing in new UMD movies and no longer had a separate section devoted to them, with a few stray unsold titles mixed in amongst the regular PSP games."}, {"context": " Since 2011, there have been no more movies released on UMD.. In August 2007, Multimedia Recovery brought to the market their UMD Replacement Case after many complaints from PlayStation Portable owners that the outer casing of the UMD disc was cracking or pulling apart due to the poor design, which causes the UMD to become unreadable in the PlayStation Portable. In late 2009, Sony began pushing developers away from the UMD format and towards digital distribution on the PlayStation Network in preparation for the launch of the digital-download-only PSP Go, which was the first (and only) PSP model to not include a UMD drive. However the system experienced lackluster sales compared to previous models, with most consumers still choosing the UMD-compatible PSP-3000 model, which continued to be sold alongside the PSP Go. Despite the earlier push for PlayStation Network releases around the PSP Go's launch, over half of the PSP's library is still only available in UMD format including \"\" and \"Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep\", though there have been a few PlayStation Network-only releases since the PSP Go's launch, such as \"LocoRoco Midnight Carnival\". Still, most new games continue to be distributed via UMD, and, aside from those published by SCE, not all have been released on PlayStation Network. In 2011, the PSP-E1000, a budget PSP model with a UMD slot but without Wi-Fi (and thus no internet connectivity), was released, and is the final revision of the PlayStation Portable.  The successor of the PlayStation Portable, the PlayStation Vita, dropped UMD support entirely in a move similar to the PSP Go, focusing instead on digital downloads and opting for low-profile flash-based media for its retail software. 2014 marked the discontinuation of the PlayStation Portable, which rendered UMDs no longer available."}]}, {"title": "The Officer's Guide to Police Pistolcraft", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Officer's Guide to Police Pistolcraft (a sequel to and expansion of the 2007 book Police Pistolcraft) is a 2009 non-fiction book by Michael E. Conti which covers combat-related situations arising in the course of standard law enforcement. Together with \"Police Pistolcraft\", it forms the basis for the current pistol training program of the Massachusetts State Police and has been adopted by a range of other law enforcement jurisdictions. \"The Officer's Guide to Police Pistolcraft\" describes a method of training and philosophy of pistolcraft developed by Michael E. Conti, an officer of the Massachusetts State police, and follows and expands Conti's 2007 book \"Police Pistolcraft\"."}, {"context": " Conti joined the Massachusetts State Police in 1986 and as of 2009 is still a serving officer. During his career, he has held assignments ranging from uniformed patrol, high-crime area community policing, SWAT and special security details, and undercover narcotics and death investigations. Since 1991 he has acted as a professional trainer and holds instructor certifications in various use of force disciplines. In January 2000, Conti was given the task of setting up and putting into operation a Firearms Training Unit (FTU) for the State Police. The unit was to be responsible for conducting yearly qualification courses of fire for department personnel, and for training academy recruits in firearms use. As part of his work in this role, Conti developed a new style of training which he describes as \"reality-based\", as he felt that the traditional sight-oriented and marksmanship-based approach that was until that time being used did not meet the needs of police officers on the street."}, {"context": " The new style of training emphasised Applegate-style target focused shooting, complemented by sight-focused precision shooting at appropriate distances. Conti constructed a purpose-built training facility at Massachusetts State Police headquarters to demonstrate his revised training program. In 2007 Conti used this new training paradigm as the basis of his book \"Police Pistolcraft\". Following the publication of that book, a demand emerged for a text detailing the specific methods of the \"new paradigm,\" which led Conti to write \"The Officer's Guide to Police Pistolcraft\". Conti is also the author of \"Beyond Pepper Spray: The Complete Guide to Chemical Agents, Delivery Systems, and Protective Masks\" (Paladin Press, 2002)."}, {"context": " The training methods described in \"The Officer's Guide to Police Pistolcraft\" are currently in use by the Massachusetts State Police, and the book and associated training philosophy has been adopted by law enforcement agencies in many other jurisdictions. The critical reception among law enforcement reviewers has been generally positive. Ralph Mroz of the Police Officers Safety Association, in a review at Officer.com, described the book as \"different... and necessary!\" He said the book was \"written by a consummate police training professional\" and went on to say, \"I recommend it as highly as I recommended (and continue to recommend) the earlier \"Police Pistolcraft\".\" Mroz singled out the \"frank discussion of the necessary relationship between a professional police officer and his/her skill with arms\" as \"as refreshing as it is unusual these days\"."}, {"context": " John Veit reviewed the book in a widely republished article on Law Officer Connect, where he praised the book, calling attention to its plain English language and conversational style. \"Some chapters read like a good novel and not a field manual,\" he said. \"They are filled with helpful and practical ways of carrying out the day to day tasks of an officer.\" He concluded, \"This book is a very good read, and promises to be a long standing and authoritative survival guide for police officers as well as others who have a handgun for self defense use.\""}, {"context": " The Massachusetts Law Encorcement Firearms Instructors & Armorers Association reviewed the book for their publication \"The Case Head\". They said, \"The Officer's Guide is full of solid training information, photos and diagrams,\" and applauded Conti's style, saying, \"I could not help but notice how the reader is treated with respect. [...] This will be perfect for the officer who was looking for better firearms training but was unable to get it at their agency.\" They praised Conti's refusal to enter into a philosophical battle between point-shooting and aimed fire, saying, \"The New Paradigm takes the best of all worlds and rolls them into one program.\" The Association concluded by saying the book \"is highly recommended and will be a well used addition to every firearms instructor\u2019s reference library. If you have adopted the New Paradigm, this book should be standard issue for every student you have.\""}, {"context": " \"The Officer's Guide to Police Pistolcraft\" contains 424 pages, divided into 12 chapters and illustrated with 316 photos and diagrams. It sets out what the author calls \"the reality-based new paradigm of police firearms training,\" a program he claims to have developed in 2000 while serving as the Director of the Massachusetts State Police Firearms Training Unit. It contains helpful and practical advice about carrying out the day-to-day tasks of a law enforcement officer, and also deals with the obligations and responsibilities of \"the modern day warrior.\" It aims to provide specific detail on subjects covered in \"Police Pistolcraft\" and instruct on when a law enforcement officer should use their pistol, and how they should use it."}, {"context": " The book focuses on combat and specifically aims to prepare officers to know when to use their pistol and how to use it. The training system covers both sighted and point shooting techniques, drawing on systems of combat pistol shooting and training originating from such diverse sources as World War II and \"the dim and dark streets and back alleys of Shanghai.\" The book's main emphasis is on pistol training that recognises the reality of day-to-day police operations, rather than the isolated competitive training previously in use.  Specific topics covered include safety, pistol handling and manipulation, basic skills and alternative shooting positions, pistol retention, mental preparation, low light, plainclothes considerations and left-hand shooter considerations. There is a section about the issues that female officers face in both uniformed and plain clothes assignments. An appendix covers revolvers, as the author feels many new recruits in modern law enforcement have never seen one."}]}, {"title": "Marc Dann", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Marc Dann (born March 12, 1962, Evanston, Illinois) is an American former politician of the Democratic Party, who served as the Attorney General of Ohio from 2007 until his resignation on May 14, 2008. Dann earned a B.A. in 1984 from the University of Michigan and a law degree in 1987 from Case Western Reserve University. He practiced law in Youngstown, Ohio, and became active in Democratic Party politics. He was reprimanded in 2004 by the Ohio Supreme Court for handling a 2002 alimony case without proper preparation."}, {"context": " Dann ran for the Ohio state Senate in the district then comprising Trumbull and Geauga counties. He finished third in the party primary behind eventual winner Tim Ryan and a local township trustee. From 2001 to 2002, Dann served as a member of the Liberty Local School District board of education. After Ryan won election to Congress in 2002, Dann convinced the state Senate's Democratic caucus to appoint him to fill the balance of Ryan's term. He easily won election to a full term in 2004. Dann was a leading figure in the exposure of a variety of ethics and criminal scandals in the administration of Gov. Bob Taft, who became the first sitting governor in Ohio history to plead guilty to a crime. Dann was a leading critic of \"Coingate,\" an investment plan in which $50 million of the state's workers compensation reserve fund was given to Tom Noe, a politically connected coin dealer. When the Coingate scandal broke, Taft, who was a regular golf partner of Noe's, denied having knowledge of the Bureau of Workers Compensation (BWC) decision to invest money in Noe's coin funds. Dann demanded, then sued to see memos, e-mails, and other communications transmitted between Gov. Taft's office and the BWC."}, {"context": " Dann was a vociferous critic of then-Attorney General Jim Petro, a Republican, who had been notified by the Securities and Exchange Commission more than two years earlier that the SEC had serious reservations about investment practices at the BWC. Dann charged that Petro ignored those warnings and the misuse of funds at the agency continued unabated until the \"Toledo Blade\" and Dann began to expose the corruption. Dann announced his candidacy for Attorney General of Ohio on November 14, 2005, saying he would use the office to both help local police and prosecutors deal with street crime and to actively and aggressively pursue white collar criminals."}, {"context": " Dann won 71% of the vote in the Democratic primary against former Cleveland Law Director Subodh Chandra. He won the general election in November 2006 by defeating Ohio State Auditor Betty Montgomery, a former attorney general. In the general-election campaign, Montgomery tried to distance herself from the scandals of the Taft administration, while criticizing Dann for wanting to use the attorney general's office as a platform for activism. In a television advertisement, the Montgomery campaign attacked Dann for the above-mentioned 2004 reprimand and for defending a man convicted of showing nude pictures to children. Dann responded to the latter attack by saying he was simply doing his job as an attorney."}, {"context": " Dann received 2.04 million votes to 1.83 million for Montgomery, a margin of 52% to 48%. He ran up huge margins in traditionally Republican areas and also won bellwether counties such as Franklin and Stark. Before her defeat by Dann, Montgomery had never lost a statewide election and had been the top Republican vote-getter in the previous two non-presidential statewide contests. He was sworn in as the 47th Ohio Attorney General on January 8, 2007. Dann had been questioned by some for supporting Capri Cafaro's successful bid to fill Dann's unexpired term in the state Senate. Cafaro, heiress to part of the Cafaro shopping-mall empire, had never won election to office. In addition, Cafaro's father, J. J. Cafaro, had pleaded guilty in 2001 to bribing then-Congressman Jim Traficant to push legislation that would benefit his aviation-equipment company. Capri, then in her early 20s, was president of the aviation company but was not charged with any wrongdoing. In a related trial, Capri testified she had never conspired with Traficant."}, {"context": " As of October 18, 2006, the Cafaro family had contributed $30,500 to Dann's campaign for attorney general, in addition to the $26,000 they had donated to his state Senate campaigns. Of that money, $10,000 came from J. J. Cafaro. Dann defended his recommendation of Capri Cafaro by saying he believed she was the only qualified candidate to replace him. Dann faced criticism from the Mansfield News Journal and others for telling (Warren, Ohio) \"Tribune Chronicle\" reporter Steve Oravecz to \"go ... fuck yourself\" at a fundraiser for Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama. Dann was upset about an article Oravecz had written entitled \"Locals with ties to Dann get jobs\". The article described how two people with ties to Dann's election campaign, including a woman who he raised as a daughter, were given state jobs. The incident was caught on tape."}, {"context": " According to the Associated Press, the Attorney General's office missed a legal deadline to join an appeal of a Medicaid-related court decision the state government opposes. The deadline for filing the documents was Dann's inauguration day. The failure to join the appeal does not prevent the state from filing briefs in the case. A sexual harassment scandal arose during Dann's tenure as attorney general, eventually leading to his resignation. In April 2008, Dann placed Communications Director Leo Jennings on leave, pending the outcome of an ongoing investigation in his office. The investigation focused on allegations of sexual harassment, filed by two women Cindy Stankoski and Vanessa Stout, who worked in Dann\u2019s office under the supervision of Anthony Gutierrez."}, {"context": " Jennings joined Anthony Gutierrez, Dann\u2019s director of general services, on paid leave pending the outcome of the investigation. The female employees alleged Gutierrez, who was paid $87,500 a year, repeatedly sexually harassed them. A statement from Dann released to reporters gave no details on what led to Jennings being included in the investigation. It said only: \"This action comes as a result of new information received over the weekend related to the ongoing investigation into charges of sexual harassment.\" Dann agreed to conditionally release emails between himself and his former scheduler, Jessica Utovich. Utovich, 28, began as Dann's scheduler, but was transferred to the position of director of travel in late 2007. Upon being transferred, Utovich received a 27% pay raise."}, {"context": " On May 2, 2008, following the firing and resignation of a number of his aides in a sexual harassment scandal, Dann admitted he had an extramarital affair with an unidentified subordinate in his office. A prominent Republican accused Dann of turning his office into a \"raunchy frat party\" and an Associated Press story compared his woes to former New York Governor Eliot Spitzer and former Kansas Attorney General Paul Morrison, who resigned in January 2008 after admitting to a sexual affair with a former employee. However, he initially refused to resign saying his admission and punishment were enough. In the wake of these admissions a number of Ohio papers called for Dann to resign and the \"Tribune Chronicle\" even apologized to its readers for their endorsement of Dann during the 2006 election."}, {"context": " On May 4, 2008, the three largest Ohio newspapers ran editorials condemning Dann. \"The Plain Dealer\" (Cleveland, Ohio) opined \"Dann has turned the attorney general's office into a laughingstock\" and \"it's impossible to see how he can recover\" The \"Columbus Dispatch\" said Dann was \"not fit to serve\", and the \"Cincinnati Enquirer\" called for Dann's resignation. The \"Plain Dealer\" had previously reported that Republicans said that if Dann doesn't step down, they could try to impeach him. The Ohio House could bring articles of impeachment while the Ohio Senate could hold a trial and serve as jury, according to the Ohio Constitution"}, {"context": " On the evening of May 5, Democratic Governor Strickland issued a statement which appeared to support Dann's impeachment should he decide not to resign. Dann showed no interest in departure, even after Strickland's statement. On May 5, 2008, the \"Columbus Dispatch\" reported that seven separate investigations were either underway or being considered responsive to misconduct at the Attorney General's office. On May 10, 2008, the Ohio Democratic Party voted to remove their endorsement of Dann, remove him of his membership in the Ohio Democratic Party Executive Committee, and called for his immediate resignation as attorney general. On May 12, 2008, articles of impeachment were filed with 42 of the 45 Democrats in the state house supporting the nine counts. At a May 14, 2008, press conference in Columbus, Dann resigned the Office of Attorney General of Ohio."}, {"context": " In March 2009, Dann and his campaign were each fined $1000 by the Ohio Elections Commission for violating campaign-finance laws by using his political account for personal cell phones for his family and for security renovations to his Youngstown-area home. In June 2009, Dann reached a plea agreement with the inspector general of the Elections Commission, Thomas P. Charles, to plead guilty to a single violation of misuse of campaign funds, which he used for travel expenses for family members to San Francisco for a vacation that was to be packaged with a political fundraiser, and pay another fine of $1000 which the Commission agreed to accept in a 5 to 1 vote."}, {"context": " Charles filed complaints against Dann with the Elections Commission on accusations of illegally using his political account to pay Leo Jennings who used the money to pay for rent and utilities for the condominium they shared with Anthony Gutierrez. Gutierrez is scheduled to go on trial in August regarding different allegations relating to his tenure in Dann's office. Because of the deal, other more serious allegations against Dann will probably never be heard as the Commission decided against referring the case to Franklin County prosecutors."}, {"context": " Dann's former spouse, Alyssa Lenhoff, is director of the journalism program at Youngstown State University. Lenhoff won several awards for investigative reporting at the \"Tribune Chronicle\" in Warren, Ohio. Lenhoff's former partner at the \"Tribune\", Ed Simpson, was Dann's chief of staff until he resigned under fire on May 2, 2008. Dann was a Sigma Chi at the University of Michigan. Dann and Lenhoff have three children. Lenhoff filed for divorce from Dann on April 15, 2010, after Dann was caught having an extramarital affair. Their divorce was finalized in July 2010.  Dann was suspended from the practice of law by the Ohio Supreme Court effective November 20, 2012, and was reinstated effective June 11, 2013. Dann now has a private legal practice in Cleveland, Ohio, reportedly specializing in combating home foreclosures."}]}, {"title": "William Cortenus Schenck", "paragraphs": [{"context": " William Cortenus Schenck (1773\u20131821) was a pioneer surveyor, militia general and legislator. Two of his sons were prominent military men. William C. Schenck was born at Freehold, New Jersey, on January 11, 1773. His father was a Presbyterian minister, and his mother was a sister of General John N. Cumming, with whom he lived for a time at Newark. Family tradition says he graduated from Princeton University in 1793 or 1794, though that is unconfirmed. He studied both medicine and law, but decided to become a surveyor."}, {"context": " In 1793, Schenck moved west to Cincinnati in the Northwest Territory. He was an agent of his uncle and other New Jersey men, Jacob Burnet, Jonathan Dayton, and John Cleves Symmes. He surveyed and laid out Franklin, Ohio, with Daniel C. Cooper in 1796, where he later made his home. He spent 1797 surveying the United States Military District in eastern Ohio. He married Elizabeth Rogers on September 14, 1798, at Huntington, Long Island. They made their home at Cincinnati. Schenck was appointed the secretary of Northwest Territory Legislative Council from 1799 to 1802. In 1802, a constitutional convention was held to write a constitution for the new state of Ohio. Ten delegates were elected from Hamilton County. Schenck finished in 14th place. He also laid out the town of Newark, Ohio, in 1802. He was proprietor with his uncle and Judge Burnet. They chose the forks of the Licking River as the town site."}, {"context": " Schenck and family moved to Franklin in 1802 or 1803. They eventually had nine sons and a daughter, including Robert C. Schenck and James F. Schenck. He was the clerk of the Ohio Senate during the 1st General Assembly, (1803). That General Assembly gave a charter to the Miami Exporting Company, the first bank in the state. Schenck was named a member of the first directorate of that bank on June 16, 1803. He was elected to represent several counties in the Ohio Senate for the 2nd General Assembly, (1803-1804). He laid out Port Lawrence, now Toledo, Ohio in 1816. He represented Warren County in the Ohio House of Representatives during the 19th General Assembly, (1820-1821)."}, {"context": " Soon after arriving in the west, Schenck became involved in military affairs. On February 6, 1793, he was commissioned Lieutenant of the Hamilton County Militia of the United States Northwest of the Ohio. When Ohio became a state, he was given a commission as captain of the third regiment of Hamilton County, dated November 17, 1807. During the War of 1812, Schenck had rank of General of militia, though it is not known which battles he took part in. Schenck was a proponent of canals in Ohio. In 1820, an act was passed to provide for three commissioners to be appointed to survey a route for a canal between the Ohio River and Lake Erie. Governor Ethan Allen Brown appointed Schenck as one of these three commissioners. The next year, he was a member of the Ohio House, and he made a speech before the legislature on January 12, 1821, advocating immediate construction of such a canal. He left the House, went to his lodgings and died some hours later from what was known as \"swamp fever\", which he had contracted during his surveying expeditions. The legislature suspended business, and the entire membership of both houses escorted his remains to the edge of Franklinton, a Columbus suburb."}]}, {"title": "2005\u201306 Brunei Premier League", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Statistics of Brunei Premier League in season 2005/2006. It was performed in 10 teams, and QAF FC won the championship."}]}, {"title": "Mueller River", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Mueller River is a river of the West Coast Region of New Zealand's South Island. It flows generally north from its sources in the Southern Alps, reaching the Turnbull River 14 kilometres from the latter's mouth. The entire length of the Mueller River is within Mount Aspiring National Park."}]}, {"title": "Claxheugh", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Claxheugh ( ) is an area of South Hylton, Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England. The area is primarily known for the large, limestone and sandstone cliff formed in the late Permian period, known as Claxheugh Rock, which forms part of the Ford Formation. The rock is often referred to as 'klachy rock' by the locals. Claxheugh Rock is known as the rock of the wear by some and is home to many birds and wild animals, since 2003 the population of rabbit has decreased by over 60% by poachers and hunters."}]}, {"title": "Mill Spring", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Mill Spring may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Cherry Wine (Hozier song)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"Cherry Wine\" is a song by Hozier released in February 2016 as the final single from the 2014 album \"Hozier\". The song was issued to promote awareness of the issue of domestic violence, and sales from downloads go to anti-domestic violence charities. The video, starring Saoirse Ronan as a domestic violence victim, which premiered on Valentine's Day, was given wide coverage in the Irish press. In March Hozier performed the song at the UN Women HeForShe event, supported by SAFE Ireland."}]}, {"title": "Michael Shine", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Michael Lyle \"Mike\" Shine (born September 19, 1953 in Youngsville, Pennsylvania) is a former United States Olympic athlete. At the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, he earned the silver medal in the 400 m men's hurdles, behind Edwin Moses, who set the world record and effectively opened a new chapter in the event in that race. He was notable for using a 15 step pattern the entire race, unheard of at the elite level. Leroy Walker, the Coach of the '76 Team, was shocked when he asked me what step pattern I used and I told him fifteen all the way. He said, 'You can't possibly run the kind of splits that you need to be competitive at this level.' My 200m splits used to be right around 21.3-21.5! I guess I was good enough for a second in 48.69.\"  Shine was born and raised in Youngsville, Pennsylvania, near Warren, Pennsylvania. He attended Youngsville High School and ran track. He went on to college at the Pennsylvania State University. Shine served as an assistant track coach at the United States Military Academy under John Randolph for a few years beginning in 1977. He coached hurdlers and 400 meter runners, while continuing to train competitively in his event. He was an athlete affected by the 1980 US Olympic boycott."}]}, {"title": "Trondheim", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Trondheim (; historically Kaupangen, Nidaros and Trondhjem) is a city and municipality in Tr\u00f8ndelag county, Norway. It has a population of 193,501 (4th quarter 2017), and is the third-most populous municipality in Norway, although the fourth largest urban area. It is the third largest city in the country, with a population (2013) of 169,972 inhabitants within the city borders. Trondheim lies on the south shore of Trondheim Fjord at the mouth of the River Nidelva. The city is dominated by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), the Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research (SINTEF), St. Olavs University Hospital and other technology-oriented institutions."}, {"context": " The settlement was founded in 997 as a trading post, and it served as the capital of Norway during the Viking Age until 1217. From 1152 to 1537, the city was the seat of the Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros; since then, it has remained the seat of the Lutheran Diocese of Nidaros and the Nidaros Cathedral. It was incorporated in 1838. The current municipality dates from 1964, when Trondheim merged with Byneset, Leinstrand, Strinda and Tiller. The city functions as the seat of the County Mayor of Tr\u00f8ndelag county, but not as the administrative centre, which is Steinkjer. This is to make the county more efficient and not too centralized, as Tr\u00f8ndelag is the second largest county in Norway."}, {"context": " The city was originally given the name by Olav Tryggvason. It was for a long time called ' (), or ' in the Old Norse spelling. But it was also just called ' (\"city\") or, more specifically, ' (\"the city in the district \", i.e. Tr\u00f8ndelag). In the late Middle Ages people started to call the city just '. In the Dano-Norwegian period, during the years as a provincial town in the united kingdoms of Denmark\u2013Norway, the city name was spelled '. Following the example set by the renaming of the capital ' to \"Oslo\", ' was reintroduced as the official name of the city for a brief period from 1 January 1930 until 6 March 1931. The name was restored in order to reaffirm the city's link with its glorious past, despite the fact that a 1928 referendum on the name of the city had resulted in 17,163 votes in favour of ' and only 1,508 votes in favour of Nidaros. Public outrage later in the same year, even taking the form of riots, forced the Storting to settle for the medieval city name \"Trondheim\". The name of the diocese was, however, changed from ' to \" () in 1918."}, {"context": " Trondheim was briefly named \" during the Second World War, as a German exonym. Historically, \"\" indicates the area around Trondheim Fjord. The spelling \"Trondhjem\" was officially rejected, but many still prefer that spelling of the city's name. Trondheim was named Kaupangen () by Viking King Olav Tryggvason in 997. Shortly thereafter it came to be called \"Nidaros\". In the beginning it was frequently used as a military retainer (Old Norse: \"hird\"-man) of King Olav I. It was frequently used as the seat of the king, and was the capital of Norway until 1217."}, {"context": " People have been living in the region for thousands of years as evidenced by the rock carvings in central Norway, the N\u00f8stvet and Lihult cultures and the Corded Ware culture. In ancient times, the Kings of Norway were hailed at \u00d8retinget in Trondheim, the place for the assembly of all free men by the mouth of the River Nidelva. Harald Fairhair (865\u2013933) was hailed as the king here, as was his son, Haakon I, called 'the Good'. The battle of \"Kalvskinnet\" took place in Trondheim in 1179: King Sverre Sigurdsson and his \"Birkebeiner\" warriors were victorious against Erling Skakke (a rival to the throne). Some scholars believe that the famous Lewis chessmen, 12th century chess pieces carved from walrus ivory found in the Hebrides and now at the British Museum, may have been made in Trondheim."}, {"context": " Trondheim was the seat of the Archbishop of Nidaros for Norway from 1152, who operated from the Archbishop's Palace. Due to the introduction of Lutheran Protestantism in 1537, the last Archbishop, Olav Engelbrektsson, had to flee from the city to the Netherlands, where he died in present-day Lier, Belgium. The city has experienced several major fires. Since much of the city was made of wooden buildings, many of the fires caused severe damage. Great fires ravaged the city in 1598, 1651, 1681, 1708, twice in 1717, 1742, 1788, 1841 and 1842; however, these were only the worst cases and there have been several smaller fires in the city. The 1651 fire destroyed 90% of all buildings within the city limits. The fire in 1681 (the \"Horneman Fire\") led to an almost total reconstruction of the city, overseen by General Johan Caspar von Cicignon, originally from Luxembourg. Broad avenues like \"Munkegaten\" were created, with no regard for property rights, in order to stop the next fire. At the time, the city had a population of roughly 8000 inhabitants."}, {"context": " After the Treaty of Roskilde on 26 February 1658, Trondheim and the rest of Tr\u00f8ndelag, became Swedish territory for a brief period, but the area was reconquered 10 months later. The conflict was finally settled by the Treaty of Copenhagen on 27 May 1660. During the Second World War, Trondheim was occupied by Nazi Germany from 9 April 1940, the first day of the invasion of Norway, until the end of the war in Europe, 8 May 1945. The German invasion force consisted of the German cruiser Admiral Hipper, 4 destroyers and 1700 Austrian Mountain troops. Other than a coastal battery opening fire, there was no resistance to the invasion on 9 April at 5 AM. On 14 and 17 April, British and French forces landed near Trondheim in a failed attempt to liberate Trondheim as part of the Namsos Campaign. During the occupation, Trondheim was the home of the notorious Norwegian Gestapo agent, Henry Rinnan, who operated from a nearby villa and infiltrated Norwegian Resistance groups. The city and its citizens were also subject to harsh treatment by the occupying powers, including imposition of martial law in October 1942. During this time the Germans turned the city and its environs into a major base for submarines (which included building the large submarine base and bunker DORA I), and also contemplated a scheme to build a new city for 300,000 inhabitants, \"Nordstern\" (\"Northern Star\"), centred southwest of Trondheim, near the wetlands of \u00d8ysand in the outskirts of Melhus municipality. This new metropolis was to be accompanied by a massively expanded version of the already existing naval base, which was intended to become the primary future stronghold of the German Kriegsmarine. Today, there are few physical remains of this enormous construction project."}, {"context": " The city of Trondheim was established on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). On 1 January 1864, part of Strinda (population: 1,229) was amalgamated with Trondheim. Then, on 1 January 1893, another part of Strinda (population: 4,097) was transferred to Trondheim. On 1 January 1952, the Lade area of Strinda (population: 2,230) was transferred to Trondheim. On 1 January 1964, a major municipal merger took place: the neighbouring municipalities of Leinstrand (population: 4,193), Byneset (population: 2,049), Strinda (population: 44,600), and Tiller (population: 3,595) were all merged with the city of Trondheim (population: 56,982), which nearly doubled the population of the municipality. A transfer of Kl\u00e6bu (population: 6,050) to Trondheim is planned for 1 January 2020."}, {"context": " The coat-of-arms dates back to the 13th century. To the left, there is an archbishop with his staff and mitre in a church archway. On the right, a crowned king holding scales in a castle archway. These two pictures rest on a base which forms an arch. Underneath that arch, are three male heads which symbolise the city's rank as Norway's first capital and the archbishop's place of residence. The scales symbolise justice and the motif is based on the political philosophy of the 13th century, where the balance of power between king and church was an important issue. The three heads at the bottom may symbolise the city council. The motif is unique in Norwegian municipal heraldry, but similar motifs are found in bishopric cities on the continent. The design of the coat-of-arms that was adopted in 1897, and is still used today, was made by H\u00e5kon Thorsen."}, {"context": " Jews began to settle in Trondheim in 1880, after the change of the Norwegian constitution in 1851, granting Jews permission to settle in Norway. The first synagogue in Trondheim was established in 1899, and a newer one came into use by 1925. By 1900, 119 Jews were living in Trondheim, reaching 260 by 1940. The Nazi regime confiscated the synagogue in 1941, and used it for military uses. In January 1942, the town Jews' identification cards were stamped with the letter \"J\", and confiscations started to be more and more common. Shortly after, Jews from Trondheim began to emigrate to Sweden. The rest were sent to Auschwitz in October 1942. In 1945, after the end of the war, around 80 Jews returned to the city. Out of the 135 individuals sent to Auschwitz, only five remained in Norway. It is unclear how many others, if any, survived. The synagogue was repaired in 1947. In May 1997, a Jewish museum was opened in Trondheim. At the turn of the 21st century, 120 Jews were living in Trondheim."}, {"context": " Trondheim is situated where the River Nidelva meets Trondheim Fjord with an excellent harbour and sheltered condition. The river used to be deep enough for most boats in the Middle Ages. An avalanche of mud and stones made it less navigable and partly ruined the harbour in the mid-17th century. The municipality's top elevation is the Storheia hill, above sea level. At the summer solstice, the sun rises at 03:00 and sets at 23:40, but stays just below the horizon\u2013there is no darkness (no need for artificial lighting outdoors) from 23 May to 19 July under cloud-free conditions. At the winter solstice, the sun rises at 10:01, stays very low above the horizon (at midday its altitude is slightly more than 3 degrees over the horizon), and sets at 14:31."}, {"context": " Trondheim city has an Oceanic climate. The part of the municipality further away from the fjord has colder winters. The part close to the fjord, such as the city centre, has milder winters. Trondheim is mostly sheltered from the strong south and southwesterly winds which can occur along the outer seaboard. Trondheim experiences moderate snowfall from November to March, but mixed with mild weather and rainfall. Based on the 1971\u20132000 average recorded at the airport, there are 14 days each winter with at least of snow cover on the ground and 22 days with a daily minimum temperature of or less. There is often more snow and later snowmelt in suburban areas at somewhat higher elevation, such as By\u00e5sen and Heimdal, with good skiing conditions in Bymarka. Spring often sees much sunshine, but nights can be chilly. Temperatures have tended to be warmer in recent years. The Tr\u00f8ndelag area has seen average temperatures increase by almost in the last 25 years."}, {"context": " All the monthly record lows are from 1955 or older, with half of them from before 1920. The all-time high was recorded 22 July 1901, and the all-time low in February 1899. The most exceptional record is the May record low from 1900, 3.7\u00a0\u00b0C colder than the second coldest May night. The earliest weather stations were located closer to the city centre (Trondheim, 58 m), but from 1945 the only weather station has been located further form the centre and at a higher elevation (Voll, 127 m and Tyholt, 113 m) thus at a colder location. The lapse rate is approximately per , so the city centre will be about warmer than Voll, while higher altitudes than Voll will be accordingly colder."}, {"context": " Three of the monthly record highs are from after 2000. From 1982 - 1993 the city had weather station at Tyholt (113 m) while Voll was not operational. Temperatures have warmed in recent decades. The last overnight frost in June was in 1958, and the coldest night in May after year 2000 had low -2.7\u00a0\u00b0C. A new sunrecorder was established by met.no in the city at Gl\u00f8shaugen in late 2015, and recorded 1,592 sunhours in 2016 and 1,576 sunhours in 2017. Earlier sunrecorders had blocking issues due to terrain."}, {"context": " <br> The city has various wetland habitats. among which there is the \"Gaulosen.\" The observation tower accommodates for birdwatching and providing information about birdlife. Despite Trondheim being Norway's third largest city, wild animals can be seen. Otters and beavers thrive in Nidelva and Bymarka. Badgers and foxes are not uncommon sights. Moose and deer are common in the hills surrounding the city, and might wander into the city, especially in May when the one-year-olds are chased away by their mothers, or in late winter when food grows scarce in the snow-covered higher regions. From 2002 until 2017, a wolverine lived in Bymarka."}, {"context": " Most of Trondheim city centre is scattered with small speciality shops. However, the main shopping area is concentrated around the pedestrianised streets \"Nordre gate\" (), \"Olav Tryggvasons gate\" and Thomas Angells gate even though the rest of the city centre is provided with everything from old, well-established companies to new, hip and trendy shops. In the mid- to late 1990s, the area surrounding the old drydock and ship construction buildings of the defunct Trondhjems mekaniske V\u00e6rksted shipbuilding company at the Nedre Elvehavn was renovated and old industrial buildings were torn down to make way for condominiums. A shopping centre was also built, known as Solsiden (The Sunny Side). This is a popular residential and shopping area, especially for young people."}, {"context": " DORA 1 is a German submarine base that housed the 13th U-boat Flotilla during the Second World War occupation of Norway. Today the bunker houses various archives, among them the city archives, the university and state archives. More recently, DORA has been used as a concert venue. Kristiansten Fortress, built 1681\u20131684, is located on a hill east in Trondheim. It repelled the invading Swedes in 1718, but was decommissioned in 1816 by Crown Prince Regent Charles John. A statue of Olav Tryggvason, the founder of Trondheim, is located in the city's central square, mounted on top of an obelisk. The statue base is also a sun dial, but it is calibrated to UTC+1 so that the reading is inaccurate by one hour in the summer."}, {"context": " The islet Munkholmen is a popular tourist attraction and recreation site. The islet has served as a place of execution, a monastery, a fortress, prison, and a Second World War anti-aircraft gun station. Stiftsg\u00e5rden is the royal residence in Trondheim, originally constructed in 1774 by Cecilie Christine Sch\u00f8ller. At 140 rooms constituting , it is possibly the largest wooden building in Northern Europe, and has been used by royals and their guests since 1800. A statue of Leif Ericson is located at the seaside, close to the old Customs Building, the cruise ship facilities and the new swimming hall. The statue is a replica, the original being located at a Seattle marina."}, {"context": " The Nidaros Cathedral and the Archbishop's Palace are located side by side in the middle of the city centre. The cathedral, built from 1070 on, is the most important Gothic monument in Norway and was Northern Europe's most important Christian pilgrimage site during the Middle Ages, with pilgrimage routes leading to it from Oslo in southern Norway and from the J\u00e4mtland and V\u00e4rmland regions of Sweden. Today, it is the northernmost medieval cathedral in the world, and the second largest in Scandinavia."}, {"context": " During the Middle Ages, and again after independence was restored in 1814, the Nidaros Cathedral was the coronation church of the Norwegian kings. King Haakon VII was the last monarch to be crowned there, in 1906. Starting with King Olav V in 1957, coronation was replaced by consecration. In 1991, the present King Harald V and Queen Sonja were consecrated in the cathedral. On 24 May 2002, their daughter Princess M\u00e4rtha Louise married the writer Ari Behn in the cathedral. The Pilgrim's Route (\"Pilegrimsleden\") to the site of Saint Olufs's tomb at Nidaros Cathedral, has recently been re-instated. Also known as St. Olav's Way, (\"Sankt Olavs vei\"), the main route, which is approximately long, starts in Oslo and heads North, along Lake Mj\u00f8sa, up the valley Gudbrandsdalen, over the mountain range Dovrefjell and down the Oppdal valley to end at Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim. There is a Pilgrim's Office in Oslo which gives advice to pilgrims and a Pilgrim Centre in Trondheim, under the aegis of the cathedral, which awards certificates to successful pilgrims upon the completion of their journey."}, {"context": " The Lutheran Church of Norway has 21 churches within the municipality of Trondheim. They are all a part of the Diocese of Nidaros, which is based in Trondheim at the Nidaros Cathedral. Many of the churches are several hundred years old, with a couple which were built almost 1,000 years ago. The Roman Catholic Sankt Olav domkirke is the cathedral episcopal see of the exempt Territorial Prelature of Trondheim. The Trondheim Museum of Arts has Norway's third largest public art collection, mainly Norwegian art from the last 150 years. The National Museum of Decorative Arts boasts a large collection of decorative arts and design, including a great number of tapestries from the Norwegian tapestry artist Hannah Ryggen, as well as Norway's only permanent exhibibition of Japanese arts and crafts. Sverresborg, also named Zion after King David's castle in Jerusalem, was a fortification built by Sverre Sigurdsson. It is now an open-air museum, consisting of more than 60 buildings. The castle was originally built in 1182\u20131183, but did not last for long as it was burned down in 1188. However, the Sverresaga indicates it had been restored by 1197."}, {"context": " Trondheim Science Museum () is a scientific hands-on experience center. The Museum of Natural History and Archaeology is part of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. There are also a variety of small history, science and natural history museums, such as the Trondheim Maritime Museum, the \"Armoury\", adjacent to the Archbishops's Palace, the music and musical instrument museum Ringve National Museum, Ringve Botanical Garden, the Trondheim Tramway Museum, and the Jewish Museum, co-located with the city's synagogue, which is among the northernmost in the world."}, {"context": " Rockheim (, The National Discovery Center for Pop and Rock) opened at the Pier in August 2010. It is located inside an old warehouse, but characterised by an easily recognisable roof in the shape of a box. \"The box\" is decorated by thousands of tiny lights that change in a variety of colours and patterns, and is a landmark in the cityscape - especially on dark winter evenings. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. On 1 January 2005, the city was reorganized from five boroughs into four, with each of these having separate social services offices. The current boroughs are Midtbyen (44,967 inhabitants), \u00d8stbyen (42,707 inhabitants), Lerkendal (46,603 inhabitants) and Heimdal (30,744) inhabitants. The Population statistics listed are as of 1 January 2008. Prior to 2005, Trondheim was divided into the boroughs \"Sentrum\", \"Strinda\", \"Nardo\", \"By\u00e5sen\" and \"Heimdal\"."}, {"context": " The city council \"(Bystyret)\" of Trondheim is made up of 67 representatives that are elected every four years. Prior to 2011, there were 85 city council members, but this number was reduced to 67 in 2011. Currently, the party breakdown is as follows: Trondheim is home to both the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) with its many technical lab facilities and disciplines, and BI-Trondheim, a satellite campus for the Norwegian Business School (BI). Both universities welcome a number of international students on a yearly basis and offer various scholarships."}, {"context": " St. Olavs University Hospital, a regional hospital for Central Norway, is located in downtown Trondheim. St. Olav's is a teaching hospital and cooperates closely with the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) on both research and medical education. SINTEF, the largest independent research organisation in Scandinavia, has 1,800 employees with 1,300 of these located in Trondheim. The Air Force Academy of the Royal Norwegian Air Force is located at Kuhaugen in Trondheim. The Geological Survey of Norway is located at Lade in Trondheim and is a major geoscientific institution with 220 employees of which 70% are scientists."}, {"context": " There are 11 high schools in the city. Trondheim katedralskole (\"Trondheim Cathedral School\") was founded in 1152 and is the oldest upper secondary school (gymnasium) in Norway, while Brundalen videreg\u00e5ende skole is the largest in S\u00f8r-Tr\u00f8ndelag with its 1,100 students and 275 employees. Brundalen Skole, has big festivals each year, and is building out to increase space. Ila skole was founded in 1770 and is the oldest primary school in Trondheim. Adresseavisen is the largest regional newspaper and the oldest active newspaper in Norway, having been established in 1767. The two headquarters of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) are located at in Trondheim, and in Oslo.."}, {"context": " The student press of Trondheim features three types of media. Under Dusken is the student paper, Radio Revolt is the student radio, and Student-TV broadcasts videos online. Radio stations established in Trondheim include Tr\u00f8ndelag-focused opt-out feeds of NRK P1 and NRK P1+, local versions of NRK Trafikk and P5 Hits, Radio Trondheim, and Radio 247. Along with Norway's national radio stations, they can be listened to on DAB+ across most of Tr\u00f8ndelag, as well as on internet radio. The main regional theatre, Tr\u00f8ndelag Teater, is situated in Trondheim. Built in 1816, the theatre is the oldest theatre still in use in Scandinavia. The city also features an alternative theatre house Teaterhuset Avant Garden, and the theatre company Teater Fusentast."}, {"context": " Trondheim has a broad music scene, and is known for its strong communities committed to rock, jazz and classical music. The city's interest in Jazz and classical music are spearheaded by the music conservatory at NTNU which has been called one of the most innovative in the world, and the municipal music school, \"Trondheim Kommunale Musikk- og Kulturskole\". The Trondheim Symphony Orchestra and the Trondheim Soloists are well-known. The city also hosts a yearly Jazz festival, and is home to Trondheim Jazz Orchestra."}, {"context": " Classical artists hailing from Trondheim include violinist Arve Tellefsen, Elise B\u00e5tnes and Marianne Thorsen. Also the Nidaros Cathedral Boys' Choir. Pop/rock artists and bands associated with Trondheim include \u00c5ge Aleksandersen, Margaret Berger, DumDum Boys, Lasse Marhaug, G\u00e5te, Keep Of Kalessin, Lumsk, Motorpsycho, Kari Ruesl\u00e5tten, the 3rd and the Mortal, TNT, Tre Sm\u00e5 Kinesere, the Kids, Casino Steel (of the Boys), Atrox, Bloodthorn, Manes, child prodigy Malin Reitan and Aleksander With. The most popular punk scene is UFFA."}, {"context": " Georg Kajanus, creator of the bands Eclection, Sailor and DATA, was born in Trondheim. The music production team Stargate started out in Trondheim. Trondheim is also home to Rockheim, the national museum of popular music, which is responsible for collecting, preserving and sharing Norwegian popular music from the 1950s to the present day. Trondheim features a lively film scene, including three filmfests: Minimalen Short Film Fest and Kosmorama International Film Fest in March, and Trondheim Documentarfestival in November. There is a cinema in the city centre, Nova Kinosenter."}, {"context": " Gran\u00e5sen, a Nordic skiing venue located in By\u00e5sen, regularly hosts World Cup competitions in ski jumping, biathlon and cross-country skiing, as well as the 1997 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships. Trondheim attempted but failed to become the Norwegian candidate for the 2018 Winter Olympics. Hiking and recreational skiing is available around the city, particularly in Bymarka, which can be reached by the tramway. Trondheim Golfklubb has a nine-hole golf course in By\u00e5sen. Rosenborg BK is the city's premier football club and plays their home matches at Lerkendal Stadion. They have won the Norwegian Premier League 25 times between 1967 and 2017, have reached the UEFA Champions League group stage 12 times, and made it to the last 8 on one occasion. By\u00e5sen IL plays in the women's handball league, and is a regular in the EHF Women's Champions League, playing their home games at Trondheim Spektrum."}, {"context": " With students comprising almost a fifth of the population, the city of Trondheim is heavily influenced by student culture. Most noticeable is Studentersamfundet i Trondhjem, the city's student society. Its characteristic round, red building from 1929 sits at the head of the bridge crossing the river southwards from the city centre. As the largest university in Norway, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) is the host of some 36,000 students. Student culture in Trondheim is characterised by a long-standing tradition of volunteer work. The student society is for example run by more than 1,200 volunteers. NTNUI, Norway's largest sports club, is among the other volunteer organisations that dominate student culture in Trondheim. Students in Trondheim are also behind two major Norwegian culture festivals, UKA and The International Student Festival in Trondheim (ISFiT). NTNU lists over 200 student organisations with registered web pages on its servers alone."}, {"context": " Trondheim culture is parodied on the Monty Python album \"Another Monty Python Record\" in the form of the fictitious Trondheim Hammer Dance. Trondheim is also a key location in the \"\" universe, as it is a critical battleground for both factions. Trondheim was the name of a planet in the Hundred Worlds of the Ender's Game book series. Trondheim has an international airport, Trondheim Airport, V\u00e6rnes, situated in Stj\u00f8rdal, which is Norway's fourth largest airport in terms of passenger traffic. V\u00e6rnes has non-stop connections to cities such as London, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Stockholm and Berlin, among others. The domestic route Trondheim - Oslo is among the busiest air routes in Europe with around 2 million passengers annually. Busiest air routes"}, {"context": " Major railway connections are the northbound Nordland Line, the eastbound Mer\u00e5ker Line to \u00c5re and \u00d6stersund in Sweden, and two southbound connections to Oslo, the R\u00f8ros Line and Dovre Line. The Coastal Express ships (Hurtigruten: Covering the Bergen\u2013Kirkenes stretch of the coast) call at Trondheim, as do many cruise ships during the summer season. Since 1994 there is also a fast commuter boat service to Kristiansund, the closest coastal city to the southwest. Every morning the Hurtigruten ships have one southbound and one northbound arrivals and departures in Trondheim."}, {"context": " A car ferry route from the port of Flakk in the northwest of the municipality, connects Trondheim with Fosen. Various bridge projects over the Trondheim Fjord to replace the ferry have been planned, but none have begun construction. Trondheim also boasts the northernmost (since closure of Arkhangelsk tram in 2004) tramway line in the world: the Gr\u00e5kallen Line, the last remaining segment of the Trondheim Tramway, is an route (which is mostly single-track outside the innermost parts of the city; except the stretch between Breidablikk and Nordre Hoem stations) which runs from the city centre, through the By\u00e5sen district, and up to Lian, in the large recreation area Bymarka. Trondheim boasts the world's only bicycle lift, \"Trampe\".  The bus network, operated by AtB, runs throughout most of the city and its suburbs. In addition, the Nattbuss (Night Bus) service ensures cheap and effective transport for those enjoying nightlife in the city centre during the weekends. The Nattbus has other prices than ordinary buses. The European route E6 highway passes through the city centre of Trondheim in addition to a motorway bypass along the eastern rim of the city. Trondheim is twinned with:"}]}, {"title": "Myrt Basing", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Myrton Nathan Basing (October 29, 1900 \u2013 April 29, 1957) was a halfback in the National Football League. Basing was born Myrton Nathan Basing on October 29, 1900 in Appleton, Wisconsin. He died in 1957 in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Basing played with the Green Bay Packers for five seasons. He played at the collegiate level at Lawrence University."}]}, {"title": "Posoka, Turek County", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Posoka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przykona, within Turek County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Przykona, east of Turek, and east of the regional capital Pozna\u0144. <br>"}]}, {"title": "Aycrigg Mansion", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Aycrigg Mansion, located in Passaic, Passaic County, New Jersey, United States, was the home of John Bancker Aycrigg. The mansion was built in 1848 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 29, 1982. The structure currently houses a boy's religious high school, Mesivta Tiferes R' Tzvi Aryeh Zemel."}]}, {"title": "Moritz Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Zeitz", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Moritz Wilhelm (English: Maurice William; 12 March 1664\u00a0\u2013 15 November 1718), a member of the Saxon House of Wettin, was the second and last Duke of Saxe-Zeitz from 1681 until his death. He was born at Moritzburg Castle in the Wettin residence of Zeitz, the eldest son of Duke Maurice of Saxe-Zeitz (1619\u20131681) and his second wife, Dorothea Maria (1641\u20131675), a younger daughter of the Wettin duke Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar. Duke Maurice had received the secundogeniture of Saxe-Zeitz from the hands of his father, Elector John George I of Saxony in 1652 and had Moritzburg Castle erected as his residence. He had two sons from his first marriage, but both died in infancy long before Moritz Wilhelm's birth."}, {"context": " Moritz Wilhelm received a comprehensive education, mainly in ancient languages and theology; in 1681 he met with Philipp Spener during his Grand Tour in Frankfurt and in his later years kept up a fruitful correspondence with the philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. The sixteen-year-old succeeded as duke of Saxe-Zeitz upon the death of his father on 4 December 1681. However, he had to accept the guardianship of his Wettin cousin Elector John George III until 1684. The relationship with the Saxon electors remained tense, similar to the other Wettin secundogenitures of Saxe-Weissenfels and Saxe-Merseburg. Suspiciously eyed by his cousins, Moritz Wilhelm sought support at the Imperial court in Vienna as well as by the Electors of Brandenburg, leading to his marriage with Princess Marie Amalie, a daughter of the \"Great Elector\" Frederick William and devout promoter of the Calvinist faith. He tried to reach the acknowledgement of his Saxe-Zeitz lands as a sovereign Imperial State, referring to the princely \"Hochstift\" rights of the former Bishops of Naumburg-Zeitz; however, his attempts failed due to the veto of the Saxon electors. When he even tried to gain Swedish support during the Great Northern War, Saxon troops temporarily occupied his country in 1709."}, {"context": " After Moritz Wilhelm's only son and heir, Frederick August, died in 1710 at the age of nine, the duke finally reconciled with the Saxon electors and waived all claims to Imperial immediacy. Already in 1699, he had given the towns of Pegau and Neustadt as appanages to his youngest brother Frederick Henry. Chosen as being the heir of Saxe-Zeitz, Frederick Henry, nevertheless, died in 1713. As Moritz Wilhelm's brother Christian August had chosen an ecclesiastical career, the secondogeniture would fell back to the main line of Wettin electors."}, {"context": " Shortly before his death in 1717, the duke converted from Calvinism to Catholicism in order to please his brother Christian August, who was a Prince of that Church as Archbishop of Esztergom and Primate of Hungary. Forced out of his Zeitz residence, he shifted the seat of his government to Weida and retired to Osterburg Castle. Urged by his consort and the Halle pietist August Hermann Francke, he revoked his conversion a few weeks before his death. In Potsdam on 25 June 1689, Moritz Wilhelm married Marie Amalie of Brandenburg (1670-1739). They had five children:  He died at Weida without surviving male issue. Because his two remaining heirs, his brother Christian August and his nephew Maurice Adolf, were ordained priests, Zeitz was merged back to the Electorate of Saxony."}]}, {"title": "Primitive Baptist Universalist", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Primitive Baptist Universalists (also called Primite Baptist Universalists) are Christian Universalist congregations located primarily in the central Appalachian region of the United States. They are popularly known as \"No-Hellers\" due to their belief that there is no Hell \"per se\", but that Hell is actually experienced in this life. Although they did not split as a denomination away from other Primitive Baptists until 1924, the Primitive Baptist Universalists (PBUs) have been theologically distinct as Universalists since at least 1907, when the minutes of the Washington District Primitive Baptist Association record a reproval:"}, {"context": " Resolved, that whereas, we have been troubled with the doctrine of universalism that we advise the churches that if they have any elders preaching such heresies, or members arguing it, that they admonish them to quit preaching it or talking it, and if they fail to hear them to withdraw fellowship from such, and especially we admonish Hale Creek church to admonish Elder M. L. Compton to refrain from such doctrine. Baptist minister and historian Bill Leonard has characterized PBU beliefs as the result of \"press[ing] ... Calvinism to the ... conclusion that Christ's redemption is so powerful that all will be redeemed.\" According to Leonard, PBUs believe \"It's hell enough down here.\""}, {"context": " Specific tenets of PBU theology include: Primitive Baptists do not participate in censuses of religious denominations, so there are no solid data on the number of PBUs or other Primitive Baptist groups. Bill Leonard estimated in 2011 that there were 1,000 or fewer PBU adherents in total, concentrated in 20 counties in Appalachia. There are four associations of PBU congregations consisting of a total of thirty-three congregations located in area of northeastern Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia and Kentucky, with three PBU fellowships in Ohio, one in Pennsylvania, and Mt. Pleasant Primitive Baptist Church in Grayson, Louisiana:"}]}, {"title": "Ce\u0301gep Limoilou", "paragraphs": [{"context": " C\u00e9gep Limoilou is a French-language CEGEP in the province of Quebec, situated in La Cit\u00e9-Limoilou, a borough of Quebec City. C\u00e9gep Limoilou offers pre-university and technical programs, continuing education and corporate services. It has 6 faculties and 43 programs leading to a Diploma of College Studies (DEC) and 20 programs lead to an Attestation of College Studies (AEC). Campus de Qu\u00e9bec (Head office) 1300, 8 Avenue, Quebec, Quebec G1J 5L5 418.647.6600 Campus de Charlesbourg 7600, 3 Avenue Est, Quebec, Quebec G1H 7L4"}, {"context": " 418.647.6600 Pavillon des m\u00e9tiers d'art 299, 3e Avenue, Qu\u00e9bec (Qu\u00e9bec) G1L 2V7 418.647.0567 Maison des m\u00e9tiers d'art 367, boulevard Charest Est, Qu\u00e9bec (Qu\u00e9bec) G1K 3H3 418.524.7337 Institut qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois d'\u00e9b\u00e9nisterie 14, rue Soumande, bureau 1-14, Qu\u00e9bec (Qu\u00e9bec) G1L 0A4 418.525.7060 \u00c9cole de cirque de Qu\u00e9bec 750, 2e Avenue, Qu\u00e9bec (Qu\u00e9bec) G1L 3B7 418.525.0101 The College of General and Vocational Education is affiliated with the ACCC and CCAA. In 1967, several institutions were merged and became public ones, when the Quebec system of CEGEPs was created."}]}, {"title": "Yellow Dancer", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Yellow Dancer is the fourth studio album by Japanese singer-songwriter Gen Hoshino. It was released on 2 December 2015 in Japan on Speedstar Records. It reached the first place on the Oricon music charts and was certified platinum by Recording Industry Association of Japan. The album was promoted by three singles \u2014 \"Jigoku de Naze Warui\", serving as the title song for the Sion Sono movie \"Why Don't You Play in Hell?\", double A-sided \"Crazy Crazy\" / \"Sakura no Mori\", and \"Sun\" (theme song for the dorama \"Kokoro ga Pokitto ne\"). All charted in the top 5 on the Oricon. The 2013 single \"Gag\", used as the theme song for the \"Saint Young Men\" anime film starring Hoshino as Buddha, didn't make the album."}]}, {"title": "Eusebio Tejera", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Eusebio Ram\u00f3n Tejera Kirkerup (6 January 1922 in Montevideo \u2013 9 November 2002) was a Uruguayan footballer. From 1945 to 1950 he played for Club Nacional de Football, winning the Uruguayan championship in 1946, 47 and 50. He also earned 31 caps for the Uruguay national football team from 1945 to 1954. He was part of Uruguay's championship team at the 1950 FIFA World Cup, known for the final match dubbed the Maracanazo, and also participated in the 1954 FIFA World Cup."}]}, {"title": "Iron man (sports streak)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " An Iron man is an athlete of unusual physical endurance. This durability is generally measured by an athlete's ability to play without missing a game and/or start for an extended period of time, sometimes, even for an entire career. Some of the more notable athletes with significant streaks in sports history includes baseball's Lou Gehrig and Cal Ripken Jr., American football's Brett Favre and Joe Thomas, basketball's A. C. Green, ice hockey's Doug Jarvis, and stock car racing's Jeff Gordon. The term \"iron man\" as it pertains to sports longevity has origins from major league baseball pitcher Joe McGinnity, who was known for pitching in back to back doubleheaders and leading his league in innings pitched four times in five seasons from 1900 to 1904. He also played professionally until age 54. His nickname was \"Iron Man\" although he said the name came from his off season work for his family's foundry business."}, {"context": " In 1941, endurance by an athlete was recognized as an \"iron man\" by the press when Lou Gehrig had a streak of 2,130 consecutive games end when he had asked the manager to take him out of the line up due to his fading abilities. Gehrig had been a consistent performer on the field having attained a batting average of at least .300 throughout his career until the previous season when he had fallen to .295. A common characteristic of an iron man is the ability to play through injury. Gehrig displayed this trait in 1934 when his streak was in jeopardy of being snapped at 1,427 games. He had been injured during a game and was pulled from the lineup. The next day, after receiving heat treatments and massages for a stiff back, he was able to get a hit before leaving the contest. Gehrig's record stood for 62 years until surpassed by Cal Ripken Jr. in 1995. After Ripken's record-breaking streak garnered attention from the media, the NBA's A.C. Green received attention for his own streak of consecutive games played in 1997 as he was approaching Randy Smith's record. Then in 1999, Brett Favre set the record for consecutive starts by a quarterback when he started his 117th consecutive game surpassing the mark established by Ron Jaworski. In 2009, Favre would surpass Jim Marshall's starts streak at any position with his 271st consecutive start."}, {"context": " An iron man streak can also be ended due to disciplinary reasons. In 2015, Matt Kenseth was suspended after he caused a crash that ended Joey Logano's race. NASCAR issued a two-race suspension, effectively ending his streak at 571 leaving him ineligible for pursuing Jeff Gordon's 797-race streak. In international cricket, players can be taken out of the squad due to injuries, discipline, poor form, or illegal bowling action or unfavourable conditions against certain bowlers, or simply as a healthy scratch when they are rested during long tours or in a calendar year with hectic schedules. In 2016, Brendon McCullum would finish his international career, having started all 101 tests, which is remarkable not only because he has never been dropped due to poor form or poor health (though he has given up wicketkeeping due to back and knee issues), but because New Zealand has a far leaner schedule compared to Australia and England, even though he is nowhere near Allan Border's actual record of 153, it wasn't throughout his own career. Also, since Test and limited-overs cricket would also feature different players, the consecutive starts streak would be counted separately. Brendon McCullum also started 122 consecutive One-Day Internationals from 2004-2010, the same as Mahela Jayawardene of Sri Lanka with 122 each, but the record is held by Sachin Tendulkar, when his streak was snapped due to injury.  In 2017, Eli Manning was benched in favor of Geno Smith after the Giants, snapping his active starts streak at 210, which was the longest streak amongst active players. Philip Rivers of the Los Angeles Chargers now has the longest active streak."}]}, {"title": "Pirate coins", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Pirate coins are salty liquorice flavoured candies popular in Europe, especially the Nordic countries. The candies are coin-shaped and feature images associated with pirates, such as guns, skull and crossbones symbols, and parrots. Pirate coins have been produced by Fazer in Finland and by Haribo in Germany and Denmark. Haribo's Piratos was introduced in 1955 and invented in Denmark and based on Scandinavian traditional salty liquorice. Today they are still produced in Haribo's Danish factory. The product is still very popular in Denmark and available in almost every supermarket, store, gas station, cinema, and in vending machines. Haribo pirate coins are available in two formulations, Piratos and Super Piratos, where the latter has a slightly higher ammonium chloride content; both flavours are available in small and large bags.  Fazer's pirate coins were introduced in the 1970s. They caused controversy in the late 1970s and early 1980s because of their large size, which carried a risk of suffocation when eaten by small children. In February 2013 Fazer reintroduced the pirate coins but in smaller size. Fazer pirate coins are also available in fruit flavours."}]}, {"title": "Epenti", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Epenti is a village in Abi local government area of Cross River State, Nigeria."}]}, {"title": "Derek Schofield", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Derek Schofield (born 1945), commenced his legal career in 1961 when he was appointed assistant in the office of the clerk of the court in Lancashire. He was called to the bar in 1970, at Gray's Inn. He has served as the Senior Judge in the Cayman Islands, and a high court judge in Kenya. In 1996 he was appointed the current Chief Justice of Gibraltar of the Supreme Court of Gibraltar and has been suspended for the best part of 2 years. A Tribunal of inquiry was held in Gibraltar, estimated to have cost some \u00a32million., which submitted a report to the Governor of Gibraltar, who referred the matter to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. This held hearings in London between the 15 and 18 June 2009 to consider the question of his removal as Chief Justice of Gibraltar due to misbehaviour and inability."}, {"context": " He is married to human rights lawyer Anne Schofield, and has four children. He is known for his strong support of human rights and the independence of the judiciary which led him to resign as high court judge and leave Kenya with his family in 1987 when he refused to be influenced by strong political interference in a case. During his term as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Gibraltar, he made several significant decisions, including the ruling that it is unconstitutional for jury service to be compulsory only for men. The decision was reversed on appeal and then went to the Privy Council, who overturned the Gibraltar Government objection of equality for women in jury service."}, {"context": " There were also a number of controversies over his conduct, which led to his suspension and subsequent removal from office. Since his appointment as Chief Justice of Gibraltar, he had been involved in high-profile disputes that he has actively pursued with Chief Minister Peter Caruana. The Tribunal of Inquiry, appointed by the Governor to look into whether his appointment should be referred to the Privy Council, reported that they found that Chief Justice Schofield misbehaved in his pursuit of these disputes and was unable to perform the duties of Chief Justice of Gibraltar."}, {"context": " Chief Justice Schofield has been publicly critical of the Judicial Reforms introduced by the UK Government and Gibraltar Social Democrats administration through the new Constitution of Gibraltar and the Judicial Services Act. These criticisms centred on the replacement of the Chief Justice by the President of the Court of Appeal as Head of the Judiciary and the creation of a Judicial Services Commission to oversee the judiciary, which he has claimed, in the face of much learned opposition, can be controlled too easily by the Executive and in his view posed a threat to judicial independence. This stance has been heavily criticised by the Tribunal report."}, {"context": " After the introduction of the new Constitution by the UK Government followed by the enactment of the Judicial Services Act, Chief Justice Schofield launched a Judicial Review into the changes. He subsequently withdrew this Judicial Review. A large costs order was made against him consequently by the very Court over which he presided over until his suspension. He has paid these costs. The Tribunal report is critical of Chief Justice Schofield for having taken this Judicial Review. He purported to have cancelled the Ceremonial Opening of the Legal Year (for which he is also criticised by the Tribunal report) without success as it was held by the newly appointed Head of the Judiciary. The dispute escalated further to involve leading members of the Gibraltar legal profession who intended proposing a vote of no confidence in the Chief Justice. The motion was never put and instead a complaint was made to the Governor."}, {"context": " This complaint led to the Governor appointing the Tribunal to inquire into his removal for inability and misbehaviour. The Tribunal delivered a report suggesting there were grounds for his removal. Chief Justice Schofield was represented at the Tribunal hearings by Edward Fitzgerald QC, the Tribunal by Tim Otty QC, the Government by James Eadie QC and the Gibraltar lawyers who complained by Antony White QC with Robert Vasquez, a partner of Triay & Triay, lawyers in Gibraltar. Anne Schofield instructed a local barrister Charles Gomez to launch a libel lawsuit against Bar Association Chairman James Neish for making allegedly defamatory statements. Charles Gomez, having earlier ended his representation of her, she subsequently withdrew this lawsuit and now faces paying a substantial costs order made against her by the Supreme Court. This led to a bankruptcy notice issued against her, but proceedings have not commenced."}, {"context": " Mrs Schofield has petitioned the European Court alleging breaches of her right to a fair trial and discrimination. Mrs Schofield has to pay \u00a345,000 in costs after the Privy Council declined an application from her to appeal. In a statement she still alleges that the judge who heard her case Sir Michael Turner, should have recused himself because of what she claims are interests that could make him partial. Alfred A. Vasquez Q.C., also a partner of Triay & Triay, represented both the Government of Gibraltar to oppose the Chief Justice's Judicial Review and James Neish in Mrs Schofield's defamation action."}, {"context": " On 17 September 2007 Schofield was suspended on full pay pending the inquiry into his removal from office. It has been reported that at one earlier moment in time he was offered full remuneration until his retirement in return for his resignation, but that he declined this offer. A tribunal was convened in Gibraltar, chaired by Lord Cullen with Sir Peter Gibson and Sir Jonathan Parker, to determine whether to refer his appointment to the Privy Council. The full Inquiry report, which recommended that his appointment should be reviewed, along with the daily transcript and other documents regarding the dispute is available from the \"Gibraltar Chronicle\" document repository site."}, {"context": " There are mixed views over the report of the tribunal, which it is claimed went further than its mandate and made a string of assumptions which it is claimed \"show how little grasp of the local social and political situation the three judges actually had.\" On 18 November 2008 the Governor of Gibraltar released a statement that he had referred the case to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The Privy Council cancelled the original hearing of this matter which was scheduled for the 27\u201329 January 2009."}, {"context": " In June 2009 of the Privy Council considered the matter. The Governor was represented by Tim Otty QC, the Government of Gibraltar by James Eady QC, the Gibraltar lawyers who complained appeared as litigants in person, by Robert Vasquez of Triay & Triay, lawyers in Gibraltar. Chief Justice Schofield was represented by the Hon Michael Beloff QC from Blackstone Chambers and Paul Stanley from Essex Court Chambers and briefed by Mr Charles Gomez from Gibraltar. On 12 November 2009 the Privy Council judgement was released in which by a 4:3 majority they supported the removal of the Chief Justice from office.  On 17 November 2009 the following notice was issued: \"Acting on the advice received from the Judicial Service Commission, HE The Governor, Sir Adrian Johns, has today carried out the removal by means of dismissal of Mr Justice Schofield from the office of Chief Justice.\""}]}, {"title": "Disney Princess", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Disney Princess, also called the Princess Line, is a media franchise and toy-line owned by The Walt Disney Company. Created by Disney Consumer Products chairman Andy Mooney in the early 2000s, the franchise features a line-up of fictional female protagonists who have appeared in various Disney franchises. The franchise does not include all princess characters from the whole of Disney-owned media, but rather refers to select specific characters from the company's animated films and series. , the eleven characters considered part of the franchise are Snow White, Cinderella, Aurora, Ariel, Belle, Jasmine, Pocahontas, Mulan, Tiana, Rapunzel, and Merida."}, {"context": " The franchise has released dolls, sing-along videos, apparel, beauty products, home decor, toys, and a variety of other products featuring some of the Disney Princesses. Licensees for the franchise include Glidden (wall paint), Stride Rite (sparkly shoes), Hasbro (games and dolls), and plastic Fisher-Price figurines. Former Nike, Inc. executive Andy Mooney was appointed chairman of The Walt Disney Company's Disney Consumer Products division in the late 1990s. While attending his first Disney on Ice show, Mooney noticed that several young girls attending the show were dressed in princess attire -- though not authentic Disney merchandise. \"They were generic princess products they\u2019d appended to a Halloween costume,\" Mooney told \"The New York Times\". Concerned by this, Mooney addressed the company the following morning and encouraged them to commence work on a legitimate Disney Princess franchise in January 2000. Walt's nephew, Roy E. Disney, objected to the creation of the line, as the company has long \"avoided mingling characters from its classic fairy tales in other narratives, worrying that it would weaken the individual mythologies\"."}, {"context": " The original line-up consisted of princesses Snow White, Cinderella, Aurora, Ariel, Belle, Jasmine, Pocahontas, Mulan and Tinker Bell. Tinker Bell was soon removed from the latter category and the overall line-up. This was the first time the characters would be marketed in a separate franchise to their original films. Mooney decided that, when featured on marketing advertisements such as posters, the princesses should never make eye contact with each other in an attempt to keep their individual \"mythologies\" intact. \"[Each] stares off in a slightly different direction as if unaware of the others' presence.\""}, {"context": " In an unconventional manner, Mooney and his team launched the Disney Princess line without utilizing any focus groups and with minimal marketing. By 2001, Disney Consumer Products (DCP) had generated about 300 million dollars, but by 2012, the division had increased revenue to 3 billion dollars, making it the top seller of consumer entertainment products globally. DCP issued princess product licenses to Hasbro for games, Mattel for dolls, and Fisher-Price for plastic figurines in 2000, allowing the franchise to meet the $1 billion mark in revenue in three years."}, {"context": " Tiana became the first additional character to the Princess franchise officially on March 14, 2010, taking Tinker Bell's short-lived place as the ninth member. Her \"coronation\" took place at the New York Palace. Tinker Bell was already heading up another franchise started in 2005, Disney Fairies. Rapunzel was crowned and inducted into the Disney Princess franchise as the tenth member on October 2, 2011, at Kensington Palace in London, England. On May 11, 2013, Disney added the first Pixar character Merida as the 11th Princess to the franchise in a coronation ceremony in front of Cinderella Castle at Magic Kingdom in Walt Disney World."}, {"context": " With Target Corporation as its marketing partner, Disney held the first National Princess Week the week of April 22, 2012. During the week, there was the release of \"The Princess Diaries\" Blu-ray and \"The Very Fairy Princess\" book. Harrod, already have a Disney stores within, followed with their Christmas theme being Disney Princess by having Oscar de la Renta designed dress for the Princess on display. In August, the dress were on display at D23 Expo before being auctioned on November 13 to benefit Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity."}, {"context": " Mattel adding a Barbie princess-themed line in late-2010 then the fair and fantasy store based \"Ever After High\" in 2013. Mattel was only putting out Princesses Cinderella, Ariel and Belle plus Anna and Elsa during the last year or so of its license. With these competing lines and an expiration of the brand license at the end of 2015, Disney gave Hasbro a chance to gain the license given their work on Star Wars which lead to a \"Descendants\" license. DCP was also attempting to evolve the brand by making them less as damsels and more as heroines. In September 2014, Disney announced that Hasbro would be the licensed doll maker for the Disney Princess line starting on January 1, 2016."}, {"context": " The June 2013 release of the Disney Princess Palace Pets app from Disney Publishing, led DCP to turn Palace Pets into a Disney Princess franchise extension, with the release of The Palace Pets toy line in August from licensee Blip Toys. The line was also selected by TimetoPlayMag.com for its Most Wanted List Holiday 2013. In 2015 Disney Publishing released animated shorts series \"Whisker Haven Tales with the Palace Pets\". The shorts journey to a magical world of Whisker Haven, a secret realm located in a fairy-tale space between the Disney Princess kingdoms."}, {"context": " Princesses were given an official number in the franchise lineup starting with Snow White as the first and original Disney princess, with Cinderella being the second, followed by Aurora and so on. Snow White is the first and original Disney Princess. A main character in Walt Disney Animation Studios' 1st animated feature film \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" (1937), Snow White is a beautiful young princess, described by her evil stepmother's Magic Mirror as having 'hair as black as ebony, lips as red as the rose, skin as white as snow' and also dubbed by the Mirror as the 'Fairest Of Them All'. She is forced to seek refuge in the home of the seven dwarfs where she hides from her evil stepmother, Queen Grimhilde, who got angered by the fact that Snow White's beauty was greater than hers. She asked the Huntsman to kill the princess; however, as an act of pity, he ends up setting her free and telling her the Evil Queen's plan. Snow White is often described as a kind, optimistic, tidy and happy person who sees the good in everyone. Originally voiced by Adriana Caselotti and animated by Marc Davis and Les Clark, she and her movie are based on the heroine and story of the German fairy tale \"Snow White\" (1812) by the Brothers Grimm. She has also been voiced by Mary Kay Bergman, Carolyn Gardener, Katherine Von Till, and most recently Pamela Ribon. A crisp, blood red apple has become her trademark with years of exposure."}, {"context": " Snow White is often known as one of the most anti-feminist Disney princesses through her passivity, her living with the Seven Dwarfs, her tendency to clean, and her awaiting of a prince to save her from her oppressions, which critics have viewed as misogyny and a danger to young women who will want to replicate these behaviors in their own lives. While many argue that she was a reflection of the era in which she was created, others claim that the complexity of animation of the time made it too difficult to add complexity to the characters in the film. Janet Maslin of The New York Times claims, \"Aside from her great daintiness and her credentials as a fervent housekeeper, Snow White has no distinct personality. She exists only to be victimized by her wicked stepmother - a far more interesting character - and to wait for Mr. Right,\" that supports feminist theory, but despite public feminist responses to the character, Disney regards Snow White as kind, sweet and respectful, encouraging children to, \"be a friend to all,\" in the same way she is depicted in the film."}, {"context": " Cinderella is the second Disney Princess. Her movie, Disney's 12th animated feature film, is named after her, \"Cinderella\", released in 1950. Forced into servitude by her evil stepmother, Lady Tremaine, and her two cruel stepsisters, Drizella and Anastasia, after her father's death, her only source of happiness was her animal friends, which consists of birds and mice. While scrubbing the floors of her late father's mansion, an invitation to the Prince's ball is delivered, inviting all of the eligible women to attend so that he can find a wife. While Cinderella meets the requirements to attend, her stepfamily forbids her, going so far as to rip apart the clothes that the mice and birds had created for her as the carriage arrives. When all seems lost, her fairy godmother gives her the means to attend, where she falls in love with the Prince."}, {"context": " Cinderella is based on the heroine of the French fairy tale \"Cinderella\" by Charles Perrault and the German fairy tale Ashputtel by the Brothers Grimm. Originally voiced by Ilene Woods and animated by Marc Davis, in recent animated features she is currently voiced by Jennifer Hale. In the original movie, Cinderella's hair was intended to be more of a strawberry-blonde color, but today she is depicted as having blonde hair. Also, her iconic ball gown is depicted as light blue instead of silver in nearly all media and merchandise. Cinderella is also known as \"Cinderelly\" by the mice. These days, her legendary glass slipper, which was used by the Prince to find her, symbolizes Cinderella's timeless character and tale."}, {"context": " Cinderella was portrayed by Lily James in the 2015 live-action film. The film is commended for remaining close to the original plot line of the animated feature supplemented by added depth to give the original character more background and dimension. Reviews cite the movie's usage of the mantra, \"have courage and be kind\" (\"But at least [Cinderella's] outward beauty is poignantly augmented by an inner kindness and courage, things she manages to hold on to despite the abuses heaped upon her by her stepmother and stepsisters\"), claiming it to support and to help modern audiences reinvigorate their admiration of one of the earliest Disney princesses."}, {"context": " Like Snow White, Cinderella faces feminist criticism for chasing after a man for freedom, displaying household chores, and means of beauty as the only way to attract a man that viewers may see the need to perpetuate. Disney, however, cites Cinderella as a persistent princess in the light of injustice, believing she sends the message to \"never give up.\" Aurora, originally voiced by Mary Costa, is the third Disney Princess. She first appeared in Disney's 16th animated feature film \"Sleeping Beauty\" (1959). The motion picture is adapted from the French fairy tale \"The Sleeping Beauty\" by Charles Perrault (1697), from the German fairy tale \"Little Briar Rose\" (1812) by The Brothers Grimm and from \"The Sleeping Beauty\" ballet by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1890). Aurora is a princess by birth, daughter of her kingdom's rulers and betrothed to another kingdom's prince. She is described as having hair of sunshine gold and lips that shame the red rose; she is also often described as being kind, shy, sophisticated, and a hopeless romantic. At first, she is seen as a little naive and insecure as a result of being sheltered for most of her life but, unlike Snow White, she is somewhat pluckier and more opinionated. In later media, she is shown to have matured and become more self-assured, independent and confident. She was later voiced by Erin Torpey and Jennifer Hale, and is currently voiced by Kate Higgins."}, {"context": " Aurora was also portrayed by Elle Fanning in the film \"Maleficent\", the film about the fairy's backstory of Maleficent, played by Angelina Jolie. Like her counterparts in the first wave of animated Disney films, Aurora is criticized for feminist depictions, mainly in the fact that she had very little involvement both in the fairy tale and in her own Disney movie, where Princess Aurora only appears for about 30 minutes. In many bloggers' opinions, \"Aurora in the film is not a person, per se; she is the prize that the other characters fight over. She is an object, really, and that is not feminist at all,\". Disney, on their Disney princesses website, claims Aurora to inspire young girls to \"always wonder.\""}, {"context": " Ariel is the fourth Disney Princess, as well as the title character in Disney's 28th animated feature film \"The Little Mermaid\", released in 1989. She is the youngest of King Triton's seven daughters. Ariel is a mermaid princess in the undersea kingdom Atlantica (according to later media in the franchise). Fascinated by the human world and tired of life under the sea, Ariel makes a deal with Ursula, an evil sea witch, trading her voice for the chance to experience the human world. Based on the Danish fairy tale \"The Little Mermaid\" by Hans Christian Andersen, Ariel is voiced by Jodi Benson and animated by Glen Keane and Mark Henn. The character was inspired by the protagonist in Andersen's story but was developed into a different personality for the film. Ariel is fiercely independent and a dreamer, which is notable in her collecting of human world treasures in her private grotto. She is bold and a risk-taker, distinguished by her bright red hair, purple/lavender seashell bra and green tail."}, {"context": " \"The Little Mermaid\" was the first animated Disney Princess film following \"Sleeping Beauty\" from 1959. As such, Ariel's film marks a new \"Renaissance\" of Disney that created more progressive, independent princesses with higher levels of depth and complexity. However, of all of the progressive Princesses, Ariel is regarded as one of the least feminist ones depicted. She sings \"Part of Your World\" which pleads for a chance to explore her curiosity in the outside world, though critics cite that curiosity is largely driven by her desire to marry a man that she has never even spoken to. However, in direct contrast to this criticism, Ariel was depicted in the film as being interested in the human world and species and sang the song long before falling in love with Eric. Without her voice, many fear that she is reliant on her beauty and sexuality only and, in the end, is saved by her male lover, Prince Eric, only to spend the rest of her life on the human world. Disney, however, claims Ariel spreads a message of, \"explor[ing] new worlds,\" that many other viewers notice throughout the film."}, {"context": " Belle is the fifth Disney Princess, first introduced in Disney's 30th animated feature film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991). Based on the heroine of the French fairy tale by Jeanne-Marie Le Prince de Beaumont, Belle was created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton and originally animated by James Baxter and Mark Henn. Originally voiced by Paige O'Hara, Belle is currently voiced by Julie Nathanson. O'Hara did, however, return as the voice of Belle in the 2018 film \"Ralph Breaks the Internet\". Frustrated with her provincial village life, book-loving Belle longs for adventure. When her father Maurice is imprisoned by a hideous beast, Belle sacrifices her own freedom in return for his. At first frightened by the Beast's physical appearance and repulsed by his selfishness, Belle learns to appreciate him after he rescues her from a pack of hungry wolves, expressing her gratitude by tending to his wounds. While the Beast's love for Belle gradually results in him adapting a more friendly and civil manner, Belle befriends him, eventually managing to fall in love with him by the time the last petal falls off an enchanted rose, which ultimately breaks a spell cast on him and transforms him back into a handsome prince."}, {"context": " Emma Watson portrays Belle in the live-action adaptation, which is also titled \"Beauty and the Beast\". Personality-wise, Belle has been regarded as an independent, intelligent, courageous, and headstrong as well as a feminist. The character has been universally lauded by critics, garnering specific praise and recognition for her intelligence and bravery. The \"Los Angeles Times\" hailed Belle as one of the Disney Princesses responsible for \"break[ing] the bonds of convention\". \"The Globe and Mail\" praised the character, complimenting her intellect and labeling her the \"main attraction of \"Beauty and the Beast\"\". \"Entertainment Weekly\" highlighted the character's independence, calling her \"the hero\" of the film and accrediting her with making \"Beauty and the Beast\" the best Disney Princess film. \"The Washington Post\" described Belle as \"more mature, more womanly and less blandly asexual\" than previous Disney heroines. The American Film Institute nominated Belle for its list of 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains. Belle remains the best-received Disney Princess to-date. Disney cites Belle as a role model for the mantra, \"don't judge a book by its cover.\""}, {"context": " Jasmine is the sixth Disney Princess and the leading lady of Disney's 31st animated feature film \"Aladdin\" (1992). Jasmine is fierce, bold, and confident, rarely allowing anyone to tell her how to live her life. Jasmine hungers for independence, tired of the restrictions laid before her by her father. She falls in love with Aladdin while he is disguised as a prince after he takes her on a romantic ride on a magic carpet. Aladdin's genie companion is summoned by Jafar, who uses the genie's magic to tyrannically overthrow Jasmine's father, the Sultan. Luckily, after Jafar's defeat, the Sultan permits Jasmine to wed Aladdin despite his lack of royal heritage. Princess Jasmine is voiced by Linda Larkin, animated by Mark Henn, and her singing voice is provided by Lea Salonga (in the feature film) and Liz Callaway (in the direct-to-video sequel). Naomi Scott will star as Jasmine in a live-action film adaptation of \"Aladdin\"."}, {"context": " Jasmine is based on Princess Badroulbadour from the One Thousand and One Nights tale of \"Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp\". Jasmine is one of the first Disney princesses to identify as a minority and to be a part of a movie taking place in an area other than Europe. While a part of the new line of progressive princesses, shown by how Jasmine is more likely to leave the castle and has immense curiosity about the world beyond the palace walls, critics have judged her for her reliance on a man, sexuality that is displayed more than in the other princesses prior, and for her false representation of Middle Eastern culture. Her sexual depiction, particularly in a scene where she seduces the villain Jafar, as well as her Western features, makes critics fear the messages Disney is spreading about culture, as well as the continued image of women winning over men with their bodies: \"Other than skin tone, this feature appears to be the only signifier of racial difference. In terms of the body. Jasmine, although still small-waisted is \"filmed\" in more active sequences and appears, through both the physical presence and activity in scenes, more athletic.\" Disney claims its intention with Jasmine is to inspire viewers to \"see the good in others.\""}, {"context": " Pocahontas is the seventh Disney Princess and first appeared in Disney's 33rd animated feature film \"Pocahontas\" (1995). Based on the Native American chief's daughter, Pocahontas (c. 1595\u20131617), and the settlement of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Pocahontas is displayed as a noble, independent and highly spiritual young woman. She expresses wisdom beyond her years and offers kindness and guidance to those around her. An adventurer and nature lover, in the film she appears to have shamanic powers since she was able to communicate with nature, spirits, and animals and understand foreign languages. In the sequel, Pocahontas, after hearing of John Smith's assumed death, is heartbroken. Despite this, she keeps her independent spirit and playfulness and is even much more mature and self-assured than she was in the first film. During her stay in England, she nearly loses herself in the hustle and bustle of the new world, consequently falling victim to western culture assimilation. But in the end, she bravely intends to sacrifice herself for her people's safety and returns to her homeland, finding herself, and love, once again. She was voiced by Irene Bedard and animated by Glen Keane while her singing was provided by Judy Kuhn."}, {"context": " Like Jasmine, Pocahontas, and her film, are criticized for the depiction of over-sexualized females in a culturally diverse world. Both princesses are shown with small waists, large almond eyes, and incredibly athletic ability that none of the Caucasian Disney princesses represent. Further, the film has been met with criticism from the Native American community as heralding colonialism and an invalid, romanticized representation of an important figure to the Powhatan people. In terms of its '90s debut, Buescher and Ono in their critical review of the film claim that Pocahontas's actions, \"appropriates contemporary social issues of feminism, environmentalism, and human freedom in order to make racial domination appear innocent and pure.\" Despite these issues, Pocahontas is the first Disney Princess to not continue her romantic relationship at the conclusion of the film and even plays a direct role in rescuing her lover, John Smith. She is considered to be one of the most independent Disney princesses. Disney claims Pocahontas as a role model to \"respect the earth.\" Pocahontas is the first Disney Princess based on a real person."}, {"context": " Fa Mulan, or simply Mulan is the eighth Disney Princess and first appeared in Disney's 36th animated feature film \"Mulan\" (1998). The movie is adapted from the legend of Hua Mulan (6th century; 'Northern and Southern Dynasties' period). Mulan, atypical and unlike most previous female roles, is courageous and more self-reliant. She also does not fit in with the expectations of a young Chinese girl of the time; despite her natural beauty, she is clumsy, outspoken, and independent rather than graceful, silent and demure. After her meeting with the matchmaker ended in chaos, the matchmaker claimed that even though she had the looks of a bride, she would never find a match. However, her courage, intelligence, and determination helped her through her adventures, in which she disguises herself as a male soldier in order to fight in the Chinese army in place of her wounded father. She was voiced by Ming-Na Wen and animated by Mark Henn while her singing was provided by Lea Salonga. Liu Yifei is set to portray Mulan in a live-action adaptation of the 1998 animated film."}, {"context": " Mulan saves her people and is the hero of her own story. Because of this, many see Mulan as a positive role model in her determination, risk-taking, and her conclusion of saving all of China. Disney promotes Mulan as role model who can help \"find your inner warrior.\" Tiana, voiced by Anika Noni Rose and animated by Mark Henn, is the ninth Disney Princess character to be incorporated into the franchise, appearing in Disney's 49th animated feature film \"The Princess and the Frog\" (2009). Her film is loosely based on the novel \"The Frog Princess\" by E. D. Baker, which is in turn based on the Brothers Grimm fairy tale \"The Frog Prince\". Tiana is portrayed as being a hardworking, ambitious, and beautiful young woman who has no love interest (at the start of the film). Living in New Orleans, Louisiana, Tiana strives to achieve her goal of opening her own restaurant (an ambition inspired by the accomplishments of real-life restaurateur Leah Chase). However, she is transformed into a frog after trying to break a spell cast by a Bokor on Prince Naveen that had changed him into a frog also. Throughout the film, the pair must embark on a quest to find a way to break the spell. Tiana was officially \"coronated\" and became a member of the Disney Princess line-up on March 14, 2010, at the New York Palace Hotel in Manhattan, New York."}, {"context": " Tiana marks the first princess in the \"fourth-wave\" feminist movement that initiated the most modern line of Disney films, including movies like \"Tangled\", \"Brave\" and \"Frozen\". Unlike her past counterparts, Tiana has received more praise than criticism for her depiction of female independence and of minority culture. Christopher Lehman, author of \"The Colored Cartoon,\" claims that, \"Princess and the Frog\" [i]s a step in the right direction because it deviates from those polarized caricatures with characters that are crafted with individuality,\" those characters being either \"mammy\" or over sexualized versions of female African Americans. Instead, Tiana offers a new perspective as simply a hard-working woman who bears no reliance on a man. Disney says Tiana represents \"mak[ing] a dream real.\""}, {"context": " Rapunzel is the tenth Disney Princess. First appearing in Disney's 50th animated feature film \"Tangled\" (2010), Rapunzel is based on the heroine of the German fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm. Created by screenwriter Dan Fogelman, Rapunzel was originally animated by Glen Keane and is voiced by recording artist and actress Mandy Moore. The character was \"coronated\" and inducted into the Disney Princess franchise on October 2, 2011, at Kensington Palace in London, England. A princess born with long, magical golden hair, Rapunzel, stolen from her parents, the King and Queen of Corona, at infancy, is raised by Mother Gothel, an evil and vain old woman and exploits her hair to remain young and beautiful. Incarcerated in an isolated tower for eighteen years, Rapunzel enlists the help of a wanted thief named Flynn Rider to see the floating lanterns in time for her 18th birthday."}, {"context": " Rapunzel is the first Disney Princess to debut in a CGI film but is frequently revamped to a traditionally animated design. The character has been generally well received by most critics. Particular praise was awarded to her spirited personality and contemporaneity. The \"Los Angeles Times\" described Rapunzel as \"a very modern young woman\". \"The New Yorker\" called Rapunzel a witty and intelligent character, while \"USA Today\" wrote, \"Rapunzel is more believable in her teenage histrionics\" than previous Disney heroines. However, some reviews, such as the two provided by \"Time Out\", were less favorable in their opinions of the character, describing her as both a \"bland\" and \"synthetic\" character. Disney describes her as promoting \"jump[ing] into new adventures.\""}, {"context": " Merida is the eleventh Disney princess, first appearing in the Pixar film \"Brave\" (2012). Voiced by Kelly Macdonald, the character's singing voice is provided by Julie Fowlis. She was created by director and screenwriter Brenda Chapman. Merida is the 16-year-old daughter of Queen Elinor, who rules the kingdom alongside King Fergus. Queen Elinor's expectations of her daughter make Merida see her mother as being distant while also causing friction between the two. Despite Elinor's desire to see Merida as a proper royal lady, Merida is an impetuous girl who wants to take control of her own destiny. She has honed her skill in archery and is one of the most skilled archers ever seen. She is also skilled in sword-fighting and cross-country horse riding on her horse, Angus. Merida was \"coronated\" and officially became a part of the Disney Princess franchise on May 11, 2013, at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom."}, {"context": " She is the first Disney princess in the line-up to not have a love interest in her film, and the first to not on-screen in her film, as well as the first Pixar character to be included. Further, her stubbornness and independence have generally resonated with feminists, as well as her near entire rejection of \"princess duties\" like marrying a man and looking proper. Merida's redesign to fit in with the Disney Princess franchise, however, was criticised by Brenda Chapman, Merida's creator, as being sexualised. She is also the first Pixar and the second CGI princess. By her actions throughout the film, Disney makes Merida the spokesperson of bravery."}, {"context": " Ariel has an attraction at the California Adventure park called \"\" which opened June 3, 2011. Guests in Paradise Pier hop in the \"clam-mobile\" and are taken under the sea into Ariel's world. Snow White has her own ride at Disneyland, Tokyo Disneyland and Disneyland Paris known as \"Snow White's Scary Adventures\". The \"Snow White's Scary Adventures\" ride was also featured at the Walt Disney World Resort, however, it was removed in 2012 as part of the New Fantasyland expansion. An attraction opened in the Magic Kingdom's New Fantasyland entitled \"Enchanted Tales with Belle\" on December 6, 2012. The 20-minute attraction takes guests into Maurice's cottage to meet Belle and reenact the story of the \"Beauty and the Beast.\""}, {"context": " \"\", which is based on Disneyland's \"The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure\", opened on December 6, 2012. The Magic Kingdom attraction has a different exterior and queue than the one in Disneyland. On May 28, 2014, the \"Seven Dwarfs Mine Train\" opened in Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort. The 2,000-foot long steel roller coaster averages a speed of 34\u00a0mph and features two drops peaking at 41 feet. \"Just like in \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", make your merry way across the rolling stone bridges and through a forest where you\u2019ll find the Dwarfs\u2019 cottage and all the stars from the film.\" Riders are brought through the story in a runaway mine train alongside the Dwarfs through the forest, by the cottage, and into the diamond mine of the Dwarfs. The mine cave features what Disney Imagineers say are \"some of the most advanced \"Audio-Animatronics characters\" ever created.\""}, {"context": " Currently, all the princesses are available for meet-and-greets in Disneyland Resort in California. Additionally, In 2006, as part of the \"Year of Million Dreams\" celebration, the Fantasyland Theater began hosting the \"Disneyland Princess Fantasy Faire,\" a show featuring Lords and Ladies that taught young boys and girls the proper etiquette to be a prince or princess and features appearances from the Disney Princesses. In 2010, Rapunzel was given a \"Tangled\" meet-and-greet location. The Carnation Plaza Gardens bandstand, adjacent to Sleeping Beauty Castle, was closed to be replaced by a new Fantasy Faire area in the Spring of 2013."}, {"context": " The Fantasy Faire area in Disneyland officially opened on March 12, 2013, as the permanent home for the Disney Princesses and consists of a Royal Hall, a Royal Theatre, Maurice's Treats food cart and Fairytale Treasures gift shop. The theater features two small shows based on \"Beauty and the Beast\" and \"Tangled\". The hall is used for meet and greets with the princesses, which have a rotation schedule with three princesses scheduled to appear at a time. At Walt Disney World Resort, the princesses are available for meet-and-greets in more specific locations. Cinderella-based character dining and interaction, located at \"Cinderella's Royal Table\" in her Magic Kingdom castle, as well as \"Cinderella's Happily Ever After Dinner,\" (formerly known as the \"Cinderella's Gala Feast Dinner\") at 1900 Park Fare in the Disney's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa are common places for Cinderella and other Disney characters to appear. The Princesses also can be found at the Princess Storybook meal at Epcot. On September 18, 2013, a new meet-and-greet attraction called \"Princess Fairytale Hall\" opened at the Magic Kingdom."}, {"context": " Many shows and parades across the property feature the princesses, including \"Fantasmic\", \"Main Street Electrical Parade\", \"Dream Along with Mickey\", the \"Festival of Fantasy Parade\", \"Mickey's Boo-to-You Halloween Parade\" and \"Mickey's Once Upon a Christmastime Parade\". A store named \"Bibbidi Bobbidi Boutique\" opened April 5, 2006, at the World of Disney store in Downtown Disney (now Disney Springs) at Walt Disney World; this shop allows children to receive princess makeovers. A second location opened in Cinderella Castle on September 10, 2007."}, {"context": " On January 22, 2007, the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort began its first \"Pirate and Princess Party\". This hard ticketed event featured \"Disney's Enchanted Adventures Parade\" and a specially themed fireworks spectacular called \"Magic, Music and Mayhem\". The parade featured the six main Princesses attended by knights and dancers. Each land is themed accordingly to a pirate or princess, such as Jasmine's Court in Adventureland, Ariel's Court in Fantasyland and the Princess Pavilion in Mickey's Toontown Fair. This event has since been discontinued."}, {"context": " A Princess meet-and-greet location called Once Upon a Time was operational at Shanghai Disneyland's opening and is located at Storybook Castle. \"Princess Party Palace\" (formerly known as \"The Princess Power Hour\") was a programming block on Toon Disney from 2000 until 2007 and where it used to air episodes of \"The Little Mermaid\" and \"Aladdin\". The Disney Princesses' television appearances were compiled into the \"Disney Princess Collection\", a series of compilation DVDs containing episodes from \"Aladdin\", \"The Little Mermaid\" and two \"Beauty and the Beast\" specials. A later DVD series was released, entitled \"Disney Princess Stories\", featuring content similar to the previous release."}, {"context": " Belle had her own live-action television series called \"Sing Me a Story with Belle\". The first eight Disney Princesses also made appearances on the animated TV series \"House of Mouse\" and Belle also made an appearance (along with her husband, Beast) on a short episode from the TV animated series \"Mickey Mouse\". In early 2007, Disney announced \"Disney Princess Enchanted Tales\", a new series of direct-to-video features that feature new stories for the Disney Princesses. The first movie in the series entitled \"\", was released on September 4, 2007. It is a musical film featuring new tales about Princess Jasmine and the first new tale about Princess Aurora since the original \"Sleeping Beauty\"."}, {"context": " Originally, \"Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: A Kingdom of Kindness\" was announced as the first film in the series, which contained a different Princess Aurora story, and had a Belle story rather than a Princess Jasmine story. Disney made this change without any sort of notice. Currently, the series is cancelled and only \"Follow Your Dreams\" exists. The TV series \"Once Upon a Time\" that airs on the Disney-owned ABC, featured live-action versions of Snow White, Cinderella, Belle, Aurora, Mulan, Ariel, Rapunzel, Merida, Jasmine and Tiana in addition to Anna and Elsa. Snow White and Belle were main characters while the rest made recurring and or guest appearances. Beginning in season 7, Cinderella, Tiana and Rapunzel were main characters. Many of these characters are patterned after the Disney versions, but a few draw inspiration from older stories."}, {"context": " The TV series \"Sofia the First\" premiered on January 11, 2013, on Disney Junior. Cinderella appeared in the first movie \"Once Upon A Princess\". Jasmine, Belle, Aurora, Snow White, Mulan, Tiana, and Merida have appeared on the show, and Ariel and Rapunzel appeared in the TV Specials \"The Floating Palace\" and \"The Curse of Princess Ivy\", respectively. However, Sofia is a minor princess and not in the royal court. She is voiced by \"Modern Family\" star Ariel Winter. In the 2014 film \"Maleficent\", Aurora is played by Elle Fanning. Lily James portrays Cinderella in the 2015 film of the same name. Emma Watson is seen as Belle in the 2017 film \"Beauty and the Beast\". Naomi Scott is set to star as Jasmine in the 2019 film \"Aladdin\". Liu Yifei will appear as Mulan in the 2020 film of the same name."}, {"context": " The Princesses, along with Anna, Elsa and Moana, all make guest appearances in the 2018 film \"Ralph Breaks the Internet\". This film marks the first direct interaction between the characters in an animated Disney feature. Rich Moore and Phil Johnston, the directors of \"Ralph Breaks the Internet\", said that a film focusing on the Disney Princesses could be made depending on the audience's response and \"if there's a good story to be told\". In \"Kilala Princess\", a Japanese fantasy/romance manga produced by Kodansha that debuted in Nakayoshi in April 2005. The plot of the manga revolves around a girl named Kilala and her adventures to find her kidnapped friend with the help of the first six Disney Princesses, who are Snow White, Cinderella, Aurora, Ariel, Belle, and Jasmine, though Kilala herself isn't considered part of the franchise."}, {"context": " On February 24, 2016, a \"Disney Princesses\" anthology on-going comic book's first issue hit the stands. The series is published by Joe Books. Joe Books expanded Disney Princess to a graphic novel line as an exclusive for Target along with a Hasbro figure line and a Hybrid Promotions apparel line. Disney Princesses have appeared in various other media, such as video games, including \"\", \"\", and \"\". Rapunzel can be found as a character in the 2013 game \"Disney Infinity\" along with other non-franchise princesses. Anna and Elsa are also included but are not officially part of the Disney Princess Royal Court. \"\" has the addition of Merida and Jasmine. However, Merida is also included with Stitch in the Toy Box Starter Pack. \"Disney Infinity 3.0\" includes the character Mulan. Merida can be found as a character via Pixar Family Builds in the 2018 Lego game \"Lego The Incredibles\"."}, {"context": " In the \"Kingdom Hearts\" game series, the seven \"Princesses of Heart\", are young ladies with entirely pure hearts who would open the way to Kingdom Hearts if gathered together. Five of these maidens- Cinderella, Belle, Aurora, Snow White and Jasmine are Disney Princesses. The remaining Princesses of Heart are Alice from \"Alice in Wonderland\" and game series' heroine, Kairi, though the latter is only exclusive to the video game like Kilala. The Disney Princesses make various appearances throughout the series:"}, {"context": " The Disney Princess franchise has received mixed reception from critics and parents, particularity feminists. \"Pocahontas\" was criticized by University of Puget Sound Communications Professor Derek Buescher and University of Utah Professor of Communication Kent Ono. In their paper \"Civilized Colonialism: Pocahontas as a Neocolonial Rhetoric\", they call the film as an attempt to justify and purify colonization which implies that all Native American people are \"savages\" that are in need of white assimilation. Reception to Disney's first African-American princess, Tiana, the star of \"The Princess and the Frog\", was mostly positive, and considered \"a step in the right direction.\" However, the film's New Orleans setting in the wake of Hurricane Katrina and references to voodoo drew criticism from parents and the media, as did Tiana's romance with a \"Caucasian\" prince. Tiana's love interest, Prince Naveen, has brown skin and has been interpreted as a non-white character. According to a Disney executive, Naveen's \"background was made up; he's whatever ethnicity they have in [Naveen's] fictional [homeland of] Maldonia.\""}, {"context": " McKinstry argues that Disney \"prefers to portray one demographic of princess, simultaneously alienating so much of their fanbase\", pointing out that of the \"ten Disney Princesses in the brand, six are white\". The importance of non-European princesses can be seen in the 2009 study of the effects of children's cartoons on the body image of young girls by doctors Sharon Hayes and Stacey Tantleff-Dunn. The study revealed that in the group of girls ranging from 3 to 6 years old, 30.6% of the group would change their physical appearance if they could. Of these respondents, over half would change their hair and over a quarter would change something about their body, such as skin color. Of all girls surveyed, 8% said they would have to change their hair or skin color to become a princess, stating things like they would \"change from brown skin to white skin\", for example. The interviewed group was predominantly white."}, {"context": " According to a study by James Madison University, Disney's attitudes mirrored the cultural beliefs of the 1940s about what roles women should play in society. On December 24, 2006, Peggy Orenstein published \"What's Wrong With Cinderella?\" in \"The New York Times\". In her article, Orenstein discussed her concerns about the effects of princess figures on young girls. Orenstein used the Disney Princesses specifically to present many of her points. Orenstein also noted the pervasive nature of Princess merchandise and that every facet of play has its princess equivalent. Tamara Weston of \"Time\" magazine criticized the franchise, referring to the princesses as \"damsels in distress\" and negative role models for young girls. Anna Smith of \"The Guardian\" disliked that Disney princesses were typically drawn with slender figures and large eyes. Other sources have also voiced concern that the franchise could possibly give young girls the wrong message. However, other parents who have young daughters say that they would eventually grow out of this phase."}, {"context": " Many articles describe Disney Princesses as the beginnings of feminism. In the Bustle article \"A Feminist Ranking Of All The Disney Princesses, Because Not Every Princess Was Down For Waiting For Anyone To Rescue Her,\" Chelsea Maze ranks Disney Princesses and how each one contributes to feminism in her own way. The first princess is Mulan and the last one is Aurora. These ranks connect to how they contribute to the man's needs and also the main story plot in the films. In an article from Cracked.com, the author claimed the Disney Princesses have always been feminist and has a deeper explanation as to how they are feminist. Kristi Harrison explains in her article \"4 Ways Disney Princesses Created Modern Feminism\". She explains how we should think of the princesses as protagonists instead of princesses. Most of their adventures began with rebellion against the patriarchy."}, {"context": " Another article from Highbrow Magazine titled \"How Fourth-Wave Feminism is Changing Disney Princesses\" explains how the connection of feminism and Disney Princesses and the waves of feminism shape the way film and TV illustrate women. The first wave of feminism took place during the time the first three Disney princess films were produced. As said in the article, for these original Disney princesses, their beauty is their most defining characteristic. In all three films, the prince falls in love with and saves/marries the princess based solely on her appearance. These princesses are beautiful women and suffer because of circumstances out of their control and finally find salvation in the love of a powerful man."}, {"context": " Kaitlin Eberson, the author of the article, explains how the second waved of feminism that lasted until the 1980s went hand in hand with the civil rights movement and focused on women\u2019s legal and social equality. During this time Ariel, Belle, Jasmine, Pocahontas, and Mulan illustrated the ideology of society\u2019s drastically altered beliefs about who women are and how they should act, as each princess has a distinct personality. The earlier Disney princess films were criticized for their representation of domestication, romance, and dependence on a male hero. The next wave of Disney princess films, part of the so-called 'Progressive' Disney of the studio's renaissance era of animation, attempted to make more independent female characters, though romance still played a large role in all of these films. There was a long-time gap between the releases of \"Mulan\" and \"The Princess and the Frog\", but the fourth wave of feminism discusses the issues faced by women and how women acknowledged the inequality between genders. During this wave, the films showed strong, independent women that were powerful and were not submissive to a patriarchal society."}, {"context": " A. O. Scott of \"The New York Times\" in 2016 described the \"feisty\" and \"battle-ready\" Princess Leia as \"a foremother of Hermione Granger and Katniss Everdeen and of countless latter-day Disney princesses\". Studies evaluating the prevalence of classic male and female qualities represented by varying characters in Disney animated films showed that the earlier films tended to have more of the female characters displaying feminine characteristics at 86%, while the middle films were more along the lines of 58%. \"The Princess and the Frog\" alone had 53% of feminine qualities featured in its films in comparison to male characteristics, showing the progression that Disney has undergone in terms of feminism and escaping gendered norms. There is little data on the most recent films; however, general viewer reception has been positive in regards to the \"feminist\" qualities that these princesses display."}]}, {"title": "Lambrecht (Verbandsgemeinde)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Lambrecht is a \"Verbandsgemeinde\" (\"collective municipality\") in the district of Bad D\u00fcrkheim, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The seat of the \"Verbandsgemeinde\" is in Lambrecht. The \"Verbandsgemeinde\" Lambrecht consists of the following \"Ortsgemeinden\" (\"local municipalities\"):"}]}, {"title": "Bahamas at the 1991 Pan American Games", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 11th Pan American Games were held in Havana, Cuba from August 2 to August 18, 1991."}]}, {"title": "Ministry of Rail Transportation (Myanmar)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Ministry of Rail Transportation ( ) is the Myanmar government ministry that oversees railways in Myanmar."}]}, {"title": "Danish Association of Pharmaconomists", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Danish Association of Pharmaconomists () is the trade union that represents pharmaconomists (experts in pharmaceuticals) and pharmaconomist students in Denmark (including Greenland and Faroe Islands). The Danish Association of Pharmaconomists has about 5,350 members (i.e. 98% of all Danish pharmaconomists). Christina Durinck has been president of the trade union has since 2014. Sanne Hee Johansen has been vice president since November 2016. The Danish Association of Pharmaconomists cooperates with Pharmakon\u2014Danish College of Pharmacy Practice and the Association of Danish Pharmacies and is affiated with the FTF \u2013 Confederation of Professionals in Denmark.  The association publishes the magazine \"The Pharmaconomist\" 10 times a year. The 5,343 members of the Danish Association of Pharmaconomists are spread within the following areas:"}]}, {"title": "8TV (Malaysia)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " 8TV is a Malaysian Chinese-language free-to-air television network focused on the Chinese community of Malaysia. Its programming consists of dramas, sitcoms, and reality shows made in Chinese, either produced in Malaysia or imported from other countries, such as Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, Singapore. 8TV was launched on 1 July 1995 as MetroVision. It was managed by City Television, part of the Melewar Group, which was controlled by the Negeri Sembilan royal family. It was first available only in Klang Valley, Seremban, parts of Pahang and Malacca, but later expanded to Kedah and Johor, also being receivable from Singapore."}, {"context": " Due to the Asian financial crisis and intense competition from other channels (especially NTV7), MetroVision shut down on 1 November 1999. The operator promised to re-open the channel in March 2000 after a supposed \"signal upgrade\" but it failed to materialise. In 5 March 2018, 8TV became an independent Chinese-language television channel. NTV7's Mandarin programming was moved to 8TV as early as January 2018, due to the former changing its audience focus. The following are programmes currently or previously broadcast on 8TV. Although English, Malay, and Chinese language are spoken in the channel, only Mandarin is used in all of its news broadcasts. There was also a short-lived Malay news broadcast that was available in the channel's early years. TV series that had been broadcast may be repeated on the channel a year or two later, with the exception of those produced by TVB. According to an announcement by Tonton \u2013 Media Prima's online portal service \u2013 a programme reschedule was implemented on 1 April 2016, with almost all Chinese programmes shown on Saturdays to Tuesdays, while English programmes retain their time slots as usual on Wednesdays to Fridays, but by June 2017, 8TV broadcast only one English programme, which broadcasts every Friday."}, {"context": " The rescheduling also includes a 3-hour morning home shopping block brought in part by Korean conglomerate CJ Group titled CJ Wow Shop which had also been introduced across other Media Prima channels, some more affected by the changes (especially NTV7 and TV9). However, this block has attract huge criticism on social media as a large part of daytime schedule has been replaced by CJ Wow Shop, which these slots had been previously running mostly reruns, religious programming and kids programming. The programme was initially broadcast in Malay on the channel like its sister channel before being broadcast in Mandarin beginning 8 January 2017 onwards."}, {"context": " As a Chinese-oriented TV channel, 8TV broadcasts more Chinese programmes and movies in conjunction with the Chinese New Year celebrations every year. For the same purpose, the channel also distributes its Chinese New Year singles discography alongside its sister channel NTV7 and sister radio channel OneFM in competition with rival TV company, Astro since 2011. It had previously release and distributed its Chinese New Year singles on its own from 2009 to 2010. Beginning from 2015 onwards, 8TV, OneFM and NTV7 release and distribute their Chinese New Year singles yearly together as a group with their own themes, theme songs and mascots based on the 12 animal zodiac as well as its related merchandise (e.g. soft toys). In addition, the discography team responsible also tour across the nation to promote their discography and its merchandise. The CDs are also sold on shelves of all Popular Bookstore CD Rama kiosks nationwide during the festive season. OneFM left the singles group and also NTV7 will be the last time collaboration at 2018.  Furthermore, 14-second fortune predictions for each of all 12 Chinese Zodiacs are also screened occasionally as bumpers before and after commercials during the festive season."}]}, {"title": "The Singles (Corey Hart album)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Singles is the sixth album by Corey Hart, released in 1992. This compilation album contains fifteen tracks, one of which was not released as a single. Seven other album singles released at that time were omitted from this collection. All songs written by Corey Hart, except where noted."}]}, {"title": "Bradley Neil", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Bradley Hay Neil (born 16 January 1996) is a Scottish professional golfer. He won the 2014 Amateur Championship. In 2013, Neil won the Scottish Boys Championship. In 2014, he won The Amateur Championship, defeating Zander Lombard 2&1 in the final. This win qualified him for the Open Championship the next month and the following year's Masters Tournament and U.S. Open, in all of which he missed the cut. Neil made his professional debut the week after the U.S. Open, at the SSE Scottish Hydro Challenge on the Challenge Tour. In July 2017 he had his best finishes as a professional, joint runner-up in the Prague Golf Challenge and the Italian Challenge Open in successive weeks. He finished the season 15th in the Race to Oman rankings to earn his place on the 2018 European Tour.  CUT = missed the half-way cut Amateur"}]}, {"title": "Virtual reality cue reactivity", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Virtual Reality Cue Reactivity (VRCR) is a computer-enhanced methodology used to assess behavioral and physiological reactivity to drug and alcohol sensory cues. Studies indicate that cue reactivity\u2014a response to the presentation of various visual, auditory, olfactory, and tactile cues\u2014increases physiological excitement in addicts. VRCR utilizes virtual reality (VR) technology to stimulate cue reactivity in the most efficient and realistic environments possible; the intention being that coping skills can be taught in a contextual scenario that reflect a real world situation. While still in the early stages of development, studies have shown that VRCR is an effective means of generating a craving-inspiring environment that is tempting to a patient suffering from addiction."}, {"context": " Studies have indicated that cue exposure in patients is closely related to increases in physiological responses. In addition, situational cues are also a leading cause in triggering relapse. People suffering from addiction have a tendency to attribute their addiction to specific scenarios or events. For example, a smoker might have a habit of only smoking on his porch. Consequently, whenever he is near or around his porch, he connects it to smoking, and a craving is initiated by the mere proximity. This is an example of the classical conditioning theory, which describes how a specific cue can trigger an entirely separate reaction."}, {"context": " One of the most effective ways to avoid patient relapse is to instruct them on coping skills\u2014ideally in the most detrimental cue exposure settings possible. The idea being that if patients can learn to deny their cravings in a controlled environment, denial in a real world environment will be easier. Virtual reality helps to emulate a near lifelike situation, complete with sights, sounds, smells, and movement. In order to create a lifelike environment, actors are filmed on a green screen doing many various activities such as smoking cigarettes, dancing, drinking alcohol, doing drugs, and other provocative actions. The actors are then integrated into a three-dimensional background, giving the impression that they are in a real environment. Virtual reality (VR) technology allows a user to be immersed in a computer-simulated environment by engaging the senses of a human body. As of now, visual and auditory are the two most common senses appealed to when creating a VR environment\u2014mainly because they use simpler technologies that are much cheaper to develop. However, advances in technology are allowing for a much more efficient way to appeal to the olfactory senses as well."}, {"context": " Arguably the most important facet in making a virtual environment seem real is an appeal to sight. A virtual reality headset, incorporating a head-mounted display (HMD) is placed in front of the eyes of a patient like a pair of sunglasses, enabling for complete visual attention. A virtual environment is then displayed. A system of motion sensors tracks movement of the patient's head. If the patient tilts, or turns his head to view another part of the room, the environment adjusts accordingly. This allows for a more realistic experience by limiting restrictions of the head."}, {"context": " A headset is placed around the ears of a patient that allows for sound to be heard. Generally, full surround-sound is desirable as it gives the patient a sense of space. For example, if a virtual person standing in front of the patient was speaking, the voice would be clear and audible. However, if a virtual person was standing to the left or right of the patient, the sound would be much quieter and muffled. Surround sound aids in giving a lifelike feeling to the VR environment. Olfactory cues are presented by a computer-controlled device that releases scents in accordance with a patient's virtual environment. The device has multiple chambers with different scents in each, and uses an air compressor to blow specific scents into a patient's testing area. For example, if the patient were to approach a table with marijuana on it, he would also smell marijuana in real life. Other important scents used in VRCR include vanilla, pizza, coffee, whiskey, cigarette smoke, beer, and pine trees. The use of olfactory stimulation allows for a much more realistic virtual environment."}, {"context": " VR technology has been slowly gaining acceptance in a clinical environment. It is used for treating specific phobias, pain management, eating disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Studies have indicated that, \"patients reported emotional and physiological arousal when immersed in VR, thus providing a tool for exposure in the treatment of psychological disorders\". VR technology also allows for a standardized testing environment that could greatly increase patient recovery rates. In the past, cue reactivity has been used in labs to instruct patients in beneficial coping skills that help them to avoid relapse. Virtual reality technology allows for a more effective approach to trigger physiological arousal than the standard cue reactivity methods used previously\u2014primarily, presentation of paraphernalia or actor-based simulation."}, {"context": " Presentation of paraphernalia works by presenting a patient with physical items relative to their respective addiction. For example, an alcohol abuser might have a bottle of liquor placed in front of him, and a marijuana addict, a pipe. However, despite the fact that the objects are real, the environment in which they are presented is far from realistic. Learning how to turn down substances in a lab setting is much different than turning them down at an actual party\u2014thus, the instructional process is limited."}, {"context": " Another means of establishing a realistic situation is through actor-based simulation. Actors are hired, and stages are built to simulate what an actual situation might be like. Patients are able to interact with the actors in a realistic manner. While extremely lifelike and effective, efficiency is a major disadvantage. The actors are subject to availability, and must be paid for their services. Furthermore, stages are limited to constructed scenes that are not easy to change. Though more effective than standard presentation cue response, actor-based simulation is still limited."}, {"context": " Virtual reality cue reactivity, though still in an early stage of development, is aimed at becoming a much more efficient version of an actor-based simulation. The goal is to produce a system that will virtually simulate a given scenario while still allowing a patient to interact with the surroundings. The advantages include increased flexibility\u2014an operator has the ability to produce virtually any scenario needed\u2014as well as cheaper running costs because actors are no longer needed. The procedure is also much more accessible as actor availability is irrelevant."}]}, {"title": "2015 Energiewacht Tour", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 2015 Energiewacht Tour is the 5th edition of the Energiewacht Tour, a stage race held in the Netherlands, with a UCI rating of 2.2, from 8 April to 12 April. The last stage took place on the island Borkum, Germany. A total of 22 teams participated in the race. withdrew from the race in protest against the cost of the race entry fee. The main favourite for the prologue, the World Time Trial Champion Lisa Brennauer was beaten by 5 seconds by Anna van der Breggen. Brennauer said after her race, before Van der Breggen started, that she was pleased with her performance. Another favourite to win the prologue, the former World Time Trial Champion Ellen van Dijk had been ill for the last few days before the prologue and finished ninth, 10 seconds behind Van der Breggen.  Prologue result and general classification"}]}, {"title": "Active Power", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Active Power Inc. designs, manufactures, sells, and services flywheel-based uninterruptible power supply (UPS) products that use kinetic energy to provide short-term power as an alternative to conventional battery-based UPS products. The company also designs and manufactures modular devices that integrate critical power components into a pre-packaged, purpose built enclosure that can include Active Power\u2019s UPS products as a component. The company\u2019s products are used in a number of industries including data centers, industrial/manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, broadcast, government, and casino/gaming. To date, Active Power has shipped more than 4,000 flywheels in UPS systems, delivering more than 1 gigawatt of critical backup power to customers in more than 50 countries around the world."}]}, {"title": "Jean-Franc\u0327ois Champollion University Center for Teaching and Research", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The National University Institute Jean-Francois Champollion (\"Institut National Universitaire Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Champollion\"), formerly known as Jean-Francois Champollion University Center for Teaching and Research (\"Centre universitaire de formation et de recherche Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Champollion\") is a French university, in the Academy of Toulouse. Founded in 2002 on the site of the former military barracks of the Caserne Lap\u00e9rouse in Albi, France, site of its main campus and administrative offices, it also has campuses in Rodez and Castre. With fewer than 4000 students it is one of France's smallest universities, a fact which has often been credited with its high rate of student success. In 2014 and again in 2017, it was ranked first among all French universities for first-year students successfully passing on the second year of licence."}, {"context": " It is a member of the Universit\u00e9 f\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Toulouse Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, and maintains particularly close relations with the three major universities in Toulouse that were instrumental in its establishment, the University of Toulouse I \u2013 Capitol (Law, Economics and Management), University of Toulouse II \u2013 Jean-Jaur\u00e8s (Arts, Literature, Humanities and Languages), and University of Toulouse III \u2013 Paul Sabatier (Science, Technology and Health). It thus has the unique advantage of offering the whole range of disciplines on the same campus, something not normally possible in larger universities in France.  Saint Francis University, Loretto, Pennsylvania conducts some classes there. All Saint Francis classes are taught in English. Saint Francis University also runs a campus at Ambialet, France in the Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es."}]}, {"title": "Lester Langlais", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Lester Langlais (born 21 February 1984 in Dominica) is a footballer who plays as a midfielder for the Dominica national football team."}]}, {"title": "Radio Kapilvastu", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Radio Kapilvastu is a first community radio of Kapilvastu District, Nepal. It broadcasts in 104.2 MHz by 100 watt Fm transmitter, and covers kapilvastu rupandehi Dang Arghakhachi and Uttar Pradesh. Social information, music and health message broadcating for social awareness . Bhojpuri music program, News in awadhi"}]}, {"title": "Chhiwang", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Chhiwang is a village development committee in Rukum District in the Rapti Zone of western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4252 people living in 805 individual households."}]}, {"title": "Tambovskaya Bratva", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Tambov Gang (in , \"Tambovskaya prestupnaya gruppirovka\") is a large gang in Saint Petersburg, Russia. According to common allegations, it was organized in St. Petersburg in 1988 by two men from Tambov Oblast, Vladimir Kumarin and Valery Ledovskikh. The gang is named after their region of origin. Despite often allegations of involvement, Kumarin continues to deny his involvement. Originally the gangsters were recruited from people of Tambov origin and sportsmen, and were engaged in a protection racket."}, {"context": " It became famous in the city after coverage from Alexander Nevzorov in his \"600 seconds\" TV show in the city. In 1989 the gang clashed with , another leading criminal group of Saint Petersburg, in a bloody armed conflict. In 1990 some of the gang members including Kumarin were jailed for racketeering, but Kumarin was released from prison in 1993. He later briefly allied with Malyshev to fight the Kazan gang from Tatarstan. In 1993 \u2013 1995 an internal war developed between groups within the Tambov Gang. On June 1, 1994 Kumarin survived a murder attempt in his car but was severely wounded and lost his arm. He continued his recovery in D\u00fcsseldorf (Germany) and Switzerland. By 1995 he allegedly had retaken full control over the gang."}, {"context": " By then the gang had incorporated some of the racketed businesspeople and become interested in investment and fuel trading effectively evolving into a mafia. It also helped organizing several private guard enterprises. Some of its members allegedly became members of the State Duma and the Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg, as well as a sector opening in Sydney, Australia allegedly being run by Mikhail Klapanov. Even the speaker of the Assembly Viktor Novosyolov gave it his support and maintained close relationships with Kumarin. In 1998 Kumarin became Deputy President of the Petersburg Fuel Company (PTK), the top fuel trading company in the city. In 1994, PTK was administrated by the Saint Petersburg City Administration."}, {"context": " In the autumn of 1999 the status of the gang started deteriorating again. Viktor Novosyolov was killed by an explosion in his car on 20 October.In addition some of its most important members were jailed or killed. Kumarin left his position of PTK Deputy President. The Tambov Gang now includes several hundred active members. In August 2001, Interior Minister of Russia Boris Gryzlov said that the Tambov Gang controlled up to 100 industrial enterprises in Saint Petersburg, including PTK, the leading fuel retailing operator in the city, as well as four main sea ports of Northwestern Russia, Saint Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Arkhangelsk and Murmansk."}, {"context": " On 16 January 2007 the Prosecutor General of Russia Yury Chaika announced that the Tambov Gang had recently forcefully taken over 13 large enterprises in Saint Petersburg and was being investigated. On June 13, 2008 Spanish police arrested 20 members of the organization's Spanish branch. In connection with the raid Russian politician Vladislav Reznik was investigated Alexander Malyshev, apparently having resolved his feud with the gang, joined with them instead and moved to Spain to continue operations after several attempts on his life in St Petersburg. Gennady Petrov, a high ranking associate and neighbor to the sister of King Juan Carlos was also arrested. During the police operation, code-named Operation Troika, $307,000 in cash and twenty-three luxury cars were seized. Bank accounts totalling \u20ac12 million euro were frozen. Arrests were made in Berlin as well, where a member of the organization, Michael Rebo, was involved in laundering the proceeds of drug trafficking and other illegal activity."}, {"context": " The criminal investigation of 2008 led to further arrests and a major Russian mafia (the Tambov Gang) money laundering scheme be revealed. According to the Bulgarian prosecutor more than one billion euros (1.4 billion dollars) of dirty Russian money had been laundered through a series of financial transactions in Bulgaria and Estonia. The laundered money was, according to allegations, part of the notorious St Petersburg Tambov gang's proceeds from drug trafficking, prostitution and protection rackets. The alleged Tambov Gang money laundering operation was executed by Elizabet Elena Von Messing and Dmitriy Abramkin."}, {"context": " According to the sources, about a billion euros of dirty Russian money were first transferred to a real estate and financial services company in Bulgaria, called Optima Ca. That firm then wired half of the money to the Estonian financial house AS Tavid, which sent the cash back to Russia. The rest of the money was transferred to accounts in Cyprus, Dubai, Hong Kong and other countries, according to the newspaper. The investigation, which is going on in Bulgaria, is secret. Two persons were detained in Bulgaria on May 23, 2008, for this case \u2013 Elizabet Elena Von Messing and Dmitriy Abramkin. Von Messing is a Russian with Finnish citizenship, and Abramkin had acted as her proxy. The court hearings on the detention of the two Russians are not open to the public."}]}, {"title": "Bembidion mutatum", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Bembidion mutatum is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America."}]}, {"title": "Richard Weiner (Czech writer)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Richard Weiner (6 November 1884 \u2013 3 January 1937) was a Czech journalist and writer. He is generally considered to be one of the most important Czech writers of the twentieth century, since he influenced many of his own and later generations of writers. Yet he is little known outside the Czech Republic. Because of his enigmatic writings he has often been likened to Franz Kafka, although mutual influences can be ruled out with near certainty. He has been called \"the poet of anxiety\", others spoke of him as \"the Odd-man out\" of Czech literature. His contemporary Karel \u010capek named him \"the man of pain.\""}, {"context": " Weiner was born in P\u00edsek, South Bohemian Region, Austria-Hungary (now the Czech Republic). His parents ran a distillery and confectionery and Richard, the oldest of five children, was destined to take over the family's business. He studied chemistry at the Technical University in Prague and after graduating in 1906 with a degree in Chemical engineering he went on to take further studies in Zurich and Aachen. In 1908 he served in the military and in 1909 he began working as a chemist in Pardubice, Freising and Allach (near Munich)."}, {"context": " In 1911, however, and after many sleepless nights, Weiner determined that he would rather try to make his living as an independent journalist and writer. The following year he moved to Paris and started writing as a correspondent for the Czech daily newspaper \"Samostatnost\". Beginning in 1913 he primarily worked for \"Lidov\u00e9 noviny\" and published his first volume of poetry. While he was on vacation in Prague in the summer of 1914 World War I broke out. He was conscripted for military service and served at the Serbian front. In January 1915 he suffered a nervous breakdown and was discharged from the army. For the rest of the war he worked for various Prague newspapers and published three collections of short stories, among them \"L\u00edtice\" (Furies, 1916), one of the first Czech books dealing with World War I."}, {"context": " In 1919 Weiner returned to Paris once again as a correspondent for \"Lidov\u00e9 noviny\". He was to stay in Paris for nearly the rest of his life, only returning to Prague in 1936 when he had fallen seriously ill with stomach cancer. He died in a Prague sanatorium on 3 January 1937. He was buried at the Jewish cemetery of his hometown. His tomb was wrecked in a pogrom shortly before the outbreak of World War II. Weiner's journalistic work focused on French and particularly Parisian politics and culture, but covered everyday life and sensational crimes as well. He reviewed plays, literature, and exhibitions and even wrote a regular column on fashion under a female pseudonym. His style has been described as \"impressionist\" by contemporaries. For this reason his work may be difficult to understand now, because Weiner presupposed familiarity with the news of his day. \"But is not his journalistic writing of that time a wonderful source of study of this time-period?\" his friend and fellow correspondent Gustav Winter asked in his obituary of 1937. \"This time period with its special fragrance Weiner perceived and interpreted however more by an intuition than hard study. He was proud of it - and rightly so.\" In her study of Weiner's work, Marie Langerov\u00e1 has characterized Weiner's quest as a journalist as that of a \"destroyer of national myths\"."}, {"context": " Weiner's literary work is generally divided into two distinct phases. His first poems and short stories appear to be influenced by the modernist literature of the early 20th century. At the same time he developed his own new poetics under the influence of Charles Vildrac and Georges Duhamel. Whereas Weiner did not publish any literary works for several years after 1919, he started writing prose and poetry once again when he met a group of French surrealists, including Roger Vailland, Ren\u00e9 Daumal and Roger Gilbert-Lecomte, who called themselves \"Le Grand Jeu\" (The Big Game). Between 1927 and 1933 Weiner published three more volumes of poetry, the prose work \"Lazebn\u00edk\" (The Barber; 1929) and the novel \"Hra doopravdy\" (A Game for Real; 1933)."}, {"context": " Weiner used literature as a means to explore the depths of being, while at the same time consciously reflecting the limits of language as a means of communication. Alfred Thomas argues: \"Weiner's subtle fiction exposes \u2013 not the defunct status of language \"per se\" \u2013 but the fragmentation of a unified discourse subtended by a monistic, morally unambiguous truth.\" Referring to Weiner's homosexuality Thomas has also stressed, that Weiner's language is not emptied of meaning as some critics had insisted, but that his stories \"explore the relationship between identity understood in terms of social morality and identity conceived in the subjective terms of sexuality.\""}, {"context": " With his prose Weiner reached an extreme degree of abstraction. Taking \"Hra doopravdy\" for an example, Walter Schamschula has pointed out that this novel consists of two distinct parts which are seemingly not connected to each other. But whereas the content of the first part might be accessible to the reader by viewing it as a dream, the plot is increasingly atomized in the second part. According to Schamschula critics have argued that a rational understanding of this novel is not possible, but he claims that it can nonetheless be accessed by recognizing its elaborate stage of abstraction. In particular, Schamschula stresses Weiner's commitment to the optical and to geometrical structures. Weiner's philosophy might be described as existentialism."}, {"context": " In his lifetime, Weiner was already viewed as a literary outsider. His works did not sell at all and after his death he fell almost into oblivion. With the exception of a small volume by Jind\u0159ich Chalupeck\u00fd, founder of the Group 42, he became recognized as an important author only in the wake of the Prague spring and particularly after 1989. Until recently, he has not been translated into English. In 2015, an English translation (by Benjamin Paloff) of \"Hra doopravdy\" (as \"The Game For Real\") appeared on Two Lines Press."}, {"context": " Broken where the rainbow spans O\u00b4er blissfulness itself, there is a wondrous country where divine courtiers dwell For who else would in a realm reside Which only those can reach Who know to erase the border That divides good deeds and guilt? They see no shining star to light The way to Bethlehem. (A rhyme would say: a blind bird sings To those who are blind as well. The true rhyme claims: a strangely aware vexation in me stays, Here starts the abrupt journey To heights of insanity.) Accomplished leaders, beware!"}, {"context": " Your lore inspires my fears. You would infuse a poison Into my nourishment. No longer would I comprehend Why all \u2013 as it is said - Those dwellers leave their destiny The moment it is known And blinding themselves willfully Attempt on waters to walk, while avoiding all the landmass in the search for a walking shore. And why the cosiest shelter Is gained through a heart which burst, the one who thirsts for comfort most Is the counselor best. Why pain is there the landlord, The greatest charity, The timeless wakefulness of God,"}, {"context": " The breathing space, respite. Like the pipes of an organ, roars The sculptured coral grove, The commotion of anthems tear down the azure vault. Smoke belligerent soars and spirals From pregnant, fertile soil, warmhearted angels whirl around like tempests transfigured. In fits of fury flashes write The eternal chronicle Of fateful tragedies that have No actors or observers. Of fateful tragedies that hold The crushed ones unrelieved, that live on darkness doggedly, Where they cast the beastly claw."}, {"context": " Of the unforgiving being Which Minerva cursed in vain. Oh, you clarity wrongly dimmed of the untruly denied word. By opening of a heavy gate White water rushes fast into the judgement-storing granaries. The Lamb\u00b4s fleece is the water, then at the crack of dawn Some men are rushing forward And collecting up the foam. And conscientious women Woke at the break of day To spin the wool magical With their selfless hands. And who has donned that garment No longer suffers pain, And who has donned that garment"}, {"context": " Is with fatigue aflame. There mother nurses baby And knows the beloved child, Whose closed, slumbering eyelids Are scorched by spike of creation\u00b4s fire, Won\u00b4t recognize her at waking, Nor she her offspring know, So she cuddles it still tighter, victorious, joyful seven times, And with a face of marble Invokes the reptile\u2019s blissful bite That welds the hearts of people In one, in hardness angel-like. There in the coral country, The crazy land, the bluish dome, Where on the serene waters Float uprooted weeds of hope.  \"Translation Jan Dobi\u00e1\u0161\""}]}, {"title": "Securinega", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Securinega is a genus of plants in the family Phyllanthaceae, first described as a genus in 1789. As presently conceived, the genus is native to Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean. In the past, it was considered to be much more widespread, thus explaining the long list of species formerly included. moved to other genera \"(Actephila Andrachne Chascotheca Cleistanthus Flueggea Jablonskia Margaritaria Meineckia Neoroepera Savia Tetracoccus )\""}]}, {"title": "1986 E3 Harelbeke", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 1986 E3 Harelbeke was the 29th edition of the E3 Harelbeke cycle race and was held on 22 March 1986. The race started and finished in Harelbeke. The race was won by Eric Vanderaerden of the Panasonic team."}]}, {"title": "Alice Dunning Lingard", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Alice Dunning Lingard (29 July 1847 - 25 June 1897) was an English actress who performed both in England and in the United States, and was the wife of mimic and comic William Lingard. Lingard was born in London in on 29 July 1847 and had her stage debut there, at the Grecian Theatre. She married William Lingard in 1866 and went to the United States for the first time in 1868, along with her sister Harriet (Dickie). Her stage debut in America was on 11 August 1868 in the role of \"Widow White\" in \"Mr. and Mrs. Peter White\". Her travels took her around the United States, Australia, and New Zealand.  Lingard died on 25 June 1897 and was buried at Brompton Cemetery in London."}]}, {"title": "Union Bordeaux Be\u0300gles", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Union Bordeaux B\u00e8gles (; ) is a French rugby union team playing in the Top 14, the first level of the country's professional league system. They earned their Top 14 place by winning the promotion playoffs that followed the 2010\u201311 season in the second-level Rugby Pro D2. Upon promotion to the Top 14 in 2011, they were assured a place in the European Challenge Cup. In 2015, they earned their European Champions Cup place, after winning the European playoffs against Gloucester Rugby in Worcester. They were founded in 2006 as a result of a merger between two Bordeaux clubs, Stade Bordelais and Club Athl\u00e9tique Bordeaux-B\u00e8gles Gironde. They wear claret (in French: \"bordeaux\") and white. They are based in Bordeaux (New Aquitaine), and play at the Stade Chaban-Delmas. The two teams which amalgamated cumulated nine championship titles of France: seven for the Stade Bordelais and two for the Club Athl\u00e9tique Bordeaux-B\u00e8gles Gironde. Since 2006 and the amalgamation, the club competed in Pro D2 until winning the 2011 promotion playoffs. UBB drew an average home attendance of 23,689 in the 2014/2015 Top 14 season."}, {"context": " For several years, the city of Bordeaux suffered from the absence of a leading club, or rather from the competition between the two large clubs of the city, the Stade Bordelais and CA Bordeaux-B\u00e8gles-Gironde. The Stade Bordelais was a large national Rugby team at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century (seven championships between 1899 and 1911), before continuing their life within the amateur championships. The CA B\u00e9glais did not reach soaring highs before the First World War, finally gaining two French Championships in 1969 and 1991 and then taking part in the first European Rugby Cup in 1995. The transition into the new millennium was hard. The club was relegated to the Pro D2 at the conclusion of the 2002\u201303 season, then into the F\u00e9d\u00e9rale 1 division, while Stade Bordelais took the opposite direction and reached Pro D2."}, {"context": " In 2005, a plan to merge both clubs was created, in spite of strong opposition by both club's supporters. There was strong insight from former influential players (Serge Simon, Bernard Laporte) who pushed for a result of pooling the assets of the two clubs. One of the arguments frequently employed in favour of fusion was that the local companies did not know which club to promote. On 10 March 2006, Bordeaux Rugby Metropolis was created. This association gathered a network of local companies eager to imply themselves in the formation of a large club in Bordeaux."}, {"context": " \"Bordeaux Rugby Metropolis\" organised in June 2006 the event 'Bordeaux Rugby Quinconces' which brought together 25,000 people and 100 companies during 3 days on the Esplanade of the Quinconces of Bordeaux. Under the influence of the association, the historical dissensions between the two clubs were partly alleviated. A union was sealed, in the shape of a Professional Sporting Public Limit Company (SASP), with the issue of work for a committee made up of six members resulting with members from each of the two clubs (CABBG : Michel Moga, Alban Moga, Raymond Chatenet; Stade bordelais : Jean-Pierre Lamarque, Herve Hargous, Philippe Moulia)."}, {"context": " Only the professional squads were actually merged, as each club has kept its youth teams to this day. The new team took the place of the Stade Bordelais in the Pro D2. The training centre of B\u00e8gles is particularly strong and will hopefully provide players to the top grades. For their first seasons, the team profited from a budget of \u20ac3.6\u00a0million. Frederic Martini remained one year as the president of USBCABBG before yielding his place to Laurent Marti, entrepreneur bergeracois (Groupe Top Tex, bas\u00e9 \u00e0 Toulouse) at the start of the 2006 season. The new president contributed to finalising where the Union's home ground would be (Stage Andre Moga de B\u00e8gles), and the unpronouncable name \"USBCABBG\" which became Union Bordeaux B\u00e8gles (UBB) in the spring of 2008. Laurent Marti contributed largely to increase the club's budget, passing it from \u20ac3.8\u00a0million (euros) in 2007\u201308 to \u20ac4.2\u00a0million (euros) 2008\u201309. The ambition is to rediscover the clubs elite form in a short-term (two or three years)."}, {"context": " The Pro D2 2010\u201311 season, saw the club finish fifth place on the table and gaining a place in the finals. The UBB beat Grenoble (12\u201319) in the semis, securing their spot in the final against SC Albi. The grand final took place in Agen with the final result going to the Bordealaise (14\u201321), also seeing them promoted to the Top 14. Hong Kong investment company GaveKal bought a 10% stakes of the team in 2015. In spite of calls to simplify the club name, \"Union Stade bordelais-C.A.Bordeaux-B\u00e8gles Gironde\" was adopted; neither of the two clubs wanting to yield. The B\u00e9glais refused to disappear within a name which would only mention Bordeaux (for example, Bordeaux Rugby), whereas, at the time, top-level rugby in the area was the CAB. \"We found it hard to find a name for the club which is appropriate for the two teams. The selected name respects the concepts of parity and equilibrium\" (Philippe Moulia, pr\u00e9sident du Stade bordelais omnisports)"}, {"context": " In May 2008, the club's name, known for its length, was changed to 'Union Bordeaux B\u00e8gles'. The other problem related to the home ground. Neither of the two clubs wanted to yield, so that, for their first season, the team was to play 7 matches at the Stade Sainte-Germaine at Bouscat and the other 7 matches at the Stade Andr\u00e9-Moga at B\u00e8gles\u2014although the rules of the (French) National Rugby League specify that no Pro D2 rugby club could play their home matches at two different home grounds. During the second season, it was decided that the 1st grade matches would be held in B\u00e8gles, while the lower grade matches would be held in Bouscat."}, {"context": " For their ascent to the Top14 competition in the 2011\u201312 season, it was decided that matches would be shared between Stade Andre Moga (in B\u00e8gles) and Stade Chaban-Delmas (in Bordeaux). Since 2012\u201313, Bordeaux B\u00e8gles have played most of their home matches at the larger Stade Chaban-Delmas instead of their traditional home of Stade Andr\u00e9 Moga. In the 2015\u201316 season, they also played three home matches at the newer and even larger Matmut Atlantique stadium. The logo represents, on one side the blue and white checker work of CA B\u00e9glais and the other side the yellow lion with a black base of Stade Bordelais. The crescents symbolises the city of Bordeaux.  The Bordeaux squad for the 2018\u201319 season is:"}]}, {"title": "Michael J. Birmingham", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Michael J. Birmingham is an American politician from Maryland and a member of the Democratic Party. He served as the first Baltimore County Executive from 1956 to 1958."}]}, {"title": "Rinehart Peak", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Rinehart Peak () is a peak (1,710\u00a0m) which rises from a ridge on the east-central slopes of Pomerantz Tableland, in the Usarp Mountains. The feature stands at the south side of the head of Helfferich Glacier. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy aerial photographs, 1960\u201362. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Floyd J. Rinehart, United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) geophysicist at McMurdo Station, 1967\u201368."}]}, {"title": "Oakwood-Lincoln Park", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Oakwood-Lincoln Park is a residential and commercial neighborhood in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States that was developed in the early 20th century as two suburban neighborhoods. Oakwood-Lincoln Park is bounded by North Broadway (US-441) on the East and the Old North Knoxville neighborhood and the former Southern Railway Coster Shop Yards to the South. It is bounded by Interstate 275 and Sharp's Ridge on the West. On the North it is bounded by the neighborhood of Arlington prior to the confluence of Sharp's Ridge and North Broadway. The Lonsdale neighborhood lies across I-275 to the West. First Creek flows through the eastern portion of the neighborhood near North Broadway."}, {"context": " The neighborhood is home to two structures listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Lincoln Park United Methodist Church is located at 3120 Pershing Street. The Christenerry Club Room is located at the corner of Henegar and Shamrock Avenues. Oakwood got its beginning when C.B. Atkin bought farm and forest land approximately three miles north of the city center for industrial and suburban residential development. Nearby were the yards of Southern Railway, Knoxville's largest employer at the time, and Atkin's development was aimed largely at targeting the some 1,600 employees. He located his C.B. Atkin furniture manufacturing firm on the new property, and in 1902 began subdividing lots for residential home construction.  One of the new streets, Burwell Avenue, was named after the developer's wife, whose maiden name was Mary Burwell. An Oakwood development pamphlet in 1905 advertised the center of Oakwood, by electric streetcar, was 12 minutes from Southern Station and 16 minutes from Market House, location of the current Market Square. Lincoln Park was developed during approximately the same time frame. The City of Knoxville annexed both in 1917."}]}, {"title": "Encyclope\u0301die berbe\u0300re", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Encyclop\u00e9die berb\u00e8re (English: \"Berber Encyclopaedia\") is a French-language encyclopaedia dealing with subjects related to the Berbers. It was launched in 1984 under the aegis of UNESCO and is published by Editions Edisud. Its first editor-in-chief was Gabriel Camps. After his death in 2002, he was succeeded by Salem Chaker, Professor of Berber languages at the Aix-Marseille University Volume 27 (\"Kairouan - Kifan Bel-Ghomari\") appeared in 2005. \"Encyclop\u00e9die berb\u00e8re\" joined from fascicle XXX (December 2010), the publishing house Peeters Publishers, already engaged in Berber studies field."}]}, {"title": "Yukio Horigome", "paragraphs": []}, {"title": "Tofua", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Tofua Caldera is the summit caldera of a steep-sided composite cone that forms Tofua Island in Tonga. Tofua Island is in Tonga's Ha'apai island group. Pre-caldera activity is recorded by a sequence of pyroclastic deposits and lavas constituting the older cone, followed on the northern part of the island by froth lavas or welded and unwelded ignimbrite. Following the caldera collapse, lavas were erupted from the northern part of the island and the caldera-rim fissure zone, scoria and lavas from the caldera-wall fissure zones, pyroclastics and lavas from intracaldera cones, and recent pyroclastic fall deposits on the outer cone. Eruptive products are mainly basaltic andesites and andesites, plus occasional dacite flows within the older cone. A postcaldera cone with fumarolic activity (Lofia) is in the northern part of the caldera; a crater lake with depth occupies most of the remainder."}, {"context": " Most historical eruptions have been small explosions from Lofia cone along the northern caldera rim. The eruptions of 1958-59 caused most of the islanders to evacuate for a year or more. Tofua is visited by fifty men from Kotu Island for 2 weeks each year. They are there primarily to grow kava (\"Piper methysticum\") for export to Tongatapu. This gives the island an average yearly population of 2 [(50*14+0*351)/365]. The Mutiny on the Bounty (1789) took place about from Tofua. Captain William Bligh navigated the overcrowded open launch on an epic 41-day voyage first to Tofua and then to Timor equipped only with a sextant and a pocket watch \u2014 no charts or compass. He recorded the distance as . He passed through the difficult Torres Strait along the way and landed on June 14. The only casualty of his voyage was a crewman named John Norton who was stoned to death by the natives of Tofua, the first island they tried to land on."}, {"context": " At Tofua (Bligh spelled it \"Tofoa\"), Bligh and eighteen loyalists sought refuge in a cave to augment their meager provisions. In the March 1968 issue of the \"National Geographic Magazine\", Luis Marden claimed to have found this cave and the grave of John Norton. Both findings were later disproved by Bengt Danielsson (who had been a member of the 1947 Kon-Tiki expedition) in the June 1985 issue of the \"Pacific Islands Monthly\". Danielsson identified Bligh's cave as lying on the sheltered northwest coast, where Bligh identified it; Marden's cave lies on the exposed southeast coast. Additionally, Danielsson thought it highly unlikely that the Tofuans would have allotted any grave site to Norton, or that the grave, if allotted, would have been preserved for two centuries."}, {"context": " In May 1943, a lifeboat containing 23 survivors from the Liberty ship SS Phoebe A. Hearst, which sank after being torpedoed by the Japanese submarine I19 on 30 April 1943, landed. The crew survived on shellfish and coconuts until spotted by a Lockheed Hudson patrol aircraft of the Royal New Zealand Air Force and were picked up the following day by the YMS-1 class minesweeper YMS-89 of the US Navy and taken to Tongatapu. In the early 1970s a group of eight Tongan fishermen were shipwrecked on Ata island and then survived for 18 months before being rescued by an Australian millionaire who, upon visiting the island out of curiosity, came upon the naked bearded men when scanning the island's coast through his binoculars. It took the men eight months to create fire and the flame was maintained through wind, rain and gale for the subsequent 10 months with each taking shifts to protect it. Before making fire they lived primarily on coconuts and raw seafood. After being documented by ABC news in America the story faded away; many of the men involved live on Lifuka island."}, {"context": " E. W. Gifford, recording Tongan myths and tales in the 1920s, documented this explanation for Tofua's caldera and the creation of Kao Island to the north: \"Three deities from Samoa, Tuvuvata, Sisi, and Faingaa, conspired to steal Tofua. So they came and tore up the high mountain by its very roots and its place was taken by a large lake. This enraged the Tongan gods very much and one of them, Tafakula, essayed to stop the thieves. He stood on the island of Luahako and bent over so as to show his anus. It shone so brilliantly that the Samoan deities were struck with fear, thinking that the sun was rising and that their dastardly works was about to be revealed. Hence, they dropped the mountain and fled to Samoa. The mountain became the island of Kao.\""}]}, {"title": "James Hanson", "paragraphs": [{"context": " James Hanson may refer to: <onlyinclude>* James Hanson, Baron Hanson (1922\u20132004), English industrialist"}]}, {"title": "Rolling ruler", "paragraphs": [{"context": " A rolling ruler is a ruler that contains a cylinder much like a rolling pin inside, thereby enabling it to \"roll\" along a sheet of paper or other surface where it is being used. A rolling ruler can draw straight, parallel lines, and also has other instruments included, enabling it to do the jobs of a protractor and compass."}]}, {"title": "Cristoforo Caselli", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Cristoforo Caselli, also known as \"Da Palma\" or \"il Temporello\" or \"Cristofaro Castelli\", (circa 1460 - 1521) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period. Caselli was born in Parma. He earned his livelihood between 1489 and 1492 as a journeyman at Venice, where he painted, in 1495, an altar-piece now hanging in the Sacristy of Santa Maria della Salute. The Gallery of Parma contains a \"Virgin and Child, with SS. John the Baptist and Jerome\" probably painted by him before 1489. He is also documented as working from 1489 to 1495 alongside Giovanni Bellini and Alvise Vivarini and others, in the decoration of the Great Council Hall in the Doge\u2019s Palace in Venice. These works were lost in the fire of 1577.  In 1496 he became a master at Parma, where he may have worked with Parmigianino and painted in 1499 a \"Virgin and Child between SS. Hilarios and John the Baptist\" which is in the Sala del Consorzio in that city. The same year he executed \"The Eternal\" on a gold ground in a chapel of the Parma Cathedral, and an \"Adoration of the Magi \" in San Giovanni Evangelista. In 1507 he finished the monochrome of the \"Dead Christ\" in the cathedral."}]}, {"title": "Tobacco, Virginia", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Tobacco is an unincorporated community located in Brunswick County, in the U.S. state of Virginia."}]}, {"title": "Sylvester Weaver (executive)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Sylvester Laflin \"Pat\" Weaver Jr. (December 21, 1908 \u2013 March 15, 2002) was an American radio advertising executive, who became president of NBC between 1953 and 1955. He has been credited with reshaping commercial broadcasting's format and philosophy as radio gave way to television as America's dominant home entertainment. His daughter is actress Sigourney Weaver. Weaver was born Sylvester Laflin Weaver Jr. in Los Angeles, the son of Eleanor Isabel (n\u00e9e Dixon) and Sylvester Laflin Weaver. He was of Scottish descent (possibly Clan MacFarlane), as well as of Ulster-Scots and early New England ancestry."}, {"context": " He was a descendant of Charles Laflin, a gunpowder manufacturer, who came to America in 1740 from Ulster, Ireland, settling at Oxford, Massachusetts. Charles Laflin and his family were living at Oxford when he purchased land in 1749 in Westfield. Pat Weaver was the brother of comedian Doodles Weaver. Weaver graduated from Dartmouth College in 1930, where he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. He served in the United States Navy from 1942-45. He married Elizabeth Inglis in 1942. She was born Desiree Mary Lucy Hawkins (daughter of Alan G. Hawkins and Margaret I. Hunt) on July 10, 1913, in Colchester, Essex, England; and died on August 25, 2007 in Santa Barbara, California."}, {"context": " She made her screen debut in \"Borrowed Clothes\" (1934) as well as a number of small parts in some of Alfred Hitchcock's early movies. She reached the high point of her career when she co-starred with Bette Davis in William Wyler's movie \"The Letter\". She retired from acting when she married in 1942. The couple had two children, Trajan Victor Charles Weaver and actress Sigourney Weaver (born Susan Alexandra Weaver). Weaver worked for the Young & Rubicam advertising agency during the golden age of radio. In the mid-1930s he produced Fred Allen's \"Town Hall Tonight\" radio show, and he then supervised all the agency's radio programming. NBC hired him in 1949 to challenge the CBS network's programming lead. At NBC, Weaver established many operating practices that became standard for network television. He introduced the practice of networks producing their own television programming, then selling advertising time during the broadcasts. Prior to that, ad agencies usually created each show for a particular client. Because commercial announcements could now more easily be sold to more than one company sponsor for each program, a single advertiser pulling out would not necessarily threaten a program."}, {"context": " Weaver created \"Today\" in 1952, followed by \"Tonight Starring Steve Allen\" (1954), \"Home\" (1954) with Arlene Francis and \"Wide Wide World\" (1955), hosted by Dave Garroway. There are those who dispute Weaver's credit for \"The Tonight Show\", including hosts Steve Allen and Jack Paar but, during a broadcast of \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\", both the host and his guest Dick Cavett stated that Weaver created both \"Today\" and \"The Tonight Show\". Years later, Paar said, \"He didn't invent programs, but wrote great memos.\""}, {"context": " He believed that broadcasting should educate as well as entertain. He required NBC shows to include at least one sophisticated cultural reference or performance per installment \u2014 including a segment of a Verdi opera adapted to the comic style of Sid Caesar and Imogene Coca's groundbreaking \"Your Show of Shows\". Weaver did not ignore NBC Radio, either. In 1955, as network radio was dying, Weaver helped revive it with \"NBC Monitor\", a weekend-long magazine-style programming block that featured an array of news, music, comedy, drama, sports, and anything that could be broadcast within magazine style, with rotating advertisers and some of the most memorable names in broadcast journalism, entertainment and sports."}, {"context": " He was the developer of the magazine style of advertising whereby sponsors would purchase blocks of time (typically one to two minutes) in a show, rather than sponsor an entire show. This style suited the networks. Like a magazine, a television network could now control what advertisements were being broadcast and no one advertiser could own exclusive rights to a particular show. \"NBC Monitor\" long outlived Weaver's tenure running the network. Following disputes with chieftain David Sarnoff, Weaver departed. His successors (first, Sarnoff's son, Robert; then, Robert Kintner) standardized the network's programming practices. In November 1960, years after leaving NBC, Weaver displayed his frustration with the network in an article in the Sunday edition of \"The Denver Post\". What once was the Golden Age of Television in the early 1950s slowly diminished by the end of the decade into the early 1960s, when he claimed networks made a series of bad decisions. In the article he noted management problems within NBC, CBS, and ABC: \"Television has gone from about a dozen forms to just two - news shows and the Hollywood stories. The blame lies in the management of NBC, CBS and ABC. Management doesn't give the people what they deserve. I don't see any hope in the system as it is.\"  Weaver proposed on at least two occasions a fourth television network (dubbed the \"Pat Weaver Prime Time Network\") that never came to fruition. In 1985, Pat Weaver was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame. He died in 2002 of natural causes at his home in Santa Barbara, California, at the age of 93."}]}, {"title": "Neolarra californica", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Neolarra californica is a species of cuckoo bee in the family Apidae. It is found in Central America and North America."}]}, {"title": "Cheyenne Kimball", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Cheyenne Nichole Kimball (born July 27, 1990) is an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and mandolinist. Her debut album, \"The Day Has Come\" was released in July 2006 coinciding with an MTV reality series following her entry into the music industry. This album produced a chart single on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in \"Hanging On.\" From 2008 to 2011, she was a member of the country music band Gloriana, which made its chart debut in 2009. Kimball was signed to Epic Records. She appeared on and won the TV show \"America's Most Talented Kid\" at the age of twelve. She released her Epic Records debut album, \"The Day Has Come\", on July 11, 2006, with her first single and video, \"Hanging On\", sent to Top 40 mainstream radio and video outlets (VH1 and MTV) in early April 2006. She began her first cross-country tour on April 17 to promote her single and album."}, {"context": " To further promote her music, she has an MTV television show called \"Cheyenne\", which premiered May 31, 2006 at 10:30 PM EST in the United States. The show later premiered on June 21, 2006 in Canada. She also appeared on the \"Aquamarine\" movie soundtrack with the song \"One Original Thing\", the song was released as a single in October 2006. She has released the iTunes exclusive single \"Drift Away\". On December 5, 2006 Cheyenne's reality show DVD was released. Cheyenne's song \"Four Walls\" was released as a single in January. Cheyenne performed in the 2006 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade singing \"Four Walls\", and live at the Pro Bowl on February 10, 2007."}, {"context": " In 2008, Kimball put her solo career on hold. She joined the country music band Gloriana, in which she sang and played mandolin. The band made its chart debut in 2009 with the single \"Wild at Heart\", a Top 20 country hit and released their self-title debut album in August 2009. The band served as one of the opening acts for Taylor Swift's Fearless Tour in 2009 along with Kellie Pickler. Gloriana also appeared in the 2010 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade on November 25, 2010. After continued success including two more Top 40 country singles, Gloriana began work on their second studio album in 2011. The band released the first single from the album called \"Wanna Take You Home\". This would be the last Gloriana single to feature Kimball's vocals. Reports surfaced stating that Cheyenne did not return to the band's bus after a show in Missouri on July 8, 2011 and was not present at the band's concert the next day.  On July 11, 2011, it was announced on Gloriana's official website that Kimball had left the band. She announced her departure on Gloriana's official Twitter page on July 9, 2011. However, her tweet was later deleted. The reasons surrounding Kimball's departure from Gloriana still remain unknown. Kimball has since become largely inactive in the music business. Most recently, she gave birth to her first child, a daughter named Nico Bella Kimball, on August 15, 2017."}]}, {"title": "Ewen Fields", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ewen Fields in Hyde, Greater Manchester, England, is the home ground of Hyde United F.C. and has also hosted Manchester City Reserves, Manchester United F.C. Reserves, Stockport County Reserves and Oldham Curzon Ladies. The stadium formerly used Baspograss, on which Hyde United played Darlington in the 1st Round Proper in 1994, the last non-qualifying FA Cup game on an artificial surface for twenty years, until Maidstone United played Stevenage on their artificial surface in 2014. It also hosted an American football team, the Manchester Spartans, in the 1980s after a surge in the sport's popularity in the UK following Channel 4's coverage of live NFL games. A Rugby league Super League game between Oldham and Sheffield was staged at the stadium in 1997."}, {"context": " The stadium holds 4,250 people, with 530 seats. Ewen Fields is made up of five stands, the Main Stand, the Scrattin Shed, the Tinker's Passage End, the Leigh Street Stand and the Walker Lane End. All of the stands are covered. The Main Stand is the only seated stand at Ewen Fields. It also houses the players' dressing rooms, board room and sponsors lounge as well as a refreshments bar and toilets. Next to the Main Stand is the Scrattin' Shed, although it is more commonly known as the Shed End, despite not actually being at the end of the ground. This is where the most vociferous home fans usually congregate. The Social Club is behind the Shed, and traverses the boundary wall. There is a door inside the ground, and one in the car park."}, {"context": " The Tinker's Passage End (named after the footpath which runs behind the stand) is behind the goal nearest to the Scrattin' Shed. Unusually, the stand runs at an acute angle to the goal line. This is because the pitch prior to the Astroturf was not a perfect rectangle, and the stand, which used to be parallel to the goal line, shows the extent of this previous irregularity. Away fans are housed in the Tinker's Passage End on the rare occasions that games at Ewen Fields are segregated. Running opposite to the Main Stand and Scrattin' Shed is the Leigh Street Stand, behind the home and away dugouts where another set of home fans stand. A second refreshments bar is also on this side."}, {"context": " The Walker Lane End (sometimes referred to as the Baths End due to the leisure centre behind the stand) is behind the goal at the opposite end to the Tinker's Passage End. When the Astroturf was laid, and the pitch realigned, it was also lengthened at this end. As a result, the Walker Lane Stand was built afterwards, and is parallel to the goal line. In 2010, Hyde United changed their name to Hyde F.C. and had a kit change to black and white. Ewen Fields had a make over in summer 2010, funded by Manchester City as part of the clubs' partnership. In 2015, the club reverted to being called Hyde United."}]}, {"title": "William R. Sharpe Jr.", "paragraphs": [{"context": " William R. \"Bill\" Sharpe Jr. (October 28, 1928 \u2013 February 16, 2009) was a Democratic member of the West Virginia Senate, representing the 12th District. He was first elected in 1960 and served until 1980. From 1972 to 1980 he served as Majority Whip. He was elected again in 1984 and in 1990 was appointed Senate President Pro Tempore. He is the longest-serving State Senator in West Virginia history, with a career of over 44 years. In 1994, West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources opened a new 150 bed acute care psychiatric facility to replace the old Weston State Hospital. The new facility was named William R. Sharpe Jr. Hospital. In 2000 a new Civil Air Patrol facility was built at Charleston's Yeager Airport and it too was named in Sharpe's honor.  In January 2007, Sharpe underwent a 10-hour surgery to treat what doctors called a giant aneurysm. In 2008, Sharpe opted not to seek another term as State Senator. His term expired at the end of December 2008. Sharpe died February 16, 2009."}]}, {"title": "Mokko, Niger", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Mokko, Niger is a village and rural commune in Niger."}]}, {"title": "1975\u201376 Scottish Second Division", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 1975\u201376 Scottish Second Division was won by Clydebank who, along with second placed Raith Rovers, were promoted to the First Division. Meadowbank Thistle finished bottom."}]}, {"title": "Prayer to a Vengeful God", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Prayer to a Vengeful God is a 2010 dramatic crime film, written, directed by, and starring Dan Eberle. Broken into several chapters, the film follows the attempts of a man awakening from a coma to seek revenge on his wife's murderers. The film features absolutely no dialogue except one exchange of the word \"hi\". John Krause awakens from an extended coma with visions of his wife Jennifer. A flashback depicts Jennifer as a talented artist, working on a self-portrait. The doorbell rings at their apartment and, upon answering the door, John is pushed to the floor and shot by an unknown assailant. Later as he recovers, John is visited by a police detective who says that Jennifer was strangled to death in the assault. John attempts to return his life of work and visiting Jennifer's grave, but the grief overwhelms him and he attempts suicide. He passes out and fails to die when he vomits up the pills."}, {"context": " A still bleeding John staggers through the local park. He is followed by a mysterious young woman (the Urchin), who assists him in buying narcotics from a street dealer. During this process, John witnesses a Transient being hassled by thugs; the Transient is defeats them with an unknown martial art. Intrigued, John approaches him and shares a pipe of marijuana with him, during which the Transient sees John's bleeding wrist and reveals a similar scar on his own forearm. Finding new peace in his meeting, John returns home to dispose of his pain pills, but encounters a redhead named Gabby, a friend of Jennifer. An extended flashback shows events that transpired shortly before the attack."}, {"context": " Back at the club, John approaches the Miscreant with his cash, and follows her just as Jennifer did, to the bathroom and to the apartment, where this time he is welcomed in. John and the Miscreant have sex and do more drugs, and she lays in a stupor on John. He throws her to the floor and gets dressed when he hears multiple footsteps approaching, but she rouses enough to see him grab the machete and attacks him. John strangles her to death even as she stabs him with a heroin spoon, then kills the Bouncer with a rear naked choke hold.  As the sun rises, John sits on the roof with the gun in his hand. One final flashback shows how he and Jennifer first met, on a rainy day in the park, simply exchanging the word \"hi\" (the only dialogue in the entire film). As he views a vision of his former self, John places the gun in his mouth and squeezes the trigger, but the chamber is empty. He walks towards the light as the vision of himself smiles and walks away."}]}, {"title": "Mark Strudal", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Mark Agner Boecking Strudal (born 29 April 1968 in Glostrup) is a retired Danish footballer who played as a striker and scored three goals in nine games for the Danish national team. He became known for his extravagant lifestyle, but in later years he reentered the minds of the Danish public as the manager of FC Zulu. Strudal got his national breakthrough while playing for N\u00e6stved IF in the Danish 1st Division championship. He made his debut for the Danish national team in May 1988, and was named 1988 \"Revelation of the Year\" as N\u00e6stved finished runners-up in the 1st Division. He moved abroad to play professionally for German team Borussia Dortmund in the winter 1988. He played half a season at Dortmund, but had a controversy with manager Horst K\u00f6ppel. He moved on to play for Grasshoppers Z\u00fcrich in Switzerland in the summer 1989, and won three trophies in his two years at the club. When the Grasshoppers squad faced 20% wage cuts, Strudal decided to leave the club in July 1991."}, {"context": " In September 1991, he moved back to Denmark to play for Vejle Boldklub in a transfer deal worth more than DKK 4 million. It was later to be known that his contract with Vejle had a clause which secured Vejle approximately DKK 4 million if he ever was to be sold to a club abroad. His stay at Vejle was short, as he suffered injuries and the club was relegated. He underwent a series of loan deals to other Danish teams; first to former club N\u00e6stved IF in the fall 1992, then to F.C. Copenhagen in February 1993, and finally to BK Frem in April 1993."}, {"context": " When his Vejle contract ran out in the summer 1993, he moved on to league rivals Br\u00f8ndby IF on a free transfer in July 1993. Strudal helped Br\u00f8ndby win the 1994 Danish Cup and he was a part of the Denmark national team which won the 1995 King Fahd Cup. He stayed two years at Br\u00f8ndby, before he left the club in July 1995. Despite his credentials, the Vejle clause kept him from moving to a foreign club. He moved back to N\u00e6stved IF, where he suffered a knee injury which kept him out for five months. He tried to move abroad in the summer 1996, but a four-year contract with Greek club Skoda Xanthi was terminated without pay when Strudal was injured in a pre-season game. He underwent recovery, and made a short comeback to football on an amateur basis at Danish a local club in Hagested in August 1997.  After his active career he has worked mostly as a coach of youth teams and forwards."}]}, {"title": "Pizzo Bianco", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Pizzo Bianco is a mountain of the Pennine Alps, overlooking Macugnaga in the Italian region of Piedmont. It lies on the range north of the Punta Grober, between the Belvedere Glacier and the valley of Quarazza. Pizzo Bianco faces the east wall of Monte Rosa and is a popular vantage point. In 1789 Horace-B\u00e9n\u00e9dict de Saussure reached its summit in order to measure the height of Monte Rosa."}]}, {"title": "10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 10th Panzer Division was a formation of the German Army during World War II. It was formed in Prague in March 1939, and served in the Army Group North reserve during the invasion of Poland of the same year. The division participated in the Battle of France in 1940, including the Siege of Calais, and in Operation Barbarossa attached to Army Group Center in 1941. After taking heavy casualties on the Eastern Front it was sent back to France for rehabilitation and to serve as a strategic reserve against potential Allied invasion. The division was rushed to Tunisia after Operation \"Torch\" (1942) and spent six months in that theatre, where it engaged both British and American forces. It caused severe losses to the \"green\" US Army in some of their first encounters with the Germans under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel at the Battle of Kasserine Pass (1943). It was later lost in the general Axis surrender in North Africa in May 1943 and officially disbanded in June 1943. The division was never rebuilt."}, {"context": " In honour of notable members of the 10th Panzer Division being part of the German Resistance and the failed 20 July Plot to kill Adolf Hitler in 1944, a new armoured division was named 10th Armoured Division in 1959 upon the formation of the West German army as a part of the \"Bundeswehr\". For most of its history, the division was organized into three regiments: 7th Panzer, and 69th and 86th Panzergrenadier (mechanized infantry). Other units included an artillery regiment and one each of motorcycle, reconnaissance, tank destroyer, engineer, and signal battalions."}, {"context": " The 10th Panzer Division was first formed on 1 April 1939 in Prague, as a composite formation made-up of previously established units throughout Germany. Many of these units were transferred from the 20th Motorized Division, the 29th Motorized Division, and the 3rd Light Division. By the fall of 1939, the division was still forming, but was nonetheless committed to the 1939 Invasion of Poland before the process was complete. For that reason, the 10th Panzer Division remained in reserve for most of that campaign. It was moved from Pomerania in August into Poland, where it was hastily given control of the 7th Panzer Regiment, the 4th Panzer Brigade and several \"SS\" units."}, {"context": " The division completed its formation by the start of 1940. It consisted of the 10th Rifle Brigade with the 69th and 86th Rifle Regiments, the 4th Panzer Brigade with the 7th and 8th Panzer Regiments, and the 90th Artillery Regiment. Once complete, the division was sent to France to participate in the invasion of that country. Committed to the XIX Motorized Corps, the 10th Panzer Division was deployed to the southern axis of the fight, with the 1st and 2nd Panzer Divisions as well as Infantry Regiment \"Gro\u00dfdeutschland\". It moved through Luxembourg and broke through the French lines at the Meuse River near Sedan, advancing all the way to the English Channel in its first engagement. At Sedan, the division remained briefly in reserve to protect the German bridgehead across the river from French counterattack. From there, the division pushed Allied forces from the ports in the Flanders region, before engaged in mopping-up operations in western areas of France after the French surrender. Following this, the division engaged in occupation duties and training in France."}, {"context": " In March 1941, the division was recalled to Germany, and moved to the border with the Soviet Union in June of that year in preparation for Operation Barbarossa. Once the invasion was launched, the division participated in the Battle of Bia\u0142ystok\u2013Minsk, in engagements at Smolensk and Vyasma, and in the Battle of Moscow. During the Soviet winter offensive of 1941-1942, it held positions at Yukhnov, near Rzhev, against repeated Soviet counterattacks from January to April 1942. Afterwards, the depleted division was withdrawn to Amiens, France to be reformed."}, {"context": " In 1942, the division was transferred to Dieppe, where it played a minor role in countering the Dieppe Raid by Allied forces. Once the Allies landed in North Africa, the 10th Panzer Division was placed on occupation duty in Vichy France, and rushed to the African Theater in late 1942 as soon as transport became available. In December 1942, the division, now a part of Fifth Panzer Army, landed in Tunisia. Here they participated in the Battle of Kasserine Pass and several of the other early battles with units of the US Army, newly committed to the war. They also took part in the failed Axis offensive of Operation Ochsenkopf in late February 1943. When the Axis line collapsed in May 1943, the division was trapped. It surrendered on 12 May and was never rebuilt.  The division was commanded by six men during its existence, including twice when acting commanders filled Wolfgang Fischer's command. Several \"Wehrmacht\" officers who had served in the 10th Panzer Division were active in the German resistance against Adolf Hitler and were imprisoned or executed after their unsuccessful attempt to assassinate him in the 20 July Plot of 1944:"}]}, {"title": "Lahor Tehsil", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Lahor is a tehsil located in Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The town of Lahor is the headquarters of the tehsil. Lahor Tehsil is administratively subdivided into 17 Union Councils. The tehsil boundaries touch the districts of Nowshera, Attock and Swabi Tehsil. The village of Lahor itself has two Union Councils, Lahor Gharbi and Lahor Shirqi (East and West). Gobamba Notable People Abdul razziq (late) minister) (Sher zaman sher ex distt nazim) (AIG Akhtar ali shah) (Ismail Khan , jehangira nazim) (Muhammad ali khan (late) (Abdul karim MPA) (Abdul Majid ex-MPA) (Sohail khan tehsil nazim) (Engnr Amjad Ali (ANP)"}]}, {"title": "John Williamson (communist)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " John Williamson (1903 - 1974) was a Scottish-born radical best remembered as a top leader of the Communist youth movement in the 1920s in the United States. John Williamson was born on June 23, 1903 in Glasgow, Scotland, the son of a marine engineer who was severely injured in an accident at sea shortly after his child was born. A woodworker and shipbuilder by trade, Williamson only had 8 years of formal education, later attending high school at night. He came to the United States in July 1913, settling in Seattle."}, {"context": " Influenced by a Scottish co-worker, Williamson joined the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP) in August 1918. He was the SLP's State Secretary for Washington from 1921 to 1922. In his memoirs, Williamson recalls that he was deeply influenced by the move of the 1922 convention of the underground Communist Party of America to move towards legality and mass work and he joined that group in November or December 1922. He was active in the party's youth section, the Young Workers League (YWL) and was active as an organizer for the league in Seattle and was a member of the movement's \"Legal Political Party,\" the Workers Party of America (WPA) from the time of its formation at the end of 1922."}, {"context": " Williamson was elected a delegate to the 2nd National Convention of the YWL in May 1923 and he made the long trip to New York for the gathering. He was there elected to the governing National Executive Committee of the YWL, moving to the headquarters city of Chicago after the convention at the NEC's request. The NEC named Williamson its \"National Industrial Organizer,\" attempting to build a mass movement of young communists among unionized workers. During this interval of organizational poverty, Williamson worked at various day jobs to make ends meet, conducting his political activities at night. Williamson was a delegate of the YWL to the 3rd National Convention of the WPA at the end of 1923 and was there voted to be one of two delegates to the 4th World Congress of the Young Communist International in Moscow. Throughout the 1920s, Williamson was a loyalist of the Chicago-centered majority faction of Foster-Cannon-Lore."}, {"context": " After the 4th World Congress, Williamson returned home to Chicago, where he joined a 3-person Secretariat of the YWL, along with Martin Abern and Oliver Carlson. In 1924 he was made the YWL's representative to the YCI in Moscow. His time there was short, as he returned in September 1924 to assume the role of head of the YWL, a job which he maintained until August 1928, when he was replaced by Sam Darcy for factional reasons. After his removal as Secretary of the YWL, Williamson was again named Industrial Organizer for the group."}, {"context": " Williamson was a delegate to the 5th Enlarged Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI), held in April 1925. In the fall of 1926, Williamson married Lenore Sarney, a Polish \u00e9migr\u00e9 who was active in the Young Communist movement. In 1930 their marriage came to an end, they remained friendly and Lenore remarried and subsequently settled in the Soviet Union. From 1933 to 1940, Williamson was the CPUSA's District Organizer in Ohio, during which interval the membership of the district grew from 600 to 3,500."}, {"context": " In 1935 Williamson met Mae Kuperman and in March 1936 they married. They would go on to have two boys, Robert (Bob) and Neil, and would remain together until his death. Williamson was a supporter of James P. Cannon's faction during the period in which Cannon and William Z. Foster were at odds, but he managed to remain in the Communist Party after Cannon's expulsion for Trotskyism in 1928. That same year he spent 9 months in the Soviet Union with his wife. He was released by the Young Communist League (successor to the YWL) for work in the adult party after the 5th National Convention of that organization, held in April 1929. From 1930, Williamson sat as a member of the governing Central Committee of the Communist Party."}, {"context": " In 1949, John Williamson was convicted under the Smith Act in an attempt by the US Department of Justice to \"decapitate\" the leadership of the Communist Party USA. He served 5 years in prison and was promptly deported to the UK upon his release in 1955. There he was active in the Communist Party of Great Britain. Williamson suffered a serious heart attack in April 1963 and wrote a memoir of his life in the radical movement in 1965, a book eventually published by the Communist Party's International Publishers in 1969."}]}, {"title": "Vincent Garos", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Vincent Garos (born June 1, 1982 in Nantes) is a retired French sailor, who specialized in two-person dinghy (470) class. He represented France, along with his partner Pierre Leboucher at the 2012 Summer Olympics, and also became a member of the French national sailing team for five years before retiring shortly after the Games. Throughout most of his sporting career, Garos has been training for Ouest Nautical Sport Club () under his personal coach Didier Bernard. Garos qualified as a crew member for the French squad in the men's 470 class at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London by finishing sixth and receiving a berth from the ISAF World Championships in Perth, Western Australia. Teaming with his partner Leboucher in the opening series, the French duo fell behind the pack on the early races, but sailed smoothly at the very end to achieve a creditable seventh position against a fleet of twenty-seven boats with an accumulated net score of 90 points.  Shortly after the Games, Garos decided to retire from sailing to embark upon his formal business career role in the sport sector. Whilst training and competing for the sport, Garos completed a Bachelor of Arts in material sciences and engineering, worked part-time in the technical sales department of an industrial company and fulfilled a one-year contract in the navy."}]}, {"title": "Reuth bei Erbendorf", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Reuth bei Erbendorf is a municipality in the district of Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany."}]}, {"title": "La Vega High School", "paragraphs": [{"context": " La Vega High School is a public high school located in the city of Bellmead, Texas, in McLennan County, United States and classified as a 4A school by the UIL. It is a part of the La Vega Independent School District located in central McLennan County and also includes students from Waco. In 2015, the school was rated \"Met Standard\" by the Texas Education Agency. The La Vega Pirates compete in these sports Volleyball, Cross Country, Football, Basketball, Powerlifting, Soccer, Track, Baseball & Softball  2015 State Champs beat Argyle in the Class 4A DI State Championship. The final score was 33-31. The Pirates finished the season 16-0"}]}, {"title": "Iris suaveolens", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Iris suaveolens is a species in the genus \"Iris\", it is also in the subgenus of \"Iris\". It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Eastern Europe, ranging from the Balkans to Turkey (in Asia Minor). It has short, sickle shaped or curved, blue-green or greyish green leaves, a slender simple stem, with 1 or 2 fragrant spring blooming, flowers, between yellow and purple, with white or yellow beards. It was once known as \"Iris mellita\" (especially in parts of Europe), until that was re-classified as a synonym of \"Iris suaveolens\". It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions."}, {"context": " \"Iris suaveolens\" is similar in form to \"Iris attica\", or \"Iris reichenbachii\", \"Iris lutescens\", and \"Iris pumila\". It has rhizomes, that are thick, but small, around 1 \u2013 2\u00a0cm long. It has evergreen, falcate (or sickle shaped), or curved leaves. The short, blue green, or greyish, leaves can grow up to between long, and between 0.4 and 1\u00a0cm wide. One form of the species, known as 'rubromarginata', has red-violet, or reddish purple edging on the leaves. It is a dwarf iris, which has a slender, simple stem, or peduncle, that can grow up to between tall. The flowers (on the stems) are held above the foliage."}, {"context": " The stem has 2 green, lanceolate, spathes (leaves of the flower bud), which are keeled, and long. They remain green after the flowers have faded. The stem holds between 1 and 2, terminal (top of stem) flowers, in spring, blooming between late March to mid-April, or between March to May. The fragrant, flowers are in diameter, come in various shades between yellow and purple, with yellow being the most common. Other shades of flower colour include; yellow-green, white, cream, violet-blue, smoky brown, mahogany, or purplish-brown. There can also be bi-coloured forms as well. The yellow forms can sometimes have spots, of brown-purple."}, {"context": " Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. The obovate or cuneate falls, curl under themselves, and are flaring. They can be long. In the middle of the falls, is a row of short hairs called the 'beard', which is white, orange, or yellow, on the yellow forms, but normally it is bluish, or white tipped with blue. The upright standards, are shorter and wider than the falls. The perianth tube is the same length as the Stigma (botany)#Style branch, about long."}, {"context": " After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule, which contains reddish brown, sub-globose seeds. In 2011, a phytochemical study was carried out on \"Iris suaveolens\" rhizomes. It found over 13 different phenolic and flavonoid compounds, such as 'Quinones 3-hydroxyirisquinone', 'coniferaldehyde', 'cis-epoxyconiferyl' alcohol, 'acetovanillone', 'p-hydroxyacetophenone' (all phenolics), '7-b-hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one' and 'b-sitosterol' (steroids). These extracts where then tested for antioxidant capacity and anticholinesterase activity."}, {"context": " As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. It has a chromosome count: 2n=24, which was found by Koca in 1985. They were published by F. Koca, 'Karyological studies on Iris attica Boiss. et Heldr. and Iris suaveolens Boiss. et Reuter.' in Rev. Fac. Sci. Univ. (Istanbul), Ser. B, Sci. Nat. Vol.21 on pages 69\u201379. \"Iris suaveolens\" is pronounced as \"EYE-ris swah-VEE-oh-lens\". It is known as 'T\u00fcrkische Zwergschwertlilie' in German."}, {"context": " The Latin specific epithet \"suaveolens\" means 'sweet scented', it is named for its sweet fragrance of its flowers. It was first found in Kustendje, in Bulgaria. In May 1854, it was first published and described (in Bulgarian,) by Boiss. and Reut. Diagn. pl. orient. series 1, Vol.13 on page 15. Later in 1894, as a homonym \"Iris suaveolens\" was published by N.Terracc. in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. series 2, Vol.1 on page 182. It has also been published in Pl. Eur Vol.1 page 254 in 1890, in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Vol.36 page 74 in 1934, and Prodan, Bull Fac. Agr. Cluj 8, 14 1939."}, {"context": " It was known to gardeners for many decades as \"Iris mellita\", which was published by Janka in 1874, in Magyar Tud. Akad. \u00c9rtes. Vol.12 on page 172. The name was derived from the Latin \"mellitus\" meaning delightful. In 1871, a herbarium specimen of \"Iris melitta\" was found in Bulgaria by Janka. It was later renamed \"Iris suaveolens\". Probably after the 1980s after multiple chromosomal counts. In Italy, the iris is known as \"Iris mellita\" with a synonym of \"Iris suaveolens\". It was thought that the iris resembles \"Iris pumila\" and grows in the Balkans instead of \"I. pumila\"."}, {"context": " \"Iris suaveolens\" was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 9 January 2003 and then updated on 14 September 2009. It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life, and in the Catalogue of Life, it is listed as \"Iris mellita\" (with \"Iris suaveolens\" as a synonym). \"Iris suaveolens\" is an accepted name by the RHS. It is native to eastern Europe, and Asia Minor. It is found in Europe, within the Balkan countries, of Bulgaria, Romania, former Yugoslavia, (Albania and Macedonia,) and Greece. It is also found in Turkey."}, {"context": " It was listed in Red book of Bulgaria as an endemic. It grows on open dry, rocky hillsides, (made of limestone,) amid light scrub, and scattered juniper trees. It is found in a few places, but most of these are now protected under law, including in the Dobrogea Plateau of Romania. It can be cultivated in the same conditions as \"Iris pumila\". It is hardy, to between USDA Zone 6 and Zone 10. In the UK, it is not hardy and needs protection of a frame or alpine house during the winter, or within a porch or conservatory (undamaged by the wind or the rain). In the US, it can grow in Vail, Colorado and Portland, Oregon."}, {"context": " It prefers to grow in well drained, dry, rich soils. It also can tolerate poor soils. That are neutral to alkaline, between pH level 6.1 to 7.8 . It prefers situations in full sun. or in partial shade. It prefers to be watered regularly, but not overwatered, which could cause the rhizome to rot, in winter. It can be at risk from leaf spots, rot or botrytis, and could be attacked by thrips, sawfly, aphids, and slugs or snails. It can be grown in the rock garden, or alpine troughs. The iris should be planted on the soil surface in summer, just above the substrate. Normally, they are planted with a 30\u00a0cm spacing."}, {"context": " Irises can generally be propagated by division, or by seed growing. The species has been used by dwarf iris breeders. Who have created such cultivars as 'Aureo-flava' 'Flavo-barbata' 'Glockiana' 'Jugoslavica' 'Mellita' 'Mellita Ayazaga' 'Mellita Dibiltas' 'Mellita Vandee' and 'Rubromarginata'. It was also crossed with Iris 'Rhages' (Mead Riedel, 1934) to create 'Buddha Song' (Dunbar 1970). Other crosses include; 'Charlie Brown', 'First Call', 'Green Sprite', 'Karfunkel', 'Lavender Dawn', 'Melamoena', 'Mellite', 'Misty Plum', 'Mother Mella', 'Proper Lemon' and 'Rolling Tide'.  The parent plant is often ignored (by gardeners) in favour of the cultivars. Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction. It can be used as an expectorant, diuretic and for the treatment of children dentition."}]}, {"title": "Markagunt Plateau", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Markagunt Plateau is an plateau located in southwestern Utah between Interstate 15 and U.S. Route 89. It is one of the plateaus that make up the High Plateaus Section of the Colorado Plateau Province. Markagunt is a name derived from the Piute language meaning \"highland of trees\". The plateau encompasses Cedar Breaks National Monument, and is part of the Cedar Mountain District of Dixie National Forest. The highest point on the plateau is Brian Head Peak at . The Markagunt Plateau volcanic field is an area of basaltic cinder cones and blocky lava flows. The most recent flows occurred around 1050 A.D. and were preceded by a series of trachytic, andesitic and rhyolitic lava.  The field lies east of Cedar Breaks National Monument. Navajo Lake was formed when a lava flow dammed a creek on the plateau. Mammoth Cave is a lava tube cave located on the plateau. The youngest features of the Markagunt Plateau volcanic field are blocky unvegetated lava flows known locally as the 'Black Rock Desert.' They extend from near Miller Knoll on to the southeast. These flows also extend northeast to near Panguitch Lake."}]}, {"title": "T. Parker Host Sr.", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Thomas Parker Host Sr. (1892\u20131963) was the mayor of Newport News, Virginia from September 3, 1940 to February 13, 1942. Prior to serving as mayor, he was the founder and owner of T. Parker Host, Inc., a maritime management company that served as an agent for liner services transporting goods through the ports of Hampton Roads. This company is now run by his son, T. Parker Host Jr., and grandsons Tom and David."}]}, {"title": "Where Hope Grows", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Where Hope Grows is a 2014 American drama film written and directed by Chris Dowling. The film stars David DeSanctis, Danica McKellar, Kerr Smith, Brooke Burns, William Zabka, Kristoffer Polaha and McKaley Miller. The film was released on May 15, 2015, by Roadside Attractions. A baseball player whose professional career was cut short due to personal problems is suddenly awakened and invigorated by a young-man with Down syndrome who works at the local grocery store. Calvin Campbell is a retired baseball player and a father to Katie Campbell,an independent teenager. One day when he goes shopping for alcohol at the local market he meets an employee of the market. He talks to produce and is shocked when produce gives him a hug.  The film was released on May 15, 2015, by Roadside Attractions. \"Where Hope Grows\" received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 46%, based on 13 reviews, with a rating of 4.9/10. On Metacritic, the film has a score of 41 out of 100, based on 8 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\"."}]}, {"title": "ACES (buffer)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " ACES is the common abbreviation for the compound \"N\"-(2-Acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid. ACES is one of Good's buffers developed in the 1960s to provide buffers with pH ranging from 6.15-8.35 for use in various applications. With a p\"K\" of 6.9, it is often used as a buffering agent in biological and biochemical research. It is a zwitterionic buffer with a useful buffering range of 6.1-7.5. The pioneering publication by Good and his co-workers described the synthesis and physical properties of ACES buffer.  ACES had been used to develop buffers for both agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. ACES use in isoelectric focusing of proteins has also been documented. Use of ACES has been published in a protocol for the analysis of bacterial autolysins in a discontinuous SDS-PAGE system. Potential inhibition of ACES and other Good buffers has been investigated in \u03b3-aminobutyric acid receptor binding to rat brain synaptic membranes."}]}, {"title": "Otuz-Uul", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Otuz-Uul is a village in the Issyk-Kul Region of Kyrgyzstan. Its population was 977 in 2009. It is part of the Oktyabrskiy aiyl okmotu of the Ak-Suu District."}]}, {"title": "Wildlife Angel", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Wildlife Angel is a wildlife protection non-governmental organization (NGO) based in Strasbourg (France). Its three main objectives are to protect wildlife, to protect rangers and to fight poaching by intervening in national parks, private reserves and workkng with other non-governmental organizations (NGO). Wildlife Angel intervenes directly in the field with rangers in charge of animal protection. The organization is active in Namibia, Burkina Faso and Niger. The organisation gained recognition after a documentary shot in 2016, \"Une Saison dans la Savane,\" featured them prominently."}, {"context": " Wildlife Angel was founded by Sergio Lopez in June 2015. It is an association of local rights. One month after its creation, the NGO's first action occurred in Namibia, in Etosha National Park. They trained rangers and taught them how to work against poachers more efficiently. Wildlife Angel also intervened in Benin, Burkina Faso, and Nigeria. In 2017, Wildlife Angel became involved in trying to stop Chinese zoos from importing young bonobos from the Democratic Republic of Congo for trading purposes."}, {"context": " Jean-Marc Gancille, co-founder of Darwin Eco-System in Bordeaux, is the vice president of Wildlife Angel. Sergio Lopez and the three veterans who went into the field with him protect the animals with words and provide onsite military training to African park rangers. According to Lopez, anti-poaching requires military skills as well as knowledge of animal behavior and movement. Wildlife Angel's services are free. When deciding to intervene, they pay attention to the values of the rangers and their respect for human and animal rights. Lopez stated, \"In our training sessions, we do not say, you will kill poachers. Our first commitment is to instill a deep respect for human rights, including those of poachers.\u201d"}, {"context": " The organization noted that prevention of poaching may come into conflict with the necessity for subsistence hunting in poor countries. It states that the main challenge for African countries impacted by poaching is to deal with education, energy and the economy. Each of these deeply impact wildlife. The main projects are: In southern Burkina Faso, Pama is threatened by gold panning. Miners' use of cyanide and mercury is a serious threat to water supplies and wildlife. To protect the area, the Burkinabe government created the first brigade of the Corps of Eco-guards to be sent to the threatened area after training by Wildlife Angel, to keep miners away from the reserves."}, {"context": " The W National Park is threatened by poaching committed by gangs from neighboring countries. Anti-poaching groups are not sufficiently trained and their lack of equipment and money makes their actions inefficient. The objective of Wildlife Angel is to enable them to protect the wildlife in the park. In order to do so, the organization submitted a training plan, adapted according to the eco-guards\u2019 skills. The principal issue that Wildlife Angel faces is to find reliable funding. Situated in a private reserve, the area is becoming increasingly populated by rhinoceros. Operators trained by Wildlife Angel in 2015 are working at other reserves or have returned to South Africa. The challenge of the mission was to find more workers and equipment."}, {"context": " In 2018, the main objectives of the project were to obtain a helicopter and/or a drone; to create a more organized, stronger team of operators; and to strengthen tactical first aid with more equipment. One or more members are responsible for explaining the reason for their presence to local communities. They are primarily active in schools, presenting the objectives of wildlife protection to the children. These members raise awareness and talk about the animals the children may encounter so that they can have a better understanding of their behaviors."}, {"context": " Wildlife Angel continues to operate thanks to partners that support the project. It is supported by the World Wide Fund for Nature and International Fund for Animal Welfare, among others. HornNam, Next Generation, and Closing the Gap are the main partners of Wildlife Angel in Namibia. This umbrella organization merged in 2015 giving birth to C.O.V.E.R (Conserving Our Valuable Elephant and Rhino). Wildlife Angel works with indirect partners including NGOs, media, institutions and companies such as:  The documentary \"\"Une Saison dans la Savane\",\" filmed over three weeks in October 2017, follows five wildlife professionals from the Zoo de la Fl\u00e8che (a veterinarian, the director, head caretaker, elephant caretaker, and fawn trainer) who were enabled by Wildlife Angel to join rangers in Namibia during their rhino poaching work. The documentary is a season of 6 episodes. The goal was to raise awareness amongst youth about the imperatives of the current situation.."}]}, {"title": "Rachael Bland", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Rachael Rebecca Bland (n\u00e9e Hodges; 21 January 1978 \u2013 5 September 2018) was a Welsh journalist and a presenter with BBC Radio 5 Live and \"BBC North West Tonight\". She was known for her podcast, \"You, Me and the Big C\" which was broadcast while she was ill with breast cancer, and in which she discussed issues and treatment of the disease. Bland was born in Creigiau, Cardiff. She started her career presenting news bulletins with the BBC Local Radio station BBC Wiltshire. She then moved to BBC Radio 5 Live, at first reading the news on Richard Bacon's show, where she became the straight talking foil to Bacon on The Special Half Hour Club."}, {"context": " Bland then started to present sports on television, as well as acting as a relief and weekend presenter on the BBC News Channel. When BBC Radio 5 Live moved to MediaCityUK, Salford Quays in 2011, Bland started to present on \"BBC North West Tonight\" as both a newsreader and as the main relief presenter. In September 2013, she married BBC Radio 5 Live producer Steve Bland. They had a son together, Freddie. Bland competed as a triathlete, including the 2010 London Triathlon, raising funds for Breast Cancer Care. She completed the London Marathon several times."}, {"context": " Bland was diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer in November 2016. In the early stages of her condition, she continued to present Radio 5 Live, saying she would rather be known as \"Rachael the news presenter\" than \"Rachael the cancer patient\". She was attacked by Internet trolls who accused her of \"not fighting cancer hard enough\". Following the diagnosis, Bland started presenting the BBC podcast \"You, Me and the Big C\" to raise awareness of cancer, discussing the disease with celebrities and providing advice of how to manage it. The podcast featured fellow cancer patients Deborah James and Lauren Mahon and became popular for its discussion of cancer, with medical experts regularly appearing on the programme. It featured the trio's self-deprecating humour to cope with their situation; when Bland announced she was unsure that she would survive to the end of the series, James retorted, \"Shut up, Rachael, stop being so over-dramatic.\""}, {"context": " In early 2018, she participated in a clinical trial of experimental treatment at the Christie Hospital, Manchester, that she hoped would prevent or postpone the cancer. This was unsuccessful, and in May, she announced that her cancer had spread and was now incurable. She hoped that clinical treatment would still be available so she could live longer. She continued to blog and run \"You, Me and the Big C\", and hoped that she could do enough to give her son memories of her life. Towards the end of her life, she announced she had written her memoirs, which she hoped would be published some day. In June, a crowdfunding site was set up in order to allow her to have a family holiday while she still could."}, {"context": " In August 2018, Bland announced that she had less than a year to live. On 3 September, she announced on her Twitter account that her \"time had come\", and that she only had days left. She died two days later at the age of 40. \"You, Me and the Big C\" reached number one on the iTunes Podcast charts during this week. Family and colleagues paid her tribute including Dan Walker, Dame Kelly Holmes, former Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne and Busted's Charlie Simpson. Health secretary Matt Hancock said, \"Her legacy is a testament to how much more we need to do to beat this dreadful disease.\" Her co-hosts plan to continue the \"You, Me and the Big C\" podcast."}]}, {"title": "The Marshall Library", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Marshall Library may refer to:"}]}, {"title": "Wac\u0142aw Rzewuski", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Wac\u0142aw Piotr Rzewuski (1706\u20131779) was a Polish dramatist and poet as well as a military commander and a Grand Crown Hetman. As a notable nobleman and magnate, Rzewuski held a number of important posts in the administration of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was a Field Clerk of the Crown since 1732, voivode of Podole Voivodship between 1736 and 1762 (with a gap between 1750 and 1756). In 1735 he received the prestigious Order of the White Eagle. A brave soldier, since 1752 he held the rank of Field Hetman of the Crown. A Castellan of several notable towns, he was an important politician at the Royal Court in Warsaw and was one of the main supporters of the liberum veto during the Diet of 1764, when he became known for his dispute with Szymon Konarski. During the Diet of 1767 (Repnin Sejm) he opposed Prince Nikolai Repnin's - Russia's ambassador to the Commonwealth - interfering in Poland's domestic affairs. In response, he was kidnapped along with his son Seweryn and two other prominent Polish politicians by Russian agents and imprisoned in Kaluga. Upon his release in April 1773 he was promoted for his merits to the rank of Grand Crown Hetman, but resigned the post in November of that year."}, {"context": " Since 1778 he was the Castellan of Krak\u00f3w and the Voivode of Krak\u00f3w Voivodship. At the end of his life he was also the Starost of Che\u0142m, U\u0142any, Roman\u00f3w, Dolina, Drohobycz and Kruszwica. As a writer, Rzewuski authored a number of classicist comedies (including the 1759 play \"Natr\u0119t\") and several historical tragedies, including a biography of Stanis\u0142aw \u017b\u00f3\u0142kiewski (1758). He also published a number of poems and a poetic handbook \"On the Science of Poetry\" (1762). All of his works were published in 1962.  In conclusion, he was the great-grandfather of Ewelina Ha\u0144ska, wife of French author Honor\u00e9 de Balzac."}]}, {"title": "Austin-Healey 100", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Austin-Healey 100 is a sports car that was built by Austin-Healey from 1953 until 1956. It was developed by Donald Healey to be produced in-house by his small Healey car company in Warwick and based on Austin A90 Atlantic mechanicals. Healey built a single Healey Hundred for the 1952 London Motor Show, and the design impressed Leonard Lord, managing director of Austin, who was looking for a replacement to the unsuccessful A90. Body styling was by Gerry Coker, the chassis was designed by Barry Bilbie with longitudinal members and cross bracing producing a comparatively stiff structure upon which to mount the body, innovatively welding the front bulkhead to the frame for additional strength. In order to keep the overall vehicle height low the rear axle was underslung, the chassis frame passing under the rear axle assembly."}, {"context": " Lord struck a deal with Healey to build it in quantity, bodies made by Jensen Motors were given Austin mechanical components at Austin's Longbridge factory. The car was renamed the Austin-Healey 100. The \"100\" was named by Healey for the car's ability to reach ; its successor, the better known Austin-Healey 3000, was named for the 3000\u00a0cc displacement of its engine. Apart from the first twenty cars, production Austin-Healey 100s were finished at Austin's Longbridge plant alongside the A90 and based on fully trimmed and painted body/chassis units produced by Jensen in West Bromwich\u2014in an arrangement the two companies previously had explored with the Austin A40 Sports. 14,634 Austin-Healey 100s were produced."}, {"context": " The 100 was the first of three models later called the Big Healeys to distinguish them from the much smaller Austin-Healey Sprite. The Big Healeys are often referred to by their three-character model designators rather than by their models, as the model names do not reflect the mechanical differences and similarities well. The first 100s (series \"BN1\") were equipped with the same undersquare bore and stroke 2660\u00a0cc I4 engines and manual transmission as the standard production A90, but the transmission was modified to be a three-speed unit with overdrive on second and top."}, {"context": " Girling drum brakes were fitted all round. The suspension used modified Austin A90 components in order to be as cost effective as possible, steering was by Austin's worm and peg system. Front suspension was independent, double wishbone using coil springs and at the rear a rigid axle with semi elliptic leaf springs. A BN1 tested by \"The Motor\" magazine in 1953 had a top speed of and could accelerate from 0\u2013 in 11.2 seconds. A fuel consumption of was recorded. The test car cost \u00a31063 including taxes."}, {"context": " A total of 10030 BN1s were built from May 1953 until replaced by the BN2 model in August 1955. A 1954 BN1 (chassis #446766*4) is on permanent display in the Bonneville Salt Flats exhibit at the Simeone Foundation Automotive Museum in Philadelphia, PA, USA. The BN2 was fitted with a real four-speed manual transmission, still with overdrive on the top two gears. Other features that distinguish the BN2 from the BN1 are the slightly larger front wheel arches, different rear axle and being the first 100 with optional two-tone paint."}, {"context": " The BN2 was available initially in Carmine Red which was replaced with Reno Red, Spruce Green, Healey Blue, Florida Green, Old English White, Black, and approximately 50 Gunmetal Grey cars. Two-tone options were: White/Black; Reno Red/Black; Healey Blue/White; Black/Reno Red; and Florida Green/White By January 1956 production was running at 200 cars each month and sales in California 150 cars each month. The final BN2 was built in July 1956, with a total of 4604 BN2s produced, including the 100M."}, {"context": " Many BN-2 and 100-M Austin Healeys compete in vintage events like the Pittsburgh Vintage Gran Prix. Built primarily with racing in mind, the aluminium-bodied \"100S\" (for Sebring) model developed at 4700\u00a0rpm. Only 50 production cars were made, plus an additional five works development/special test cars hand built by the Donald Healey Motor Company at Warwick. To minimize weight and improve performance the cast iron cylinder head was replaced by a Weslake designed aluminium one, and the overdrive unit was not installed. Dunlop disc brakes were used all-round, the world's first production car to feature them both front and rear. To further lighten the vehicle, bumpers and hood (convertible top) were eliminated, the grille reduced in size, and the windscreen made of plastic. In all, weight was reduced by approximately . The majority of 100Ss were two-toned white with Lobelia Blue sides. A handful were produced in solid Spruce Green and red, and a single one in black."}, {"context": " An unrestored works racing team 1953 Austin-Healey '100S' Special Test Car that had been campaigned by factory drivers Lance Macklin, Gordon Wilkins and Marcel Becquart, sold for a world record \u00a3843,000 ($1,323,915) 1 December 2011, at Bonhams' December Sale. This car was involved in the 1955 Le Mans disaster, motor racing's most lethal crash\u2014in which 84 people died and 120 were injured. Driver David Shale raced an Austin Healey 100S. It is known that Shale gained at least 13 podium finishes in the car, coming 1st in 4 of those races. \"EVV\", as the car is colloquially known, sold for \u00a3673,500 at the Bonhams Goodwood Festival of Speed auction on 27 June 2014."}, {"context": " The Austin-Healey 100 was the first of three cars later called the Big Healeys to distinguish them from the later and much smaller Austin-Healey Sprite. It was followed by the Austin-Healey 100-6 and then the Austin-Healey 3000. Despite its name similarity, the Austin-Healey 100-6 has more in common with the subsequent Austin-Healey 3000 than with the original Austin-Healey 100, both mechanically and in appearance. In 1956, a major redesign saw the wheelbase lengthened, redesigned bodywork with a fixed windshield and two occasional seats added (which in 1958 became an option with the introduction of the two-seat BN6 produced in parallel with the 2+2 BN4), and the powertrain completely replaced by one based on the six-cylinder BMC C-Series engine."}, {"context": " In 1959, the engine capacity was increased from 2.6 to 2.9 litres and the car renamed the \"Austin-Healey 3000\". Both 2-seat and 2+2 variants were offered. The 3000 was produced in three \"Marks\" and four model designations. Production continued until 1968, and accounted for about 60 per cent of all the Big Healeys produced. The Austin Healey 100 in BN1 and BN2 models, four cylinder format has done very well in vintage racing. The stock BN2 can produce 100bhp, hence the \"100\", however in 100M spec, see above, the larger carburetors, high lift cam and slightly less dished pistons (higher compression) the car can produce up to 110bhp. Some simple modifications, lightening, by removal of the bumpers, interior trim and carpets, the 100 can be quite nimble on racing circuits around the world. Aluminum alloy wheels will accommodate wider and lower profile tires that can lower the center of gravity providing additional stability in corners. Alloy wheels become almost essential as the performance of the car increases and the old wire wheels especially the original 48 spoke wheels become a weak point in the structure. Fortunately there are several suppliers that provide \"Mini-lite\" and \"Panasport\" style wheels which are close to period correct.  Significantly modified four cylinder Healey 100's can provide exceptional performance, competing side by side with six cylinder Aston Martins and even 12 cylinder Ferrari's of the same era in vintage events. Shown on the right is the Austin Healey Number 347 driven by Rich Maloumian. This car has been campaigned to great success winning at Lime Rock Historic, Pittsburgh Vintage GP and Watkins Glen."}]}, {"title": "Ritang", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Ritang is a village in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China."}]}, {"title": "Franz Krieger", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Franz Krieger (1914\u20131993), was an Austrian businessman and photographer from Salzburg, Austria whose collection includes 35,000 photographs taken during the rise of Hitler, World War II, and the reconstruction afterwards. Krieger photographed the Salzburg festival, including movie stars like Marlene Dietrich and Hans Albers, and the arrival of Hitler. He later photographed Kristallnacht, book burnings, and the boycott of Jewish businesses, as a freelance photographer and on the staff of Nazi magazines. During World War II, he was assigned to as a photographer to a special propaganda unit on the Eastern front. He was sent back from the front because of illness, and so avoided the Russian campaign. However, his wife and daughter were killed in the allied bombing of Salzburg. After the war, he photographed the redevelopment of Salzburg."}, {"context": " Krieger was little-known in Germany, except in Salzburg, and even less well known in the United States. In June 2011, an American businessman in New York obtained a collection of photos, without the photographer's identity, and tried to identify them. He showed them to David Dunlop, writer of the Lens Blog in the New York Times, who published several of the photos and asked for help in identifying them. Krieger was soon identified as the photographer. A book, Der Salzburger Pressefotograf Franz Krieger (1914\u20131993); Bildberichterstattung im Schatten von NS-Propaganda und Krieg (Salzburg Press Photographer Franz Krieger (1914\u20131993); Photojournalism in the shadow of Nazi propaganda and war) by Peter F. Kramml and Roman Stra\u00dfl, was published in German.  His photographs were all in black-and-white."}]}, {"title": "The Noah's Ark Trap", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Noah's Ark Trap is an album by English folk singer Nic Jones, released in 1977."}]}, {"title": "Lino Aquea", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Lino Aquea (born 3 October 1962) is a Chilean former cyclist. He competed in the team pursuit event at the 1984 Summer Olympics."}]}, {"title": "2012 BB&T Atlanta Open \u2013 Doubles", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Alex Bogomolov, Jr. and Matthew Ebden were the defending champions but decided not to participate together.<br> Bogomolov played alongside Gilles M\u00fcller but withdrew before the second round because of a shoulder injury, while Ebden partnered up with Ryan Harrison to successfully defend the title against Xavier Malisse and Michael Russell with 6\u20133, 3-6, [10\u20136] in the final."}]}, {"title": "Al-Masajid (archaeological site)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Al-Masajid (Old South Arabian \"Ma\u02bfrabum\", ) is an archaeological site from the Old South Arabian-Sabaean period, which lies at the edge of the Yemeni highland-basin, below the Jabal \u1e62a\u1e25l mountain range near the border with Qataban. The ancient site derives from the building activities of the Sabaean Mukarrib Yada'il Zarih I, whose reign is placed around 660 BC by Hermann von Wissmann and around 490-470 BC by Kenneth Kitchen. Yada'il Zarih I built the three most important temples dedicated to the Moon god Almaqah: the temple of Awwam in front of the gates of the capital city Ma'rib, the temple of Sirwah, and the temple of Masajid, which was named \"Ma'rib\", after the Sabaean capital city (with which it should not be confused). Around it, Yada'il Zarih I placed fortifications, which are repeatedly referred to as \"Murad\". Inscriptions found on the site have been published as 3949 and Gl 1108, 1109, 1122, 1116 and 1120. Jacqueline Pirenne, an expert on Semitic languages, was able to use inscriptions of the site to determine how the visual depiction of Old South Arabian letters changed over time."}, {"context": " The elliptical temple site is in a poor state of preservation; the temple itself lies in rubble. Only the remains of the foundations give any clue of the building's appearance. The Egyptian archaeologist Ahmed Fakhry, who first described the temple, was able to show that it had been a rectangular structure, of a sort with many parallels. This rectangular peristyle surrounded a courtyard, with a cella (\"mknt\") on one side. Offerings were placed in the courtyard (see RES 2771 and 2774). The whole complex was surrounded by a stone peribolos wall measuring 100 x 37 metres. On the front side of this, there were three entrances. The middle one of these entrances was given special emphasis by a pillared propylon. The ground plan and form of the structure reflect the prototype of the Sabaean temple building.  The temple was an active religious site for centuries, so it frequently had to be renovated and modified in response to new trends. In the course of time, ornamental elements were added, such as floral compositions and elements influenced by foreign practices. The temple would have contained over-life-size, metal animal sculptures, as well as votive gifts and dedications in the form of inscribed stelae and other figural images."}]}, {"title": "Henry B. Eyring", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Henry Bennion Eyring (born May 31, 1933) is an American educational administrator, author, and religious leader. After being set apart on January 14, 2018, Eyring is currently the Second Counselor to Russell M. Nelson in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Previously, Eyring was the First Counselor to Thomas S. Monson in the First Presidency from 2008 until Monson's death on January 2, 2018. Eyring was the Second Counselor to Gordon B. Hinckley in the First Presidency from October 6, 2007, until Hinckley's death on January 27, 2008."}, {"context": " Eyring has also served as a general authority of the church in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the First Quorum of the Seventy, and the Presiding Bishopric, becoming the first man to have served in all of these positions. Eyring has served twice as Commissioner of the Church Educational System. Currently, he is the fifth most senior apostle among the ranks of the church. Eyring was born in Princeton, New Jersey, the second child of Henry Eyring, then a professor at Princeton and later the dean of the graduate school at the University of Utah and president of the American Chemical Society, and his wife, Mildred Bennion. His father's sister, Camilla Eyring, married Spencer W. Kimball, making Henry B. the nephew of Kimball, who was the 12th president of the LDS Church."}, {"context": " He lived in Princeton until his early teenage years. Until the start of World War II they attended LDS meetings at the branch in New Brunswick, New Jersey, but with the gasoline rationing of the war, they received permission to hold meetings in their home, which often had only the Eyring family. As a teenager, Eyring and his family moved to Salt Lake City, where his father took a post at the University of Utah. Eyring spent two years in the U.S. Air Force, stationed at Sandia Base in New Mexico. In New Mexico, Eyring served as a district missionary for the LDS Church. Eyring had been in the ROTC at the University of Utah. While in the Air Force, he served as a liaison between military officers and scientists. His main responsibility was to analyze data from weapons tests of nuclear weapons. At the end of the assignment, he gave a report and ended up meeting in person with a collection of several leading generals."}, {"context": " He had previously received a bachelor's degree in physics from the University of Utah. He went on to earn both masters and doctoral degrees in Business Administration from the Harvard Business School, before embarking on a career in academia. Over the summer after his first year at Harvard, Eyring did an internship with Arthur D. Little as a consultant for Abitibi Power and Paper Company. He did an analysis to study how to improve the process of river logging. His suggestion was to abandon river logging and turn to truck transport of logs, but a combination of not calculating the issue deep enough and having a CEO of the company who had risen through the ranks from being a River Logger prevented Eyring's suggestions from being adopted then."}, {"context": " While studying at Harvard, Eyring was heavily influenced by Georges Doriot, who offered Eyring a chance to work with him and Ken Olsen, the founder of Digital Equipment Company. Eyring chose instead to pursue a doctorate in business. In the fall of 1962, Eyring began work as a professor at Stanford University. He completed his doctorate in business in the summer of 1963. That summer, Eyring did a fellowship with the RAND Corporation. Eyring had married his wife, Kathleen, the summer before he started at Stanford, and they spent their first year of married life moving through various homes his real estate developer father-in-law was in the process of refurbishing. They then spent the next 10 years living in the guest house of his in-laws' property."}, {"context": " Among Eyring's associates at Stanford were Roger Sant and Ed Zschau. Eyring worked with Zschau in the founding of the computer company System Industries. Eyring was an associate professor of business at the Stanford Graduate School of Business from 1962 to 1971. He was also a Sloan Visiting Faculty Fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. At MIT, he took multiple courses in human behavior, including courses from Douglas McGregor, who died of a heart attack while Eyring was at MIT, and also Ed Schein and Warren Bennis."}, {"context": " Eyring has served twice as Commissioner of Church Education, from September 1980 to April 1985, and from September 1992 to January 2005, when he was replaced by W. Rolfe Kerr. Among other callings in the LDS Church, Eyring has served as a regional representative, bishop and member of the Sunday School General Board. Eyring served as an early-morning seminary teacher early in his time as a professor at Stanford University, and as bishop of the Stanford singles\u2019 ward later on. Eyring served as president of Ricks College from 1971 to 1977, as a counselor to Presiding Bishop Robert D. Hales from 1985 to 1992, and as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, from 1992 to 1995."}, {"context": " Following the death of church president Howard W. Hunter, Eyring was sustained to the church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on April 1, 1995 and ordained an apostle later that week. Eyring was sustained as Second Counselor in the church's First Presidency on October 6, 2007, filling the vacancy left by the death of James E. Faust, on August 10, 2007. When the First Presidency was reorganized following the death of Gordon B. Hinckley, Eyring was called and set apart as the First Counselor on February 3, 2008. The new First Presidency, with Monson as president, was announced on February 4, 2008."}, {"context": " As a member of the First Presidency, Eyring has dedicated the San Salvador El Salvador, Gilbert Arizona, Payson Utah, Indianapolis Indiana, and Philadelphia Pennsylvania Temples where he had also presided at the groundbreaking in 2011 as well as rededicating the Buenos Aires Argentina and Mexico City Mexico Temples. In 2014, after a meeting with Pope Francis, Eyring spoke at Humanum, \"an International Interreligious Colloquium on The Complementarity of Man and Woman,\" held in Vatican City. It was the first time that a pope and a top LDS general authority ever met."}, {"context": " Eyring and his wife, Kathleen Johnson, met at a YSA meeting held at Rindge, New Hampshire at the Cathedral of the Pines in the spring of 1960. They became further acquainted at a meeting at the LDS Longfellow Park Chapel in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the next summer. Johnson was a native of Palo Alto and was a student at Stanford University. She had previously studied summers at the University of Vienna and University of Paris and studying at Harvard University the summer she met Eyring. Wilbur Cox, the LDS Church's district president (to whom Eyring was serving as a counselor), made accommodations to facilitate Eyring's dating Johnson. After an intense courtship that first summer, Eyring and Johnson continued courting with her making multiple cross-country airplane trips until they were engaged early in 1961. They were married in the LDS Church's Logan Temple in July 1962, with the marriage performed by Spencer W. Kimball. They are the parents of six children (four sons and two daughters). Their sons include Henry J. Eyring, president of BYU\u2013Idaho; and Matthew J. Eyring, the Chief Strategy Innovation Officer of Vivint, a home automation company in North America. He is a first cousin once-removed of Michigan Governor George Romney; his paternal grandmother was Romney's aunt.  <br>"}]}, {"title": "Pawe\u0142 Cyganek", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Pawe\u0142 Cyganek (1913\u20131995) was a soccer forward player of interwar Poland, who in one game played on the Polish National Team. Cyganek was born in Wirek, a district of the Upper Silesian city of Ruda \u015al\u0105ska. From early childhood he loved soccer and was a very fast runner, so at age 14 he became a forward on the local team Wawel Wirek. In the 1930s Wawel played in Silesian A-Class, the strongest regional league in Poland (in interwar Poland, A-Class was equivalent of today\u2019s Second Division). Cyganek was widely regarded as too good for this division and several top teams of the Polish Soccer League wanted to buy him. Among these were \u015al\u0105sk \u015awi\u0119toch\u0142owice, Ruch Chorz\u00f3w and Cracovia."}, {"context": " Their offers were refused, but finally, at the beginning of 1939, he decided to move to Fablok Chrzan\u00f3w, another A-Class team, from the Krak\u00f3w region. In 1939 his team won Krak\u00f3w\u2019s qualifiers, which allowed it to play in inter-regional games for promotion to the Polish Soccer Division. On the way, however, Fablok lost to \u015al\u0105sk \u015awi\u0119toch\u0142owice. Cyganek, who was making good money with Fablok, was feeling good there, improving his play virtually every day. After a Krak\u00f3w - Upper Silesia 4-1 game (mid-1939) his class was noticed by J\u00f3zef Ka\u0142u\u017ca, who called him to the National Team."}, {"context": " On August 27, 1939 in Warsaw Poland faced Hungary. Cyganek was among the starters, sidelining Gerard Wodarz, one of the best left wingers in Poland. The game vs. Hungary was a big success for the Poles, as they beat the 1938 World Cup runners-up 4-2. Apart from Ernest Wilimowski, Leonard Pi\u0105tek and Ewald Dytko, Cyganek, a debutant, was regarded as the best player on the field. Chrzan\u00f3w\u2019s player was hoping for more such games and looking forward to the 1940 Olympic Games in Tokyo, but his plans were brutally thwarted on September 1, as with the German attack on Poland, World War II began."}, {"context": " In late fall of 1939 Germans decided to reopen soccer games in occupied Upper Silesia. Cyganek, who in the meantime had returned to Wirek, started playing for the German-sponsored team Winter Sport-Verein Antonienhutte (formerly Wawel Wirek). He supposedly lost none of his class, as was noticed by Sepp Herberger, manager of German National Team. However, the player was soon kicked out by Herberger, because he continued to speak Polish. In early 1945, after the Red Army poured into Upper Silesia, Cyganek started to organize soccer games under new, Communist authorities. Soon afterwards Fablok\u2019s officials got in touch with him, so he returned to Chrzan\u00f3w. He spent several years there, finishing his career in 1955 as a defender of Otm\u0119t Krapkowice. Afterwards, he became a coach of several teams such as Pogo\u0144 Zabrze, Urania Ruda \u015al\u0105ska and Wawel Wirek.  Cyganek died in 1995 in Wirek."}]}, {"title": "Rainer Eisfeld", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Rainer Eisfeld (born 4 April 1941, Berlin) is a German political scientist and professor emeritus at the University of Osnabr\u00fcck. Eisfeld received an economics degree from the University of Saarbr\u00fccken in 1966 and his PhD in political science from the Goethe University of Frankfurt in 1971. He was assistant professor at Goethe University of Frankfurt, 1972\u201373, and professor of political science at the University of Osnabr\u00fcck, 1974-2006 (now emeritus). His international appointments include visiting scholarships at UCLA and the University of Arizona. He taught at UCLA as a visiting professor in 2002."}, {"context": " Eisfeld was Chair of the International Political Science Association (IPSA)\u2019s Research Committee on Socio-Political Pluralism, 2000-2006, and member of the IPSA Executive Committee (as Research Committee Representative), 2006-2012. A former reviewer for the Volkswagen Foundation (1983-1993), Eisfeld serves presently as reviewer for Political Studies, International Political Science Review, European Political Science, and as member of the Polish Political Science Yearbook\u2019s Editorial Board. First appointed in 1994, he also continues to serve on the Board of Trustees of Concentration Camp Memorials Buchenwald and Mittelbau-Dora (State of Thuringia, Germany)."}, {"context": " Eisfeld\u2019s work has appeared in \"Politische Vierteljahresschrift\", \"Leviathan\", \"German Politics & Society\", \"European Political Science\", \"Government and Opposition\", the \"International Political Science Review\", the \"International Review of Sociology Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture\", \"Revista Critica de Ci\u00eancias Sociais\"(Bibliography), \"Iberian Studies\", \"Teorija in Praksa\", the \"Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review\", and \"Politicheskaja nauka\". His research has focused on theories of pluralism, problems of participatory democracy, the development of the discipline in Germany and East-Central Europe, transition from dictatorship to democracy, and scientists\u2019 compliance during the Nazi regime. Displaying a strong historical interest, Eisfeld has also, rather uncommonly for a political scientist, written about the persisting ideology of the American frontier (\u201cprogress through violence\u201d), the projection of earthly hopes and fears on another world (the planet Mars), and teenagers\u2019 dreams in the 1950s.  Eisfeld won a Faculty Dissertation Award from Frankfurt University in 1971 and a Volkswagen Foundation Research Grant (Akademie-Stipendium) in 1989. His work Monds\u00fcchtig on Wernher von Braun\u2019s involvement in the infamous Nazi slave labor program was selected by the journal Bild der Wissenschaft as one of the \u2018Year\u2019s Outstanding Books on Science\u2019 in 1997."}]}, {"title": "Bodo Igesz", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Bodo Igesz (February 7, 1935 in Amsterdam \u2013 December 25, 2014 in New York City) was a Dutch stage director who had an active career staging operas around the world during the second half of the 20th century. He was particularly known for his work with the Metropolitan Opera where he worked for 25 years on the staging staff. He also staged operas for the Salzburg Festival, and staged numerous operas for the Santa Fe Opera; including the United States premieres of Hindemith's \"Cardillac\" (1967), Schoenberg's \"Die Jakobsleiter\" (1968), Henze's \"The Bassarids\" (1968) and Aribert Reimann's \"Melusine\" (1972)."}, {"context": " A particular triumph for Igesz at the Met was his staging of Georges Bizet's \"Carmen\" which premiered in 1972 with Marilyn Horne as the title heroine and Leonard Bernstein conducting. The staging remained in the Met repertory for several years, and was notably the staging used for the first Met Carmens of R\u00e9gine Crespin (1975) and Elena Obraztsova(1978). Another Met career highlight was his 1988 staging of \"Ariadne auf Naxos\" by Richard Strauss which starred Jessye Norman, Kathleen Battle, James King, Tatiana Troyanos, and Stephen Dickson. This production was Broadcast nationwide on the television program \"The Metropolitan Opera Presents\" on PBS."}]}, {"title": "James Ainslie (cricketer)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " James Ainslie (9 June 1880 \u2013 31 December 1953) was an Australian cricketer. He played nine first-class cricket matches for Victoria between 1900 and 1910."}]}, {"title": "Kyra Petrovskaya Wayne", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kyra Petrovskaya Wayne (December 31, 1918 \u2013 June 3, 2018) was a Russian-American author, actress and a sniper during World War II A survivor of the Siege of Leningrad, she married an American diplomat and came to the United States, becoming the author of 14 books. Among her various activities in America, she made many appearances on television programs, gave lectures on literature and history on cruise ships, and sang on concert stages. Kyra was born in Crimea, on the coast of the Black Sea in 1918. She is the descendant of one of the Russian noble families. Her father was a pilot during World War I. He was executed by the Bolshevik firing squad after the Russian Revolution, when Kyra was 7 months old. Her young mother never remarried, and they lived in poverty in Leningrad with her grandmother. They lost all the males of their family in the Russian Civil War that followed the revolution."}, {"context": " At age 8, Kyra was admitted into a school for musically gifted children, the Leningrad Academic Capella, and became a member of the children\u2019s group of the Kirov Theater of Opera and Ballet. Even though she was studying music, she had to go through military training: All Soviet schools had to spend a certain amount of time on military education\u2014marching, learning about guns, and competitive shooting. Kyra was a good marksman, and at 16 she won a distinction, the Voroshilov Marksman badge. After graduation, she entered the Institute of Theater Arts and became an actress and concert singer."}, {"context": " She was drafted into the Red Army in 1941 at the beginning of the Siege of Leningrad and became a sniper and a lieutenant. During this tragic period, almost 1 million people died in Leningrad of starvation, including Kyra\u2019s mother and grandmother, who died while she was in the army. After being wounded twice, Kyra returned to service as a field nurse. During that time, she rescued a homeless orphan boy, who later became the subject of her book, \"Shurik\". Toward the end of the war, she was decorated with three medals. She left for Moscow in 1943 and joined the Moscow Satire Theatre, renewing her artistic career."}, {"context": " Because Kyra spoke several foreign languages fluently, she was invited to various diplomatic receptions as a representative of the Young Soviet Intelligentsia. It was there that she met her future husband, an American diplomat named Shirk. In February 1946, they married, in the first church service between a foreigner and a Russian since the Revolution. Perhaps because the wedding was attended by the whole diplomatic corps stationed in Moscow at that time, she was given permission to leave Russia with her husband. They left for the United States a few months later."}, {"context": " Kyra hoped to continue her theatrical career in the United States and went to several auditions but without success, mainly because of her accent. Her husband bought a farm in Pennsylvania, but neither one of them knew anything about farming. They worked hard on the farm, and Kyra continued to sing. She had a musical program called \"Interlude with Kyra\" on a television channel in Pennsylvania. She also was invited to join International Platform Association and began a thriving career as a speaker."}, {"context": " After nine years of marriage, she and her husband divorced, and Kyra moved to Los Angeles, where she became a contestant on Groucho Marx\u2019s show \"You Bet Your Life\". In 1955 she appeared on the show \"Big Surprise\", but failed to win the $100,000 jackpot. She was offered a contract by a publisher to write her autobiography, and in 1959, \"Kyra\", her first book, was published by Prentice-Hall. The TV appearance also led to more television and concert invitations. Unfortunately, Kyra had to stop singing many years later when a nerve of her vocal cord was nipped during a thyroid surgery."}, {"context": " In 1960, she met and married Dr. George Wayne, a distinguished psychiatrist. They traveled extensively, leading to Kyra becoming an enrichment lecturer on Royal Viking Line cruises, which she pursued for 10 years. Her husband died in 1994. Kyra has one son and five grandchildren. She is passionate about dogs, some of which are the subjects of her books. Kyra died in June 2018 at the age of 99. Writing has been part of her life from a very young age. A story she wrote at age 7 was published in a school magazine. In a special after-school playwriting program, she was part of a group of 10 students who created a Russian version of Huckleberry Finn for children\u2019s theater, which, she believes is still being performed in Russia. After the success of her autobiography, Kyra wrote 13 more books on various subjects from Greek mythology to Russian cooking and from Russian-American history to young adult novels."}, {"context": " In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, Kyra was active in many cultural and civic organizations, receiving many awards and commendations. In the 1980s, she was the founder and president of the Clean Air Program (CAP), a program of the American Lung Association of Los Angeles County\u2014intended to eradicate smog. She was president of the UCLA Medical Faculty Wives, a member of the board of ISOMATA, an international school of music and the arts, an affiliate of USC, and several other Los Angeles-based cultural organizations."}]}, {"title": "Murder of Rajdev Ranjan", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Rajdev Ranjan, also known as Rajdeo Ranjan (ca. 1971 - May 13, 2016), who was an Indian journalist for the \"Hindustan Daily\" in Siwan, Bihar, India, was shot to death. His death received significant media coverage and was seen as a threat to journalism. He is known to have been writing against Mohammad Shahabuddin, a former Rashtriya Janata Dal MP, who was serving a life sentence in prison for being connected to the murder of two brothers. Five contract killers were arrested, during the same month of Ranjan's murder, on May 25, 2016."}, {"context": " Rajdev Ranjan was 45-year-old journalist at the time of his death. He had a law degree, in addition to his post graduate degree. Ranjan was married to Asha Devi, a teacher, and he was murdered on May 13, 2016, the day before his wedding anniversary. He and his wife had two school-aged children, a boy and a girl. Ranjan had lived with his family at Mahadev Mission compound in Siwan. His remains were cremated. Rajdev Ranjan started his career as a stringer from Siwan when he started at the \"Hindustan Daily\" in 1994. For over 24 years, Rajdev Ranjan had been an active journalist for the Hindi-language \"Hindustan Daily\". As a journalist, his main focus had been reporting on politics and crime. Ranjan worked as a staff member before he was promoted to his bureau chief position, a position which he had held for about seven years until his murder. As bureau chief he was in charge of a group of six journalists. The \"Hindustan Daily\" is a branch of the Hindustan Times Media company."}, {"context": " Ranjan had reported against former RJD MP Mohammad Shahabuddin at least 4 times. One month before his murder, Ranjan reported on state politician Abdul Ghafoor's meeting and meal shared with imprisoned Shahabuddin inside the Siwna prison. Ranjan's name also appeared on a hit list that is claimed by Ranjan's wife to be made by Shahabuddin himself. Rajdev Ranjan was by Siwan railway station on his way to his office from gathering news when he was murdered by attackers on bikes. Ranjan received gunshot wounds to the neck and head, both at close-range. He had first been shot between the eyes and in the neck. The shooting occurred at approximately 8 p.m. in the Siwan market area. Ranjan died later at a hospital."}, {"context": " Ranjan's killers may be members of a gang in Siwan. Ranjan's family met with local Bharatiya Janata Party MP Om Prakash Yadav, who said, \"I am absolutely sure that Shahabuddin is behind Rajdev's killing.\" Ranjan had been threatened before and once had been held at gunpoint, according to several of his fellow journalists. Convicted murderer Mohammed Shahabuddin allegedly had made a hit list and Ranjan's name was seventh on that list. According to Ranjan's wife, he was aware of such a list and told her about people on the list who had been killed before his name."}, {"context": " The Siwan police started the investigation. They brought several items to Siwan forensic scientists to examine, such as \"a 7.65 mm pistol with two cartridges and three motorcycles allegedly used by the assailants.\" Ranjan's assailants are believed by investigators to have been hired by Laddan Mian (or Miyan), Shahabuddin's aide, which could link Shahabuddin to the crime, but he was released after 14 days of questioning. Police held three people for questioning about the murder of Rajdev Ranjan, who all said they were disturbed by what Ranjan had been reporting. The alleged shooters mentioned Shahabuddin's name multiple times during questioning about who the leader was in this attack. Authorities have been attempting to find evidence from Ranjan's cell phone and CCTV footage that may shed light on the murder."}, {"context": " The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) started a case on Ranjan's murder. They continued the investigation that the police of Siwan had started in which it became apparent that the murder had been planned out. The CBI team consisted of three inspectors, two deputy superintendents of police, and five sub-inspectors. During the investigation, Shahabuddin was released from prison. He was seen with a man by the name of Mohammad Kaif. Kaif has been running from the law since his part in the murder of three brothers. In addition, Kaif was wanted for Ranjan's murder, and photographs of him with Shahabuddin have caused Asha Devi, Ranjan's widow, and Ranjan's co-workers to question if there had been an arrangement between the two for Ranjan's death. Mohammad Kaif, who police say is a prime suspect in the murder, surrendered and was taken into custody."}, {"context": " Two other people have recently been brought to light as connected with Ranjan's murderer. Shahabuddin and several other important leaders have been spotted with several of the people accused of murdering Ranjan, including Mohammad Kaif and Mohammad Javed. Mohammad Javed has still not been found. In the CBI investigation of the crime scene and discussion with the Siwan police, who originally had been handling the case, there have been six suspects allegedly involved in the murder of Rajdev Ranjan. The list of suspects include Azaharuddin Beig, Rohit Kumr Soni, Vijay Kumar Gupta, Rajesh Kumar, Sonu Kumar Gupta, and Rishu Kumar Jaiswal. The apex court is not allowing bail for the six people suspected in Ranjan's murder. The bail is not currently being allowed because the investigation is still underway by the CBI. Shahabuddin is claims the men were not accused until later after which he had already met them."}, {"context": " The CBI had asked for six months to investigate the murder but was only granted three months to do so by the apex court. The investigation so far \"has been thorough, from conducting a recreation of the crime scene to interviewing forty witnesses and the person who first found Ranjan's body (whose name was not given).\" Ranjan was allegedly targeted \"as a result of having published several articles in the \"Hindustan Daily\" concerning the questionable actions of Shahabuddin.\" Ranjan's most recent work published against Shahabuddin had been a photograph of Shahabuddin in jail where he is being held, eating with the Bihar Minister Abdul Gafoor. Angered by Ranjan's work, Shahabuddin supposedly placed Ranjan's name as seventh on his hit list. Shahabuddin is thought to have then \"hired five people to murder Ranjan.\" The shooting took place under the Town police station in Dakshin Tola, where four gunshots were heard. There are journalist friends of Ranjan's who said \"someone had held Ranjan at gunpoint to threaten him about ten years ago.\" Asha Devi, Ranjan's widow, believes that Ranjan had been a target of Shahabuddin's for his work a while before he was murdered. A colleague of Ranjan's said that Ranjan \"had received a phone call that evening and had left in a hurry,\" something \"uncharacteristic of Ranjan\" according to the source. This is not the first in a string of murders and attempted murders committed by people connected to Shahabuddin; there had been other names on Shahabuddin's hit list, one of which, Rajeev Roshan, had been murdered as well in 2014. Ranjan had written an article about Chawanni Singh, Shahabuddin's sharp shooter, and about how police were making progress in a murder case involving Singh. He had written the article just before his murder. Back in 2014, police had discovered that Shahabuddin had made a hit list contain twenty-three names. According to police, it was evident that \"the list was made in order of who was a priority to kill first.\" Ranjan's coworkers at the Hindustan have said that Ranjan had \"received previous threats from people working for Shahabuddin, and he is not the only one to have gotten them.\" Ranjan's wife said that Ranjan had even once \"received a threat that his office would be burned down.\""}, {"context": " One day before Ranjan's murder, another journalist, Indradeo Yadav, was shot in Chatra district, Jharkhand. While those two murders were being investigated, the Press Council of India advocated for a law that would guide the investigations into the murder of journalists across the country. A statement was issued by the organization's chief who was Supreme Court judge: \"It is a matter of grave concern that three journalists were killed in the country in the last four months and another died in a tragic accident while on the line of duty. I urge upon the Government of India to enact a special law for protection of journalists and speedy trial of cases of attacks and assaults them in special fast track courts as recommended by the Sub-Committee for Safety of Journalists appointed by the Press Council."}, {"context": " Irina Bokova, director-general of UNESCO, said, \"I condemn the murder of Rajdev Ranjan. I call on the authorities to investigate these killings to prevent impunity for all crimes against freedom of expression and freedom of information from taking root.\" There has been a call for justice against Ranjan's murderers by the journalists of Siwan. The Bihar government had attempted to make a move to prevent Shahabuddin from being released from jail, but it was not successful even though they had said they had their finest lawyers on the job. Because of this, the government has been heavily criticized lately by a large number of siwan citizens. People became increasingly disturbed when two leaders, Shahabuddin and Bihar Health Minister Tej pratapYadav, were spotted with two of Ranjan's supposed killers."}, {"context": " Rajdev Ranjan's wife Asha Devi said that officials are not doing enough in the investigation out of fear of Shahabuddin. Asha Devi has been working to get the case transferred from Siwan to Delhi in hopes of it being better managed. In response to the photographs of Shahabuddin with Kaif, Devi said, \"How is it that the police did not know where the culprits were? Strict action should be taken against them. Nitish Kumar did not take cognizance of the matter, that is why I had to go to Delhi. He should correct his mistake and he should make proceedings against these culprits. CBI should take the murder probe, until then the truth will not come out.\"  Ranjan's family was visited by Prem Kumar, leader of the opposition Bharatiya Janata Party. Many leaders have shown their distress concerning the murder of Rajdev Ranjan, several of which were seen at the gathering offering condolences to Ranjan's family, including other BJP politicians Mangal Pandey and Sushil Kumar Modi. Assistant director general Sunil Kumar is quoted to have said, \"Criminals involved in the murder will not be spared no matter how powerful they are.\""}]}, {"title": "2012\u201313 Slovenian Hockey League season", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The 2012\u201313 Slovenian Hockey League season was the 22nd season of the Slovenian Hockey League, the top level of ice hockey in Slovenia. Three teams participated in the regular season, which was won by Mladi Jesenice. For the playoffs, the three teams from the regular season were joined by Olimpija, which had participated in the Erste Bank Eishockey Liga during the regular season, and Triglav Kranj and Slavija, which had both played in the Inter-National League during the regular season. Olimpija won the play-off championship by defeating Slavija in the final."}]}, {"title": "Jude Rogers", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Jude Rogers (born 1978) is a Welsh journalist and lecturer who is a music critic for \"The Guardian\". She also regularly writes features and articles for \"The Observer\", \"New Statesman\" and women's magazines such as \"Red\". Her articles have also been published by \"The Times\" and by BBC Music and she broadcasts on BBC Radio 2, BBC Radio 4 and BBC 6 Music. She is a senior lecturer in journalism at London Metropolitan University. She was born and bred in two villages near Swansea, where she went to comprehensive school. In 1997 Rogers became president of the student union at Wadham College, Oxford. She has an English degree from the University of Oxford and an MA from Royal Holloway."}, {"context": " In 2003 Rogers co-founded the magazine \"Smoke: a London Peculiar\". After working as reviews editor on \"The Word\", she became a full-time freelancer in 2007. She has been a judge on several music prize panels, including the Welsh Music Prize and the Mercury Prize, and was one of ten experts chosen to write for the University of Westminster's MusicTank 10:10 project, writing about the future of music journalism. In 2017 she scripted an audio guided tour, narrated by Jarvis Cocker, for the Southbank Centre's exhibition \"ABBA: Super Troupers\" on the Swedish pop group ABBA.  She married in 2011. She and her husband Dan have a son, Evan, born in 2014. They live in Wales, having moved there in 2016 from Leyton, north east London."}]}, {"title": "Cindy Yang", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Cindy Yang (; 4 December 1990 \u2013 21 April 2015), born Peng Hsin-yi (\u5f6d\u99a8\u9038), was a Taiwanese actress and model. She was known for her appearances on \"100% Entertainment\", the youth-centered television show \"University\", and the film \"First of May\" (2015). She was born on 4 December 1990, in Taichung, to politician Peng Tso-kwei. On 21 April 2015, Yang, aged 24, committed suicide by helium inhalation after suffering from prolonged cyberbullying. A suicide note written by her was found, stating that she hoped her death brought attention to the seriousness of bullying. Yang also blamed coworkers for her decision to commit suicide.  A funeral service was held in Taichung on 24 April 2015. At the time of her death, fans and various entertainers expressed their sympathy along with their condemnation of netizens' cyberbullying."}]}, {"title": "Bohr radius", "paragraphs": [{"context": " The Bohr radius (\"a\" or \"r\") is a physical constant, approximately equal to the most probable distance between the nucleus and the electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state. It is named after Niels Bohr, due to its role in the Bohr model of an atom. Its value is . In SI units the Bohr radius is: where: In Gaussian units the Bohr radius is simply According to 2014 CODATA the Bohr radius has a value of (considering mass of electron as the rest mass of an electron) (i.e., approximately 53\u00a0pm or 0.53\u00a0\u00c5)."}, {"context": " In the Bohr model of the structure of an atom, put forward by Niels Bohr in 1913, electrons orbit a central nucleus. The model says that the electrons orbit only at certain distances from the nucleus, depending on their energy. In the simplest atom, hydrogen, a single electron orbits the nucleus and its smallest possible orbit, with lowest energy, has an orbital radius almost equal to the Bohr radius. (It is not \"exactly\" the Bohr radius due to the reduced mass effect. They differ by about 0.1%.)"}, {"context": " Although the Bohr model is no longer in use, the Bohr radius remains very useful in atomic physics calculations, due in part to its simple relationship with other fundamental constants. (This is why it is defined using the true electron mass rather than the reduced mass, as mentioned above.) For example, it is the unit of length in atomic units. An important distinction is that the Bohr radius gives the position of maximum probability density, not its expected radial distance. The expected radial distance is actually 1.5 times the Bohr radius, as a result of the long tail of the radial wave function."}, {"context": " The Bohr radius of the electron is one of a trio of related units of length, the other two being the Compton wavelength of the electron formula_10 and the classical electron radius formula_11. The Bohr radius is built from the electron mass formula_12, Planck's constant formula_13 and the electron charge formula_14. The Compton wavelength is built from formula_15, formula_13 and the speed of light formula_17. The classical electron radius is built from formula_15, formula_17 and formula_14. Any one of these three lengths can be written in terms of any other using the fine structure constant formula_21:  The Compton wavelength is about 20 times smaller than the Bohr radius, and the classical electron radius is about 1000 times smaller than the Compton wavelength. The Bohr radius including the effect of reduced mass in the hydrogen atom can be given by the following equation: where: In the above equation, the effect of the reduced mass is achieved by using the increased Compton wavelength, which is just the Compton wavelengths of the electron and the proton added together."}]}, {"title": "Euge\u0300ne Kalt", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Eug\u00e8ne Jean Baptiste Kalt (24 February 1861, Landser, Haut-Rhin \u2013 9 May 1941) was a French ophthalmologist who developed the first known application of a contact lens for the correction of keratoconus. In 1888, he worked on a crude flat-fitting glass scleral lenses designed to \"compress the steep conical apex thereby correcting the condition\". His first lenses were crafted from the bottoms of glass test tubes. Kalt was born in Landser in the Alsace region of France."}]}, {"title": "Dalnavert, Highland", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Dalnavert (Scottish Gaelic Dail nam Feart) is a small rural hamlet, that lies 4 miles northeast of Insh, and 8 miles northeast of Kingussie, in the valley of the River Spey, in the west Cairngorms National Park, in Badenoch and Strathspey, Inverness-shire, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland. Dalnavert is the ancestral home of Sir John A. Macdonald, first Prime Minister of Canada. Both his mother and first wife came from Dalnavert. The single track B970 B road which connects Kingussie to Inverdruie passes Dalnavert."}]}, {"title": "Footytube", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Footytube is a football video community. The website attracts over 1.4 million unique monthly users, with around 16m pageviews. and is listed in Alexa as being the 18th most visited football site in the world. The site aggregates vast amounts of football data and presents this in a contextualized fashion to the user, covering everything from the latest highlights to fan made content, player interviews and club podcasts. The site also has a wide-ranging set of community features geared towards the football enthusiast. Users can create profiles and compete in the footytube fan valuation, fantasy football and fan trait leagues."}, {"context": " Footytube appeared in \"The Daily Telegraph\" newspaper's Top 25 Football Websites in 2009 and was also a featured site in \"The Guardian's\" \"Guide\" and \"Things we like this week\" sections. The website is also featured in \"The Guardian\"'s open platform gallery. Footytube is often mentioned in tweets by sporting celebrities and football journalists, including Tim Lovejoy, who described the site as a \"Footie Fans Heaven\". Footytube was founded in July 2006 in what initially began as a wordpress blog showcasing the latest football videos from around the world. The blog quickly grew in popularity with supporters, and before long was attracting upwards of 100,000 unique visitors per month. In early 2007, footytube was acquired by Lee Smith and Matthew Jackson, two web developers and internet entrepreneurs with a passion for football."}, {"context": " The current incarnation of the website (Footytube 2.0) spent a total of 18 months in development, before a closed beta version was released in February 2009. The Footytube 2.0 Beta went public in May 2009. Dispensing with the old blog, the site deploys a state-of-the-art custom web crawler for aggregating vast amounts of football data from around the world. The new version of the site also saw various football community centric features released, including Dreamfooty, a proprietary fantasy football league game."}, {"context": " The current version of the site is the 2.1.5 'SpreadLight' Release. The next major release (2.2) is expected in August 2010, some features of which will be unveiled during the 2010 World Cup. Footytube claim to have the most advanced football web crawler on the internet. The bot aggregates football videos, news, podcasts, blogs, fixtures, results, odds, and team stats and displays this data in a contextualized fashion alongside video content and team data. This is achieved by employing a range of partner APIs and services."}, {"context": " There are a total of four board members, including Tarek Ben (Founder), Lee Smith (Managing Director), Matthew Jackson (Communications Director) and Vlad Bosinceanu (Technical Director). During the latter half of 2009, Araz Heydariyehzadeh joined the commercial department as Commercial Director. Openfooty is a spin-off project, spearheaded by the footytube team in an effort to support the wider football community. The project seeks to help encourage the emergence of innovative and compelling websites and ideas by championing open solutions in football. It represents the first and only free (for non commercial use) football data API available on the internet today.  The API exposes much of the data that is collected via the footytube crawler, as well as data from partnerships with Global Sports Media and \"The Guardian\"."}]}, {"title": "Cymbocarpa", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Cymbocarpa is a genus of flowering plants in the Burmanniaceae, first described as a genus in 1840. It is native to Central America, northern South America and the West Indies"}]}, {"title": "Las Cruces, California", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Las Cruces, California is an unincorporated community in Santa Barbara County, California. It lies at the split between California State Route 1, which travels north to Lompoc, and U.S. Route 101, which travels north to Buellton. The community lies within area code 805. Las Cruces is a name derived from Spanish meaning \"the crosses\"."}]}, {"title": "Coopersale", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Coopersale, also termed Coopersale Common, is a village in the civil parish of Epping, within the Epping Forest District of Essex, England. In the 1870s the settlement of Theydon Garnon was alternatively referred to by the name 'Coopersale', and was a village south-southeast from Epping, centred between Coopersale House at the south of the present settlement and approximately the location of Fiddlers Hamlet further south. This dual naming of the village and parish had been prevalent since the late 1500s."}, {"context": " In 1855 the place and parish name Coopersale was still interchangeable with Theydon Garnon, but by 1882 was subordinated as a part of Theydon Garnon civil parish with the Church of St Alban being described as a parish district church. By 1902, for civil purposes Coopersale, grouped with Coopersale Street, was part of Epping, but the ecclesiastical parish for rectorial purposes was still part of Theydon Garnon. By 1902 the village was in the county court district. Coopersale children attended school in Theydon Garnon village. The local post office was at Coopersale Street hamlet."}, {"context": " Following 1891 the northwestern parts of Theydon Garnon parish including Coopersale, Coopersale Street and Fiddlers Hamlet were alienated to become part of Epping Urban District (from 1974 Epping Forest District). Coopersale was part of the Epping Union\u2014poor relief provision set up under the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834\u2014which by 1912 provided for forty children a Cottage Home called Forest Side at Coopersale. Essex County Council ran the home after 1930 until it closed in 1960. The home, on Coopersale Common Road and north from St Alban's Church, was demolished and replaced by modern residences."}, {"context": " Between 1871 and 1911 Coopersale's population, as part of Theydon Garnon and later Epping, ranged between 638 and 672, although that in the ecclesiastical parish, always larger, was 760 in 1911. By 1921, the population had risen to 756. The area of the Coopersale district over these years approximated 600 acres, in which the chief crops grown were wheat, barley and beans. Trades listed in 1894 included a hay dealer, a blacksmith, three builders, a brickmaker, a painter, a shopkeeper, two farmers, and two beer retailers one of whom was a butcher. By 1902, two farmers, a 'brickmaster', a painter, a blackmith remained, as did two beer retailers, but one at Coopersale Street which seemed to be listed with Coopersale. Added occupations were a gardener, a wheelwright, a carpenter, a grocer & hardware dealer, a shopkeeper, a company of builders, and the surveyor to Epping Urban District Council. Further occupations in 1914 were an insurance agent, and at Coopersale Street a woman who undertook hand laundry. By 1933 occupations included a painter, an unmarried woman as beer retailer, two unmarried sisters running a shop, a married woman as beer retailer at Coopersale Street, a limited company building firm, and a farmer at Home Farm. Ansons farm is mentioned as occupied; this was the house where Samuel Phelps, English actor and theatre manager, died in 1878."}, {"context": " By the end of the 19th century Coopersale was seen as the identifiable northern district of Theydon Garnon parish, and itself had become a separate ecclesiastical parish in 1852 as part of the rural deanery of Chigwell, in the same year that St Alban's Church was built in Early English style. The church with its rectory was financed by Miss Harriet Archer-Houblon of Coopersale House as was the 1882 adjacent parish room. Miss Archer-Houblon's advowson provided for the church incumbency, which came with of glebe land. This patronage lay with the Archer-Houblon family until 1914, when it was transferred to the Bishop of Chelmsford."}, {"context": " St Alban's Church is described in trade directories as of flint, with a nave, south [actually southeast] porch, a west turret with one bell [no evidence of such today], and a chancel containing a credence, piscina and sedilia. Memorial windows are to the Houblon family and to Miss Archer-Houblon. There are 220 sittings for worshippers. A new lychgate was added to the churchyard in 1907, and an oak reredos to the chancel in 1913. The incumbency in 1874 was a vicarage, of a net value of \u00a3180 with 5 acres of glebe, in the gift of Miss Archer-Houblon. The area of glebe remained the same until at least 1914. The value of the vicarage was higher in 1902 at \u00a3285 in the gift of Colonel G. B. Archer-Houblon, and in 1914 at \u00a3280 in the gift of Captain H. L. Archer-Houblon."}, {"context": " Coopersale House, of \"Tudor style\", was the centre of an estate with grounds which were described as being \"extensive and well arranged and contain a large sheet of water.\" An earlier house of John Archer (1598\u20131682), with an added late 17th-century wing, was rebuilt to a contemporary design in the early 18th century. The grounds were laid out for William Eyre Archer in the 1730s to the design of Adam Holt, the gardener of Wanstead Park, accommodated by the diversion of the public road of Houblons Hill away from the house. Later in the century Capability Brown provided design plans for the grounds which weren't carried out. The estate had been held by the Archer (later Archer-Houblon) family since the time of Henry V who changed the name of his Agincourt attendant Simon Dubois to Archer after Dubois performed well in an archery contest at Havering-atte-Bower. In 1914 Coopersale House was listed as unoccupied. The Archer-Houblon family sold the house and estate in 1914 and it remains in private ownership. In 1949 Historic England gave Coopersale House a Grade II listing."}, {"context": " William (Eyre) Archer (4 June 1677 - 30 June 1739) of Coopersale was Tory MP for Berkshire from 1734 to 1739. In 1706 Archer, son to William Eyre of Holme Hall, Derbyshire, took the name of 'Archer' after he succeeded to the Coopersale House and Welford Park, Berkshire estates of John Archer (died 1706), following his marriage to John Archer's niece Eleanor Wrottesley, daughter to Sir Walter Wrottesley, 3rd Baronet. Coopersale is in the Epping Hemnall ward of Epping Forest District. It is represented in parliament as part of the Epping Forest constituency. The sitting MP for the constituency (since 1997) is Eleanor Laing."}, {"context": " Coopersale is centred on the north-south conjoined roads of Coopersale Common Road and Houblons Hill, and is east from the of Epping, separated by forest land. The runs to the east, with Junction 7 for Harlow lying to the north. The village is essentially a linear settlement of , with 19th-century and modern sideways expansion of residential and commercial properties at the north. South from Coopersale are the Epping parish hamlets of Coopersale Street, conjoined, and Fiddlers Hamlet at . The Grade II listed Gothic Revival parish church (built 1852) of St Alban the Martyr stands at the point where Coopersale Common Road runs into Houblons Hill. The Coopersale ecclesiastical parish takes in Coopersale Street, most of the section of the town of Epping southeast of Epping High Street, the conjoined Epping town hamlet of Ivy Chimneys, and the north part of Theydon Garnon civil parish. St Alban's is in the deanery of Epping Forest and Ongar, in the Diocese of Chelmsford. The Grade II church hall, known as Parish Rooms (built 1882), is opposite the church. The former vicarage to the church, also built 1852 and Grade II, is adjacent to the church at the northwest. Coopersale House, dating to the 17th century and Grade II, is at the south of the village on Houblons Hill and close to the hamlet of Coopersale Street."}, {"context": " The village public house is Garnon Bushes at the north of the village, and just to the south from the railway bridge of the Epping Ongar Railway on Coopersale Common Road. Coopersale Halt, the present end of the line for this heritage railway, is southwest from the village. Coopersale also has a village hall (Coopersale Social Institute Hall), and an arcade of four shops, which back a small village park, with an Indian takeaway, a post office incorporating a Happy Shopper store, a newsagents, and a second-hand goods seller.  The village school is Coopersale and Theydon Garnon Church of England Primary School on Brickfield Road. Also on Brickfield Road and bordering Gernon Bushes nature reserve at the east, are the grounds of Coopersale Cricket Club, an amateur minor club which fields a team for Sunday friendly matches."}]}, {"title": "Pinnotheres", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Pinnotheres is a genus of crabs, including the pea crab and New Zealand pea crab. Many species formerly in \"Pinnotheres\" have been placed in new genera, such as \"Zaops ostreus\" (formerly \"Pinnotheres ostreus\"), the oyster crab. The species currently recognised in the genus \"Pinnotheres\" are:"}]}, {"title": "Chinese Taipei at the 2014 Asian Games", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Chinese Taipei participated in the 2014 Asian Games in Incheon, South Korea from 19 September to 4 October 2014. Ten gold medals were won in weightlifting, taekwondo, cycling, karate, tennis, bowling, and golf."}]}, {"title": "Kob Dhexaad", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Kob Dhexaad is a town in the northeastern Bari province of Somalia. It is the situated in the Bosaso District of the autonomous Puntland region."}]}, {"title": "Recurring Dream", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Recurring Dream: The Very Best of Crowded House, usually abbreviated to Recurring Dream, is a compilation album by rock group Crowded House, released in 1996. It includes most of their singles, as well as three new songs, \"Not the Girl You Think You Are\", \"Instinct\", and \"Everything Is Good for You\". Crowded House were touring in support of their album \"Together Alone\", when after a concert in Atlanta on 14 April 1994, drummer Paul Hester decided to leave the band. He was eventually replaced by Peter Jones. The band completed the tour and returned to Australia where bandleader Neil Finn began writing songs for their next album, provisionally titled \"Help Is Coming\". During this time he also wrote and recorded the album \"Finn\" with his brother Tim Finn. At a press conference in 1996, at which the release of \"Recurring Dream\" was announced, Neil Finn revealed that Crowded House were to split up. The June concerts in Europe and Canada would be their final shows."}, {"context": " The collection was released in June 1996 and features four songs from each of the group's four studio albums, as well as the three new songs. Hester returned to play on these songs, but despite this he is not credited as a full band member on the album sleeve, which reads, \"Performed by Crowded House (Neil Finn, Nick Seymour and Mark Hart) with Paul Hester.\" The new photos on the album sleeve only show Neil Finn, Seymour and Hart, although Hester and Tim Finn both appear several times in a collage of old band photos. The wording on the album implies that Hart played on all 19 tracks. In fact he only became a full band member on their fourth album \"Together Alone\", although he did receive an 'additional keyboards' credit for unspecified tracks on the album \"Woodface\". Hester may not appear on the song \"Weather With You\", because Ricky Fataar is credited with drums on that track on the \"Woodface\" sleeve."}, {"context": " The album's title \"Recurring Dream\", is also the name of a song written in 1985, when the group were still known as 'The Mullanes', by Finn, Hester, Seymour and the band's then guitarist Craig Hooper. The song \"Recurring Dream\" was not included on this compilation, but was later featured on \"Afterglow\", Crowded House's 1999 rarities collection. At the 1997 ARIA Music Awards, \"Recurring Dream\" won in the 'Highest Selling Album' category. The award was presented by Dave Graney who joked in his presentation speech that it's, \"Sometimes just about the money!\""}, {"context": " The album's cover was painted by bassist Nick Seymour. Like \"Together Alone\" and \"Temple of Low Men\" it features a red car. The cover also shows an electric fan, an item which appeared on the sleeve of their debut album. The bare chested man on the album cover appears to be Seymour himself. Three new tracks were recorded specially for \"Recurring Dream\" by Finn, Seymour, Hart and Hester. \"Everything Is Good for You\", \"Instinct\" and \"Not the Girl You Think You Are\" were recorded at York Street Studios in Auckland, New Zealand and were produced by Finn, Mitchell Froom and Tchad Blake. In a 2006 interview, Neil Finn said of \"Everything Is Good for You\", \"The philosophy of the song is slightly obscure in the verses, but really it's about not allowing regrets to rule your life. But it's also got a sense of humour. There's a wryness to it. It's not a message song particularly.\""}, {"context": " Of \"Instinct\" he said, \"I did a demo of it at home. It's just built on a bass riff...I put down a drum track, put a bass track to it and had it around for about a month. The lyrics are, as it turns out, extremely appropriate for the time: Nearly time to flick the switch/Hanging by a single stitch/Laughing at the stony face of gloom. I mean, in a way it was an instinctive decision for me to discontinue working with the band. My stomach told me to do it, so that's what the song is about: recognizing those moments and having the desire to follow it through.\""}, {"context": " Of \"Not the Girl You Think You Are\" he said, \"I wrote that with the assistance of an Optigan keyboard, which is a weird old antique from the '60s, a trashy antique. It's a machine that reads optical discs, the most primitive form of sampling from the '60s. I had found piano loops on it that I just put a sequence together from and I wrote the song in 10 minutes on top of it.\" Due to this compilation being superseded by \"The Very Very Best of Crowded House\" in 2010 and \"Everything Is Good for You\" being omitted from that album, all three tracks were included on the 2016 deluxe edition of \"Afterglow\"."}, {"context": " \"Recurring Dream\" topped the Australian (8 weeks), New Zealand (8 weeks) and UK (2 weeks) albums charts. It also reached the top 10 in Norway, Belgium and The Netherlands. The album was certified platinum in the UK (x4), Australia (x13), New Zealand (x9) and Spain. All songs were written by Neil Finn, except where noted. \"Recurring Dream\" was also released as a two-disc version, the second disc being titled \"Special Edition Live Album\". The songs were selected by Split Enz bassist Nigel Griggs, who was asked to do the job by Neil Finn, according to the album's sleeve notes. Just days after he accepted the job, hundreds of cassettes of Crowded House performances arrived for him to evaluate. The recordings he chose were not remixed or adjusted in any way before they were put on the album. Only four of the tracks from the main album had their live versions included on the second disc.  Five of the live album's songs are from the same concert, at The Civic Theatre in Newcastle, Australia. Other songs from this performance have appeared as B-sides, including \"Chocolate Cake\" on the \"Instinct\" single. The recording of \"Fingers of Love\" comes from Paul Hester's final show, in Atlanta, before he quit the band. The album is performed by Neil Finn, Nick Seymour, Paul Hester and Mark Hart, apart from tracks 7, 8, 9 and 10 which feature Tim Finn rather than Hart. General Specific"}]}, {"title": "School Hard", "paragraphs": [{"context": " \"School Hard\" is episode three of season two of the television series \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\". The story was conceived by series creator and executive producer Joss Whedon and co-executive producer David Greenwalt, with Greenwalt penning the teleplay. It was directed by John T. Kretchmer, the second and final episode he directed for the show. The narrative intertwines two stories, one of Spike and Drusilla, legendary vampires from Angel's past, coming to Sunnydale and Buffy Summers' attempts to keep her mother and Principal Snyder from meeting at parent-teacher night, which she has to organize. Unfortunately for her, this is when Spike chooses to attack."}, {"context": " Principal Snyder assigns Buffy and Sheila Martini (Alexandra Johnes) to prepare the school lounge for parent-teacher night. A new pair of vampires arrive in town, Spike and Drusilla. Spike promises the Anointed One (Andrew J. Ferchland) that he will kill Buffy, as he has killed two slayers already. While the Scoobies are busy preparing for the parents, Giles (Anthony Stewart Head) and Jenny Calendar (Robia LaMorte) show up to inform Buffy that Saturday will be the Night of Saint Vigeous, named after the leader of a vampire crusade, and that during that night, the natural abilities of vampires will be enhanced."}, {"context": " Spike tells Buffy that he will kill her on Saturday. He later kidnaps and brings Sheila, who is enthralled by his bad boy charms, to the weak Drusilla who feeds on and kills her. Giles does not recognize Spike from Buffy's description. Angel walks in on the meeting and tells them that Spike is a large problem, and then leaves. Later, Giles finds a reference to Spike as \"William the Bloody,\" and discovers that he has indeed killed two slayers. On Thursday night, the Scoobies are making weapons in the library while Buffy is preparing the buffet. She fails to keep Snyder from meeting her mother. Afterwards, a stern Joyce orders Buffy home just as Spike and the other vampires crash through the window. In the ensuing fight, Buffy leads the adults to safety in the science room. Xander is sent to fetch Angel. Buffy takes command of the incredulous adults, tells them to stay put and climbs through the air ducts to reach the library and her weapons."}, {"context": " Buffy's location in the ceiling is discovered when Spike hears noises, and she has to avoid strikes made by the vampires to knock her down. After taking out the vampires trying to break into the science room, she runs into Sheila, who is now a vampire. At first, Buffy doesn't realize this, but she is able to thwart Sheila's attempt to ambush her thanks to Giles. Xander returns to the school with Angel, who pretends to be his former evil self, Angelus. Though Spike first welcomes Angelus as a long-lost friend, he sees through the ruse and Xander and Angel are forced to flee."}, {"context": " Buffy and Spike finally meet in the hall, and fight. Spike seemingly has Buffy beaten and is about to kill her, but she is saved when her mother shows up and hits Spike over the head with the flat of an axe. Hurt, Spike flees the scene. Joyce tells Buffy that she trusts Buffy to take care of herself, whatever Snyder may say. Snyder tells the police chief to say that the trouble was caused by a gang on PCP. When the chief wonders if people will believe it, Snyder asks if the chief would rather that he tell the truth.  Spike returns to the vampire lair, where the Anointed One demands penance for his failure. After starting to go through the motions, Spike simply throws the boy into a cage and raises it into the sunlight. Spike refers to Angelus as his \"sire\", a fact later retconned when it is revealed that Drusilla is in fact Spike's sire, making Angelus his grandsire. Joss Whedon has said, however, that they both mean the same thing and that he always intended for Drusilla to be Spike's sire."}]}, {"title": "Austin Pelton", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Forbes Charles Austin Pelton (March 19, 1920 \u2013 February 19, 2003) was a political figure in British Columbia. He represented Dewdney in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1983 to 1991 as a Social Credit member. He was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, the son of Forbes Buel Pelton and Kathleen Francis Austin, and was educated in Burnaby and at Western University. In 1942, he married Louise Ratcliffe. Pelton was an alderman for Maple Ridge, also serving as mayor. He was a big band singer and pianist in the late thirties.  From 1941 to 1970, he served in the Royal Canadian Air Force and Canadian Air Force and retired as a Wing Commander (Lieutenant Colonel). Pelton was a member of the provincial cabinet, holding the position of Minister of the Environment."}]}, {"title": "Fred Walker (entrepreneur)", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Fred Walker (5 January 1884 \u2013 21 July 1935) was an Australian businessman and founder of Fred Walker & Co. The company is best known for creating Vegemite, a food paste and Australian cultural icon. Walker was born in Melbourne and won a scholarship to attend Caulfield Grammar School. He worked in the food import and export industry, and founded Fred Walker & Co in Hong Kong in 1903. He served in the Australian Military Forces from 1908 to 1918, before returning to his business. The company began manufacturing Red Feather canned foods and bonox, a beef extract product still produced today, and grew to operate around Australia and in New Zealand."}, {"context": " In 1923, Walker hired chemist Cyril P. Callister to develop a yeast extract product to compete with the similar English product Marmite. Vegemite was first sold in 1924 after Walker's daughter Sheilah selected the winning entry from a public competition to name the product. After poor sales performance, Walker changed the product's name to Parwill (a joking reference to Marmite: \"\"Ma might\", but \"Pa will\"\") before returning to Vegemite. In 1935, customers were given a free jar of Vegemite with every Fred Walker & Co product purchased, and the popularity of the spread grew steadily after this promotion. The success of the product was assured during the Second World War when Vegemite, due to its high vitamin B content, was chosen to be included in Australian soldier ration packs and the English product Marmite was pulled from the market."}, {"context": " Walker began a partnership with American businessman James L. Kraft to manufacture processed cheese in 1925, and by 1930 was chairman of Kraft Walker Cheese Co, a separate company from Fred Walker & Co but managed by the same staff. He was also successful at attracting staff by offering workers social club, allowing for morning tea breaks from manufacturing, providing first aid and canteen facilities, and modern work systems that increased employee productivity. In later life he served as the president of the Melbourne Rotary Club (1933\u201334), and he was also a director of the local YMCA. He was married and had one daughter, Sheila.  Walker died of heart disease in 1935. Fred Walker & Co was eventually purchased by Kraft Foods following Walker's death."}]}, {"title": "Red Fish Island", "paragraphs": [{"context": " Red Fish Island is an island in Galveston County, Texas, near the community of Bacliff. Its elevation is above sea level. It is located in Galveston Bay, northeast of San Leon. Its land is mostly rocky, but it also contains a beach where tourists visit the island."}]}]}