{"data": [{"title": "1st Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment", "paragraphs": [{"context": "1st Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 1st Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was later re-activated in 1898 for the Spanish\u2013American War, but did not serve overseas. In 1847, during the War with Mexico, the President of the United States requested that a regiment of Maine infantry be mobilized for field duty. This was accomplished on paper, but field officers were never assigned and the regiment's companies never trained together. However, this partial mobilization and the influence of the Crimean War of 1853\u201356 excited military enthusiasm"}, {"context": "in Maine, and caused new militia companies to be organized in 1854\u201356. In 1854 there were 58 companies in the Volunteer Maine Militia, and the request of the companies in and near Portland to be named the 1st Regiment was granted by orders of the Maine state government approved June 21, 1854. General Smith of the 5th Division was ordered to carry out the plan. In 1856, 47 of the 56 volunteer companies of the state were disbanded, having lost interest in military affairs. However, the First Regiment continued from 1856 to 1859, though without annual training as a regiment."}, {"context": "Abraham Lincoln's first call for volunteers in April, 1861 required Maine to raise one regiment of infantry for three months of Federal service. This was done by reorganizing ten existing companies of the state militia, completed at Portland, Maine on 28 April 1861 and mustered into service on 3 May 1861, a total of 779 soldiers. The regimental commander was Colonel Nathaniel Jackson. The First Maine was transferred to Washington, D.C. on 1 June 1861, where it remained until 1 August 1861, encamped on Meridian Hill. It spent its entire service in the Washington defenses and saw no combat. They"}, {"context": "were mustered out on 5 August 1861. Although the regiment's required Federal service was only three months, all of the soldiers had enlisted for two or three years. Many soldiers in the regiment who were required to remain in service joined the 10th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which retained eight of the 1st Maine's ten companies. The regimental history was published as \"History of the 1st-10th-29th Maine Regiment\" written by Major John Mead Gould. The regiment was mustered into the service of the United States at Augusta, Maine on 26 May 1898, with 46 officers and 979 enlisted men. The"}, {"context": "regiment moved to Chickamauga, Georgia, then a mobilization center. On 31 May it was assigned to Third Brigade, Second Division, Third Army Corps. The regiment did not deploy further and returned to Augusta, Maine 23\u201327 August after three months' service. On 21 September the regiment was furloughed for 30 days, and on 25 October the regiment's components began to muster out after five months' service. This was completed on 13 December with 46 officers and 1,211 enlisted men mustered out. A memorial plaque for Company K of the 1st Maine in the Spanish\u2013American War is in a park near Bowdoin"}, {"context": "College in Brunswick, Maine. Dana T. Merrill, a brigadier general in the United States Army, began his career by enlisting in Company H in 1898. The regiment lost no men during its brief period of service in the Civil War. In the Spanish\u2013American War the unit lost two officers and 39 enlisted men to disease and 24 enlisted men to desertion. The companies of the 1st Maine in the Civil War were named as follows: The 1st Maine was originally formed in state service in 1854, and thus was older than any other Maine regimental organization. An historian of the"}, {"context": "240th AAA (Anti-Aircraft Artillery) Group, a former Maine Army National Guard unit, has concluded that numerous subsequent Volunteer Maine Militia and Maine National Guard units inherited the lineage of the 1st Maine via the Portland Light Infantry company. From 1924 through 1944 this was the 240th Coast Artillery Regiment. As of 2018 this lineage is carried by the 240th Regional Training Institute, Maine Army National Guard, in Bangor. 1st Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 1st Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was later re-activated in 1898"}]}, {"title": "Wells on Sea railway station", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Wells on Sea railway station Wells on Sea railway station is located in Wells-next-the-Sea, Norfolk on the narrow gauge Wells and Walsingham Light Railway. It was opened in 1982. It is located south of the former level crossing on the A149 Coast Road, close to the former junction with the West Norfolk Junction Railway. The original station, which has been converted to non-rail use, is half a mile closer to the town. Passenger facilities consist of a single rail-level platform, a large car park, toilets (near the car park), and the ground floor of a formerly redundant signal box moved"}, {"context": "from Swainsthorpe to Wells, wherein a souvenir shop and tearoom are now situated, together with waiting room facilities. A small yard, a water tower, storage sheds, and the main steam locomotive shed and works are all located at the southern end of the passenger station. At the northern end of the station there is a smaller secondary engine shed, generally used for the housing of the diesel locomotives. As of 2014 the northern depot also includes a large purpose-built shed with engineering facilities, lifting equipment, and powerful internal lighting. This shed is used as the winter (closed season) carriage shed,"}, {"context": "but during the summer (operating season) it becomes the main engineering works and locomotive running shed. Outside the new shed, on the site of the former turntable, a large overhead gantry has been installed (during 2014) for heavy lifting. Wells on Sea railway station Wells on Sea railway station is located in Wells-next-the-Sea, Norfolk on the narrow gauge Wells and Walsingham Light Railway. It was opened in 1982. It is located south of the former level crossing on the A149 Coast Road, close to the former junction with the West Norfolk Junction Railway. The original station, which has been converted"}]}, {"title": "Shikashika", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Shikashika Shikashika is a shaved ice drink made from glacier ice in Peru and Bolivia. In some rural communities, the extraction and sale of ice continues to be a primary natural resource for local economies. Ice merchants extract the blocks with an axe by hand and transport them down from the mountains atop mules. The unit of sale is usually an ice block weighing approximately 40 kilos which is sold to Shikashika vendors. Each block sells for approximately 17 USD. In turn, Shikashika is sold for approximately 15 cents in plastic bags with colorful sweet syrups at Andean festivals and"}, {"context": "on market day. The word Shikashika is onomatopoeia from the Amerindian language Quechua. An alternative word for Shikashika in Spanish is \"raspadilla.\" In 2008 Huaraz Satyricon Cinema produced a documentary film about a Shikashika business in the Andean Highlands. Filmed in Peru, the documentary reveals the process of making a colorful shave ice. To make it one family must journey into the Andes mountains where they cut enormous blocks of ice with an axe and bare hands. The following day Shikashika is sold at the steps of a cathedral in the valley far below. The film offers a rare and"}, {"context": "focused glimpse into life and work in the Peruvian highlands. Shikashika Shikashika is a shaved ice drink made from glacier ice in Peru and Bolivia. In some rural communities, the extraction and sale of ice continues to be a primary natural resource for local economies. Ice merchants extract the blocks with an axe by hand and transport them down from the mountains atop mules. The unit of sale is usually an ice block weighing approximately 40 kilos which is sold to Shikashika vendors. Each block sells for approximately 17 USD. In turn, Shikashika is sold for approximately 15 cents in"}]}, {"title": "R v DeSousa", "paragraphs": [{"context": "R v DeSousa R v DeSousa [1992] 2 S.C.R. 944, is the Supreme Court of Canada case where the Court determined the Constitutionally required level for mens rea for the charge of \"unlawfully causing bodily harm\". The case is one of a series of cases including \"R. v. Hundal\" and \"R. v. Creighton\" where the Court reduced the requirement for culpability for a number of crimes. Shortly before midnight, during a New Year party in Toronto on December 31, 1987, a fight broke out. Several people started throwing bottles including Joao DeSousa who threw a bottle that ricocheted off the"}, {"context": "wall and hit Teresa Santos in the forearm causing serious harm. DeSousa was charged with unlawfully causing bodily harm contrary to s.269 of the Criminal Code. The issue before the Court was whether s.269 of the Criminal Code violated the s.7 of the Charter as it potentially allowed for prison sentences for \"Absolute Liability\" offences (which was deemed unconstitutional in \"Re B.C. Motor Vehicle Act\"). Justice Sopinka, writing for the Court, held that s.269 did not violate s.7. The charge itself is broken down into two separate requirements. First, there must be an underlying offence (the \"unlawful act\") with a"}, {"context": "valid mens rea requirement. This includes provincial and federal offences, criminal or otherwise, but precludes any absolute liability offences. Secondly, the \"unlawful act\" must be at least \"objectively dangerous\" so that a reasonable person would realize that the act created a risk of bodily harm. Due to the lack of \"stigma\" or any sort of significant prison sentence attached to the offence it did not warrant a higher \"subjective fault\" requirement (\"R. v. Martineau\"). The Court dismissed the argument that the offence would punish the morally innocent by not requiring proof of intention to bring about the consequences. Instead the"}, {"context": "offence aims to prevent \"objectively dangerous\" acts (this justification was elaborated on in \"R. v. Creighton\"). R v DeSousa R v DeSousa [1992] 2 S.C.R. 944, is the Supreme Court of Canada case where the Court determined the Constitutionally required level for mens rea for the charge of \"unlawfully causing bodily harm\". The case is one of a series of cases including \"R. v. Hundal\" and \"R. v. Creighton\" where the Court reduced the requirement for culpability for a number of crimes. Shortly before midnight, during a New Year party in Toronto on December 31, 1987, a fight broke out."}]}, {"title": "Shona McIsaac", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Shona McIsaac Shona McIsaac (born 3 April 1960) is a British Labour Party politician. She was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Cleethorpes from 1997 to 2010. She was defeated by Conservative candidate Martin Vickers in the 2010 election. She went to the SHAPE High School in Mons in Belgium, then Barne Barton Secondary Modern school in St Budeaux and Stoke Damerel High School for Girls in Stoke, Plymouth, which closed in 1986. She studied for a BSc in Geography whilst at St. Aidan's College of University of Durham, being taught by David Bellamy, and graduated in 1981. She wrote"}, {"context": "and worked on women's weekly magazines, being deputy chief sub-editor of \"Bella\", senior sub-editor of \"Chat\" and chief sub-editor of \"Woman\". McIsaac started her political career as a councillor to the London Borough of Wandsworth in the Tooting ward in 1990. She was selected to stand for election for Labour in Cleethorpes through an all-women shortlist. She won the Cleethorpes seat with a majority of over 9,000, defeating Michael Brown, the sitting MP for the predecessor seat of Brigg and Cleethorpes. She was re-elected in 2001 with a majority of 5,620, and again four years later, finishing over 2,000 votes"}, {"context": "ahead of her Conservative rival. She served as a Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of State within the Department of Health. McIsaac proposed a bill limiting the use of fireworks, and was supportive of anti-fox hunting measures. McIsaac was described as a 'government loyalist' and a \"super loyal backbencher\". According to the website TheyWorkForYou.com, McIsaac rarely rebelled against the Government, with the BBC stating \"she regards it almost as a duty to support the government's agenda\". She supported the Government in the vote on the war in Iraq. In October 2009, following significant research, McIsaac launched a small campaign"}, {"context": "to raise awareness of the poor state of many of Britain's war memorials. Her principal case study was of the war memorial in Wold Newton, a small village in her constituency. She spoke on the subject in the House of Commons and an article appeared in the Telegraph. In May 2010, she was defeated by Martin Vickers, losing by just over 4,000 votes. Following the general election, she blamed Gordon Brown personally on television for Labour's defeat. McIsaac lives in Cleethorpes with her husband Peter Keith whom she married in 1994. Keith unsuccessfully contested the seat of Cleethorpes in 2015"}, {"context": "and 2017. Shona McIsaac Shona McIsaac (born 3 April 1960) is a British Labour Party politician. She was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Cleethorpes from 1997 to 2010. She was defeated by Conservative candidate Martin Vickers in the 2010 election. She went to the SHAPE High School in Mons in Belgium, then Barne Barton Secondary Modern school in St Budeaux and Stoke Damerel High School for Girls in Stoke, Plymouth, which closed in 1986. She studied for a BSc in Geography whilst at St. Aidan's College of University of Durham, being taught by David Bellamy, and graduated in 1981."}]}, {"title": "Dari\u0301o Go\u0301mez", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Dar\u00edo G\u00f3mez Dar\u00edo de Jes\u00fas G\u00f3mez Zapata, also known as El Rey del Despecho, (born February 6, 1951 in San Jer\u00f3nimo, Antioquia) is a Colombian singer and composer of vals, corridos and boleros. His moniker \"El Rey del Despecho\" (King of Heartbreak) derives from the more than one thousands songs about heartbreaking love situations. His most well-known song is \"Nadie es Eterno\". He was considered one of the ten best singers of the 1990s in Colombia by the TV y Novelas Magazine for his sales of more than six million copies of his 26 albums; seven as tropical artist, ten"}, {"context": "as lead singer of the duet \"Los Legendarios\" and nine as a solo artist. As a young boy Gomez loved to sing the ranchera genre while picking coffee in the farms of Antioquia. He was discovered as a young boy and started writing songs at the age of 14 while working as a mechanic. He was the fourth child of twelve siblings. He was later hired by a group known as \"Los Legendarios\" (Spanish for The Legendaries). Gomez has had four children with his wife. His oldest daughter was killed in 2004 by a stray bullet on a bus in"}, {"context": "Colombia. encolombia.com - Los 10 Mejores Cantantes de la Decada Dar\u00edo G\u00f3mez Dar\u00edo de Jes\u00fas G\u00f3mez Zapata, also known as El Rey del Despecho, (born February 6, 1951 in San Jer\u00f3nimo, Antioquia) is a Colombian singer and composer of vals, corridos and boleros. His moniker \"El Rey del Despecho\" (King of Heartbreak) derives from the more than one thousands songs about heartbreaking love situations. His most well-known song is \"Nadie es Eterno\". He was considered one of the ten best singers of the 1990s in Colombia by the TV y Novelas Magazine for his sales of more than six million"}]}, {"title": "Cordwalles Preparatory School", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Cordwalles Preparatory School Cordwalles is a private, boarding preparatory school for boys founded in 1912. It is located in Pietermaritzburg, the capital city of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Cordwalles was founded in 1912 by the Rt Revd Samuel Baines, Bishop of Natal as a preparatory school for Michaelhouse. It has grown considerably since its early beginnings as a boarding-only school and has had only seven headmasters. Cordwalles has an Anglican foundation. Cordwalles is a boys preparatory school, which educates boys from Grade RR (boys turning 5) to Grade 7 (boys turning 13). Cordwalles consists of fifteen hectares of ground, an 'Inky'"}, {"context": "(pre-school to grade 2) block and Lecture Room, Theatre, Science Laboratory, Design & Technology Centre and Computer and Media Centres. There are over 300 boys taught by an academic and support staff of over 50. Most leavers go on to attend local private senior schools such as Hilton College, Kearsney College, Maritzburg College, St. Charles College and especially Michaelhouse. The headmaster, Simon Weaver is an old boy of Cordwalles, having been a pupil at the school from 1970 to 1975. He went on to Michaelhouse where he also did a post matric year. Weaver was deputy headmaster of The Ridge"}, {"context": "School (1995\u20131998). He was appointed headmaster of Pridwin (1999\u20132003) before moving to Cordwalles in 2004. Cordwalles Preparatory School was founded by Bishop Samuel Baines in 1912 when Michaelhouse moved from Pietermaritzburg to Balgowan and needing a preparatory school of its own to ensure its future enrolment. Cordwalles consisted of of land, a house and twelve boys. By 1917 the school encompassed of land, classrooms and dormitories. In the 1930s the Chapel, Gymnasium, Swimming Pool as well as additional classrooms, dormitories and land were added. During the Second World War numbers rose to one hundred and forty seven boys. From the"}, {"context": "1950s further dormitories together with a Kitchen block, Sanatorium, and enlarged Dining Hall, Science Laboratory, Library and Staff Houses were constructed. The 1960s saw the development of the double storey block, the five sports fields and the four tennis courts. Cordwalles Preparatory School Cordwalles is a private, boarding preparatory school for boys founded in 1912. It is located in Pietermaritzburg, the capital city of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Cordwalles was founded in 1912 by the Rt Revd Samuel Baines, Bishop of Natal as a preparatory school for Michaelhouse. It has grown considerably since its early beginnings as a boarding-only school and"}]}, {"title": "Boreal Loppet", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Boreal Loppet The Bor\u00e9al Loppet, to be held February 21, 2015, in Forestville, Quebec, Canada, is a cross-country skiing competition for all the elite skiers, and amateurs wishing challenges without relying on performance. Five (5) courses are presented. First easy loops 4 km, 7 km and 13 km for the family. Then two loops of 27 km and 60 km for the most enduring. All starts and finish are the same point, behind a hotel with a restaurant. In 2002, the idea of organizing a competition of long distance cross-country skiing (loppet) north of Forestville make his way through the"}, {"context": "mind of Dave Delaunay, physical education teacher, and Eric Maltais, language teacher of the local high school and both keen skiers. Dave suggested an \"extreme\" course: \"the grand tour\" by taking the local snowmobile trail network lying on the ZEC de Forestville. This is finally what they called later: D\u00e9fi Bor\u00e9al. Gino Jean, also physical education teacher, joined them. The distance was 100 km. The enthusiasm for long distance competitions (Tour du Mont -Valin, Keskinada, marathons races mountain bike) was then noticeable in Quebec, especially in the population over 30 years. Each of these races attracts between 300 and 500"}, {"context": "riders (3,000 in the case of Keskinada in Gatineau). February 28, 2004, after two years of reflection and two months of preparation, Dave Delaunay, Gino Jean and \u00c9ric Maltais, and a team of snowmobilers have completed the distance in 7 hours 55 minutes. The beauty of the trail and ski conditions confirmed that the D\u00e9fi Bor\u00e9al could attract many elite skiers and also those who take part of loppet competitions in Quebec. In 2005, they added to the 100 km ride a 38 km to attract a skiers who likes smaller distances. On 25 March 2006, the D\u00e9fi Bor\u00e9al becomes"}, {"context": "Bor\u00e9al Loppet Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec and offers five (5) courses. From 2005 to 2011, this event has held the title of longest cross-country skiing race in the world with on a course from A point to B point. The event welcomes more than 200 participants each year with a peak of 280 in 2008. There are also more than 1,700 participants who take part to the event since his foundation. The event hosted several spokespersons whose writer and journalist Michel Jean had officiate for the 10th edition in 2014. Note also the participation of , Steve Cyr and Marie-Pier Parent over previous"}, {"context": "years. The winter rendez-vous is part of sanctioned events by Ski de fond Canada et Ski de fond Qu\u00e9bec, it is also one of nine (9) stages of the Circuit des ma\u00eetre of AMSFQ. Since its creation, the event has generated economic benefits of nearly $400,000 for Forestville and its surroundings. It is also the involvement of about 150 volunteers for each edition. More than 50 cash or services partners involved in the presentation of the event that Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec appearing as a presenter since 2005. The event is also known for its investments with scholar persistence and to fight against"}, {"context": "school dropping. Since 2004, nearly $50,000 were injected in scholarships to students or to facilitate the practice of school sports at the local high school. Results: the school dropout rate decreased from 25% in 2005 to 14% in 2013 thanks to, among others, the money invested in scholarships and school sports clubs. The event includes an important component for winter tourism C\u00f4te-Nord and adheres to Tourisme Qu\u00e9bec through Bonjour Qu\u00e9bec branding . Boreal Loppet The Bor\u00e9al Loppet, to be held February 21, 2015, in Forestville, Quebec, Canada, is a cross-country skiing competition for all the elite skiers, and amateurs wishing"}]}, {"title": "Demerson", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Demerson Demerson Bruno Costa (born 16 March 1986), simply known as Demerson, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a central defender. In 2011, while playing for Coritiba Foot Ball Club, Demerson won the Most Uninterrupted Winning Matches of the World award on Guinness World Records 2013 Edition. Demerson is also remembered for being part of the Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Chapecoense de Futebol in the year 2016, the team that suffered thes most tragic air crash in FootBall History LaMia Flight 2933 . Despite being part of the cast Demerson did not board the flight for the 2016 Copa Sudamericana final. Demerson`s"}, {"context": "current club is Bali United in the Indonesian Liga 1. After representing hometown clubs Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro and Am\u00e9rica Mineiro as a youth, Demerson made his senior debut with Corinthians Alagoano in 2004. After a loan stint at Luzi\u00e2nia and a short spell at Ita\u00fana, he signed for S\u00e9rie A club Cruzeiro in 2008. Demerson being loaned out to Goytacaz and Cabofriense. On 19 May 2009 he signed for Coritiba. Demerson made his top tier debut on 24 May 2009, in Coritiba Foot Ball Club he achieved national recognition in football. Where he captured two State League titles in Campeonato Paranaense"}, {"context": "(2010,2012) and National Title of Campeonato Brasileiro S\u00e9rie B in 2010. And he reached the incredible Guinness Book record \"World's Most Victorious Team\" in 2011 totaling twenty-four consecutive wins. On 22 January 2013, Demerson signed a two-year contract with Bahia. He was an undisputed starter for the club during the 2014 season, he was elected the best defender of the Campeonato Baiano in 2014 season, he captured one State League title in Campeonato Baiano On 19 February 2015 Demerson moved abroad, after agreeing to a contract with China League One side Jiangxi Liansheng F.C.. where he was captain in 2015"}, {"context": "season and played in thirty-one matches. On 29 February of the following year he returned to his home country, signing for Paran\u00e1, but left the club on 4 May 2016 after being hired by Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Chapecoense de Futebol. On 12 May 2016, Demerson joined Chapecoense. Demerson did not board LaMia Airlines Flight 2933 for the 2016 Copa Sudamericana Finals, which crashed and killed 19 of his fellow teammates. Chapecoense named Copa Sudamericana winners after plane crash. As a result, Demerson left Brazil and signing with Sarawak for the 2017 Malaysia Super League Season. Demerson`s current club is Bali United in"}, {"context": "the Indonesian Liga 1. Demerson Demerson Bruno Costa (born 16 March 1986), simply known as Demerson, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a central defender. In 2011, while playing for Coritiba Foot Ball Club, Demerson won the Most Uninterrupted Winning Matches of the World award on Guinness World Records 2013 Edition. Demerson is also remembered for being part of the Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Chapecoense de Futebol in the year 2016, the team that suffered thes most tragic air crash in FootBall History LaMia Flight 2933 . Despite being part of the cast Demerson did not board the flight for the 2016"}]}, {"title": "Conchobar O\u0301 Muirdaig", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Conchobar \u00d3 Muirdaig Conchobar \u00d3 Muirdaig (died 1247) was Bishop of Kilmacduagh. \u00d3 Muirdaig's surname is a common one in Ireland, variantly written as \u00d3 Muireachaidh. The most prominent Connacht family of the name were natives of the kingdom U\u00ed Maine (now east County Galway and south County Roscommon). The surname is now generally anglicised as Murray. The Annals of the Four Masters, \"sub anno\" 1246, reads \"Turlough, the son of Hugh O'Conor, made his escape from the Crannog wooden house of Lough Leisi in Autumn, having drowned his keepers, namely, Cormac O'Murray, and the two O'Ainmireachs. He was again"}, {"context": "taken while under the protection of the Bishop of Cluain Clonfert, and, being given up into the hands of the English, was confined in the castle of Athlone.\" An extract from the same annals, dated 1484, reads \"Teige, the son of William, son of Hugh, son of Brian O'Kelly, was slain by Brian O'Kelly, his own brother, and William O'Murray, his own foster-brother, who were afterwards hanged by O'Kelly for their misdeeds.\" Bishop \u00d3 Muirdaig's term witnessed the invasion and encastellation of Connacht begin under Richard Mor de Burgh (c. 1194\u20131242) and the collapse of the \u00d3 Conchobair kingship. Conchobar"}]}, {"title": "Maoritomella multiplex", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Maoritomella multiplex Maoritomella multiplex is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae. The height of the shell attains 5.5 mm, its width 2.5 mm. The white and chalky shell has a fusiform shape. Fresh specimens are pale pink The shell shows no axial sculpture. The whorls contain a smooth upper and a gemmate lower keel. The protoconch smooth. The height of the spire equals about that of the aperture with siphonal canal. Sculpture : Each whorl is tabulated below the suture, and the tabulation ends anteriorly in a prominent spiral thread. Then follows a"}, {"context": "second tabulation, terminating in a row of oval gemmules. about 15 on the body whorl. Just posterior to the gemmules is a fine spiral thread carrying the abruptly curved sharp threads of the anal sinus. These threads are regularly interspaced, elevated, and very distinct on both tabulations. They are covered by the first spiral, but override the second with a sharp downward bend. On the body whorl they change their character, becoming mere striations, and more numerous than in the fasciole of the anal sinus. A second slightly gemmed thread appears on the body whorl, and 2 fine spiral lines"}, {"context": "on the anterior tabulation. On the base of the shell there are 4 strong spirals, and on the siphonal canal about 10 much weaker. The spireis conic, very little higher than the aperture. The glossy protoconch contains 1 whorl. The teleoconch consists of 5 convex whorls, tabulated and with the base contracted. The aperture pyriform, with a short narrow and straight siphonal canal below. The outer lip is broken off. The columella is straight, drawn out to a fine point below. The inner lip is narrow, spreading over the nearly straight parietal wall. The operculum is unknown. This marine species"}, {"context": "occurs off New Zealand and off Tasmania (Australia) Maoritomella multiplex Maoritomella multiplex is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae. The height of the shell attains 5.5 mm, its width 2.5 mm. The white and chalky shell has a fusiform shape. Fresh specimens are pale pink The shell shows no axial sculpture. The whorls contain a smooth upper and a gemmate lower keel. The protoconch smooth. The height of the spire equals about that of the aperture with siphonal canal. Sculpture : Each whorl is tabulated below the suture, and the tabulation ends anteriorly"}]}, {"title": "Hody (Moravia)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hody (Moravia) Hody (the Feasts) is an annual traditional celebration held in many villages and towns of historical land Moravia in the Czech Republic. The festivity is held from May to November in almost all villages and towns of South Eastern Moravia (in the so-called \"Moravian Slovakia\"). The time of the celebration differs - each village or town has a church building dedicated to a particular patron saint and usually the nearest Sunday after the date of the saint's day is also the date for celebration of \"Hody\". The celebration usually takes place on Sunday and may last one or"}, {"context": "two more days. In the centre of the event stands a festive maypole (in Czech: \"m\u00e1ja\" or \"m\u00e1jka\") which is usually manually erected one day before the festivity. The maypole is often more than 30 metres tall, built from two or three spruce trees. It is erected with the help of ladders and crowbars. The maypole stands in the centre of a dancing place (in Czech: \"plac\" or \"s\u00f3lo\"). People are dancing and singing around with the accompaniment of the brass music (in Czech: \"dechov\u00e1 muzika\" or \"dechovka\"). The main organizer and arranger of \"Hody\" is a selected young boy"}, {"context": "called \"prvn\u00ed st\u00e1rek\" (the first \"st\u00e1rek\" - literally the first \"\"old one\"\"). He and a group of young friends (somewhere they are called \"st\u00e1rek\"s - Czech plural: \"st\u00e1rci;\" or they can be called \"chasa\") are responsible for the organization and smooth running of the event. Each \"st\u00e1rek (\"or member of \"chasa)\" also has a girl partner, usually called \"starka\" or \"st\u00e1rka\". The boys and girls wears a traditional folk costume, which differs widely from region to region. At the beginning of \"Hody\", a mayor of the village or town should pass symbolically the rule over to the \"first st\u00e1rek\". Hody"}]}, {"title": "Rumors (Lindsay Lohan song)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Rumors (Lindsay Lohan song) \"Rumors\" is a song by American actress and singer Lindsay Lohan from her debut studio album \"Speak\" (2004). Originally titled \"Just What It Is\", the song was written and produced by Cory Rooney, while additional writing was done by Lohan, Taryll Jackson and TJ Jackson. It was released as Lohan's debut single and lead single from the \"Speak\" on September 21, 2004, by Casablanca Records. The song's lyrics allude to the constant paparazzi and media backlash regarding Lohan. Music critics reviews were mixed; with statements like \"infectious\" or \"unnecessary\". \"Rumors\" achieved moderate commercial success worldwide, reaching"}, {"context": "top thirty positions in Australia, Austria, Germany and Switzerland. In the United States, the song peaked at number six on \"Billboard\"s Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles, but was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipping over 500,000 units of the single. The music video directed by Jake Nava featured Lohan attending a club, playing around with the paparazzi. The video was nominated for Best Pop Video at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards and reached the top position on MTV's \"Total Request Live\". In 2014 Billboard ranked the song in its \"Top 50 Forgotten Gems"}, {"context": "From the \"Now!\" Series\", which list songs from the series that were underrated at the time of their release. \"Rumors\" was originally titled \"Just What It Is\". The track was written by Lohan, Cory Rooney, Taryll Jackson, and TJ Jackson. It was also produced by Rooney, who provided keyboards and background vocals. Peter Wade Keusch assisted the production, and was responsible along with Chris Avedon for Lohan's vocal recording, which occurred at the Poolhouse West and The Village Recorder in Los Angeles, California. Audio mixing was done by Keusch at Sony Music Studios in New York, New York. Christopher J."}, {"context": "Warner provided the guitar present in the song's composition. It was released as a single on September 21, 2004, through Casablanca Records. \"Rumors\" is in the style of contemporary R&B. Lyrically, the song was written as a response to the paparazzi and media's backlash, both which are addressed in the chorus lines, where Lohan sings, \"I'm tired of rumors starting/ I'm sick of being followed/ I'm tired of people lying/ Saying what they want about me/ Why can't they back up off me?/ Why can't they let me live? I'm going to do it my way/ Take this for just"}, {"context": "what it is.\" Spence D. of IGN noted that the singer's vocals are \"driven by snarls, breathy croons, and emotionally restrained angst,\" while John Murphy of musicOMH considered it \"a feisty dance anthem with intelligent lyrics attacking the paparazzi and press in general.\" \"Rumors\" received generally mixed reviews from music critics, however it has become one of Lohan's most recognized songs and has now been labeled as \"cult pop treasure\". Charles Merwin of Stylus Magazine thought that \"Rumors\" was not a good choice for a single, stating, \"in fact, for a girl, that has been tagged as America\u2019s next sweetheart"}, {"context": "by some media outlets, it might be the worst choice of subject matter for the opening statement from a girl that automatically has more to prove to audiences because of her stature as an actress. Unfortunately, 'Rumors' is about as good as it gets.\" Erik Missio of \"ChartAttack\" thought that the song \"presented potential for a semi-palatable debut effort\", but further added that it is a \"crap of a spectularly unspectacular level.\" \"Entertainment Weekly\" contributor Nicholas Fonseca, however, considered \"Rumors\" a guilty pleasure, while Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic selected the song a Track Pick in the review of \"Speak\"."}, {"context": "IGN's Spence D. described it as \"pervasively infectious, the kind of track that will no doubt keep the dance floors sweaty and steamy for a few months to come.\" John Murphy of musicOMH praised \"Rumors\" as a departure from \"Speak\"s soft rock genre. \"Rumors\" achieved moderate commercial success worldwide. In the United States, the song peaked at number six on \"Billboard\"s Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles, and reached number 23 on the Pop Songs component chart. However, it was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in February 2005 for shipping over 500,000 copies of the single."}, {"context": "In Australia, \"Rumors\" debuted at number 19 on the ARIA charts, peaking at number 10 six weeks later, while being certified Gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). The song also attained top thirty positions in Austria and Switzerland, and reached the top forty in Netherlands and Sweden. In Germany, the song debuted and peaked at number 14. Casablanca Records commissioned a music video to be directed by Jake Nava, who previously worked in the same year with Britney Spears on her music video for \"My Prerogative\" (2004). The music video for \"Rumors\" premiered on October 14, 2004 and"}, {"context": "October 20, 2004 through Disney Channel and MTV. In the beginning of the video, Lohan is followed by paparazzi as she is entering her car. It is revealed that this is a Lindsay-look-alike, and that the real Lohan is entering another car to go to a club. The car comes to a stop, and she then steps into an elevator and sings the first verse of the song, while she is filmed by a CCTV camera in the elevator. The next sequence shows her running through a hallway, dressed up, before getting into the club. There, she dances in the"}, {"context": "crowd, where she takes a picture of one of the paparazzi herself to get back at him. In the next sequence, she is walking slowly through the club where she finds the man who seems to be her boyfriend. She takes a seat next to her lover and they begin kissing and touching each other, all the while being constantly filmed by cameras in the club. While Lohan sings the second chorus, she is trapped in a cage in the middle of the club and the whole crowd is watching her. After this Lohan is shown dancing in the club"}, {"context": "with her friends. At the end of the music video Lohan and her friends enter the top of a high-rise and perform a dance routine while helicopters are circling around them. Finally Lohan gets into a helicopter and escapes. In the end, she throws her camera away with all the pictures taken of her. The music video for \"Rumors\" received very positive reviews from critics and viewers which eventually led to the video reaching the top position on the countdown of \"Total Request Live\" in the week of October 27, 2004, and was nominated on the category Best Pop Video"}, {"context": "during the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards. Lohan performed \"Rumors\" on \"Good Morning America\" on December 2004. According to a MTV News staff report, \"Lohan missed the cue to mouth along, forcing cameras to cut away when her mouth remained closed as she was heard singing, thanks to a backing track.\" A representative for Lohan, however, revealed that the singer actually sang it live, and noted that Lohan only used a background track \"to help make the song sound like it does on her album.\"On December 31, 2004, she performed \"Rumors\" at MTV's Iced Out New Year's Eve 2005. Credits"}, {"context": "are taken from \"Speak\" liner notes. Rumors (Lindsay Lohan song) \"Rumors\" is a song by American actress and singer Lindsay Lohan from her debut studio album \"Speak\" (2004). Originally titled \"Just What It Is\", the song was written and produced by Cory Rooney, while additional writing was done by Lohan, Taryll Jackson and TJ Jackson. It was released as Lohan's debut single and lead single from the \"Speak\" on September 21, 2004, by Casablanca Records. The song's lyrics allude to the constant paparazzi and media backlash regarding Lohan. Music critics reviews were mixed; with statements like \"infectious\" or \"unnecessary\". \"Rumors\""}]}, {"title": "Albion W. Knight", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Albion W. Knight Albion Williamson Knight (24 August 1859 - 9 June 1936) was a bishop in the Episcopal Church, serving in Cuba and the Episcopal Diocese of New Jersey. He was born in White Springs, Florida and educated at the University of the South. Following ministry in parishes in Georgia and Florida, he was consecrated in 1904 for missionary work in Cuba. He resigned this jurisdiction in 1913 to serve as Bishop Coadjutor of New Jersey, retiring in 1935. He was the son of George Augustine Knight (1830-1877), a merchant, and his wife Martha n\u00e9e Demere (1824-1862). He married"}, {"context": "first Elise Nichol Hallowes (1853-1918) and had a daughter Ada Nicoll Knight (1893- ) and a son Albion Williamson Knight (1891-1953); his second marriage was to Miriam Yates, n\u00e9e Powell (1879-1958). His grandson, Brigadier General Albion W. Knight, Jr. (1924-2012), also became a minister in the Episcopal Church, before joining the United Episcopal Church of North America and becoming its presiding bishop. Albion W. Knight Albion Williamson Knight (24 August 1859 - 9 June 1936) was a bishop in the Episcopal Church, serving in Cuba and the Episcopal Diocese of New Jersey. He was born in White Springs, Florida and"}]}, {"title": "James Frederic Elton", "paragraphs": [{"context": "James Frederic Elton James Frederic Elton (1840\u20131877) was an English explorer in Africa. Born 3 August 1840, he was the second son of Lieutenant-colonel Roberts W. Elton of the 59th Regiment, Bengal Army, and grandson of Jacob Elton of Dedham, Essex. When the Indian Mutiny broke out in 1857, Elton entered the Bengal army and saw much active service. Having been with the relieving armies at Delhi and Lucknow he was placed on the staff of the commander-in-chief. Sir Hugh Rose (Lord Strathnairn), to whom he was aide-de-camp for some years. His services obtained for him the Indian medal with"}, {"context": "two clasps. In 1860 Elton volunteered for service in China, and was present at the taking of Peking and other engagements, receiving the China Medal after the campaign. Soon after gaining his captaincy (98th Regiment), he left the British service, and in 1866 joined the staff of the French army in Mexico during the reign of the Emperor Maximilian. On his return to England at the conclusion of the war, he published a graphic account of his adventures, entitled \"With the French in Mexico,\" 8vo, London, 1867. In 1868 Elton went to Natal, and occupied himself in travelling about the"}, {"context": "colony until 1870, when he undertook a long journey of exploration from the Tati gold district down to the mouth of the Limpopo, his narrative of which, accompanied by an excellent map, was published in volume xlii. of the \"Journal of the Royal Geographical Society\". In 1871 Elton was sent to make reports on the gold and diamond fields, and was also employed on a diplomatic mission to settle differences with the Portuguese authorities. In 1872 he was appointed government agent on the Zulu frontier. After some months he returned to Natal to recover from an attack of fever caused."}, {"context": "While at Natal, he acted as protector of the immigrant native labourers, and became a member of the executive and legislative councils. Wishing to be active, in 1873 Elton left Natal with various missions: one of which was to treat with the governor-general of Mozambique and the sultan of Zanzibar, regarding the laying down of a telegraph cable from Aden; a second, to inquire into the emigration of native labour from Delagoa Bay and to confer with the governor-general of Mozambique; and the third, to meet Sir Bartle Frere at Zanzibar, and assist in considering the slave-trade question. During the"}, {"context": "same year (1873) Elton was appointed by Sir Bartle Frere assistant political agent and vice-consul at Zanzibar, with a view to assist Dr. John Kirk in the suppression of the East African slave-trade. While occupying this post he made an interesting journey along the coast country between Dar-es-Salaam and Quiloa, or Kilwa, an account of which, enriched with observations on the products of the country, was published, with a map supplied by him, in volume xliv. of the \"Journal of the Royal Geographical Society\". Elton In March 1875 he was promoted to the office of British consul in Portuguese territory,"}, {"context": "with residence at Mozambique. He was here engaged in many expeditions for the suppression of the slave-trade from this and other parts of the east coast, in the course of which he made numerous journeys by sea and land, to the south as far as Delagoa Bay, and over the Indian Ocean to the Seychelle Islands and Madagascar. Early in 1877 he started from Mozambique on an expedition to the west and north-west, into the heart of the Makua country, returning to the coast at Mwendazi or Memba Bay; thence he went northward, a journey of four hundred and fifty"}, {"context": "miles on foot, through the curious craggy peaks of Sorisa, and up the Iurio, to the Sugarloaf Hills and the cataracts of Pomba, descending again to Ibo. He also visited all the Quirimbas Islands, and explored the coast up to the limit of the Zanzibar mainland territory, beyond the Bay of Tongue, which occupied him three months. In July of the same year Elton left Mozambique for the Zambezi and the Shir\u00e9 rivers, his intention being to visit the British mission stations on Lake Nyassa, explore the lake and surrounding country, visit various chiefs connected with the slave-trade, and ascertain"}, {"context": "the possibility of a route from the north end of the lake to Quiloa, at which seaport he proposed to embark in a steamer for Zanzibar, hoping to reach the latter place in November or early in December. His mission to the chiefs and the circumnavigation of the lake were successfully accomplished, but with the land journey troubles began; \"the country was devastated by wars among the different tribes, porterage and food wore often unobtainable, and instead of taking a direct route to the east Elton was compelled to travel by a very circuitous one to the north\". He struggled"}, {"context": "on \"full of hope\", energetic to the last until within a few miles of the town of Usekhe in Ugogo, on the caravan-route between the coast opposite Zanzibar and Unyanyembe, when he sank from malarious fever, brought on by exposure and privation. He died 19 December 1877, aged 37, and was buried about two miles from his last camp, under a large baobab tree which overlooks the plains of Usekhe. His four companions, Mesrs. Cotterill, Rhodes, Hoste, and Downie, marked the spot by a large wooden cross, and carved his initials on the tree which overshadows his grave. His journals"}, {"context": "were edited and completed by H. B. Cotterill under the title of \"Travels and Researches among the Lakes and Mountains of Eastern and Central Africa... With maps and illustrations\" [and a preface, by Horace Waller, containing a brief memoir of J. F. Elton], London, 1879. A portrait accompanies the work. James Frederic Elton James Frederic Elton (1840\u20131877) was an English explorer in Africa. Born 3 August 1840, he was the second son of Lieutenant-colonel Roberts W. Elton of the 59th Regiment, Bengal Army, and grandson of Jacob Elton of Dedham, Essex. When the Indian Mutiny broke out in 1857, Elton"}]}, {"title": "Greatest Hits (Survivor album)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Greatest Hits (Survivor album) Greatest Hits is the title of two compilation albums released by the American rock band Survivor in 1989 and 1993. The first Survivor \"Greatest Hits\" album was released in 1989, after the band went on indefinite hiatus following the commercial failure of their 1988 album \"Too Hot to Sleep\". The album covers 10 of the band's singles from 1981 to 1988. All songs written by Jim Peterik and Frankie Sullivan, except where noted. \"Greatest Hits\" was reissued in 1993, featuring two new songs recorded with original lead vocalist Dave Bickler. All songs written by Jim Peterik"}, {"context": "and Frankie Sullivan, except where indicated. Greatest Hits (Survivor album) Greatest Hits is the title of two compilation albums released by the American rock band Survivor in 1989 and 1993. The first Survivor \"Greatest Hits\" album was released in 1989, after the band went on indefinite hiatus following the commercial failure of their 1988 album \"Too Hot to Sleep\". The album covers 10 of the band's singles from 1981 to 1988. All songs written by Jim Peterik and Frankie Sullivan, except where noted. \"Greatest Hits\" was reissued in 1993, featuring two new songs recorded with original lead vocalist Dave Bickler."}]}, {"title": "Charlotte Remfry", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Charlotte Remfry Charlotte Elizabeth Frederica Remfry Koesler (also known as, Carlota Remfry-Kidd; 1869\u20131957) was a Spanish writer, born in Linares, Ja\u00e9n, where she died, being the last person of English ancestry buried in the Cementerio ingl\u00e9s de Linares. She married Thomas Kidd Curry in 1946. The Official Gazette of Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (BOJA) In its Order of 1 July 2007, approved the name \"Carlota Remfry\" for the Official Language School of Linares. She is the author of \"Linarejos y otros cuentos\" (Madrid: \u00cdnsula, 1950), She was a frequent contributor to magazines such as Mundo Latino, Los Quijotes; Mesa Revuelta, La"}, {"context": "Voz de la Mujer, Cervantes (Madrid); La Alhambra (Granada); Grecia (Seville). Charlotte Remfry Charlotte Elizabeth Frederica Remfry Koesler (also known as, Carlota Remfry-Kidd; 1869\u20131957) was a Spanish writer, born in Linares, Ja\u00e9n, where she died, being the last person of English ancestry buried in the Cementerio ingl\u00e9s de Linares. She married Thomas Kidd Curry in 1946. The Official Gazette of Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (BOJA) In its Order of 1 July 2007, approved the name \"Carlota Remfry\" for the Official Language School of Linares. She is the author of \"Linarejos y otros cuentos\" (Madrid: \u00cdnsula, 1950), She was a frequent contributor"}]}, {"title": "Lugubre (ballet)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Lugubre (ballet) Lugubre was a modern dance solo choreographed by Martha Graham to music by Alexander Scriabin. The piece was originally part of \"Five Poems\", a ballet divided into five solo sections: \"Fragilit\u00e9\", \"Lugubre\", \"Poeme ail\u00e9\", \"Danse Languide\" and \"D\u00e9sir\" (first performed in 1926). Each of the sections appears in various programs as individual solos. \"Five Poems\" premiered on October 16, 1927, at the Little Theatre in New York City. Other works on the program were \"Choral\"; \"Adagio (from second Suite)\"; \"Scherzo, Op. 16 No.2\"; \"Tanzst\u00fcck\"; \"Deux Valses\"; \"Danse\"; \"Tanagra\"; \"Esquisse Antique\"; \"Lucrezia\"; \"Alt-Wein\"; \"La Cancion\"; \"Ronde\"; \"Two Poems of"}, {"context": "the East\" and \"Baal Shem\". Graham performed with her small company of dancers: Evelyn Sabin, Betty MacDonald and Rosina Savelli. As with many of Graham's early pieces, the choreography and other details of the ballet are lost. It is known, though, that her approach to making dances during this time was Delsartean. Rejecting her teachers' Denishawn (Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn) forms, Graham initially drew on older, simpler dance concepts. These \"pure objective Delsarte vignettes, depictions of moods and emotions\" were \"not quite camouflaged by their foreign titles and modern music.\" The mostly late-1920s works include \"Fragilit\u00e9\", \"Lugubre\", \"Scherza\""}, {"context": "and \"Four Insincerities\". Lugubre (ballet) Lugubre was a modern dance solo choreographed by Martha Graham to music by Alexander Scriabin. The piece was originally part of \"Five Poems\", a ballet divided into five solo sections: \"Fragilit\u00e9\", \"Lugubre\", \"Poeme ail\u00e9\", \"Danse Languide\" and \"D\u00e9sir\" (first performed in 1926). Each of the sections appears in various programs as individual solos. \"Five Poems\" premiered on October 16, 1927, at the Little Theatre in New York City. Other works on the program were \"Choral\"; \"Adagio (from second Suite)\"; \"Scherzo, Op. 16 No.2\"; \"Tanzst\u00fcck\"; \"Deux Valses\"; \"Danse\"; \"Tanagra\"; \"Esquisse Antique\"; \"Lucrezia\"; \"Alt-Wein\"; \"La Cancion\"; \"Ronde\";"}]}, {"title": "Preprint", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Preprint In academic publishing, a preprint is a version of a scholarly or scientific paper that precedes formal peer review and publication in a peer-reviewed scholarly or scientific journal. The preprint may be available, often as a non-typeset version available free, before and/or after a paper is published in a journal. Publication of manuscripts in a peer-reviewed journal often takes weeks, months or even years from the time of initial submission, owing to the time required by editors and reviewers to evaluate and critique manuscripts, and the time required by authors to address critiques. The need to quickly circulate current"}, {"context": "results within a scholarly community has led researchers to distribute documents known as preprints, which are manuscripts that have yet to undergo peer review. They may be considered as grey literature. The immediate distribution of preprints allows authors to receive early feedback from their peers, which may be helpful in revising and preparing articles for submission. Since 1991, preprints have increasingly been distributed electronically on the Internet, rather than as paper copies. This has given rise to massive preprint databases such as arXiv.org and to institutional repositories. In some journals, posting preprints may disqualify the research from submission for publication"}, {"context": "due to the Ingelfinger Rule. The majority of publishers however do allow work to be published to preprint servers before submission while others do not and are evaluated on a case-by-case basis. In 2016, several new preprint servers were proposed by Crossref, Centre for Open Science and ASAPbio. In January 2017, the Medical Research Council announced that they will now be actively supporting preprints with effect from April 2017. Also in January 2017, Wellcome Trust stated that they will now accept preprints in grant applications. In February 2017, a coalition of scientists and biomedical funding bodies including the National Institutes"}, {"context": "of Health, the Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust launched a proposal for a central site for life-sciences preprints. In February 2017, SciELO announced plans to set up a preprints server \u2013 SciELO Preprints. In March 2017, the National Institutes for Health issued a new policy encouraging research preprint submissions. In April 2017, Center for Open Science announced that it will be launching six new preprint archives. While a preprint is an article that has not yet undergone peer review, a postprint is an article which has been peer reviewed in preparation for publication in a journal. Both the"}, {"context": "preprint and postprint may differ from the final published version of an article. Preprints and postprints together are referred to as e-prints or eprints. The word reprint refers to hard copies of papers that have already been published; reprints can be produced by the journal publisher, but can also be generated from digital versions (for example, from an electronic database of peer-reviewed journals), or from eprints self-archived by their authors in their institutional repositories. In academia, preprints are not likely to be weighed heavily when a scholar is evaluated for tenure or promotion, unless the preprint becomes the basis for"}, {"context": "a peer-reviewed publication. Authorea was launched in 2012 as a collaborative writing platform used by researchers to write, cite, collaborate, host and post their articles. The site is the only preprint server that displays manuscripts as HTML with interactive figures and hosted data. \"PeerJ PrePrints\" is a free preprint server operated by \"PeerJ\". Articles submitted undergo a basic screening process but are not peer-reviewed. Commenting is allowed by any registered user, and download and pageview data are supplied. All articles are published with a CC-BY license. As of September 2016, 2,439 articles have been made available. Zenodo is a repository"}, {"context": "for research data that has been used also as preprint repository, because it offers document preview and a DOI number for the submitted document. MDPI launched an additional preprint server in 2016. There are two servers for LIS and allied fields: Eprints in Library and Information Science (e-LIS) and the LIS Scholarship Archive (LISSA). e-LIS was launched in 2003, and is an international open access repository for academic papers in Library and Information Science (LIS), run by volunteers. LISSA was launched in 2017 as an open access repository for all materials created by those in LIS and allied fields, including"}, {"context": "work that happens outside the traditional realms of academia, such as oral histories, community works, code, data, and manuscripts. It is run by members of the library and archives community, and their technology partner, the Center for Open Science, using the Open Science Framework to host materials. The e-print archive arXiv (pronounced \"archive\") is one of the best-known preprint servers. It was created by Paul Ginsparg in 1991 at Los Alamos National Laboratory for the purpose of distributing theoretical high-energy physics preprints. In 2001, arXiv.org moved to Cornell University and now encompasses the fields of physics, mathematics, computer science, quantitative"}, {"context": "biology, quantitative finance, statistics. Within the field of high-energy physics, the posting of preprints on arXiv is so common that many peer-reviewed journals allow submission of papers from arXiv directly, using the arXiv e-print number. In some branches of physics, the arXiv database may serve as a focal point for the many criticisms made of the peer review process and peer-reviewed journals. In his column in \"Physics Today\", April 1992, David Mermin described Ginsparg's creation as potentially \"string theory's greatest contribution to science\". About 8,000 preprints per month are uploaded to arXiv as of 2016. An engineering preprint server, engrXiv,"}, {"context": "was launched in 2016 by the Center for Open Science and administrated by the University of Wisconsin\u2013Stout. Whilst under development, it used a temporary email deposit system. As of April 2017, the official home for engrXiv went live after the web interface was launched in December 2016. The server viXra was established in 2009 for authors who are excluded from arXiv.org and other repositories due to submission filtering. The ability to distribute manuscripts as preprints has had a great impact on computer science, particularly in the way that scientific research is disseminated in that field (see CiteSeer). The open access"}, {"context": "movement has tended to focus on distributed institutional collections of research, global harvesting, and aggregation through search engines and gateways such as OAIster, rather than a global discipline base such as arXiv. \"E-prints\" can now refer to any electronic form of a scholarly or scientific publication, including journal articles, conference papers, research theses or dissertations, because these usually are found in multidisciplinary collections, called open access repositories, or eprints archives. The biological sciences have lagged behind the physical sciences in their use of preprints. Based on the success of arXiv, bioRxiv was introduced in 2013, operated by Cold Spring Harbor"}, {"context": "Laboratory, Therapoid Preprint was launched in 2017 by Open Therapeutics, and ChemRxiv was announced in 2016 hosted by the American Chemical Society. In 2017, it was confirmed that ChemRxiv will be powered by figshare. Articles undergo basic screening for offensive and/or non-scientific content but do not undergo a peer review process. Between 2007\u20132012 Nature Publishing Group ran their own preprint server, \"Nature Precedings.\" It hosted manuscripts, posters, and unpublished observations. ASAPbio (Accelerating Science and Publication in biology) is \"a scientist-driven initiative to promote innovation and transparency in life sciences communication\" through the use of preprints. One of the earlier preprint"}, {"context": "servers is PhilSci-Archive, launched in 2001 for all subfields of Philosophy of Science, hosted by the University Library System at the University of Pittsburgh. An open archive of the social sciences. SocArXiv was formed in July 2016 by a group of sociologists, members of the academic library community, and their technology partner, the Center for Open Science, using the Open Science Framework. It is administratively housed at the University of Maryland and directed by Philip Cohen. SocArXiv officially launched in December 2016. Frequently asked questions about SocArXiv. PsyArXiv is a similar preprint service for the psychological sciences which launched in"}, {"context": "2016 by the Society for the Improvement of Psychological Science and the Center for Open Science. The Social Science Research Network is a repository for both working papers and accepted papers, which shows download and citation data within the site for each stored paper. In May 2016, SSRN was acquired by Elsevier. Under construction at the end of 2016 is an Agriculture preprint repository AgriXiv which will be launched with support from Open Science Framework. AgrXiv was pre-launched in early February 2017 on a staging server on GitHub and then formally launched later on 14th February 2017 by the Open"}, {"context": "Access India, community of practice advocating Open Access in India. Under construction in December 2016 and due to launch in early 2017 is PaleorXiv which will be launched with support from Open Science Framework. As of May 2017, PaleorXiv is now open for submissions. The first submissions appeared online in August 2017. Under construction in April 2017 is SportRxiv, a preprint archiving service for the sport, exercise, and rehabilitation sciences which was launched in August 2017 with support from Open Science Framework. The service LawArXiv 'Legal Scholarship in the Open' was announced in May 2017. Launched in August 2017 is"}, {"context": "Thesis Commons, a preprint service for free open publication of student theses and dissertations supported by Open Science Framework. JMIR Preprints is a preprint server that evolved from JMIR Publications' experiments in open peer-review. It contains primarily submitted manuscripts which are currently under open peer-review. MedArXiv is a preprint service for the medicine and health sciences which is under development with support from Open Science Framework. It was announced in September 2017 by Harlan Krumholz at American Medical Association's Eighth International Congress on Peer Review and Scientific Publication. Two preprint servers in the field of geoscience were confirmed in September"}, {"context": "2017. One option is the Earth and Space Science Open Archive (ESSOAr) run by The American Geophysical Union (AGU) with support from Wiley. In addition, EarthArXiv run by a group of scientists powered by the Center for Open Science launched in October 2017. Post launch, some further resources here. MarXiv is a free research repository for ocean-conservation and marine-climate science. Initial funding was provided by the David and Lucille Packard Foundation. It is due to launch in November 2017 via the Center for Open Science Preprints framework. ECSasXiv is a preprint research repository for electrochemistry, solid state science and technology."}, {"context": "It will be run by The Electrochemistry Society and built and hosted by Open Science Framework. A pan-African preprint repository, AfricArxiv was launched in June, 2018. ArabiXiv is a preprint server that hosts manuscripts (preprints and postprints) in many scientific disciplines mainly in Arabic but other languages are also considered. It has been built in January, 2018, in partnership with the Center for Open Science. FrenXiv will be a preprint server that will host manuscripts in many scientific disciplines in French. It has also been built in partnership with the Center for Open Science. IndiaRxiv, an open access preprint server"}, {"context": "for Indian scholars and scholarship will shortly be launched in partnership with Centre for Open Science. INArxiv is a preprint server for interdisciplinary research in Indonesia which uses the Center for Open Science to host materials. INArxiv was launched in August 2017. Announced in December 2017, SciELO Preprints, a SciELO pre-print server is due to launch in July 2018 built on the Open Science Framework platform used by the Center for Open Science. Preprint In academic publishing, a preprint is a version of a scholarly or scientific paper that precedes formal peer review and publication in a peer-reviewed scholarly or"}]}, {"title": "Andrzej Stelmachowski", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Andrzej Stelmachowski Andrzej Stelmachowski (, January 28, 1925, Pozna\u0144 \u2013 April 6, 2009, Warsaw) was a Polish academic and politician. Stelmachowski was a member of Armia Krajowa, the Polish resistance during Second World War. A Lawyer, professor of University of Wroc\u0142aw (from 1962) and University of Warsaw (from 1967), he was a Solidarity advisor in 1980 and took part in the Polish Round Table Agreement. He also served as Marshal of the Senate (1989\u20131991), Minister of Education (1991\u20131992), and presidential advisor from (2007\u20132009). In his advisory capacity he suggested doing away with the secrecy of the Union of Solidarity; his"}, {"context": "idea was to \"break away\" and \"create open structures as much as possible\". Stelmachowski was the founder and then president of Stowarzyszenie \"Wsp\u00f3lnota Polska\", serving until 11 May 2008. Stelmachowski died on April 6, 2009. The Polish President Lech Kaczynski expressed his condolences to family and friends as did politicians from across the political spectrum in Poland, end representatives of Polish emigrant organizations in Belarus, Lithuania and United States. Andrzej Stelmachowski Andrzej Stelmachowski (, January 28, 1925, Pozna\u0144 \u2013 April 6, 2009, Warsaw) was a Polish academic and politician. Stelmachowski was a member of Armia Krajowa, the Polish resistance during"}]}, {"title": "NAIA Men's Basketball Championships", "paragraphs": [{"context": "NAIA Men's Basketball Championships The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics Men's Basketball National Championship has been held annually since 1937 (with the exception of 1944). The tournament was established by James Naismith to crown a national champion for smaller colleges and universities. The NAIA Tournament features thirty-two teams, and the entire tournament is contested at one location in one week, rather than multiple locations over a series of weekends. Since 1992, the NAIA has sponsored a Division II championship. The Division I tournament is played in Kansas City, Missouri, while the Division II tournament is held at the Sanford Pentagon"}, {"context": "in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Men's Basketball Championship History; currently held Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. It has been held in Kansas City every year since the tournament began except from 1994-2001 when it was played in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The tournament MVP has been presented with the Chuck Taylor Most Valuable Player award since 1939. In 1948 the NAIA became the first national organization to open their intercollegiate postseason to black student-athletes, due primarily to the influence of Indiana State coach John Wooden. In 1947, Coach Wooden refused the invitation to the NAIA National Tournament because of the ban"}, {"context": "on African-American players. The following year, Coach Wooden brought the first African-American student athlete (Clarence Walker) to play at the national tournament. Walker, a vital role player helped the Sycamores finish as the NAIA National Finalist. In 1957, Tennessee State would become the first historically black college to win a national championship, and the first team to win three consecutive tournaments. As of 2017, Kentucky State is the only other school to do so (1970, 1971, 1972).Oklahoma City University holds the record for the most tournament championships with 6. OKCU also holds the record for most national championship titles in"}, {"context": "NAIA Women's Basketball. <nowiki>#</nowiki> \u2013 Lowest scoring game. <nowiki>\u2020</nowiki> \u2013 Highest scoring game. <nowiki>*</nowiki> \u2013 Denotes each overtime. NAIA Division II Men's Basketball National Championship; most recently held at Keeter Gymnasium on the campus of College of the Ozarks in Point Lookout, MO near Branson, Missouri., but moved in 2018 response to the College of the Ozarks's stance on the 2016 national anthem protests at athletic events. Starting in 2018, the championship will be held at the Sanford Pentagon in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The NAIA announced in April 2018 that it would discontinue its Division II basketball championships for"}, {"context": "both men and women after the 2019\u201320 season. <nowiki>#</nowiki> \u2013 Lowest scoring game. <nowiki>\u2020</nowiki> \u2013 Highest scoring game. <nowiki>*</nowiki> \u2013 Denotes each overtime. NAIA Men's Basketball Championships The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics Men's Basketball National Championship has been held annually since 1937 (with the exception of 1944). The tournament was established by James Naismith to crown a national champion for smaller colleges and universities. The NAIA Tournament features thirty-two teams, and the entire tournament is contested at one location in one week, rather than multiple locations over a series of weekends. Since 1992, the NAIA has sponsored a Division"}]}, {"title": "Saint-Aubin, Fribourg", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Saint-Aubin, Fribourg Saint-Aubin is a municipality in the district of Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 1991 the former municipality of Les Friques merged into Saint-Aubin. Saint-Aubin is first mentioned in 1056 as \"Sancti Albini\". The municipality was formerly known by its German name \"St Albin\", however, that name is no longer used. Saint-Aubin has an area, , of . Of this area, or 81.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 6.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 10.4% is settled (buildings or roads), or 1.9% is either rivers or lakes."}, {"context": "Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 5.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.8%. Out of the forested land, 4.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 68.9% is used for growing crops and 9.9% is pastures, while 2.7% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. The municipality is located in the Broye district. The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is \"Or, a Bulrush eradicated Vert fructed Sable.\" Saint-Aubin has"}, {"context": "a population () of . , 14.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000\u20132010) the population has changed at a rate of 11%. Migration accounted for 7.1%, while births and deaths accounted for 4.9%. Most of the population () speaks French (1,102 or 88.9%) as their first language, German is the second most common (75 or 6.1%) and Albanian is the third (19 or 1.5%). There are 7 people who speak Italian. , the population was 50.0% male and 50.0% female. The population was made up of 582 Swiss men (42.1% of the population)"}, {"context": "and 109 (7.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 592 Swiss women (42.8%) and 99 (7.2%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 481 or about 38.8% were born in Saint-Aubin and lived there in 2000. There were 280 or 22.6% who were born in the same canton, while 279 or 22.5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 162 or 13.1% were born outside of Switzerland. The age distribution, , in Saint-Aubin is; 193 children or 15.6% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 167 teenagers or 13.5% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult"}, {"context": "population, 146 people or 11.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 209 people or 16.9% are between 30 and 39, 161 people or 13.0% are between 40 and 49, and 177 people or 14.3% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 90 people or 7.3% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 66 people or 5.3% are between 70 and 79, there are 25 people or 2.0% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 5 people or 0.4% who are 90 and older. , there were 518 people"}, {"context": "who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 631 married individuals, 57 widows or widowers and 33 individuals who are divorced. , there were 442 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.8 persons per household. There were 101 households that consist of only one person and 56 households with five or more people. , a total of 433 apartments (86.4% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 49 apartments (9.8%) were seasonally occupied and 19 apartments (3.8%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 4.3 new units per 1000 residents."}, {"context": "The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0.7%. The historical population is given in the following chart: In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 29.2% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (22.6%), the FDP (18.0%) and the SVP (17.8%). The CVP received about the same percentage of the vote as they did in the 2007 Federal election (33.9% in 2007 vs 29.2% in 2011). The SPS moved from third in 2007 (with 20.0%) to second in 2011, the FDP moved from fourth in 2007 (with 18.8%)"}, {"context": "to third and the SVP moved from second in 2007 (with 20.5%) to fourth. A total of 456 votes were cast in this election, of which 3 or 0.7% were invalid. , Saint-Aubin had an unemployment rate of 2.3%. , there were 62 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 23 businesses involved in this sector. 139 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 18 businesses in this sector. 213 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 32 businesses in this sector. There were 634 residents of the municipality who were employed in some"}, {"context": "capacity, of which females made up 42.4% of the workforce. , there were 143 workers who commuted into the municipality and 457 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 3.2 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 3.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 76.3% used a private car. From the , 826 or 66.7% were Roman Catholic, while 184 or 14.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 6 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.48% of"}, {"context": "the population), and there were 5 individuals (or about 0.40% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 69 (or about 5.57% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 4 individuals who were Buddhist and 2 individuals who belonged to another church. 86 (or about 6.94% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 59 individuals (or about 4.76% of the population) did not answer the question. In Saint-Aubin about 417 or (33.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 115 or (9.3%) have completed additional higher education (either"}, {"context": "university or a \"Fachhochschule\"). Of the 115 who completed tertiary schooling, 71.3% were Swiss men, 26.1% were Swiss women. The Canton of Fribourg school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four year optional upper Secondary school. The upper Secondary school is divided into gymnasium (university preparatory) and vocational programs. After they finish the upper Secondary program, students may choose to attend"}, {"context": "a Tertiary school or continue their apprenticeship. During the 2010-11 school year, there were a total of 136 students attending 7 classes in Saint-Aubin. A total of 253 students from the municipality attended any school, either in the municipality or outside of it. There were no kindergarten classes in the municipality, but 37 students attended kindergarten in a neighboring municipality. The municipality had 7 primary classes and 136 students. During the same year, there were no lower secondary classes in the municipality, but 60 students attended lower secondary school in a neighboring municipality. There were no upper Secondary classes or"}, {"context": "vocational classes, but there were 2 upper Secondary students and 39 upper Secondary vocational students who attended classes in another municipality. The municipality had no non-university Tertiary classes, but there were 6 non-university Tertiary students and 2 specialized Tertiary students who attended classes in another municipality. , there were 14 students in Saint-Aubin who came from another municipality, while 99 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Saint-Aubin, Fribourg Saint-Aubin is a municipality in the district of Broye in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 1991 the former municipality of Les Friques merged into Saint-Aubin. Saint-Aubin is first"}]}, {"title": "Holy Trinity Cathedral, Auckland", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Holy Trinity Cathedral, Auckland Holy Trinity Cathedral is an Anglican place of worship situated in Parnell, a residential suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. The first Anglican place of worship in Auckland was Old St Paul's, at the bottom of Princes Street, but Parnell residents tired of walking about over paddocks to reach their church. The first church serving the district was dedicated to St Barnabas. Completed in 1849 it was situated near the bottom of Parnell on land which was later demolished and used for reclamation work. This small church of St Barnabas slowly fell into disuse following completion of"}, {"context": "Old St Mary's church in 1860, and was eventually shifted to Mount Eden, where it still forms part of the Parish Church. With the building of the original St Mary's Church, Bishop Selwyn established the Parish of St Mary. Old St Mary's stood on the site of the present cathedral, but proved to be too small, badly ventilated and uncomfortable. The establishment of New Zealand's dioceses, and Auckland's fast growing population, meant that a larger church was required. Old St Mary's Church was demolished and in 1886 work started on land opposite to build a new Cathedral Church of St"}, {"context": "Mary. This wooden Gothic Revival church was designed by the prominent New Zealand architect Benjamin Mountfort and completed in 1897. The building served as the Cathedral Church and principal Anglican church of Auckland until 1973 when the Chancel of Holy Trinity Cathedral, for which the foundation stone was laid in 1957, came into use. In 1982, St Mary's Church was moved across Parnell Road to its present site beside the Cathedral. Today the Diocese of Auckland is one of seven dioceses of the Tikanga Pakeha (pakeha culture) stream of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia. The Diocese"}, {"context": "covers the area stretching from North Cape south to the Waikato River, across the Hauraki Plains and including the Coromandel Peninsula. The Anglican church in New Zealand, today known as the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia, was pioneered by Bishop George Selwyn who arrived as Bishop of New Zealand in 1841. In those early days the then colony was regarded as one huge diocese which, including large areas of the South Pacific, covered almost one sixth of the Earth's surface. Selwyn did much to establish the church and many small chapels, churches, schools and a theological college"}, {"context": "were built during this period. In 1856 Selwyn created New Zealand's first diocese, Christchurch. Following the adoption of the Constitution of the Church of the Province of New Zealand, which was signed in St Stephen's Chapel, Judges Bay, Auckland, on 13 June 1857, other dioceses were soon established: Nelson and Waiapu in 1858, and Wellington in 1859. Following the creation of the dioceses Selwyn became \"ipso facto\" the Bishop of Auckland (though never formally styled as such), while retaining the Primacy and continuing as the Metropolitan. In diaries kept by his contemporary, Attorney-General William Swainson, Auckland was at that time"}, {"context": "expected to be the permanent seat of the Metropolitan of New Zealand. In 1843 Selwyn purchased land in Parnell for the Cathedral, as well as for St Stephen's Chapel, Bishopscourt, and associated buildings. He wrote in his diary on 3 June 1843 \". . I reached the Judge's House [Judge Martin; First Attorney-General] by a path, avoiding the town, and passed over land which I have bought for the site of the Cathedral . . . \". He is reputed to have included the intended name for the Cathedral in a sermon at Lichfield Cathedral in 1841 after his consecration."}, {"context": "Selwyn returned to England in 1868 having selected William Cowie as his successor. Cowie was the first Bishop to be known as Bishop of Auckland, and it may be considered that this was the year of the formation of the Diocese of Auckland, though it is generally said to be 1841. The Diocese of Dunedin, formerly part of the Christchurch Diocese, was created in 1869. During Bishop Cowie's 33-year tenure, the last nine as Primate, the Diocesan administration was set up in the traditional Anglican understanding of the term. When the dioceses were firmly established, each with its bishop, the"}, {"context": "building of New Zealand's cathedrals began. ChristChurch Cathedral was one of the first: begun in 1864, it was finally consecrated in 1881. It had been intended to build a cathedral seating 1000 people in Auckland but by 1883 the plan was abandoned because of cost. Instead, a decision was made to replace the existing small church of St. Mary's in Parnell with a larger church and in 1884 work began. The new church was designated a cathedral in 1887 while uncompleted, and a Cathedral Chapter of clerical canons and lay members was formed in 1893 while the new cathedral was"}, {"context": "in use but still awaiting completion. By 1926 the Auckland diocese was very large and becoming densely populated, so The Most Revd A. W. Averill, Bishop of Auckland and Archbishop of New Zealand, divided off the southern regions of Waikato, King Country and Taranaki to form the Diocese of Waikato. The Auckland cathedral used to be square, and they wanted to make it into a cross shape, but no one could work out how to design it to be safe. Later on an English carpenter, who had lived in New Zealand for a couple of years worked out how to."}, {"context": "Apparently he was a fantastic artist, and his name was George Day. St Mary's Church is the former Cathedral Church of the Anglican Diocese of Auckland. It replaced the earlier Old St Mary's. This wooden Gothic Revival church was designed by the prominent Christchurch architect Benjamin Mountfort and completed in 1897. The building served as the Cathedral Church and principal Anglican church of Auckland until 1973 when the Chancel of Holy Trinity Cathedral, for which the foundation stone was laid in 1957, came into use. In 1982, St Mary's Church was moved across Parnell Road to its present site beside"}, {"context": "the Cathedral. The Nave of the new Cathedral dedicated to \"The Holy Trinity\" was designed by N.Z. Architect Professor Richard Toy. Building commenced in 1961 and was completed in 1965. Professor Toy designed a modern Nave while retaining the ambience and architectural values of the older Chancel. He combined two very different architectural styles, incorporating the existing brick & reinforced concrete neo-Gothic Chancel, with the new Nave, a contemporary design which has large areas of glass and a timber ceiling. The line of the Nave roof reflects that of St Mary's Church which stands beside it. The Nave is square"}, {"context": "in plan enabling the space to be used not only as a place of worship but also as a site for local community functions. Glass doors the length of two sides light the vast space, and accentuate the seemingly unsupported roof with its absence of visible structural support. This surreal effect is made possible by a ridge and furrow roof system, a refinement of that first invented by the architect Joseph Paxton for his Crystal Palace in 1852. The vast uncluttered space and fine acoustics realised by this ingenious construction allow multi-purpose use of the nave, including concerts and other"}, {"context": "performances. A third area of worship \u2013 the Marsden Chapel named after Samuel Marsden, separated from the body of the Cathedral by glass doors and panels \u2013 provides an intimate space for private devotions. The inspiration for this small chapel was the small medieval churches of Europe. The decoration in this part of the Cathedral is very simple in direct contrast to the rest of the building. A set of five stained glass windows designed by prominent English artist John Baker fit perfectly into the chapel. The Cathedral is renowned for its modern stained glass, including the unique window featuring"}, {"context": "a Polynesian Christ with vividly coloured Pacific motifs. A set of eighteen windows along the sides of the Nave, designed by Robert Ellis and Shane Cotton and dedicated in 2004, tell the Christian story using a combination of traditional and Polynesian designs. The overall design of the cathedral has been described as the world's only example of the \"Pacific Gothic\" style. The Supervising Architect for the building of the nave was John Sinclair, former president of the New Zealand Institute of Architects, who also designed the Monteith Visitors' Centre which is attached to the north-east corner of the Cathedral and"}, {"context": "forms an eastern boundary to the Cathedral Forecourt. The Cathedral can accommodate 1250 people, the nave having a maximum seating capacity of 1100. The church is maintained by the Diocese of Auckland and parishioners. They are assisted by the \"Friends of Holy Trinity Cathedral Parnell\", an organisation particularly involved in the maintenance and beautification of the cathedral's fabric. The organisation was established in 1986. At a service on 28 October 2017 the cathedral was consecrated by Bishop Ross Bay. The service was attended by bishops of New Zealand, Aotearoa, Australia, Melanesia, Polynesia and Lichfield and a congregation of around 1400."}, {"context": "The Bishop Selwyn Chapel was designed in 2017 by the Fearon Hay Architects.It is in the Religious section of the World Architecture Festival in Berlin. At the back of the cathedral property it serves as a church for the un-choral eucharists. Click to walk and see inside Holy Trinity Cathedral Click to walk and see inside St Mary's Cathedral Holy Trinity Cathedral, Auckland Holy Trinity Cathedral is an Anglican place of worship situated in Parnell, a residential suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. The first Anglican place of worship in Auckland was Old St Paul's, at the bottom of Princes Street,"}]}, {"title": "Ivy Queen", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ivy Queen Martha Ivelisse Pesante Rodr\u00edguez (born March 4, 1972), known professionally as Ivy Queen, is a Puerto Rican singer, songwriter, rapper, actress and record producer. She was born in A\u00f1asco, Puerto Rico, but later moved with her parents to New York City, where she lived until she graduated highschool, returning to Puerto Rico shortly after . It was in San Juan where she met record producer DJ Negro, who helped her gain performing spots with a group called The Noise at a local club of the same name. There she performed her first song \"Somos Raperos Pero No Delincuentes\""}, {"context": "\"(We are Rappers, Not Delinquents)\". The Noise gained much attention due to their violent and explicitly sexual lyrics. Queen went solo in 1996, and released her debut studio album \"En Mi Imperio (In My Empire)\" which was quickly picked up by Sony Discos for distribution in 1997. She later released \"The Original Rude Girl\", her second studio album for Sony label, which spawned the hit single \"In the Zone\". However, Ivy Queen did not rise to fame until she moved to an independent record label to release her third studio album, \"Diva\" in 2003. Queen's albums \"Diva\", \"Flashback\", and \"Sentimiento\""}, {"context": "have all been awarded Gold and Platinum record status by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Her seventh studio album \"Drama Queen\" was released in 2010, and spawned a top ten single \"La Vida es As\u00ed\". It was followed by the Grammy Award-nominated \"Musa\" in 2012. Queen's recordings often include themes of female empowerment, infidelity, and relationships, and she is often referred to as the Queen of Reggaeton. Queen has also ventured into acting, has been involved with an anti-cancer charity, and has launched a doll modeled on her appearance. In February 2012, she made her acting debut in"}, {"context": "Eve Ensler's play \"The Vagina Monologues\". Ivy Queen was born in A\u00f1asco, Puerto Rico. When she was young, Queen's parents moved to New York, where she was raised. She did not finish high school, reaching eleventh grade in the United States, and studied music at the New Jersey School of Performing Arts She also lived in The Bronx and the Dominican Republic. When she was 18, Ivy Queen moved to San Juan, where she met rapper and producer DJ Negro. In 1995, Queen joined an all-male Puerto Rican group called The Noise, at the invitation of DJ Negro. The group"}, {"context": "became part of the emerging reggaeton scene. DJ Negro began producing a series of CDs centered around The Noise. Ivy Queen made her first appearance on the fifth installment of the CD series on a track called \"Somos Raperos Pero No Delincuentes\". She became tired of the violent and sexual themes often used in reggaeton, and wished to write about a wider variety of subjects. DJ Negro convinced Queen to go solo, and in 1997 she recorded her first solo album, \"En Mi Imperio\"which featured the hit single \"Como Mujer\"for Sony Discos. In 1998, Queen launched her second album, \"The"}, {"context": "Original Rude Girl\"which featured Don Chezina, Alex D'Castro, and Domingo Qui\u00f1ones and worked with Wyclef Jean on her debut single \"In the Zone\". The album is bilingual and features hip hop music, a departure from the reggaeton featured on her debut album. \"The Original Rude Girl\" was commercially unsuccessful but \"In The Zone\" charted at number 38 on the \"Billboard\" Rhythmic Top 40. In 1999, after a lack of commercial success with her first two studio albums, Sony dropped Queen and she took a break from her musical career. In 2001 and 2002, Queen's music began appearing on reggaeton compilation"}, {"context": "albums, spawning hits like \"Quiero Bailar\" from \"The Majestic 2\" and \"Quiero Saber\" from \"Kilates\". With songs like \"Quire Bailar\", Ivy Queen represented women \u201cIn a movement that took off commercially [and dominantly was led by men] with aggressively lyrics and a \"doggiestyle perreo dance\". Ivy Queen established herself as reggaeton's no-nonsense female conscience. (Her anthem \u201cQuiero Baliar\u201d warned her dance partner not to misinterpret those moves.)\u201d. In 2003, Queen and her then-husband Gran Omar signed with independent, Miami-based label Real Music, established by Jorge Guadalupe and Anthony P\u00e9rez. They appeared on the label's first album \"Jams Vol. 1\". Queen"}, {"context": "frequently appeared and performed on the reggaeton television show \"The Roof\", which featured urban music and lifestyle, and was produced by P\u00e9rez. In 2003, Ivy Queen released \"Diva\", her third studio album. It spawned hit singles including \"Quiero Bailar\". The album is considered to have been important for exposing reggaeton to a mainstream audience in 2004. After the success of the albumwhich was certified platinum by the RIAA, Ivy Queen released a platinum edition of \"Diva\" in 2004. The platinum edition was nominated for \"Reggaeton Album of the Year\" at the 2005 \"Billboard\" Latin Music Awards. \"Quiero Bailar\", the album's"}, {"context": "lead single, became the first Spanish-language track to reach number one on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart of Miami's WPOWan American radio station that does not usually play Spanish music. Queen's fourth studio album, \"Real\", was originally planned to be her first full-length English language album after she received contract offers from several record labelsincluding Sony. Queen said that it was a good opportunity to reach other markets, and in particular the competitive market of English rap. Sony's offer to record an English-language album came after they noticed that her previous Sony albums were being heard in London, thanks to"}, {"context": "the success of \"Diva\". The album included collaborations with artists including Fat Joe, La India, H\u00e9ctor Delgado, and Getto & Gastam. American hip-hop producer Swizz Beatz produced the track \"Soldados\". The album was released on November 16, 2004, and spawneed the Top 10 single \"Dile\" which was nominated for \"Tropical Airplay Track of the Year, Female\". In 2005, Ivy Queen partnered with Jos\u00e9 Guadalupeco-founder of Perfect Image Recordsto form the record label Filtro Musik. Later that year, Univision Records signed Filtro Musik to promote Ivy Queen's fifth studio album \"Flashback\" (2005). This ensured that the album was positioned in Latin"}, {"context": "and mainstream accounts that would normally not carry Latin product. Queen's first compilation album \"The Best of Ivy Queen\", consisting of tracks from \"Diva\" and \"Real\", was released the same year. On October 29, 2005, she released \"Flashback\", which contained the singles \"Cu\u00e9ntale\", \"Libertad\", and \"Te He Querido, Te He Llorado\". At the 2006 \"Billboard\" Latin Music Awards, \"Flashback\" was nominated for \"Reggaeton Album of the Year\" for a second consecutive year. The following year, Ivy Queen, and Gran Omar presented the reggaeton and hip hop compilation album \"Cosa Nostra: Hip Hop\". She later appeared on the Spanish-language recording of"}, {"context": "the Star-Spangled Banner, \"Nuestro Himno\". She then received the first Premio Juventud \"Diva Award\", which honored Queen for her musical career. In April 2007, Ivy Queen released her sixth studio album entitled \"Sentimiento\". She began working on the album in 2006 after \"Cosa Nostra\" became a commercial failure. As a part of her evolution in reggaet\u00f3n, Sentimiento includes \"solo turns\" instead of duets with guest artists. The solo tracks include; \"Pobre Coraz\u00f3n\" by Divino, \"Mana\u00f1a Al Despertar\" by Baby Rasta and Norieganone of which feature Queen's vocals. She said she wanted to give a 180-degree turn to what people think"}, {"context": "of reggaet\u00f3n. She said, \"[m]any think reggaet\u00f3n is just nice rhythms to dance to. And they forget there are song-writers and composers, who, like everyone else, also suffer and aspire in love ... Love is what makes us write things, what keeps us alive. If we did not have love, we would have nothing\". The album spawned a Top 10 hit \"Que Lloren\" and the moderately successful singles \"En Que Fallamos\" and \"Sentimientos\". At the Latin Grammy Awards of 2007, Calle 13 won the Best Urban Music Album award for their album \"Residente o Visitante\" Queen's \"Sentimiento\" was nominated in"}, {"context": "the same category. Calle 13's 2008 album \"Los de Atr\u00e1s Vienen Conmigo\" included a song entitled \"Que Lloren\" which criticized Queen and asked her \"to cut herself with a razor\". She responded stating \"I'm the queen of this genre, a genre that contains male rappers such as Don Omar, Wisin & Yandel and Tego Calder\u00f3n who respect me a lot for an idiot to have my name in his mouth.\" After Calle 13 had won various awards in the urban music category, Queen called the duo to let them know publicly how she felt about them. She was unhappy because"}, {"context": "despite the abundance of awards and nominees, only Calle 13 received awards explaining \"they dedicated the night to Calle 13.\" The duo called Queen a hypocrite. In 2008, Queen released the single \"Dime\", which was featured on her first live album \"Ivy Queen 2008 World Tour LIVE!\". In April 2010, she was signed to Machete Music. The signing, described as a 360 deal, includes profit sharing in tours, sponsorships and merchandising. Univision Records, was acquired by Machete's parent company Universal Music Latin Entertainment in 2008. Walter Kolm, president of Universal Music Latino and Machete, said in a press release, \"[i]t's"}, {"context": "a privilege to have Ivy Queen a part of our artistic roster. Ivy is an extraordinary woman with incomparable talent, and she's number one in her genre. We're happy to be able to work with her on her new album as well as future projects\". Queen said of the partnership, \"I'm very proud to be a part of Machete Music. They are a young, vibrant company that has created a name for itself in Latin music in the United States and the world. They are a strong and important company that has been recognized for nurturing their artists\u2019 creative talents"}, {"context": "... \". \"Drama Queen\" (2010), released on July 10, 2010, was originally intended to be released after her third compilation album \"Cosa Nostra: Hip-Hop\" (2006) as a concept album on which Ivy Queen would performing duets with female singers from different genres. \"Sentimiento\" was released instead. Queen told \"EFE\" that she started writing for the album while she was heartbroken at home. Her emotions then burst out in the recording studio. She added the album contains 16 of 26 songs she wrote during this period. When \"Latina Magazine\" asked her about the drama between the release of \"Sentimiento\" and \"Drama"}, {"context": "Queen\", Queen said: \"Drama Queen\" sold 3,000 units in its first week and dominated urban album sales for nine consecutive weeks. It debuted and peaked at number 163 on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart, number three on Top Latin Albums, and number 18 on Rap Albums. \"Drama Queen\" received a nomination for Best Urban Music Album at the 2011 Latin Grammy Awards, which was won by Calle 13 for \"Entren Los Que Quieran\". Queen also received two nominations at the 2011 Latin Billboard Music Awards for Hot Latin Songs Artist of the Year, Female and Top Latin Albums Artist of"}, {"context": "the Year, Female. Shakira won both awards. On August 21, 2012, Queen's eighth studio album \"Musa\" was released. It debuted and peaked at number 15 on the \"Billboard\" Top Latin Albums chart. She said that spending two years away from the media has helped her emotionally and mentally. She also said that the album is \"very mature and complete,\" because although her style is urban and reggaeton it also features fusions of rhythms and instruments with their own styles. The album managed a nomination for Best Urban Music Album at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2013. It was announced in"}, {"context": "September 2013, that Queen had changed management and returned with Jorge \"Goguito\" Guadalupe, president and co-founder of Filtro Musik, to release her ninth studio album, entitled \"Vendetta\" in February 2014. Following the birth of her first biological child, Queen then announced that she would embark on a U.S. tour entitled the \"Viva Puerto Rico Tour\". The tour, launched on 29 January 2014, included performances at various gay clubs in cities of the United States and Puerto Rico, such as New York, Orlando, Miami, Houston, Seattle, San Francisco, San Diego, Atlanta, Sacramento, Los Angeles, Tampa, and Ponce. Queen's ninth studio album"}, {"context": "was released on February 3, 2015. An extended play version of the album was released on 9 December 2014. The studio album version was originally announced for a release in February 2014, and later some time in 2014. The extended play version of the album, entitled \"\", includes the first four singles from the album: \"Soy Libre\", \"Vamos A Guerrear\", \"Naci Para Amarte\", and the title track \"Vendetta\", on disc one. Disc two features a DVD with the music videos to these songs as well as a forty-five-minute documentary of the making of the album. Upon its release, it managed"}, {"context": "to debut at number thirty on the \"Billboard\" Latin Albums chart and number five on the \"Billboard\" Latin Rhythm Albums chart for the week of 27 December 2014. The album is composed of four separate simultaneously released albums, in the genres of urban, hip hop, bachata and salsa. Each releases contains eight songs musically devoted to the specific genre. The urban releases features Farruko, J Alvarez, Jowell & Randy and J King & Maximan, the hip hop release features Vico C, Fat Joe, \u00d1engo Flow and MC Ceja, the salsa release features Tito Rojas, Andy Monta\u00f1ez and Luisito Carri\u00f3n, while"}, {"context": "the bachata release features \u00d3ptimo. Queen's musical style is classified as reggaetonan urban genre with roots in Latin and Caribbean music. However, Queen also performs in several other genres including hip hop, salsa, merengue, and bachata. Yosel\u00edn Acevedo of \"People en Espa\u00f1ol\" said that \"'Cosas De La Vida'\u2014which isn't her first bachata song, shows that other than being the 'Queen of Reggaeton' she can also easily convert herself into the 'Queen of Bachata'. Queen has also recorded salsa tracks, beginning in 2005 with \"Amiga No Pienses\" and \"Yo Lamento\", and in 2007 with \"Si Eres T\u00fa\" which she recorded in"}, {"context": "a \"big-band Salsa\" style. She worked with salsa singers La India on \"Cuando Hieres A Una Mujer\" and V\u00edctoria Sanabr\u00eda on \"No Te Quiero\". Ivy Queen cites Celia Cruz, La Lupe, and other \"classic Salsa singers\" as inspirations for her style of hip-hop music. Her main influence is Selena, to whom she pays tribute on her fifth studio album \"Flashback\" with a \"reggaeton-ed up twist\" on \"Si Una Vez\". She also said she enjoyed the songs \"Como La Flor\" and \"La Carcacha\". Queen told Ramiro Burr of the \"Houston Chronicle\", \"I admired Selena because she had that famous crossover success,"}, {"context": "but sadly she never got to enjoy it,\" she said. According to Allmusic, she takes influences from Jennifer Lopez, Queen Latifah, Gloria Estefan, Madonna and Salt-N-Pepa. Queen cites American rapper Missy Elliot as an influence as well. Reggaet\u00f3n duo Jowell & Randy cite Queen as one of their musical influences. Queen is also a musical influence for Colombian singer Farina Dominican singer Natti Natasha, and American rappers Bia and Cardi B. According to Jon Pareles of the \"New York Times\", Queen is the \"only significant female reggaeton rapper\". She is known as the \"Queen of Reggaeton\" in the traditionally male-dominated"}, {"context": "genre. She is also known \"La Diva\", \"La Potra\", \"La Caballota\", and \"La Reina\". She has become the \"indisputable lead female voice of Latin urban and reggaeton music [and] an international icon for Latin music itself.\" She has been referred to as a \u201ctrailblazer\u201d within the genre of Reggaet\u00f3n. About.com named Queen one of the ten most influential women in Latin music in the category Reggaeton/Hip-Hop while selecting \"Sentimiento\" as Queen's best album. In 2007, a book about Queen's success and rise to success as a hip hop artist was released. In 2013, \"Latina\" named Queen the best Latina rapper"}, {"context": "of all time. In 2016, the magazine listed Queen as one of the best reggaeton artists of all time. In 2017, Queen was nominated to be inducted into the Latin Songwriters Hall of Fame. In December 2009, Ivy Queen launched a reggaeton doll. It was named \"Queenie\" and featured Queen's signature, long fingernails, and was manufactured by Global Trading Partners. The doll came with a recording device containing remixes of Queen's songs including \"Menor Que Yo\", \"Que Lloren\", and \"Cu\u00e9ntale\". A case with accessories was also included. Queen is a spokeswoman for the cancer charity Susan G. Komen for the"}, {"context": "Cure because her mother is a cancer survivor. Queen was involved in a charity marathon run in Puerto Rico called \"Carrera por una Cura\" (\"Run for a Cure\"). The marathon in San Juan, Puerto Rico, in which celebrities such as Puerto Rican actress Adamari L\u00f3pez, and Puerto Rican singer Kany Garcia among others, ran for the prevention and cure of cancer. The marathon was dedicated to Adamari L\u00f3pez, who suffered from breast cancer in 2007. Queen has been writing her autobiography, \"Detr\u00e1s Del Glamour\" (Behind Glamour), since late-2007. She said that she is writing it \"because people see me but"}, {"context": "don\u2019t know what I\u2019ve been through.\" She said the book will detail her life and the hardships she has lived through, including being homeless and not having food to eat while she pursued her musical career. Queen made her acting debut in February 2012 in the Spanish-language production of Eve Ensler's play \"The Vagina Monologues\" staged in Orlando, Florida. In 2006, Puerto Rican singer Don Omar referenced Queen on the track \"Jangueo\" from his second studio album, \"King of Kings\". Also in 2006, Dominican rapper Redimi2 mentioned Queen on \"Declar\u00f3\", featured on the reloaded edition of Omar's 2005 album \"Los"}, {"context": "Bandoleros\". Later in 2009, Omar mentioned Queen on \"Hasta Abajo,\" a promotional single for his 2010 album, \"Meet the Orphans\". In 2017, American rapper Travis Scott referenced Queen on the remix of Puerto Rican singer Farruko's \"Krippy Kush,\" which also features American rapper Nicki Minaj and Puerto Rican rappers Rvssian and Bad Bunny. Ivy Queen was married to fellow reggaeton singer Omar Navarro, known by his stage name Gran Omar. They were divorced in 2005. Queen said she never found Omar in the act of adultery, and said that if she had, she would be in La Vega Altaa women's"}, {"context": "prison in Puerto Rico. She also said she had not physically assaulted Omar's alleged mistress. She stated they had not lived together for two months, citing the \"extensive travels of her husband and his workload of being a producer\" as causes of the end of the nine-year marriage. A year after their separation, Omar said that Queen had tricked him, and that she owed him money from the sales and production of the album \"Cosa Nostra: Hip-Hop\", which they presented together because of their obligations and contract with Univision. Jorge GuadalupeIvy Queen's managerinvited Omar to take legal action. Guadalupe called"}, {"context": "Omar \"someone who misses the money and the high-life\" he had while he was married to Queen. No legal action was taken, however. Omar appeared on television station Telefutura's program \"Esc\u00e1ndalo TV\" and accused Queen of being unfaithful in their marriage. Queen however, denied the claims. Queen was in a relationship with DJ Urba from mid-2006 to the end of 2007. In 2010, after Queen invited American actor Vin Diesel to attend 2010 Premios Juventud, it was rumored they were in a relationship together. She told \"Esc\u00e1ndalo TV\" that there was no romance between them and that they were just"}, {"context": "good friends. Ivy Queen has said she identifies with \"Menor Que Yo\"a song where she was \"talking about reality when she wrote it\"in her personal life. She said the song is about what happens to a lot of women. \"I was talking about reality when I wrote it. About what happens to a lot of women. I think that there's no age requirement for two people who love each other. It's mostly about how people react when they see a mature woman who's with a younger man ... They think it's for money. They never think that there might be"}, {"context": "a connection, chemistry. She later said \"Sentimientos\" was the song that best represented her at that time, saying, \" ... if you think you can only conquer me if you're famous, rich and have an expensive car, you're wrong, because I'm a woman who needs affection, someone to open the door for me, to bring me flowers and sing to me.\" Queen does not drink alcohol. She said that although she quit high school after fourth year (eleventh grade), she graduated from the Academy \"Street\" with a Bachelor of Life and honors. She said her vocabulary is \"that of the"}, {"context": "street\", and that if she could do something other than singing she would go to college. Queen married Puerto Rican choreographer Xavier S\u00e1nchez in late 2012. She announced in June 2013 that the couple were expecting their first child. Before becoming naturally pregnant, Queen adopted two Latino children. She revealed her baby bump at the Calibash 2013 concert which was headlined by R&B singer Chris Brown. The baby was born in November 2013. In June 2016, Queen's father died of pulmonary cancer. Ivy Queen Martha Ivelisse Pesante Rodr\u00edguez (born March 4, 1972), known professionally as Ivy Queen, is a Puerto"}]}, {"title": "Union Pacific Railroad Co. v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Union Pacific Railroad Co. v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers Union Pacific Railroad v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, 558 U.S. 67 (2009), was a United States Supreme Court decision on labor disputes. The Railway Labor Act was created to enable peaceful resolution of labor disputes between Railroad Companies and their Unions. For disputes deemed minor a panel of five would meet; two from the railroad industry, two from the unions and one neutral party under the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). In order to reach arbitration the two parties had to exhaust their grievance procedures under their own Collective Bargaining Agreements"}, {"context": "(CBA). If this fails then either party may refer the issue to the NLRB with full statements of facts that these negotiations took place. Union Pacific Railroad Company issued disciplinary violations against five of its employees represented by the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen (BLET), a division of the Teamsters. The union then initiated grievance proceedings under their CBA. Dissatisfied with the outcome, the Union appealed to the NLRB Board. In opening proceedings one of the industry representatives objected that there was no evidence in the filing that the two parties had conferenced under their CBA. The NLRB dismissed"}, {"context": "their petition for lack of required evidence. It also denied the BLET the right to add proof of conferencing to the complaint because as an appellate body it is not permitted to receive new evidence. The District Court for the Northern District of Illinois affirmed the decision of the NLRB where it was appealed to the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. The Appellate Court decided that the singular question at issue was whether written documentation of CBA arbitration was a required perquisite to NLRB arbitration. The court determined there was no such requirement in any rules or regulations"}, {"context": "of the NLRB and had acted outside the will and intent of the Congress. However the Seventh Circuit did not invoke only statutory grounds for rejection of the NLRB but ruled that the NLRB proceedings had violated the Union's due process. The Court ruled unanimously with Justice Ginsburg writing the opinion. The Court agreed with the outcome of the Seventh Circuit but not its reasoning. Ginsburg wrote that the Appeals Court had incorrectly applied a constitutional remedy instead of purely a statutory one, the court affirmed the Seventh Circuit ruling on statutory grounds and ruling that the NLRB had not"}, {"context": "denied due process but had merely \"failed to conform or confine itself to the jurisdiction Congress gave it.\" Union Pacific Railroad Co. v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers Union Pacific Railroad v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, 558 U.S. 67 (2009), was a United States Supreme Court decision on labor disputes. The Railway Labor Act was created to enable peaceful resolution of labor disputes between Railroad Companies and their Unions. For disputes deemed minor a panel of five would meet; two from the railroad industry, two from the unions and one neutral party under the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). In order"}]}, {"title": "Seguenzia dautzenbergi", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Seguenzia dautzenbergi Seguenzia dautzenbergi is a species of extremely small deep water sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Seguenziidae. (Original description by M. Schepman) The height of this whitish-yellow shell attains 4\u00bc mm. The rather small, umbilicate shell has a spire forming a short gradate cone. The shell contains 7 whorls of which the uppermost forms the smooth nucleus, followed by about 2 whorls with a submedian keel and displaying a cancellated appearance by the intercrossing of subequal spiral and radiating riblets. The other whorls have each 3 spirals, of which the uppermost runs at a little"}, {"context": "distance from the suture. The next one is the strongest. It renders the whorls carinate about halfway, and a third which seems to run just in the rather conspicuous suture. Moreover, the interstices have more or less numerous fine spirals (numerous in the type, where they quite fill the spaces). This spiral sculpture is crossed by radiating riblets, running straight in an oblique direction, from the suture to the upper spiral, where they form small crenulations. In the next interstice they are concave and at last convex towards the basal liration. The body whorl is rounded, with a strong peripheral"}, {"context": "keel, being the basal one of the upper whorls, and a convex base. There is another spiral at some distance from the peripheral keel, and 12 basal spirals of which three more spaced ones, at a larger distance from the subperipheral spiral, and 9 more central spirals, which are flatter, at subequal distances, the innermost bordering the umbilicus. These spirals are connected by small radiating riblets in the interstices. Moreover, these interstices are filled with similar finer spirals as in the spire. The funnel-shaped umbilicus is moderately wide, and probably pervious. Its wall shows fine radiating striae and a conspicuous"}, {"context": "spiral groove, terminating in a strong dentiform projection on the columellar margin. The aperture is moderately large, irregular in shape, with a rather deep sinus at the suture (about 1\u00bd mm, behind the most projecting part of the outer margin). It is rounded behind, with an upturned margin. The outer margin is thin, angular by the terminations of the spiral keels. The columellar margin is strongly excavated above. This excavation is bordered by the strong toothlike projection formed at the end of the umbilical groove. It has the appearance of a compressed fold. Below this tooth, the columellar margin runs"}, {"context": "obliquely back and terminates in a projecting point where it joins the slightly curved basal margin. The interior is nacreous. This marine species occurs in the Makassar Strait, the Banda Sea and the Ceram Sea. Seguenzia dautzenbergi Seguenzia dautzenbergi is a species of extremely small deep water sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Seguenziidae. (Original description by M. Schepman) The height of this whitish-yellow shell attains 4\u00bc mm. The rather small, umbilicate shell has a spire forming a short gradate cone. The shell contains 7 whorls of which the uppermost forms the smooth nucleus, followed by about"}]}, {"title": "Whitechapel", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Whitechapel Whitechapel is a district in London, England. It is within Central and East London and in the East End. It is located in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and is east of Charing Cross and roughly bounded by Mansell Street to the west, the East London Line and Buxton Street to the north, Cambridge Heath Road and Sidney Street to the east and The Highway to the south. Because the area is close to the London Docklands and east of the City of London, it has been a popular place for immigrants and the working class. The area"}, {"context": "was the centre of the London Jewish community in the 19th and early 20th century, and the location of the infamous Whitechapel Murders of Jack the Ripper in the late 1880s. In the latter half of the 20th century, Whitechapel became a significant settlement for the British Bangladeshi community and today Brick Lane is an ethnic enclave known as Banglatown. It is famous for its many curry houses. Whitechapel's heart is Whitechapel High Street, extending further east as Whitechapel Road, named after a small chapel of ease dedicated to St Mary. The church's earliest known rector was Hugh de Fulbourne"}, {"context": "in 1329. Around 1338, it became the parish church of Whitechapel, called, for unknown reasons, St Mary Matfelon. The church was severely damaged during the Blitz and demolished in 1952, and its location and graveyard is now a public garden on the south side of the road. Whitechapel High Street and Whitechapel Road are now part of the A11 road, anciently the initial part of the Roman road between the City of London and Colchester, exiting the city at Aldgate. In later times, travellers to and from London on this route were accommodated at the many coaching inns which lined"}, {"context": "Whitechapel High Street. By the late 16th century, the suburb of Whitechapel and the surrounding area had started becoming 'the other half' of London. Located east of Aldgate, outside the City Walls and beyond official controls, it attracted the less fragrant activities of the city, particularly tanneries, breweries, foundries (including the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, which later cast Philadelphia's Liberty Bell and London's Big Ben) and slaughterhouses. In 1680, the Rector of Whitechapel, the Rev. Ralph Davenant, of the parish of St. Mary Matfellon, bequeathed a legacy for the education of forty boys and thirty girls of the parish \u2013 the"}, {"context": "Davenant Centre is still in existence although the Davenant Foundation School moved from Whitechapel to Loughton in 1966. Population shifts from rural areas to London from the 17th century to the mid-19th century resulted in great numbers of more or less destitute people taking up residence amidst the industries and mercantile interests that had attracted them. In 1797, the body of the sailor Richard Parker, hanged for his leading role in the Nore mutiny, was given a Christian burial at Whitechapel after his wife exhumed it from the unconsecrated burial ground to which it was originally consigned. Crowds gathered to"}, {"context": "see the body before it was buried. By the 1840s, Whitechapel, along with the enclaves of Wapping, Aldgate, Bethnal Green, Mile End, Limehouse, Bow, Bromley-by-Bow, Poplar, Shadwell and Stepney (collectively known today as \"the East End\"), had evolved, or devolved, into classic \"\"Dickensian\"\" London, with problems of poverty and overcrowding. Whitechapel Road itself was not particularly squalid through most of this period\u2014it was the warrens of small dark streets branching from it that contained the greatest suffering, filth and danger, such as Dorset Street (now a private alley but once described as \"the worst street in London\"), Thrawl Street, Berners"}, {"context": "Street (renamed Henriques Street), Wentworth Street, and others. William Booth began his \"Christian Revival Society\", preaching the gospel in a tent, erected in the \"Friends Burial Ground\", Thomas Street, Whitechapel, in 1865. Others joined his \"Christian Mission\", and on 7 August 1878 the Salvation Army was formed at a meeting held at 272 Whitechapel Road. A statue commemorates both his mission and his work in helping the poor. In the Victorian era the basal population of poor English country stock was swelled by immigrants from all over, particularly Irish and Jewish. Writing of the period 1883\u20131884, Yiddish theatre actor Jacob"}, {"context": "Adler wrote, \"The further we penetrated into this Whitechapel, the more our hearts sank. Was this London? Never in Russia, never later in the worst slums of New York, were we to see such poverty as in the London of the 1880s.\" This endemic poverty drove many women to prostitution. In October 1888 the Metropolitan Police estimated that there were 1,200 prostitutes \"of very low class\" resident in Whitechapel and about 62 brothels. Reference is specifically made to them in Charles Booth's \"Life and Labour of the People in London\", specially to dwellings called Blackwall Buildings belonging to Blackwall Railway."}, {"context": "Such prostitutes were numbered amongst the 11 Whitechapel murders (1888\u201391), some of which were committed by the legendary serial killer known as 'Jack the Ripper'. These attacks caused widespread terror in the district and throughout the country and drew the attention of social reformers to the squalor and vice of the area, even though these crimes remain unsolved today. The \"Elephant Man\" Joseph Merrick (1862\u20131890) became well known in Whitechapel \u2014 he was exhibited in a shop on the Whitechapel Road before being helped by Dr Frederick Treves (1853\u20131923) at the Royal London Hospital, opposite the actual shop. There is"}, {"context": "a museum in the hospital about his life. In 1902, American author Jack London, looking to write a counterpart to Jacob Riis's seminal book \"How the Other Half Lives\", donned ragged clothes and boarded in Whitechapel, detailing his experiences in \"The People of the Abyss\". Riis had recently documented the astoundingly bad conditions in large swaths of the leading city of the United States. The Siege of Sidney Street in January 1911 was a gunfight between police and military forces and Latvian revolutionaries. Then Home Secretary Winston Churchill took over the operation where his presence caused a political row over"}, {"context": "the level of his involvement during the time. His biographers disagreed and said he gave no operational commands to the police, but a Metropolitan Police account states that the events of Sidney Street were \"a very rare case of a Home Secretary taking police operational command decisions\". The Freedom Press, a socialist publishing house, thought it worthwhile to explore conditions in the leading city of the nation that had invented modern capitalism. He concluded that English poverty was far rougher than the American variety. The juxtaposition of the poverty, homelessness, exploitive work conditions, prostitution, and infant mortality of Whitechapel and"}, {"context": "other East End locales with some of the greatest personal wealth the world has ever seen made it a focal point for leftist reformers and revolutionaries of all kinds, from George Bernard Shaw, whose Fabian Society met regularly in Whitechapel, to Vladimir Lenin, led rallies in Whitechapel during his exile from Russia. The area is still home to Freedom Press, the anarchist publishing house founded by Charlotte Wilson. In Sunday 4 October 1936, the British Union of Fascists led by Oswald Mosley clashed in the East End including a part of southern Whitechapel on Cable Street with various anti-fascist demonstrators,"}, {"context": "including local Jewish, Irish, socialist, anarchist and communist groups during the Battle of Cable Street where Mosley planned to send thousands of marchers dressed in uniforms styled on those of Blackshirts through the East End, which then had a large Jewish population. Whitechapel remained poor (and colourful) through the first half of the 20th century, though somewhat less desperately so. It suffered great damage in the Blitz and from the German V-weapon attacks of World War II. Since then, Whitechapel has lost most of its notoriety. Altab Ali was murdered by three teenagers on 4 May 1978 in a racist"}, {"context": "attack as he walked home after work. His murder took place at St. Mary's Gardens by St Mary's Churchyard, the reaction provoked the mass mobilisation of the Bengali community locally and came to represent the self-organisation of the community. The churchyard he was murdered in was later renamed Altab Ali Park in his memory. Crossrail will call at Whitechapel Station from December 2018 on the Elizabeth Line. Eastbound services will be split into two branches after leaving the station which is undergoing a massive redevelopment that started from 2010 of the historic station due to be completed by 2019. In"}, {"context": "order to prepare for Crossrail, in January 2016, the old Whitechapel Station was closed for refurbishment and modernisation work in order to improve services and increase capacity in the station. The Royal London Hospital was closed and re-opened behind the original site in 2012 in a brand new building costing, \u00a3650m. The old site was then repurchased by the local council to open a new town hall , replacing the existing Town Hall at Mulberry Place. Local council facilities will be grouped within the old Royal London Hospital building as a civic center. The local library, now called an \"Idea"}, {"context": "Store\" is located on Whitechapel Road. Whitechapel Road was the location of two 19th-century theatres: 'The Effingham' (1834\u20131897) and The Pavilion Theatre (1828\u20131935; building demolished in 1962). Charles Dickens, Jr. (eldest child of Charles Dickens), in his 1879 book \"Dickens's Dictionary of London\", described the Pavilion this way: \"A large East-end theatre capable of holding considerably over 3,000 persons. Melodrama of a rough type, farce, pantomime, &c.\" In the early 20th century it became the home of Yiddish theatre, catering to the large Jewish population of the area, and gave birth to the Anglo-Jewish 'Whitechapel Boys' avant-garde literary and artistic"}, {"context": "movement. Since at least the 1970s, Whitechapel and other nearby parts of East London have figured prominently in London's art scene. Probably the area's most prominent art venue is the Whitechapel Art Gallery, founded in 1901 and long an outpost of high culture in a poor neighbourhood. As the neighbourhood has gentrified, it has gained citywide, and even international, visibility and support. From 2005 the gallery underwent a major expansion, with the support of \u00a33.26 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund. The expanded facility opened in 2009. Whitechapel in the early 21st century has figured prominently in London's punk rock/skuzz"}, {"context": "rock scene, with the main focal point for this scene being Whitechapel Factory and Rhythm Factory bar/restaurant/nightclub. This scene includes the likes of The Libertines, Zap!, Nova, The Others, Razorlight, and The Rakes, all of whom have had some commercial success in the music charts. Home to centres such as London Action Resource Centre and rampART, Whitechapel is seen by many as a cultural hub for community based political activism particularly of an anti-authoritarian, anti-war trend. The anarchist publishing house Freedom Press is nearby in Aldgate and one of the London chapters of Food Not Bombs serves regular meals in"}, {"context": "Altab Ali Park on Whitechapel High Street. Whitechapel Anarchist Group has also recently been formed and circulates a local freesheet called W.A.G. (Whitechapel Anarchist Group) In the past Whitechapel has been home to such individuals as Rudolf Rocker (1873\u20131958), anarcho-syndicalist writer, historian and prominent activist who active in the area from 1895 to 1918. Charles Lahr (1885\u20131971), anarchist bookseller/publisher and secretary of Whitechapel branch of the Industrial Union of Direct Actionists (IUDA), was also a prominent figure resident in the area. Such individuals in history have helped form the culture of enthusiasm in political alternatives that is enjoyed in the"}, {"context": "community today. The Bangladeshis are the most visible migrant group today, who make up 40% of the Whitechapel ward total population. The East London Mosque at the end of Whitechapel Road is a major symbol of the resident Islamic community. The mosque group was established as early as 1910, and the demand for a mosque grew as the Sylheti community grew rapidly over the years. In 1985 this large, purpose built mosque with a dome and minaret was built in the heart of Whitechapel, attracting thousands of worshippers every week, and it was further expanded with the London Muslim Centre"}, {"context": "in 2004. The Altab Ali Park near Adler Street was formerly a church site but was destroyed during the Blitz. It was renamed to 'Altab Ali Park' in memory of a Bangladeshi clothing worker who was the victim of a racially motivated murder on 4 May 1978, and of other victims of racist attacks during the 1970s. A library, the Whitechapel Idea Store, constructed in 2005 at a cost of \u00a312 million by William Verry to a design by David Adjaye, was nominated for the 2006 Stirling Prize. Whitechapel features in Charles Dickens's \"Pickwick Papers\" (chapter 22) as the location"}, {"context": "of the Bull Inn, where the Pickwickians take a coach to Ipswich. En route, driving along Whitechapel Road, Sam Weller opines that it is \"not a wery nice neighbourhood\" and notes the correlation between poverty and the abundance of oyster stalls here. One of Fagin's dens in Dickens's \"Oliver Twist\" was located in Whitechapel and Fagin, himself, was possibly based on a notorious local 'fence' named Ikey Solomon (1785\u20131850). Whitechapel is also the setting of several novels by Jewish authors such as \"Children of the Ghetto\" and \"The King of Schnorrers\" by Israel Zangwill and \"Jew Boy\" by Simon Blumenfeld."}, {"context": "Several chapters of Sholem Aleichem's classic Yiddish novel \"Adventures of Mottel the Cantor's Son\" take place in early 20th-century Whitechapel, depicted from the point of view of an impoverished East European Jewish family fleeing the pogroms. The novel \"Journey Through a Small Planet\" by Emanuel Litvinoff vividly describes Whitechapel and its Jewish inhabitants in the 1920s and 1930s. The prostitute and daughter of a Luddite leader Sybil Gerard, main character of William Gibson and Bruce Sterling's novel The Difference Engine comes from Whitechapel. The novel's plot begins there. \"Brick Lane\", the 2003 novel by Monica Ali is based in Whitechapel"}, {"context": "and documents the life of a young Bangladeshi woman's experience of living in Tower Hamlets in the 1990s and early 2000s. Whitechapel is used as a location in most Jack the Ripper fiction. One such example is the bizarre \"White Chappel Scarlet Tracings\" (1987) by Iain Sinclair. It also features as the setting for the science fiction Webcomic \"FreakAngels\", written by popular comics writer Warren Ellis. In 2002, Whitechapel was used as the setting for a Sherlock Holmes film, \"The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire\", based on the Arthur Conan Doyle story \"The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire\". The East"}, {"context": "London line extension northwards to Highbury & Islington and southwards to West Croydon was completed in 2010. A further extension opened in 2012 to provide a complete rail ring route around south London to Clapham Junction. Whitechapel is also scheduled to be a stop on the Crossrail project, for which preparatory works began in September 2010 at a large site excavating 'Cambridge Heath Shaft' (located at the eastern end of the Crossrail platform tunnels and adjacent to the junction of Whitechapel Road and Cambridge Heath Road, with Sainsbury\u2019s superstore and car park to the north-west of the site and The"}, {"context": "Blind Beggar public house immediately to the west). This is now likely to be completed in 2018. Whitechapel is the main station in the district which is on the London Underground Hammersmith & City and District lines east\u2013west and also the East London Line and connecting South London Line services north\u2013south (re-opened as London Overground on June 2010) The Docklands Light Railway (Bank/Tower Gateway branch) and London, Tilbury and Southend Railway passes though Whitechapel to the south but there are presently no stations. London Buses 15, 25, 106, 115, 135, 205, 254, D3, N15, N205, N253, N550 and N551 all"}, {"context": "operate within the area. Whitechapel is connected to the National Road Network by both the A11 on Whitechapel Road in the centre and to the south the A13 and The Highway A1203 running east\u2013west. There is the Cycle Superhighway CS2 which runs from Aldgate to Stratford on the A11. In addition to the prominent figures detailed in the article: Whitechapel Market and the A11 corridor is currently the subject of a \u00a320 million investment to improve the public spaces along the route. The London Boroughs of Tower Hamlets & Newham are working with English Heritage and Transport for London to"}, {"context": "refurbish the historic buildings at this location and improve the market. Whitechapel Whitechapel is a district in London, England. It is within Central and East London and in the East End. It is located in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and is east of Charing Cross and roughly bounded by Mansell Street to the west, the East London Line and Buxton Street to the north, Cambridge Heath Road and Sidney Street to the east and The Highway to the south. Because the area is close to the London Docklands and east of the City of London, it has been"}]}, {"title": "Trans-Jordan memorandum", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Trans-Jordan memorandum The Transjordan memorandum was a British memorandum passed by the Council of the League of Nations on 16 September 1922, as an addendum to the British Mandate for Palestine. The memorandum described how the British government planned to implement Article 25 of the Mandate, which had been drafted during the March 1921 Cairo Conference to include Transjordan in the Mandate without applying the provisions regarding Jewish settlement. The British Mandate administration in Jerusalem only ever covered the area west of the Jordan, while the area east of the Jordan was administered by the British representative in Ma'an, Captain"}, {"context": "Alex Kirkbride until the arrival in November 1920 of Abdullah bin al-Hussein, the future Emir. Following the expulsion of Faisal bin Hussein from Syria by the French in July 1920, and the subsequent Cairo Conference, March 1921 they appointed Hussein \"Emir of Transjordan\", while assuring that no Jews would be allowed to settle in Transjordan. Article 25 of the Mandate for Palestine allowed for the exclusion of Transjordan from unspecified provisions of the Mandate. On 16 September 1922, Lord Balfour, representing the United Kingdom, reminded the Council of the League of Nations of Article 25 of the Mandate for Palestine"}, {"context": "(which had been previously approved but had not yet come into effect). He then told the council that the British government now proposed to carry out this article, as had always been intended by the League of Nations and the British government. He then presented a memorandum for approval. The borders between the territory of Transjordan and Mandatory Palestine were defined for the first time in the memorandum, as follows: all territory lying to the east of a line drawn from a point two miles west of the town of Akaba on the Gulf of that name up the centre"}, {"context": "of the Wady Araba, Dead Sea and River Jordan to its junction with the River Yarmuk: thence up the centre of that river to the Syrian frontier. The memorandum listed as exclusions articles 4, 6, 13, 14, 22, 23, and parts of the Preamble and Articles 2, 7 and 11, including the articles of the Mandate concerning a Jewish national home. It concluded with: In the application of the Mandate to Transjordan, the action which, in Palestine, is taken by the Administration of the latter country will be taken by the Administration of Transjordan under the general supervision of the"}, {"context": "Mandatory. His Majesty's Government accept full responsibility as Mandatory for Transjordan, and undertake that such provision as may be made for the administration of that territory in accordance with Article 25 of the Mandate shall be in no way inconsistent with those provisions of the Mandate which are not by this resolution declared inapplicable. From that point onwards, Britain administered the part west of the Jordan as Palestine, and the part east of the Jordan as Transjordan. Technically they remained one mandate, but most official documents referred to them as if they were two separate mandates. In May 1923 Transjordan"}, {"context": "was granted internal self-government with Abdullah as ruler and Harry St. John Philby as chief representative. Trans-Jordan memorandum The Transjordan memorandum was a British memorandum passed by the Council of the League of Nations on 16 September 1922, as an addendum to the British Mandate for Palestine. The memorandum described how the British government planned to implement Article 25 of the Mandate, which had been drafted during the March 1921 Cairo Conference to include Transjordan in the Mandate without applying the provisions regarding Jewish settlement. The British Mandate administration in Jerusalem only ever covered the area west of the Jordan,"}]}, {"title": "Yelverton, Devon", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Yelverton, Devon Yelverton is a large village on the south-western edge of Dartmoor, Devon, in England. When the village's railway station (on the Great Western Railway (GWR) line from Plymouth to Tavistock) opened in the 19th century, the village became a popular residence for Plymouth commuters. The railway is now closed, but the Plym Valley Railway has reopened a section of it. Yelverton is well known for Roborough Rock - a prominent mass of stone close to the Plymouth road on the fringe of nearby Roborough Down, near the southern end of the airfield. It gave its name to the"}, {"context": "Rock Hotel, built as a farm during the Elizabethan period, but converted in the 1850s to cater for growing tourism in the area. The area to the south and west of the roundabout at the centre of the village was settled in late Victorian and Edwardian times, with many grand and opulent villas. An area developed at about the same time on an odd shaped piece of land to the south of the Tavistock road is known as Leg o' Mutton Corner. At the beginning of the Second World War, an airfield (RAF Harrowbeer) was constructed at adjacent Harrowbeer as"}, {"context": "a fighter station for the air defence of Devonport Dockyard and the Western Approaches. A 19th century terrace of houses, now mostly converted into shops, had to have its upper storey removed to provide an easier approach. One tall building which was not altered was St. Paul's Church, but the tower was hit by a plane, resulting in a warning light being fitted. The layout of the runways is still very clear and although they are substantially grassed over, the many earth and brick protective bunkers built to protect the fighters from attack on the ground are all still in"}, {"context": "place. Some American airmen and anti-aircraft battery units were stationed here during the second half of the war. A plane carrying President Roosevelt landed here when its original destination was fogbound. To the south of the village is Langton Park, home of Yelverton Bohemians Cricket Club and about 0.5 km south is the accurately named Moorland Garden Hotel serving the Yelverton Golf Club where most of the holes run well down the open moorland to the east. There are several bed and breakfasts in Yelverton, serving the many walkers and visitors to National Trust properties in the area. Seth Lakeman,"}, {"context": "the Mercury Music Prize nominee, comes from Yelverton. Former Sadlers Wells Ballet star Maureen Bruce lives in Yelverton. The present Ravenscroft Care Home was built as a private house but in the 1930s became Ravenscroft School and during the Second World War was the officers' mess of RAF Harrowbeer. Yelverton, Devon Yelverton is a large village on the south-western edge of Dartmoor, Devon, in England. When the village's railway station (on the Great Western Railway (GWR) line from Plymouth to Tavistock) opened in the 19th century, the village became a popular residence for Plymouth commuters. The railway is now closed,"}]}, {"title": "Gigwise", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Gigwise Gigwise is a British online music news site that features music news, photos, album reviews, music festivals, concert tickets and video content. Founded in June 2001, the site is based in London, England. The site was launched in 2001 in Liverpool as a gig listings site. Over time, the site evolved into a music news site including reviews and interviews in its content. In 2006, the site relocated its main office to London. It was the UK's 20th most-visited music news website in Dec 2010 ranking above NME.COM in the comScore reports. The site hosted the Indie Idle band"}, {"context": "competition for the Camden Crawl festival in 2007, 2008 and 2009. Gigwise also launched Snowbombing festival's King of the Mountain unsigned band competition in 2009. The winning band, I Am Austin, won \u20ac2000 and a headline slot at the festival. In April 2011, Gigwise launched a monthly club night at XOYO with Young Knives playing an album launch. Gigwise also had their own arena at the June 2011 Get Loaded In The Park in London. The acts appearing at the Gigwise Stage were Yelle, O Children, Darwin Deez, Babeshadow, and Alpines. In May 2011, Liverpool Sound City also hosted a"}, {"context": "Gigwise stage at the O2 Academy Liverpool with Scottish rockers The View headlining. In 2010 Viagogo was made Gigwise's ticketing partner, along with Popdash.com and Taletela.com. In 2011, Giant Digital in-house designers and developers began a redesign of Gigwise with the objective to create a visually simplified appearance. The site redefined its usability to accompany a new generation of users. Web Designer Michael Pumo at Branch told Music Week the new design is \"bold, unpretentious and straight-forward\" and that improvements will increase usability on touch devices like the Apple iPad. Gigwise is one of six sister sites which were also"}, {"context": "launched as part of the Giant Digital network; Other sites include Entertainmentwise, Popdash, Taletela, Tellygossip, and in 2011 Muveez with Alex Winehouse, brother of Amy Winehouse, serving as Chief Editor. Gigwise hosted the \"best song\" award at the BT Digital Music Awards at the Camden Roundhouse, where the winner was Jessie J's \"Price Tag\" featuring B.o.B. In 2012 Gigwise became of the two only media partners for the Strummer Of Love festival held in Somerset in aid of the late Joe Strummer with all the proceeds going to the Strummerville charity which helps young people in music who would not"}, {"context": "normally get opportunities in music. Gigwise was nominated in the 'Best Music Media Brand' category of the 2013 Music Week awards. Gigwise Gigwise is a British online music news site that features music news, photos, album reviews, music festivals, concert tickets and video content. Founded in June 2001, the site is based in London, England. The site was launched in 2001 in Liverpool as a gig listings site. Over time, the site evolved into a music news site including reviews and interviews in its content. In 2006, the site relocated its main office to London. It was the UK's 20th"}]}, {"title": "18th New Zealand Parliament", "paragraphs": [{"context": "18th New Zealand Parliament The 18th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the New Zealand Parliament. It was elected at the 1911 general election in December of that year. The Second Ballot Act 1908 was used for the 1911 general election. The first ballot was held on Thursday, 7 December in the general electorates. The second ballots were held one week later on 14 December. The Second Ballot Act did not apply to the four M\u0101ori electorates and the election was held on Tuesday, 19 December. A total of 80 MPs were elected; 42 represented North Island electorates, 34"}, {"context": "represented South Island electorates, and the remaining four represented M\u0101ori electorates. 590,042 voters were enrolled and the official turnout at the election was 83.5%. The 18th Parliament sat for four sessions (there were two sessions in 1912), and was prorogued on 20 November 1914. The Liberal Government of New Zealand had taken office on 24 January 1891. Joseph Ward formed the Ward Ministry on 6 August 1906. The Ward Ministry remained in power until Ward's resignation as Prime Minister in March 1912. The Liberal Party remained in power only on the casting vote of the Speaker, Arthur Guinness, selected Thomas"}, {"context": "Mackenzie as Prime Minister and he formed the Mackenzie Ministry on 28 March 1912. In July 1912, Mackenzie lost a vote of no confidence, resigned as Prime Minister and handed over to William Massey of the Reform Party, bringing to an end the long reign of the Liberal Party. The Massey Ministry lasted for the remainder of the parliamentary term. There were a number of changes during the term of the 18th Parliament. 18th New Zealand Parliament The 18th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the New Zealand Parliament. It was elected at the 1911 general election in December"}]}, {"title": "Ba Jin", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ba Jin Li Yaotang (25 November 190417 October 2005), better known by his pen name Ba Jin, was a Chinese author and political activist best known for his novel \"Family\". He is considered to be one of the most important and widely read Chinese writers of the 20th century. Ba Jin's son Li Xiao is also a fiction writer. Born in Chengdu, Sichuan, Li was born into a scholarly family of officials. His paternal grandfather ruled the large, five generation-tiered household with an autocratic hand, which young Li found stifling, not unlike that depicted in his famous novel, \"The Family\"."}, {"context": "As a child Li was taught to read and write first by his mother, and later by privately engaged house tutors. It was not until the death of this grandfather in 1917, causing a power struggle which ended with an elder uncle emerging victorious, that he was released to explore the world. As a youngster Li read widely and was deeply influenced by Piotr Kropotkin's famous pamphlet, \"An Appeal to the Young\", which he read at age fifteen. Hugely impressed by Emma Goldman, whom he later referred to as his \"spiritual mother\", Li started a lifelong correspondence with her. In"}, {"context": "1920, Li enrolled, with an elder brother, in the Chengdu Foreign Language Specialist School to study English. It was there he first engaged in the organization of literary journal \"Crescent\" and wrote a number of vers libre. Joining an anarchist organization, the Equality Society, Li became its most prominent member, actively distributing propaganda leaflets. Three years later, Li moved to Shanghai and subsequently to Dongnan University, Nanjing on the pretext of study, but mainly, as he put it, to escape the feudalistic (fengjian) influence of his family. There he managed to master Esperanto within one year of diligent study and"}, {"context": "took part in leftist socialist strikes, while remaining active in the anarchist movement, writing a pamphlet on the Chicago Anarchist Martyrs. On graduation, he left on board a liner on February 15, 1927, with a friend for Paris, France, for further studies, where he lodged at the 5th arrondissement (three months at Rue Banville, then Rue Tournefort, No. 2). He described his life there as boring and monotonous, taking daily afternoon walks at the Jardin du Luxembourg and evening French lessons at Alliance Francaise. He recalled especially Rousseau's statue at the Panth\u00e9on (\"I almost knelt before it...he whom Tolstoy described"}, {"context": "as the conscience of the 18th century\"), the River Seine and the tollings of the Notre Dame. It was partly owing to boredom when Li began to write his first novel, \"Miewang\" (\u201cDestruction\u201d) on a jotterbook. In France, Li continued his anarchist activism, translated many anarchist works, including Kropotkin's \"Ethics\", into Chinese, which was mailed back to Shanghai anarchist magazines for publication. Alexander Berkman was one of many anarchist leaders he met there. The trials of Italian immigrants Sacco and Vanzetti filled the fervent writer with anger and Ba Jin worked tirelessly to champion their release. Vanzetti apparently was moved"}, {"context": "enough to reply to the young man from his American prison, with a package of anarchist texts for his readings. Their short correspondence ceased when Vanzetti was executed, along with Sacco, on August 23, 1927. Li published in late 1932 the short story \"The Electric Chair\" (\u7535\u6905) to protest against their execution. On his return to Shanghai in 1928, Ba Jin continued writing and working on translations. His first novel, \"Destruction\", was released serially by \"Fiction Monthly\" in 1929, a foremost literary magazine, and earned him many admirers. During the next 10 years, Li acted as editor to several important"}, {"context": "publishing firms and periodicals, as well as composing the works which he is best known for \u2013 \"The Family\" (1931), The Love Trilogy \"Fog\" (1931), \"Rain\" (1933) and \"Lightning\" (1935), the novellas \"Autumn in Spring\" and \"A Dream of the Sea\", the short story collection \"Mengya\" (\u201cGermination\u201d) and prose writings in \"Fuchou\" (\"Vengeance\") and \"Shen, Gui, Ren\" (\"Gods, Ghosts and Men\"). During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Ba Jin was actively involved in propaganda work against the Japanese invasion, working on the publication \"Nahan\" (\u201cOutcries\u201d, later renamed \"Fenghuo\", \u201cBeacons\u201d) with Mao Dun. In the later stages of the war, Ba Jin"}, {"context": "completed the famous Torrents Trilogy \u2014 of which \"The Family\" (1931) was the first written \u2014 with \"Spring\" (1938) and \"Autumn\" (1940). Other works of the post-war period, like the short novels \"A Garden of Repose\" (1944), \"Ward Four\" (1946) and \"Cold Nights\" (1947), contain some of his strongest writing. He ceased fiction writing after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, choosing to concentrate on nonfiction instead. During the Cultural Revolution, Ba Jin was heavily persecuted as a counter-revolutionary. His wife, Xiao Shan, died during the Revolution after being denied medical care, and the manner of her death"}, {"context": "traumatized Ba Jin for the rest of his life. He was rehabilitated in 1977, after which he was elected to many important national literary posts, including chairman of the Chinese Writers' Association (since 1983). The most significant work of his later years is probably the discursive writings in \"Suixiang Lu\" (translated as \"Random Thoughts\", five volumes, composed between 1978 and 1986), in which, among other things, he reflected on the Cultural Revolution in a painfully honest manner and asked specifically for a Cultural Revolution Museum to be set up as a deterrent for future generations. He spoke and advocated Esperanto"}, {"context": "and in the 1980s was the vice-president of the Chinese Esperanto League. Ba Jin's works were heavily influenced by foreign writers, including \u00c9mile Zola, Ivan Turgenev, Alexandr Herzen, Anton Chekhov, and Emma Goldman, and a substantial amount of his collected works are devoted to translations. His writing style, characterized by simplicity, avoids difficult, abstruse words, making him one of the most popular of all modern Chinese writers. Ba Jin suffered from Parkinson's Disease beginning in 1983, and the ailment almost completely debilitated him in his later years. The illness confined him to a hospital unable to speak and walk during"}, {"context": "the last few years of his life. Ba Jin died of cancer in Shanghai at the age of 100 (101 by Chinese reckoning) in 2005. His death marked the end of an era for Chinese literature, especially since he was the last major writer to live through the May Fourth Movement. He received the Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize in 1990. Asteroid 8315 Bajin is named in his honour. Ba Jin Li Yaotang (25 November 190417 October 2005), better known by his pen name Ba Jin, was a Chinese author and political activist best known for his novel \"Family\". He is"}]}, {"title": "Muriel Baillie", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Muriel Baillie Muriel \"Fluff\" Baillie (July 4, 1935 \u2013 September 22, 2018) was a Canadian politician. She represented the electoral district of Pictou West in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1999 to 2003. She was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia. Baillie was born in 1935 at River John, Nova Scotia, and educated at the Nova Scotia Normal College for Teachers. A retired school principal in River John, Baillie was the Progressive Conservative candidate for Pictou West in the 1999 provincial election. She defeated New Democrat incumbent Charlie Parker by 147 votes to win"}, {"context": "the seat. She served as a backbench MLA in John Hamm's government in the 58th General Assembly of Nova Scotia, and did not seek re-election in 2003. Baillie died on September 22, 2018. Muriel Baillie Muriel \"Fluff\" Baillie (July 4, 1935 \u2013 September 22, 2018) was a Canadian politician. She represented the electoral district of Pictou West in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1999 to 2003. She was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia. Baillie was born in 1935 at River John, Nova Scotia, and educated at the Nova Scotia Normal College for Teachers."}]}, {"title": "Siege of Aachen (1614)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Siege of Aachen (1614) The Siege of Aachen took place in late August 1614, when the Spanish Army of Flanders, led by Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases, marched from Maastricht to Germany to support Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg, during the War of the J\u00fclich Succession. Despite its status as a free imperial city, Aachen was under the protection of John Sigismund of Brandenburg, Neunburg's ally, and then rival, in the battle for the United Duchies of J\u00fclich-Cleves-Berg. In 1611, the Protestant population of Aachen had revolted against the Catholic city council and had seized power. When"}, {"context": "the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, observing the Peace of Augsburg, had ordered the previous state to be restored, the Protestants had allied themselves with the Margraviate of Brandenburg. The unexpected arrival of a Spanish army at the gates of the city, however, caused the Protestants to lose courage and surrender Aachen to Spinola. A Catholic garrison was installed and a process of re-Catholicization began. Aachen was a free imperial city of importance from the times of Charlemagne to the 16th century. It was the place of coronation of the King of the Germans until Maximilian II was crowned in"}, {"context": "Frankfurt in 1562. Since then, Aachen went into a slow decline. A mainly Catholic city at the time of the Peace of Augsburg, it became religiously divided in the 1560s through the immigration of Protestant refugees from the Netherlands as a consequence of the Spanish persecution during the Dutch revolt. By the 1570s Aachen's population numbered 12,000 Catholics and 8,000 Protestants. The city council and the Emperor tried to exclude the Protestants from political participation in 1581, but thanks to the economic influence of many of the Protestant citizens, Catholics were forced to allow them access to the city council."}, {"context": "As jurisdiction over Aachen was claimed by the Duke of J\u00fclich and the Bishop of Liege, both of them Catholics, the Catholic population appealed to the first, who complained to Emperor Rudolf II, claiming that his ecclesiastic rights over Aachen had been violated. In 1593 the Reichshofrat declared that the city council could not change the religious status of Aachen, and therefore the Calvinists had to be expelled from the council. When they tried to resist, Rudolf outlawed the city and gave the Archduke Albert, governor of the Spanish Netherlands, the task of enforcing his decision. The subsequent re-Catholicization of"}, {"context": "the city was conducted by the Archbishop of Cologne. In 1611, during the War of the J\u00fclich Succession, the Elector of Brandenburg and the Duke of Palatinate-Neuburg, claimants of the J\u00fclich heirdom in opposition to the Catholic Leopold V, Archduke of Austria, organized Protestant religious services in the nearby villages of Stolberg and Weiden. In response, the city council of Aachen imposed a fine on those inhabitants who attended these services. Five citizens were detained for ignoring the town's decree and banished as they refused to pay the fine. This caused a riot against the council on 5 July. The"}, {"context": "Catholic counsellors were expelled and many Catholic buildings were sacked. The rebels assaulted the church and the college of the Jesuits, smashed the altars and images, and held a mock mass dressed in priestly garments. One priest was injured and eight others dragged to the city council. A new Protestant council was established and appealed for support to John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, the new Duke of Cleves-Mark. Rudolf II ordered the princes of Brandenburg and Palatinate-Neuburg to restore the previous religious and political situation of Aachen under the menace of a ban. The Protestants, however, ignored the command and"}, {"context": "seriously wounded an Imperial commissary sent to implement the Emperor's edict. In May 1612, elections were held and Calvinists took the control of the town council. In 1613, as disputes over the J\u00fclich succession continued, one of the claimants, Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg, converted to Catholicism and gained the support of Spain and of the Catholic League of Germany. On 20 February 1614, Emperor Matthias ordered the restoration of Catholic rule in Aachen, allowing the Spanish Army of Flanders under Ambrogio Spinola to intervene. Fearing an attack, the town council requested help from the Elector of Brandenburg, who"}, {"context": "sent several hundred soldiers under general Georg von Pulitz to reinforce the local militia. The city gates were manned and partly walled-up. The Spanish preparations to intervene in the succession dispute alarmed the Dutch statholder Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, who supported John Sigismund of Brandenburg, and knew that the Spanish intervention would destabilize the course of succession. In the middle of June, William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg warned Prince Maurice that the Spaniards already had 9,800 men ready for field service, and that they would soon be joined by a further force of 13,200 men. With the imminent"}, {"context": "Spanish threat, Maurice strongly reinforced the garrison of J\u00fclich with seven infantry companies, and an additional force of 2,000 men, for a possible siege. The situation was tense for the two sides. Maurice, with additional troops from towns that were not under serious threat, expected to be able to raise an army of 20,000 men, composed of 136 infantry companies and 40 cavalry companies. Meanwhile, Ambrogio Spinola was ready to start the campaign. His first movement was upon Aachen: In August 1614, Spinola advanced to Maastricht and its surroundings and established his camp with an army of 18,000 infantry, 2,500"}, {"context": "cavalry and 11 artillery pieces. From Maastricht, Spinola's army entered the Rhineland accompanied by Guido Bentivoglio, the papal nuncio at Brussels, and two Imperial commissaries. Luis de Velasco, general of the cavalry, opened the way with 600 cavalry, followed by four battalions of foot: one of Spaniards, one of Germans and Burgundians and two of Walloons. 600 other horses closed the march. To prevent Aachen from being relieved by the Dutch from J\u00fclich, Spinola detached what remained of his cavalry to block the road between the two cities. Two hours after its departure from Maastricht, the Spanish army appeared before"}, {"context": "Aachen. The city lacked modern fortifications and was surrounded by a single medieval wall. The Spanish troops took the hills which commanded the city, within musket-shot of the walls, and erected a battery to threaten the inhabitants and the 600-man Brandenburgian garrison. After several days of negotiations, and with little hope of reinforcements, the defenders surrendered the city to the Spanish army, to the great regret of Maurice, who could not arrive on time for relief. The 600 Brandenburg soldiers were allowed to leave Aachen with their flags and were replaced by 1,200 Catholic Germans under the Count of Emden."}, {"context": "Although the soldiers of the Spanish army, after several years of inactivity following the beginning of the Twelve Years' Truce (in 1609) with the Dutch Republic, expected to sack the city, Spinola forbade any looting and Spanish troops did not enter the town. The Catholic city council was restored, and, on 10 September, it issued an edict which gave the Protestant preachers three days to abandon the town, and six weeks for the non-citizen Anabaptists and other foreigners to do the same. From then on, only Catholic schools and schoolmasters were tolerated, books labeled as heretics were banned, meat dishes"}, {"context": "were not allowed to be eaten in inns on the fast days, and a fitting homage was to be paid to the Holy Sacrament and relics when public processions were held. The people who took part in the 1611 rebellion were punished: in 1616 two ringleaders were executed, more than one hundred citizens who participated in the disturbances were exiled, and others were forced to pay a fine. After the capture of Aachen, Spinola took several towns and castles in the lands disputed by the claimants to the J\u00fclich heritage, including Neuss, M\u00fclheim, and the important German fortress-city of Wesel,"}, {"context": "whish was garrisoned by troops of Brandenburg, As a consequence, the Protestant position in the Rhineland was weakened despite Spinola deciding not to lay siege to J\u00fclich due to the city's strong defense and large garrison. Maurice of Nassau then marched on Rees with an estimated force of 18,000 men. Spinola subsequently established a position near Xanten, whereupon Spinola and Maurice started negotiations about a neutrality pact, leading to the Treaty of Xanten, which ended the War of the J\u00fclich Succession and all hostilities between Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg, and John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, until 1621. The"}, {"context": "territories of J\u00fclich-Berg and Ravenstein went to Wolfgang Wilhelm of Neuburg, while Cleves-Mark and Ravensberg went to John Sigismund. Spinola refused to give up the key fortress of Wesel, and further negotiations were necessary, but in the end a shaky peace was maintained. Siege of Aachen (1614) The Siege of Aachen took place in late August 1614, when the Spanish Army of Flanders, led by Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases, marched from Maastricht to Germany to support Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg, during the War of the J\u00fclich Succession. Despite its status as a free imperial city,"}]}, {"title": "1998 Wandhama massacre", "paragraphs": [{"context": "1998 Wandhama massacre The 1998 Wandhama killings refers to the murder of 23 Kashmiri Pandit Hindus in the town of Wandhama in Jammu and Kashmir on 25 January 1998. The victims included four children, nine women and 10 men. The attackers also demolished a Hindu temple and a house. The Lashkar-e-Taiba was blamed for perpetrating the massacre. Wandhama is a small town near Ganderbal in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The state had a minority population of Hindu Kashmiri Pandits, over a half of a million of whom fled from the Kashmir valley to the Hindu-majority region of Jammu"}, {"context": "after Islamic militancy erupted in Kashmir. On 25 January 1998, 23 Kashmiri Pandits living in the village of Wandhama were killed by unidentified gunmen. According to the testimony of one of the survivors of the incident, a 14-year-old Hindu boy named Vinod Kuman Dhar, the gunmen came to their house dressed like Indian Army soldiers, had tea with them, waiting for a radio message indicating that all Pandit families in the village had been covered. After a brief conversation they rounded up all the members of the Hindu households and then summarily gunned them down with Kalashnikov rifles. The massacre"}, {"context": "was allegedly committed by Abdul Hamid Gada of the Hizbul Mujahideen and was timed to coincide with the Shab-e-Qadar, the holiest night of the month of Ramzan, when believers stay awake until dawn. Gada was subsequently shot dead by Indian security forces in 2000. After the massacre, the local Hindu temple was destroyed, as were the houses of the Pandits. The day after the incident, agitating Kashmiri Pandits clashed with police in the Capital, New Delhi, when they broke barricades and tried to force their way to the National Human Rights Commission. At least 11 Kashmiri Pandits were injured when"}, {"context": "they were hit by water cannon. Indian Prime Minister Inder Kumar Gujral joined the mourners in Kashmir's Wandhama village on 28 January. The Prime Minister was accompanied by Governor General K V Krishna Rao, Chief Minister Farooq Abdullah and Union Minister for Environment Saifuddin Soz. He said: There were protests in several refugee camps where Kashmiri Pandits have been interred since their ethnic cleansing. 1998 Wandhama massacre The 1998 Wandhama killings refers to the murder of 23 Kashmiri Pandit Hindus in the town of Wandhama in Jammu and Kashmir on 25 January 1998. The victims included four children, nine women"}]}, {"title": "Conservation Ontario", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Conservation Ontario Conservation Ontario is the umbrella organization which represents all of the conservation authorities in Ontario. This nonprofit organization was founded in 1980/81. Conservation Ontario is the network of 36 Conservation Authorities. Conservation Authorities are local, watershed management agencies that deliver services and programs that protect and manage water and other natural resources in partnership with government, landowners and other organizations The 1946 Conservation Authorities Act provides the means by which the province and municipalities of Ontario could join together to form a conservation authority within a specific area - the watershed - to undertake programs of natural resource"}, {"context": "management. Conservation authorities are mandated to ensure the conservation, restoration and responsible management of Ontario's water, land and natural habitats through programs that balance human, environmental and economic needs. There are currently 36 conservation authorities in Ontario. Most management programs occur in parks known as \"conservation areas\". Key areas of Authority activity include: Conservation Ontario Conservation Ontario is the umbrella organization which represents all of the conservation authorities in Ontario. This nonprofit organization was founded in 1980/81. Conservation Ontario is the network of 36 Conservation Authorities. Conservation Authorities are local, watershed management agencies that deliver services and programs that protect"}]}, {"title": "Bhavnagar", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bhavnagar Bhavnagar is a city in the Bhavnagar district of the Saurashtra region of the Gujarat state of India. It was founded in 1724 by Bhavsinhji Gohil (1703\u20131764). It was the capital of Bhavnagar State, which was a Princely state before it was merged into the Indian Union in 1948. It is now administrative headquarter of the Bhavnagar district. Bhavnagar is situated 198 km from the state capital Gandhinagar and to the west of the Gulf of Khambhat. It has always been an important city for trade with many large and small scale industries along with the world's largest ship-breaking"}, {"context": "yard, Alang located 50 km away. Bhavnagar is also famous for its version of the popular Gujarati snack 'Ganthiya'. The Gohil Rajput of the Suryavanshi clan faced severe competition in Marwar. Around 1260 AD, they moved down to the Gujarat coast and established three capitals: Sejakpur (now Ranpur), Umrala, and Sihor. Sejakpur was founded in 1194. In 1722\u20131723, the forces led by Khanthaji Kadani and Pilaji Gaekwad attempted to raid Sihor but were repelled by Maharajah Bhavsinhji Gohil. After the war, Bhavsinhji realized the reason for repeated attack was the location of Sihor. In 1723, he established a new capital"}, {"context": "near Vadva village, 20 km away from Sihor, and named it Bhavnagar after himself. It was a carefully chosen strategic location because of its potential for maritime trade. Naturally, Bhavnagar became the capital of Bhavnagar State. In 1807, Bhavnagar State became a British protectorate. The old town of Bhavnagar was a fortified town with gates leading to other important regional towns. It remained a major port for almost two centuries, trading commodities with Mozambique, Zanzibar, Singapore, and the Persian Gulf. Bhavsinhji ensured that Bhavnagar benefited from the revenue that was brought in from maritime trade, which was monopolized by Surat"}, {"context": "and Cambay. As the castle of Surat was under the control of the Sidis of Janjira, Bhavsinhji brokered an agreement with them, giving the Sidis 1.25% of the revenue by Bhavnagar port. Bhavsinhji entered into a similar agreement with the British when they took over Surat in 1856. Whilst Bhavsinhji was in power, Bhavnagar grew from a small chieftainship to a considerably important state. This was due to the addition of new territories as well as the income provided by maritime trade. Bhavsinhji's successors continued to encourage maritime trade through Bhavnagar port, recognizing its importance to the state. The territory"}, {"context": "was further expanded by Bhavsinhji's grandson, Vakhatsinhji Gohil, when he took possession of lands belonging to Kolis and Kathis, obtained Rajula from the Navab Saheb Ahmad Khan, and merged Ghogha Taluka into the state. In 1793, Vakhatsinhji conquered the forts of Chital and Talaja, and later conquered Mahuva, Kundla, Trapaj, Umrala and Botad. Bhavnagar remained the main port of the state, with Mahuva and Ghogha also becoming important ports. Because of the maritime trade, the state prospered compared to other states. During the late 19th century, the Bhavnagar State Railway was constructed. This made Bhavnagar the first state that was"}, {"context": "able to construct its railway system without any aid from the central government, which was mentioned in The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Mr. Peile, a political agent, described the state as follows: \"With flourishing finances and much good work in progress. Of financial matters I need say little; you have no debts, and your treasury is full.\" Between 1870 and 1878, the state were put under joint administration, due to the fact that Prince Takhtsinhji was a minor. This period produced some notable reforms in the areas of administration, revenue collection, judiciary, the post and telegraph services, and economic policy."}, {"context": "The ports were also modernized. The two people who were responsible for those reforms were E. H. Percival of the Bombay Civil Service and Gaurishankar Udayshankar Oza, Chief Minister of Bhavnagar State Bhavnagar Boroz. In 1911, Maharani Nundkanvarba of Bhavnagar was awarded the Order of the Crown of India, the highest Imperial award for women of the Empire. The former princely state of Bhavnagar was also known as Gohilwad, \"Land of the Gohils\" (the clan of the ruling family). Until the independence of India in 1947, Bhavnagar was an independent state ruled by the Rajput Gohil family. In 1947, the"}, {"context": "Deputy Prime Minister of the newly independent Indian Union Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel undertook the ambitious and complex process of unifying 562 princely states with the Union of India. The last ruling Maharajah of Bhavnagar, Krishnakumar Sinhji handed over the administration of his Bombay State to the people's representative in 1948. Honorable Maharaja KrishnaKumar Sinhji was the First King of India whom surrender his state (all area) to make a United India, due to this reason Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was highly impressed by him and made him Governor of Madras State After Independence of India. The current royal family of Bhavnagar"}, {"context": "comprises Maharajah Vijayraj Singh Gohil and Maharani Samyukta Kumari, Prince Yuvraj Jaiveerraj Singh Gohil, and Princess Brijeshwari Kumari Gohil. The erstwhile royal family of Bhavnagar continues to lead an active role in the public eye as well as in business (hotels, real estate, agriculture, and ship-breaking) and is held in high regard by the population both in the city as well as areas that comprised the former princely state of Bhavnagar. Bhavnagar is a coastal city on the eastern coast of Saurashtra, also known as Kathiawar, located at . It has an average elevation of 24 metres (78 ft). It"}, {"context": "occupies an area of 53.3 km (20.6 sq mi). The general slope dips towards the northeast at the apex of Gulf of Khambhat. A small non-perennial river named Kansara Nala passes through the outer area of the city. Bhavnagar has a hot semi-arid climate (K\u00f6ppen: BSh), with hot, dry summers from March to mid-June, the wet monsoon season from mid-June to October (during which the city receives around of rain on average), and mild winters from November to February. The semi-arid classification is due to the city's high evapotranspiration. The average temperature from November to February is around , with"}, {"context": "low humidity. Due to proximity to the sea, the climate remains fairly humid throughout the year. The highest recorded temperature was on 26 May 1988, while the lowest recorded temperature was on 11 December 1973. The region of Saurashtra is a geologically active part of West India, and falls in the seismic zone 3 of the Zoning Map of the Bureau of Indian Standards. The region as a whole and the area around Bhavnagar, in particular, has been tectonically unstable. Between 9 August 2000 and 15 December 2000, there was a series of earthquakes in east Saurashtra with epicenters in"}, {"context": "Bhavnagar. 132 earthquakes between magnitude 0.5 to 3.8 were recorded. There were five earthquakes greater than magnitude 3, with a maximum magnitude of 3.8. These events were confined to an area which covered the southern part of Bhavnagar city and Tarsamiya village on the outskirts of the town. There was no loss of life recorded due to this earthquake. According to historical records, an earthquake of magnitude 7 occurred near Bhavnagar in February 1705. Earthquake swarm activity also occurred in and around Paliyad (60 km north of Bhavnagar) during July\u2013August 1938 for about two months, with four earthquakes of magnitude"}, {"context": "greater than or equal to 5 and a maximum magnitude of 6.0. Multiple town planning schemes were designed and implemented under the guidance of the progressive rulers of Bhavnagar. During the reign of Sir Takhtsinhji, the British State Engineer Proctor Sims supervised the construction of Barton Library, Sir Takhtsinhji Hospital. A few architectural examples include: Modern Bhavnagar comprises Takhteshvar Plots, Krishnanagar, Sardarnagar and surrounding area. During 1935\u20131937, Krishnanagar area was planned and developed by late Shri Virendrabhai C. Mehta, the official town planner for the State of Bhavnagar. In 1961, he extended his Krishnanagar plan towards Sardarnagar. In 1975, he"}, {"context": "created a master plan for Bhavnagar. A salient feature of town planning is to have gardens at the junction of roads. Gardens are located at Ghogha Circle, Mahila College Circle, Rupani Circle, Meghani Circle, Shivaji Circle, Sardarnagar Circle, Jewels Circle and Crescent Circle. The city of Bhavnagar was one of the earliest towns to have underground drainage in Gujarat, and was among the first cities in Gujarat to have a water filtration plant. When set up by Krushnakumarsinhji, the filtration plant was the largest in Asia. Bhavnagar has various schools and educational institutions. Nanabhai Bhatt, Gijubhai Badheka, Manbhai Bhatt (founder"}, {"context": "of Shishuvihar), Harbhai Trivedi, and Taraben Modak helped develop the rural and women's education. Samaldas Arts College where Mahatma Gandhi studied in 1884 is one of the oldest institutions to provide higher education. Some of the other institutions which provide higher education are Bhavnagar University, Shantilal Shah Engineering College, Government Engineering College, Bhavnagar. There are many schools in Bhavnagar city: Bhavnagar has also centre of attraction to worldwide because of its unique environment for research and development in area of salt and marine. The centre of research known as CSMCRI-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute. Industrial development in Bhavnagar"}, {"context": "district could be attributed to the presence of a large number of diamond cutting and polishing units, salt and marine chemicals, plastics, shipbuilding, and ship-breaking industries. Bhavnagar is an important center for the diamond cutting and polishing industry in Gujarat as well as India. Thousands of skilled diamond-polishing workers are employed in diamond-cutting and polishing firms, whose subsidiary offices are involved in cities like Surat, Mumbai, and Antwerp. Bhavnagar stands second in the diamond cutting and polishing industry after Surat in India, with 6,000 units operating from the district and employing more than 300,000 people. Bhavnagar's commercial importance is enhanced"}, {"context": "by its proximity to the Gulf of Cambay and the Arabian Sea. Bhavnagar is the largest producer of salt, with 34,500 tons of salt being produced annually in the district. The Alang ship breaking yard is the biggest in the world, recycling about 50% of the salvaged ships of the world. This has also helped develop supporting industries, such as oxygen bottling plants, re-rolling mills, and induction furnaces. Bhavnagar manufactures fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) boats and steel vessels at the shipbuilding facility of Alcock Ashdown (Gujarat) Ltd. The prominent industries located in Bhavnagar are Alcock Ashdown (Government of Gujarat undertaking),"}, {"context": "Tamboli Castings Limited, Excel, SteelCast Bhavnagar, Investment & Precision Castings, and Sound Build Care Pvt Ltd. Ruvapari Road and Nari Road are areas where most industries are clustered. Bhavnagar has about 150 units manufacturing plastic monofilaments, and more than 400 units manufacturing plastic cloth, twine, ropes, films, and multifilament yarn. Some sections of the society depend on agriculture for their livelihood. The city is a prominent trading post for cotton products. There are 112 medium and large scale industries located in Bhavnagar district. The district has 10,080 SSI units with employment of 49,587 involving a total investment of 28,955 lakhs"}, {"context": "(USD 70.62 million). Around 4,460 SSI units are present in Bhavnagar taluka, witnessing investments to the tune of 995.6 million (USD 24.28 million). Other industries are repairing and servicing, textiles, chemicals, glass and ceramics, and wood products. As per the Industrial Entrepreneur Memoranda (IEMs) filed, the total investment during 1988\u20131997 was 2,693 Crore (USD 657 million), and during 1998\u20132007 investments worth 47.75 billion (USD 1,164.6 million) were undertaken. Around 87% of the investments during 1998\u20132007 has been contributed by infrastructure projects, and the cement and gypsum, and chemicals sectors, while 89% of the investments during 1988\u20131997 was contributed by industries"}, {"context": "such as chemicals, cement, and gypsum. Miscellaneous machinery and engineering sector showed an increase in a number of units while chemicals, plastic, and food processing industries showed remarkable growth in investments during 1998\u20132007. Infrastructure sector attracted the highest investment of 2,200 Crore (USD 536.5 million) contributing 46% to total investments generated during 1998\u20132007. The next highest investment was generated by cement and gypsum sector of 1,637 Crore (USD 399.26 million) growing by 39% and contributing 34% to the total investments. The highest employment was generated by the chemical sector creating 3,997 jobs contributing 36% to the total jobs created. Food"}, {"context": "processing industries grew by over 250 times during 1998\u20132007 with an investment of 790 million (USD 19 million). A total of 11 (Memorandum of Understanding) MoUs were signed during Vibrant Gujarat Global Investor Summits (VGGIS) 2003, 2005 and 2007, in several sectors such as ports, power, agricultural and food processing, tourism, and mineral-based industries. The power sector witnessed investments of over 40 billion (USD 975.60 million) during VGGIS 2003 and 2005 by Nirma Chemicals Limited and Gujarat Petro Chemical Limited respectively. The maximum number of MoUs were signed in relation to the port sector during 2003 and 2005 in the"}, {"context": "district. Gujarat State Petronet Corporation (GSPC), has signed an MoU during Vibrant Gujarat 2007, for the privatisation of Bhavnagar port. Major investments were witnessed in infrastructure projects during 1998\u20132007 which would further enhance the image of the district as a commercial region. Recent surge in the growth of food processing industries in the district has increased employment opportunities for the masses. Presence of Bhavnagar port has helped in catalysing the growth of industries, making it an important terminal for trade. Proximity with other major industrial hubs of the State, such as Ahmedabad and Rajkot has helped the district in attracting"}, {"context": "investments. Small scale industry sectors such as repairing and servicing, textiles, chemicals, glass and ceramics, and wood products are the supporting pillars of the economy providing numerous employment opportunities. Main crops: India census, Bhavnagar had a population of 593,768. Bhavnagar has an average literacy rate of 86%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 91% and female literacy of 80%. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. Adult males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Bhavnagar is well-connected to other cities of Gujarat such as Ahmedabad, Surat and Vadodara by road,"}, {"context": "with bus services operated by the state-owned transport corporation. VTCOS buses serves as a local transport in the city. Bhavnagar Terminus under the Bhavnagar railway division, serving the city, connect it to Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Surat, Vadodara, Mangalore, Kochi, Quilon, Trivandrum, Mumbai, New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Kakinada (Train No. 17203)and other major cities of India by rail road. Bhavnagar airport is connected to Mumbai by air links. Daily flights are currently operated by Alliance Air (India). Private auto rickshaws are other modes of transport within the city and nearby villages. Bhavnagar has several places and sites of interest to tourists"}, {"context": ": Bhavnagar had trade links with Southeast Asia, Africa, Arabia and ports of Red Sea since the early 18th century. The old port Bhavnagar Harbar was built by the state of Bhavnagar, and hosted a light beacon since 1860. This port was later modernised in 1930 under the supervision of J. Johnston, then port officer of Bhavnagar state. Wharfs, warehouses, and railway transportation were added. A new port, south of the old port, was built and made operational in the 1950s due to heavy silting at the location of the old port. This port also had a lighthouse, which was"}, {"context": "damaged in the 2001 earthquake. Bhavnagar lockgate, built in 1963 and the first of its kind in India when built, is one of the oldest bundar in the state, and is very useful to keep ships afloat during low tide. Bhavnagar has produced many reformists, thinkers, socialists, poets, writers, artists, educationists, and independence activists. Bhavnagar Bhavnagar is a city in the Bhavnagar district of the Saurashtra region of the Gujarat state of India. It was founded in 1724 by Bhavsinhji Gohil (1703\u20131764). It was the capital of Bhavnagar State, which was a Princely state before it was merged into the"}]}, {"title": "Karjat Junction railway station", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Karjat Junction railway station Karjat is a railway station on the Central line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway network. Karjat is a major rail terminus, connected via local trains to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Mumbai, Khopoli and Panvel. Regular shuttle trains run between Karjat and Pune. Located about halfway between Mumbai and Pune, the town is a famous stop to buy Vada pav, (a popular potato savoury originated from here) when travelling by train between the two cities. All long and short distance trains halt here. A new broad gauge railway has started between Karjat and Panvel and harbour railway line"}, {"context": "now stands extended up to Karjat. Karjat has a bus terminal near railway station in Bhisegaon. It is well connected to other cities in and around state by Maharashtra state owned passenger buses. Karjat Junction railway station Karjat is a railway station on the Central line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway network. Karjat is a major rail terminus, connected via local trains to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Mumbai, Khopoli and Panvel. Regular shuttle trains run between Karjat and Pune. Located about halfway between Mumbai and Pune, the town is a famous stop to buy Vada pav, (a popular potato savoury originated"}]}, {"title": "Broughton, Lancashire", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Broughton, Lancashire Broughton is a village and civil parish in the City of Preston, Lancashire, England, about north of Preston city centre. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 1,735, decreasing to 1,722 at the 2011 Census. The parish is included in Preston Rural East ward of Preston city council, and the Preston Rural division of Lancashire County council. The parish (historically also known as Broughton-in-Amounderness) was part of Preston Rural District throughout its existence from 1894 to 1974. In 1974 the parish became part of the Borough of Preston, which became a city in 2002. The"}, {"context": "manor of Broughton was originally part of the land owned by Earl Tostig and was later held by Uhtred the Saxon thegn whose family took the name Singleton. In the time of King John the manor was seized by Theobald Walter, but was restored to William Singleton by Henry III in 1261. It 1325 it was the home of Gilbert de Singleton. In the 16th century it was sold to the Langtons. The estate was gained, through marriage, by the Rawstornes in 1735. In the 1970s tithes were still being paid by the owner of Broughton Manor Farm to the"}, {"context": "church. About north of Preston there was a \"strong tower\", built of stone and surrounded by a moat fed by Sharoe Brook. It was taken down in 1800 and Broughton Tower Farm was erected on the site. During the 1930s, when water works were being carried out, the moat was filled in. At this time the owner of the farm, a Mr Rogerson, reported seeing several large foundation stones and oak posts, for the tower, still in good condition. There are three schools in Broughton: Broughton Pre-School was founded in 1968 and caters for children aged 2\u20138. Broughton Church of"}, {"context": "England Primary School is voluntary-aided and next to St John's Church. It was founded in 1590 and is the oldest primary school in the UK. The Church Cottage museum can be found in its grounds. Broughton High School caters for children aged 11\u201316 and is situated on Woodplumpton Lane. Situated on Whittingham Lane, the club has on-site, flood-lit facilities for tennis and bowls. The stage in the main hall is used by for performances by the Broughton Players. The club hall also hosts parish council meetings. There is evidence that the village has been home to a football club since"}, {"context": "the early 1900s. However the current club, Broughton Amateurs AFC, was formed in 1947 and they now play in the Mid-Lancashire Football League. During their 'glory years' of the late 1970s through the 1980s they were managed by ex-Preston North End & Birmingham City striker Eddy Brown. For more information view the Club's own website . The parish Church of St John Baptist is the centre of a large and busy Anglican community, with two satellite worship centres and a parish hall in Fulwood. The current vicar is Rev. Shaun Baldwin. The church tower, which dates from 1533, is the"}, {"context": "oldest working building in Preston and is currently undergoing restoration. The nave was replaced in 1826, while the chancel was added in 1906. There is evidence of a church having been on the site in the twelfth century, and the font is thought to be Saxon. The church choir of approximately 30 men and 30 boys is directed by John Catterall MBE. They sing at two Sunday services and on other occasions, except when on their annual tours to France and the Isle of Man. The civil parish also contains the Roman Catholic St Mary's Church, Fernyhalgh. Broughton telephone exchange"}, {"context": "was the UK's first Crossbar exchange. The current exchange building, which was extended at the front in the 1980s, was built for a field trial of Plessey's new 5005A crossbar exchange in 1964 replacing Broughton's manual exchange. The village was chosen due to its relative proximity to the Plessey factory and research centre at Edge Lane Liverpool. The Broughton C of E primary school is the oldest in the country, being built in 1590 Broughton, Lancashire Broughton is a village and civil parish in the City of Preston, Lancashire, England, about north of Preston city centre. According to the 2001"}]}, {"title": "Pangma", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Pangma Pangma [\u092a\u093e\u0919\u092e\u093e/\u1d56\u1d45\u02d0\u1d51\u1d50\u1d45\u02d0/] was once a village development committee and now is the fourth Khandbari Municipality Ward, in the Sankhuwasabha District, Kosi Zone, in eastern Nepal. There are four Pangmas namely, Gaireepangma(also known as Maaganwa or Masapten) the main Pangma,other Pangmas are in the west are Danda Pangma, Loke pangma and Yangkhrung Pangma. The village, having 90 percent of Lohorung Rais, speak Lohorung(their own mother tongue). Besides Lohorung, other caste includes Bramhan, Chhetri, Biswakarma,Kafley, Sarki and Damai. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5857 people living in 1202 individual households.The Northern part of"}, {"context": "Pangma is Sekaha or Sekha(\u0938\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0939\u093e, \u0938\u0947\u0916\u093e), mostly Gurung community (Ghondey or these days they also write Ghotane and Lamichhane), to the east is Malta,divided by a rivar Pangma khola or to the west is Shitalpati separated by Dhandebhir(\u0922\u0901\u0921\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0930) and Manebhanjyang in the south. The etiology of the word root \"Pangma\" comes from the word \"Pa\" means papa or father and \"Ma\" means mother to PaMa combined and gradually modified to Pangma. The people from Pangma are known as \"Pangmali\" (\u092a\u093e\u0919\u092e\u093e\u0932\u0940)and thought to be very brave and energetic are also the warrior group. So they are also known as \"kancho\"(means"}, {"context": "very brave and attacking) or \"Pangmali kancho\" referring to the person who does not fear of anything, to fight or for heavier physical work. This village has now three Primary schools, Sree Mangala Devi Prathamik Vidhayalay established in 1887(2044BS) at Gaireepangma,Sishu Syahar Kendra at Danda Pangma and another at Syamdamgaun at Lokepangma. Pangma is also in Taplejung of Mechi eastern Nepal. Pangma Pangma [\u092a\u093e\u0919\u092e\u093e/\u1d56\u1d45\u02d0\u1d51\u1d50\u1d45\u02d0/] was once a village development committee and now is the fourth Khandbari Municipality Ward, in the Sankhuwasabha District, Kosi Zone, in eastern Nepal. There are four Pangmas namely, Gaireepangma(also known as Maaganwa or Masapten) the main"}]}, {"title": "2018 Australian Labor Party National Conference", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2018 Australian Labor Party National Conference The 2018 Australian Labor Party National Conference will be the 48th triennial National Conference of the Australian Labor Party. It will take place in Adelaide from Sunday 16 to Tuesday 18 December 2018. Over 2,000 people are expected to attend. The conference was originally scheduled for 26\u201328 July. However, on 24 May, the Liberal Speaker of the House of Representatives, Tony Smith, announced that five by-elections \u2014 four were caused by the 2017-18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis \u2014 would be held on 28 July. Labor accused the Speaker of being \"disgraceful and sneaky\" over"}, {"context": "the timing, and announced that it would postpone the conference to enable the party to campaign. A week later, the new dates were announced. 2018 Australian Labor Party National Conference The 2018 Australian Labor Party National Conference will be the 48th triennial National Conference of the Australian Labor Party. It will take place in Adelaide from Sunday 16 to Tuesday 18 December 2018. Over 2,000 people are expected to attend. The conference was originally scheduled for 26\u201328 July. However, on 24 May, the Liberal Speaker of the House of Representatives, Tony Smith, announced that five by-elections \u2014 four were caused"}]}, {"title": "Euclid High School", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Euclid High School Euclid High School is a public high school in Euclid, Ohio, United States, a suburb of Cleveland in the northeast corner of Cuyahoga County. Originally named Euclid Senior High School, it was constructed in 1949 to replace the Euclid Central High School and Shore High School facilities. The school serves a community of approximately 49,000 residents, offering a wide range of programs from vocational education to college preparatory. Euclid High School was established in 1868 and was housed in a facility on School Street. The first high school building was built in 1894 and remained in service"}, {"context": "until 1913, when two new schools, Shore and Central, were completed. Both schools housed high school students in part of their respective buildings, but neither school was exclusively a high school. The current facility opened in late 1949 as Euclid Senior High School and had 1,850 students in grades 10\u201312 during the first school year. The plan for a single high school in Euclid had been the idea of superintendent Russell Erwine as far back as 1930, though plans were not finalized until 1945. The original building was designed in the shape of an \"E\", and has had expansions in"}, {"context": "1957, 1966, and 1972 as enrollment grew to as many as 3,000 students in three grades between 1965 and 1975. The building includes two swimming pools, two gymnasiums, an indoor track facility, weight rooms, a little theater, auditorium, planetarium, and a fully functional, self-contained library. Euclid's vocational programs includes automotive body repair, commercial art and cosmetology. Its technology program offers training in Cisco Systems and computer information systems. A major distinction in Euclid's format was the incorporation of Knowledgeworks Foundation, a school program funded by Microsoft founder Bill Gates. Essentially, the program divides Euclid High into six smaller 'schools'. This"}, {"context": "includes the School of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math, International Academy of Accelerated Achievement, The Professional Path, Euclid Academy of the Arts, Academy of Intellectual and Interpersonal Development, and Business and Communications School. Each section of the school focuses on its area of concentration. Yet due to enrollment changes in the district, (as report by Euclid Sun journal) these small schools ceased operations in the 2009-2010 school year, and consolidate back to the single high school concept. In the 1960s, it was one of the regions first to teach computer programming with its own IBM mainframe. Euclid High School activities"}, {"context": "include: Student Council, class cabinet, Key Club, The Euclidian (yearbook), The Survey (newspaper), The Eucuyo (literary arts journal), fall play, \"Big Show\" spring musical, spring play, Choral Masters, Varsity Chorale, choir, marching band, jazz band, orchestra, drill team, academic teams, National Honor Society, audio/visual club, poetry club, ski club, D.A.R.E., S.A.D.D., peer mediation, Future Educators of America, and NJROTC. Euclid High School also sponsors 21 varsity sports: baseball, boys/girls basketball, cheerleading, football, JROTC Raiders, boys/girls soccer, boys/girls tennis, softball, swimming and diving, track and field, cross country, volleyball, wrestling Euclid High School Euclid High School is a public high school"}]}, {"title": "The Great Illusion", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Great Illusion The Great Illusion is a book by Norman Angell, first published in the United Kingdom in 1909 under the title \"Europe's Optical Illusion\" and republished in 1910 and subsequently in various enlarged and revised editions under the title \"The Great Illusion\". In \"The Great Illusion\", Angell's primary thesis was, in the words of historian James Joll, that \"the economic cost of war was so great that no one could possibly hope to gain by starting a war the consequences of which would be so disastrous.\" For that reason, a general European war was very unlikely to start,"}, {"context": "and if it did, it would not last long. He argued that war was economically and socially irrational and that war between industrial countries was futile because conquest did not pay. J. D. B. Miller writes: \"The 'Great Illusion' was that nations gained by armed confrontation, militarism, war, or conquest.\" According to Angell, the economic interdependence between industrial countries would be \"the real guarantor of the good behavior of one state to another\", as it meant that war would be economically harmful to all the countries involved. Moreover, if a conquering power confiscated property in the territory it seized, \"the"}, {"context": "incentive [of the local population] to produce would be sapped and the conquered area be rendered worthless. Thus, the conquering power had to leave property in the hands of the local population while incurring the costs of conquest and occupation.\" Further, the nature of modern capitalism was such that nationalist sentiment did not motivate capitalists, because \"the capitalist has no country, and he knows, if he be of the modern type, that arms and conquests and jugglery with frontiers serve no ends of his, and may very well defeat them.\" Angell said that arms build-up, for example the naval race"}, {"context": "between England and Germany that was happening as he wrote the book in the 1900s, was not going to secure peace. Instead, it would lead to increased insecurity and thus ratchet up the likelihood of war. The only viable route to peace would be respect for international law, implemented in a world court, in which issues would be dealt with rationally and peacefully. \"The Great Illusion\" was a best-selling popular success and was quickly translated into eleven languages, becoming something of a \"cult\", spawning study groups at British universities \"devoted to propagating its dogma.\" The book was taken up by"}, {"context": "Viscount Esher, a courtier who was charged with remodeling the British Army after the Boer War. Also enamored of the book was Admiral John Fisher, the First Sea Lord, who called it \"heavenly manna\". Historian Niall Ferguson uses the receptiveness to the book of these paragons of the British military and naval establishments as evidence that it was not the pacifist work it superficially seemed to be, but instead a \"Liberal imperialist tract directed at German opinion\", with the aim of discouraging Germany from continuing its bid to become a great naval power, a program which had begun the fierce,"}, {"context": "and expensive, naval arms race between the United Kingdom and Germany. The fact that Angell was employed as editor of the \"Continental Daily Mail\" by Lord Northcliffe, a press baron whom Ferguson refers to as an \"arch-scaremonger\", is to Ferguson further evidence of a deeper, non-pacifist purpose to the book. It is sometimes said that the outbreak of World War I disproved Angell's argument in \"The Great Illusion,\" but Angell had not maintained that a war was impossible, rather that it would be futile. Although some aspects of Angell's argument have dated, his discussion of economic interdependence \"was important and"}, {"context": "innovative.\" A new edition of \"The Great Illusion\" was published in 1933; it added \"the theme of collective defence.\" Angell was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1933. Notes Bibliography Further reading The Great Illusion The Great Illusion is a book by Norman Angell, first published in the United Kingdom in 1909 under the title \"Europe's Optical Illusion\" and republished in 1910 and subsequently in various enlarged and revised editions under the title \"The Great Illusion\". In \"The Great Illusion\", Angell's primary thesis was, in the words of historian James Joll, that \"the economic cost of war was so great"}]}, {"title": "Richard H. Whiting", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Richard H. Whiting Richard Henry Whiting (January 17, 1826 \u2013 May 24, 1888) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois. He was the uncle of Rep. Ira Clifton Copley, and the grandfather of composer Richard A. Whiting. Born in West Hartford, Connecticut, Whiting attended the common schools. He moved to Altona, Illinois, in 1850, thence to Galesburg, Illinois, in 1860, where he built a gas works. During the Civil War he served in the Union Army as paymaster of Volunteers 1862-1866. He was appointed assessor of internal revenue for the fifth district of Illinois in February 1870, serving until May 20,"}, {"context": "1873, when the office was abolished. He was appointed collector of internal revenue for the same district May 20, 1873, with office at Peoria, Illinois, and served until his resignation on March 4, 1875, having been elected to Congress. Whiting was elected as a Republican to the Forty-fourth Congress (March 4, 1875 - March 3, 1877). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1876. He served as delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1884. He died in New York City, May 24, 1888. He was interred in Springdale Cemetery, Peoria, Illinois. Richard H. Whiting in \"Kansas: a cyclopedia\""}, {"context": "Richard H. Whiting Richard Henry Whiting (January 17, 1826 \u2013 May 24, 1888) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois. He was the uncle of Rep. Ira Clifton Copley, and the grandfather of composer Richard A. Whiting. Born in West Hartford, Connecticut, Whiting attended the common schools. He moved to Altona, Illinois, in 1850, thence to Galesburg, Illinois, in 1860, where he built a gas works. During the Civil War he served in the Union Army as paymaster of Volunteers 1862-1866. He was appointed assessor of internal revenue for the fifth district of Illinois in February 1870, serving until May 20,"}]}, {"title": "Nikki Henderson", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Nikki Henderson Nicola Henderson (born 1993) is a professional yachtswoman. In 2018, she became the youngest ever skipper to lead a team in the Clipper Round the World Yacht Race at the age of 25. Henderson began sailing aged 13. After spending a short period of time with the Sea Cadets, she decided to pursue a career in sailing. Following an apprenticeship with \"Girls for Sail\", an RYA approved UK/Caribbean sailing school, Henderson skippered three ARC Trans Atlantic races, twice as youngest skipper in the race. She has raced 3 Caribbean seasons, skippered the Caribbean 600, competed in two editions"}, {"context": "of the Fastnet Race, and gained further experience teaching and offshore racing in Europe, before her selection as skipper of \"Visit Seattle\" in the 2017/2018 Clipper Round the World Yacht Race. Two days after her 25th birthday Henderson, skippered Visit Seattle to second place in the 2017/2018 Clipper Round the World Yacht Race. She was the youngest skipper in the Clipper Round the World Yacht Race history. The same race saw Wendy Tuck become the first woman to win a round the world race. Henderson will be a guest skipper on \"Maiden\"'s global voyage in 2018 in support of The"}, {"context": "Maiden Factor Foundation. Henderson is the daughter of Conservative Minister of State for Skills and Apprenticeships Anne Milton. Nikki Henderson Nicola Henderson (born 1993) is a professional yachtswoman. In 2018, she became the youngest ever skipper to lead a team in the Clipper Round the World Yacht Race at the age of 25. Henderson began sailing aged 13. After spending a short period of time with the Sea Cadets, she decided to pursue a career in sailing. Following an apprenticeship with \"Girls for Sail\", an RYA approved UK/Caribbean sailing school, Henderson skippered three ARC Trans Atlantic races, twice as youngest"}]}, {"title": "Cai Cai Camp", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Cai Cai Camp Cai Cai Camp (also known as Cai Cai Special Forces Camp or Dan Chu Camp) is a former U.S. Army and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) base northwest of B\u00ecnh Th\u1ea1nh \u0110\u00f4ng on the Plain of Reeds in southern Vietnam. The base was established by the 5th Special Forces Group Detachment A-412 in April 1965 30 km northwest of B\u00ecnh Th\u1ea1nh \u0110\u00f4ng and 3 km from the Cambodian border. The camp was frequently a target for Vietcong fire and was severely damaged by flooding in 1965 and 1966. In 1967 Detachment A-412 was redesignated as"}, {"context": "Detachment A-431. On 18 January 1968 forces from Detachment A-431 engaged a Vietcong force near the camp and SGT Gordon Douglas Yntema would be posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the battle. The base was handed over to the ARVN 76th Border Rangers in September 1970. The base has been turned over to farmland and housing. Cai Cai Camp Cai Cai Camp (also known as Cai Cai Special Forces Camp or Dan Chu Camp) is a former U.S. Army and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) base northwest of B\u00ecnh Th\u1ea1nh \u0110\u00f4ng on the Plain"}]}, {"title": "Phil ya Nangoloh", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Phil ya Nangoloh Phil ya Nangoloh (born on 22 September 1954 in Ogongo in the Omusati region) is a Namibian human rights practitioner. He heads the organisation Namrights, formerly \"Namibia's National Society for Human Rights\" (NSHR). In search of better educational opportunities ya Nangoloh left Namibia in 1974. On his way into exile, he worked as a sheep and cattle herder in Angola and was later imprisoned in Zaire under the pretext of spying for Rhodesia. He was released at the request of Hisham Omayad of the United Nations Council for Namibia and transferred to SWAPO in Lusaka. In November"}, {"context": "1974 he became a member of the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN). Later ya Nangoloh was sent to the Soviet Union where he received military training and completed a degree in radio engineering. By a visit to Finland, he came under renewed SWAPO suspicion of espionage and before he was deported to SWAPO in Angola, he escaped from the Soviet Union. Then trying to apply for political asylum in Switzerland, failed. In 1981 he was deported to the U.S where he secured a grant as part of the UN Council for Namibia to study electrical engineering. The late 80s"}, {"context": "he returned to Namibia. There he was standing up, among other things for the release of detainees by SWAPO in exile. In 1989 he founded the National Society for Human Rights of Namibia (NSHR) now known as NamRights which has since extensively reported on a variety of human rights issues. Phil ya Nangoloh Phil ya Nangoloh (born on 22 September 1954 in Ogongo in the Omusati region) is a Namibian human rights practitioner. He heads the organisation Namrights, formerly \"Namibia's National Society for Human Rights\" (NSHR). In search of better educational opportunities ya Nangoloh left Namibia in 1974. On his"}]}, {"title": "Caroline Calloway", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Caroline Calloway Caroline Calloway (born December 5, 1991) is an American Instagram personality. She is known for posting autobiographical stories on her Instagram account \"@carolinecalloway\". Born in Falls Church, Virginia, Calloway now lives in London and New York. She is an alumna of Phillips Exeter Academy and a graduate of the University of Cambridge, where she studied History of Art at St Edmund's College, and obtained a low second class degree. In November 2015 \"Publishers Weekly\" confirmed that AND WE WERE LIKE had been sold to Penguin Random House in the United Kingdom, Macmillan Publishers in the United States, and"}, {"context": "Hugo & Cie in France. Calloway has previously stated that she has earnt $500,006 from selling the rights to her debut memoir. According to the publishing trade journal, her memoir will chronicle \"one American girl's experience at Cambridge University, complete with never-before-told stories of tumultuous romances, glamorous European balls, near academic failure, and the ups and downs of charting a path toward adulthood, expanding on her Instagram memoir.\" Caroline Calloway has been represented since 2015 by literary agent Byrd Leavell. On 14 July 2017, Calloway announced on Instagram that she would be pulling out of her book deal, returning $400,000"}, {"context": "to Macmillan Publishers and leaving her $100,000 in debt. In her Instagram story she gave the reasons for this decision, citing that the book outline was sexist, sold out her friends, and focused on obtaining a romantic relationship with a man as a happily ever after. She also felt that she had no creative control over the book, and her publishers required her to include exactly 142 images. Calloway said that \"\"I would apologise but I do not think that it is my fault for being born into a culture that equates artistic success with financial success. Or reduces female"}, {"context": "artists to stories about the boys they date. I'm just not going to be a part of it. Not anymore.\"\" On 7 August 2017, Calloway announced on her Instagram story that she \"\"Just woke up to the most dreamy news from my agent!!! Apparently Flatrion books are being absolute babes and not suing me for the $125,000 I owe them. They're just asking nicely that I pay them back and will let me give them a date in the future when they can expect the money! I'm not going to court! #blessed\"\". Calloway also stated that she owes her publishers"}, {"context": "$25,000 more than she thought she did. Caroline Calloway Caroline Calloway (born December 5, 1991) is an American Instagram personality. She is known for posting autobiographical stories on her Instagram account \"@carolinecalloway\". Born in Falls Church, Virginia, Calloway now lives in London and New York. She is an alumna of Phillips Exeter Academy and a graduate of the University of Cambridge, where she studied History of Art at St Edmund's College, and obtained a low second class degree. In November 2015 \"Publishers Weekly\" confirmed that AND WE WERE LIKE had been sold to Penguin Random House in the United Kingdom,"}]}, {"title": "Fred Webster (Australian footballer)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Fred Webster (Australian footballer) Fred Webster (19 April 1935 \u2013 17 December 2012) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Webster made three appearances in the 1955 VFL season, after making his debut in a win over Geelong on the Melbourne Cricket Ground. His two other games were against Footscray. The following season, Webster joined Sandringham in the Victorian Football Association, with whom he played until 1963. He was club captain from 1959, won the club's best and fairest award in 1961, and led Sandringham to their 1962 premiership. They came from"}, {"context": "44 points down in the Grand Final to win by a point. Fred Webster (Australian footballer) Fred Webster (19 April 1935 \u2013 17 December 2012) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Webster made three appearances in the 1955 VFL season, after making his debut in a win over Geelong on the Melbourne Cricket Ground. His two other games were against Footscray. The following season, Webster joined Sandringham in the Victorian Football Association, with whom he played until 1963. He was club captain from 1959, won the club's best and fairest award"}]}, {"title": "Matteo Brancaleoni", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Matteo Brancaleoni Matteo Brancaleoni (born May 31, 1981 in Milan, Italy) is an Italian contemporary pop/jazz singer, actor and journalist. Appreciated by Michael Bubl\u00e8 with whom he duetted live in Rome in 2007 during Bubl\u00e8\u2019s concert, Matteo Brancaleoni is an Italian jazz singer and interpreter of the Great American Songbook. He was voted among the ten best jazz singers by Italian readers of \"Jazzit\" magazine. He has collaborated Franco Cerri, Renato Sellani, Gianni Basso, and Fabrizio Bosso. The magazine \"Jazz Hot\" compared him to his idol, Frank Sinatra. In 2008 he wasa named Best New Talent at the Elba Jazz"}, {"context": "Festival. His debut album \"Just Smile\" and his second album \"Live in Studio\" were well received by audiences and critics nationally and internationally. \"Live in studio\" was for two weeks the best selling jazz album on iTunes and for six months his live performances were listed in the live recommended section by the Apple Store. \"New Life\" was conceived from an encounter with Roman writer and arranger Nerio Poggi (aka Papik), a writing partner with Mario Biondi in his last two albums. A journalist, member of IJJA (International Jazz Journalist Association), the IFJ(International Federation of Journalists), he wrote for \"Jazz"}, {"context": "Magazine\" and \"Millionaire.\" Matteo Brancaleoni Matteo Brancaleoni (born May 31, 1981 in Milan, Italy) is an Italian contemporary pop/jazz singer, actor and journalist. Appreciated by Michael Bubl\u00e8 with whom he duetted live in Rome in 2007 during Bubl\u00e8\u2019s concert, Matteo Brancaleoni is an Italian jazz singer and interpreter of the Great American Songbook. He was voted among the ten best jazz singers by Italian readers of \"Jazzit\" magazine. He has collaborated Franco Cerri, Renato Sellani, Gianni Basso, and Fabrizio Bosso. The magazine \"Jazz Hot\" compared him to his idol, Frank Sinatra. In 2008 he wasa named Best New Talent at"}]}, {"title": "Ashy prinia", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ashy prinia The ashy prinia or ashy wren-warbler (\"Prinia socialis\") is a small warbler. This prinia is a resident breeder in the Indian Subcontinent, ranging across most of India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and western Myanmar. It is a common bird in urban gardens and farmland in many parts of India and its small size, distinctive colours and upright tail make it easy to identify. The northern populations have a rufous rump and back and have a distinct breeding and non-breeding plumage while other populations lack such variation. These 13\u201314 cm long warblers have short rounded wings and longish"}, {"context": "graduated cream tail tipped with black subterminal spots. The tail is usually held upright and the strong legs are used for clambering about and hopping on the ground. They have a short black bill. The crown is grey and the underparts are rufous in most plumages. In breeding plumage, adults of the northern population are ash grey above, with a black crown and cheek with no supercilium and coppery brown wings. In non-breeding season, this population has a short and narrow white supercilium and the tail is longer. They are found singly or in pairs in shrubbery and will often"}, {"context": "visit the ground. In winter, the northern subspecies, \" P. s. stewartii\" Blyth, 1847, has warm brown upperparts and a longer tail and has seasonal variation in plumage. The other races retain summer plumage all year round. West Bengal and eastwards has race \"inglisi\" Whistler & Kinnear, 1933 which is darker slaty above than the nominate race of the Peninsula and deeper rufous on the flanks with a finer and shorter beak. The distinctive endemic race in Sri Lanka, \" P. s. brevicauda\" Legge, 1879, has a shorter tail and has the juveniles with yellowish underparts apart from a distinct"}, {"context": "call. This passerine bird is found in dry open grassland, open woodland, scrub and in home gardens in many cities. The northern limits of the species are along the Himalayan foothills extending into the upper Indus river system. The species is absent from the dry desert zone of the west of India and extends east into Burma. The Sri Lankan population is found mainly in the lowlands but going up into the hills to about 1600 m. Like most warblers, the ashy prinia is insectivorous. The song is a repetitive \"tchup, tchup, tchup\" or \"zeet-zeet-zeet\". Another call is a nasal"}, {"context": "\"tee-tee-tee\". It also makes a sound like \"electric sparks\" during its fluttery flight, which is thought to be produced by the wings (however, one author suggests that it is made by the beak). The non-migratory genus \"Prinia\" shows biannual moult, which is rare among passerines. A moult occurs in spring (April to May) and another moult occurs in autumn (October to November). Biannual moult is theorized to be favoured when ectoparasite loads are very high, however no investigations have been made. \"Prinia socialis\" moults some remiges twice a year and is termed to have a partially biannual moult, however some"}, {"context": "authors describe \"P. socialis socialis\" as having two complete moults. Birds stay in pairs but roost singly on the branch of a small tree or shrub. The song is sung from the top of a bush and males make fluttery display flights with the tail held up. The ashy prinia builds its nest close to the ground in a shrub or tall grass. Several types of nests have been described, including a flimsy cup made by sewing several large leaves, an oblong purse-like structure with grass stems inside it, and a flimsy ball of grass. The usual nest is built"}, {"context": "low in a bush and consists of leaves stitched together with webs, lined with hair and having an entrance on the side. It lays 3 to 5 glossy, somewhat oval-shaped eggs. They vary in colour from brick-red to rich chestnut. The broad end of the egg is generally darker than the remainder of the shell, and exhibits a cap or zone. The eggs measure 0.6 to 0.68 inches in length, and 0.45 to 0.5 in breadth. They hatch in about 12 days. The breeding season varies with locality and has been recorded around the year, but mostly after the monsoons."}, {"context": "In north India it is mainly June to September and in Sri Lanka mainly December to March or August to October. Breeds during May to June in the Nilgiris. The species is believed to be monogamous and both the male and the female take part in incubation and feeding though to varying extents. Parents may spend more time at the nest during cool days. The eggs hatch in about 12 days. Cuckoos \"Cacomantis merulinus\" and \"Cacomantis passerinus\" have been known to be brood parasites of this species. When the nest is threatened by predators such as cats, adults have been"}, {"context": "observed feigning injury. Rare cases of birds reusing material from a nest to build a nest at a new location have been noted. Ashy prinia The ashy prinia or ashy wren-warbler (\"Prinia socialis\") is a small warbler. This prinia is a resident breeder in the Indian Subcontinent, ranging across most of India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and western Myanmar. It is a common bird in urban gardens and farmland in many parts of India and its small size, distinctive colours and upright tail make it easy to identify. The northern populations have a rufous rump and back and have"}]}, {"title": "Barry O'Donnell", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Barry O'Donnell Barry O'Donnell is an Irish pediatric surgeon who worked at Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin in Dublin, who along with Prem Puri pioneered the sub-ureteric Teflon injection (STING) procedure for vesico-ureteric reflux. He was awarded the Urology Medal by the American Academy of Pediatrics, the first pediatric surgeon working outside the USA to be so honored. O'Donnell, a native of Cork, was educated at University College Cork graduating in 1949, training at Great Ormond Street Hospital in London and in Boston, USA. He has held posts at the Temple Street Children's University Hospital and National Children's"}, {"context": "Hospital, Harcourt Street (closed). He is also past president of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, former president of British Association of Pediatric Surgeons and former Chairman of the British Medical Journal. b. 1926 Cork, eldest son of Michael O\u2019Donnell and Kitty O\u2019Donnell (n\u00e9e Barry) Education: Christian Brothers College, Cork; Castleknock College, Dublin; University College Cork MB (hons) UCC, 1949; MCh, NUI, 1954, FRCSI, 1953; FRCS Eng 1953; FRCS Ed (ad hom) 1993; FRCP & S (Glas qua chir), 1999; FRCS Eng (Hon) 2007. Married 1959: Mary Leydon b.1933 \u2013 d.2015; (BA, BComm, BL) only child of John Leydon"}, {"context": "(KC St Gregory, DLitt, (the most senior civil servant of his day, described by Sean Lemass (Taoiseach 1959-66) as \u2018the ablest man I ever knew\u2019) and Nan Leydon (n\u00e9e Layden). 3 sons, John, Michael and Nicholas and 1 daughter, Catherine Barry O'Donnell Barry O'Donnell is an Irish pediatric surgeon who worked at Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin in Dublin, who along with Prem Puri pioneered the sub-ureteric Teflon injection (STING) procedure for vesico-ureteric reflux. He was awarded the Urology Medal by the American Academy of Pediatrics, the first pediatric surgeon working outside the USA to be so honored."}]}, {"title": "The Sentinel (KSU)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Sentinel (KSU) The Sentinel is the official student newspaper of the Kennesaw State University in Kennesaw, Georgia. As of the Fall semester of 2018, the Sentinel has a weekly circulation between 5,000 and 6,000, distributed to over 30 locations on the Kennesaw State University campus. The first issue of \"The Sentinel\" was published on October 3, 1966, shortly after the charter quarter of Kennesaw State. Robert McDearmid served as the charter editor in chief. The paper has printed continuously since its founding. It is published weekly during the school year, with limited issues during the summer semester. In 2005"}, {"context": "it was one of 25 collegiate newspapers to receive the Pacemaker award from the Associated Collegiate Press for the print edition, and was a finalist for its online edition. The length of any issue of \"The Sentinel\" is dependent upon the number of advertisements purchased and articles written for a given week. The paper is organized into four sections: The Sentinel (KSU) The Sentinel is the official student newspaper of the Kennesaw State University in Kennesaw, Georgia. As of the Fall semester of 2018, the Sentinel has a weekly circulation between 5,000 and 6,000, distributed to over 30 locations on"}]}, {"title": "Goh Liu Ying", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Goh Liu Ying Goh Liu Ying (born 30 May 1989) is a Malaysian professional badminton player. She has been consistently ranked among the top 10 mixed doubles player in the world with her partner, Chan Peng Soon. Together, they were ranked as high as world No. 3. They won the silver medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Goh was born on 30 May 1989 in Malacca to Goh Chak Whee and Yong Oi Lin. She has two younger brothers, Goh Qi Hao and Goh Qi Liang. She first started training in badminton at the age of 10. She enrolled into"}, {"context": "the Bukit Jalil Sports School when she was 13 years old. Goh began dating badminton player, Ong Jian Guo when they were 19 years old. In January 2017, the couple confirmed to have broken up after nine-year relationship. In 2009, Goh and Chan reached their first international tournament final at the Vietnam Open but were defeated by Flandy Limpele and Cheng Wen-hsing. At the 2009 Southeast Asian Games, she won gold in women's team event and bronze in mixed doubles event. In 2010, they came to prominence when they won the Badminton Asia Championships after defeating South Korean's Yoo Yeon-seong"}, {"context": "and Kim Min-jung in the final. At the 2010 Commonwealth Games, she won the gold medal in mixed team event. In the mixed doubles event, Goh and Chan lost the bronze medal match to Chayut Triyachart and Yao Lei. At the 2010 Asian Games they lost in the first round to eventual winner, Shin Baek-cheol and Lee Hyo-jung. In 2011, they were defeated by Indonesian pair, Tontowi Ahmad and Lilyana Natsir in the final of the Malaysia Open. They won the Bitburger Open by defeating Denmark's Thomas Laybourn and Kamilla Rytter Juhl. In 2012, they became the first Malaysian mixed"}, {"context": "doubles pair to reach the semi-finals of the All England Open but lost to Tontowi Ahmad and Liliyana Natsir. In the following month, they became the runner-up of Australia Open after losing to Chinese Taipei's Chen Hung-Ling and Cheng Wen-Hsing in the final. They gained their first ever Malaysia Open crown by beating Indonesian pair, Irfan Fadhilah and Weni Anggraini. Goh and Chan represented Malaysia at the 2012 Summer Olympics. They were the first ever Malaysian mixed doubles pair to qualify for the Olympic Games. They lost all three group matches and fails to progress to quarter-finals in their Olympics"}, {"context": "debut. In the same year, Goh and Chan won their first Super Series tournament at the Japan Open by beating Muhammad Rijal and Lilyana Natsir. In November 2012, they reached the final of China Open but were defeated by top seed, Xu Chen and Ma Jin in straight sets. They were ranked 3rd in the world at their career high at the end of 2012. In 2013, Goh decided to undergo knee surgery to fix her aggravating right knee. She underwent surgery in both her knees the following year. While she was recovering, Goh enrolled into a modelling academy and"}, {"context": "did some modelling for the sports of badminton. After a total of 11-month hiatus due to recovery, Goh resumed her partnership with Chan in 2015. They won three titles in 2015, the Polish Open, Russian Open and the Mexico Open. At the 2015 Southeast Asian Games, they won silver after losing to Indonesia's Praveen Jordan and Debby Susanto in a very tightly contested mixed doubles final. Goh also won silver in women's team event. In 2016, they became the runner-up of the inaugural edition of Thailand Masters after losing to unseeded Chinese pair, Zheng Siwei and Chen Qingchen in the"}, {"context": "final. In March, they clinched their first title of the year by winning the New Zealand Open. In April, they were defeated by Indonesian pair, Tontowi Ahmad and Lilyana Natsir in the final of the Malaysia Open. Goh and Chan qualified for 2016 Summer Olympics. They won their first two group stage matches but lost the third to Indonesian pair, Tontowi Ahmad and Liliyana Natsir. They finished as group runner-up and progress to quarter finals round. In the quarter finals, they beat Group B winner, Robert Mateusiak and Nadie\u017cda Zi\u0119ba of Poland. In the semi-finals, they beat China's Xu Chen"}, {"context": "and Ma Jin in straight sets to reach the final. In the final, they had to settle for silver medal after they were beaten by Tontowi Ahmad and Liliyana Natsir for the second time in the tournament. Despite the fact that Goh and Chan lost in the final, they made history as the first Malaysian mixed doubles pair to claim an Olympic medal. In March 2017, Goh and Chan become the first Malaysian mixed doubles pair to reach the All England Open final since 1955. In the final, Goh and Chan were defeated by 5th seed Lu Kai and Huang"}, {"context": "Yaqiong in 3 sets after a few controversial fault calls by the umpire against them. In April, Chan and Goh had to withdraw from semifinal of Indian Open due to Goh's injury. They later suffered first round loss to Edi Subaktiar and Gloria Emanuelle Widjaja in the Malaysia Open. In May 2017, Goh announced that she had an aggravating injury in her right shoulder and thus, she went to Halle in Germany for the surgery. She spent weeks to undergo her rehabilitation in Halle before returning to Malaysia in early July when she released her autobiography entitled \"I am Goh"}, {"context": "Liu Ying\". In November 2017, Goh partnered with Chen Tang Jie to win the India International Series. In January 2018, Goh resumed her partnership with Chan and they won the Thailand Masters. At the 2018 Commonwealth Games, she won the silver medal in mixed team event and the bronze medal in mixed doubles event. In December 2018,she announced her resignation from Badminton Association of Malaysia with her current partner Chan Peng Soon. \"Mixed doubles\" \"Mixed doubles\" \"Mixed doubles\" The BWF World Tour, announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018, is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by"}, {"context": "Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tour are divided into six levels, namely World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300 (part of the HSBC World Tour), and the BWF Tour Super 100. \"Mixed doubles\" The BWF Superseries, launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries has two levels: Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries features twelve tournaments around the world, which introduced since 2011, with successful players invited to the Superseries Finals held at the year end."}, {"context": "\"Mixed doubles\" The BWF Grand Prix has two levels: Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It is a series of badminton tournaments, sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF) since 2007. \"Mixed doubles\" \"Mixed doubles\" Goh Liu Ying Goh Liu Ying (born 30 May 1989) is a Malaysian professional badminton player. She has been consistently ranked among the top 10 mixed doubles player in the world with her partner, Chan Peng Soon. Together, they were ranked as high as world No. 3. They won the silver medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Goh was born on 30 May 1989 in Malacca"}]}, {"title": "Walter Edward Harris", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Walter Edward Harris Walter Edward Harris, (January 14, 1904 \u2013 January 10, 1999) was a Canadian politician and lawyer. Harris was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada as the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for the Ontario riding of Grey-Bruce in the 1940 election defeating Agnes MacPhail. Despite being a newly elected MP, he enlisted in the military and served for four years, seeing action in France during World War II. He served as parliamentary secretary to Louis St. Laurent when he was Secretary of State for External Affairs in the Mackenzie King cabinet. He continued as"}, {"context": "parliamentary secretary to St. Laurent when he became Prime Minister of Canada in 1948 until 1950 when St. Laurent brought Harris into the Canadian Cabinet. Harris served as Minister of Citizenship and Immigration until 1954 when he was promoted to Minister of Finance. He was Finance Minister during a period of great economic growth. During his term of office, he introduced the regulations permitting \"Registered Retirement Savings Plans\", which have become a staple of the financial planning of millions of Canadians. Before his 1956 budget speech, a journalist from the \"Montreal Gazette\" played a joke on a colleague from \"La"}, {"context": "Presse\" by pretending that he had received an advance copy of the budget by mistake. Harris was informed of this, and began to draft a letter of resignation until being informed that the whole story was a prank. Harris also served as Government House Leader from 1953 until 1957, and thus had to try to manage the government's dealings on the floor of the House of Commons during the 1956 Pipeline Debate. The government imposed closure on debate resulting in an outraged parliamentary opposition that complained of \"tyranny\", and public complaints that the government was acting in an arrogant manner."}, {"context": "Harris became a casualty of this, and lost his seat in the 1957 election that brought John George Diefenbaker to power. In 1958, he attempted a move to provincial politics and ran for the leadership of the Ontario Liberal Party. He led on the first ballot of the Ontario Liberal leadership convention but was defeated by fewer than fifty votes by John Wintermeyer on the third ballot. Following his defeat, Harris retired from politics and returned to his law practice. Mr. Harris was also president and later chairman of Victoria and Grey Trust. The public library in Markdale, Ontario is"}, {"context": "named after Walter Harris. There is also a school named after him, located in Oshawa, Ontario. This school is part of the Durham District school board and is French Immersion. Walter Edward Harris Walter Edward Harris, (January 14, 1904 \u2013 January 10, 1999) was a Canadian politician and lawyer. Harris was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada as the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for the Ontario riding of Grey-Bruce in the 1940 election defeating Agnes MacPhail. Despite being a newly elected MP, he enlisted in the military and served for four years, seeing action in France"}]}, {"title": "Ultra.Kultura", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ultra.Kultura Ultra.Kultura () was a Russian counterculture book publisher. In 2003 Ilya Kormiltsev founded publishing house \"Ultra.Kultura\" and managed it as the editor-in-chief since 2003 until his death in 2007. Ultra.Kultura became notorious in 2004, when Russian authorities accused it with propaganda of drug use and terrorism. In 2006 all copies of the combined Ultra.Kultura edition of Adam Parfrey's \"Apocalypse Culture\" and \"Apocalypse Culture II\" were sought by authorities, and most were seized and submitted to flames, owing to the book's inclusion of an essay by David Woodard that was alleged to promote recreational ketamine use. Ultra.Kultura was known for"}, {"context": "publishing \"controversial\" authors and books related to far-left and far-right extremism. Ultra.Kultura published essays of National Bolshevik Party leader Eduard Limonov when he was imprisoned. Other notable authors include : Ultra.Kultura Ultra.Kultura () was a Russian counterculture book publisher. In 2003 Ilya Kormiltsev founded publishing house \"Ultra.Kultura\" and managed it as the editor-in-chief since 2003 until his death in 2007. Ultra.Kultura became notorious in 2004, when Russian authorities accused it with propaganda of drug use and terrorism. In 2006 all copies of the combined Ultra.Kultura edition of Adam Parfrey's \"Apocalypse Culture\" and \"Apocalypse Culture II\" were sought by authorities, and"}]}, {"title": "Ichiro\u0304 Arishima", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ichir\u014d Arishima Arishima's real name was Tadao Oshima. He was born in Nagoya and both of his parents died when he was a teenager. His love of the theater began in childhood, and he moved to Tokyo in 1936 to pursue that interest. He spent the next decade working with various theatrical troupes until he made his film debut in 1947, with Shochiku Studios' \"Wakaki hi no chi wa moete\". He became a household name in Japan after his move to Toho in 1955. At Toho he was featured in two very popular series, the \"Wakadaisho\" (\"Young Guy\") movies starring"}, {"context": "Y\u016bz\u014d Kayama, and the \"Shacho\" (\"Company President\") movies featuring the Crazy Cats (\u30af\u30ec\u30fc\u30b8\u30fc\u30ad\u30e3\u30c3\u30c4) comedy team. In addition to Ishir\u014d Honda's \"King Kong vs. Godzilla,\" Arishima appeared in two Toho fantasy films directed by Senkichi Taniguchi: \"The Lost World of Sinbad\" (Daitozoku) (1963) and \"The Adventure of Taklamakan\" (Kiganj\u014d no b\u014dken) (1966). Arishima's slight physical build contrasted well with the portly comedian Frankie Sakai, leading to their teaming in several comedies. He was also popular on several television shows, one of his last roles being \"Kan\u014d Gor\u014dzaemon,\" the elderly advisor to the shogun in \"Abarenb\u014d Sh\u014dgun\". Tucker, Guy. (1991) \"In Memoriam:"}, {"context": "Ichiro Arishima; Curtain call for the Japanese Chaplin\" in \"Markalite; The Magazine of Japanese Fantasy\" Fall 1991, p. 91. Ichir\u014d Arishima Arishima's real name was Tadao Oshima. He was born in Nagoya and both of his parents died when he was a teenager. His love of the theater began in childhood, and he moved to Tokyo in 1936 to pursue that interest. He spent the next decade working with various theatrical troupes until he made his film debut in 1947, with Shochiku Studios' \"Wakaki hi no chi wa moete\". He became a household name in Japan after his move to"}]}, {"title": "Buchegg", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Buchegg Buchegg is a municipality in the district of Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Tscheppach, Br\u00fcgglen, Aetingen, Aetigkofen, Bibern (SO), Gossliwil, Hessigkofen, M\u00fchledorf (SO), K\u00fcttigkofen and Kyburg-Buchegg merged into the municipality of Buchegg. Aetigkofen is first mentioned in 1034 as \"Etikhouen\". Aetingen is first mentioned in 1267 as \"Etinge\". Bibern is first mentioned in 1366 as \"ze Bibron\". Br\u00fcgglen is first mentioned in 1249 as \"Bruglon\". Gossliwil is first mentioned in 1246 as \"Gosseriswile\". In 1276 it was mentioned as \"Goselwyl\". Hessigkofen is first mentioned in 1034 as \"Esikouen\". K\u00fcttigkofen"}, {"context": "is first mentioned in 1316 as \"obrench\u00fattenkouen\". Kyburg-Buchegg is first mentioned in 1175 as \"Ernaldus de Boucecca\". M\u00fchledorf is first mentioned around 1264 as \"Mulidorf\" though this is from a copy from 1415-20. In 1276 it was mentioned as \"Mvlidorf\". Tscheppach is first mentioned in 1334 as \"Scheppach\". The former municipalities that now make up Buchegg have a total combined area of . The total population of Buchegg () is . The historical population is given in the following chart: The villages of Aetingen, Gossliwil, Hessigkofen, M\u00fchledorf and Tscheppach are part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites. Hessigkofen has"}, {"context": "an average of 130.6 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives of precipitation. The wettest month is August during which time Hessigkofen receives an average of of rain or snow. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 11.2 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 12.8, but with only of rain or snow. The driest month of the year is March with an average of of precipitation over 12.1 days. Buchegg Buchegg is a municipality in the district of Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn,"}]}, {"title": "Spring\u2013Douglas Historic District", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Spring\u2013Douglas Historic District The Spring\u2013Douglas Historic District is a set of 496 buildings in Elgin, Illinois. Of those, 455 buildings contribute to the district's historical value. It is a residential district following Spring Street and Douglas Avenue from Kimball Street in the south to River Bluff Road to the north. The lands that now comprise the district were originally settled by Phineas J. Kimball and Vincent Lovell in the 1830s. Kimball's property eventually became the southern part of the district, which mostly housed working class citizens. Lovell's subdivisions became housing for wealthier managers and doctors. The lower district is noted"}, {"context": "for its vernacular architecture, mostly gablefront houses, while the upper district represents a wide array of late 19th and early 20th century styles, mostly Queen Anne. Elgin, Illinois was first settled in 1835. Located on the Fox River, it was an important site for travelers on the Galena-Chicago trail. The land that now comprises the residential district was originally claimed by Phineas J. Kimball and Vincent Lovell, two of Elgin's earliest settlers. Kimball was the brother of Elgin's second settler, Joseph Kimball, who had claimed the west side of the river to build a mill. Phineas Kimball's property was immediately"}, {"context": "to the east of his brother's, and he soon built a cabin at what is now the northwest corner of Douglas Avenue and Kimball Road. Douglas Avenue was paved on the west side of the plots, and Spring Street was laid on the east side, both roads traveling north and south. The oldest portions of the district are on the southern end, between Kimball Street and Franklin Street. These houses were mostly vernacular and served the lower class. Elgin's first major commercial development was opened in the 1840s a few blocks to the south at Chicago Avenue, making the southern"}, {"context": "portion of the district attractive to the working class. In anticipation of the 1850 completion of the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad through Elgin, Kimball subdivided most of the southern portion of his property into residential developments. Initially, the subdivision did not grow as expected, with only twelve houses built by 1860. However, the 1864 opening of the Elgin National Watch Company caused a great demand for working class housing. A wagonway was extended to the district from the Watch Company, making it a convenient choice for workers. Vincent Lovell was a merchant who settled in Elgin in 1837, purchasing"}, {"context": "east of the river. Lovell was an important figure in the founding of the Elgin Academy, although he did not live long enough to witness its opening. The area of land between Douglas and Sping, and north of Jefferson Avenue to River Bluff Road was recorded as Lovell's Addition in 1868. Elgin's population skyrocketed in the 1880s, further increasing residential demand. The wagonway was also extended north to Slade Avenue in 1881. Nine years later, the wagonway was replaced by an electric streetcar that ran all the way north to River Bluff Road. German immigrant William Grote was the first"}, {"context": "major real estate developer in the north district and also persuaded several industries to locate in Elgin. He co-developed Grote and Waldron's Second Addition in 1881 on the east side of Spring Street between Lincoln and Slade Avenues, which was directly advertised to those working at the factories he lured. Immediately north of this development was owned by fruit grower Steven Slade, who developed a residential district there in 1881. The Lovell family owned the land to the west of these developments, which became a popular picnic location. Lovell's descendents eventually recorded these areas as residential developments in 1893 (Jefferson"}, {"context": "to Slade Ave.) and 1913 (north of Slade Ave.). Unlike the southern portion of the district, the northern part features more ornate styles of architecture. These buildings were mostly erected for prosperous Elgin citizens between 1868 and 1913, and thus reflect popular architectural trends of the time. The northern part of the district provided homes for dentists and physicians from Sherman Hospital. The earliest residences in the district are mostly gablefront houses in the southern district. There are thirty-one typical gablefront houses, twenty-one Gable Ell designs, nineteen Cross-Forms, eight L-forms, and five T-forms. The most common style of house in"}, {"context": "the northern district is Queen Anne, with forty-eight examples. The Shingle Style is represented with eleven buildings and the Italianate style with twelve. As architectural trends changed in the early 20th century, so did new buildings in the district. Such buildings include six Dutch Colonials, three Neoclassicals, and three Tudor Revivals. Most of these builds are on the 800-1000 blocks of Douglas Ave. Twentieth century trends are also noticed in the southern district, with fourteen Foursquares, four bungalows, and three ranch houses. The majority of the district is single-family housing, although there are fifteen multi-family residences, including eight apartment buildings."}, {"context": "A gas station and a Salvation Army building fall within the district, but are considered non-contributing. Spring\u2013Douglas Historic District The Spring\u2013Douglas Historic District is a set of 496 buildings in Elgin, Illinois. Of those, 455 buildings contribute to the district's historical value. It is a residential district following Spring Street and Douglas Avenue from Kimball Street in the south to River Bluff Road to the north. The lands that now comprise the district were originally settled by Phineas J. Kimball and Vincent Lovell in the 1830s. Kimball's property eventually became the southern part of the district, which mostly housed working"}]}, {"title": "Farhat Hashmi", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Farhat Hashmi Dr Farhat Hashmi () (born December 22, 1957) is an Islamic scholar, preacher and Muslim televangelist from Pakistan. She holds a PhD degree in Islamic studies from the University of Glasgow, Scotland and was formerly a lecturer and assistant professor at the Faculty of Usul-al-Din at International Islamic University, Islamabad. Hashmi founded Al-Huda International Welfare Foundation in 1994. The foundation started a number of schools to teach the Quran and Hadith to women in order to \"help women become better observant muslims by helping them understand the Quran\". The foundation now runs a network of schools, seminaries and"}, {"context": "social welfare projects. In 2004, the foundation established the Al-Huda Institute in Mississauga (Toronto area), Ontario, Canada. This institute offers courses on exegesis of the Quran and Hadith and attracts students from a number of foreign countries such as Australia. She has gained popularity as a feminist scholar both in Pakistan and abroad, as evidenced by crowds of up to ten thousand that attend her religious lessons, called \"Dars\". Most followers come from liberal, literate and modern backgrounds; and most are women. She has stated that her mission is to bring a renewal in Islam, through better understanding of the"}, {"context": "core scriptures. In contrast to rigid and confrontational styles of proselytising, Hashmi has emphasized the need for her students to engage in voluntarily educating others through their examples. Farhat Hashmi was born in Sargodha, Punjab, on December 22, 1957. Her father, Abdur Rehman Hashmi, was a Muslim scholar, and the local leader of the Jamaat e Islami. She was educated at a local school; then studied at the Government College for women Sargodha and ultimately completed her Master's degree in Arabic Language from the University of Punjab, Lahore. Her religious education occurred at her home where she was taught the"}, {"context": "tenets of Islam by her father. She married a fellow scholar of Hadith Muhammad Idrees Zubair and the couple took up posts of lecturers at the International Islamic University (IIU), Islamabad. Soon after they moved to Scotland where they enrolled in the doctorate programme of Islamic studies. During this time, they both travelled to Turkey, Jordan, Syria, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. While teaching at the International Islamic University, Hashmi had started informal religious classes for women. Upon returning to Pakistan she launched Al-Huda International; a non-government welfare trust which seeks to educate women as to how they can interpret and"}, {"context": "then employ Islamic principles in their daily lives. The establishment of a progressive school purely for women, by a female Islamic scholar was seen by some as a direct response to large seminaries, which women had come to view as being regressive and highly politicised. Hashmi has been noted for her nontraditional style of teaching and original lectures which focus on feminism. She utilizes modern methods of teaching in her lectures and is multilingual in Urdu, Arabic and English, so her female students; a large of whom come from educated, urban families, are able to relate with her. Academic studies"}, {"context": "have shown that the innovative techniques of teaching introduced by Hashmi are one of the reasons for the institute's popularity. Hashmi began her career as a television preacher on Geo TV, where she hosted the programme Shahru Ramadan during the month of Ramadhan. She also appeared in the programme The Quran & You on Aag TV. She continued to give lectures on exegesis of the Quran on Geo in the show Fahm ul Quran. More recently her lectures have been broadcast as standalone episodes. During her television shows, she appears on air covered with an Islamic veil and niqab; while"}, {"context": "giving her lectures from her laptop. This has been termed as an \"image that projects the confluence of pious traditionalism and media savvy prosperity\". Farhat Hashmi's approach has been termed as Quran centric. Her views have been labelled as reformist, feminist, progressive and revivalist; as well as traditionalist and conservative. Her lectures focus on empowerment of women, however it is an empowerment that leaves certain rules intact. She espouses the use of veil by Muslim women and teaches her students to veil themselves, although none are forced to do so. Some scholars believe she is breaking down gender barriers that"}, {"context": "exist in Islamic scholarship and leadership. She favours greater participation of women in day to day matters of faith, and is of the view that women should be able to pray outside their homes, and they should be able to lead their own prayers. According to Hashmi, women can touch and recite the Quran during their menstrual periods, wearing gloves (either when learning Quran from a teacher or teaching Quran to others), traditionally considered by some to be prohibited. Some other scholars are supportive of her views. Hashmi advocates for a revival of Islam and encourages her followers to interpret"}, {"context": "the Qur'an for themselves supporting their views with strong evidence. She urges her followers to focus on becoming better Muslims and her lectures are focused on family structures. This view is criticized by her critics, who claim that her religious \"Dars\" \"center around personal and family development, rather than community service\". Hashmi, however, argues that if all of her students undergo a transformation for the better, their personal transformation will be reflected on a national and a global scale. Hashmi is in favour of establishing the Sharia Law in Canada. Her views on domestic matters are in accordance with her"}, {"context": "interpretation of the Sharia Law. According to Hashmi, both men and women have specific spheres of influence within the society. Typically men are the ones who work outside the house, while women work within. However, Hashmi argues that these roles are not set in stone and if a person has fulfilled his or her role, they can help the other in their duties as well. This, and her other arguments which call for women to work outside the roles that have been designated to them by rigid traditionalist scholars, have drawn considerable ire from conservative, right wing scholars. Hashmi considers"}, {"context": "polygamy to be legal, and has preached that Muslim women should let their husbands marry a second time so \u201cother sisters can also benefit\u201d. This saves men from having a nonmarital relationship, which is forbidden according to the Quran. Hashmi has been criticised by some ultra-conservative, right wing preachers and puritan men for breaking gender roles in Islam, especially on her views about women teaching and preaching outside the home. Other conservative sources have criticized her devotees of \"wearing western clothes\", of consuming western products and holding informal women-only gatherings. They have also criticised her for using the internet and"}, {"context": "audio visual aids in preaching, methods that they deem as western. Liberal and secular outlets have criticized her for \"not going far enough\" in her progressive interpretation of Islam. She has also been criticized for allowing polygamy. Due to her unbending religious doctrines she has been termed a Wahabi by some liberal activists like Raheel Raza. Although Hashmi and Al-Huda have stated that they do not follow any particular sect of contemporary Islam and refer to themselves simply as Muslims as was done during the time of early Islam. Farhat Hashmi Dr Farhat Hashmi () (born December 22, 1957) is"}]}, {"title": "Cecilia Lutwak-Mann", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Cecilia Lutwak-Mann Cecilia Lutwak-Mann (1900(?)-1987) was a Polish-British endocrinologist and physiologist. She was educated at the University of Lvov (now in Ukraine), where she obtained a doctorate of medicine. She studied the menstrual cycle, cellular respiration, and embryology, and served as chief scientific officer of the Agricultural Research Council of Great Britain. Lutwak-Mann was known for discovering that the hormone progesterone acts on the placenta to control carbonic anhydrase synthesis. She also co-authored the then-reference text on male reproductive function and semen (\"Male Reproductive Function and Semen: Themes and Trends in Physiology, Biochemistry and Investigative Andrology\", 1981) with Thaddeus Mann."}, {"context": "Lutwak-Mann married Thaddeus Mann, in 1934, after they met in medical school. She was Jewish, and moved to Britain in 1935 to continue her research at Cambridge. She died in 1987. Cecilia Lutwak-Mann Cecilia Lutwak-Mann (1900(?)-1987) was a Polish-British endocrinologist and physiologist. She was educated at the University of Lvov (now in Ukraine), where she obtained a doctorate of medicine. She studied the menstrual cycle, cellular respiration, and embryology, and served as chief scientific officer of the Agricultural Research Council of Great Britain. Lutwak-Mann was known for discovering that the hormone progesterone acts on the placenta to control carbonic anhydrase"}]}, {"title": "2015 Heartland Championship", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2015 Heartland Championship The 2015 Heartland Championship, the tenth edition of the Heartland Championship since the 2006 reconstruction of the National Provincial Championship, was a rugby union competition involving the twelve semi-professional rugby unions in New Zealand. The tournament involved a round-robin stage in which the twelve teams played eight games each and then the top four advanced to the Meads Cup semifinals, while fifth to eighth advanced to the Lochore Cup semifinals. In both of these knockout stages the top seeds (first and fifth) played at home against the lowest seeds (fourth and eighth), the second highest seeds (second"}, {"context": "and sixth) played at home against the third highest seeds (third and seventh) and the final had the higher seed playing at home against the lower seed. The 2015 Heartland Championship was contested by the following teams. 2015 Heartland Championship The 2015 Heartland Championship, the tenth edition of the Heartland Championship since the 2006 reconstruction of the National Provincial Championship, was a rugby union competition involving the twelve semi-professional rugby unions in New Zealand. The tournament involved a round-robin stage in which the twelve teams played eight games each and then the top four advanced to the Meads Cup semifinals,"}]}, {"title": "Len Jarvis", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Len Jarvis Len Jarvis (1884 - unknown) was an English footballer who played as a wing-half for West Ham United and Bury. Jarvis was signed by manager Syd King for West Ham and made his debut in April 1904 against New Brompton. Little is known of his match-by-match career but he gained attention and press coverage for his foul on Alf Dean of local rivals, Millwall. In a game on 13 October 1906, played at Millwall's North Greenwich ground, Jarvis smashed Dean against a metal advertising hoarding such that Dean was unable to continue playing. His action was investigated by"}, {"context": "the Football Association and he was banned from playing for fourteen days. After 140 games for West Ham and five goals he moved to Bury in 1909. Len Jarvis Len Jarvis (1884 - unknown) was an English footballer who played as a wing-half for West Ham United and Bury. Jarvis was signed by manager Syd King for West Ham and made his debut in April 1904 against New Brompton. Little is known of his match-by-match career but he gained attention and press coverage for his foul on Alf Dean of local rivals, Millwall. In a game on 13 October 1906,"}]}, {"title": "Philippine Science High School Western Visayas Campus", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Philippine Science High School Western Visayas Campus The Philippine Science High School Western Visayas Campus (PSHS-WVC), one of the campuses of the Philippine Science High School System, is located at Brgy. Bito-on, Jaro, Iloilo City, Philippines. Established in 1993, the school admits and grants scholarships to students who are gifted in the sciences and mathematics. Most of the scholars are from Western Visayas which covers the provinces of Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Guimaras, Iloilo and Negros Occidental, as well as the MIMAROPA (Region IV-B), which includes the provinces of Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon and Palawan. Until the establishment of"}, {"context": "PSHS Central Visayas in 2009, the campus also catered to the students from the Central Visayas provinces of Bohol, Cebu, Negros Oriental and Siquijor. The former campus director and present executive director, Dr. Josette T. Biyo, has an asteroid named after her, 13241 Biyo. The campus was once the only concrete structure amidst acres of rice fields, whereas now, it is in a sprawling upper class subdivision. The first Philippine Science High School was established in Diliman, Quezon City under Republic Act No. 3661, known as the PSHS Charter. The school opened on 5 September 1964 at a rented building"}, {"context": "owned by the Philippine Government Employees Association along Elliptical Road, Diliman, Quezon City. It was only in 1970 that the school moved to its present campus along Agham Road, Diliman, Quezon City. To further expand the opportunities of students gifted in science, mathematics and technology in the Visayas and Mindanao, the PSHS Mindanao Campus and the PSHS Western Visayas Campus were created through Executive Order No. 1090 on 5 February 1986. The then PSHS Mindanao Campus was established in Davao City and started its operation in 1988. On 21 August 1991, Secretary of Department of Science and Technology Ceferino L."}, {"context": "Follosco (representing the donee), Ms. Nenita Kabayao Mapua and Ms. Makiling Ascalon (representing the donor), signed the deed of donation of the 3.4 Hectare lot in Bito-on, Jaro, Iloilo City. The campus will be known as the Do\u00f1a Lawa-an H. Lopez Campus. Construction of the PSHSWV started in February 1992, followed by the formal ground breaking ceremony in May of the same year. PSHS-WV formally started its operations on 1 July 1993. The 47 pioneer scholars held classes at the University of the Philippines in the Visayas since the school campus was still under construction. The temporary dormitory was located"}, {"context": "in Leganes, Iloilo which is approximately 13 kilometers away from UPV. Prof. Gilma T. Tayo served as the first campus director. It was in school year 1994-1995 that school operations transferred to its present location in Bito-on, Jaro, Iloilo City. Dr. Diana S. Aure was then the campus director. The PSHS-WV was formally inaugurated on 13 June 1997 by President Fidel V. Ramos. The pioneer batch, all 47 of them, graduated from PSHS-WV on 31 March 1997. In the same year, the PSHS System Law (R.A. 8496) was signed by President Fidel V. Ramos. It established the PSHS System and"}, {"context": "unified all the existing campuses into a single system of governance and management. In 2001, the PSHS System Law was further amended by R.A. No. 9036 consolidating the power and authority over all PSHS System campuses into a single Board of Trustees to ensure uniform policy coordination, standards and management. Aside from the present campus, a four-hectare research station was donated by the family of the late Vice-Governor Guardilino Mosqueda in Balcon Maravilla, Jordan, Guimaras. It is known as the Mosqueda Campus of the PSHS-WV. Another 1 hectare coastal lot was donated by Engr. Jose Abad in Morubauan, Guimaras. It"}, {"context": "shall be the site of the Research Station in Marine Biology. In 2011, the 5th campus director, Dr. Josette T. Biyo was elevated as the Executive Director of the Philippine Science High School System. Dr. Edgar Almero was appointed as the Officer-in-Charge in the interim. As of 1 April 2012, Ms. Shena Faith M. Ganela, succeeded Dr. Josette T. Biyo as the Campus Director. She is the 6th Director of the campus. Admission to the PSHS System is through the PSHS System National Competitive Examination (PSHS-NCE). The screening consists of tests in Verbal, Abstract Reasoning, Science and Mathematics. To be"}, {"context": "eligible for admission, applicants must be Filipino students who must belong to the top 10% of the graduating class or must have special aptitude in science and math. The top 90 scholars from the region are admitted as scholars. PSHSWV students are exposed to a special science curriculum that aims to develop a passion for learning and to inspire the scholars to choose careers in science and technology. The curriculum is enriched with generally advance subjects in science, mathematics and technology allowing them to optimize their intellectual skills. This is balanced by a rich humanities subjects to develop a holistic"}, {"context": "individual. In the sciences, the scholars learn Biology, Chemistry and Physics as separate subjects starting the second year. Computer Science is also offered in all year levels. The mathematics department offers subjects in Elementary Algebra, Advanced Algebra, Plane Geometry, Trigonometry, Selected Topics in Number Theory, Statistics and Elementary Analysis among others. Four years of studies in English, Filipino, and the Social Science are part of the Humanities curriculum. Health and Physical Education subjects are also given to enhance the physical well being of the students. Activities include gymnastics, soccer, basketball, volleyball, softball, bowling and folk and social dances. The PSHSWV"}, {"context": "Faculty includes educators with specialization in science and technology, most of whom with advanced degrees in their respective fields (including the Ph.D. or Ed.D.). The faculty is headed by the Curriculum and Instruction Services Division Chief. Mr. William A. Laride is the current CISD chief. Two of the teachers were awarded as Outstanding Teachers of the Philippines by the Metrobank Foundation. Dr. Josette Biyo was awarded in 1997, while Dr. Shena Faith Ganela, the present Campus Director, was honored in 2009. Philippine Science High School Western Visayas Campus The Philippine Science High School Western Visayas Campus (PSHS-WVC), one of the"}]}, {"title": "Loughgall F.C.", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Loughgall F.C. Loughgall F.C. is a semi-professional, Northern Irish football club playing in the NIFL Championship. The club, founded in 1967, is situated in the village of Loughgall, near Armagh in County Armagh and they play their home games in the village at Lakeview Park. They achieved senior status in 2004 on promotion to the Irish Premier League, but reverted to intermediate status upon relegation in 2007. Keith Kearney is their youngest ever goalscorer, when he scored in the Irish cup 4th round tie against Tandragee Rovers FC. He was a 68th minute substitute making his debut and scored in"}, {"context": "the 77th minute aged just 14 years and 187 days old. On 3 March 2018, after Glenavon fans spent 28 hours clearing their pitch of snow and ice to get the game played, Loughgall beat Glenavon 2-1 to reach the semi final of the Irish Cup for the first time since 1997. Loughgall F.C. Loughgall F.C. is a semi-professional, Northern Irish football club playing in the NIFL Championship. The club, founded in 1967, is situated in the village of Loughgall, near Armagh in County Armagh and they play their home games in the village at Lakeview Park. They achieved senior"}]}, {"title": "William O'Brien Lindsay", "paragraphs": [{"context": "William O'Brien Lindsay Sir William O'Brien Lindsay KBE (8 October 1909 \u2013 20 October 1975) was the Chief Justice of the Sudan from 1950 or 1954 to 1955, during the period when it was administered as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium. He served in the Sudan Political Service from 1932 to 1955, and later establishing a law firm in Nairobi, Kenya. Lindsay was a talented sportsman as a youth, playing first-class cricket for Kent, Oxford University, and Scotland. Lindsay was born in Canterbury, Kent, to Elsie Catherine Harriet (n\u00e9e Riddiford) and Michael Egan Lindsay. His parents were both New Zealanders by birth,"}, {"context": "with his mother being the daughter of Edward Joshua Riddiford and granddaughter of Henry Bunny, both prominent landowners there. However, the couple's four children were all born in the United Kingdom \u2013 their father had served with the New Zealand Defence Force during the Second Boer War, and after transferring to the British Army was an officer with the 7th Dragoon Guards and Fife and Forfar Yeomanry, eventually being made a Deputy Lieutenant of Fife. Like his older brothers, Lindsay was educated at Harrow School. He captained the school's cricket team in 1928, his final year, also representing a combined"}, {"context": "Public Schools side. He went on to Balliol College, Oxford, and began playing for the Oxford University Cricket Club, making his first-class debut in June 1929, against Gloucestershire. A wicket-keeper and right-handed top-order batsman, Lindsay went on to play three more first-class games during the 1929 season \u2013 two for Oxford (against the Free Foresters and Lancashire), and one for Scotland, his father's place of residence. His sole appearance for Scotland came against the touring South African team, which was completed within two days as Scotland lost by an innings. Lindsay played only once at first-class level during the 1930"}, {"context": "season, but the following year made five first-class appearances for Oxford, including in the annual University Match against Cambridge University (played at Lord's). He also made two County Championship appearances for Kent, against Warwickshire and Middlesex within the space of five days. He kept wicket and opened the batting (with Colin Fairservice) against Warwickshire, but Les Ames, the county's usual wicket-keeper, returned against Middlesex, with Lindsay playing solely as a batsman. In 1932, Lindsay played in another five first-class fixtures for the university, and against Lancashire scored 63 runs, his first and only half-century. His season included matches against two"}, {"context": "touring international teams, the Indians and the South Americans, with his game against the South American composite side being his final first-class match. In 1932, Lindsay joined the Sudan Political Service, which administered Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. During the Second World War, he was twice given an emergency commission as a second lieutenant in the Sudan Defence Force. Towards the war's end, in 1944, Lindsay transferred to the legal department of the civil service. He was appointed to the country's judiciary, as chief justice in 1950 according to one source and 1954 according to another source. He served until 1955, as one"}, {"context": "of the last British chief justices before the country was given independence in 1956 (Republic of the Sudan). Upon leaving office, he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 1955 Birthday Honours. After retiring, Lindsay opened a law firm in Nairobi, Kenya, where he lived until his death in 1975 (aged 66). He had married three times \u2013 firstly in 1937, to Sevilla Glass Hooper; secondly in 1962, to Elizabeth Doreen Sturman; and thirdly in 1975 (three months before his death), to Michaela Denis (the widow and partner of filmmaker Armand Denis)."}, {"context": "William O'Brien Lindsay Sir William O'Brien Lindsay KBE (8 October 1909 \u2013 20 October 1975) was the Chief Justice of the Sudan from 1950 or 1954 to 1955, during the period when it was administered as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium. He served in the Sudan Political Service from 1932 to 1955, and later establishing a law firm in Nairobi, Kenya. Lindsay was a talented sportsman as a youth, playing first-class cricket for Kent, Oxford University, and Scotland. Lindsay was born in Canterbury, Kent, to Elsie Catherine Harriet (n\u00e9e Riddiford) and Michael Egan Lindsay. His parents were both New Zealanders by birth,"}]}, {"title": "Julia Evelina Smith", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Julia Evelina Smith Julia Evelina Smith (27 May 1792 \u2013 6 March 1886) was an American women's suffrage activist who was the first woman to translate the Bible from its original languages into English. She was also the author of the book \"Abby Smith and Her Cows\", which told the story of her and her sister Abby Hadassah Smith's tax resistance struggle in the suffrage cause while the two were living at Kimberly Mansion in Connecticut. Smith was born into a large family of women, the Smiths of Glastonbury, who were active in championing women's education, abolition, and women's suffrage."}, {"context": "The family as a whole was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994. She was the fourth of five daughters of Hannah Hadassah (Hickok) Smith (1767\u20131850) and Zephaniah Smith, a prosperous Nonconformist clergyman turned farmer in Glastonbury, Connecticut. She was educated at the Troy Female Seminary. Smith married late in life. At the age of 87, she wed Amos Parker of New Hampshire, a widower. Smith was well educated, with a working knowledge of Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Having read the Bible in its original languages, she decided to undertake her own translation, with an emphasis on"}, {"context": "literalism. After eight years of work, she completed the translation in 1855, but it did not see print for another two decades. Smith's \"The Holy Bible: Containing the Old and New Testaments; Translated Literally from the Original Tongues\" was finally published in 1876. Although Smith's determined literalism made for choppy reading, hers was the only contemporary English translation from the original languages available to English-speaking readers until publication of the British Revised Version beginning in 1881. It was also the first complete Bible translation by a woman. In 1872, the town of Glastonbury attempted to raise taxes on the two"}, {"context": "surviving Smith sisters, Julia and Abby, as well as on two other widows in town. The sisters refused to pay the taxes on the grounds that they had no right to vote in town meetings, arguing that the tax levy amounted to the same kind of unfair taxation without representation that had helped to spark the American Revolution. Spearheaded by the youngest sister, Abby, the sisters\u2019 revolt was picked up first by a Massachusetts newspaper, \"The Republican\", and soon spread to newspapers across the country. The case was complicated by corruption and malfeasance on the part of the town's tax"}, {"context": "collector, who not only illegally seized the sisters's land but had made a secret deal to sell some of the best acreage to a covetous neighbor. The sisters ultimately took the town to court and won their case. Subsequently, Smith detailed the entire dispute in an 1877 book entitled \"Abby Smith and Her Cows\" that includes clippings from many of the newspapers that had covered the story. Julia Evelina Smith Julia Evelina Smith (27 May 1792 \u2013 6 March 1886) was an American women's suffrage activist who was the first woman to translate the Bible from its original languages into"}]}, {"title": "Faust (Guilty Gear)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Faust (Guilty Gear) His unpaired appearance and personality has led to different commentaries by video game reviewers; while a reviewer described him as \"iconic\", another critic called Faust \"goofy\". Faust was also noted to be a good fighting game character while his moves received both praise and criticism. Faust is introduced in the series' first and homonymous installment of \"Guilty Gear\", where he is a renowned physician. His medical prowess and healing power was the envy of other physicians, who cause the death of a girl who is under his medical treatments. Faust blames himself and, consumed by guilt, becomes"}, {"context": "insane and turns himself into a serial killer named Dr. Baldhead. After killing millions of people, he is arrested. However, he is allowed to enter in a tournament to kill more people unknowingly for Justice's resurrection. After it, he decides to atone for his crimes by committing suicide but he receives a visit from the ghost of the dead girl who tells him that her death is not his fault. Then, he abandons his Baldhead persona, assumes his real name, puts paper bag on his head, and dedicates himself to saving as many lives as he can while he tries"}, {"context": "to find out the truth about the girl's death. In \"Guilty Gear X\" (2000), while Faust is trying to help people and fulfilling his duties as a doctor, he meets with Dizzy and persuades her to abandon her life in the forest to prevent further attacks on her. In another possible ending, he heals Zato-1 from his illness, and leaves him under the care of his right hand Venom. In \"Guilty Gear X2\" (2002), he wants to pursue I-No since he knows she could cause people harm. This game features three possible endings for Faust: he finds I-No but she"}, {"context": "confronts him with his past, and he admits that he still enjoys causing pain, yet vows to continue in his duty as a doctor; he meets Zappa, a man with spirits in his body, and he does not know how to help him; and in a fight alongside Venom against several Robo-Kys, he discovers that the Assassin's Guild participated in the death of the young girl he thought he killed. In \"Guilty Gear XX Accent Core Plus\" (2008), Faust's storyline revolves around his attempt to find a cure for Zappa's condition. Depending on the player's decision, he can discover a"}, {"context": "cure and perform surgery on Zappa. In \"Guilty Gear Xrd\" (2014), Faust confronted the resurrected Zato-1, who revealed that he was framed for his malpractice incident by the Conclave because his procedure held the secret of resurrection. The Conclave needed to keep this technique hidden, which is why they hired Zato-1 to kill Faust's patient. Later, Faust is found by Johnny, who revealed that May was having a severe headache and that she was Japanese. He provided May with medicine for the pain, but they were then attacked by Bedman. Faust and the Jellyfish Pirates were able to escape when"}, {"context": "Chipp Zanuff distracted the assassin. After helping Sol in stopping Justice's revival, Faust confronted Chronus of the Conclave and discovered that they were merely manipulated by someone with a higher authority. Faust is also a playable character in the spin-off games \"Guilty Gear Petit 2\" (2002), \"Isuka\" (2004), \"Dust Strikers\" (2006), and \"Judgment\" (2006). Faust has received public and critical reception as a standout character in the \"Guilty Gear\" series due to his appearance and unconventional in-game behavior. He was voted the twelfth-most popular out of the series' 33 characters in a 2013 fan poll conducted by Arc System Works,"}, {"context": "while fans voted him 91st in a vote of the top 100 fictional doctors in a 2014 poll held by Dorkly. GamesRadar described him as \"a spear equipped monkey kung-fu warrior replete with a paper bag on his head\", and included Faust in their list of \"gaming's maddest mad doctors\", and \"gaming's masked maniacs\", where they remarked \"his moves took on a more comedic tone\" after renouncing his Baldhead persona. IGN compared him to \"Soul\" series character Voldo, adding that he \"has enough humorous patterns to keep you entertained for days.\" Mark Smith of \"Game Chronicles\" praised the representation of"}, {"context": "Faust's personality in his moveset, which \"The Escapist\" described as \"full of wild lunges and sudden extensions\" in a 2010 article about \"masters of drunken combat\", but criticized by \"NowGamer\" as his \"fool attacks\". Johnny Liu of Game Revolution cited Faust as his favorite \"Guilty Gear\" character, declaring that he \"really personifies the quirkiness\" of \"Guilty Gear X2\". \"Pocket Gamer\" described him as \"one of the best creations in 2D scrap-'em-ups history.\" In 2010, WeDoTech.net ranked Faust as the best fighting video game character of all time, calling him \"iconic, funny and possessing of one of the meanest weapons in"}, {"context": "the business\" while \"his bizarre moves ... without doubt make him the single best fighting character in any video game.\" Elton Jones of \"Complex\" ranked Faust (\"a beast on the battlefield\") 42nd in his 2012 selection of \"The 50 Most Dominant Fighting Game Characters\", and in pitching a fantasy crossover fighting game between the \"Guilty Gear\" characters and the cast of \"Darkstalkers\", he wrote, \"All the horror movie archetypes and whatever the hell Faust is would look sweet doing battle against each other with heavy metal playing in the background.\" UGO Networks ranked his \"Instant Kill\" finisher (\"which involves medical"}, {"context": "experiments, a trap door, and a nuclear bomb\") as the 36th-most gruesome finishing move in gaming history, while \"Complex\" elected it the third-coolest fighting game combo. On the other hand, he was mentioned with I-No and Millia among the series' \"goofy characters\" by 1UP.com. Faust's third \"Guilty Gear X2\" ending was ranked 133rd by 4thletter.net in their 2013 selection of the top 200 fighting game endings. \"It\u2019s the closest the games have come to outright saying that [Faust and Dr. Baldhead are] the same character, as if being a 9-foot-tall doctor with a giant scalpel wasn\u2019t enough.\" Faust (Guilty Gear)"}]}, {"title": "Brian Linehan", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Brian Linehan Brian Richard Linehan (September 3, 1944 \u2013 June 4, 2004) was a Canadian television host from Hamilton, Ontario, best known for his celebrity interviews on the longrunning talk show \"City Lights\". Linehan was born in Hamilton, Ontario in 1944, one of seven children. His estranged Irish father, Les, worked at one of the local steel mills, Dofasco; and his Serbian mother, Sava (n\u00e9e Kotur), was later remarried to a post World War II Serbian immigrant, Jovan Rodic Sr. He too, was a steel worker. At age 19, Linehan moved to Toronto, taking an entry-level job with Odeon Cinemas."}, {"context": "The following year, he began working in public relations as an organizer of celebrity promotional visits to Toronto. By 1968, he was the general manager of Janus Films, a film distribution company. He joined Citytv in 1973 as the host of \"City Lights\", a program which would eventually become syndicated throughout Canada and the United States. Linehan was renowned for his composure, interview skills and meticulous research, often leading to in-depth questions that could last for minutes. His guests often responded to his questions with astonishment at his depth of knowledge; actress Shirley MacLaine once commented that the stars flocked"}, {"context": "to Toronto \"so Brian could tell us about our lives\". His interviewing style was parodied on \"SCTV\" by Martin Short as \"Brock Linehan\", a character whose seemingly meticulous interview research\u2014unlike Brian Linehan's -- almost always turned out to be totally, utterly wrong. In 1988, \"City Lights\" was rebooted as \"MovieTelevision\", an expanded magazine series on film which Linehan cohosted with Jeanne Beker. Linehan was not happy with the new format, however, as it left him with far less time to conduct in-depth interviews, and left the show in 1989 after its first season. He took some time off, and then"}, {"context": "spent the early 1990s as a freelance publicity interviewer. From 1996 to 1998, he hosted a second show entitled \"Linehan\", which was produced for CHCH-TV in Hamilton. In 1999, Linehan won a Gemini Award as Best Host in a Lifestyle or Performing Arts Program for his work on the show. After that show ended, he taught a television production course at Toronto's Humber College. Beginning in 2000, the original \"City Lights\" shows were reaired on the new Canadian cable channel Talk TV. Linehan was also a longtime entertainment reporter on CFRB radio, and a frequent host of awards ceremonies such"}, {"context": "as the Genie Awards and the Geminis. Linehan, who was gay, met Zane Wagman, a dentist, in the late 1960s. Through the 1970s, the couple also had a sideline business renovating and reselling houses. They remained together until Wagman's death by suicide in 2002; however, Linehan was very guarded about his personal life, acknowledging only to his closest friends and never publicly that Wagman was anything more than a platonic roommate. Linehan was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 2001 and died in 2004. His ashes were scattered outside the Toronto home he had shared with Wagman, although Joan Rivers kept"}, {"context": "a small portion of them as a memento of him. He left his estate to The Brian Linehan Charitable Foundation, which attempts to raise the profile of Canadian talent and supports the creation of a Canadian star system. The foundation's noted donations have included $1 million toward the creation of an actors' training program at the Canadian Film Centre, and $1 million to the Toronto International Film Festival toward the construction of the TIFF Bell Lightbox. The public reading room at TIFF's Film Reference Library is named in honour of Linehan. The library also holds many of his personal archives"}, {"context": "and research collections. George Anthony, a longtime friend of Linehan's, published the biography \"Starring Brian Linehan: A Life Behind the Scenes\" in 2008. Brian Linehan Brian Richard Linehan (September 3, 1944 \u2013 June 4, 2004) was a Canadian television host from Hamilton, Ontario, best known for his celebrity interviews on the longrunning talk show \"City Lights\". Linehan was born in Hamilton, Ontario in 1944, one of seven children. His estranged Irish father, Les, worked at one of the local steel mills, Dofasco; and his Serbian mother, Sava (n\u00e9e Kotur), was later remarried to a post World War II Serbian immigrant,"}]}, {"title": "Sigurd Wallin", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sigurd Wallin David Sigurd Wallin (June 10, 1916 in Nora rural parish in \u00d6rebro County, Sweden \u2013 May 8, 1999 in Stockholm, Sweden), was a Swedish artist. He grew up in Stockholm. Sigurd Wallin was the son of the Swedish artist David Wallin (1876\u20131957) and his wife Elin Wallin (1884\u20131969), born Lundberg, Stockholm. He was the brother of the artist Bianca Wallin (1909\u20132006). His uncle was the Swedish-American artist Carl E. Wallin (1879\u20131968). In 1945 he married Margit, born , the couple settled down in Stockholm, Sweden, and had two daughters. To find motifs for his oil paintings Sigurd Wallin"}, {"context": "made annual summer trips, most often to Scania, especially to the neighbourhood of Arild, M\u00f6lle and B\u00e5stad. Arild was originally an old fishing village, known as \"Arildsl\u00e4ge\" (\"Arild\u2019s fishing village\"). On Kullaberg in Arild the artists could benefit from an especially strong summer light that reminded of that of Skagen light, and many Swedish artists were therefore active in Arild and Kullabygden. M\u00f6lle is on (\"Kullen peninsula\") at the foot of Kullaberg. From the beginning the function of M\u00f6lle was as a fishing village, as was also the function in Arild. B\u00e5stad is the largest urban village in the area"}, {"context": "of (\"Bj\u00e4re peninsula\") and it is located at Hallands\u00e5sen with lively summer tourists who put their stamp on the place. B\u00e5stad has the largest outdoor facilities for tennis in the Nordic countries. B\u00e5stad is also known for its beaches and the resort was once known as a spa and there are still several guesthouses. In this region of Scania Sigurd Wallin found many fine motifs for his oil paintings. Sigurd Wallin grew up in Kungsholmen in Stockholm. In 1928, when Sigurd was about 12 years old the family moved to \u00d6stermalm in Stockholm. He graduated from Sigtunaskolan a Swedish boarding"}, {"context": "school located in Sigtuna, Sweden, in the spring of 1935. After that he practiced in the architect profession, among other places at the architect office of architect in Stockholm during the years 1937-1939. He was also interested in archaeology and he participated in the excavations in the vicinity of Alvastra, Alvastra Abbey and the settlement of Alvastra. Alvastra is a small village, next to Omberg, near \u00d6desh\u00f6g in \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland in eastern Sweden. It is known for being the seat of the Cistercian Alvastra Abbey in the Middle Ages. In the 1530s the monastery was demolished and it was never rebuilt."}, {"context": "The preparation was done by students in art history and in archaeology and also by workers under the led by (1881-1953), or some other experienced archaeologist. The Alvastra monastery ruin is today well preserved and a popular place to visit. However Wallins interest in art, which he had received in his parents\u2019 home, led him to begin to draw and to paint portraits. Wallin followed the teaching at times at (Edvind Ollers school of painting) in Stockholm 1940-1944. Edvin Ollers (1888-1959) was a designer, an artist and a qualified art teacher and had studied at the in Stockholm. During the"}, {"context": "summer Edvin Ollers led a school of painting on the Swedish West Coast on the island in Bohusl\u00e4n in Orust outside Lysekil, on \"the artists Gullholmen\". Gullholmen was originally one of the oldest fishing villages in Sweden. Sigurd Wallin painted from models at (\"Otte Sk\u00f6ld school of painting\") in Stockholm. When (1894-1958) returned to Sweden from Paris in 1929 he founded \"Otte Sk\u00f6ld school of painting\" together with (1901-1981). In the 1940s \"Otte Sk\u00f6ld Studio\", as it was known in a prospectus, was situated in . Otte Sk\u00f6ld, who was a Swedish artist, draftsman and printmaker, had a central place"}, {"context": "in Stockholm\u2019s cultural life during the 1940s and 1950s. He pursued art education during much of his life. In Paris in the 1920s he ran together with Danish and Norvegian colleagues . The school was arranged as a pure art school after the classic pattern by teaching daytime and evening. The school functioned as a \"nursery\" for further study at the art academy and quickly gained a good reputation. Along with Isaac Gr\u00fcnewalds m\u00e5larskola (\"Isaac Gr\u00fcnewald school of painting\") it could offer the most significant basic education for its time. After \u00c5ke Pernby\u2019s studies in Paris, in progress since 1923,"}, {"context": "he began as a caretaker or superintendent at the in Paris. There he became friend with Otte Sk\u00f6ld who ran the school of painting. The two friends planned to break up from Paris. They agreed that whoever first came back to Sweden would locate a suitable studio to start a school of painting. The year was 1929 and then the 27-year-old \u00c5ke Pernby was first home. It was the beginning of (\"Otte Sk\u00f6ld school of painting\"). High over the ridge in an old mansion in the penthouse at in Stockholm he found just the \"Parisian\" environment he sought. Twenty years"}, {"context": "later, in 1949, the management was overtaken of \u00c5ke Pernby and the name was changed to the present, (\"Pernby school of painting\"). When became head of Nationalmuseum in 1949, continued to run the school in his own name, during the years 1949-1976. Otte Sk\u00f6ld was also a professor at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts in 1938-1942, and director of the department in 1941-1950. Otte Sk\u00f6ld was then curator of Nationalmuseum in 1950-1958. Sigurd Walllin was also a student of his father, David Wallin. He made several trips abroad for art studies, he visited Italy, France, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland,"}, {"context": "Denmark and Norway. Sigurd Wallin painted in oil, landscapes, cityscapes, figurative compositions and occasionally still life. He liked to paint landscapes, often with ocean. His paintings have a romantic appropriation and preferably a slightly veiled coloring, which tied in with his father\u2019s view of an artist. Wallin also conducted a large number of drawings, mostly portraits. He also devoted himself to preservation for the future and to carry out certain artwork conservation-restoration. That required a good touch and a good insight into the artworks, which should be repaired, and special skills were necessary for the practical application. Above all Sigurd"}, {"context": "Wallin worked in portrait painting, where he with technical skill realized the traditional demands for the genre for likeness. Among the portrait paintings there are: Portrait paintings \"by Sigurd Wallin is also, inter alia, in many public institutions\": In the 1940s Wallin appeared in a few exhibitions including \"Swedish portrait art of today\" in Nationalmuseum (1943) and the Christmas Exhibition of \"Thurestam\u2019s Salon\" at Klarabergsgatan 40 in Stockholm (1943). Wallin exhibited separately at in Norrk\u00f6ping (1947) and in spring exhibition (\"V\u00e5rsalongen\") in Liljevalchs konsthall in Stockholm (1948). Sigurd Wallin David Sigurd Wallin (June 10, 1916 in Nora rural parish in"}]}, {"title": "Mount Allison University", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mount Allison University Mount Allison University (also Mount A or MtA) is a primarily undergraduate Canadian liberal arts and science university located in Sackville, New Brunswick. It has been ranked the top undergraduate university in the country for 18 of the last 25 years by \"Maclean's\" magazine. With a 17:1 student-to-faculty ratio, the average first-year class size is 65 and upper-year classes average 14 students. Mount Allison University was the first university in the British Empire to award a baccalaureate to a woman (Grace Annie Lockhart, B.Sc, 1875). Mount Allison graduates have been awarded a total of 55 Rhodes Scholarships."}, {"context": "American chemist James B. Sumner, who later won Nobel Prize in Chemistry, used to work at Mount Allison as a teaching fellow. Mount Allison also has one of the largest endowments per student in Canada. Mount Allison University is a United Church-affiliated (but secular) primarily undergraduate liberal arts university, established at Sackville, New Brunswick on January 19, 1843. The university was named after Charles Frederick Allison, in honour of his gift of land and money. Its origins were steeped in the Methodist faith and it was designed to prepare men for the ministry and to supply education for lay members."}, {"context": "The university was chartered on April 14, 1849. There is an amusing anecdote about the family of the founder of the school, Methodist merchant, Charles Frederick Allison. Charles Allison's grandfather had emigrated from Ireland to Canada in the late 18th century because of the after effects of a dinner with the local government tax collector. Wanting to impress the man, the family had set the table with their one valuable possession: silver spoons. After entertaining their guest, the Allisons were informed by the tax collector that if they could afford silver spoons, then they could certainly afford to pay more"}, {"context": "taxes. The Allisons left Ireland shortly thereafter. The offending spoons are now on display in the university library. In June 1839, Charles Allison was encouraged by Wesleyan Methodist Minister Rev. John Bass Strong that a school of elementary and higher learning be built. Allison offered to purchase a site in Sackville to erect a suitable building for an academy and to contribute operating funds of \u00a3100 a year for 10 years. This offer was accepted and the Wesleyan Academy for boys subsequently opened in 1843. In 1854, a girls' institution (later known as the \"Ladies College\") was opened to complement"}, {"context": "the boys' academy. In 1858 an Act of the New Brunswick Legislature authorized the trustees to establish a degree-conferring institution at Sackville, under the name of the Mount Allison Wesleyan College. In July 1862, the degree-granting Mount Allison College was organized. The first two students, Howard Sprague and Josiah Wood, graduated in May 1863. Mount Allison was the first university in the British Empire to confer a bachelor's degree to a woman (Grace Annie Lockhart, B.Sc. 1875). It was also the first university in Canada to grant a Bachelor of Arts to a woman(Harriet Starr Stewart). For nearly a century,"}, {"context": "Mount Allison functioned as three distinct, mutually enriching parts: the College proper, the Boys' Academy, and the Ladies College. The corporate name was changed to University of Mount Allison College in 1886. The university's affiliation was transferred to the United Church of Canada following church union in 1925. Original components of the university included: the Mount Allison Wesleyan Academy for Boys (1840\u20131958), the Ladies' College (1854\u20131958), and Mount Allison College. Mount Allison College was established in 1862 with degree-granting powers on behalf of the other two. The governance was modelled on the provincial University of Toronto Act of 1906 which"}, {"context": "established a bicameral system of university government consisting of a senate (faculty), responsible for academic policy, and a board of governors (citizens) exercising exclusive control over financial policy and having formal authority in all other matters. The president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to perform institutional leadership. By 1920, Mount Allison University had three faculties: Arts, Theology, and Engineering. It awarded the degrees of Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Science (BSc), Bachelor of Divinity (BD), and Master of Arts. It had 246 male students and 73 female students, as well"}, {"context": "as 28 academic staff, all male. The closure of the School for Girls in 1946 and the Boy's Academy in 1953 coincided with a period of expansion and provided much-needed space for the growing university. In 1958, a period of construction and acquisition of buildings began, easing the strain of overcrowding at the institution. At this time the university board and administration decided to reaffirm the traditional aims of Mount Allison in providing a high-quality undergraduate liberal arts education, along with continuing to offer professional programs in already-established fields. As such, the university decided not to compete for new professional"}, {"context": "programs and generally avoided post-graduate course development. The policy of university education initiated in the 1960s responded to population pressure and the belief that higher education was a key to social justice and economic productivity for individuals and for society. Mount Allison University was established by the Mount Allison University Act, 1993. Mount Allison University's Arms and Badge were registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on November 15, 2007. The mission statement of Mount Allison University promotes \"the creation and dissemination of knowledge in a community of higher learning, centred on the undergraduate student and delivered in an intimate and"}, {"context": "harmonious environment\". Mount Allison currently offers bachelor's degrees in Arts, Science, Commerce, Fine Arts, and Music, as well as master's degrees in biology and chemistry and biochemistry, and certificates in bilingualism. A Bachelor's degree in Science with a major in Aviation has been developed in conjunction with the Moncton Flight College. Mount Allison has one of the best records of Rhodes Scholars per capita in Canada \u2014 55 all together, and 14 in the past 16 years. In 2014, 76 per cent of the student body received an entrance scholarship. The University's enrolment is approximately 2,300 students. Mount Allison\u2019s architecture"}, {"context": "is one of the campus\u2019s defining features. In most cases, the present campus is much newer than the age of the institution, which was founded in the mid-19th century. At that time, the original Mount Allison buildings were wooden clapboarded structures all painted white. Succumbing to fires or demolition, these earlier buildings have been replaced with brick or stone structures, although a unique and significant instance of early Mount Allison wooden architecture survives at the centre of campus: the President\u2019s Cottage of 1857. Noted architectural historian, John Leroux, who is working with visual artist Thaddeus Holownia on a book about"}, {"context": "the University\u2019s architecture, calls the campus \"one of the finest in Canada\" and says some of the most beautiful buildings built in New Brunswick in the last 100 years are located at Mount Allison. In particular, Leroux names the Mount Allison chapel as one of the most significant buildings in the province, saying, \"It is exquisite. It is nearly a perfect building.\" The Chapel is a masterwork of the Ontario-based architecture firm of Brown, Brisley and Brown, who designed numerous new buildings and transformed the site configuration of Mount Allison in the mid- to late-1960s and early 1970s into the"}, {"context": "landscape it is today. Paramount of their scheme was the creation of the central courtyard with the Chapel as a focus at one end, and the Library\u2019s gateway colonnade overlooking the town and Convocation Hall at the other. Among the other Brown, Brisley and Brown buildings completed at Mount Allison between 1964 and 1980 are: the Gairdner Fine Arts building, the Marjorie Young Bell Conservatory of Music, the Barclay Chemistry Building, Edwards House, Thornton House, the Ralph Pickard Bell Library, and the Harold Crabtree building. Several campus buildings were designed by architect Andrew R. Cobb, including the Memorial Library (1926\u201327;"}, {"context": "demol. 2011), Flemington Building (1930\u201331), and Centennial Hall (1883\u201384, but redesigned by Cobb in 1933 after the original was gutted by fire). The Memorial Library (renamed University Centre in 1970) was constructed in the Tudor-inspired Gothic Revival style. The library also included a set of plaques, now located on the ground floor atrium of the Wallace McCain Student Centre, which are listed in the Canadian Forces' National Inventory of Canadian Military Memorials \u2013 \u2116 13002-004. The plaques list the names of Allisonians who lost their lives at war. Every year since 1927, the names of each of the fallen are"}, {"context": "read aloud during the University\u2019s annual Remembrance Day service. The Wallace McCain Student Centre, originally constructed as a men\u2019s residence (Trueman House) in 1945 and designed by Halifax architect C.A. Fowler, was gutted and repurposed in 2008, keeping the exterior form and stone walls intact. The newest building on campus is the Purdy Crawford Centre for the Arts, which opened in 2014. Housing the Department of Fine Arts and the drama program, the building features art studios, a large atrium, and the 100-seat Motyer-Fancy Theatre. Designed by the internationally honoured Canadian architecture firm Zeidler Partnership, it was featured in Canadian"}, {"context": "Architect magazine in March 2015. Mount Allison has housing facilities available for approximately 50 percent of its student population. More than 85 percent of first-year students choose to live in residence. On-campus accommodations are guaranteed to all first-year students who meet admission and deposit deadlines. All rooms come with high speed wired as well as wireless Internet, as well as cable, phone, and mini fridge. All buildings are co-ed with wing to wing or integrated bathrooms. Sixty percent of rooms are either single or ensuite style and 40 percent are double accommodation. Campbell Hall, winner of CBIP Award for incorporation"}, {"context": "of environment features, offers large single rooms with ensuite bathrooms. In addition, Mount Allison also offers senior students a chance to live in one of two small residences (Carriage \u2013 six rooms, Anchorage \u2013 11 rooms.) The following residences are open for new and returning students: Social life at Mount Allison tends to focus on extracurricular activities: 140 clubs and societies and over 30 varsity, club, and intramural sports teams. Mount Allison students also socialize at places like Gracie's, The Pond (campus pub), Ducky's, Joey's, and the Bridge Street Caf\u00e9. Mount Allison's campus paper, \"The Argosy\", is an independent publication"}, {"context": "produced weekly. The publication dates from 1872, making it one of the oldest student publications in the country. The campus and community radio station, CHMA 106.9 FM, is owned and operated by the members of Attic Broadcasting Company Ltd., a non-profit organization with its offices on the university campus. Tintamarre theatre company was founded at Mount Allison by Professor Alex Fancy and produces a bilingual collective show each year, staged at the Motyer-Fancy Theatre and later presented at junior and senior high schools throughout the Maritime provinces. A performing arts series is held at Convocation Hall (one of the largest"}, {"context": "concert halls east of Montreal) during the school year, and the annual President's Speakers Series brings nationally and internationally renowned speakers to campus each year. Fine Art students run START Gallery within Struts Gallery, a CARFAC artist-run center. The Mount Allison Students\u2019 Union (MASU) represents all full- and part-time students at Mount Allison. It operates as a membership-based non-profit corporation, and was incorporated in 1980 under the New Brunswick Companies Act. Mount Allison University 107726820RR0001 was registered as a charitable organization in Canada on January 1, 1967. The primary areas in which the charity is now carrying on programs to"}, {"context": "achieve its charitable purposes, ranked according to the percentage of time and resources devoted to each program area follow: The charity carried on charitable programs to further its charitable purpose(s) (as defined in its governing documents) this fiscal period: The school's team name in Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS) is the Mount Allison Mounties. The football team has appeared in the Vanier Cup national college football championship game twice (1984 & 1991). The Mount Allison football team also made playoff appearances in 2007, 2008, 2010, 2013, and 2014. The team won the 2013 AUS championship, but lost to the Laval Rouge"}, {"context": "et Or in the Uteck Bowl (the national college football semi final) and in 2014, losing to McMaster in the Mitchell Bowl. Mount Allison is also home to a CIS-level women's hockey team, as well as swim, badminton, and soccer teams. Basketball and volleyball teams compete against colleges and other smaller universities. Mount Allison is the winner of the first ever ACAA men's rugby championship in 2007 and remained undefeated through 2010, resulting in four consecutive championships. In both 2008 and 2009 the men's and women's Mounties remained undefeated throughout the regular season and became ACAA champions. The university women's"}, {"context": "hockey team plays at the Tantramar Civic Centre. Mount Allison faculty are represented by the Mount Allison Faculty Association, and the staff by CUPE 3433 and CUPE 2338. Mount Allison had a three-week long faculty strike in early 2014. After this strike, students sought a refund for tuition, a request that was denied by the Board of Regents. Mount Allison University Mount Allison University (also Mount A or MtA) is a primarily undergraduate Canadian liberal arts and science university located in Sackville, New Brunswick. It has been ranked the top undergraduate university in the country for 18 of the last"}]}, {"title": "Manifest (convention)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Manifest (convention) Melbourne Anime Festival, colloquially known as \"Manifest\", was a three-day fan convention held in Melbourne, Australia. It focused on the art of anime and manga, East Asian culture, and its associated fandoms. Manifest was held at the Parkville campus of the University of Melbourne until 2009, when it moved to the Melbourne Showgrounds. It was held in August each year. Following the 2013 convention, Manifest closed its doors. Manifest was run by the not-for-profit organisation MAFI (Melbourne Anime Festival Inc.) and staffed entirely by volunteers. The organising committee held regular meetings to plan and organise the event, and"}, {"context": "was made up of 30-75 people. In addition, more than a hundred individuals volunteered their time on the event weekend to help run the convention. Manifest was originally held at the University of Melbourne until 2009, when it moved to the Melbourne Showgrounds. On 1 December 2013, it was announced that Manifest would not be running again in 2014 due to financial and staffing issues. Manifest (convention) Melbourne Anime Festival, colloquially known as \"Manifest\", was a three-day fan convention held in Melbourne, Australia. It focused on the art of anime and manga, East Asian culture, and its associated fandoms. Manifest"}]}, {"title": "Liber de Coquina", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Liber de Coquina The Liber de Coquina (\"The book of cooking/cookery\") is one of the oldest medieval cookbooks. Two codices survive from the beginning of the 14th century. Both are preserved at the Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale in Paris, France. The text consists of two independent parts, mostly cited as \"Tractatus\" (part 1) and \"Liber de Coquina\" (part 2). The titles are taken from marginal notes by the medieval editor. While the identity of both the authors is unknown, it is believed that the \"Tractatus\" was originally written by a French author and the \"Liber de Coquina\" by an Italian author from"}, {"context": "the Naples area. The two parts are available at Thomas Gloning's site: Complete Latin-German edition: Italian translation of the \"Tractatus\": Liber de Coquina The Liber de Coquina (\"The book of cooking/cookery\") is one of the oldest medieval cookbooks. Two codices survive from the beginning of the 14th century. Both are preserved at the Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale in Paris, France. The text consists of two independent parts, mostly cited as \"Tractatus\" (part 1) and \"Liber de Coquina\" (part 2). The titles are taken from marginal notes by the medieval editor. While the identity of both the authors is unknown, it is believed"}]}, {"title": "Spain Park High School", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Spain Park High School Spain Park High School (SPHS) is a four-year public high school in the Birmingham, Alabama, suburb of Hoover. It is the smaller of two high schools in the Hoover City School System. School colors are Carolina blue, black, and white, and the athletic teams are called the Jaguars. SPHS competes in AHSAA Class 7A athletics. SPHS is consistently recognized as one of the best high schools in Alabama: Enrollment in grades 9-12 for the 2013-14 school year is 1,633 students. Approximately 65% of students are white, 24% are African-American, 5% are Asian-American, 4% are Hispanic, and"}, {"context": "2% are multiracial. Roughly 22% of students qualify for free or reduced price lunch. SPHS has a graduation rate of 92%. Ninety-eight percent of its students meet or exceed proficiency standards in both reading and mathematics. The average ACT score for SPHS students is 24. SPHS competes in AHSAA Class 7A athletics and fields teams in the following sports: SPHS has won state championships in the following sports: Spain Park's football team was shown on MTV's television program \"Two-A-Days,\" as an opponent of arch-rival Hoover High. The team also advanced to the \"Super Six\" Class 6A final game of the"}, {"context": "Alabama High School Athletic Association football championship in 2007, losing to defending champion Prattville High School (which defeated Hoover in the 2006 finals). Spain Park High School Spain Park High School (SPHS) is a four-year public high school in the Birmingham, Alabama, suburb of Hoover. It is the smaller of two high schools in the Hoover City School System. School colors are Carolina blue, black, and white, and the athletic teams are called the Jaguars. SPHS competes in AHSAA Class 7A athletics. SPHS is consistently recognized as one of the best high schools in Alabama: Enrollment in grades 9-12 for"}]}, {"title": "Arlo L. Olson", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Arlo L. Olson Arlo L. Olson (April 20, 1918 \u2013 October 28, 1943) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration\u2014the Medal of Honor\u2014for his actions in World War II. Olson's family moved to South Dakota 10 years after he was born and he attended school in Toronto, South Dakota. He is also an Eagle Scout and one of nine Eagle Scouts who also were awarded the Medal of Honor. Olson attended the University of South Dakota from 1936 to 1940 were became a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity, and"}, {"context": "was commissioned through Army ROTC and following graduation. By October 13, 1943 was serving as a captain in the 15th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division. On that day and the following two weeks, he showed conspicuous leadership during the push across the Volturno River in Italy. Olson repeatedly led his men in attacks against German forces, personally capturing several enemy positions, until he was mortally wounded during a reconnaissance patrol. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor ten months later, on August 31, 1944. Olson, aged 25 at his death, was buried in Fort Snelling National Cemetery, Minneapolis, Minnesota."}, {"context": "His wife, Myra (Boudreaux) Olson and daughter, Sandra Laverne Olson survived him. (Now deceased). Still living are his granddaughter, Katrin Danielle (Sirjane) Woods; his great-granddaughters, Faith Mikel (Rousselle) Bush and Cameron Danielle Woods; and his great-great-grandson, Christopher Odin Bush. Captain Olson's official Medal of Honor citation reads: Arlo L. Olson Arlo L. Olson (April 20, 1918 \u2013 October 28, 1943) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration\u2014the Medal of Honor\u2014for his actions in World War II. Olson's family moved to South Dakota 10 years after he was born and he attended"}]}, {"title": "Brad M. Kelley", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Brad M. Kelley Brad Maurice Kelley (born March 27, 1956) is an American businessman who is the 7th largest landowner in the U.S., with an estimated net worth of US$2.2 billion in 2018. He founded the Commonwealth Brands tobacco company in 1991 and sold the company in 2001 to Houchens Industries for US$1 billion. As of 2014, Kelley's business interests include Calumet Farm, NC2 Media (Lonely Planet) and the Center for Innovation and Technology business park. Kelley was born in Bowling Green, Kentucky. He was raised in Simpson County, Kentucky, and went to Franklin-Simpson High School in Franklin, Kentucky, where"}, {"context": "he was a secretary for the Future Farmers of America and was named Kentucky high school conservationist of the year. He bought his first piece of land, a farm near his childhood home, at age 17, and his first warehouse at age 20. He attended Western Kentucky University for a short period but left before the completion of his studies to pursue business interests. Kelley grew up on a farm that included tobacco, and his early business ventures were a response to changes in the tobacco industry. Because of declining production in the 1980s, many old warehouses in Kentucky stood"}, {"context": "vacant. He started buying these warehouses, converting them to other uses, and then leasing them out. This interest evolved into manufacturing. In 1991, he founded Commonwealth Brands, a tobacco company that manufactured low-cost cigarettes, headquartered in Bowling Green, Kentucky. The company was later sold in 2001 to Houchens Industries for US$1 billion. Kelley has never smoked, and he said in 2012, \"I've never defended [smoking]. Hopefully it will be phased out of society.\" In May 2012, Kelley became the operator of the historic Calumet Farm in Lexington. He was already involved in Thoroughbred breeding and racing operations. He was formerly"}, {"context": "the largest shareholder and a board member of Churchill Downs. In May 2013, his colt Oxbow won the Preakness Stakes. Kelley owns 1.7 million acres of American ranching land in Texas, Florida and New Mexico. As of 2012, he is the fourth-largest private land owner in the U.S. In March 2013, the commercial arm of the BBC, BBCW, announced the sale of Lonely Planet to Kelly's NC2 Media. Lonely Planet is the world's most successful guidebook publisher, having printed over 100 million guidebooks, in addition to magazines, digital content, and other travel services. Kelley is married with three children. He"}, {"context": "rarely gives interviews and does not use email. Kelley is very active in the conservation movement. He supports many environmental and wildlife conservation interests, including The Center for The Conservation of Tropical Ungulates. The center supports many animal species, including rhino, tapir, wild cattle, and antelope. Brad M. Kelley Brad Maurice Kelley (born March 27, 1956) is an American businessman who is the 7th largest landowner in the U.S., with an estimated net worth of US$2.2 billion in 2018. He founded the Commonwealth Brands tobacco company in 1991 and sold the company in 2001 to Houchens Industries for US$1 billion."}]}, {"title": "Ine\u0300s de La Fressange", "paragraphs": [{"context": "In\u00e8s de La Fressange In\u00e8s Marie L\u00e6titia \u00c9glantine Isabelle de Seignard de La Fressange, born 11 August 1957, is a French model, aristocrat, style icon, fashion designer and perfumer. She was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1998. La Fressange was born in Gassin, Var, France, the daughter of Andr\u00e9 de Seignard, Marquis de La Fressange (b. 1932), a French stockbroker, and his wife, the former Cecilia \"Lita\" S\u00e1nchez-Davila, an Argentine-Colombian model (closely related to two former presidents of Colombia, Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo and Alfonso Lopez Michelsen). Her family on her father's side comes from"}, {"context": "old French nobility, and had the seigneury of 'de La Fressange' in the Velay (in Auvergne). Her uncle, Hubert de La Fressange (b. 1923), died in the Second World War on 2 October 1944 in Anglemont, during which he participated in its liberation. Her grandmother, the marchioness to Paul de La Fressange, was born Simone Lazard, and was heiress to the Lazard banking fortune (Banque Lazard). She married two ministers in succession, Maurice Petsche, and then Louis Jacquinot. She grew up in an 18th-century mill outside Paris with two brothers, Emmanuel, the eldest, and her younger brother, Ivan. She studied"}, {"context": "at the Tournelle Institution in Courgent, then at the Notre-dame de Mantes-la-Jolie Institution in the Yvelines where she got her bacalaureat at the age of 16, and then went to the L'\u00c9cole du Louvre in Paris. Tall at 180 cm (5'11\") and with a weight of 50 kg (110 lb), she began her career as a model in 1974 at the age of 17. She quickly became nicknamed by many as \"the talking mannequin\", due to her tendency to talk with fashion journalists and express her opinions on her profession and on fashion. In 1975, at the age of 18,"}, {"context": "La Fressange appeared for the first time in photos by Oliviero Toscani for \"Elle\" magazine, then modelled for Thierry Mugler and other designers. In 1983 she became the first model to sign an exclusive modeling contract with the haute couture fashion house, Chanel, by fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld, whose muse she became due to her remarkable resemblance to the brand's founder, Coco Chanel, who died in 1971. She was the first model to sign an exclusivity contract with a fashion house and the first model to become a big media personality and popular figure in fashion history, a symbol of"}, {"context": "the 1980s due to her omnipresence. However, in 1989, Lagerfeld and La Fressange had an argument and parted company. Likely this argument was, at least in part, regarding her decision to lend her likeness to a bust of Marianne, the ubiquitous symbol of the French Republic. Lagerfeld reputedly condemned her decision, saying that Marianne was the embodiment of \"everything that is boring, bourgeois, and provincial\" and that he would not dress up historic monuments. On 9 June 1990, in Tarascon, France, she married Luigi d'Urso (1951-2006), an Italian railroad executive, who died in 2006. Luigi was the son of Alessandro"}, {"context": "d'Urso, and his wife, Donna Clothilde Serra di Cassano (daughter of Don Luigi Serra, 9th Duke di Cassano, and Elizabeth Grant; and great-granddaughter of George Clymer, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, who signed both the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the United States Constitution in 1787). Luigi and In\u00e8s had two daughters, Nine Marie d'Urso (born 27 February 1994) and Violette Marie d'Urso (born 6 August 1999). She also has two stepdaughters, Clotilde d'Urso and India d'Urso, the daughters of Luigi d'Urso by his first wife, Guendalina Levier. In 1991, with the financial"}, {"context": "support of the luxury brand, Orcofi, she created her own brand 'In\u00e8s de la Fressange' and opened her own Boutique, selling various products such as perfumes originating from the area in which her grandfather lived, at 12 Avenue Montaigne in the 8th arrondissement of Paris. It was an immediate success not only in France, but also in the USA and in Japan. In December 1999, due to equity dilution, she was made redundant from her own company in which she was not a majority shareholder, her majority co-shareholders insisting it was because she had designed a pill-dispenser for the 'Elixir"}, {"context": "of Abb\u00e9 Soury'. She lost the rights to use her name and personal brand, which she fought five years for in court. She walked the runway for Gaultier during an event, at age 51. She also walked the Chanel spring-summer 2011 show. La Fressange and fashion journalist Sophie Gachet are the authors of \"Parisian Chic, a Style Guide\". In\u00e8s de La Fressange In\u00e8s Marie L\u00e6titia \u00c9glantine Isabelle de Seignard de La Fressange, born 11 August 1957, is a French model, aristocrat, style icon, fashion designer and perfumer. She was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in"}]}, {"title": "Robert Kelton", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Robert Kelton Robert Kelton Jr. (January 1, 1908 \u2013 May 19, 1996) was an American blues guitarist and banjo player, influential in the development of jump blues and early rock and roll. Kelton was born in Kansas City, Kansas, and learned to play ukulele as a child, playing in cabarets in Turner by the mid-1920s. After becoming proficient on the banjo, he moved to Chicago in 1926 and the following year to St. Louis, Missouri, where he worked with Dewey Jackson's band on river boats. He next moved to Denver, Colorado, and then Phoenix, Arizona, where he married and played"}, {"context": "in George Morrison's band, before relocating to Los Angeles in 1932, and taking up the guitar. Around 1935, he became one of the first to play electric guitar, in Boot Wiley's band at Riverside, California, where he influenced Charlie Christian. Over the next few years Kelton also played with Jack McVea, before playing in Happy Johnson's band in San Diego between 1939 and 1942. In 1943, he met Jimmy McCracklin, but then entered military service in the US Navy. In 1946 Kelton, McCracklin, and drummer Little Red formed the Blues Blasters, recording for the Cava-tone and Down Town labels with"}, {"context": "Kelton providing solos that \"were highly unusual and most effective\", on tracks such as \"Blues Blasters Shuffle\" (1948). He continued to perform with McCracklin over the following decade, leaving soon after Lafayette Thomas joined. Kelton also worked as a session musician, and recorded some tracks under his own name for Aladdin Records. He performed and recorded intermittently in the 1960s and 1970s, while also working in the post office in Richmond, California, and also wrote songs, some of which he sold to Don Robey. He recorded a single on the Rhodes-Way label in 1979, but his final recording session in"}, {"context": "1981 was never completed. He died at home in Richmond in 1996, aged 88. Robert Kelton Robert Kelton Jr. (January 1, 1908 \u2013 May 19, 1996) was an American blues guitarist and banjo player, influential in the development of jump blues and early rock and roll. Kelton was born in Kansas City, Kansas, and learned to play ukulele as a child, playing in cabarets in Turner by the mid-1920s. After becoming proficient on the banjo, he moved to Chicago in 1926 and the following year to St. Louis, Missouri, where he worked with Dewey Jackson's band on river boats. He"}]}, {"title": "Thames International College", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Thames International College Thames International College is an academic institution located at Surya Bikram Gyawali Mard, Old Baneswor, Kathmandu, Nepaloffering variety of undergraduate programs that leads to a degree from Tribhuvan University . All the programs at Thames are affiliated to Tribhuvan University. Established in 1959, Tribhuvan University is the oldest University in Nepal. Thames International College has signed an articulation agreement with Webster University, St. Louis, Missouri. The Office of Student Affairs works with all aspects of students\u2019 lives at Thames and collaborates with students, staff members, faculty, alumni, parents and other agencies to support the students. Interest Based"}, {"context": "Clubs: Thames International College Thames International College is an academic institution located at Surya Bikram Gyawali Mard, Old Baneswor, Kathmandu, Nepaloffering variety of undergraduate programs that leads to a degree from Tribhuvan University . All the programs at Thames are affiliated to Tribhuvan University. Established in 1959, Tribhuvan University is the oldest University in Nepal. Thames International College has signed an articulation agreement with Webster University, St. Louis, Missouri. The Office of Student Affairs works with all aspects of students\u2019 lives at Thames and collaborates with students, staff members, faculty, alumni, parents and other agencies to support the students. Interest"}]}, {"title": "2003 Bangkok International Film Festival", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2003 Bangkok International Film Festival The 2003 Bangkok International Film Festival was held from January 10 to 21, 2003 in Bangkok, Thailand. A Bangkok International Film Festival was held in 2002, organized by Nation Multimedia Group in cooperation with the Tourism Authority of Thailand. From 2003, the Tourism Authority of Thailand took over the festival, while the Nation Group inaugurated the World Film Festival of Bangkok. For the 2003 Bangkok International Film Festival, the TAT hired Festival Management of Los Angeles, California to program and administer the festival. The Golden Kinnaree International Competition was inaugurated in 2003, giving Golden Kinnaree"}, {"context": "Awards for Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Script, Best Asian Film and a Lifetime Achievement Award. The 2003 festival opened with \"Frida\", directed by Julie Taymor. The opening and closing films were shown at the Scala Theater in Siam Square. Festival screenings were held in various cinemas around the Siam Square area. Celebrities in attendance included Jean-Claude Van Damme, Steven Seagal and Jennifer Tilly. French director Agn\u00e8s Varda was in attendance for a retrospective and to receive the Lifetime Achievement Award. A gala ball held during the festival at Queen Sirikit National Convention Center featured composer"}, {"context": "Maurice Jarre conducting the Bangkok Symphony Orchestra, performing some of his film scores. The closing film was the world premiere of \"Ong-Bak\", the lead-acting debut by Thai action star Tony Jaa. As a sidebar to the festival, a \"Guinness World Records\" record was set by 17 people for continuously viewing films for 64 hours, 58 minutes. The awards banquet was held at Mandarin Oriental, Bangkok, with Princess Ubol Ratana presiding. 2003 Bangkok International Film Festival The 2003 Bangkok International Film Festival was held from January 10 to 21, 2003 in Bangkok, Thailand. A Bangkok International Film Festival was held in"}]}, {"title": "Saint George's Cathedral (Novi Sad)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Saint George's Cathedral (Novi Sad) The Cathedral Church of the Holy Great-Martyr George () is the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Ba\u010dka, located in Novi Sad, northern Serbia. The present-day church was completed in 1905, on the ruins of a church built in 1734 and destroyed in 1849. It is located next to the Eparchy offices in the Bishop's Palace, in Nikola Pa\u0161i\u0107 Street. It is commonly known as \"Saborna crkva\" ('Cathedral Church') among the city residents. An older church in the baroque style began building in 1720, and extended in 1734, during the time of Empress Maria"}, {"context": "Theresia, Patriarch Arsenije IV Jovanovi\u0107 and Archpriest Visarion Pavlovi\u0107. It was burnt down in a bombing in 1849, during the Revolutions in the Habsburg areas. The planning of the present-day church began in 1851, and it was built between 1860 and 1880 on the ruins of the old one, with further renovations and completion by 1905 under design by architect Milan Michal Harminc, during the office of Mitrofan \u0160evi\u0107. A new tower with new bells from Budapest was added during the rebuilding. The Cathedral is dedicated to the Saint George. The church interior includes an iconostasis with 33 icons, historical"}, {"context": "pictures above both choirs, as well as two large throne icons, painted by renowned academic Paja Jovanovi\u0107, which are considered to be his best ecclesiastical works. The wall paintings were made by Stevan Aleksi\u0107. It is one of the foremost monuments of the religious architecture in Novi Sad. Saint George's Cathedral (Novi Sad) The Cathedral Church of the Holy Great-Martyr George () is the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Ba\u010dka, located in Novi Sad, northern Serbia. The present-day church was completed in 1905, on the ruins of a church built in 1734 and destroyed in 1849. It is"}]}, {"title": "Clarksville Fox", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Clarksville Fox The Clarksville Fox is a football team in the Independent Women's Football League. Based in Clarksville, Tennessee, the Fox play their home games on the campus of Northwest High School. The Fox were formed in 2007 as a member of the Women's Football League. Their inaugural season was successful, finishing 4-2 on the regular season and earning a berth in the Championship Game, where the Fox lost to the Jacksonville Dixie Blues by a score of 49-6. After the WFL went moribund, the Fox applied for, and were subsequently accepted into, full membership in the IWFL. Playing in"}, {"context": "the Tier II Mid-South Division alongside the Shreveport Aftershock and Louisiana Fuel, the Fox finished 7-1 and won the Mid-South Division title and a spot in the Tier II playoffs. Following their 32-0 victory over the New England Intensity in the semifinals, the Fox advanced to the IWFL Tier II Championship Game, where they lost 29-6 to the Montreal Blitz. !Totals || 24 || 17 || 0 Clarksville Fox The Clarksville Fox is a football team in the Independent Women's Football League. Based in Clarksville, Tennessee, the Fox play their home games on the campus of Northwest High School. The"}]}, {"title": "Burger King advertising", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Burger King advertising Since it was founded in 1954, international fast food chain Burger King has employed many advertising programs. During the 1970s, its advertisements included a memorable jingle, the inspiration for its current mascot the Burger King and several well-known and parodied slogans, such as \"Have it your way\" and \"It takes two hands to hold a Whopper\". From the early 1980s until approximately 2002, Burger King engaged a series of advertising agencies that produced many unsuccessful slogans and programs, including its least successful campaign, \"Where's Herb?\". In 2003, Burger King hired the Miami-based advertising agency Crispin Porter +"}, {"context": "Bogusky (CP+B), which revived the Burger King character used during Burger King's 1970s and 1980s Burger King Kingdom advertising campaign as a caricature now simply called \"the King\". CP+B also created a series of viral web-based advertisements to complement its television and print promotional campaigns on various social networks and various Burger King corporate pages. These viral campaigns, other new campaigns and a series of new product introductions, drew both positive and negative attention to Burger King and helped TPG and its partners earn approximately US$367 million in dividends. After the late-2000s recession, Burger King's owner, TPG Capital, divested itself"}, {"context": "of the chain in 2010; the new owner, 3G Capital, ended its relationship with CP+B and hired McGarryBowen to begin a new campaign targeted on a broader demographic. Burger King successfully partnered with George Lucas's Lucasfilm to promote the 1977 movie \"Star Wars\", one of the first product tie-ins in the fast food industry. The company's most successful tie-ins were those between the 1990s and early 2000s, with successful campaigns involving Disney's animated films, including \"Beauty & the Beast\" and \"Toy Story\", and the Pok\u00e9mon franchise in 1999. Pillsbury acquired the Burger King business in 1967, and a year later,"}, {"context": "BBDO were signed on as the company's advertising agency. The relationship continued until July 1976. From 1974, Burger King ran a series of much-lampooned but successful television commercials in which employees sing: \"Hold the pickles, hold the lettuce. Special orders don't upset us. All we ask is that you let us serve it your way!\" This advertising strategy aimed to contrast Burger King's flexibility with McDonald's famous rigidity. This theme has been reiterated in subsequent advertising campaigns. BBDO were believed to have been dropped because of their inability to originate a successful new campaign following their \"Have It Your Way\""}, {"context": "campaign. Burger King's first successful cross-promotional campaign was in 1977. It offered several collectible items, such as posters, glasses and sticker sets that featured scenes and characters from \"Star Wars\". The promotional glasses have become collectors' items. The \"Star Wars\" tie-in continued with the remainder of the first \"Star Wars\" trilogy and the DVD release of both trilogies. During the 1984 television premiere of \"Star Wars\", Burger King commercials were featured prominently. In 1982, Burger King's television advertising campaign featured Sarah Michelle Gellar, then aged 4. In the advertisements, Gellar said that McDonald's burgers were 20% smaller than Burger King's."}, {"context": "It was arguably the first attack on a food chain by a competitor. The campaign was controversial because prior to it, fast food advertisements only made vague allusions to the competition and never mentioned the name. McDonald's sued and the suit was settled the following year on undisclosed terms. In November 1985, Burger King spent $40 million on the \"Where's Herb?\" advertising campaign. The campaign's premise was that Herb was the only man in America who had never eaten a Whopper. If a customer recognized him in any store, he or she would win US$5,000. The advertisements did not reveal"}, {"context": "Herb's appearance until the company's Super Bowl XX commercial, where Herb was revealed to be a bespectacled man in an ill-fitting suit. Herb toured stores across the country, appeared on \"The Today Show\", and served as a guest timekeeper during \"WrestleMania 2\". The campaign had little impact on sales and was quickly dropped. According to \"Advertising Age\" magazine, the Herb campaign was the \"most elaborate advertising flop of the decade.\" Burger King's other 1980s advertising campaigns, such as \"This is a Burger King town\", \"Fast food for fast times\", and \"We do it like you'd do it\" were barely more"}, {"context": "successful. In the early 1990s, Burger King advertised its new dinner offering \u2013 dinner baskets and table service \u2013 with the \"BK Tee Vee\" (or \"BKTV\") campaign, which used the taglines \"BK Tee Vee... I Love this Place!\" and \"Your Way Right Away!\", and featured Dan Cortese as \"Dan: The Whopper Man.\" Burger King's lack of a successful advertising campaign continued during the 1980s and 1990s. In September 2002, Burger King introduced its 99\u00a2 Value Menu in response to Wendy's 99\u00a2 Value Menu. The advertisements featured the comedian Adam Carolla as the voice of BK's drive thru. The menu was"}, {"context": "later renamed the \"BK Value Menu\" with prices starting at US$1. Shortly after the acquisition of Burger King by TPG Capital in 2002, its new CEO Bradley (Brad) Blum set about reversing the fortunes of the company's advertising programs. The company reinstated its famous \"Have it your way\" motto and engaged Miami-based advertising agency Crispin Porter + Bogusky (CP+B), which was known for having a hip, subversive tack when creating campaigns for its clients. CP+B updated Burger King's image and changed its marketing strategy. The cups, bags and the company logo were redesigned with the intent to give and BK"}, {"context": "an appealing, culturally aware and modern image. Humorous statements, claims and product descriptions were printed on bags, product packaging and on in-store promotional materials, including a Burger King \"Bill of Rights\", using the slogan \"Have it Your Way\". CP+B created an advertising campaign that focused on television spots, print, web and product tie-ins. CP+B reinstated the Burger King character used in the 1970s and 1980s for the Burger King Kingdom advertising campaign. The character was redesigned as a caricature of the original, now simply called \"the Burger King\" or just \"the King\". The new incarnation replaced the singing and dancing"}, {"context": "\"Magical Burger King\" with a miming actor who wore an oversized, grinning plastic mask resembling the original actor who played King. Employing the practice of viral marketing, CP+B's advertisements generated significant word of mouth and a new use of what has become known as the \"Creepy King\" persona, an appellation that CP+B used in later advertisements. In April 2009, a CP+B advertisement for Burger King's \"Texican burger\" was removed from television because it caused an international uproar over insults to Mexico. After purchasing the company in 2010, 3G Capital ended Burger King's relationship with CP+B and engaged the services of"}, {"context": "McGarryBowen. In August 2011, McGarryBowen produced its first Burger King campaign, which was for the California Whopper sandwich. The advertisements were the first in a campaign that de-emphasized the King and focused on ingredients and preparation methods. In 2017 Burger King briefly ran an ad to intentionally activate Google Home smart speakers. The end of the commercial featured an employee saying \"OK Google, what is the Whopper burger\" which would trigger the device to read the first sentence of the Wikipedia entry for the Whopper. The Verge noted that prior to the ads release the entry for Whopper had been"}, {"context": "changed seemingly for the ad to trigger a more enticing description. Although the ad worked for a while, after a few hours the commercial no longer triggered a search by the device, which was viewed by both The New York Times and The Verge to be a deliberate change made by Google. During the hours that the ad was active many attempts were made to vandalize the Wikipedia page in question to alter Google Home's description. In 2017, to promote its flame-grilled burgers, Burger King offered a lifetime supply of free Whoppers to people with the last name \"Parrilla.\" Parrilla"}, {"context": "translates as 'grill' and the company decided to connect with those who have been teased by their name, use their stories in an advertisement, and offer them the free burgers. The Burger King is a character created as the advertising mascot for the company that has been used in numerous television commercials and advertising programs. The character has undergone several iterations over the course of its company's history. The first iteration of the King was part of a Burger King sign at the first store in Miami, Florida in 1955. Later signs had the King shown sitting on a \"burger"}, {"context": "throne\" as well as atop the BK sign while holding a beverage. In the early 1970s Burger King started using a small, animated version of the King called Kurger Bing in its children's advertising where the animated Burger King was voiced by Allen Swift. By the late 70s, the original animated King was replaced by the \"Marvelous Magical Burger King\", a red-bearded, Tudor-era king who ruled the Burger King Kingdom and performed magic tricks that were mostly sleight-of-hand, but sometimes relied on camera tricks or involved his \"Magic Ring\" which could summon copious amounts of food. The children's ads featuring"}, {"context": "the King were phased out by the late 1980s in favor of the BK Kids Club Gang and other later programs. When CP+B took over the advertising account of Burger King in 2003, They began devising a caricatured variation of the Burger King character from the Burger King Kingdom advertising campaign, now simply called \"the King\". During the use of CP+B's new version of the King, ads generated significant word of mouth for its new use of what various trade publications and Internet articles labeled \"the Creepy King\" persona, an appellation that BK came to favor and CP+B used in"}, {"context": "its ads. The farcical nature of the program led to the King becoming an internet meme with jokes about his huge head, and frequently portrayed as a fiend with monstrous intents, often accompanied with the catchphrase \"Where is your God now?\". However, the use of the king failed to provide a consistent message regarding the company and its products. Upon the take over of Burger King by 3G Capital in 2010, the company terminated its relationship with CP+B and in August 2011 Burger King announced that character would be retired as the primary mascot for the brand. The first Burger"}, {"context": "King logo used text and was introduced on 28 July 1953. The first graphical representation of the Burger King character occurred in the 1960s and is sometimes called the \"Sitting King\" logo, as the Burger King character is shown sitting atop a burger holding a beverage. Several versions were produced; the King is shown either sitting atop a hamburger or on an inverted trapezoid with the company name along the top and its motto \"Home of the Whopper\" below it. Some signs omitted the King and only had the trapezoid. This logo was used in various forms until 1 May"}, {"context": "1969 when the Burger King \"bun halves\" logo made its debut, and has continued in use until the present. The logo resembles a hamburger; with two orange semi-circular \"buns\" surrounding the name. On 1 May 1994 BK updated the logo with a graphical tightening, replacing the \"bulging\" font with a smoother font with rounded edges. The current \"blue crescent\" logo was designed by the New York-based Sterling Group and made its official debut on 1 July 1999. Sterling Group changed the color of the restaurant's name from red to burgundy, tilted the bun halves and the font on an axis,"}, {"context": "used a smaller bun motif and wrapped the burger with a blue crescent, which gave it a more circular appearance. Most restaurants did not acquire new signs, menus, and drive-thru ordering speakers until 2001. All secondary signage was updated with the new logo and all sign posts were repainted to match the blue coloring of the new crescent, replacing the original black. The logo of Australian franchisee, Hungry Jack's, is based on the Burger King \"bun halves\" design, and currently uses a variation of the second generation \"bun halves\" logo from 1994. When the company opened its first Russian store"}, {"context": "in Moscow, a version of the logo with Cyrillic lettering, styled \"\", was used. In Arabic-speaking countries, the logo is reversed and uses characters from the Arabic alphabet (), but is otherwise identical to the \"blue crescent\" English logo. In Israel, a Hebrew logo has been used for a while in 2002, and has been replaced with the English version since. The logo is reversed (like the Arabic version) and uses characters from the Hebrew alphabet (), but is otherwise identical to the English logo. Burger King created a separate logo for its children's products with the introduction of its"}, {"context": "Burger King Kid's Club in 1990. The original logo, an inverted triangle with blue text, was used in television and print advertising, signage, toy and meal packaging. Burger King changed this logo several times and introduced several local versions in its international market. In 1992, the company replaced the original logo with one similar to its corporate \"bun halves\" logo, the original Burger King text logo on a single line with the text \"Kids Club\" text under it on two lines. The most current logo in North America is for its \"Club BK\" program which it introduced in July 2008."}, {"context": "Starting in the 1970s and running into the 1980s, Burger King's \"Kids' Club\" program gave children coupons for selected products each month, a small toy, and a surprise on the child's birthday. Burger King has been known for its paper crowns, which are sometimes redesigned to match any promotions the restaurant may be running. The original \"Kids' Club\" advertising featured a small, animated King character named Kurger Bing, who would travel on a modified chopper with a throne as the seat, visit a Burger King store and present the children with small gifts. The tag line was \"\"Burger King: Where"}, {"context": "kids are King!\"\" In 1976, the original animated King was replaced by the \"Marvelous Magical Burger King\". He was a red-bearded, Tudor-era king, played by Fred Barton, who ruled the Burger King Kingdom and performed magic tricks that were mostly sleight-of-hand, but sometimes relied on camera tricks or involved his \"Magic Ring\" which could summon copious amounts of food. Other Burger King Kingdom characters included: This campaign paralleled McDonald's McDonaldland children's commercials, which featured \"Ronald McDonald,\" \"The Hamburglar,\" and \"Mayor McCheese,\" along with other characters and mascots. The ads featuring the Burger King Kingdom were phrased out by the late"}, {"context": "1980s in favor of the BK Kids Club. In 1989, Burger King re-launched its children's meal program as the Burger King Kids Club meal in the US and in New Zealand. The Burger King Kids Club Gang, a multi-ethnic group of fictional characters, were created to promote the Burger King Kids Club meal by providing a group of stylized characters. The members of the gang were: In the early 2000s a new female character was added to the group: In their birthday month, Burger King \"Kids Club\" members receive an annual mailing that contains games, product information, and a coupon"}, {"context": "for a free Kids' Meal. Although the BK Kids' Club Gang promotion has been discontinued in the US since approximately 2005, the club continues to operate and is the largest club of its kind in North America.The characters can still be seen on playground signs and decorations in some locations. In 2005, the Kids Club Gang was replaced by the Honbatz characters with a group of characters designed to appeal to the preteen market. Each Honbatz has a distinct personality: the class clown, the brain or the rebel. They have appeared in numerous advertisements and are still used in some"}, {"context": "European markets and New Zealand. The Honbatz characters are: In September 2006, Burger King reintroduced an updated version of its 1970's animated king design. This was printed on cups, bags and in non tie-in children's advertising. The redesigned king was portrayed as a sarcastic character who sometimes gets into trouble for his mischief-making adventures. On 12 September 2007, Burger King announced that it was joining the Council of Better Business Bureaus Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative. The program, a voluntary self-regulation program designed to adjust advertising messages aimed at children so that they encourage healthy eating habits and lifestyles."}, {"context": "As part of this new initiative, Burger King stated that it would restrict its advertising aimed at children under 12 that uses third-party licensed characters to Kids Meals that meet its nutrition guidelines, refrain from advertising in elementary schools and refrain from product placement in media primarily aimed at children under 12, promote Kids Meals that meet its nutrition guidelines and promote healthy lifestyles and healthy dietary choices in its advertising. Several groups, including the CSPI, lauded the move as guarded good news. In 1983, Burger King introduced advertising to emphasize value or its opening hours. The company encouraged its"}, {"context": "stores to keep their drive thru outlets open after midnight; most QSR locations closed between 10:00pm and 11:00pm. In mid-2007, it again began advertising late opening times in response to the late night programs of Wendy's and McDonald's. A 2005\u20132006 viral advertising campaign by CP+B used model and actress Brooke Burke in a commercial in which she and The King went through a mock celebrity courtship. Paparazzi-style photographs and videos appeared in gossip columns and celebrity gossip websites. The campaign followed their meeting on the set of the Whopperettes ad, dating, risqu\u00e9 shots of them at the beach, an engagement"}, {"context": "and summary break up. Burke also appears as a playable character and cover girl in the Xbox 360 games PocketBike Racer and Big Bumpin'. In the UK in 2009, CP+B and Cow PR launched a perfume, called \"Burger King Flame\"; Piers Morgan appeared in a poster campaign and a video. Burger King's first major tie-in, and one of the first for the QSR industry, was the 1977 film \"Star Wars\" in which BK sold a set of glasses featuring the main characters from the film. From that point on, competition between the major QSR chains became an important part of"}, {"context": "advertising in the fast food industry; McDonald's partnered with Disney in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1994 Burger King signed a ten-film contract with Disney, a venture that was very successful. Burger King promoted films such as \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991), \"Aladdin\" (1992), \"The Lion King\" (1994), \"Pocahontas\" (1995), \"Toy Story\" (1995) and \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\" (1996). These cross promotions were rivaled only by McDonald's/Ty Beanie Babies cross-promotion in 1999\u20132000. Burger King continued its partnership with Lucasfilm for the two subsequent films, \"The Empire Strikes Back\" (1980) and \"Return of the Jedi\" (1983). It also promoted"}, {"context": "the last film of the second trilogy, \"\" (2005). Burger King lost the first run tie-in rights to \"\" (1999) and \"\" (2002), to Tricon Global (KFC, Taco Bell, and Pizza Hut) but had an extensive tie-in with the DVD release of the two trilogies in 2006. In 2008, Burger King again partnered with Lucasfilm and Amblin Entertainment for the release of the film, \"Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull\". Another long running Burger King tie-in partnership has been with 20th Century Fox's property \"The Simpsons\". Burger King's first promotion with Fox began in 1990, when the"}, {"context": "show was launched as a full-time series. Burger King sold a set of dolls featuring each member of the Simpsons family. Other Simpsons promotions included a British Kids Club toy in 1998, 2000 and 2001; a Halloween-themed Kid's Club toy in 2001 and 2002, a summertime special at Hungry Jack's in 2001 and \"The Simpsons Movie\" in 2007. As part of the promotion for the Simpsons Movie, CP+B produced a commercial with a Simpsons version of the King that had yellow skin, an overbite and four fingers. A website allowed people to make a \"Simpsonized\" version of themselves from uploaded"}, {"context": "pictures. American rapper Meek Mill was endorsed by Burger King during his feud with Drake. Burger King advertising Since it was founded in 1954, international fast food chain Burger King has employed many advertising programs. During the 1970s, its advertisements included a memorable jingle, the inspiration for its current mascot the Burger King and several well-known and parodied slogans, such as \"Have it your way\" and \"It takes two hands to hold a Whopper\". From the early 1980s until approximately 2002, Burger King engaged a series of advertising agencies that produced many unsuccessful slogans and programs, including its least successful"}]}, {"title": "Portion working", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Portion working In rail terminology, portion working refers to the operational practice of coupling two or more passenger trains together over common sections of their respective routes, but otherwise operating the trains separately. Typically, the common sections will be the busiest parts of the totality of the routes covered by a portion working arrangement. The practice of portion working has been followed for a long time on the third rail network of lines in the South East of England, and has been more widely practised in continental Europe. Elsewhere in the United Kingdom, the practice has been less common, because"}, {"context": "of a general reluctance to design the necessary modern signalling systems, and because of legal constraints on competition between operators. A variety of portion working combinations is possible. For example: For portion working to be successful, the operator may need to address many issues. For example: Portion working In rail terminology, portion working refers to the operational practice of coupling two or more passenger trains together over common sections of their respective routes, but otherwise operating the trains separately. Typically, the common sections will be the busiest parts of the totality of the routes covered by a portion working arrangement."}]}, {"title": "No. 2 Construction Battalion", "paragraphs": [{"context": "No. 2 Construction Battalion The No. 2 Construction Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF), was raised in Nova Scotia and was the only predominantly black battalion in Canadian military history and also the only Canadian Battalion composed of black soldiers to serve in World War I. Commanded by Lieutenant Colonel D.H. Sutherland, formerly of the 193rd Battalion, CEF, all but one of the unit's 19 officers were white, the exception being Captain William A. White, the unit's Chaplain. The Captain Runchey's Company of Coloured Men was one of the first black regiment in Canada and served during the War of 1812."}, {"context": "Another Black regiment raised in Canada was the Victoria Rifles (Nova Scotia) (1860-61),as established just after the Crimean War on the eve of the American Civil War. It was The Volunteer Military Company from Victoria, BC, active between 1860 and 1864. They were led by Captain Anderson, who eventually resigned his command over how poorly the battalion was treated by local military establishment. With the outbreak of WWI, few blacks were serving in the Canadian military because of the racial attitudes prevalent at the time. Initially, some blacks attempted to enlist in the Canadian Expeditionary Force, but most were rejected."}, {"context": "The Department of Militia and Defence's policy towards recruitment was to defer to the judgement of the individual commanding officer, and since many held deeply ingrained beliefs about the inferiority of blacks, very few were accepted. Members of the black community petitioned the military for inclusion in the Canadian Expeditionary Force. Reverend C.W. Washington of Edmonton offered to raise an all-Black battalion, military officials authorized the creation of the No. 2 Construction Battalion. On May 11, 1916, The British War Office informed the Governor General that it approved of the formation of this unit. So on July 5, 1916, No."}, {"context": "2 Construction Battalion was authorized. Its headquarters was initially in Pictou, Nova Scotia, but moved to Truro, Nova Scotia in September 1916. The original intention was to recruit the unit primarily from the Maritimes, with companies also being raised in Ontario and Western Canada. A little over a month after the unit was authorized, however, only 180 recruits had been obtained. By November 1916, the recruiting situation had improved little, leading Lieutenant Colonel Sutherland to propose raising a company in the British West Indies. While nothing came of this, the battalion did manage to obtain about 165 men from the"}, {"context": "United States. When the men were finally assembled in March 1917 to prepare for departure overseas, the battalion's overall strength was just over 600 men. The unit departed from Halifax, Nova Scotia on board the \"SS Southland\" on March 28, 1917 and arrived at Liverpool, England ten days later. Lacking the numbers to make up a battalion (the smallest unit then deployed by army authorities), the unit was reorganized as No. 2 Construction Company in May, 1917, and attached to the Canadian Forestry Corps. By the fall of 1917, the unit was operating in the Jura Mountains of France, headquartered"}, {"context": "at La Joux. It was employed primarily in the production of timber for use by the Allied armies and repairing roads. Members of the unit hoped to be able to take part in combat but only a few eventually did. Even so, some were injured, and some killed by artillery fire, poison gas, and construction accidents. The men of No. 2 Construction Battalion returned to Canada in early 1919 and the unit officially disbanded on September 15 of the same year. In 1981, The Society for the Protection and Preservation of Black Culture in Nova Scotia, which had been incorporated"}, {"context": "in 1977, chose as its first public event a reunion of black First World War veterans. This reunion was held November 12\u201314, 1982 in Halifax and was attended by nine of the approximately twenty known surviving black veterans. They were: William Carter (No. 2), John W. Hamilton (No. 2), Percy J. Richards (No. 2), Gordon C. Wilson (No. 2), Albert D. Deleon (CFC), A. Seymour Tyler (No. 2), Sydney M. Jones (106BN, The RCR), Isaac Phills (85BN), and John R. Pannill (Merchant Navy). In 1992, the No. 2 Construction Battalion, CEF, was designated an event of national historic significance by"}, {"context": "the government of Canada, and a commemorative plaque was placed in Pictou, Nova Scotia the following year. In February 2007, controversy arose over the purchase of the Victory Medal for a former member of the unit, 931309 Sapper PR. P.F. Fenton, by Dave Thomson of St. George, Ontario on behalf of the Black Cultural Centre in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia for over $7,400 (Cdn). Texts Endnotes No. 2 Construction Battalion The No. 2 Construction Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF), was raised in Nova Scotia and was the only predominantly black battalion in Canadian military history and also the only Canadian Battalion"}]}, {"title": "American Constitution Party (Colorado)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "American Constitution Party (Colorado) The American Constitution Party (ACN) is one of the state of Colorado's political parties. It is affiliated with the national-level Constitution Party, a conservative political party in the United States that says it bases most of its policy positions on the Constitution. The party asserts that the US is a Christian nation founded on the Bible and that American jurisprudence should be restored to what the party claims is its \"Biblical foundations\". The ACN qualified for major party status in Colorado after receiving more than 36% of the vote in the 2010 gubernatorial election. As the"}, {"context": "party did not field a candidate in the 2014 election, it reverted to minor party status. The American Constitution Party registered as a political party with the state of Colorado on July 23, 2000. In July 2013, the ACN had just over 7,000 registered Colorado voters affiliated with it. Some of the party's positions include: For most of its existence, the ACN has existed as one of Colorado's \"minor parties\", and has never elected one of its candidates to office. The American Constitution Party of Colorado seeks to: The ACN is affiliated with the national-level Constitution Party, which has developed"}, {"context": "a party platform as well. Under state law, the American Constitution Party's vote share in the 2010 gubernatorial election elevated the party from \"minor\" to \"major\" party status. Any party that earns 10% or more of the votes cast for governor is a defined under statute as a \"major party\". Major party status gives the party a place at or near the top of the ballot in the 2014 gubernatorial election. However, because of the additional organizational, financial, and compliance requirements triggered by major party status, ACN leaders have been ambivalent about the change. Former Republican Congressman Tom Tancredo ran"}, {"context": "as the party's candidate for Colorado governor in 2010 after the campaign of Republican Party nominee Dan Maes collapsed politically. He won around 36% of the vote, receiving more than 2.5 times the vote of Republican Party nominee Maes. Democratic candidate John Hickenlooper won the election with just over 51% of the vote. After the election, Tancredo quickly rejoined the Republican Party, disappointing an ACN leadership struggling to contend with major party status and how to successfully leverage the increased attention the party had received because of his candidacy. Although the American Constitution Party's political and organizational sophistication did not"}, {"context": "grow despite the attention brought to it by Tancredo's 2010 gubernatorial candidacy, the party has fielded more candidates in the 2010 and 2012 cycles than it had in the entirety of the previous decade. American Constitution Party (Colorado) The American Constitution Party (ACN) is one of the state of Colorado's political parties. It is affiliated with the national-level Constitution Party, a conservative political party in the United States that says it bases most of its policy positions on the Constitution. The party asserts that the US is a Christian nation founded on the Bible and that American jurisprudence should be"}]}, {"title": "Virtual XI World Tour", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Virtual XI World Tour The Virtual XI Tour was a concert tour by the heavy metal band Iron Maiden from 22 April 1998 to 12 December 1998. As with their previous tour, several of the band's U.S. shows had to be cancelled after vocalist Blaze Bayley had issues with his voice, this time reportedly from an allergic reaction to pollen and dust while the group were in Nevada and Arizona. The band later made up the Los Angeles and San Diego dates. This would be Iron Maiden's last tour with Bayley as then former vocalist Bruce Dickinson would return to"}, {"context": "the group the following year. Following the more basic stage sets that they had been using following 1988's Seventh Tour of a Seventh Tour, the band returned to a more elaborate stage set in 1998. The tour also saw the group make their first visits to Turkey and Malta. Notes: Virtual XI World Tour The Virtual XI Tour was a concert tour by the heavy metal band Iron Maiden from 22 April 1998 to 12 December 1998. As with their previous tour, several of the band's U.S. shows had to be cancelled after vocalist Blaze Bayley had issues with his"}]}, {"title": "Andrew Bell (engraver)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Andrew Bell (engraver) Andrew Bell (1726\u20131809) was a Scottish engraver and printer, who co-founded \"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica\" with Colin Macfarquhar. Bell was born in Edinburgh in 1726, his father a baker. He had little formal education and was apprenticed to the engraver Richard Cooper. Bell was a colourful Scot. His height was 4 foot 6; he had crooked legs and an enormous nose that he would sometimes augment with a paper-mache version whenever anyone stared at his natural nose. Bell began work as an engraver of crests, names, etc. on dog collars. Despite his small stature, he deliberately rode the tallest"}, {"context": "horse available in Edinburgh, dismounting by a ladder to the cheers of onlookers. He married Anne Wake who was the daughter of an excise officer in 1756. Bell produced almost all of the copperplate engravings for the 1st-4th editions of the \"Britannica\": 160 for the 1st, 340 for the 2nd, 542 for the 3rd, and 531 for the 4th. By contrast, the 50 plates of the Supplement to the 3rd edition were engraved by D. Lizars. For the 1st edition, Bell produced three full pages of anatomically accurate depictions of dissected female pelvises and of foetuses in wombs for the"}, {"context": "midwifery article; these illustrations shocked King George III who commanded that the pages be ripped from every copy. After Macfarquhar died in 1793, Bell bought out his heirs and became sole owner of the \"Britannica\" until his own death in 1809. He quarrelled with his son-in-law, Thomas Bonar, and refused to speak with him for the last ten years of his life. Andrew Bell (engraver) Andrew Bell (1726\u20131809) was a Scottish engraver and printer, who co-founded \"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica\" with Colin Macfarquhar. Bell was born in Edinburgh in 1726, his father a baker. He had little formal education and was apprenticed"}]}, {"title": "Oladipupo Babalola", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Oladipupo Babalola Oladipupo \"Ladi\" Babalola (born 4 August 1968) is a retired Nigerian international footballer. He has three caps for Nigerian U-20 national team from FIFA U-20 World Cup played in Chile. Babalola started his coaching career at Tervarit youth teams and JS Hercules in Finland. During his first season with Js Hercules he led the team to gain a promotion to Kolmonen, Finnish third division and in his second season his team finished on 6th place and thus secured a place in the third division also for next season. Ladi holds a UEFA certified coaching license. In 2012 Ladi"}, {"context": "was appointed as a head coach of Bangladesh-based professional team Brothers Union. In 2014-15 Ladi was appointed as the head coach of Bangladesh-based professional team Feni Soccer club and in 2015-16 he was still with Feni soccer club . Oladipupo Babalola Oladipupo \"Ladi\" Babalola (born 4 August 1968) is a retired Nigerian international footballer. He has three caps for Nigerian U-20 national team from FIFA U-20 World Cup played in Chile. Babalola started his coaching career at Tervarit youth teams and JS Hercules in Finland. During his first season with Js Hercules he led the team to gain a promotion"}]}, {"title": "Sagarmatha National Park", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sagarmatha National Park Sagarm\u0101th\u0101 National Park is a national park in the Himalayas of eastern Nepal that is dominated by Mount Everest. It encompasses an area of in the Solukhumbu District and ranges in elevation from at the summit of Mount Everest. In the north, it shares the international border with the Qomolangma National Nature Preserve of Tibet. In the east it is adjacent to Makalu Barun National Park, and in the south it extends to Dudh Kosi river. It is part of the Sacred Himalayan Landscape. \"Sagarm\u0101th\u0101\" is a Nepali word derived from \u0938\u0917\u0930\u094d sagar meaning \"sky\" and \u092e\u093e\u0925\u093e"}, {"context": "m\u0101th\u0101 meaning \"head\". The protected area has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International. Sagarmatha National Park was established in 1976. In 1979, it became the country's first national park that was inscribed as a Natural World Heritage Site. In January 2002, a Buffer Zone comprising was added. Under the \"Buffer Zone Management Guidelines\" the conservation of forests, wildlife and cultural resources received top priority, followed by conservation of other natural resources and development of alternative energy. Tourism to the area began in the early 1960s. In 2003, about 19,000 tourists arrived. As of 2005, about 3,500"}, {"context": "Sherpa people lived in villages and seasonal settlements situated along the main tourist trails. The park's visitor centre is located at the top of a hill in Namche Bazaar, where a company of the Nepali Army is stationed for protection of the park. The park's southern entrance is a few hundred metres north of Monzo at , a one-day trek from Lukla. The park contains the upper catchment areas of the Dudh Kosi river, Bhotekoshi river basin and the Gokyo Lakes. It is largely composed of rugged terrain and gorges of the high Himalayas, ranging from at Monjo to the"}, {"context": "top of the world's highest peak Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) at above sea level. Other peaks above are Lhotse, Cho Oyu, Thamserku, Nuptse, Amadablam and Pumori. Barren land above comprises 69% of the park while 28% is grazing land and the remaining 3% is forested. Climatic zones include a forested temperate zone, a subalpine zone above , and an alpine zone above that constitutes the upper limit of vegetation growth. The nival zone starts at . In the lower forested zone, birch, juniper, blue pines, firs, bamboo and rhododendron grow. Above this zone the vegetation is dwarf-sized or comprises shrubs. As"}, {"context": "the altitude increases, plant life is restricted to lichens and mosses. Plants cease to grow at about , because this is the permanent snow line in the Himalayas. Forests of pine and hemlock cover the lower elevations of the national park. At elevations of around and above, forests of silver fir, birch, rhododendron and juniper trees are found. The forests provide habitat to at least 118 species of birds, including Himalayan monal, blood pheasant, red-billed chough, and yellow-billed chough. Sagarm\u0101th\u0101 National Park is also home to a number of rare mammal species, including musk deer, snow leopard, Himalayan black bear"}, {"context": "and red panda. Himalayan thars, langur monkeys, martens and Himalayan wolves are also found in the park. The temperature and available oxygen decrease with altitude. Therefore, the species living at high altitudes are adapted to living on less oxygen and cold temperatures. They have thick coats to retain body heat. Some of them have shortened limbs to prevent loss of body heat. Himalayan black bears go into hibernation in caves during the winter when there is no food available. Sagarmatha National Park Sagarm\u0101th\u0101 National Park is a national park in the Himalayas of eastern Nepal that is dominated by Mount"}]}, {"title": "Denmark Hill railway station", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Denmark Hill railway station Denmark Hill railway station is in the area of Denmark Hill in south London, England, on the Thameslink, South London, Greenwich Park and Chatham lines. It is down the line from . The station was built between 1864 and 1866. Its design by Charles Henry Driver is in the Italianate style, with an extremely decorative frontage and French pavilion roofs. In 1920 the waiting room was used by \"The Mystical Church of the Comforter\", founded by Mrs Elizabeth Mary Eagle Skinner, who was known as \u201cThe Messenger\u201d. The waiting room was transformed by an altar, painted"}, {"context": "white and surrounded by the seven colours of the rainbow. The \"Nottingham Evening Post\" for 17 June 1926 reported that babies were baptised, funeral services were read and even a marriage was solemnised. The porters and clerks of the railway company often worked to the accompaniment of hymns sung by the congregation. The church is believed to have ceased to function after the death of Mrs Skinner in November 1929. By the late 1970s the building had been neglected. In March 1980, arsonists broke into the booking hall and the resulting fire destroyed the roof. Initial work by British Rail"}, {"context": "engineers to make the building safe by demolishing parts of the remaining building triggered a protest campaign by the Camberwell Society. Following a joint initiative between them, the Southwark Environment Trust and the British Rail Director of the Environment, Bernard Kaukas, the building was restored in 1985 at a cost of \u00a3300,000 (). The project included the addition of a public house, initially called the Phoenix and Firkin to commemorate the fire, then called O'Neills and now the Phoenix. The building was given a Civic Trust award in 2009. In the period 2011\u20132013 the station underwent a redesign with the"}, {"context": "construction of a new ticket office with access from Champion Park, new walkways and lifts to the platforms. On 14 December 2014, flames were spotted underneath a Southeastern train travelling from Victoria to Dartford as it approached Denmark Hill Station. The platforms are below road level, with the short Grove Tunnel at one end and Denmark Hill road bridge at the other. The station is managed by Thameslink and is served by trains of that company, Southeastern, and London Overground. It is in Travelcard Zone 2. It is on Champion Park in the south of Camberwell. It is near to"}, {"context": "King's College and Maudsley hospitals and to the Denmark Hill campus of King's College London, whose buildings are intermingled around and between the two hospitals. It is mostly served by local trains on the London Overground and trains from two London termini: Victoria and . The May 2018 Monday to Saturday off-peak service in trains per hour is: The station has 4 platforms, platform 1 being for services to or London Victoria, platform 2 for services to or , platform 3 for services to London Victoria or West Hampstead Thameslink and platform 4 for services to Dover Priory, Ashford International,"}, {"context": "Gillingham or London Buses routes 40, 176, 185 and 484 serve the station. Denmark Hill railway station Denmark Hill railway station is in the area of Denmark Hill in south London, England, on the Thameslink, South London, Greenwich Park and Chatham lines. It is down the line from . The station was built between 1864 and 1866. Its design by Charles Henry Driver is in the Italianate style, with an extremely decorative frontage and French pavilion roofs. In 1920 the waiting room was used by \"The Mystical Church of the Comforter\", founded by Mrs Elizabeth Mary Eagle Skinner, who was"}]}, {"title": "Ali'ioaiga Feturi Elisaia", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ali'ioaiga Feturi Elisaia Ali'ioaiga Feturi Elisaia (born 1954) is a Samoan diplomat. He is Samoa's Permanent Representative to the United Nations. Elisaia obtained a postgraduate certificate in diplomacy from Oxford University, and also holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science and administration from the University of the South Pacific. He first served in the Samoan Mission to the United Nations in 1979. From 1979 to 1981, he was acting division head, and then as division head, at the Economic and Aid Division of the Samoan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1981 to 1984, he served as first secretary"}, {"context": "at Samoa\u2019s High Commission in New Zealand. He was deputy secretary for foreign affairs from 1984 to 1988, then co-director of the Hanns Seidel Foundation in Samoa from 1988 to 2001. From 2001 to 2003, he was assistant chief executive officer at the Samoan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Elisaia was appointed Permanent Representative of Samoa to the United Nations and Samoan Ambassador to the United States in 2003. Ali'ioaiga Feturi Elisaia Ali'ioaiga Feturi Elisaia (born 1954) is a Samoan diplomat. He is Samoa's Permanent Representative to the United Nations. Elisaia obtained a postgraduate certificate in diplomacy from Oxford University, and"}]}, {"title": "Manhunter 2: San Francisco", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Manhunter 2: San Francisco Manhunter 2: San Francisco is a post-apocalyptic adventure game designed by Barry Murry, Dave Murry, and Dee Dee Murry of Evryware and published in 1989 by Sierra On-Line. It is the sequel to \"\", developed by the same authors. The rights to Manhunter are currently held by Activision following their acquisition of Sierra's intellectual property in 2008. However, the series is currently considered abandoned, with no plans for resumption. The game continues the story depicted in \"Manhunter: New York\". The game begins with the player, piloting an Orb ship in pursuit of the antagonist Phil Cook,"}, {"context": "crash-landing in San Francisco. Another Manhunter on the ground is killed in the crash, so the player assumes his identity. As the gameplay progresses, the player learns of an organized resistance, experiments that have created mutant slaves, and the goal of the malevolent Orbs. The player is able to turn the mutant slaves back into humans. The humans kill so many Orbs in San Francisco. The game reaches its climax when the player is on the verge of catching Phil Cook. Phil narrowly escapes in an Orb ship with the player hanging on to the outside, flying off towards London."}, {"context": "Computer and Video Games (UK) gave the game a score of 61%, criticizing the game's unorthodox mixture of adventure and arcade elements (compared to most other Sierra games of the era). Scorpia at \"Computer Gaming World\" gave the game a positive review, calling it, \"an excellent followup to the previous game\". Manhunter 2: San Francisco Manhunter 2: San Francisco is a post-apocalyptic adventure game designed by Barry Murry, Dave Murry, and Dee Dee Murry of Evryware and published in 1989 by Sierra On-Line. It is the sequel to \"\", developed by the same authors. The rights to Manhunter are currently"}]}, {"title": "Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The women's tournament in ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held in Sochi, Russia. For the first time, the women's gold medal game was decided in overtime, with Canada defeating the United States 3\u20132. Switzerland defeated Sweden for their first Olympic ice hockey medal in 66 years, and first ever medal in the women's tournament. With the win, the Canadian women's national ice hockey team won its fourth consecutive gold medal, a feat only previously accomplished by the Soviet Union men's team in 1964\u201376, and the Canadian men's"}, {"context": "team in 1920\u201332. Canadians Hayley Wickenheiser, Jayna Hefford and Caroline Ouellette became the first hockey players to win four Olympic gold medals. They also joined Soviet biathlete Alexander Tikhonov and German speed skater Claudia Pechstein as the only athletes to win gold medals in four straight Winter Olympics. On December 6, 2017 six Russian ice hockey players were disqualified for doping violations. Results of the Russian team were annulled. The IIHF was requested to modify the results accordingly. Tatiana Burina and Anna Shukina were also disqualified ten days later. Russia qualified as the host. Canada, the United States, Finland, Switzerland,"}, {"context": "and Sweden qualified as the top five teams in the IIHF World Ranking. Germany and Japan qualified via the qualification tournament. The IIHF selected six referees and nine linesmen to work the 2014 Winter Olympics. They were the following: The top four teams based on the 2012 IIHF World Ranking, Canada, United States, Finland and Switzerland, competed in Group A, while the remaining four teams competed in Group B. The top two teams in Group A received a bye to the semifinals. In the quarterfinals, the third place team in Group A played the second place team in Group B,"}, {"context": "while the fourth placed team in Group A played the first place team in Group B. The winners advanced to the semifinals, while the two losers, and the third and fourth placed teams in Group B, competed in a classification bracket for places five through eight. This format was introduced to create more competitive games in response to blowout victories in the previous Olympics where Canada and the United States outscored their competition by a cumulative 86\u20134 margin. It has been used in the IIHF Women's World Championship since 2012. In each group, teams were ranked according to the following"}, {"context": "criteria: The top two teams (A1\u2013A2) received byes and were deemed the home team in the semifinals as they were seeded to advance. Teams seeded A1 and A2 were the home teams. The final rankings of the 2014 Winter Olympics Women's Ice Hockey Tournament are as follows: List shows the top skaters sorted by points, then goals. Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played at least 40% of their team's minutes, are included in this list. Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The women's tournament in ice hockey at the 2014"}]}, {"title": "Becoming (philosophy)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Becoming (philosophy) In philosophy, becoming is the possibility of change in a thing that has being, that exists. In the philosophical study of ontology, the concept of becoming originated in ancient Greece with the philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus, who in the sixth century BC, said that nothing in this world is constant except change and becoming. This point was made by Heraclitus with the famous quote \"No man ever steps in the same river twice.\" His theory stands in direct contrast to the philosophic idea of being, first argued by Parmenides, a Greek philosopher from the italic Magna Grecia, who"}, {"context": "believed that the change or \"becoming\" we perceive with our senses is deceptive, and that there is a pure perfect and eternal being behind nature, which is the ultimate truth of being. This point was made by Parmenides with the famous quote \"what is-is\". Becoming, along with its antithesis of being, are two of the foundation concepts in ontology. Scholars have generally believed that either Parmenides was responding to Heraclitus, or Heraclitus to Parmenides, though opinion on who was responding to who changed over the course of the 20th century. In philosophy, the word \"becoming\" concerns a specific ontological concept"}, {"context": "which should not be confused with process philosophy as a whole or with the related study of process theology. Heraclitus (c. 535 - c. 475 BC) spoke extensively about becoming. Shortly afterwards Leucippus of Miletus similarly spoke of becoming as the \"movement of atoms\". Plutarchus (\"De animae procreatione\", 5 p. 1014 A) wrote concerning Heraclitus: This universal order, which is the same for all, has not been made by any god or man, but it always has been, is, and will be an ever-living fire, kindling itself by regular measures and going out by regular measures. According to tradition, Heraclitus"}, {"context": "wrote a treatise about nature named \"\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2\" (\"Per\u00ec ph\u00fdse\u014ds\"), \"About Nature,\" in which appears the famous aphorism \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1fe5\u03b5\u1fd6 (\"panta rhei\") translated literally as \"the whole flows [as a river],\" or figuratively as \"everything flows, nothing stands still.\" The concept of \"becoming\" in philosophy is connected with two others: movement and evolution, as becoming assumes a \"changing to\" and a \"moving toward.\" Becoming is the process or state of change and coming about in time and space. German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche wrote that Heraclitus \"will remain eternally right with his assertion that being is an empty fiction\". Nietzsche developed"}, {"context": "the vision of a chaotic world in perpetual change and becoming. The state of becoming does not produce fixed entities, such as \"being, subject, object, substance, thing.\" These false concepts are the necessary mistakes which consciousness and language employ in order to interpret the chaos of the state of becoming. The mistake of Greek philosophers was to falsify the testimony of the senses and negate the evidence of the state of becoming. By postulating being as the underlying reality of the world, they constructed a comfortable and reassuring \"after-world\" where the horror of the process of becoming was forgotten, and"}, {"context": "the empty abstractions of reason appeared as eternal entities. Becoming (philosophy) In philosophy, becoming is the possibility of change in a thing that has being, that exists. In the philosophical study of ontology, the concept of becoming originated in ancient Greece with the philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus, who in the sixth century BC, said that nothing in this world is constant except change and becoming. This point was made by Heraclitus with the famous quote \"No man ever steps in the same river twice.\" His theory stands in direct contrast to the philosophic idea of being, first argued by Parmenides,"}]}, {"title": "2014 GCC Champions League", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2014 GCC Champions League The GCC Champions League (), is an annually organized football league tournament for club of the Arabian peninsula. The 2014 edition is the 29th edition and is officially known as the Pharmaton 29th GCC Club Cup Championship due to sponsorship reasons. The competition kicked off on 3 February 2014 making it change to being played in one calendar year which was the usual format until changed for the last edition. Four groups of three teams. Top two from each group qualify for the one legged quarter finals with group winners hosting the matches. The draw for"}, {"context": "the semi finals were conducted on 24 April 2014. \"Saham advanced on penalties after a 4\u20134 aggregate draw.\" \"Al-Nasr won 3\u20132 on aggregate.\" 2014 GCC Champions League at Goalzz.com 2014 GCC Champions League The GCC Champions League (), is an annually organized football league tournament for club of the Arabian peninsula. The 2014 edition is the 29th edition and is officially known as the Pharmaton 29th GCC Club Cup Championship due to sponsorship reasons. The competition kicked off on 3 February 2014 making it change to being played in one calendar year which was the usual format until changed for"}]}, {"title": "Royce Brownlie", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Royce Brownlie Royce Brownlie (born 28 January 1980) is an Australian footballer who plays as a striker for NPL Queensland club Moreton Bay United Royce Brownlie was born in Coffs Harbour, New South Wales and began his football career at the Queensland Academy of Sport, representing them in the National Youth League in the 1996\u201397 and 1997\u201398 seasons. Brownlie scored a hat-trick in QAS's 4\u20131 win over UTS Olympic in round seven of 1996\u201397, and several goals in the following season to earn his call-up to the Brisbane Strikers senior team for the end of the 1997\u201398 National Soccer League"}, {"context": "season. Brownlie made five appearances for the Strikers in 1997\u201398, but none the following season, and so moved to the Brisbane Premier League to play for the Brisbane Lions. The 2000 BPL season was a large success for Brownlie, as he scored 12 goals in just 11 appearances for the Lions, as well as making his representative debut and scoring a goal for Queensland against his home state in September. Brownlie then signed with Marconi Stallions for 2000\u201301, scoring 6 goals in 24 appearances in his first season with the Sydney club. He made his true breakthrough the following season"}, {"context": "though, breaking an NSL scoring record by notching up 8 goals in a series of 4 matches, and ending the 2001\u201302 season with 11 goals from his 15 appearances. His success earned him an invitation to trial with English club Sheffield Wednesday, and whilst on the verge of a contract offer, he broke his cheekbone and missed the opportunity. Upon recovery, Brownlie remained in England to trial with Brentford, Portsmouth, Oldham Athletic and Swindon Town throughout August 2002, and despite scoring a goal for Swindon in a friendly against Spanish side Sporting de Gij\u00f3n after just 86 seconds, he returned"}, {"context": "to Australia without a contract. After training with Perth Glory in the lead-up to the 2002\u201303 season, Brownlie eventually signed for Parramatta Power when contract negotiations with Perth broke down. Despite Parramatta finishing third, Brownlie had a disappointing season personally. He was in the starting line-up just four times, and scored once \u2013 in Parramatta's 2\u20130 win over his old club Brisbane in round 8. This prompted Brownlie to return to the Strikers for the 2003\u201304 season, but he was hampered by injuries which forced him to undergo surgery on his knee, and he scored just three times in 21"}, {"context": "appearances. From 2006 to 2008 Royce continued to play professionally in England and then New Zealand. From 2008 Royce has played mainly in player/coach roles for clubs in the Brisbane area in the National Premier Leagues Queensland and the Brisbane Premier League. In February 2005, Brownlie was announced as one of the first eleven signings at new club Queensland Roar. He began playing for them in the annual Silver Boot competition, scoring a hat-trick against Pine Rivers in an early 7\u20131 victory, and the equaliser in the final against Rochedale Rovers. Brownlie's scoring form continued in the North Queensland Challenge"}, {"context": "Cup, scoring in Queensland's 2\u20131 win over the Central Coast Mariners in Townsville. Despite suffering a rib injury in a 5\u20130 Pre-season Cup win over New Zealand Knights, Brownlie recovered in time for Queensland's 2005\u201306 A-League season opener. Dropped in favour of Reece Tollenaere, Brownlie missed the following two rounds, and after earning a call-up into the starting line-up against Sydney FC, was struck by three onsets of a virus within a month, which also affected other members of the Queensland squad. Brownlie returned to the first team in round 8, and scored against Adelaide United the following week, but"}, {"context": "was hit by virus again and forced out of the squad. Following a further short absence, a suspension to fellow striker Michael Baird saw Brownlie return to the team against New Zealand, and he picked up his second league goal of the season. The introduction of Brazilian striker Reinaldo to the Roar in early 2006, however, again forced Brownlie out of the squad and he played just twice more before the end of the season. Citing his proneness to injury and illness, Queensland declined to offer a contract extension, but gave him the opportunity to prove himself during their Tongyeong"}, {"context": "Cup campaign in South Korea. Still with no offer forthcoming and permission to negotiate with other clubs, Brownlie headed to England again in July 2006. Four years after his first attempt, Brownlie trialled with Swindon Town again, and this time scored five goals in his first two trial matches for the Robins. On 27 July 2006 he signed for Swindon Town for their 2006\u201307 season in the English League Two. He scored his first league goal for the club on his debut, with a last-minute blistering strike against Barnet, shortly after an equaliser by Ricky Shakes, to seal a 2\u20131"}, {"context": "victory. Brownlie earned a red card in Swindon Town's Carling Cup match against Brentford, and since his mandatory one-match suspension, has been deployed as a wide right midfielder by Paul Sturrock. Brownlie was released by Swindon Town on 9 May 2007 after an unsuccessful loan period at Chester City. On 19 May 2007, Brownlie signed for A-League club Wellington Phoenix on a two-year contract but left the club on 4 March 2008 after struggling to gain a spot in the first team and will return to Brisbane to pursue a career in the construction industry. Brownlie signed with Peninsula Power"}, {"context": "in the Brisbane Premier League alongside his brother Paul. He was also an assistant coach with the Power and netted 8 goals in 12 games in 2009 season. Brownlie joined North Star FC as player/coach and won the 2011 Brisbane Premier League Division 1 grand final and promotion to the Brisbane Premier League. In 2013, he became a foundation player and later player/coach with FFA National Premier Leagues Queensland club Moreton Bay United winning the 2015 NPLQ premiership/championship double. When he stepped down at the end of the 2016 season he was the most lethal striker in the short history"}, {"context": "of the NPLQ with 72 goals in four seasons. He plans to continue playing for Moreton Bay United feeder club Albany Creek Excelsior (ACE) in the Brisbane Premier League in 2017. Royce is currently playing and coaching North Star Soccer Club. Royce Brownlie Royce Brownlie (born 28 January 1980) is an Australian footballer who plays as a striker for NPL Queensland club Moreton Bay United Royce Brownlie was born in Coffs Harbour, New South Wales and began his football career at the Queensland Academy of Sport, representing them in the National Youth League in the 1996\u201397 and 1997\u201398 seasons. Brownlie"}]}, {"title": "S\u0326erban Huidu", "paragraphs": [{"context": "\u0218erban Huidu \u0218erban Sebastian Huidu (born July 16, 1976 in Bucharest) is a Romanian radio and TV star. He hosted, together with Mihai G\u0103inu\u0219\u0103, the morning show on Romanian radio station Kiss FM, and a weekly satire show (\"Cronica C\u00e2rcota\u015filor\") on the Romanian channel Prima TV. Huidu graduated from the Academy of Economic Studies (Bucharest), with a degree in General Economics. In 1995 he got his start in radio. In 1997 Cronica C\u00e2rcota\u0219ilor debuted on Radio 21, and in 2000 it made it onto the small screen. Not long after, in 2001, he recruited G\u0103inu\u0219\u0103 onto the show. In 2003"}, {"context": "switched from Radio 21 to working for Kiss FM. In October 2011, he swerved and crashed his car frontally into a car coming from the opposite direction, killing all three passengers in it, while all passengers in Huidu's car escaped with minor scratches. \u0218erban Huidu \u0218erban Sebastian Huidu (born July 16, 1976 in Bucharest) is a Romanian radio and TV star. He hosted, together with Mihai G\u0103inu\u0219\u0103, the morning show on Romanian radio station Kiss FM, and a weekly satire show (\"Cronica C\u00e2rcota\u015filor\") on the Romanian channel Prima TV. Huidu graduated from the Academy of Economic Studies (Bucharest), with a"}]}, {"title": "William FitzRoy (British Army Officer)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "William FitzRoy (British Army Officer) Major-General William FitzRoy (1830 \u2013 7 October 1902) was a British Army officer. FitzRoy was born in 1830, the eldest son of William Simon Haughton FitzRoy (1802\u20131882), of Brookeside lodge, Warwickshire, by his wife Anne Bagge (1802\u20131860), daughter of Thomas Bagge (grandfather of Sir William Bagge, 1st Baronet). Through his father he was a great-grandson of Charles FitzRoy, 1st Baron Southampton, a paternal (though illegitimate) descendant of King Charles II of England. He entered the army in 1849, was promoted to lieutenant in 1854, captain in 1855 and major in 1867. Further promotion to lieutenant-colonel"}, {"context": "followed in 1875, and to colonel in 1880. He commanded the 4th Regimental district, then between 1881 and 1886 the 61st Regimental district, and was appointed a major-general in 1886, after he retired. He was a Justice of the peace for Warwickshire. FitzRoy died at his residence, Northcote house, Rugby on 7 October 1902. FitzRoy married in 1864 Gertrude Mary Wentworth, daughter of Captain S. H. Wentworth, Royal Engineers. She died in 1896. They had issue: William FitzRoy (British Army Officer) Major-General William FitzRoy (1830 \u2013 7 October 1902) was a British Army officer. FitzRoy was born in 1830, the"}]}, {"title": "James J. Leisenring", "paragraphs": [{"context": "James J. Leisenring James J. Leisenring is a retired member of both the International Accounting Standards Board, based in London, and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the FASB), based in Norwalk, Connecticut. He was director of research and director of international activities of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), and was the first chairman of FASB's Emerging Issues Task Force. Also he has served as chairman of the Auditing Standards Board of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. He was one of three individuals inducted into the Accounting Hall of Fame in 2003. Leisenring holds degrees from Albion College"}, {"context": "and Western Michigan University. James J. Leisenring James J. Leisenring is a retired member of both the International Accounting Standards Board, based in London, and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the FASB), based in Norwalk, Connecticut. He was director of research and director of international activities of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), and was the first chairman of FASB's Emerging Issues Task Force. Also he has served as chairman of the Auditing Standards Board of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. He was one of three individuals inducted into the Accounting Hall of Fame in 2003. Leisenring holds"}]}, {"title": "Strawberry Dam", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Strawberry Dam Strawberry Dam (National ID # CA00388), also known as Main Strawberry Dam, is a dam in Tuolumne County, California. The rockfill masonry dam was originally constructed in 1916 by the Sierra and San Francisco Power Company, with a height of , and a length of at its crest. It impounds the South Fork Stanislaus River exclusively for hydroelectric power generation, now owned and operated by Pacific Gas and Electric Company as one of the company's more than 170 dams. The reservoir it creates, Pinecrest Lake, has a normal water surface of and has a normal capacity of ."}, {"context": "Recreation includes boating, fishing, camping, and winter sports. Strawberry Dam Strawberry Dam (National ID # CA00388), also known as Main Strawberry Dam, is a dam in Tuolumne County, California. The rockfill masonry dam was originally constructed in 1916 by the Sierra and San Francisco Power Company, with a height of , and a length of at its crest. It impounds the South Fork Stanislaus River exclusively for hydroelectric power generation, now owned and operated by Pacific Gas and Electric Company as one of the company's more than 170 dams. The reservoir it creates, Pinecrest Lake, has a normal water surface"}]}, {"title": "Bartha Knoppers", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bartha Knoppers Bartha Maria Knoppers, (born May 26, 1951) is a Canadian lawyer and an expert on the ethical aspects of genetics, genomics and biotechnology. Born in Hilversum, Netherlands, she received a Bachelor of Arts (French and English Literature) from McMaster University, a Diploma of Legal Studies from University of Cambridge, a Master of Arts degree in comparative literature from the University of Alberta in 1972, a Bachelor of Civil Law degree from McGill University in 1981 (where she was selected as an Executive Editor for the \"McGill Law Journal\"), a Doctorate of Laws from the University of Paris 1"}, {"context": "Pantheon-Sorbonne in 1985. From 2001 to 2009, She held the Canada Research Chair in Law and Medicine at the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al. She is also a counsel at Borden Ladner Gervais LLP . In 2009, she was hired as a Full Professor in McGill University's Department of Human Genetics. She is the chairman of the International Ethics Committee of the Human Genome Project. Knoppers is the lead author of the Stem Cell Charter. In June 2015, she joined the global life sciences and healthcare team of Norton Rose Fulbright as a senior advisor, and is based out of their Montr\u00e9al"}, {"context": "office. In 2002, she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in recognition for being \"a world authority on the ethical aspects of genetics, genomics and biotechnology\". In 2012, she was made an Officer of the National Order of Quebec. She received a Doctor of Laws Honoris Causa from the University of Waterloo (2001), a Doctor of Medicine Honoris Causa from Universit\u00e9 de Paris V (Ren\u00e9 Descartes) (2002), a Doctor of Laws Honoris Causa from McMaster University, Ontario (2007) and a Doctor of Laws Honoris Causa from the University of Alberta in 2008. In 2002, she was elected"}, {"context": "a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She is a fellow of the Hastings Center, an independent bioethics research institution. Bartha Knoppers Bartha Maria Knoppers, (born May 26, 1951) is a Canadian lawyer and an expert on the ethical aspects of genetics, genomics and biotechnology. Born in Hilversum, Netherlands, she received a Bachelor of Arts (French and English Literature) from McMaster University, a Diploma of Legal Studies from University of Cambridge, a Master of Arts degree in comparative literature from the University of Alberta in 1972, a Bachelor of Civil Law degree from McGill University in"}]}, {"title": "Any Day Now (Joan Baez album)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Any Day Now (Joan Baez album) Any Day Now was a Joan Baez double LP from 1968, made up exclusively of Bob Dylan songs. It peaked at number 30 on the \"Billboard\" Pop Albums chart. At the time of the album's original release, six of the songs had not been included on official Dylan releases. One song, \"Love is Just a Four-Letter Word,\" has apparently never been recorded by Dylan himself. The album was produced during a marathon recording session in Nashville in September 1968, the fruits of which resulted in two albums: \"Any Day Now\", and 1969's \"David's Album\"."}, {"context": "Baez would return to Nashville to record a number of times during the next several years. Laying Bob Dylan sheet music on the floor in front of her, Baez closed her eyes and picked at random, the results of which made up the track listing. Joan Baez did illustrations for each of the songs, included in the gatefold of the album. The record went gold in 1969. The Vanguard reissue contains two bonus tracks: \"Blowin' In The Wind\" and \"It Ain't Me Babe,\" both live performances from Baez' 1967 tour of Japan. In his Allmusic review, music critic Thom Jurek"}, {"context": "wrote of the album \"Her empathy for the material, her keen understanding of Dylan's sound world, and her own glorious voice brought another dimension to these 16 songs and, if anything, extended their meanings. There is no greater interpreter of Dylan's music, and while evidence of that certainly was offered on earlier recordings (such as 1967's \"Joan\"), the verdict was solidified here... The bottom line is that \"Any Day Now\", like \"Joan\" and \"David's Album\", found Baez at an intensely inspirational and creative peak.\" All songs written by Bob Dylan, except as noted. Any Day Now (Joan Baez album) Any"}]}, {"title": "Hong Kong Virtual University", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hong Kong Virtual University Hong Kong Virtual University (HKVU, \u9999\u6e2f\u865b\u64ec\u5927\u5b78), formerly known Cyber University, started in 2001, is one of collaborative programs funded by Restructuring and Collaboration Fund of the University Grants Committee. It aims to provide a virtual campus for Hong Kong tertiary institutions and universities. The students who either study in or will enter these institutions are allowed to take the online courses offered by HKVU. The courses are jointly provided by the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, City University of Hong Kong, Lingnan University, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, and The University of Hong"}, {"context": "Kong. These courses cover four areas: general education, information technology, language, and science and education. The project was initiated by Dr. Pong Ting Chuen (\u9f90\u9f0e\u5168\u535a\u58eb) in 2001; he is professor of Computer Science and associate vice-president for Academic Affairs of Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. The project allows gifted and talented students to take university-level courses over the internet, enriches the learning experience of participants and makes a smooth transition from secondary school to university. Before the project launch, secondary schools were encouraged to apply information technology in education. However, there were many complaints on low performance and"}, {"context": "low use of facilities. Some schools asked universities for help. A pilot study was started in fall 2000 in which 28 students from three schools participated. Those students were required to attend one of six cyber classrooms in secondary schools. Those courses were delivered through an eLearning Open Platform (eLOP). Those students watched the video lectures, asked instructors questions and performed online tasks over eLOP. After the pilot study, the project gained funding from Quality Education Fund (\u512a\u8cea\u6559\u80b2\u57fa\u91d1) of Hong Kong. Since 2001, there have been over 100 schools participated in the project such as the Canadian International School, Diocesan"}, {"context": "Girls' School, King's College, La Salle College, Marymount School, Pui Ching Middle School, St. Paul's Convent School, Wah Yan College, Hong Kong, Wah Yan College, Kowloon. Credit Bearing Program is a series of courses for undergraduates from local tertiary institutes, secondary school students, and overseas students. Credit units will be earned after fulfilled the passing requirements including \"attendance\" of video lectures, certain score obtained from online tests, quizzes, assignment, group discussion, laboratories and examination. Talented Youth Certificate Program is a series of courses mainly for secondary school students, especially talented ones. These courses are developed from regular university courses with"}, {"context": "less demanding work schedule. These talented youths can explore and develop their own interests. It is also a platform to build up a community of talents in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Virtual University Hong Kong Virtual University (HKVU, \u9999\u6e2f\u865b\u64ec\u5927\u5b78), formerly known Cyber University, started in 2001, is one of collaborative programs funded by Restructuring and Collaboration Fund of the University Grants Committee. It aims to provide a virtual campus for Hong Kong tertiary institutions and universities. The students who either study in or will enter these institutions are allowed to take the online courses offered by HKVU. The courses are"}]}, {"title": "Nicholas Phan", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Nicholas Phan Nicholas Phan is a lyric tenor who has performed internationally with orchestras including the New York Philharmonic, Philadelphia Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Philharmonia Orchestra, the San Francisco Symphony, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and others. Born to a Chinese Indonesian father and Greek American mother, He grew up in Ann Arbor, MI where he attended Greenhills School, then he studied voice at the University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance, then the Manhattan School of Music. He is also an alumnus of the Houston Grand Opera Studio and the Marlboro Music School. He has been"}, {"context": "called \"one of the world's most remarkable singers\" by the Boston Globe. Phan's many opera credits include appearances with the Los Angeles Opera, Houston Grand Opera, Glimmerglass Festival, Chicago Opera Theater, Seattle Opera, Portland Opera, Glyndebourne Opera, Maggio Musicale in Florence, Deutsche Oper am Rhein, and Frankfurt Opera. His repertoire includes the title roles in Acis and Galatea and Candide, Almaviva in Il barbiere di Siviglia, Nemorino in L'elisir d'amore, Fenton in Falstaff, Tamino in Die Zauberfl\u00f6te, Don Ottavio in Don Giovanni, and Lurcanio in Ariodante. Phan's discography includes five studio albums, including two focusing on the works of Benjamin"}, {"context": "Britten, for which he was called \"a major new Britten interpreter\" by Anthony Tommasini of the New York Times. He also recorded the world premier of Elliott Carter's \"A Sunbeam's Architecture\" to commemorate Carter's 103rd birthday. and has been featured in recordings of many orchestral and ensemble works. He has been nominated twice for a Grammy Award: first for his 2010 recording of Stravinsky's \"Pulcinella\" with Pierre Boulez and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, and most recently in 2017 for \"Gods and Monsters\", his recording of selected German Lieder with Myra Huang. Phan is the founding artistic director of Collaborative Arts"}, {"context": "Institute of Chicago. and on the faculty of the DePaul University School of Music. Nicholas Phan website<br> Nicholas Phan blog<br> Musical Toronto.org Review: Nicholas Phan Embodies the Perfect Benjamin Britten Tenor<br> SF Chronicle: CD review: 'Winter Words,' Britten Nicholas Phan Nicholas Phan is a lyric tenor who has performed internationally with orchestras including the New York Philharmonic, Philadelphia Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Philharmonia Orchestra, the San Francisco Symphony, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and others. Born to a Chinese Indonesian father and Greek American mother, He grew up in Ann Arbor, MI where he attended Greenhills School, then he"}]}, {"title": "Kent Community Network", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Kent Community Network The Kent Public Service Network (KPSN), formally the Kent Community Network, is the broadband wide area network (WAN) for schools and Kent County Council facilities in Kent, United Kingdom. Kent schools first used the Internet in 1985 for international email projects. Kent County Council's NGfL programme of 1998 provided every primary and special school with an Internet-connected laptop computer and provided networked access to secondary schools. DfES made Kent an ICT Pathfinder authority. KCN currently provides broadband to over 540 schools and continues to expand. Internet connectivity is provided by two 2.5 Gbit/s connections, which terminate at"}, {"context": "the Maidstone and Canterbury WAN centres; these links are provided by KentMAN, who are a JANET service provider. The Kent Community Network provides broadband connectivity to every part of Kent, whether urban, rural or coastal. It aims to connect every secondary, primary and special school using a high-capacity connection which usually means optical fiber cable to the school. The Kent Community Network provides Websense filtering to member schools. Kent Community Network The Kent Public Service Network (KPSN), formally the Kent Community Network, is the broadband wide area network (WAN) for schools and Kent County Council facilities in Kent, United Kingdom."}]}, {"title": "Richard Duke (1652\u20131733)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Richard Duke (1652\u20131733) Richard VI Duke (1652\u20131733) lord of the manor of Otterton, Devon, was four times MP for Ashburton, 1679, 1695, 1698 and 1701. He was the son and heir of Richard V Duke (d. 1716) of Otterton by his wife Frances Southcott, daughter of George Southcote of Buckland-Tout-Saints. He married twice: He died in 1733 without surviving progeny. By his will his heir became Richard VII Duke (1688\u20131740) of Otterton, his second cousin once removed, the second son of Richard Duke (born 1653) by his wife Isabella, the son and heir of Richard Duke (born 1627), the son"}, {"context": "and heir of Robert Duke (1600\u20131665), the younger brother of Richard IV Duke (1600\u20131653) of Otterton. Richard Duke (1652\u20131733) Richard VI Duke (1652\u20131733) lord of the manor of Otterton, Devon, was four times MP for Ashburton, 1679, 1695, 1698 and 1701. He was the son and heir of Richard V Duke (d. 1716) of Otterton by his wife Frances Southcott, daughter of George Southcote of Buckland-Tout-Saints. He married twice: He died in 1733 without surviving progeny. By his will his heir became Richard VII Duke (1688\u20131740) of Otterton, his second cousin once removed, the second son of Richard Duke (born"}]}, {"title": "Love Has Many Faces", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Love Has Many Faces Love Has Many Faces is a 1965 American drama film in Eastman Color made by Columbia Pictures. The movie was directed by Alexander Singer, and written by Marguerite Roberts. Nancy Wilson sings the title song and Edith Head designed Lana Turner's clothes. When a dead American \"beach boy\" is washed up on a beach in Acapulco, the police do an investigation to see if it was murder. Lieutenant Riccardo Andrade (Enrique Lucero) of the Mexican police interviews three suspects. Hank Walker (Hugh O'Brian) is another beach boy who works as a gigolo and also blackmails vacationing"}, {"context": "middle-aged American women. Pete Jordan (Cliff Robertson) is a former beach boy who married rich American Kit (Lana Turner). Kit met Pete when he was selling his blood and bought all of him. The dead man was wearing a bracelet engraved \"LOVE IS THIN ICE,\" which the police discover was given to him by Kit. They also discover that he'd had an affair with her. In addition to the police, the dead American's deserted girlfriend, Carol Lambert (Stefanie Powers), comes to Mexico to find out about her former boyfriend's death. Love Has Many Faces Love Has Many Faces is a"}]}, {"title": "Pieter Baas", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Pieter Baas Pieter Baas (born 28 April 1944) is a Dutch botanist. He is an emeritus professor of plant systematics at Leiden University. He served as director of the of Leiden University between 1991 and 1999. When the institute was faced with budget cuts in 1993 he managed to preserve the collection by joining it with the university collections of Wageningen and Utrecht. This led to the founding of the National Herbarium of the Netherlands in 1999. Baas subsequently became director of the institute and served until 2005. As a botanist Baas specializes in wood anatomy. Baas was born on"}, {"context": "28 April 1944 in the municipality of Wieringermeer. He attended the MULO and later the HBS. Baas grew up with a broad interest in science. At age 17, while harvesting potatoes he saw a Natterjack toad crossing a path, appreciated the beauty of nature and decided to study natural history after earlier having contemplated studying history. In 1962 Baas started studying biology at Leiden University. In his first year of biology Baas hated plant systematics as he hardly knew any plants or animals. He preferred plant anatomy and physiology. While studying he was offered a job at the , the"}, {"context": "herbarium of Leiden University, by its director Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan van Steenis. Baas rejected the offer, having no interest in working in a herbarium. For his final year of studying Baas wished to stay at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Van Steenis agreed to this if Baas took up a course of systematics. Between 1968 and 1969 Baas studied at the Royal Botanic Gardens under Professor . On his return from the United Kingdom Baas approached Van Steenis and asked to be employed as a wood anatomy expert. In 1969 Baas became an employee of the Rijksherbarium. In 1975"}, {"context": "Baas earned his PhD in wood anatomy, with a thesis entitled: \"Comparative anatomy of Ilex, Nemopanthus, Sphenostemon, Phelline, and Oncotheca\". In 1987 he became professor (, paid from non-university funds) of plant systematics at Leiden University. In 1991 he became a regular professor. In 1991 Baas became scientific-director of the Rijksherbarium. Baas was pressured to take over the position from his predecessor Cornelis Kalkman. Although content as a researcher and not very interested in directing and managing, Baas took up the position of director out of a sense of duty. Two years after starting as director, the Rijksherbarium was faced"}, {"context": "with a plan of the dean of the University Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences to slash the budget by half, which would have forced Baas to fire all scientific staff. Baas informed Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands of the plan. Beatrix discussed the matter with the Minister of Education, Culture & Sciences, Jo Ritzen. Ritzen preferred to see the pieces of the collection returned to their countries of origin. A six-year struggle ensued, after which the Ministry set aside money for broad-value biological collections--Baas called this \"his finest moment\". The university board and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts"}, {"context": "and Sciences aided Baas in his wish to see the collection preserved and a special fund was established. In 1999 the National Herbarium of the Netherlands was formed from the collections of the herbariums of the universities of Leiden, Utrecht University and Wageningen. Ritzen subsequently denied the influence of Beatrix in the matter while Baas was convinced that Beatrix helped with the formation of the institute. Baas became director of the newly formed National Herbarium. During his term as director, Baas managed to improve digitalization efforts and nature conservancy projects at the institute. Furthermore, a start at DNA sequencing the"}, {"context": "collection was made. The National Herbarium also joined forces with the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, the Zoological Museum Amsterdam, and the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures to become a biodiversity research centre. Baas retired as professor and director in September 2005, and was succeeded by . Until age 65, he maintained a zero-hour contract at the institute, and then returned to his research on wood anatomy. As of 2013 he is still active as professor emeritus and honorary staff member at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, the successor institute to the National Herbarium of the Netherlands. Baas's principal research is in the evolution of"}, {"context": "anatomical diversity in wood and in the significance of tree biology as it relates to global environmental change. He is also interested in plant anatomy, both systematic and phylogenetic, wood culture, biodiversity, biohistory, conservation, as well as in microscopic wood identification. He has studied the role of botanical gardens in education and research. Since 1976 Baas has been Editor-in-Chief of the \"International Association of Wood Anatomists Journal\". As an expert on wood anatomy, Baas was at times asked to be a scientific expert on police investigations regarding wooden weapons or tools. In 1987 Baas became a corresponding member of the"}, {"context": "Botanical Society of America and a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2000. In 2003 he won the Linnean Medal of the Linnean Society of London. Baas became a Knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion in 2005. While in Sri Lanka in 2004, Baas survived the Indian Ocean tsunami. Pieter Baas Pieter Baas (born 28 April 1944) is a Dutch botanist. He is an emeritus professor of plant systematics at Leiden University. He served as director of the of Leiden University between 1991 and 1999. When the institute was faced with budget cuts"}]}, {"title": "S\u00f8lsnes", "paragraphs": [{"context": "S\u00f8lsnes S\u00f8lsnes is a village in Molde Municipality in M\u00f8re og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located on the Romsdal Peninsula at the confluence of the Karls\u00f8yfjorden and the Langfjorden. The village of Nesjestranda lies about north of S\u00f8lsnes. The Old Ve\u00f8y Church is located on the island of Ve\u00f8ya, off the coast from S\u00f8lsnes. That church is now a museum and it was replaced in 1907 by a new Ve\u00f8y Church which was built in S\u00f8lsnes. The Norwegian County Road 64 runs through the village to a ferry quay on the south side of the village. The ferry"}, {"context": "crosses the Langfjorden and connects to \u00c5farnes in Rauma Municipality. The proposed Langfjord Tunnel would have its northern entrance near S\u00f8lsnes, replacing the S\u00f8lsnes-\u00c5farnes ferry. S\u00f8lsnes S\u00f8lsnes is a village in Molde Municipality in M\u00f8re og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located on the Romsdal Peninsula at the confluence of the Karls\u00f8yfjorden and the Langfjorden. The village of Nesjestranda lies about north of S\u00f8lsnes. The Old Ve\u00f8y Church is located on the island of Ve\u00f8ya, off the coast from S\u00f8lsnes. That church is now a museum and it was replaced in 1907 by a new Ve\u00f8y Church which was"}]}, {"title": "Rafael Aguilar Guajardo", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Rafael Aguilar Guajardo Rafael Aguilar Guajardo (1950 - April 12, 1993) was a Mexican drug lord, federal police commander of the Direccion Federal de Seguridad (DFS) in Mexico, and one of the Ju\u00e1rez Cartel co-founders. When his right-hand man, Pablo Acosta Villarreal, was killed in April 1987, during a cross-border raid by Mexican Federal Police helicopters in the Rio Grande village of Santa Elena, Chihuahua, Rafael Aguilar Guajardo made Amado Carrillo Fuentes his second-in-command. Mexican police reported that Carlos Maya Castillo, an official also working at the National Security and Investigation Center, assisted Aguilar with information and reservations, provided him"}, {"context": "with cell phones, and recruited corrupt police agents for Aguilar's criminal organization. Two days after threatening to reveal his high-level Mexican government contacts, Amado Carrillo Fuentes took over the reins of power in the Ju\u00e1rez cartel after assassinating its boss, Rafael Aguilar Guajardo, and setting off the city\u2019s worst ongoing bout of criminal violence. Aguilar's assets seized by the Attorney General of Mexico (PGR) were valued at $100 million, and they included nightclubs, houses, and a 7000 m\u00b2 property in Acapulco. Rafael Aguilar Guajardo Rafael Aguilar Guajardo (1950 - April 12, 1993) was a Mexican drug lord, federal police commander"}]}, {"title": "Stejneger's beaked whale", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Stejneger's beaked whale Stejneger's beaked whale (\"Mesoplodon stejnegeri\"), also known as the Bering Sea beaked whale or the saber-toothed whale, is a relatively unknown member of the genus \"Mesoplodon\" inhabiting the northern North Pacific Ocean. Leonhard Hess Stejneger collected the type specimen (a beach-worn skull) on Bering Island in 1883, from which Frederick W. True provided the species' description in 1885. In 1904, the first complete skull (from an adult male that had stranded near Newport, Oregon) was collected, which confirmed the species' validity. The most noteworthy characteristic of the males is the very large, saber-like teeth, hence the name."}, {"context": "The body for this species is typical for a mesoplodont, long and tapering at both ends. The beak is of medium length, and the mouthline forms an arch, though much smoother than other species. The teeth of the males are much larger than those of most other mesoplodonts and point forwards and inwards right in front of the apex. Only strap-toothed whales and spade-toothed whales have longer teeth. The coloration is overall dark gray to black on the body with light coloration below, and around the head giving it a \"helmeted\" appearance. The coloration darkens with age, but females have"}, {"context": "a light pattern on the bottom of the flukes that becomes more apparent with age. Like most species, scars occur on the males (from other males) and cookiecutter shark bites are present on both sexes. The length is at least 5.25 meters (17 feet 6 inches) for males and 5.5 meters (18 feet) for females. They are likely around 2.1 to 2.3 meters (7 to 8 feet) in length when born. This is the northernmost species of beaked whale in the Pacific Ocean, ranging up into the Bering Sea. They are distributed along both sides of the Pacific to Miyagi"}, {"context": "Prefecture, Japan and southern California. They may migrate south in winter. As with most species of beaked whales, no population estimates have been made. The whales are typically found in groups of three to four and sometimes up to 15 animals in a very close group. The groups may have age and sex segregation. Adult males fight each other extensively, and some specimens have been found with healed jaw fractures. This species has been occasionally hunted in Japan in the past, and occasionally been caught in drift nets. It is uncertain how much this affects the population. Stejneger's beaked whale"}]}, {"title": "Adel Iskandar", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Adel Iskandar Adel Iskandar (aka Adel Iskandar Farag) (born 15 March 1977) is a British-born Middle East media scholar, postcolonial theorist, analyst, and academic. He is the author and co-author of several works on Arab media, most prominently an analysis of the Arab satellite station Al Jazeera. Born to an Egyptian family of physicians in Edinburgh, Scotland, he grew up in Kuwait, escaping the Iraqi invasion and the 1991 Persian Gulf War. At the age of 16, he moved to Canada where he earned his degree in Social Anthropology and Biology from Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He later"}, {"context": "earned a masters in Communications from Purdue University Calumet in Hammond, Indiana and a Ph.D. from the University of Kentucky. He proposes the concept of \"contextual objectivity\" as a critique of media's coverage of war. He wrote a regular column for Egyptian independent newspaper \"Almasry Alyoum\" during and shortly after the revolution and taught in the Communication, Culture and Technology (CCT) program as well as the Center for Contemporary Arab Studies (CCAS) at Georgetown University. He is currently teaches Global Communication at Simon Fraser University in Canada and is a co-editor of e-zine Jadaliyya. Adel Iskandar Adel Iskandar (aka Adel"}]}, {"title": "Alleged Saudi role in September 11 attacks", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Alleged Saudi role in September 11 attacks The alleged Saudi role in the September 11 attacks gained new attention after two former U.S. senators, co-chairmen of the Congressional Inquiry into the attacks, told CBS in April 2016 that the redacted 28 pages of the Congressional Inquiry's report refer to evidence of Saudi Arabia's substantial involvement in the execution of the attacks, and calls renewed to have the redacted pages released. 15 of the 19 hijackers were Saudi citizens. The panel's findings 'did not discover' any role by 'senior, high-level' Saudi government officials, said officials familiar with the report, but the"}, {"context": "\"commission\u2019s narrow wording\", according to critics, suggests the possibility that \"less senior officials or parts of the Saudi government could have played a role\". Florida Democratic Senator Bob Graham, who chaired the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence at the time the report said in his sworn statements that \"there was evidence of support from the Saudi government for the terrorists.\" In 2017 a New York lawyer, Jim Kreindler, said that he had found \"a link between Saudi officials and the hijackers.\" In July 2016, the U.S. government released a document, compiled by Dana Lesemann and Michael Jacobson, known"}, {"context": "as \"File 17\", which contains a list naming three dozen people, including Fahad al-Thumairy, Omar al-Bayoumi, Osama Bassnan, and Mohdhar Abdullah, which connects Saudi Arabia to the hijackers. According to the former Democratic US Senator Bob Graham, \u201cMuch of the information upon which File 17 was written was based on what\u2019s in the 28 pages.\u201d The Saudi government has long denied any connection. Relatives of victims have tried to use the courts to hold Saudi royals, banks, or charities responsible, but these efforts have been thwarted partly by a 1976 law giving foreign governments immunity. According to Gawdat Bahgat, a"}, {"context": "professor of political science, following the 11 September attacks the so-called \"Saudi policy of promoting terrorism and funding hatred\" faced strong criticism by several \"influential policy-makers and think-tanks in Washington\". The US government has actively collaborated with the Saudis in suppressing the revelation of evidence of the Saudi government's responsibility for the attacks, denying FOIA requests and supplying inside information to the lawyers representing the Saudis involved. Graham characterises the strategy as not a 'cover up' but \"aggressive deception\". According to the New York Post in 2017, Saudi government was accused of performing \"dry run\" by paying two Saudi nationals,"}, {"context": "al-Qudhaeein and Hamdan al-Shalawi, \"living undercover in the US as students, to fly from Phoenix to Washington,\" two years before the attacks. Based on the FBI documents, Qudhaeein and Shalawi were in fact members of \"the Kingdom's network of agents\" in the United States. The documents also claimed that they were \"trained in Afghanistan with a number of other al-Qaeda operatives that participated in the attacks.\" In November 1999, they boarded an America West flight to Washington, reportedly paid for by the Saudi Embassy. During the flights they tried to access the cockpit several times, in order to \"test out"}, {"context": "flight deck security before 9/11.\" The pilots made an emergency landing in Ohio since they were \"so spooked by the Saudi passengers and their aggressive behavior.\" In March 2016, Saudi Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir threatened to sell US$750 billion worth of American assets owned by Saudi Arabia if the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA) designed to create an exception to the 1976 Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act was enacted, which caused fears of destabilizing the US dollar. U.S. president Barack Obama also warned against \u201cunintended consequences\u201d, while Saudi economy analysts believed that this action would damage the Saudi government."}, {"context": "The JASTA was enacted, after Barack Obama's veto was overridden by Congress, on 28 September 2016. Although Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton publicly supported the proposed legislation, Sanders and Tim Kaine, Clinton's running mate, were the only two senators that refrained from voting to override Obama's veto. Senator Harry Reid was the sole \"No\" vote. In March 2018, a US judge allowed a suit to move forward against Saudi Arabia brought by 9/11 survivors and victim's families. Alleged Saudi role in September 11 attacks The alleged Saudi role in the September 11 attacks gained new attention after two former U.S."}]}, {"title": "Pepa Randall", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Pepa Randall Pepa Randall (born 1 April 1996) is an Australian rules footballer playing for the Greater Western Sydney Giants in the AFL Women's (AFLW). Randall played state league football with the Eastern Devils in the VFL Women's competition. She was drafted by with their sixteenth pick and the one hundred and twenty first selection overall in the 2016 AFL Women's draft. Randall failed to play a match with Melbourne in the 2017 AFL Women's season before being traded to in exchange for Ashleigh Guest ahead of 2018. She made her debut in the six point loss to at Casey"}, {"context": "Fields in the opening round of the 2018 season. She is the granddaughter and great-granddaughter of former Hawthorn footballers Trevor Randall and Viv Randall. Pepa Randall Pepa Randall (born 1 April 1996) is an Australian rules footballer playing for the Greater Western Sydney Giants in the AFL Women's (AFLW). Randall played state league football with the Eastern Devils in the VFL Women's competition. She was drafted by with their sixteenth pick and the one hundred and twenty first selection overall in the 2016 AFL Women's draft. Randall failed to play a match with Melbourne in the 2017 AFL Women's season"}]}, {"title": "Dohzi-T", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Dohzi-T Dohzi-T belonged to hip hop band \"Zingi\", formed in 1990. He debuted as a solo singer with the single \"Sh\u014dnen A\" (lit. \"Boy A\") on October 10, 2001. He associated with popular singers such as Shota Shimizu, Miliyah Kato and Hiromi Go. Since he has long career in Japan, he is called \"Brother Dohzi\" by other musicians. He is also known for his ability to find new singers. Dohzi-T and DJ Bass were featured in Ayumi Hamasaki's song \"Nothing from Nothing\", released by Nippon Columbia on September 21, 1995. However, Hamasaki soon left from the record label and became"}, {"context": "a pop singer under Avex Trax. In January 2008, he collaborated with Thelma Aoyama in a song \"This Day\" on her CD single \"Soba ni Iru ne\". In June 2008, he released his single \"M\u014d Ichi do...\", featuring Beni. It sold over two million ringtone downloads. Soon after \"M\u014d Ichi Do...\" released an album named \"12 Love Stories\" including \"M\u014d Ichi do...\" as well as other collaboration songs with YU-A (from Foxxi misQ), Thelma Aoyama, JUJU and many more. The album was ranked as No. 3 on the weekly Oricon chart making it Dohzi-T's highest ranked album. Dohzi-T Dohzi-T belonged"}]}, {"title": "Lollar Pickups", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Lollar Pickups Lollar Pickups is a Tacoma, Washington-based company that creates handmade pickups for electric guitar, bass, and steel guitar. The company was founded in 1995 by luthier Jason Lollar, a 1979 graduate of the Roberto-Venn School of Luthiery, and author of \"Basic Pickup Winding and Complete Guide to Making Your Own Pickup Winder\", now in its third edition. Lollar was also a contributor to Bart Hopkin's \"Getting a Bigger Sound: Pickups and Microphones for Your Musical Instrument\". Many notable and famous musicians use Lollar Pickups including Bill Frisell, Robert Randolph, Jim Fairchild, Dan Depper, Brad Fernquist, Will Fiore, Billy"}, {"context": "Yost, Jimmy Herring, Mark Karan, Kenneth Harris, Ehsaan Noorani, Steve Selvidge, Brendon Urie, James Williamson, Kazumi Watanabe, Johnny Moeller, Charlie Hunter, Luther Dickinson, Coy Bowles, and others. Lollar pickups are built from scratch using parts made in the U.S. by staff personally trained by Lollar. The company produces a wide range of pickups including single coil, gold foil, P-90s, Charlie Christian, and humbuckers for Stratocaster, Telecaster, Humbucker, Fender Jazzmaster, Fender Precision bass, Fender Mustang, Fender Mustang bass, and many others. Lollar also sells its own line of hand-crafted guitar straps. Lollar Pickups builds everything from scratch including custom pickups. Lollar"}, {"context": "creates custom pickups for guitar, bass, lap steel and other instruments. Lollar Pickups Lollar Pickups is a Tacoma, Washington-based company that creates handmade pickups for electric guitar, bass, and steel guitar. The company was founded in 1995 by luthier Jason Lollar, a 1979 graduate of the Roberto-Venn School of Luthiery, and author of \"Basic Pickup Winding and Complete Guide to Making Your Own Pickup Winder\", now in its third edition. Lollar was also a contributor to Bart Hopkin's \"Getting a Bigger Sound: Pickups and Microphones for Your Musical Instrument\". Many notable and famous musicians use Lollar Pickups including Bill Frisell,"}]}, {"title": "Steven Sills", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Steven Sills Steven Sills is an American screenwriter and film producer. Born on Fort Bliss, an army base in El Paso, Texas, Sills grew up in Bedford, New Hampshire. Sills attended film school at New York University Tisch School of the Arts. In 1991, he was chosen as a Lew Wasserman Fellow and interned at Universal Studios. In 1995, Sills was selected as a Henry Luce Scholar and spent a year in Tokyo, Japan working as a visiting writer/producer at NHK. He remained in Japan for 4 years and worked as a copy editor at The Japan Times, a freelance"}, {"context": "magazine writer and an expat stand up comic. His feature screenwriting debut, Sinner, was awarded Best Narrative Feature by the 41st Brooklyn Arts Council International Film and Video Festival and Best Feature Film Award at the 2007 Buffalo Niagara Film Festival. It was also accepted as an official selection in the 2007 Vail Film Festival, 2007 Newport Beach Film Festival, and 2007 Garden State Film Festival, and the 2007 Boston International Film Festival. Sills is a distant relative of Sylvanus Bowser. Sills resides in Los Angeles, California with his wife, Melissa. As writer: As producer: Steven Sills Steven Sills is"}]}, {"title": "Hughie Thomasson", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hughie Thomasson Hugh Edward \"Hughie\" Thomasson Jr. (August 13, 1952 \u2013 September 9, 2007) was an American guitarist and singer, best known as a founding member of Outlaws and as a guitarist for Lynyrd Skynyrd. Thomasson wrote many of the songs for the Outlaws, including most of their more popular songs like \"Hurry Sundown\", \"There Goes Another Love Song,\" and \"Green Grass and High Tides\". Although other band members (especially Henry Paul in the early-1970s lineup) contributed songs and sang lead vocals as well, Hughie was, in many ways, the real heart and soul of the Outlaws. After Outlaws disbanded,"}, {"context": "Thomasson joined Lynyrd Skynyrd, leaving that band in 2005 to reform Outlaws. Before his death, he contributed to writing of many of Lynyrd Skynyrd's songs on their 2009 album \"God & Guns\", including the single \"Still Unbroken.\" Thomasson died in his sleep on September 9, 2007 of a heart attack in his home in Brooksville, Florida. He was 55 years old. Hughie Thomasson Hugh Edward \"Hughie\" Thomasson Jr. (August 13, 1952 \u2013 September 9, 2007) was an American guitarist and singer, best known as a founding member of Outlaws and as a guitarist for Lynyrd Skynyrd. Thomasson wrote many of"}]}, {"title": "41st Parliament of British Columbia", "paragraphs": [{"context": "41st Parliament of British Columbia The 41st Parliament of British Columbia is the parliament of the Canadian province of British Columbia. It consists of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, as elected by the general election of May 9, 2017, and the Queen in Right of British Columbia represented by the Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia Judith Guichon. The election saw an increase in the size of the legislature from 85 to 87 seats. Immediately following the election, Christy Clark, the incumbent premier, asked the Lieutenant Governor to remain governing until the final votes were counted and it would be"}, {"context": "known if there would be a majority or minority government. Guichon agreed and Clark appointed a cabinet of 21 ministers and 13 parliamentary secretaries, which were sworn in on June 12, 2017. Although the final vote confirmed that the British Columbia Liberal Party under Clark remained the largest party in the legislative assembly after the election, the British Columbia New Democratic Party under leader John Horgan and Green Party of British Columbia under Andrew Weaver combined had 44 seats (41 NDP and 3 Green) to the Liberals' 43. On May 29, 2017 the Greens announced they had agreed to a"}, {"context": "confidence and supply accord with the NDP which would allow the NDP to form a minority government. Clark convened the Legislative Assembly on June 22, 2017 before losing a vote of confidence on June 29. Horgan was then asked to serve as premier by the Lieutenant Governor, and was sworn in along with his 22-member cabinet on July 18, 2017. The members of the legislative assembly were elected in the 41st general election, held on May 9, 2017. The election returned 43 BC Liberals, 41 BC NDP members, and 3 BC Greens. As the leader of the largest party, Christy"}, {"context": "Clark was offered, by Lieutenant Governor Judith Guichon, the first opportunity to form a government, though the BC Green Party had announced they would support the BC NDP. Clark accepted and appointed 21 members to her Executive Council and 13 parliamentary secretaries. The cabinet was largely the same as the 40th Parliament, but with Sam Sullivan and Linda Reid, as well as newcomers Jordan Sturdy, Ellis Ross, and Jas Johal replacing ministers who had retired or were defeated in the election. This cabinet only served during the Parliament's first session in which it lost a confidence vote and Clark resigned"}, {"context": "as an MLA, triggering a by-election in the Kelowna West riding. After the government lost a confidence vote, the Lieutenant Governor refused Premier Clark's request to call an election and offered the second largest party, the BC NDP, the opportunity to form a government. BC NDP leader John Horgan agreed and appointed an Executive Council of 22 members and 6 parliamentary secretaries, including Carole James as deputy premier and Minister of Finance, Adrian Dix as Minister of Health, David Eby as Attorney General, Rob Fleming as Minister of Education, and Michelle Mungall as Minister of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources."}, {"context": "The first session of the 41st Parliament began on June 22, 2017, with the Speech from the Throne delivered by Lieutenant Governor Guichon on behalf of the Premier Clark and the BC Liberal government. Acknowledging the split results of the election, the speech included not only BC Liberal election promises but also some from the opposition parties, such as banning corporate and union political donations, a maximum donation limit for individuals, a referendum on electoral reform, repealing the referendum requirement for new TransLink revenue sources, eliminating tolls on the Port Mann Bridge, and raising the carbon tax to $50 a"}, {"context": "tonne. When the throne speech finally came to a vote on June 26, both the NDP and Green parties introduced and voted for a motion of no confidence, defeating the government. In the meantime, the government had attempted to introduce two bills (one that would have reduced the number of MLAs necessary to form an official party within the legislative assembly from 4 to 3, thereby allowing the BC Green Party to gain such status and another addressing corporate and union political donations) but the refused first reading. The second session began on September 8, 2017, and all bills were"}, {"context": "provided royal assent by November 30. On September 8, BC Liberal Darryl Plecas accepted the position of Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and a speech from the throne was delivered again by Lieutenant Governor Guichon, this time on behalf of Premier Horgan and the BC NDP government with the support of the Green Party. Plecas was expelled from the BC Liberal the following day as a consequence for accepting the Speaker position; Plecas subsequently sat as an Independent and enforced more civility in the legislative assembly. Legislative amendments related to elections and governance, the \"Constitution Amendment Act, 2017\" (Bill 5)"}, {"context": "reduced the number of MLAs necessary to form an official party within the legislative assembly from 4 to 2 and changed the fixed election date to October. The \"Electoral Reform Referendum 2018 Act\" (Bill 6) requires a referendum respecting a proportional representation voting system be held no later than November 30, 2018. The ban on corporate, union and foreign donations was implemented with the \"Election Amendment Act, 2017\" (Bill 3) and \"Local Elections Campaign Financing Amendment Act, 2017\" (Bill 15) which required all political contributions be made by a resident of British Columbia and sets new maximum donation limits, including"}, {"context": "limits to third party sponsors, and political spending limits, as well as public subsidies until the year 2022 for the political parties who achieved 5% of the vote in their electoral districts (e.g. the BC NDP, BC Liberal and BC Green parties). The \"Lobbyists Registration Amendment Act, 2017\" (Bill 8) prohibited specified former public office holders (like former members of cabinet, deputy minister, chief executive officers, etc.) from lobbying activities for two years after leaving those positions. Other bills that were adopted with support from all parties, included the \"Tenancy Statutes Amendment Act, 2017\" (Bill 16) to limit the use"}, {"context": "of a vacate clause in fixed-term tenancy agreements, limit rent increases imposed at the renewal of fixed-term tenancy agreements to a specified amount (i.e. 2% plus inflation), and increase enforcement abilities against repeat and serious violators of tenancy laws; the \"Public Safety Statutes Amendment Act, 2017\" (Bill 12) to create a system of e-Tickets for driving offences and e-Certificates of service, and validating the practice of impoundment of vehicles as a result of a roadside alcohol test; the \"Provincial Court Amendment Act, 2017\" (Bill 11) to extend the term of judicial appointments from 10 years to 12; the \"Sheriff Amendment"}, {"context": "Act, 2017\" (Bill 14) to enable sheriffs to collect personal information to a conduct threat or risk assessment; and the \"Pooled Registered Pension Plans Amendment Act, 2017\" (Bill 13) to delete the requirement of print publication of new multilateral agreements. The third session began on February 13, 2018, with a new speech from the throne. Ben Stewart joined the legislative assembly as a result of the February 14 by-election in Kelowna West to replace former-Premier Christy Clark. There were no changes to the Executive Council. The \"Budget Measures Implementation Act, 2018\" amended the property transfer tax to cover bare trusts"}, {"context": "and exempt bankruptcy transactions while increasing the rate paid on the portion of a real estate transaction that is beyond $3 million; created an additional school tax applicable to residential properties assessed above $3 million; created the means for municipalities to issue 'revitalization school tax exemptions' for newly constructed rental housing; made online accommodation platform subject to the Provincial Sales Tax and the hotel tax; eliminated the education tax credit and expanded the film incentive tax credit include to scriptwriting; exempted marine diesel fuel used in inter-jurisdictional cruise ships from the motor fuel tax; increased the PST rate payable on"}, {"context": "passenger vehicles priced over $125,000; increased the tax on tobacco, and made requirements for additional information regarding residency to claim homeowner grant and property tax deferrals for the purpose of better enforcement. The budget passed on a vote of 44 in favour, 41 opposed. In a 43 to 31 vote, the \"Insurance (Vehicle) Amendment Act, 2018\" (Bill 20) was passed to limit ICBC accident benefit coverage for minor injuries and to increase the maximum payable limit for other injuries, including adding new coverage for various health care services. Related to the ICBC reforms, Bill 22 expanded the jurisdiction of the"}, {"context": "Civil Resolution Tribunal to include certain ICBC claim disputes. Legislative amendments related to housing included Bill 12 which addressed \"renovictions\" by extending the mandatory notice of eviction from 2 to 4 months, legally giving evicted tenants the right of first refusal for renovated unit, increasing compensation a landlord found guilty of a bad-faith eviction must pay from 2 to 12 month's rent, as well as increasing compensation evicted tenants of manufactured home parks receive from 12 months pad rental to a prescribed sum related to the cost of moving the dwelling. Bill 25 amended the \"Real Estate Development Marketing Act\""}, {"context": "to address pre-sale condo flipping by requiring developer consent to such activity and making it subject to property transfer tax. Amendments affecting local governments were Bill 18 which requires local governments to collect and report information on housing, such as the available housing stock, and Bill 23 which gives local governments the ability to require, under a zoning regulation, that rental be the only form of occupancy permitted in specified units of multifamily residential developments. In preparation of the impending legalization of recreational cannabis by the federal government, the \"Cannabis Control and Licensing Act\", the \"Cannabis Distribution Act\", and the"}, {"context": "\"Motor Vehicle Amendment Act, 2018\", created a legal framework, including a minimum age of 19 for possession, the province acting as the sole wholesale distributor, sales being accommodated in either public or private retail stores, prohibition of smoking in all the same areas where tobacco smoking is prohibited as well as within vehicles, provisions to deal with drug-affected driving, and the establishment of a new provincial cannabis safety unit. Other new acts included the \"Voluntary Blood Donations Act\" (Bill 29) to prohibit payment for blood donations, subject to certain exemptions; related to the opioid epidemic, the \"Pill Press and Related"}, {"context": "Equipment Control Act\" (Bill 27) to limit who can lawfully own a pill press and to allow for a registry of equipment to be maintained by the government and the \"Opioid Damages and Health Care Costs Recovery Act\" (Bill 38) to allow the provincial government to launch an aggregate action lawsuit against opioid manufacturers and wholesalers who misled the public concerning the addictive and harmful nature of opioids; and the \"Public Interest Disclosure Act\" (Bill 28) to protect whistleblowers as recommended in the Ombudsperson's \"Misfire\" report concerning the inappropriate employment terminations within the Ministry of Health \u2014 Bill 13 was"}, {"context": "also implemented a recommendation of the same report, in this case to allow for the Merit Commissioner to review the process used in any dismissal within the public service. Bill 26 amended the \"Child, Family and Community Service Act\" to provide indigenous communities with the opportunity for greater involvement in child welfare decisions and to create a right, that must be considered in decision-making, for an indigenous child to learn about the practice of the child's indigenous traditions, customs and language. Bill 34 renamed the \"Greenhouse Gas Reduction Targets Act\" to the \"Climate Change Accountability Act\" and replaced the 2020"}, {"context": "emission reduction target of 33 percent with a 2030 reduction target of 40 percent below 2007 levels. Other significant legislative amendments, adopted with all party support, included the \"Employment Standards Amendment Act, 2018\", which created a job-protected leave of absence that parents of a child who has gone missing can take (52 weeks unpaid leave) and extended the leave of absence parents of a child who has died can take from 3 days to 104 weeks, as well as amendments in response to expansions of compassionate care, maternity and parental benefits by the federal government. Bill 11 modernized the province's"}, {"context": "\"International Commercial Arbitration Act\" by bringing it in line with guidelines of the UN Commission on International Trade Law and Bill 21 brought the province's legislation concerning opting in or out of class action lawsuits into line with the Uniform Law Conference of Canada's guidelines. Bill 15 allows the Oil and Gas Commission to make regulations requiring restoration of inactive wells before the responsible organization claims bankruptcy and to cancel or suspend permits on the basis of applicant's history of non-compliance with restoration; Bill 16 enabled self-regulatory organizations to enforce their decisions with a court order; Bill 4 expanded the"}, {"context": "mandate of the BC Innovation Council and re-named the Crown agency to 'Innovate B.C.'. 41st Parliament of British Columbia The 41st Parliament of British Columbia is the parliament of the Canadian province of British Columbia. It consists of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, as elected by the general election of May 9, 2017, and the Queen in Right of British Columbia represented by the Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia Judith Guichon. The election saw an increase in the size of the legislature from 85 to 87 seats. Immediately following the election, Christy Clark, the incumbent premier, asked the Lieutenant"}]}, {"title": "Dansgaard\u2013Oeschger event", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Dansgaard\u2013Oeschger event Dansgaard\u2013Oeschger events (often abbreviated D\u2013O events) are rapid climate fluctuations that occurred 25 times during the last glacial period. Some scientists say that the events occur quasi-periodically with a recurrence time being a multiple of 1,470 years, but this is debated. The comparable climate cyclicity during the Holocene is referred to as Bond events. The best evidence for Dansgaard\u2013Oeschger events remains in the Greenland ice cores, which only go back to the end of the last interglacial, the Eemian interglacial. Ice core evidence from Antarctic cores suggests that the Dansgaard\u2013Oeschger events are related to the so-called Antarctic Isotope"}, {"context": "Maxima by means of a coupling of the climate of the two hemispheres, the Bi-polar Seesaw. If this relationship holds also for the previous glacials, Antarctic data suggest that D-O events were present in previous glacial periods as well. Unfortunately, current ice core records from Greenland extend only through the last most recent glacial period so direct evidence of D-O events in earlier glacial periods from Greenland ice is unavailable. However, work by Stephen Barker and colleagues has shown that the existing Greenland record can be reconstructed by deriving the Antarctic ice core record. This allows for the reconstruction of"}, {"context": "an older Greenland record through the derivation of the nearly million-year-long Antarctic ice core record. In the Northern Hemisphere, they take the form of rapid warming episodes, typically in a matter of decades, each followed by gradual cooling over a longer period. For example, about 11,500 years ago, averaged annual temperatures on the Greenland ice sheet warmed by around 8 \u00b0C over 40 years, in three steps of five years (see, Stewart, chapter 13), where a 5 \u00b0C change over 30\u201340 years is more common. Heinrich events only occur in the cold spells immediately preceding D-O warmings, leading some to"}, {"context": "suggest that D-O cycles may cause the events, or at least constrain their timing. The course of a D-O event sees a rapid warming of temperature, followed by a cool period lasting a few hundred years. This cold period sees an expansion of the polar front, with ice floating further south across the North Atlantic Ocean. The processes behind the timing and amplitude of these events (as recorded in ice cores) are still unclear. The pattern in the Southern Hemisphere is different, with slow warming and much smaller temperature fluctuations. Indeed, the Vostok ice core was drilled before the Greenland"}, {"context": "cores, and the existence of Dansgaard\u2013Oeschger events was not widely recognised until the Greenland (GRIP/GISP2) cores were done; after which there was some reexamination of the Vostok core to see if these events had somehow been \"missed\". The events appear to reflect changes in the North Atlantic Ocean circulation, perhaps triggered by an influx of fresh water. The events may be caused by an amplification of solar forcings, or by a cause internal to the earth system \u2013 either a \"binge-purge\" cycle of ice sheets accumulating so much mass they become unstable, as postulated for Heinrich events, or an oscillation"}, {"context": "in deep ocean currents (Maslin \"et al.\". 2001, p25). More recently, these events have been attributed to changes in the size of the ice sheets and atmospheric carbon dioxide . The former determines the strength of the Atlantic Ocean circulation via altering the northern hemisphere westerly winds, gulf stream, and sea-ice systems. The latter modulates atmospheric inter-basin freshwater transport across Central America, which changes the freshwater budget in the North Atlantic and thus the circulation. They further suggest the existence of a window of AMOC bistability ('sweet spot' for abrupt climate changes) associated with ice volume and atmospheric CO2, accounting"}, {"context": "for the occurrences of D-O type events under intermediate glacial conditions in the late Pleistocene. Although the effects of the Dansgaard\u2013Oeschger events are largely constrained to ice cores taken from Greenland, there is evidence to suggest that D-O events have been globally synchronous. A spectral analysis of the American GISP2 isotope record showed a peak of [O:O] abundance around 1500 years. This was proposed by Schulz (2002) to be a regular periodicity of 1470 years. This finding was supported by Rahmstorf (2003); if only the most recent 50,000 years from the GISP2 core are examined, the variation of the trigger"}, {"context": "is \u00b112% (\u00b12% in the 5 most recent events, whose dates are probably most precise). However the older parts of the GISP2 core do not show this regularity, nor do the same events in the GRIP core. This may be because the first 50 kyr of the GISP2 core are most accurately dated, by layer counting. The climate system response to the trigger is varying within 8% of the period. Oscillations within the Earth system can be expected to be far more irregular in period. Rahmstorf suggests that the highly regular pattern would point more to an orbital cycle. Such"}, {"context": "a source has not been identified. The closest orbital cycle, a Lunar cycle of 1,800 years, cannot be reconciled with this pattern. The dating between the European GRIP ice core and the American GISP2 ice core differs by about 5000 years at 50,000 years BP. It was noted by Ditlevsen et al. (2005) that the spectral peak found in the GISP2 ice core was not present in the GRIP core, and thus depended critically on the accuracy of the dating. The dating issue was largely solved by the accurate dating of the NGRIP core. Using this dating the recurrence of"}, {"context": "Dansgaard\u2013Oeschger events is random consistent with a noise induced Poisson process. D-O cycles may set their own timescale. Maslin \"et al.\". (2001) suggested that each ice sheet had its own conditions of stability, but that on melting, the influx of freshwater was enough to reconfigure ocean currents \u2013 causing melting elsewhere. More specifically, D-O cold events, and their associated influx of meltwater, reduce the strength of the North Atlantic Deep Water current (NADW), weakening the northern hemisphere circulation and therefore resulting in an increased transfer of heat polewards in the southern hemisphere. This warmer water results in melting of Antarctic"}, {"context": "ice, thereby reducing density stratification and the strength of the Antarctic Bottom Water current (AABW). This allows the NADW to return to its previous strength, driving northern hemisphere melting \u2013 and another D-O cold event. This theory may also explain Heinrich events' apparent connection to the D-O cycle; when the accumulation of meltwater in the oceans reaches a threshold, it may have raised sea level enough to undercut the Laurentide ice sheet \u2013 causing a Heinrich event and resetting the cycle. The little ice age of ~400 to 200 years ago has been interpreted by some as the cold part"}, {"context": "of a D-O cycle. The ice core's signals now recognised as Dansgaard\u2013Oeschger events are, in retrospect, visible in the original GISP core, as well as the Camp Century Greenland core. But at the time the ice cores were made, their significance was noted but not widely appreciated. Dansgaard \"et al\". (AGU geophysical monograph 33, 1985) note their existence in the GRIP core as \"violent oscillations\" in the \u03b4O signal, and that they appear to correlate to events in the previous Camp Century core 1 400 km away, thus providing evidence for their corresponding to widespread climatic anomalies (with only the"}, {"context": "Camp Century core, they could have been local fluctuations). Dansgaard \"et al\". speculate that these may be related to quasi-stationary modes of the atmosphere-ocean system. D-O events tend to be what drives the \"Sahara pump\" which has had an effect upon human evolution and dispersal. The cyclicity is also found during the Holocene, where the events are referred to as Bond events. Dansgaard\u2013Oeschger event Dansgaard\u2013Oeschger events (often abbreviated D\u2013O events) are rapid climate fluctuations that occurred 25 times during the last glacial period. Some scientists say that the events occur quasi-periodically with a recurrence time being a multiple of 1,470"}]}, {"title": "Triklino", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Triklino Triklino (, before 1927: \u03a0\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b6\u03b1 - \"Priantza\"), is a small mountain village (altitude 600 m.). It is located in the northwest part of Greece and belongs to Aetolia-Acarnania. The artificial lake Kremasta is the boundary of the village with neighbouring Evrytania. The village belongs to the Inachos municipal unit. Its population is 145 inhabitants (2011). The nearest major city is Agrinio. The village first appears under the name \"Priantza\" in the official catalogue of the Greek State in the year 1840. Originally, the name \"Triklino\" referred to a settlement at the neighbouring valley of the river Achelous. The valley"}, {"context": "was cultivated mostly with corn plantations. It was abandoned during the early 60s, when the government compensated the farmers in order to construct a large dam at a place known as \"Kremasta\". The settlement and the cultivated land were eventually covered with water. A huge artificial lake was formed in the area, and is now known as \"Kremasta lake\". The following people from the village are the most known in the region: 1.The fighter for the independence of Greece (1821\u20131829) Kasvikis Giannakis, who lost his life struggling against the Turks on a small island ( named Dolmas) near Mesolongi during"}, {"context": "the war for the independence of Greece (28 - 2 - 1826). See source [7] 2.The abbot of the Tatarna monastery Stefanos Papadimitriou. See Source [3] 3. The patriot Dr. Harilaos I.Papaioannou who was one of the first members of the Greek National Resistance Organisation, (EDES - \u0395\u0394\u0395\u03a3), in the Valtos province (during the German Occupation 1941-1944) under the leadership of Napoleon Zervas and the second-in-command Stylianos Houtas. His brothers Alexandros Papaioannou, (army officer) and Christoforos, (teacher), were also members of the same organisation. See Sources [4,5,6] In the early 1970s the Tatarna Bridge was constructed. The bridge is located"}, {"context": "approximately 3 km east of the village and connects Aetolia-Acarnania with Evrytania. The bridge is considered as a very important architectural achievement, and holds 4 world awards related to its method of structure (engineer and architect: Aristarchos Oikonomou - \u0391\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u039f\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5). Every 6 August Transfiguration of Christ (\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd) is celebrated. A 2-days festival (\"panygiri\") is taking place at the square of the village. It is an occasion for all the people from Triklino (scattering all over Greece) to meet with friends and relatives. 1. \u0395\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 '\u0394\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\" (Encyclopaedia \"Domi\") -Volume 33 page 299 Publishing organisation Tegopoulos - Maniateas"}, {"context": "- Athens 1999 2.\u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039b\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03a4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 (Geographical Dictionary of Greece) - Volume 5 -p. 114 - Athens 2006 3.\u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0. (Vasileiou P. ) - \u03a4\u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 (Tatarna's monastery) - \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 (Athens) 1970 \u03a3\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 (pages) 41,43,124,169 4.\u039b\u03b1\u03bc\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u0392. (Lamnatos V.) - \u0391\u03bd\u03ad\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03c9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 (\u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd \u0395.\u0394.\u0395.\u03a3. \u0391\u03b9\u03c4\\\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2) -Unpublished historic documents of the national resistance of the G.N. Papaioannou - leader of Trichonida's EDES ) -E\u03ba\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \"\u0394\u03c9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7\" 1999 \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2(pages)61,66,70,71,74,75,78,93() 5.\u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u0398. (Marinos Th.) - \u039f \u03b5\u03c6\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (the nightmare of the national resistance) - \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 (Athens) 2000 6.\u03a7\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03a3\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb. (Houtas"}, {"context": "Stylianos) - \"\u0397 \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd 1941-1945\" - \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 1961 7.\u03a4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u039d\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03c2 - \u039f\u03b9 \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u0392\u03b1\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03af \u0391\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 '21 - \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb. 227 - \u0391\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 2004 8.\u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u0399\u03c9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, (Papaioannou Kostas), \u0391\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 (Alevrada) (\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7,\u03ad\u03b8\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1,\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 2007 () 9.\u039a\u03b1\u03c3\u03b2\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a3.\u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 - \u0398\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 (I remember) - \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 2007 10.\u039c\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u0398.\u03a3\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 - \u0384\u0395\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u039a\u03b1\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03af - \u0391\u03b3\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf 2007 Triklino Triklino (, before 1927: \u03a0\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b6\u03b1 - \"Priantza\"), is a small mountain village (altitude 600 m.). It is located in the northwest part of Greece and belongs to Aetolia-Acarnania. The artificial lake Kremasta is the boundary of the village with neighbouring Evrytania. The village belongs"}]}, {"title": "Tallgrass prairie", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tallgrass prairie The tallgrass prairie is an ecosystem native to central North America. Natural and anthropogenic fire, as well as grazing by large mammals (primarily bison), were historically agents of periodic disturbance, which regulates tree encroachment, recycles nutrients to the soil, and catalyzes some seed dispersal and germination processes. Prior to widespread use of the steel plow, which enabled conversion to agricultural land use, tallgrass prairies expanded throughout the American Midwest and smaller portions of southern central Canada, from the transitional ecotones out of eastern North American forests, west to a climatic threshold based on precipitation and soils, to the"}, {"context": "southern reaches of the Flint Hills in Oklahoma, to a transition into forest in Manitoba. They were characteristically found in the central forest-grasslands transition, the central tall grasslands, the upper Midwest forest-savanna transition, and the northern tall grasslands ecoregions. They flourished in areas with rich loess soils and moderate rainfall around 30-35 inches (700\u2013900 mm) per year. To the east were the fire-maintained eastern savannas. In the northeast, where fire was infrequent and periodic windthrow represented the main source of disturbance, beech-maple forests dominated. In contrast, shortgrass prairie was typical in the western Great Plains, where rainfall is less frequent"}, {"context": "and soils are less fertile. Due to expansive agricultural land use, very little tallgrass prairie remains. Retreating glaciers deposited the parent material for soil in the form of till, i.e. unsorted sediment, about 10,000 years ago. Wind-dropped loess and organic matter accumulated, resulting in deep levels of topsoil. Animals such as bison, elk, deer, and rabbits added nitrogen to the soil through urine and feces. Prairie dogs, a ground squirrel-like rodent considered to be a keystone species, dug tunnels that \"aerated the soil and channeled water several feet below the surface.\" For 5,000 to 8,000 years, more than of prairie"}, {"context": "grasslands were a major feature of the landscape. Between 1800 and 1930, the vast majority was destroyed. Settlers transformed what they named \"the Great American Desert\" or \"The Inland Sea\" into farmland. Major reasons for the prairie's demise were the confined grazing pattern of European cattle versus bison, the near-extermination of prairie dogs, and the plowing and cultivation of the land, which breached tallgrass root systems and interrupted reproduction. Further, extensive tile drainage has changed the soil's water content and hydrodynamics, and ongoing soil erosion results in its increasing loss. Estimates differ of how much original tallgrass prairie survives, ranging"}, {"context": "from less than 1% mostly in \"scattered remnants found in pioneer cemeteries, restoration projects, along highways and railroad rights-of-way, and on steep bluffs high above rivers\" to 4%. Tallgrass prairie is capable of supporting significant biodiversity. Parts of the ecoregion among the \"top ten ecoregions for reptiles, birds, butterflies, and tree species. Tallgrass species are found in the understory layer.\" Oak (blackjack oak (\"Quercus marilandica\") and post oak (\"Q. stellata\") ) and hickory tree species occur in some areas, but generally in moderate densities. Bison (\"Bison bison\") were a dominant species. The tallgrass prairie biome depends on prairie fires, a"}, {"context": "form of wildfire, for its survival and renewal. Tree seedlings and intrusive alien species without fire tolerance are eliminated by periodic fires. Such fires may either be set by humans (for example, Native Americans used fires to drive bison and improve hunting, travel, and visibility) or started naturally by lightning. As its name suggests, the most obvious features of the tallgrass prairie are tall grasses, such as indiangrass (\"Sorghastrum nutans\"), big bluestem (\"Andropogon gerardi\"), little bluestem (\"Schizachyrium scoparium\"), and switchgrass (\"Panicum virgatum\"), which average between tall, with occasional stalks as high as . Prairies also include a large percentage of"}, {"context": "forbs, such as lead plant (\"Amorpha\" spp.), prairie rosinweed (\"Silphium\" spp.), gayfeathers (\"Liatris\" spp.), sunflowers (\"Helianthus\" spp.), asters (\"Aster\" and \"Symphyotrichum\" spp.), coneflowers (\"Echinacea\" spp., and \"Rudbeckia\" spp.), and many other species. Technically, prairies have less than 5\u201311% tree cover. A grass-dominated plant community with 10\u201349% tree cover is a savanna. After the steel plow was invented by John Deere, this fertile soil became one of America's most important resources. Over 95% of the original tallgrass prairie is now farmland. The tallgrass prairie survives in areas unsuited to plowing: the rocky hill country of the Flint Hills, which runs north"}, {"context": "to south through east-central Kansas; the eastern fringe of the Red River Valley (Tallgrass Aspen Parkland) in Manitoba and Minnesota; the \"Coteau des Prairies\", which extends from South Dakota through Minnesota and into Iowa; and the far north portion of Oklahoma. In Oklahoma, the tallgrass prairie has been maintained by ranchers, who saw the hat-high grass as prime grazing area for cattle. The Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in Osage County, Oklahoma, and the somewhat smaller Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve in Kansas, attempt to maintain this ecosystem in its natural form. They have reintroduced plains bison to the vast expanses of grass."}, {"context": "Other U.S. preserves include Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie in Illinois, Broken Kettle Preserve and Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge in Iowa, Konza Prairie in Kansas, and Prairie State Park in Missouri. In eastern North Dakota is Sheyenne National Grassland, the only national grassland on the tallgrass prairie. Also, several small tallgrass prairie reservations are in Cook County, Illinois, including the National Natural Landmark, Gensburg-Markham Prairie. The original extent of tallgrass prairie in Canada was the plain in the Red River Valley, southwest of Winnipeg in Manitoba (\"see\" map). While most of Manitoba's tallgrass prairie has been destroyed through cultivation and"}, {"context": "urban expansion, relatively small areas persist. One of the largest blocks of remaining tallgrass prairie in Manitoba is protected by several conservation partners in a conservation area called the Tallgrass Aspen Parkland. The Manitoba Tall Grass Prairie Preserve, which occupies small portions of the rural municipalities of Stuartburn and Franklin, forms a part of the Tallgrass Aspen Parkland. This preserve contains about of tallgrass prairie, aspen parkland, and wetlands. A small pocket of less than of tallgrass prairie remains in the southwest corner of Windsor, Ontario, protected by Ojibway Park, and Spring Garden Area of Natural Scientific Interest, along with"}, {"context": "the interconnected parks: Black Oak Heritage Park, Ojibway Prairie Provincial Nature Reserve, and the Tallgrass Prairie Heritage Park. Aside from the Provincial Nature Reserve, all are operated by the City of Windsor's Parks and Recreation. Considered the birthplace of ecological restoration, the first tallgrass prairie restoration was the 1936 Curtis Prairie at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Arboretum. The UW Arboretum was the center of tallgrass prairie research through the first half of the 20th century, with the development of the nearby Greene Prairie, Aldo Leopold Shack and Farm and pioneering techniques like prescribed burning. The latter-half of the 20th century"}, {"context": "saw the growth of tallgrass prairie restoration beyond Wisconsin borders, with projects in Illinois such as at Knox College, and Fermi National Laboratory. These major tallgrass restoration projects marked restorations growth from isolated studies to widespread practice. Tallgrass prairie restoration efforts picked up wider public recognition in the 1980s, spurred by the publication of a book of appreciation, John Madson's \"Where the Sky Began: Land of the Tallgrass Prairie\" (1982). Nonprofit organizations throughout the former tallgrass prairie region began to reserve or restore small remnants of native prairie. For example, the Native Prairies Association of Texas was founded in 1986"}, {"context": "to locate, restore, and protect prairies in Texas; the group currently protects about of Texas prairies. The Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie, founded in 1996 near Elwood, Illinois, was as of 2006 the largest tallgrass prairie restoration area in the United States. In Minnesota, Glacial Ridge National Wildlife Refuge was established in 2004. The core of the refuge is a preserved tallgrass prairie remnant, and an additional are either in the process of restoration or will be soon. According to The Nature Conservancy, so far, 100 wetlands have been restored and of land have been seeded with native plant species. Several"}, {"context": "books have been published on tallgrass prairie restoration, including: Tallgrass prairie The tallgrass prairie is an ecosystem native to central North America. Natural and anthropogenic fire, as well as grazing by large mammals (primarily bison), were historically agents of periodic disturbance, which regulates tree encroachment, recycles nutrients to the soil, and catalyzes some seed dispersal and germination processes. Prior to widespread use of the steel plow, which enabled conversion to agricultural land use, tallgrass prairies expanded throughout the American Midwest and smaller portions of southern central Canada, from the transitional ecotones out of eastern North American forests, west to a"}]}, {"title": "Initialization-on-demand holder idiom", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Initialization-on-demand holder idiom In software engineering, the initialization-on-demand holder (design pattern) idiom is a lazy-loaded singleton. In all versions of Java, the idiom enables a safe, highly concurrent lazy initialization with good performance. The implementation of the idiom relies on the initialization phase of execution within the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) as specified by the Java Language Specification (JLS). When the class Something is loaded by the JVM, the class goes through initialization. Since the class does not have any static variables to initialize, the initialization completes trivially. The static class definition LazyHolder within it is \"not\" initialized until the"}, {"context": "JVM determines that LazyHolder must be executed. The static class LazyHolder is only executed when the static method getInstance is invoked on the class Something, and the first time this happens the JVM will load and initialize the LazyHolder class. The initialization of the LazyHolder class results in static variable INSTANCE being initialized by executing the (private) constructor for the outer class Something. Since the class initialization phase is guaranteed by the JLS to be sequential, i.e., non-concurrent, no further synchronization is required in the static getInstance method during loading and initialization. And since the initialization phase writes the static"}, {"context": "variable INSTANCE in a sequential operation, all subsequent concurrent invocations of the getInstance will return the same correctly initialized INSTANCE without incurring any additional synchronization overhead. While the implementation is an efficient thread-safe \"singleton\" cache without synchronization overhead, and better performing than uncontended synchronization, the idiom can only be used when the construction of Something can be guaranteed to not fail. In most JVM implementations, if construction of Something fails, subsequent attempts to initialize it from the same class-loader will result in a NoClassDefFoundError failure. Initialization-on-demand holder idiom In software engineering, the initialization-on-demand holder (design pattern) idiom is a lazy-loaded"}]}, {"title": "Agritopia", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Agritopia Agritopia is a 166-acre mixed use planned community in Gilbert, Arizona designed to encourage agrarianism combined with a sense of community amongst the socioeconomic ranges. Homes ranging from 1300 square feet to 7,000 square feet reside next to each other, some with full basements and some without. Narrow streets and front porches, with low back fences, encourage neighborly socialization, and is reminiscent of the mid-west in the 1950s. The \"farm\" feel is evident throughout Agritopia. The neighborhood was developed by Joe Johnston in the 2000s on the site of his historic family farm. It contains 452 lots on which"}, {"context": "the developer built single family homes, cottages, and bungalows, all in neotraditional architectural styles popular in early 20th century America. The community also includes a functioning urban farm, community garden, private 470-student Christian school, community center, retirement home, and four restaurants. The developers established neighborhood covenants that encouraged home-based and agricultural businesses, and pedestrian transit, but discouraged rental housing. Agritopia was designed in order to bring a sense of community and walkability to Gilbert. Within Agritopia are currently two stand-alone restaurants called \"Joe's Farm Grill\" which was featured on the Food Network's popular show \"Diners, Drive-ins and Dive's\" hosted by"}, {"context": "Guy Fieri and serves breakfast, lunch and dinner 7-days per week. Next to Joe's Farm Grill is \"The Coffee Shop\" which was featured in the Food Network's \"Cupcake Wars\" and won the episode. The Coffee Shop serves breakfast and lunch, as well as award-winning pastries like scones and cupcakes. The newest addition to Agritopia is a set of buildings called \"Barnone\" which features artisanal craftsmen showcasing their goods and making them onsite. Barnone is a community for skilled craftsmen to make and sell their handcrafted goods. There, visitors will find twelve of Arizona's best makers, ranging from woodworkers to experimental"}, {"context": "winemakers, restaurateurs and more. There are two restaurants, a florist, a wine-maker, and more in Barnone. An \"Agritopia Farm Store\" features the certified organic produce, eggs, and other organic products for sale every day. The final piece of Agritopia will be the construction of the \"Epicenter\" which will feature non-chain restaurants and high-end luxury rental apartment units. Agritopia Agritopia is a 166-acre mixed use planned community in Gilbert, Arizona designed to encourage agrarianism combined with a sense of community amongst the socioeconomic ranges. Homes ranging from 1300 square feet to 7,000 square feet reside next to each other, some with"}]}, {"title": "Cemmo", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Cemmo Cemmo, (camunian dialect: \"H\u00e8m\") is a \"frazione\" of Capo di Ponte, located right of river Oglio, beneath the Concarena. It was one of the first settlements in Val Camonica, as it can be deduced from the numerous rock drawings that have been found here; nowadays it has a population of about 600. It hosts the Pieve of Saint Syrus. The town is located on the right side of river Oglio, north of Clegna creek. Noble families which obtained feoffment on the town from the local bishop: The historic center of Cemmo hosts many old buildings with numerous portals, gable"}, {"context": "roofs and courtyards. The town originally possessed four main defensive doors that give the name to the annual event \"\"4 Porte 4 Piazze\"\" (\"4 doors, 4 squares\"). The town's main squares are: Just beyond it is the district \"Furen,\" a group of old houses located in the vicinity of the remains of an ancient furnace, living examples of traditional rural camuna. On the opposite bank of the river Clegna covers a green area in the countryside, called \"Inimara\", full of paths and streets with \"orchards\" (small gardens fenced). Much of the town's upper area is occupied by the \"Sisters of"}, {"context": "St. Dorothy\"'s private school and the adjacent convent dedicated to \"Annunciata Cocchetti\". Just beyond it is located the \"Furen\" \"contrada,\" a group of old houses located next to the remains of an ancient furnace, living examples of traditional camunian architecture. On the opposite bank of the Clegna creek covers a green area in the countryside, called \"Inimara\", full of paths and streets with \"broli\" (small orchards). Cemmo's churches are: There's also a small church inside the cloister. Cemmo Cemmo, (camunian dialect: \"H\u00e8m\") is a \"frazione\" of Capo di Ponte, located right of river Oglio, beneath the Concarena. It was one"}]}, {"title": "Rene\u0301 de La Croix de Castries", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ren\u00e9 de La Croix de Castries Ren\u00e9 de la Croix de Castries (; 1908 \u2013 1986) was a French historian and a member of the House of Castries. He was the sixteenth member elected to occupy seat 2 of the Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise in 1972. Ren\u00e9 de la Croix de Castries was born on 6 August 1908 in la Bastide-d'Engras, Gard, France. He grew up in a castle in Gaujac, Gard, and attended school in N\u00eemes and Versailles. He studied Political Science and Public Finance. He served in the Second World War. He was sent to Lebanon in 1939, and returned"}, {"context": "to France in 1940. He served as Mayor of Castries from 1941 to 1950. He moved to Paris in 1951. He gave lectures at the Cercle de l'Union interalli\u00e9e, and served as Vice-President of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des gens de lettres in 1964. He was appointed to the Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise on 4 May 1972, becoming the 35th Duke to join the institution. Castries married Monique de Casagne in 1934. The following year, he bought the family castle, Ch\u00e2teau de Castries, in Castries, H\u00e9rault, near Montpellier. In 1985, he gave the Ch\u00e2teau de Castries to the Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise. He died on 17"}, {"context": "July 1986. Ren\u00e9 de La Croix de Castries Ren\u00e9 de la Croix de Castries (; 1908 \u2013 1986) was a French historian and a member of the House of Castries. He was the sixteenth member elected to occupy seat 2 of the Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise in 1972. Ren\u00e9 de la Croix de Castries was born on 6 August 1908 in la Bastide-d'Engras, Gard, France. He grew up in a castle in Gaujac, Gard, and attended school in N\u00eemes and Versailles. He studied Political Science and Public Finance. He served in the Second World War. He was sent to Lebanon in 1939,"}]}, {"title": "Culex pipiens", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Culex pipiens Culex pipiens (the common house mosquito or northern house mosquito) is a species of blood-feeding mosquito of the family Culicidae. It is a vector for diseases including Japanese encephalitis. In the US and parts of Europe, it can spread West Nile virus, and in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, it has been demonstrated to be a vector of Usutu virus. It occurs in the following countries (this list is not exhaustive): Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Korea (South), Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Morocco,"}, {"context": "Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay, the Netherlands and Montenegro. Body length varies from three to seven millimeters. Both males and females feed on various sugar sources, such as nectar, honeydew and juices from fruits. Only females feed on blood, and will do so preferentially, over sugar, when they have mated. Blood provides proteins essential to the development of their eggs. Their primary blood meal hosts are considered to be birds, but they will feed on humans and other mammals. \"Culex pipiens\" can be a"}, {"context": "vector of many diseases that are transmitted to hosts when the mosquito bites them. It has been found that by using the \"Wolbachia\" infection to intentionally infect this species, their reproduction can be suppressed by inserting genes through the infection that restrict their ability to reproduce. This has also proved successful in the related \"Aedes albopictus\" species, also known as the Asian Tiger mosquito. \"Culex pipiens molestus\" lives in the London Underground and other underground railways. The more common \"Culex pipiens\" subspecies observed above ground is sometimes referred to as \"Culex pipiens pipiens\". Culex pipiens Culex pipiens (the common house"}]}, {"title": "Billboard Top Soft Rock Hits", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Billboard Top Soft Rock Hits Billboard Top Soft Rock Hits is a series of compilation albums released by Rhino Records in 1997, each featuring ten soft rock hit recordings from a specific year in the 1970s. Five albums in the series were released, one each for the years from 1970 to 1974. All 50 tracks reached the top ten of the \"Billboard\" Easy Listening chart and were top 40 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 pop singles chart. In addition to the individual availability of each volume, the series was also issued in box set. The series follows chronologically from"}, {"context": "the previous Rhino series of easy listening pop hits from the 1960s called \"Billboard Top Pop Hits\". Billboard Top Soft Rock Hits Billboard Top Soft Rock Hits is a series of compilation albums released by Rhino Records in 1997, each featuring ten soft rock hit recordings from a specific year in the 1970s. Five albums in the series were released, one each for the years from 1970 to 1974. All 50 tracks reached the top ten of the \"Billboard\" Easy Listening chart and were top 40 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 pop singles chart. In addition to the individual"}]}, {"title": "Electoral history of Bernie Sanders", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Electoral history of Bernie Sanders The electoral history of Bernie Sanders includes the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries and caucuses, and elections as United States Senator from Vermont, United States Representative from Vermont's at-large district (1991\u20132007), and Mayor of Burlington (1981\u20131989). States/Territories won by Secretary Clinton (34): Alabama, Arkansas, American Samoa, Arizona, California, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Guam, Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Missouri, Northern Marianas Islands, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands States/Territories won by"}, {"context": "Senator Sanders (23): Alaska, Colorado, Democrats Abroad, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, West Virginia, and Wyoming States with Margins of less than 5% (10): Connecticut, New Mexico, South Dakota, Illinois, Iowa, Massachusetts, Missouri, Michigan, Indiana, and Kentucky Electoral history of Bernie Sanders The electoral history of Bernie Sanders includes the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries and caucuses, and elections as United States Senator from Vermont, United States Representative from Vermont's at-large district (1991\u20132007), and Mayor of Burlington (1981\u20131989). States/Territories won by Secretary Clinton (34):"}]}, {"title": "Communist Party of Canada (Ontario) candidates, 2007 Ontario provincial election", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Communist Party of Canada (Ontario) candidates, 2007 Ontario provincial election The Communist Party of Canada - Ontario ran candidates in the 2007 Ontario provincial election, none of whom were elected. Some of these candidates have their own biography pages; information about others may be found here. A 26-year-old resident of St. Jamestown, Boyden had union experience as an assistant shop steward and supported the Communist Party's efforts to raise the minimum wage to $15. Sam Hammond is a retired industrial worker, activist and journalist living in Hamilton, Ontario. His campaign biography indicates that he has over forty years' experience in"}, {"context": "the labour and social justice movements. He has sought office as a candidate of the Communist Party of Canada and the provincial Communist Party of Canada - Ontario. Hammond was chair of the Hamilton Tax Reform Movement in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and represented the concerns of mostly low-income residents who faced dramatic assessment increases. He was named chair of the Communist Party's Central Labour Commission in 2004. Hammond has written on various subjects for the party journal \"People's Voice\", and has also served as its business manager. He cited Vladimir Lenin as his favourite historical communist in"}, {"context": "a 2006 interview, and named Poundmaker, Tommy Douglas and Norman Bethune as his favourite Canadians. President of his Canadian Auto Workers local, also works for a Canadian Union of Public Employees local at Carleton University (from which he has a degree in journalism). His father was a law professor at Queen's University. Active in the Committee for Peace in Iraq, and the Network Opposing War and Racism (NOWAR-PAIX). A delegate to the Ottawa District Labour Council. Communist Party of Canada (Ontario) candidates, 2007 Ontario provincial election The Communist Party of Canada - Ontario ran candidates in the 2007 Ontario provincial"}]}, {"title": "Denver Mukamba", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Denver Mukamba https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPS_United_F.C. Denver Mukamba (born 21 December 1992) is a Zimbabwean footballer, who currently plays for Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League side Caps United, [on loan from Dynamos] and the Zimbabwe national team. Mukamba's professional career began with Kiglon, from Kiglon he went on to join Dynamos in 2011 where he won two Zimbabwe Premier Soccer Leagues, two Mbada Diamonds Cups and one Soccer Star of the Year award. He also had a trial with Maritzburg United. At the start of 2013 he left Dynamos and Zimbabwe behind to sign for South African club Bidvest Wits. He made just 9"}, {"context": "league appearances for the club over two seasons, this was partly due to him being loaned out for the 2014-15 season to the University of Pretoria. For Tuks, he made 20 appearances and scored 3 goals in all competitions before returning to Bidvest. Upon returning to Bidvest, Mukamba was immediately signed by Jomo Cosmos. His debut for Jomo came on 13 September 2014 in a home defeat to Platinum Stars. After 14 appearances and 2 goals in all competitions in 2015\u201316, Mukamba was released by Jomo and subsequently signed by former club Dynamos. In 2018, Mukamba was loaned out to"}, {"context": "Caps United after having some problems with his Coach Lloyd Mutasa. Mukamba was then frozen out at Dynamos by Lloyd Mutasa, leading to the loan deal. Mukamba has won 8 caps for the Zimbabwe national team, with his debut coming in 2011 versus South Africa. His first international goal came in 2013 in a 2\u20131 friendly win versus Botswana. He played in five of Zimbabwe's 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification matches. Before playing for the senior side, Mukamba played for the Zimbabwe U23s. . \"Scores and results list Zimbabwe's goal tally first.\" Denver Mukamba https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPS_United_F.C. Denver Mukamba (born 21 December"}]}, {"title": "Modern Combat: Domination", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Modern Combat: Domination Modern Combat: Domination is an online multiplayer first person shooter video game developed by Gameloft for PlayStation Network and Mac. The game features a progression (rank) system in the form of experience points, awarded according to performance. The user can attain up to 72 ranks in all which increases with the level of XP (Experience Point). As the user progresses in the ranks, more weapons are unlocked to be purchased. There can be up to 16 players on a server, i.e. up to 8 on each team. If there are odd number of real players, then a"}, {"context": "bot is added automatically to ensure an even number of team members on both sides. This game can be played on PlayStation 3 using a DualShock 3 or PlayStation Move motion controller as well as on a Mac/OSX. GamesRadar gave this game a score of 2.5 out of 5 in its review: it praised the low cost, graphics and variety of multiplayer modes, but criticised its mishmash game design. GameSpot gave this game a 7.0 rating praising its quick and intense matches and good range of game modes, but criticising the long load times and lack of challenging or interesting"}, {"context": "offline mode. Modern Combat: Domination Modern Combat: Domination is an online multiplayer first person shooter video game developed by Gameloft for PlayStation Network and Mac. The game features a progression (rank) system in the form of experience points, awarded according to performance. The user can attain up to 72 ranks in all which increases with the level of XP (Experience Point). As the user progresses in the ranks, more weapons are unlocked to be purchased. There can be up to 16 players on a server, i.e. up to 8 on each team. If there are odd number of real players,"}]}, {"title": "Villa San Giovanni railway station", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Villa San Giovanni railway station Villa San Giovanni railway station () is the main railway station serving the town and \"comune\" of Villa San Giovanni, in the region of Calabria, southern Italy. It Opened in 1884, and it forms part of the Battipaglia\u2013Reggio di Calabria railway. The station is currently managed by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI). However, the commercial area of the passenger building is managed by Centostazioni. The station's main line train services are operated by or on behalf of Trenitalia. Each of these companies is a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato (FS), Italy's state-owned rail company. As the"}, {"context": "main point of arrival and departure of rail passengers between the mainland and Sicily, the station is a rail facility of national importance. In terms of passenger movements, it is the second busiest station in the Reggio Calabria urban area, and one of the busiest in the region. Additionally, it is a transit point for all of the goods transported by rail between the mainland and Sicily. Villa San Giovanni railway station is situated at Piazza Stazione, at the western edge of the town centre. It occupies Villa San Giovanni's waterfront area, between the town centre and the ferry terminal"}, {"context": "for ferries to Sicily. The station was opened on 20 May 1884, together with the rest of the long section of the Southern Tyrrhenian railway between Reggio Calabria Lido (then named Reggio Calabria Succursale) and Villa San Giovanni. Soon afterwards, the construction company, the \"Societ\u00e0 Vittorio Emanuele\", handed over the facility to the new \"Societ\u00e0 per le Strade Ferrate del Mediterraneo\" (). The latter company eventually completed the Southern Tyrrhenian railway in 1895. In that year, the importance of the station grew significantly, because for travellers coming from Sicily it was more convenient to take a ferry straight to Villa"}, {"context": "San Giovanni than to travel, as before, via the port of Reggio Calabria. On 1 March 1905, the station was connected by a new short railway with the Villa ferry port. This development facilitated the introduction of ferry services carrying railway rolling stock. As time went on, the importance of Villa San Giovanni gradually increased, to the detriment of Reggio Calabria, as the Tyrrhenian rail route to central and northern Italy was shorter than the alternative route via the Jonica railway. Movement of rail traffic across the Strait of Messina was also increased and strengthened by the introduction of Villesi"}, {"context": "cradles. The passenger building was built in 1937, as a project of architect Roberto Narducci. The station is served by the following service(s): Six tracks at the station are used for passenger services. The goods yard is very large, and its sidings are arranged into three distinct groups. The station has a bus terminus for ATAM and \"Costa Viola\" buses. It also offers interchange with ferries to Sicily. \"This article is based upon a translation of the as at January 2011.\" <br> Villa San Giovanni railway station Villa San Giovanni railway station () is the main railway station serving the"}]}, {"title": "Kamarasu", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Kamarasu Kamarasu is a 2002 Tamil romantic drama film written and directed by P. C. Anbazhagan. He starred Murali, Laila, Vadivelu, Vennira Aadai Nirmala and Srividya. The film was produced by P.S.K. Karunakaran and distributed by R. B. Choudary in the banner of Super Good Films. The music composed by S. A. Rajkumar were a success, but the film was released with negative reviews. Kamarasu (Murali) is the driver and caretaker in industrialist Latha's (Srividya) house. After a hard day's work, he comes home to his paralysed mother (Vennira Aadai Nirmala) and takes care of her needs. He also finds"}, {"context": "the time to serve people in the vicinity, fall in love with Vasanthi (Laila), and fight with villains. Suddenly, his mother and Vasanthi die. Our hero follows suit but not before donating his heart, kidney and all possible organs to Latha's family that has been badly injured in an accident. Director Anbazhagan had proposed the story to Choudary in 1998 during a coincidental meeting on Marina Beach and subsequently impressed him after reading a collection of short poems and stories he had written, before being given the opportunity to narrate a story. The film was delayed for two years, with"}, {"context": "Choudary reviving it for release. Soundtrack is composed by S. A. Rajkumar and lyrics were written by Muthulingam, Mu. Metha, Kalidasan and Arivumathi. Kamarasu Kamarasu is a 2002 Tamil romantic drama film written and directed by P. C. Anbazhagan. He starred Murali, Laila, Vadivelu, Vennira Aadai Nirmala and Srividya. The film was produced by P.S.K. Karunakaran and distributed by R. B. Choudary in the banner of Super Good Films. The music composed by S. A. Rajkumar were a success, but the film was released with negative reviews. Kamarasu (Murali) is the driver and caretaker in industrialist Latha's (Srividya) house. After"}]}, {"title": "Rhs toxins", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Rhs toxins Rhs toxins belong to the polymorphic toxin category of bacterial exotoxins. Rhs proteins are widespread and can be produced by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Rhs toxins are very large proteins of usually more than 1,500 aminoacids with variable C-terminal toxic domains. Their toxic activity can either target eukaryotes or other bacteria. In their large N-terminal region, Rhs toxins comprise RHS/YD repeats in various number (PF05593) (RHS meaning Rearrangement Hot Spot) and another \"RHS-repeats associated core\" domain (PF03527). In contrast, their C-terminal regions are shorter and harbor highly variable C-terminal domains including many domains with a predicted nuclease"}, {"context": "activity. These toxins encompass Rhs toxins of insect pathogens with an activity against insects. This group also include Rhs toxins with an activity against human phagocytic cells that contribute to pathogenesis of \"Pseudomonas aeruginosa\". A role in inter-bacterial competition has been demonstrated for the plant pathogen \"Dickeya dadantii\" and for the human pathogen \"Escherichia coli\". When a polymorphic toxin with anti-bacterial activity is produced by a bacterial strain, this strain is protected by a specific immunity protein encoded by a gene immediately downstream of the toxin gene. Some Rhs toxins such as the previously mentioned system in \"Dickeya dadantii\" appear"}, {"context": "to be dependent on the type VI secretion system for delivery into neighbouring cells. PAAR domain toxins such as Rhs appear to form the sharp tip of the type VI secretion system being attached to the VgrG of the secretion apparatus. The C-terminal toxins of Rhs may vary to diversify the antimicrobial activity of the type VI secretion system. Rhs toxins Rhs toxins belong to the polymorphic toxin category of bacterial exotoxins. Rhs proteins are widespread and can be produced by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Rhs toxins are very large proteins of usually more than 1,500 aminoacids with variable"}]}, {"title": "Swimming at the 1984 Summer Olympics \u2013 Men's 100 metre freestyle", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Swimming at the 1984 Summer Olympics \u2013 Men's 100 metre freestyle The final of the men's 100 metre freestyle event at the 1984 Summer Olympics was held in the McDonald's Olympic Swim Stadium in Los Angeles, California, on July 31, 1984. The fastest eight qualified for the final, the next eight for the B-final. Mark Stockwell protested after the race saying Rowdy Gaines false started and that the officials let the race continue. However FINA (the governing body of aquatic sports) overruled the protest and allowed the results to stay the same. Prior to this competition, the existing world and"}, {"context": "Olympic records were as follows. The following records were established during the competition: Rule: The eight fastest swimmers advance to final A (Q), while the next eight to final B (q). Swimming at the 1984 Summer Olympics \u2013 Men's 100 metre freestyle The final of the men's 100 metre freestyle event at the 1984 Summer Olympics was held in the McDonald's Olympic Swim Stadium in Los Angeles, California, on July 31, 1984. The fastest eight qualified for the final, the next eight for the B-final. Mark Stockwell protested after the race saying Rowdy Gaines false started and that the officials"}]}, {"title": "Bridewell (New York City jail)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bridewell (New York City jail) The Bridewell was a municipal prison in New York City built in 1768 on the site now occupied by City Hall Park in Civic Center, Manhattan. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, Bridewell is a common English noun referred both to a gaol in which prisoners were held, or a workhouse to which they were confined. The term was used for a number of jails in the Thirteen Colonies. Construction on the New York City Bridewell began in 1768, although the building was not completed until after the end of the American Revolutionary War. Even"}, {"context": "though it was incomplete, the British used the jail to house prisoners of war during the Revolutionary War. It stood until it was replaced by The Tombs in 1838; some of the dressed stone blocks from the Bridewell were used to construct The Tombs. Bridewell (New York City jail) The Bridewell was a municipal prison in New York City built in 1768 on the site now occupied by City Hall Park in Civic Center, Manhattan. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, Bridewell is a common English noun referred both to a gaol in which prisoners were held, or a workhouse"}]}, {"title": "Barbara Feldon", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Barbara Feldon Barbara Feldon (born March 12, 1933) is an American character actress who works mostly in the theatre, but is primarily known for her roles on television. Her most prominent role was that of Agent 99 on the 1960s sitcom \"Get Smart\". She also worked as a model. Feldon was born Barbara Anne Hall in Bethel Park, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Pittsburgh. She graduated from Bethel Park High School and trained at Pittsburgh Playhouse. In 1955 she graduated from Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) as a Bachelor of Arts in drama. She was initiated into"}, {"context": "the Delta Xi Chapter of Kappa Kappa Gamma. In 1957, she won the grand prize on \"The $64,000 Question\" in the category of William Shakespeare. Following working as a model, Feldon's break came in the form of a popular and much parodied television commercial for \"Top Brass\", a hair pomade for men by Revlon. Lounging languidly on an animal print rug, she purred at the camera, addressing the male viewers as \"tigers\". This led to small roles in television series. In the 1960s, she made appearances on \"Twelve O'Clock High\" (S1 E24: \"End of the Line\"), Lorne Greene's \"Griff\", \"Flipper\""}, {"context": "(S1 E12: & E13: \"The Lady & The Dolphin\") and \"The Man from U.N.C.L.E.\" (in \"The Never-Never Affair\"). In 1964, she appeared with Simon Oakland in the episode \"Try to Find a Spy\" of CBS's short-lived drama \"Mr. Broadway.\" One substantial guest-starring role was opposite George C. Scott in the TV drama \"East Side/West Side\" (S1 E19). It was produced by Talent Associates, who were also developing a TV comedy called \"Get Smart\" with two prominent writers, Mel Brooks and Buck Henry. Feldon was cast in this new show, as \"Agent 99\". She starred opposite comedian Don Adams, who portrayed"}, {"context": "Maxwell Smart, Secret Agent 86. She played the role for the duration of the show's production from 1965 until 1970, and was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1968 and 1969. The character was unusual for the era, showing a capable woman in a stressful career. Feldon noted \"A lot of women said 99 was a role model for them. Because she was smart and always got the right answer.\" Feldon almost lost her role as 99 because the sponsor of \"Get Smart\" was a deodorant soap and she had done a"}, {"context": "deodorant commercial for Revlon. Feldon made guest appearances five times on \"The Dean Martin Show\" from 1968 to 1972, singing and dancing, as well as performing in comedy skits. She also appeared on \"Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In.\" After her starring TV role, she guest-starred in several 1970s television series, including \"The Name of the Game\" and \"McMillan & Wife\". Her TV movies include \"Let's Switch!\" (1975) with Barbara Eden, and the cult-classic thriller \"A Vacation in Hell\" (1979) with Maureen McCormick and Priscilla Barnes. Feldon's feature films included \"Fitzwilly\" (1967), \"Smile\" (1975) and \"No Deposit, No Return\" (1976). Her last"}, {"context": "film to date is 2006's \"Last Request\", a comedy with Danny Aiello and Joe Piscopo. Feldon reprised her role as \"Agent 99\" in the made-for-television film \"Get Smart, Again!\" (1989) and a short-lived television series also titled \"Get Smart\" in 1995. She wrote and provided audio commentaries and introductions for the DVD release of the original \"Get Smart\" series in 2006 but did not take part in the 2008 film adaptation that starred Steve Carell as Maxwell Smart. Feldon guest-starred as a former TV spy star on a 1993 episode (S1 E20) of \"Mad About You\", as Diane \"Spy Girl\""}, {"context": "Caldwell. For one year, she was a co-host, with Bob Eubanks, of the annual January 1 Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena. Feldon's distinctive voice has been heard in numerous TV and radio commercials as well as film and TV documentaries. She has occasionally acted in off-Broadway plays, but said she is \"no longer interested in performing.\" Feldon is an accomplished writer, and is still actively creating content. In 2015, she had two editorial pieces featured in \"Metropolitan Magazine\". She wrote a book, \"Living Alone and Loving It,\" in 2003. Feldon has served as the actress's last name since her"}, {"context": "marriage to Lucien Verdoux-Feldon in 1958. The pair divorced in 1967. In 1968 she began a relationship with \"Get Smart\" producer Burt Nodella. That union lasted 12 years. She does not have any children. Upon ending her relationship, she moved back to New York City where she resides. Barbara Feldon Barbara Feldon (born March 12, 1933) is an American character actress who works mostly in the theatre, but is primarily known for her roles on television. Her most prominent role was that of Agent 99 on the 1960s sitcom \"Get Smart\". She also worked as a model. Feldon was born"}]}, {"title": "Ali Shamshuddin Bin Abdullah", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ali Shamshuddin Bin Abdullah Syedna Ali became Da'i al-Mutlaq in 821AH /1411AD. His period of Dawat was from 821-832 AH/ 1411-1429 AD. Syedna Ali Shamsuddin lived at the fortress in Zimarmar/Dhumarmar but the Zaidi Imam Al-Mansur Ali bin Salah ad-Din became oppressive against him. Syedna had to surrender the fort in order to preserve the D`awat and his followers. Syedna moved on to Hisne Af\u2019idah and from there to Haraaz. At the end of his tenure, Syedna Ali Shamsuddin intention was to reach Shibaam because his successor Syedna Idris, was there. He left for Shibaam, and so his brother Ezzudin"}, {"context": "took him down to Shariqa, but on that very day; Thursday, 3rd Safar 832H at midday Syedna Ali Shamsuddin passed away. When news reached Syedna Idris he immediately set out to Shariqa, and buried him there. Reference List Ali Shamshuddin Bin Abdullah Syedna Ali became Da'i al-Mutlaq in 821AH /1411AD. His period of Dawat was from 821-832 AH/ 1411-1429 AD. Syedna Ali Shamsuddin lived at the fortress in Zimarmar/Dhumarmar but the Zaidi Imam Al-Mansur Ali bin Salah ad-Din became oppressive against him. Syedna had to surrender the fort in order to preserve the D`awat and his followers. Syedna moved on"}]}, {"title": "Will Ferguson", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Will Ferguson William Stener \"Will\" Ferguson (born October 12, 1964) is a Canadian travel writer and novelist best known for his humorous observations on Canadian history and culture. His success as a writer can be attributed to an innate ability to view Canada much the same way an outsider would, as described in his debut book, \"Why I Hate Canadians\". Ferguson was born fourth of six children in the former fur trading post of Fort Vermilion, Alberta, approximately 800 km north of Edmonton. His parents split up when he was six years old, during a brief interlude in Regina. At"}, {"context": "the age of 16, he quit school and moved to Saskatoon, Dauphin, and Red Deer. Ferguson is also an outspoken critic of the monarchy of Canada, both publicly and in his books. He is quoted in the media when the monarchy issue is being debated. He also profiles Canadian secessionist and independence movements (such as the \"Republic of Madawaska\") in his book \"Beauty Tips from Moose Jaw\" (2004). He completed his high school education at Lindsay Thurber Comprehensive High School (L.T.C.H.S.) in Red Deer, and was awarded the Alexander Rutherford Scholarships in all available categories. He then joined the Canadian"}, {"context": "government funded programs Katimavik and Canada World Youth. The latter program sent him to Ecuador in South America, as described in his book \"Why I Hate Canadians\". He studied film production and screenwriting at York University in Toronto, graduating with a B.F.A. (Special Honours) in 1990. He currently resides in Calgary, Alberta, with his wife and two sons. His older brother, Ian Ferguson, also won the Stephen Leacock Medal, for \"Village of the Small Houses\" in 2004. Another brother, Sean Ferguson, is currently the dean of music at McGill University. Ferguson joined the JET Programme in the early 1990s, and"}, {"context": "lived in Kyushu, Japan for five years teaching English. He married Terumi in Kumamoto, Japan in 1995. After coming back from Japan he experienced a severe reverse culture shock, which became the basis for his first book \"Why I Hate Canadians\". He details his experiences hitchhiking across Japan in \"Hokkaido Highway Blues\", later retitled \"Hitching Rides with Buddha\". Ferguson was a runner-up for the 1999 Edna Staebler Award for Creative Non-Fiction for \"I Was a Teenage Katima Victim: A Canadian Odyssey\". Ferguson has won the Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for Humour three times: first for \"Generica\" (later renamed \"Happiness\") in"}, {"context": "2002, then for \"Beauty Tips from Moose Jaw\" in 2005 and for his travel memoir \"Beyond Belfast\" in 2010. Ferguson won the 2012 Giller Prize for \"419: A Novel\" (2012). The novel went on to win the 2013 Libris Award from the Canadian Booksellers Association for Fiction Book of the Year. He also served on the jury of the 2015 Hilary Weston Prize for literary nonfiction. Ferguson championed \"Sarah Binks\" by Paul Hiebert in \"Canada Reads 2003\". Will Ferguson William Stener \"Will\" Ferguson (born October 12, 1964) is a Canadian travel writer and novelist best known for his humorous observations"}]}, {"title": "Frank in the River", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Frank in the River Frank in the River is a 24-page comic story by Jim Woodring. Like all Frank stories, \"Frank in the River\" is virtually wordless and the story is conveyed entirely in pantomime. It was published by Tundra in 1992 in a special full-color issue of \"Tantalizing Stories\", \"Tantalizing Stories Presents Frank in the River\", and features Woodring's signature character, Frank. The special issue also included a shorter full-color story by Mark Martin featuring his character Montgomery Wart. While trespassing inside an elaborate ornamental garden, Frank accidentally knocks over a huge statue, destroying it and part of a"}, {"context": "wall. Receiving a bill for the damages, he takes a job cleaning the inside and grounds of a large building which seems to be a palace. While he is cleaning he notices a red cistern in the center of one of the palace rooms. At the end of the day he is fed a meal of gruel by Manhog, who apparently is also a palace employee. The next morning a swarm of strange monsters clamber out of a nearby river and onto the palace grounds. Frank runs out to do battle with them, and by the end of the day"}, {"context": "has killed them all. He buries their corpses in a hole which he covers with a large rock. Cleaning up after the battle, he peeks in the cistern and finds a small figurine which resembles the statue he knocked over. At dinner Frank finds that Manhog has chopped up the remains of the monsters he killed and cooked them into a nauseating porridge. Rejecting the food, Frank goes to bed. That night Frank is awakened by a light turning on. Getting up, he sees Manhog moving around, and surreptitiously follows him down a long flight of stairs to an underground"}, {"context": "canal. Frank's attempts to find out what Manhog is up to are thwarted when he unexpectedly encounters a stop sign, which causes him to tear back towards his room in a panic. After catching his breath he looks in the cistern again, and finds a different figurine shaped like one of the monsters he fought earlier. Getting an idea, Frank makes a figurine that looks like himself and puts it in the cistern. Soon a small squad of Frank clones emerge from the river. The real Frank, pleased with himself, sits back and smokes a pipe, while Manhog is dismayed"}, {"context": "by the approaching clones. Manhog looks in the cistern and finds the Frank figurine, which he smashes on the ground in anger. Down in the mess hall the Frank clones wait expectantly for food. Manhog again serves up his same monster carcass porridge. Unlike the real Frank, the clones hungrily lap it up. When one of the clones bites down on a hard object in his porridge, all the clones are alarmed to see that it is the figurine of the destroyed statue. They chase Manhog back into the kitchen, where they are appalled to see evidence of the carnage"}, {"context": "that went into making their meal. The Frank clones seize both Manhog and the remaining monster carcasses and drag them into the river, where they all disappear. The real Frank, observing the scene from a telescope, is happy. He reclaims the statue figurine and puts it back in the red cistern. Having earned lots of money from the work he has been doing, he quits his job and goes to repay the owner of the garden, but the owner (unseen except for his hand, but apparently a normal human being) simply pats him on the head and allows him to"}, {"context": "keep the money. Frank goes to a real estate agent and buys himself a house, from which he can look out and see the place where he previously toiled. \"Frank in the River\" is reprinted in the book collections \"Frank Volume 1\" (1996, ) and \"The Frank Book\" (2003, ), both published by Fantagraphics Books. \"Frank in the River\" was the first full-color Frank story by Woodring, and is still his longest color story to date. Its intense, luminous hues won Woodring the 1993 Harvey Award for Best Colorist, while the special issue it appeared in won the award for"}, {"context": "Best Single Issue or Story. Woodring and the story were also each nominated for an Eisner Award, for Best Painter (Interior) and Best Short Story respectively. The logic of cause and effect behind the sequence of events in \"Frank in the River\" is notoriously difficult to figure out. Woodring once released a limited facsimile edition of the complete rough draft of the story, \"with a caption under each panel explaining just what is going on.\" Frank in the River Frank in the River is a 24-page comic story by Jim Woodring. Like all Frank stories, \"Frank in the River\" is"}]}, {"title": "Giuseppe Veneziano", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Giuseppe Veneziano Giuseppe Veneziano (born February 22, 1971 in Mazzarino, Caltanissetta, Sicily) is an Italian painter and one of the leading figures of Italian art groups \"New Pop\" and \"Italian Newborn\". He received a degree in architecture from the University of Palermo in 1996. After working as a cartoonist and illustrator for newspapers in Sicily, he moved first to Bologna (where he collaborated with the Glauco Gresleri Architectural Studio) and then permanently to Milan to paint where presently he lives and works. In 2004 the work of Veneziano first came to public notice with a show at the Le Trottoir"}, {"context": "pub in Milan which featured controversial portraits of Osama Bin Laden and Maurizio Cattelan (the latter with a noose around his neck), both which were subsequently featured on the cover of Flash Art Magazine. Veneziano's work was included in the Arsenale section of the 2013 55th edition of the Venice Biennale The artist is represented by the Contini gallery in Venice and the Gestalt gallery in Milan. Following the designers Dolce and Gabbana spotting a Veneziano painting of Christ on the cross wearing a pair of their brand name underwear briefs in the Venice Biennale they commissioned the artist to"}, {"context": "do a portrait of them with the Madonna portrayed as the likeness of the chanteuse and performer Madonna Ciccone and the courtiers as two putti at her feet. Giuseppe Veneziano Giuseppe Veneziano (born February 22, 1971 in Mazzarino, Caltanissetta, Sicily) is an Italian painter and one of the leading figures of Italian art groups \"New Pop\" and \"Italian Newborn\". He received a degree in architecture from the University of Palermo in 1996. After working as a cartoonist and illustrator for newspapers in Sicily, he moved first to Bologna (where he collaborated with the Glauco Gresleri Architectural Studio) and then permanently"}]}, {"title": "Vescia", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Vescia Vescia was an ancient city of the Ausones (a subgroup of the Aurunci), which was part of the so-called Auruncan Pentapolis and was destroyed by the Romans in 340 BC. It was a fortified center, located perhaps on the left shore of the Garigliano river, in the current \"comuni\" of Cellole and Sessa Aurunca, where remains of pre-Romans walls have been found. According to some sources, it was located on the Monte Massico, where there also ancient remains including a subterranean aqueduct and large mosaic pavements. Two Latin inscriptions referring to Vescia, dating to 211-212 AD, have been found"}, {"context": "in Castelforte, Formia, in the southern province of Latina. These are now in the Archaeological Museum of Minturno. Vescia Vescia was an ancient city of the Ausones (a subgroup of the Aurunci), which was part of the so-called Auruncan Pentapolis and was destroyed by the Romans in 340 BC. It was a fortified center, located perhaps on the left shore of the Garigliano river, in the current \"comuni\" of Cellole and Sessa Aurunca, where remains of pre-Romans walls have been found. According to some sources, it was located on the Monte Massico, where there also ancient remains including a subterranean"}]}, {"title": "Wanted: A Husband", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Wanted: A Husband Wanted: A Husband is a 1919 American silent comedy film starring Billie Burke. It was produced by Famous Players-Lasky and distributed by Paramount-Artcraft. The film is based on the short story \"Enter D'Arcy\" by Samuel Hopkins Adams. The relatively unknown Lawrence C. Windom directed this lost film. As described in a film magazine, Amanda \"Darcy\" Cole (Burke) is a normal young woman with a pleasing personality who, strangely enough, has no suitors. Her friends announce their engagements from time to time and each announcement giving her added cause for alarm. Gloria Green (Linden), an ardent physical culturist,"}, {"context": "tells Darcy where she is lax and she immediately begins training to improve her appearance. In the meantime she feigns an engagement with an unidentified Englishman. Her friends are invited to the country home of Tom Harmon (Lane) to spend their honeymoons. To the surprise of all, Darcy shows up with her Englishman, who in time is identified as the very American cousin of one of her friends. This leads to a happy ending. Wanted: A Husband Wanted: A Husband is a 1919 American silent comedy film starring Billie Burke. It was produced by Famous Players-Lasky and distributed by Paramount-Artcraft."}]}, {"title": "Aesculapian snake", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Aesculapian snake The Aesculapian snake (now \"Zamenis longissimus\", previously \"Elaphe longissima\"), is a species of nonvenomous snake native to Europe, a member of the Colubrinae subfamily of the family Colubridae. Growing up to in length, it is among the largest European snakes, similar sized to the four-lined snake (\"Elaphe quatuorlineata\") and the Montpellier snake (\"Malpolon monspessulanus\"). The Aesculapian snake has been of cultural and historical significance for its role in ancient Greek, Roman and Illyrian mythology and derived symbolism. \"Z. longissimus\" hatches at around 30 cm (11.8 in). Adults are usually from 110 cm (43.3 in) to in total length"}, {"context": "(including tail), but can grow to , with the record size being . It is dark, long, slender, and typically bronzy in color, with smooth scales that give it a metallic sheen. Juveniles can easily be confused with juvenile grass snakes (\"Natrix natrix\"), because juvenile Aesculapian snakes also have a yellow collar on the neck that may persist for some time in younger adults. Juvenile \"Z. longissimus\" are light green or brownish-green with various darker patterns along the flanks and on the back. Two darker patches appear in the form of lines running on the top of the flanks. The"}, {"context": "head in juveniles also features several distinctive dark spots, one hoof-like on the back of the head in-between the yellow neck stripes, and two paired ones, with one horizontal stripe running from the eye and connecting to the neck marks, and one short vertical stripe connecting the eye with the 4th to 5th upper labial scales. Adults are much more uniform, sometimes being olive-yellow, brownish-green, sometimes almost black. Often in adults, there may be a more or less regular pattern of white-edged dorsal scales appearing as white freckles all over the body up to moir\u00e9-like structures in places, enhancing the"}, {"context": "shiny metallic appearance. Sometimes, especially when pale in color, two darker longitudinal lines along the flanks can be visible. The belly is plain yellow to off-white, while the round iris has amber to ochre coloration. Melanistic, erythristic, and albinotic natural forms are known, as is a dark grey form. Although there is no noticeable sexual dimorphism in coloration, males grow significantly longer than females, presumably because of the more significant energy input of the latter into the reproductive cycle. Maximum weight for German populations has been for males and for females ( 1993; Gomille 2002). Other distinctions, as in many"}, {"context": "snakes, include in males a relatively longer tail to total body length and a wider tail base. Scale arrangement includes 23 dorsal scale rows at midbody (rarely 19 or 21), 211-250 ventral scales, a divided anal scale, and 60-91 paired subcaudal scales (Schultz 1996; 2002). Ventral scales are sharply angled where the underside meets the side of the body, which enhances the species' climbing ability. Lifespan is estimated at about 25 to 30 years. The contiguous area of the previous nominotypical subspecies, \"Zamenis longissimus longissimus\", which is now the only recognized monotypic form, covers most of France except in the"}, {"context": "north (up to about the latitude of Paris), the Spanish Pyrenees and the eastern side of the Spanish northern coast, Italy (except the south and Sicily), all of the Balkan peninsula down to Greece and Asia Minor and parts of Central and Eastern Europe up until about the 49th parallel in the eastern part of the range (Switzerland, Austria, South Moravia (Podyj\u00ed/Thayatal in Austria) in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, south Poland (mainly Bieszczady/Bukovec Mountains in Slovakia), Romania, south-west Ukraine). Further isolated populations have been identified in western Germany (Schlangenbad, Odenwald, lower Salzach, plus one - near Passau - connected"}, {"context": "to the contiguous distribution area) and the northwest of the Czech Republic (near Karlovy Vary, the northernmost known current natural presence of the species). Also found in a separate enclave south of Greater Caucasus along the Russian, Georgian and Turkish northeastern and eastern shores of the Black Sea. Two further enclaves include the first around lake Urmia in northern Iran, and on the northern slopes of Mount Ararat in east Turkey, roughly halfway between the former and the Black Sea habitats. V.L. Laughlin hypothesized that parts of the species' geographical distribution may be the result of intentional placement and later"}, {"context": "release of these snakes by Romans from the temples of Asclepius, classical god of medicine, where they were important in the medical rituals and worship of the god. The previously recognized subspecies \"Zamenis longissimus romanus\", found in southern Italy and Sicily, has been recently elevated to the status of a separate new species, \"Zamenis lineatus\" (Italian Aesculapian Snake). It is lighter in color, with a reddish-orange to glowing red iris. The populations previously classified as \"Elaphe longissima\" living in south-east Azerbaijan and northern Iranian Hyrcanian forests were reclassified by Nilson and in 1984 to \"Elaphe persica\", now \"Zamenis persicus\". According"}, {"context": "to fossil evidence, the species' area in the warmer Atlantic period (around 8000\u20135000 years ago) of Holocene reached as far north as Denmark. The current northwestern Czech population now is considered an autochthonous remnant of that maximum distribution based on the results of genetic analyses (it is closest genetically to the Carpathian populations). This likely applies also to the German populations. There are also fossils showing that they had UK residency during earlier interglacial periods but were driven south afterwards with subsequent glacials; these repeated climate-caused contractions and extensions of range in Europe appear to have occurred multiple times over"}, {"context": "the Pleistocene. There are two populations of Aesculapian snake which derive from escapes in Great Britain. The older one is in the grounds and vicinity of the Welsh Mountain Zoo near Conwy in North Wales. This population had persisted and reproduced since at least the early 1970s. A second, more recent population was reported in 2010 to be along the Regent's Canal near London Zoo, living on rats and thought to number a few dozen, limited by the scarcity of egg-laying sites. It is suspected this colony may have been there some years, undetected. It is not a harmful invasive"}, {"context": "species, and the population was thought likely to become extinct. The Aesculapian Snake prefers forested, warm but not hot, moderately humid but not wet, hilly or rocky habitats with proper insolation and varied, not sparse vegetation that provides sufficient variation in local microclimates, helping the reptile with thermoregulation. In most of their range they are typically found in relatively intact or fairly cultivated warmer temperate broadleaf forests including the more humid variety such as along river valleys and riverbeds (but not marshes) and forest steppes. Frequented locations include places such as forest clearings in succession, shrublands at the edges of"}, {"context": "forests and forest/field ecotones, woods interspersed with meadows etc. However, they generally do not avoid human presence, being often found in places such as gardens and sheds, and even prefer habitats such as old walls and stonewalls, derelict buildings and ruins that offer a variety of hiding and basking places. The synanthropic aspect appears to be more pronounced in northernmost parts of the range where they are dependent on human structures for food, warmth and hatching grounds. They avoid open plains and agricultural deserts. In the south their range seems to coincide with the borderline between deciduous broadleaf forests and"}, {"context": "mediterranean shrublands, with the latter presumably too dry for the species. In the north their line of presence appears temperature-limited. Their main food source are rodents up to the size of rats (a 130 cm adult specimen has been reported to have overpowered a 200g rat) and other small mammals such as shrews and moles. They also eat birds as well as bird eggs and nestlings. They suffocate their prey by constriction, though harmless smaller mouthfuls may be eaten alive without constriction, or simply crushed on eating by jaws. Juveniles mainly eat lizards and arthropods, later small rodents. Other snakes"}, {"context": "and lizards are taken, but only found rarely in adult prey. Predators include badgers and other mustelids, foxes, wild boar (mainly by digging up and decimating hatches and newborns), hedgehogs, and various birds of prey (though there are reports of adults successfully standing their ground against feathered attackers). Juveniles may be eaten by smooth snakes and other reptilivorous snakes. Also a threat mainly to juveniles and hatches are domestic animals such as cats, dogs, and chickens, and even rats may be dangerous to inactive adult specimens in hibernation. In areas of concurrent distribution, they are also preyed upon by introduced"}, {"context": "North American raccoons and east Asian raccoon dogs. The snakes are active by day. In the warmer months of the year, they come out in late afternoon or early morning. They are very good climbers capable of ascending even vertical, branchless tree trunks. The snakes have been observed at heights of 4\u20135 m and even 15\u201320 m in trees, and foraging in the roofs of buildings. Observed optimum temperature for activity in German populations is 20-22 \u00b0C (Heimes 1988) and they are rarely recorded below 16 \u00b0C or above 25 \u00b0C, other observations for Ukrainian populations (\u0160\u010derbak et \u0160\u010derban 1980)"}, {"context": "put minimum activity temperature from 19 \u00b0C and optimum to 21-26 \u00b0C. Above around 27 \u00b0C they try to avoid exposure to direct sunlight and cease activity with more extreme heat. The snakes will exhibit a degree of activity even during hibernation, moving around to keep a body temperature near 5 \u00b0C and occasionally emerging to bask on sunny days. The average home range for French populations has been calculated at 1.14ha, however males will travel longer distances of up to 2 km to find females during the mating season and females to find suitable hatching sites to lay eggs."}, {"context": "The Aesculapian Snakes are deemed secretive and not always easy to find even in areas of positive presence, or found in surprising contexts. In contact with humans, they can be rather tame, possibly due to their cryptic coloration keeping them hidden within their natural environment. They usually disappear and hide, but if cornered they may sometimes stand their ground and try to intimidate their opponent, sometimes with a chewing-like movement of the mouth and occasionally biting. It has been speculated that the species may be actually more prevalent than thought due to spending a significant part of its time in"}, {"context": "tree canopy, however no reliable data exist as to what part that would be. In France it is said to be the only snake species that occurs inside dense, shadowy forests with minimum undergrowth, presumably because of using foliage for basking and foraging. In other parts of the range it has been reported to only use the canopy on a more substantial basis in largely uninhabited areas, such as the natural beech forests of the East Slovak and Ukrainian Carpathians, with similar characteristics. Minimum length of individuals entering the reproductive cycle has been reported at 85\u2013100 cm, which corresponds to"}, {"context": "sexual maturity age of about 4\u20136 years. Breeding occurs annually after hibernation in spring, typically from mid-May to mid-June. In this time the snakes actively seek each other and mating begins. Rival males engage in ritual fights the aim of which is to pin down the opponent's head with one's own or coils of one's body; biting may occur but is not typical. The actual courtship takes the form of an elegant dance between the male and female, with anterior portions of the bodies raised in an S-shape and the tails entwined. The male may also grasp the female's head"}, {"context": "with its jaw (Lotze 1975). 4 to 6 weeks after about 10 eggs are laid (extremes are from 2 to 20, with 5-11 on average) in a moist, warm spot where organic decomposition occurs, usually under hay piles, in rotting wood piles, heaps of manure or leaf mold, old tree stumps and similar places. Particularly in the northern parts of the range, preferred hatching grounds often are used by multiple females and are also shared with Grass Snakes. The eggs incubate for around 8 (6 to 10) weeks before hatching. Apart from the recent taxonomic changes, there are currently four"}, {"context": "recognized phylogeographically traceable genetic lines in the species: the Western haplotype, Adriatic haplotype, the Danube haplotype and Eastern haplotype. The status of the Iranian enclave population remains unclear due to its specific morphological characteristics (smaller length, scale arrangement, darker underbelly), probably pending reclassification. The Aesculapian Snake was first described by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti in 1768 as \"Natrix longissima\", later it was also known as \"Coluber longissimus\" and for the most part of its history as \"Elaphe longissima\". The current scientific name of the species based on revisions of the large genus \"Elaphe\" is \"Zamenis longissimus\". \"Zamenis\" is of unknown origin,"}, {"context": "however \"longissimus\" comes from Latin and means \"longest\"; the snake is one of the longest over its range. The common name of the species \u2014 \"Aesculape\" in French and its equivalents in other languages \u2014 refers to the classical god of healing (Greek Asclepius and later Roman Aesculapius) whose temples the snake was encouraged around. It is surmised that the typical depiction of the god with his snake-entwined staff features the species. Later from these, modern symbols developed of the medical professions as used in a number of variations today. The species along with Four-lined Snakes also is carried in"}, {"context": "an annual religious procession in Cocullo in central Italy, which is of separate origin and was later made part of the catholic calendar. Though the Aesculapian Snake occupies a relatively broad range and is not endangered as a species, it is thought to be in general decline largely due to anthropic disturbances. The snake is especially vulnerable in fringe parts and northern areas of its distribution where given the historic retreat as a result of climatic changes since the Holocene climatic optimum, local populations remain isolated both from each other and from the main distribution centers, with no exchange of"}, {"context": "genetic material and no reinforcement through migration as a result. In such areas active local protection is due and the snake for example has been locally classified as Critically Endangered in the German Red List of endangered species. In most other countries including France, Switzerland, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, Ukraine and Russia it is also under protection status. Among the key concerns is human-caused habitat destruction, with a series of respective recommendations concerning forestry and agriculture as to the protection through non-intervention of the species' core distribution centers including targeted protection of potential hatching and hibernation"}, {"context": "places such as old growth zones and fringe ecotones near such woodland areas. A significant threat also are roads both in terms of new construction and rising traffic, with a risk of further fragmentation of populations and loss of genetic exchange. Aesculapian snake The Aesculapian snake (now \"Zamenis longissimus\", previously \"Elaphe longissima\"), is a species of nonvenomous snake native to Europe, a member of the Colubrinae subfamily of the family Colubridae. Growing up to in length, it is among the largest European snakes, similar sized to the four-lined snake (\"Elaphe quatuorlineata\") and the Montpellier snake (\"Malpolon monspessulanus\"). The Aesculapian snake"}]}, {"title": "Soft White", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Soft White Soft White is the eighth album by rapper Mack 10. The album was released on September 29, 2009. Mack 10 released \"Soft White\" through his independent label Hoo-Bangin' Records and Fontana Distribution. The first single, \"Big Balla\" featuring Birdman and Glasses Malone was released September 23, 2008, but due to its lackluster reviews and chart performance it was used as a promotional single instead. \"So Sharp\" featuring Jim Jones and Lil Wayne was set to be a single and was released through iTunes on April 14, 2009, but Jim Jones' label did not clear his name to be"}, {"context": "used on the album. As an effort to keep the song as his first single, Mack 10 simply changed the lineup adding Rick Ross along with Jazze Pha. The lead single \"So Sharp\" featuring Lil Wayne, Rick Ross and Jazze Pha became available for digital download on July 7, 2009. The album debuted at number 141 on the Billboard 200, selling 3,900 copies. Soft White Soft White is the eighth album by rapper Mack 10. The album was released on September 29, 2009. Mack 10 released \"Soft White\" through his independent label Hoo-Bangin' Records and Fontana Distribution. The first single,"}]}, {"title": "Late Afternoon in the Garden of Bob and Louise", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Late Afternoon in the Garden of Bob and Louise \"Late Afternoon in the Garden of Bob and Louise\" is the tenth episode of the fifth season of the animated comedy series \"Bob's Burgers\" and the overall 77th episode, and is written by Jon Schroeder and directed by Boohwan Lim and Kyounghee Lim. It aired on Fox in the United States on January 25, 2015. Bob receives a rejection letter after applying for a plot at the local community garden. He goes to see the garden master, Cynthia Bush, who does not get along with Linda, and who is the mother"}, {"context": "to Logan, Louise's enemy. Bob learns from Cynthia that Logan is working there to write an entrance essay on terrible jobs that build character for a summer college prep program. Bob offers to hire Logan as an unpaid intern and Cynthia grants him a plot at the garden. Louise is not happy with the decision at first, but agrees when Bob tells her that having the garden plot will be good for all of them and that she must accept it for the \"greater good\". Gene gets along well with Logan, as there is now another boy in the restaurant,"}, {"context": "and Tina continually asks him about teenage boys. However, Logan continues to antagonize Louise and denigrate his job. Cynthia begins to frequent the restaurant to write Logan's essay. This irritates Linda, as she is condescending and critical of the restaurant while she is there. After a while, Linda and Louise finally snap with Linda threatening to destroy Cynthia's laptop and Louise threatening to slap Logan. This results in Cynthia revoking Bob's plot and leaving with Logan. Bob pleads with her and he agrees to make Logan employee of the month in order to keep the plot. This causes Louise to"}, {"context": "quit, as Bob has effectively chosen Logan over her, his own daughter. Louise stays up in the apartment while Logan is in the restaurant. She fires spitballs at Logan through the crawl space and taunts him. Bob tells Louise to stop, but while he berates her through the crawl space vent and tells her once again to support the \"greater good\", Louise takes Bob's hedge clippers and heads off to the garden to destroy Bob's plot. Bob chases her, but cannot crawl through the locked fence to stop her. While trying to talk Louise out of it, he refers to"}, {"context": "his plants as his babies in front of her and he realizes that he cared more for his plant \"children\" than his actual children. Louise spares Bob's plants and forgives him on the condition that she get to fire Logan herself. She does so and Cynthia again revokes Bob's plot, but Bob has already safely transported his plants to his home. The episode ends with Bob and Louise planting them in a window box, which falls to the ground under the weight of the plants and soil. Alasdair Wilkins of \"The A.V. Club\" gave the episode a B, saying \"'Late"}, {"context": "Afternoon In The Garden Of Bob And Louise' is another very solid episode for \"Bob\u2019s Burgers\", albeit one that doesn\u2019t end up finding as much to say about its title characters as one might hope. The father-daughter relationship between Bob and Louise is one of the show\u2019s most stealthily sweet relationship\u2014there may be no more heartwarming moment in the show\u2019s entire five-year run than the end of \u201cCarpe Museum\u201d\u2014but this episode ends up being far more about the conflict between them than any real moments of bonding.\" Robert Ham of \"Paste\" gave the episode a 9.5 out of 10, saying"}, {"context": "\"\"Bob\u2019s Burgers\" has often achieved that nice balance of injecting little graceful, heartfelt moments into the mix without overshadowing the absurdity. This episode was a perfect example of that, with Bob and Louise coming to an understanding about their respective desires, and each realizing how ridiculous they were acting in the midst of the chaos. It was a tender moment but undercut just so by the fact that Bob was squeezed into the small opening of a locked fence gate while he was opening up to his daughter.\" The episode received a 1.2 rating and was watched by a total"}, {"context": "of 2.49 million people. This made it the fourth most watched show on Fox that night, behind \"Brooklyn Nine-Nine\", \"The Simpsons\" and \"Family Guy\", but ahead of \"Mulaney\". Late Afternoon in the Garden of Bob and Louise \"Late Afternoon in the Garden of Bob and Louise\" is the tenth episode of the fifth season of the animated comedy series \"Bob's Burgers\" and the overall 77th episode, and is written by Jon Schroeder and directed by Boohwan Lim and Kyounghee Lim. It aired on Fox in the United States on January 25, 2015. Bob receives a rejection letter after applying for"}]}, {"title": "Carl Abrahams", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Carl Abrahams Carl Myrie Abrahams OD (14 May 1911 \u2013 10 April 2005) was a Jamaican painter from Saint Andrew Parish. Abrahams was born in Kingston, Jamaica and began his career in commercial art at the age of 17 as a cartoonist and an illustrator for \"The Daily Gleaner\" and the \"Jamaica Times\". In 1937, while on a working holiday in Jamaica, Augustus John, the iconic British artist, encouraged Abrahams to begin painting professionally. Abrahams taught himself to paint through self-study courses and manuals and by copying masterpieces from art books. In 1944, during World War II Abrahams served in"}, {"context": "the Royal Air Force in England. By the mid-1950s he had found his calling as a painter of religious subjects. The National Gallery of Jamaica said of his monumental series of 20 paintings of \"The Passion of Christ\" that \"the devout sentiment of a true believer marked Abrahams as Jamaica and the Caribbean's finest religious painter.\" He was awarded the Musgrave Gold Medal for his work by the Institute of Jamaica in 1987. His final decades saw few new developments in his style and he often repeated or created variations on many of his earlier paintings. Abrahams died peacefully at"}, {"context": "his home in 2005 of cancer and a brain tumor. Carl Abrahams Carl Myrie Abrahams OD (14 May 1911 \u2013 10 April 2005) was a Jamaican painter from Saint Andrew Parish. Abrahams was born in Kingston, Jamaica and began his career in commercial art at the age of 17 as a cartoonist and an illustrator for \"The Daily Gleaner\" and the \"Jamaica Times\". In 1937, while on a working holiday in Jamaica, Augustus John, the iconic British artist, encouraged Abrahams to begin painting professionally. Abrahams taught himself to paint through self-study courses and manuals and by copying masterpieces from art"}]}, {"title": "Mladost Stadium (Krus\u030cevac)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mladost Stadium (Kru\u0161evac) Mladost Stadium (English: Youth Stadium) is a multi-use all-seated stadium in Kru\u0161evac, Serbia. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Napredak Kru\u0161evac. The stadium has a seating capacity for 10,331 people. The stadium was the venue for the final of the 2011-12 Serbian Cup. The stadium was built in 1976 in a record time of 60 days. At the time of its establishment, it had a capacity for 25,000 people. Reconstruction of Mladost Stadium began in November 2011; a sum of the equivalent of \u20ac1.5 million funded the project. The"}, {"context": "renovation was complete by the end of April 2012 and the stadium was chosen to be the venue of the 2012 Serbian Cup Final on May 16, 2012. The stadium was officially reopened on April 24, 2012 by Oliver Duli\u0107. Mladost Stadium (Kru\u0161evac) Mladost Stadium (English: Youth Stadium) is a multi-use all-seated stadium in Kru\u0161evac, Serbia. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Napredak Kru\u0161evac. The stadium has a seating capacity for 10,331 people. The stadium was the venue for the final of the 2011-12 Serbian Cup. The stadium was built in 1976"}]}, {"title": "Clifford B. Hicks", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Clifford B. Hicks Clifford B. Hicks (August 10, 1920 \u2013 September 29, 2010) was an American writer and magazine editor, best known for his children's books chronicling the adventures of Alvin Fernald. Hicks was born in Marshalltown, Iowa in 1920. He graduated \"cum laude\" from Northwestern University, then served as a U.S. Marine during World War II, earning the Silver Star. In 1945, he joined the staff of \"Popular Mechanics\" magazine, and became a special projects editor in 1963. He wrote the magazine's \"Do-It-Yourself Materials Guide\" and edited the \"Do-It-Yourself Encyclopedia\". In 1959, Hicks penned his first children's book, \"First"}, {"context": "Boy on the Moon\", which was dubbed Best Juvenile Book of the Year by the Friends of American Writers. The next year, he wrote \"The Marvelous Inventions of Alvin Fernald\", the first of a series of books about a boy who relies on his \"Magnificent Brain\" to solve problems. The books inspired a pair of two-part Disney television movies: \"The Whiz Kid and the Mystery at Riverton\" (1974), and \"The Whiz Kid and the Carnival Caper\" (1976). Hicks wrote one non-fiction children's book, \"The World Above\" (1965), which discusses the Earth's atmosphere and the universe beyond. In 1971, he began"}, {"context": "the \"Peter Potts\" series, which follows the misadventures of a small town boy who often gets into trouble \"by accident\". Hicks also wrote a two-act play, \"Alvin Fernald, Mayor for a Day\" (1992), which was based on one of his Alvin Fernald books. On September 29, 2010, Hicks died at his home in Brevard, North Carolina at the age of 90. Clifford B. Hicks Clifford B. Hicks (August 10, 1920 \u2013 September 29, 2010) was an American writer and magazine editor, best known for his children's books chronicling the adventures of Alvin Fernald. Hicks was born in Marshalltown, Iowa in"}]}, {"title": "Bruce Chown", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bruce Chown Bruce Chown, (November 10, 1893 \u2013 July 3, 1986) was a Canadian scientist who researched the blood factor known as the Rhesus factor and helped produced a Rh immune vaccine, Rh gamma globulin, which helps to prevent Erythroblastosis fetalis. Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the son of Henry Havelock and Katherine (Farrel) Chown, he received a B.A. from McGill University in 1914. During World War I, he served in the Canadian Field Artillery and received the Military Cross. After the war, he received his medical degree from the University of Manitoba in 1922. He completed his postgraduate work in"}, {"context": "pediatrics at Babies' Hospital, Columbia University (1922\u20131923); Harriet Lane Home, Johns Hopkins University; and Nursery and Child's Hospital, Cornell University (1925\u20131926) becoming one of only a few trained pediatricians in Canada and the only one in Manitoba. From 1926 to 1977, he was on the staff of the University of Manitoba. From 1944 to 1977, he was the Director of the Rh Laboratory in Winnipeg. In 1967, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1968, he received the Gairdner Foundation International Award. In 1970, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. In"}, {"context": "1995, he was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame. In 1922, he married Gladys Webb. They had four children. After Gladys died in 1948, he married Allison Grant in 1949. They had one son. Bruce Chown Bruce Chown, (November 10, 1893 \u2013 July 3, 1986) was a Canadian scientist who researched the blood factor known as the Rhesus factor and helped produced a Rh immune vaccine, Rh gamma globulin, which helps to prevent Erythroblastosis fetalis. Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the son of Henry Havelock and Katherine (Farrel) Chown, he received a B.A. from McGill University in 1914. During"}]}, {"title": "Mathieu Auguste Geffroy", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mathieu Auguste Geffroy Mathieu Auguste Geffroy (21 April 1820 \u2013 16 August 1895) was a French historian born in Paris. After studying at the \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, he held history professorships at various lyce\u00e9s. His French thesis for the doctorate of letters, \"Etude sur les pamphlets politiques et religieux de Milton\" (1848), showed that he was attracted towards foreign history, a study for which he soon qualified himself by mastering the Germanic and Scandinavian languages. In 1851, he published a \"Histoire des \u00e9tats scandinaves\", which is especially valuable for clear arrangement and for the trustworthiness of its facts. Later, a"}, {"context": "long stay in Sweden furnished him with valuable documents for a political and social history of Sweden and France at the end of the 18th century. In 1864 and 1865. he published. in the \"Revue des deux inond\u00e9s\". a series of articles on Gustav III of Sweden and the French court, which were republished in book form in 1867. To the second volume he appended a critical study on \"Marie Anloinette et Louis XVI apocryphes\", in which he proved, by evidence drawn from documents in the private archives of the emperor of Austria, that the letters published by Feuillet de"}, {"context": "Conches (\"Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette et Madame Elisabeth\", 1864-1873) and Hunolstein (\"Corresp. indite de Marie Antoinette\", 1864) are forgeries. With the collaboration of Alfred von Arneth, director of the imperial archives at Vienna, he edited the \"\" (3 vols., 1874), the first account based on trustworthy documents of Marie Antoinette's character, private conduct and policy. The Franco-Prussian War drew Geffroy's attention to the origins of Germany, and his \"Rome et les Barbares: \u00c9tude sur la Germanie de Tacite\" (1874) set forth some of the results of German scholarship. He was then appointed to superintend the opening of the French school"}, {"context": "of archaeology at Rome, and drew up two useful reports (1877 and 1884) on its origin and early work. But his personal tastes always led him back to the study of modern history. When the Paris archives of foreign affairs were thrown open to students, it was decided to publish a collection of the instructions given to French ambassadors since 1648 ('), and Geffroy was commissioned to edit the volumes dealing with Sweden (vol.ii., 1885) and Denmark (vol. xiii., 1895). In the interval he wrote ' (2 vols., 1887), in which he displayed his penetrating critical faculty in discriminating between"}, {"context": "authentic documents and the additions and corrections of arrangers like La Beaumelle and Lavalle. His last works were an \"Essai sur la formation des collections d'antiques de la Suede\" and \"Des institutions et des moeurs du paganisme scandinave: l'Islande avant le Christianisme\", both published posthumously. He died at Bivre on 16 August 1895. Mathieu Auguste Geffroy Mathieu Auguste Geffroy (21 April 1820 \u2013 16 August 1895) was a French historian born in Paris. After studying at the \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, he held history professorships at various lyce\u00e9s. His French thesis for the doctorate of letters, \"Etude sur les pamphlets politiques"}]}, {"title": "Old Byfield Road", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Old Byfield Road Old Byfield Road is a heritage-listed road at Old Byfield Road, Byfield, Shire of Livingstone, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1860s to 1940s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 July 2004. The road leading to and from the ford at Byfield Creek was established in the 1860s when the district was occupied by pastoral interests. It was a section of the sole track from Maryvale Station north to Byfield Head Station, and continuing on to stations in the Shoalwater area. A specific date of construction for the stone-pitched ford across Byfield Creek"}, {"context": "on this road has not been established, but as the ford facilitated access to Byfield Head Station and to properties to the north and west of Byfield, it may date to the 1860s when Byfield Head Station was established on the northern bank of the creek opposite where the ford is now sited. The crossing is the only known surviving section of stone pitching along what was, from settlement in the 1860s to the 1930s, the only access route to stations directly north of Yeppoon. Byfield (originally Bayfield) is an isolated district, sandwiched between the Byfield Range and the Capricorn"}, {"context": "Coast. Traditionally it was home to the Butcha-Bura people (meaning men of the Banksia or Honey Suckle Tree). The Butcha-Bura belonged to the Ningebul tribe, which in turn was part of the Darrambul Nation, and they lived within the Byfield district until the latter part of the 19th century. The area was explored by Ludwig Leichhardt and Thomas Mitchell between 1844 and 1846 and provided the most manageable overland route to the grassy plains of Shoalwater and Broadsound to the north. Land management practices of the Butcha-Bura people contributed to the development of these plains, which later proved ideal for"}, {"context": "the grazing of sheep and cattle. Fire stick farming enticed wallabies and kangaroo to feed on sweet new growth of grass, making hunting practices easier and more predictable. Broadsound and the Isaac River country were explored by William Landsborough and J McDonald between 1847 and 1858, for the purpose of marking out runs. On 10 January 1854 the New South Wales Government proclaimed the Port Curtis Pastoral District open to settlement under pastoral occupation license. Landsborough acquired the Shoalwater run for a short period before L Samuel won a tender for it in 1858. The run was renamed Raspberry Creek"}, {"context": "due to the abundance of native raspberry in the area. The first wave of permanent non-indigenous settlers to the Byfield and Shoalwater districts commenced in the early 1860s, with the arrival of the Hutton, Ross, Atherton and Tucker families, mostly from the New England district of New South Wales. In February 1863 the Tucker family selected the Maryvale and Bayfield (later Byfield) runs. Robert Ross and James Hutton took over the Raspberry Creek license from Samuel in 1863, along with the leases of Shoalwater and Banksia Plain in the same year. Hutton later bought out Ross' share in Raspberry Creek."}, {"context": "The Ross family, with various financial partners, obtained much of the coastal country from the mouth of the Fitzroy River north to the peninsula at Shoalwater Bay. The Peninsula run was forfeited by Ross in 1864 and was successfully bid for at auction by Edward Hampton (Cranky) Baker. By 1865, Elliot of Tilpal had joined the Huttons, Newbold and \"Cranky\" Baker as being among the first to permanently settle to the north of Byfield Creek in the Shoalwater area. In the 1860s the Byfield and Shoalwater districts were accessed via a single circuitous route from Rockhampton, by-passing the Berserker Range"}, {"context": "which lay between the coast and the Fitzroy River. Materials, livestock and other goods were transported to and from these remote northern properties via this route, which linked head station to head station, and crossed Byfield Creek near Byfield Head Station. An October 1868 survey of Maryvale Run (survey plan P42.90) shows the \"Road to Byfield\" linking Maryvale and Byfield head stations. Byfield Head Station was located on the northern bank of Byfield Creek near the creek crossing. In the mid-1880s the Byfield district was surveyed into farm portions and opened for agricultural selection. Pastoral leases gave way to agriculture,"}, {"context": "encouraged by longer tenure and high yields from relatively small areas. An 1887 survey plan of the farm portions surrounding the Byfield Head Station block (portion 171, surveyed in 1870) shows the old route linking Byfield with stations to the north and west, circumventing the homestead block along its eastern and northern boundaries. In 1887 this route was surveyed officially as the main road to Raspberry Creek and Peninsula stations, and heading south to Maryvale, crossing Byfield Creek in the approximate location of the stone-pitched ford, although the ford itself is not indicated on the map. The section of this"}, {"context": "road which follows the eastern boundary of the Byfield homestead block is now known as Richters Road. A second track, marked as 'old postman's track', was also indicated on the 1887 survey plan. This track traversed the Byfield homestead block diagonally from northwest to southeast, meeting Byfield Creek at the approximate location of the stone-pitched ford and the road south to Maryvale, and joining the road to Raspberry Creek north of the Byfield Head Station block. The influx of new settlers increased traffic over the old Byfield Road across Byfield Creek. They needed to bring goods in and out by"}, {"context": "wagon and required a reliable crossing for foot traffic, vehicles and animals. In 1888 a weekly mail service from Yeppoon to Raspberry Creek via Maryvale and Byfield commenced. The route was over using two or three horses with pack saddles to carry mail and goods to be delivered. Jock Cowan continued this service to the residents of Byfield and Shoalwater for 40 years, using the Byfield Creek crossing to gain access to the northern route to Raspberry Creek via what is now Richters Road. In the 1930s the Sherriff brothers introduced motorised delivery vehicles on the mail route. Beginning with"}, {"context": "motor bikes and then a utility fitted out like a little shop, they sold cigarettes, chocolates and odds and ends to residents along with delivering the mail once a week on a Sunday, using the crossing to access northern properties. Well into the 20th century, horses and cattle continued to be driven along the old Byfield Road into Yeppoon for the sales. The Huttons of Raspberry Creek and Shoalwater runs were prominent in the establishment of the pastoral industry in Central Queensland, and worked with the Flowers brothers of nearby Yandouble and Pine Mountain to establish a live cattle export"}, {"context": "from Port Clinton to New Caledonia. To get cattle to the Rockhampton market, the Huttons and other graziers would drive them along the Byfield Road, using the fording to cross Byfield Creek to reach Adelaide Park Road, which follows the Mount Hedlow route around the Berserker Range. The Huttons, as with many families in the region, also bred their own racehorses along with work and saddle horses. Horse breeders such as the Huttons and Geddes found there was more profit in selling horses to India as army remounts and polo ponies than selling cattle. To get these horses to markets,"}, {"context": "they either needed to be driven along the route that crossed Byfield Creek, or loaded onto ships at Port Clinton. Country race meetings and other social events were held on the station runs between 1879 and 1909, attracting visitors to the Shoalwater district from as far afield as Mt Hedlow and The Oaks. These races were held under the banner of the Palmerston Amateur Turf Club, formed in 1879, and known as \"The Raspberry Creek Races\" although events were held at Banksia, The Oaks and Tooloombah as well as Raspberry Creek. Travel to and from the northern stations for these"}, {"context": "and other social engagements was only possible via the old Byfield Road and required traversing the Byfield Creek crossing either by buggy or on horseback. Byfield district graziers and fruit-growers used the old road over Byfield Creek until a by-pass was opened in the early 1940s, in response to pressure from an increasing number of residents attracted to the area. A map of the area shows the development of the bypass as being nearly complete, but resumption of land through Lot 10 delayed completion of the road until the early 1940s. The bypass, known as the Yeppoon-Byfield Road, gives access"}, {"context": "to the Byfield State School, Post Office and General Store and provides a comfortable journey for travellers between Yeppoon and properties north of Byfield Creek, with overpasses constructed over creeks and the roadway designed as a durable all-weather passage. This bypass circumvents the road leading to and around the boundary of Lot 171 and rejoins the original route at the northern intersection of Yaxley and Byfield Roads. Although the Byfield Creek crossing on the old Byfield Road was cut off by the bypass, it remained in use as a short-cut for local property owners and council workers, being used by"}, {"context": "foot traffic, horseback riders, vehicles and heavy machinery, until very recent times. In an effort to stop vehicles using the crossing, the Livingstone Shire Council placed bollards across the old roadway, but these were removed shortly after by persons unknown and have not been replaced. By the early 21st century the old road south of the Byfield Creek crossing was overgrown, with re-growth vegetation, fallen trees and branches making it difficult for vehicles to access the crossing. The road following the eastern boundary of Lot 171 (Richters Road) is still in use, but no longer crosses Byfield Creek. It is"}, {"context": "unlikely that the stone-pitched crossing will return to regular local use. Local interest in the stone-pitched crossing and the portion of the old road bounded by the Yeppoon-Byfield and Richters roads has remained strong, with the local Byfield State School using the area for Remnant Vegetation studies since the late 1990s. For descendants of the early pastoral and agricultural settlers still residing in the Byfield district, the stone-pitched crossing and road remains a tangible link with the past. Continued community involvement in the maintenance and conservation of the old road and ford resulted in its nomination to the Queensland Heritage"}, {"context": "Register. The portion of the old Byfield Road under consideration lies between the Yeppoon-Byfield Road and Richters Road, and is just under in length. The road incorporates a stone-pitched crossing over Byfield Creek at its northern end. The stone-pitched ford crosses Byfield Creek in a north-south direction at a bearing of 20?. It has a rectangular frame of timber sleepers fitted together and secured by bolts, presumably iron coach bolts, and filled with stone pitching to create a causeway across the creek. The exposed fording is wide by in length. The average dimensions of the framework logs are: western log"}, {"context": "diameter; eastern log diameter; southern log diameter; and northern log diameter. The stone pitching extends into the northern embankment past the water-mark. Within the crossing some stones have become loose and dislodged from their positions, which may be a result of natural erosion (scouring), or from motor-vehicles. Some subsidence has occurred, with the level of some stones lower in position compared to others, and cracking of some stones is evident. The predominant area of weathering and subsidence occurs in the middle of the ford, where water appears to be permanent to semi-permanent. This part of the ford is the most"}, {"context": "vulnerable to erosion associated with high water velocity during flooding. A natural sand deposit on the southern bank of the creek is encroaching onto the crossing, and plant shoots are growing between the stone pitching. The log at the southern aspect is exposed for only a small portion, less than , the remainder being covered by encroaching sand deposits, up to an approximate depth of . Sediment deposits currently extend to approximately from the point of the southern sleeper into the fording. At the south-west cross-section, an exposed bolt is located in the middle of the southern log, approximately from"}, {"context": "its upper edge. Exposed height of the bolt is approximately and it appears to be an iron coach bolt. In the south-west corner, the log appears to extend into the creek bank and is covered by sediments, indicating a continuation of the fording. Combined with the presence of sandy loam sediments extending approx further south up the embankment, the apparent extension of the log may indicate the fording extends further into the southern bank than what is currently exposed. From the crossing, the southern section of the old stock route extends approximately to the Yeppoon-Byfield Road. There is a large"}, {"context": "sandy deposit extending up the bank from the creek, which appears to have been washed downslope from loose deposits. Above the sand-bank, the roadway is composed of clay and stone which rises for several metres before levelling out, with the soil changing to a loamy composition. Native trees, ferns and palms grow thickly along the embankment and creek bank. Continuing towards the Yeppoon-Byfield Road, the path is covered with ground vegetation, leaf litter, including pine needles and fallen branches mixed with loose sand and soil. Towards the intersection with the Yeppoon-Byfield Road, a culvert has been created for draining water"}, {"context": "away from the road. Ground vegetation, mainly grasses and some saplings, provides a masking effect along the side of the Yeppoon- Byfield Road, making the entrance to the old road easy to overlook when driving past. The northern section of the old road extends approximately from the northern bank of Byfield Creek along what is now part of Richters Road reserve. There is no sand deposit, with the embankment composed of a clay-based soil. There is thick ground-cover vegetation to either side of the path leading up the embankment and onto Richters Road, which is predominately blady grass. This ground-cover"}, {"context": "hides the entrance to the old road from Richters Road. Native trees, ferns and palms grow along either side of the pathway on the embankment down to the creek. The Old Byfield Road was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 July 2004 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. The Old Byfield Road was in use from the 1860s and is important in illustrating the pattern of non-indigenous settlement in the Byfield, Shoalwater and Broadsound districts of central Queensland. The old road was the only access route"}, {"context": "to stations north and west of Byfield until the early 1940s, and was important in the establishment of the cattle and later fruit growing industries of the Capricorn Coast. The stone-pitched crossing which fords Byfield Creek along this route may date to the 1860s, and is integral to our understanding of the function of this road as a principal access route. This crossing was the only made access to the northern end of Byfield and outlying properties until the final section of the Yeppoon-Byfield Road was opened to traffic in the early 1940s. The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered"}, {"context": "aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage. The place is significant as the only remaining unmodified section of the original road through Byfield to and from properties in Shoalwater and Broadsound. The stone-pitched crossing is important in demonstrating a method of constructing fords which is no longer practiced, and is of particular interest as the only remaining stone-pitched crossing in the Byfield area in an unmodified condition. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. The stone-pitched crossing is important in demonstrating a method of constructing fords which is no longer practiced, and is"}, {"context": "of particular interest as the only remaining stone-pitched crossing in the Byfield area in an unmodified condition. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. The place is valued by the Byfield community for its historical and educational associations. The crossing and early road has special association for the local community with the work of early settlers and postal workers, and is valued for its important role in early transport and communication in an otherwise isolated district. The place is also valued by the community for its"}, {"context": "remnant native vegetation. Old Byfield Road Old Byfield Road is a heritage-listed road at Old Byfield Road, Byfield, Shire of Livingstone, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1860s to 1940s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 July 2004. The road leading to and from the ford at Byfield Creek was established in the 1860s when the district was occupied by pastoral interests. It was a section of the sole track from Maryvale Station north to Byfield Head Station, and continuing on to stations in the Shoalwater area. A specific date of construction for the stone-pitched ford"}]}, {"title": "Club Pucara\u0301", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Club Pucar\u00e1 Club Pucar\u00e1 is an Argentine sports club based in the Burzaco district of Greater Buenos Aires. Pucar\u00e1 is mostly known for its rugby union and women's field hockey teams. Other activities hosted by the club are gymnastics and swimming. The rugby union team currently plays in Top 12, the first division of the Uni\u00f3n de Rugby de Buenos Aires league system. Club Pucar\u00e1 was founded in 1943 by young players that had left Gimnasia y Esgrima de Buenos Aires (GEBA) as a result of several disagreements with the managers of that club. Pucar\u00e1 was founded in the Burzaco"}, {"context": "district of the Greater Buenos Aires. Since then, many Pucar\u00e1 players have gone on to be selected for the Argentina national team. Originally just a rugby club, Club Pucar\u00e1 has developed a competitive field hockey section in recent years. Club Pucar\u00e1 Club Pucar\u00e1 is an Argentine sports club based in the Burzaco district of Greater Buenos Aires. Pucar\u00e1 is mostly known for its rugby union and women's field hockey teams. Other activities hosted by the club are gymnastics and swimming. The rugby union team currently plays in Top 12, the first division of the Uni\u00f3n de Rugby de Buenos Aires"}]}, {"title": "Sarah Whitman Hooker House", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sarah Whitman Hooker House The Sarah Whitman Hooker House is a historic house at 1237 New Britain Avenue in West Hartford, Connecticut. Built about 1720, it is believed to be the oldest standing house in the town. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 1, 1979. The Sarah Whitman Hooker House is located in southern West Hartford, on the south side of New Britain Avenue (Connecticut Route 71), just east of its junction with South Main Street. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with two interior chimneys and a centered"}, {"context": "entrance. It is set at the busy southeast corner of New Britain Avenue and South Main Street. The main entrance is flanked by sidelight windows and framed by a molded surround. The house was built c. 1720, and originally had a central chimney. It was built by John Seymour in what was one of the first areas of Hartford' West Parish to be settled. It underwent a major renovation in the early 19th century, at which time that chimney was removed, and the attic and rear leanto spaces were rebuilt. The interior suffered fire damage in 1935, but this has"}, {"context": "since been restored. In addition to its age, the house is notable locally for its role in the American Revolutionary War, when the house was owned by Thomas Hart Hooker, a descendant of Hartford's founder Thomas Hooker, and his wife Sarah Whitman Hooker. The Hookers held as captives Andrew and Philip Skene, Loyalists who were taken prisoner early in the American Revolutionary War by colonial forces that captured Fort Ticonderoga in upstate New York and ransacked the elder Skene's house. The house is presently owned by the town. Sarah Whitman Hooker House The Sarah Whitman Hooker House is a historic"}]}, {"title": "Piala Indonesia", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Piala Indonesia Piala Indonesia (English: Indonesian Cup) is the professional annual cup competition for football clubs in Indonesia. Originally, it started from the amateur football era in 1985. The Football Association of Indonesia (PSSI) organised the full professional cup competition from 2005 until now. The competition was named Copa Indonesia during 2005\u20132009 and was changed back to Piala Indonesia in 2010. Traditionally, this tournament involves all the clubs from the whole layers in football competition in Indonesia, which are super league, premier division, first division, second division, and third division. There were no competition in 2011, 2013 and 2014, because"}, {"context": "of various reasons. PSSI started the professional cup competition in 2005. The competition has been named \"Copa Indonesia presented by Dji Sam Soe 234\" in 2005\u20132009 due to sponsorship reason. PT. Philip Morris International (Indonesia) is the sponsor of Piala Indonesia 2005\u20132009 Piala Indonesia Piala Indonesia (English: Indonesian Cup) is the professional annual cup competition for football clubs in Indonesia. Originally, it started from the amateur football era in 1985. The Football Association of Indonesia (PSSI) organised the full professional cup competition from 2005 until now. The competition was named Copa Indonesia during 2005\u20132009 and was changed back to Piala"}]}, {"title": "Ana Santos Aramburo", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ana Santos Aramburo Ana Santos Aramburo (born 1957, Zaragoza) is the director of the National Library of Spain, effective February 2013. Santos has a degree in geography and history from the University of Zaragoza (designated Distinguished Student of her Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, on 26 Apil, 2012) and Diploma in Library Science and Documentation from the Documentary Studies Center of the Ministry of Culture. Her thesis was \u201cArtistic Documentation in the Archive of Notarial Protocols of Zaragoza in the 17th century\u201d. In 1982, she began working in the Universidad Complutense of Madrid, where she developed a good part of"}, {"context": "her professional career. Between 1987 and 1991, she worked at the library of the Faculty of Economics and Business Sciences, where she served as assistant director. Between 1993 and 2001, she held the deputy director of the Library of the \"Universidad Complutense\", responsible for the implementation of the computerized management program and the incorporation of new services for access to scientific information through the network. Between October 2003 and March 2007, she was the Director of the Historical Library \"Marquis of Valdecilla\", which is the depository of the bibliographic heritage of the Universidad Complutense. She also served as General Director"}, {"context": "of Libraries and Archives of the City council of Madrid, and Director of Cultural Action of the National Library (2003-2007). The Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport nominated Santos to succeed Gl\u00f2ria P\u00e9rez-Salmer\u00f3n as the head of the National Library of Spain. After the nomination, Santos was involved in the set up of the digital legal deposit. In April 2014, she worked on the approval for a resolution that would regulate the granting of <nowiki>\"emeritus librarian\"</nowiki> to those professionals who stood out in their services to the institution. In July 2014, she was involved in regulatory law of the National"}, {"context": "Library of Spain, which would endow to the library a greater autonomy, as well as a similar status to the Museum del Prado and the National Museum Arts centre Queen Sofia. Ana Santos Aramburo Ana Santos Aramburo (born 1957, Zaragoza) is the director of the National Library of Spain, effective February 2013. Santos has a degree in geography and history from the University of Zaragoza (designated Distinguished Student of her Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, on 26 Apil, 2012) and Diploma in Library Science and Documentation from the Documentary Studies Center of the Ministry of Culture. Her thesis was \u201cArtistic"}]}, {"title": "Smouldering myeloma", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Smouldering myeloma Smouldering myeloma, also known as smoldering myeloma, smoldering multiple myeloma, indolent myeloma or asymptomatic myeloma, is a disease classified as intermediate in a spectrum of step-wise progressive diseases termed plasma cell dyscrasias. In this spectrum of diseases, a clone of plasma cells secreting monoclonal paraprotein (also termed myeloma protein or M protein) causes the relatively benign disease of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. This clone proliferates and may slowly evolve into more aggressive sub-clones that cause smouldering multiple myeloma. Further and more rapid evolution causes the overtly malignant stage of multiple myeloma and can subsequently lead to the"}, {"context": "extremely malignant stage of secondary plasma cell leukemia. Thus, some patients with smouldering myeloma progress to multiple myeloma and plasma cell leukemia. Smouldering myeloma, however, is not a malignant disease. It is characterised as a pre-malignant disease that lacks symptoms but is associated with bone marrow biopsy showing the presence of an abnormal number of clonal myeloma cells, blood and/or urine containing a myeloma protein, and a significant risk of developing into a malignant disease. Smouldering myeloma is characterised by: Treatment for multiple myeloma is focused on therapies that decrease the clonal plasma cell population and consequently decrease the signs"}, {"context": "and symptoms of disease. If the disease is completely asymptomatic (i.e. there is a paraprotein and an abnormal bone marrow population but no end-organ damage), as in smouldering myeloma, treatment is typically deferred, or restricted to clinical trials. They are generally responsive to IL-1\u03b2 neutralisation. Smouldering myeloma with an increasingly abnormal serum free light chain (FLC) ratio is associated with a higher risk for progression to active multiple myeloma. Smouldering myeloma Smouldering myeloma, also known as smoldering myeloma, smoldering multiple myeloma, indolent myeloma or asymptomatic myeloma, is a disease classified as intermediate in a spectrum of step-wise progressive diseases termed"}]}, {"title": "Vyacheslav Pereteyko", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Vyacheslav Pereteyko Vyacheslav Pereteyko (; born December 19, 1980 in Tashkent) is an Uzbek judoka, who competed in the men's middleweight category. He picked up a bronze medal in the 90-kg division at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea, and represented his nation Uzbekistan at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Pereteyko made sporting headlines at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea, where he overpowered China's Teng Guangying with a brilliant ippon victory to grab the bronze medal in the 90-kg division. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Pereteyko qualified for the Uzbek squad in the men's"}, {"context": "middleweight class (90 kg), by placing second and receiving a berth from the Asian Championships in Almaty, Kazakhstan. By the mighty commotion of the home crowd inside Ano Liossia Hall to favor their opponent Dionysios Iliadis, Pereteyko failed to apply pressure on his opponent, and thereby lost his opening match by an ippon and a kouchi gari (small inner reap) within two minutes. Vyacheslav Pereteyko Vyacheslav Pereteyko (; born December 19, 1980 in Tashkent) is an Uzbek judoka, who competed in the men's middleweight category. He picked up a bronze medal in the 90-kg division at the 2002 Asian Games"}]}, {"title": "Federal Energy Management Program", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Federal Energy Management Program The United States Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) promotes energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy resources at federal sites, helping agencies save energy, save taxpayer dollars, and demonstrate leadership with responsible, cleaner energy choices, because as the largest energy consumer in the United States, the federal government has both a tremendous opportunity and a clear responsibility to lead by example with smart energy management. Use FEMP's product recommendations and other useful tips to help you buy the most efficient equipment for your offices and facilities and programs. Learn about how to design high performance"}, {"context": "buildings that save energy, save money, enhance indoor environmental quality, and help preserve the environment. Learn how effective operations and maintenance can help you ensure reliability, safety, and energy at relatively low cost. Find up to date information about energy markets, utility restructuring, renewable power purchasing, and load management opportunities that can help you manage costs, improve reliability, and reduce environmental impacts. Federal Energy Management Program The United States Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) promotes energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy resources at federal sites, helping agencies save energy, save taxpayer dollars, and demonstrate leadership with responsible, cleaner"}]}, {"title": "Prelest", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Prelest Prelest (from , from - cajolery; (charm, seduction), ), also known as: spiritual delusion, spiritual deception, delusion, illusion, \u2013 according to Holy Fathers of Orthodox Church, a false spiritual state, a spiritual illness, \"a wounding of human nature by falsehood\" (St. Ignatius Brianchaninov). The concept of prelest should not be confused with somatic mental illness of any kind; prelest is rather a spiritual illness, an illness of the soul in its personal relation to God, an illness that originates from vainglory, pride and demonic suggestion and that is to be cured by humility and Holy Sacraments and under the"}, {"context": "guidance of the spiritual father. In the broadest sense, everyone is in prelest: everyone has some wrong thoughts and views, everyone does not fully understand the meaning of life, the degree of own sinfulness etc. When the word \"prelest\" is used in the narrow sense, i.e. that some particular person is in the state of prelest, that usually means that this person, initially being on the path of pious Christian life, became possessed with the strongest pride and self-conceit right up to the thought about personal sanctity. To consider oneself a saint - that is a clear prelest because the"}, {"context": "closer a man is to God, the more he sees his imperfection, and all true saints considered themselves in the feeling of the heart the greatest sinners. The state opposite to prelest is spiritual sobriety. This article is dedicated to different manifestations of prelest mostly in the \"narrow\" sense. Strictly speaking, any human error i.e. any acceptance of a false thought as truth can be the beginning of prelest: \"The source of self-delusion and demonic deception is the false thought\" (St. Ignatius (Brianchaninov)). But Holy Fathers wrote mainly about the errors in the human judgement about spiritual matters and especially"}, {"context": "about the errors in understanding of the personal spiritual state. True view of oneself (of own spiritual condition, position relative to God, sinfulness etc.) is tightly connected with the passions of pride and vainglory and is distorted by these passions. The degree of prelest is the degree of such distortion, i.e. the amount of falseness in the view of oneself and the degree of difficulty of change from the false view to the true one. Different kinds of prelest are described by many Holy Fathers, including the Fathers of Philokalia: St. Gregory of Sinai, St. Maximus the Confessor, St. Symeon"}, {"context": "the Metaphrast, St. Symeon the New Theologian and others. Even when some Holy Father does not use the term \"prelest\" explicitly, writing about ascetic life implies writing what spiritual practice is true, i.e. leads to salvation, and what is false, i.e. leads to the opposite and, therefore, accepting it as true is prelest. A modern reader can find the most thorough explanation of prelest in the writings of St. Ignatius (Brianchaninov) where he relentlessly keeps the traditions of Holy Fathers. Some of these writings were incorporated into a book \"On prelest\" dedicated solely to different forms of delusion (wrong way"}, {"context": "of prayer, trust to dreams, excessive zeal, false humility etc.), which St. Ignatius explains on the basis of the words from Holy Fathers of the first centuries and provides information about different recent cases of delusion. Some modern ascetics such as elder Joseph the Hesychast, elder Paisios of the Holy Mountain, elder Daniel Katounakiotis also wrote about prelest. The concept of prelest is very important in Orthodox spirituality and ascetics. It is one of the main dangers for a Christian (especially monastic) starting to pray with the Jesus prayer. Identifying prelest in its particular manifestations is called discernment (or discrimination)"}, {"context": "of spirits. The virtue of discrimination \"is greater than any other virtue; and is the queen and crown of all the virtues\". It corresponds to a very high degree of spiritual age and requires \"three renunciations\" (Evagrius, St. John Cassian, St. John Climacus): separation from the world, inner fight with passions, acquisition of prayer and deep spiritual knowledge. True discrimination comes after a long previous experience of fighting with passions. The source of discrimination is in the action of Divine grace and the virtue of humility. Professor N.E. Pestov in his book writes that in general, the safest spiritual path"}, {"context": "in relation to prelest is to live in obedience to an experienced and holy elder, or at least to live on the advice of others. The fastest way to fall into prelest is the opposite - to trust own thoughts and not to listen to any advice. According to Saint Ignatius Brianchaninov, \"Spiritual deception is the state of all men without exception, and it has been made possible by the fall of our original parents. All of us are subject to spiritual deception. Awareness of this fact is the greatest protection against it. Likewise, the greatest spiritual deception of all"}, {"context": "is to consider oneself free from it\". Theophan, the Archbishop of Poltava, comments on this statement of St. Ignatius briefly by setting apart \"general prelest\" and prelest in its \"proper sense\" of the word. On the bases of all the above-mentioned he gives the following definition: \"Briefly, the difference between 'general prelest' and prelest in the particular sense of the word can, on the basis of the above, be expressed thus. General prelest is forgetting and not noticing one's sinfulness. That which we call prelest proper is attributing to oneself righteousness when it does not actually exist. If a man"}, {"context": "thinks he is righteous, then his righteousness is not divine, but diabolical, foreign to the grace of God and to humility. One should recall the famous saying of Abba Poemen the Great: 'I prefer a man who sins and repents to one who does not sin and does not repent. The first has good thoughts, for he admits that he is sinful. But the second has false, soul-destroying thoughts, for he imagines himself to be righteous' (Bp. Ignatius, Patericon, 75)\". Saint Ignatius (Brianchaninov) writes there are many kinds of prelest. Each kind corresponds to the particular passion, from which it"}, {"context": "resulted, and each kind is somehow associated with pride. All kinds of prelest are also associated with improper prayer and occur when repentance is not the basis of the prayer. St. Ignatius notes that in terms of prayer, there are two distinct kinds of prelest: St. Ignatius says that the first kind of prelest results from the wrong action of the mind and the second - from the wrong action of the heart. Saint Gregory of Sinai also says about several forms of delusion: According to St. Ignatius Brianchaninov, St. Gregory of Sinai, St. Symeon the New Theologian, Valaam Elder"}, {"context": "Schema-Abbot John (Alexeev) and other ascetics, the first kind of prelest (prayer with imagination) very often leads to insanity. The second kind (conceit) sometimes does not result in a mental disease, but the person cannot achieve salvation being in a state of one of the seven deadly sins - pride. St. Ignatius writes about it: \"This kind of prelest - is terrible: it is equally fatal for the soul as the first one, but is less evident; it rarely ends in madness, suicide, but definitely corrupts both the mind and the heart.\" According to the Holy Fathers, false visions are"}, {"context": "associated with pride. St. Ignatius Brianchaninov says that those people, who want to see visions, and whose mind is not renewed and recreated by the Holy Spirit, are filled with pride - that means, as writes St. Ignatius, that there is a connection between prelest of the first and the second kind (i.e. between \"imagination\" and \"conceit\"). Archimandrite Seraphim (Alexiev) says: \"Where there is pride and at the same time one has a vision - it can not be from God, but by all means - from the evil one.\" Romanian elder Cleopa (Ilie) specifies 7 ways of falling into"}, {"context": "delusion of false visions and dreams: Elder Cleopa also provides examples of different saints from the Patericon who rejected the visions because they considered themselves unworthy to see it and due to the danger of delusion. He also quotes arguments of different Holy Fathers saying that one should not easily accept visions even if they have all attributes of true ones - if the saints were fast to accept visions they would be deluded and would not have become saints. Elder Joseph the Hesychast says, mentioning the examples from his life, that true visions are always preceded or followed by"}, {"context": "very intense suffering and sorrows and are given by God only as a consolation. Even if the vision is true, it is very difficult to withstand the fight with thoughts and not to get proud of the fact of the vision. Elder Joseph writes about pride after visions: \"What happens after that? A person becomes the mock of the demons. They fool him with writings and visions, with dreams and revelations, with symbols and numbers, with oracles and a heap of superstitions.\" Elder Paisios of the Holy Mountain tells such story about a woman who had one true vision. Then"}, {"context": "the Devil suggested her a thought that she was chosen by God and she believed it. Then the demons started to torment her with different visions and revelations. In the end, she had another true vision and was told to write to elder Paisios so that he could help her. So elder Paisios says that out of all her visions, only 2 were from God. Also Elder Daniel Katounakiotis writes about several such cases of long condition of prelest accompanied by visions. He writes in a letter about one hierodeacon by the name of Ierotheos who had a lot of"}, {"context": "visions. Even though he confessed everything, nobody of the confessors understood that this was a delusion. Then elder Sabbas advised him how to find out the truth. After that the delusion was revealed. But in spite of the fact that the visions ceased after repeated exorcism, the injury to the soul of Ierotheos remained very serious and later he broke all monastic vows. Another case of prelest happened to a lay man Nicolaus. He was also subjected to a long and strong action of demons. Even though elder Daniel convinced Nicolaus that all his visions were false, the traces of"}, {"context": "delusion were seen to the end of his life. St. Ignatius (Brianchaninov) writes that \"people infected with prelest of 'conceit' are very common. Anyone who does not have a contrite spirit, who recognizes any own merits and achievements, anyone not holding steadily the teaching of the Orthodox Church, but discussing about any dogma or tradition arbitrarily, at his discretion, or according to the heterodox teaching, is in this kind of prelest. The degree of deviation and persistence of deviation determines the degree of prelest\". St. Ignatius also quotes St. Macarius the Great who said: \"as there is no person completely"}, {"context": "free from pride: there is no person who would be completely free from the action on him of a subtle delusion called 'conceit'\". There is an example when \"conceit\" may also result in a mental disease. Hieromartyr Bishop Arseny (Zhadanovsky) in his \"Spiritual Diary\" writes about one woman who was in this kind of delusion. She wanted to take Holy Communion every day. When she was forbidden to do so, she started to serve the Divine Liturgy herself at her home. \"Her case, however, ended sadly. She lost her mind and she is currently in the mental hospital.\" Sometimes the"}, {"context": "demons can \"help\" a deluded person. This \"help\" can include either recommendations about certain things, even theological and very complicated, or can take the form of false spiritual gifts: false healing ability, false clairvoyance, false gift of prophecy, false unceasing prayer, false power over demons, false reading of thoughts, false dispassion etc. The term \"false\" here means \"not Divine\". An inexperienced person, not knowing enough about true Divine gifts, to whom and under which conditions they can be given, can easily accept such false gift as being Divine. Such false gift can be received either together with some evident external"}, {"context": "event like an appearance of false \"Christ\" sending the \"gift\", or can happen gradually and unnoticeably for the receiving person. Some people who received false gifts prematurely and due to conceit prayed to God asking to send them a gift and they did receive it, but from the demons. Others did not ask anything explicitly, but were already conceited and considered themselves worthy, i.e. were in the state of prelest of the second kind. Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh recalls that when he was young, he had an ability to read thoughts of other people. Once he asked God: \"If this"}, {"context": "gift is not from You, dispel it\". And this ability immediately disappeared. It is very difficult for a conceited person to decline such gift, to consider oneself unworthy of receiving it and ask God to take the gift away. If these false gifts are accepted by the deluded person, it can lead him/her into demon possession or suicide. A rather dangerous kind of prelest is trust in dreams. The Holy Fathers say that we should never pay attention to them because they may originate from the demons. St. John Climacus says: \"The devils of vainglory do their prophecies in dreams."}, {"context": "They guess the future and, as part of their deceit, they inform us of it so that we are astonished to discover our visions coming true. Indeed we get carried away with the notion that we are already close to the gift of foreknowledge.\" The Wisdom of Sirach reads: \"The hopes of a man void of understanding are vain and false: and dreams lift up fools. Whoso regardeth dreams is like him that catcheth at a shadow, and followeth after the wind.\"() \"For dreams have deceived many, and they have failed that put their trust in them.\"() If the person"}, {"context": "starts to notice dreams, looks for signs about the future in the dreams, the demons can quickly increase his trust to dreams to such extent that will lead to suicide or can turn the person into heresy or other deadly sins. Apostle James warns against unauthorized teaching in his Epistle: \"My brethren, be not many masters, knowing that we shall receive the greater condemnation\" (). If the desire of teaching in the particular person originates from the passions of vainglory and pride rather than from love and humility, it becomes a kind of prelest, being based on a false idea"}, {"context": "of personal dignity and ability to teach and that such teaching is pleasing to God. Archbishop Averky (Taushev) in his analysis of James 3:1 says that one should start teaching with the great caution and distrust to oneself. Such inner determination is opposite to pride and conceited opinion about personal merits. St. John Climacus also warns about forbidden teaching when he speaks about vainglory: \"Ignore him when he tells you to accept the office of bishop or abbot or teacher. It is hard to drive a dog from a butcher's counter.\" Teaching can be a king of prelest in the"}, {"context": "following situations: One of correct motivations of teaching is the obedience to share information with others according to the commandment \"Give to every man that asketh of thee\" (, ). In particular, Elder Joseph the Hesychast quotes these words in his letters when he explains why he gives advice not arbitrary, but only when being asked. The same commandment is mentioned by St. Gregory Palamas in a letter to nun Xenia when he explains why he decided to give her instructions. St. Ignatius (Briachaninov) also writes about arbitrary teaching that \"fathers forbid advising neighbors on own accord, without questioning from"}, {"context": "the neighbor; unauthorized council is a sign of presence of a consciousness of own competence and spiritual dignity \u2013 which is obvious pride and self-deception (Opinion of hieromartyr Peter, Metropolitan of Damascus, and other Fathers. Philokalia, Vol. 3). This does not apply to the rectors and superiors, who are required to teach the brotherhood handed to them at all times and on every encountered need without being asked (2 Tim 4, 2). But when they visit other monasteries, they should be guided by the advice of St. Macarius of Alexandria given to St. Pachomius the Great. Pachomius said to Macarius"}, {"context": "about the guidance of the brethren and judgment over them. Abba Macarius said, \"Teach and judge your subordinates and do not judge anyone outside\" (Patericon and Memorable Tales of Abba Macarius of the City, Ch. 2). This rule was and is respected by all the abbots wishing to please God.\" The conceited teacher often does not notice that he does harm to his students because they do not understand, understand incorrectly or even cannot understand at all some subject not having enough experience or knowledge, but the teacher does not cease his teaching. Lord Jesus warns against teaching those who"}, {"context": "are unprepared and cannot understand: \"Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, neither cast ye your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet, and turn again and rend you.\" (). St. John Chrysostom in the interpretation of these words says that the corruption of life is the reason why the teaching is not understood. St. Symeon the New Theologian speaks in a similar way about teaching of something that cannot be understood: \"the one who speaks about the ultimate steps of perfection to the novices and especially to the most lazy of them, not only"}, {"context": "does not help them, but also makes them to go back\". The same idea about teaching of high matters is expressed by Apostle Paul: \"But the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God: for they are foolishness unto him: neither can he know them, because they are spiritually discerned.\" (1 Corinthians 2:14) The teacher, according to St. Symeon the New Theologian, should know the subject from experience. Elder Joseph the Hesychast writes that when one passionate person starts to teach another passionate person, the first one immediately loses the grace because God gives the privilege of"}, {"context": "teaching only when the teacher achieved the state of dispassion and contemplation, i.e. already knows the subject from personal experience. Also the main role in the human understanding belongs not to the efforts of the teacher but to the action of Divine grace. Elder Joseph notes that he witnessed many times that unless God will help with His grace to understand, no human efforts alone can make the teaching successful. St. Innocent of Alaska writes about the action of the spirit of love that only the one who have plenty of faith and love can have a mouth and wisdom,"}, {"context": "which all hearts of the listeners shall not be able to resist. Regarding arbitrary (i.e. without permission of the bishop) teaching in the church, the rule 64 of the Sixth Ecumenical Council reads: \"That a layman must not publicly make a speech or teach, thus investing himself with the dignity of a teacher, but, instead, must submit to the ordinance handed down by the Lord, and to open his ear wide to them who have received the grace of teaching ability, and to be taught by them the divine facts thoroughly. <...> If anyone be caught disobeying the present Canon,"}, {"context": "let him be excommunicated for forty days.\" The interpretation of this canon then reads: \"But if any layman chance to be experienced in discourse and modest in manner, he is not prohibited from answering and teaching in private those asking questions, as Zonaras states, and ch. 32 of Book VIII of the Apostolic Injunctions declare. For they shall be, it says, all taught of God: in which manner Apollos spoke, and taught the facts about the Lord, and in spite of the fact that he only knew the baptism of the Lord (Acts 28:25), and Aquilas and Priscilla, who taught"}, {"context": "the same Apollos the way of God more exactly\". The delusion of carelessness and negligence is the gradual and unnoticeable weakening of zeal for virtues in a man and appearance of a false idea that salvation can be achieved without labors. St. Ambrose of Optina writes in one of his letters about carelessness as about a kind of delusion: \"The delusion of carelessness (may be); but regular delusion will not occur because we are not ascetics\". In another letter, he cites the Gospel: \"You complain about the coldness and reluctance to fulfill your Christian duties. Remember the words of the"}, {"context": "Gospel, that the kingdom of heaven suffereth violence, and the violent take it by force (), and force yourself according to your abilities and opportunity.\" The true ascetic is never satisfied with his current state. He understands that it is never enough, that he has to fight and that he does not fulfill the commandments. In the state of negligence and in the absence of spiritual zeal, the human condition inevitably worsens: \"The human soul as being immortal, can not remain in the same state: it either improves or worsens\". (St. Macarius of Optina). St. Gregory of Sinai says that"}, {"context": "the cause of carelessness is self-love. Bishop Pankratius (Zherdev), the abbot of Valaam monastery, says in an interview about monastic life that both extremes are dangerous: excessive zeal and carelessness. The latter it is a delusion too and it predominates now. In the state of carelessness, a monk is deceived thinking that he still conducts monastic life while in fact, according to the words of St. Seraphim of Sarov, he is just a black firebrand. Though he wears black clothes, he differs from a layman only in that he does not have a wife. Schema-archimandrite Abraham (Reidman) in his book"}, {"context": "of conversations with the monastics also thinks that carelessness is delusion and says that carelessness in some sense is opposite to pride, but even more dangerous. A very common manifestation of carelessness is the weakening of abstemiousness in food. With excessive nutrition, the passions begin to act in the person and darken the mind, especially the passion of sexual lust, and especially in the young persons. Also carelessness can manifest itself in laziness to physical labor, when the person is too sparing himself, is lazy to attend long church services, abandons the daily prayer rule. In obedience, a monk can"}, {"context": "be lazy to fight with himself cutting out his will, not striving to do exactly according to the blessing of the spiritual father but rather trusting his own intellect and reasoning. Schema-archimandrite Abraham considers the abandonment of Jesus prayer to be the most dangerous manifestation of the carelessness for monastics: \"If a person abandons the Jesus Prayer, he rejects the spiritual life\", \"abandonment of the prayer rope rule means that you do not conduct any monastic life.\" Holy Fathers say the same about abandonment of the prayer. St. John Climacus writes: \"Self-will is the ruin of the monk living in"}, {"context": "obedience. But ruin for the solitary is the interruption of prayer.\" St. Isaac of Syria says that \"The start of the mind derangement (when the sign of it starts to show up in the mind), is primarily seen in the laziness to the Divine service and to the prayer.\" In addition, St. John Climacus names carelessness as one of the reasons for the demon attacks as well as one the reasons why God may not fulfill the prayers of a man: \"Every demonic upheaval within us arises from the following three related causes namely, carelessness, pride, or the envy of"}, {"context": "demons. The first is pitiable, the second deplorable, but the third is blessed\"; \"When requests are made to God and are not immediately answered, the reason may be one of the following: either that the petition is premature, or because it has been made unworthily or vaingloriously, or because if granted, it would lead to conceit, or because negligence and carelessness would result.\" According to Saint Gregory of Sinai, there are 3 sources for prelest: \"arrogance, the envy of demons, and the divine will that allows us to be tried and corrected. Arrogance arises from superficiality, demonic envy is provoked"}, {"context": "by our spiritual progress, and the need for correction is the consequence of our sinful way of life. The delusion arising solely from envy and self-conceit is swiftly healed, especially when we humble ourselves. On the other hand, the delusion allowed by God for our correction, when we are handed over to Satan because of our sinfulness, God often permits to continue until our death, if this is needed to efface our sins. Sometimes God hands over even the guiltless to the torment of demons for the sake of their salvation\". If the person conceals sins or thoughts in confession"}, {"context": "or does not trust to his spiritual father, he can also fall into prelest: \"Think in this wise: the Holy Spirit dwells in your confessor, and he will tell you what is right. But if you say to yourself that your confessor lives a careless life, how can the Holy Spirit dwell in him, you will suffer mightily for such thoughts, and the Lord will bring you low, and you are sure to fall into delusion\". Also, elder Ephraim of Philotheou speaks about his teacher, elder Joseph the Hesychast, who used to say to his disciples about some people who"}, {"context": "suffered from prelest. Such people quite often committed suicide because they believed that an Angel appeared to them, whereas it was a demon. The delusion was in the thought: \"Do not tell that to the Elder\". Elder John Krestiankin in his word about spiritual guiding says that the most dangerous time in relation to prelest is the beginning of the spiritual life. \"Upon entering the Church, winged with new sensations, the newly-born reaches with his consciousness straight for the Kingdom of Heaven, to the heights of mysteries that are hidden behind the impenetrable curtain of Divine revelation. At that moment"}, {"context": "the spiritual father and his spiritual child enter into a unified struggle with the dark powers, the latter of which are ready with their deceit to turn the new convert from the path of salvation. The enemy's deception will hunt after this person for the rest of his life, offering him its dangerous sweetness. This initial period is particularly dangerous, for this sweetness still resonates with the nature of the fleshly man, and finds sympathy and response deep within his soul. The spiritual father's strength in this struggle lies in prayer and love for his spiritual child's soul, which has"}, {"context": "come to desire its own salvation. The spiritual child's protection lies in his trust of the pastor, in the awareness of his own sinfulness, and mistrust of himself\". St. Gregory of Sinai also writes that \"around beginners and those who rely on their own counsel the demons spread the nets of destructive thoughts and images, and open pits into which such people fall; for their city is still in the hands of the workers of iniquity, and in their impetuosity they are easily slain by them. It is not surprising that they are deceived, or lose their wits, or have"}, {"context": "been and still are deluded, or heed what is contrary to truth, or from inexperience and ignorance say things that should not be said. Often some witless person will speak about truth and will hold forth at length without being aware of what he is saying or in a position to give a correct account of things. In this way he troubles many who hear him and by his inept behavior he brings abuse and ridicule on the heads of hesychasts. It is not in the least strange that beginners should be deceived even after making great efforts, for this"}, {"context": "has happened to many who have sought God, both now and in the past\". St. Ignatius (Brianchaninov) writes that there is a spiritual law of interrelationship of virtues so that one certain virtue cannot be acquired without acquiring another that is in close relationship with the first one. For a spiritually inexperienced person, the very idea that some virtue can be premature seems almost blasphemous, but this is true according to Holy Fathers. St. Isaac of Syria writes that \"It is the good will of the most wise Lord that we reap our spiritual bread in the sweat of our"}, {"context": "brow. He established this law not out of spite, but rather so that we would not suffer from indigestion and die. Every virtue is the mother of the one following it. If you leave the mother who gives birth to the virtue and seek after her daughter, without having first acquired the mother, then these virtues become as vipers in the soul. If you do not turn them away, you will soon die\". St. Ignatius (Brianchaninov) writes that \"the fallen angel strives to deceive monks and draw them to destruction, offering them not only sin in its various forms, but"}, {"context": "also lofty virtues that are not natural to them\". St. John Climacus writes that \"the devil proposes impossible virtues to those who live under obedience, and unsuitable ideas to those living in solitude. <...>The enemy persuades them to look too soon for these virtues, so that they may not persevere and attain them in due time.\" St. Ignatius warns that the books of Holy Fathers can act on novices so much that they, in inexperience and ignorance, easily dare to leave the place of residence, which has all the convenience for personal salvation by means of execution of evangelical commandments,"}, {"context": "and to seek for another higher way of life, seductively painted in their imagination. Such desires are the basis of many forms of prelest: desire of visions, revelations, and other supernatural gifts, execution of very long prayer rule, extreme fasting, premature desire of stillness and seclusion. The very thought about forthcoming grace and receiving Divine gifts, expectation of grace is a clear manifestation of pride. St. Ignatius writes: \"If there is an expectation of grace within you \u2013 beware, you are in a dangerous state! <...> Prelest exists already in self-conceit, in considering oneself worthy, in the very expectation of"}, {"context": "grace.\" The Gospel says: \"The kingdom of God cometh not with observation\" (). According to St. Isaac of Syria and St. Macarius of Optina, these words mean that the ones who prematurely desired to acquire grace, acquired pride and fall. And this is not a sign that a man loves God but a mental illness. Saints who acquired grace, thought that they did not have it, and this humility kept them safe from the fall. St. Isaac adds: \"How can we strive for high Divine gifts while Apostle Paul glories in tribulations.\" The same idea is expressed by St. Nectarios"}, {"context": "of Aegina: \"The ones who seek the Divine gifts and insights while being immersed in the passions are in proud and foolish delusion. First, one need to work on cleansing oneself. Grace is sent as a gift to those who are cleansed from the passions. And they get it quietly, at the moment that they do not notice.\" St. Ambrose of Optina provides in one letter an example of such expectation of Divine gifts. A nun thought that she will receive all spiritual gifts at the day of the feast of Archangel Michael; but on that day she was depressed"}, {"context": "and thought of suicide. St. Ambrose wrote that it was a delusion, and that living in complete solitude would be dangerous for her because of such demonic attacks. Schema-archimandrite Abraham (Reidman) reminisces about his youth, when he did not pray with the Jesus Prayer, did not know any experienced elders, and did not read the books of the Holy Fathers. He read for the first time the conversation of St. Seraphim of Sarov with Motovilov, but understood it in a primitive way and began to pray about acquisition of grace. As a result, he began to see visions from demons."}, {"context": "Fortunately, later he came to his senses and realized that he was in delusion. The above-mentioned kinds and properties of prelest suggest possible general means of curing it. These are opposite to different manifestations of prelest: Nevertheless, no universal and suitable for everyone advice can be given for curing prelest. From the general point of view, fight with prelest is a fight with demonic thoughts mostly containing pride which, as St. Ignatius (Brianchaninov) notes, sometimes changes into deep sadness and desire of suicide. Keeping this in mind, the means of curing prelest should include some means of fighting with sinful"}, {"context": "thoughts and decreasing their influence on the deluded person. Elder Paisios of the Holy Mountain says that if a spiritual person trusts his thoughts - that is already the beginning of delusion. Pride darkens the mind and even the prayers of holy people do not help such person. He should understand that keeping such thoughts (like \"I am holy\", \"I am better than others\" etc.) in the mind - that is prelest. Such thoughts should be disclosed either to the elder, or to the spiritual father, or to the abbess of the monastery, and then thrown away. Because of that,"}, {"context": "the first way to get rid of prelest is the Sacrament of Confession. If the person saw any vision, he should tell it immediately to his spiritual father not concealing anything. Then the person should follow exactly the specific advice of the spiritual father. Other Sacraments are needed as well but sometimes deluded persons are forbidden to take the Holy Communion by their spiritual father for some period of time, sometimes rather long (1\u20133 years). For example, it is written in Patericon of Mt. Athos about one monk who was living with his elder in a skete at Mt. Athos."}, {"context": "Because of conceit, he gradually started to fulfill his own will, prayed more and more but without asking his elder about it. Then he was deluded by false visions, almost died and finally revealed everything to his elder. The elder sent him to a monastery and forbade to take Holy Communion for 3 years. The monk started to live there with many brethren, washed dishes and recovered. One woman saw a lamp before icon at her house lit by itself. That happened every midnight and even in the presence of other people. She accepted that as Divine. But when she"}, {"context": "told that to her spiritual father, a known ascetic Bishop Basil (Preobrazhensky), he said: \"No, this phenomenon is not from grace, but from the enemy. And because you accepted it as being from grace, I am giving you a penance: do not receive the Holy Mysteries for one year. The lampada will not light itself again\". Truly, the lampada did not light by itself from that day on. Sometimes in monasteries people suffering from prelest are also given ignoble obediences to humble them. Such obediences often include some hard and dirty work. Such work therapy decreases pride and demonic attacks"}, {"context": "that cause prelest and helps to switch the mind from the sinful thoughts to something else. St. Joseph of Optina writes in one letter to the abbess of some monastery about a deluded nun by the name of Mavra. He writes that Mavra should wash dishes or peel potatoes - it can decrease the pride that caused prelest. He also writes that she should not take Holy Communion often - the spiritual father should first incline her to humility and self-abasement. At the same time, solitary life should be completely forbidden for Mavra - otherwise she will go completely mad."}, {"context": "Another story about healing through work therapy is told by Hieromartyr Archimandrite Kronid (Lyubimov). A novice by the name of Alexander from Holy Trinity St. Sergius Lavra arbitrary increased his prayer rule and started to see visions. When his condition was revealed, he was sent to another monastery and was given an obedience to clean the horse stalls in the stable yard. At first, he protested: \"You appoint such a great ascetic to such a humiliating obedience\", but then he agreed and all brethren started to pray about him. Alexander worked all day long and did not have time for"}, {"context": "his previous intensive prayer feats. Several years later Archimandrite Kronid met Alexander who was already tonsured a monk as Athanasius and, for his humble and good monastic life, was made hierodeacon. When asked whether he remembered what had happened to him, he replied: \"I remember everything, but only now realize the full horror of my state of mind.\" When fighting with sinful thoughts, also it can be useful to have a strict everyday schedule and to alternate mental and physical work as it was shown by an Angel to St. Anthony the Great. It should be noted that though work"}, {"context": "therapy sometimes is very useful, the deluded person can become very lazy. While in delusion he could easily pray and do prostrations for hours, recovery from this state can be accompanied by strong relaxation of will, melancholy and laziness to the prayer and physical work. Archimandrite Ambrose (Yurasov) tells a story about a deluded woman who arbitrary increased her payer rule to 1000 prostrations every day because of conceit. She was concealing it from her spiritual father. When the spiritual father revealed the delusion through her hidden anger and petulance, she no longer could execute even her initial smaller rule"}, {"context": "of prayer and prostrations, she could not fast at all and even could not read morning and evening prayers. Regarding the opposite form of prelest, which is associated not with the excessive zeal but with the lack of it, the delusion of carelessness, Schema-archimandrite Abraham (Reidman) notes that everyone should remember that a man can change and everyone, due to carelessness and self-justification, can quickly and unnoticeably change to their opposite. To prevent that, we need to gain a skill of self-restraint, in the first place, for the Jesus prayer. St. Anthony the Great names several means of increasing the"}, {"context": "zeal to virtues and fighting with carelessness: inner means include remembrance of death (i.e. living every day as the last day), thinking about the time after death, fear of God; external and more advanced means include: feeling of sweetness of living with God, love to God, love to do good and according to God. Elder Ephraim of Philotheou writes in a similar way that \"you can conquer carelessness using constant prayer, with the mouth and mind, with the remembrance about possibility of sudden death, about the tortures of hell, about Heaven etc. We need to enforce ourselves to our spiritual"}, {"context": "duties and especially to silence and prayer\". Even with Divine and human help, as Saint Ambrose of Optina notes, \"It is easier to turn every sinner to repentance than to bring a deluded person to reason\". However, there are cases when people were instantly healed of delusion. There is an episode in the life of St. Niphon of Athos when he was visited by a monk who accepted a false vision as true and became proud considering himself above the others. Through the prayer of the St. Niphon the monk instantly began to see his pride. Another case occurred with"}, {"context": "Archimandrite Parthenios, hegumen of St. Paul Monastery at Mount Athos. When he was young, he fell into negligence and stopped reading the monastic rule. This went on for a whole year. In the end, he suddenly cried out: \"Mother of God, help me, I can not do anything. Make it so that I overcome this state!\". And the state of negligence suddenly disappeared: he immediately made 400 prostrations. In the scene of temptation in the desert, the devil tries to delude Lord Jesus Christ (). In the Sermon on the Mount, Lord Jesus Christ talks about false miracles (). Also"}, {"context": "Lord Jesus says about prelest and false prophets (, ). In , Apostle Paul expels the spirit of false prophecy. In , Apostle John writes about false prophets and trust to spirits. In , Apostle Paul writes about false visions. In , Apostle Paul mentions the deception of Adam and Eve. In , Apostle Paul advises to avoid delusion - \"oppositions of science falsely so called\". When Saint Niphon, bishop of Cyprus, was an ordinary monk, he was struggling against demons and fell into partial insanity for 4 years but later was cured. Saint Symeon the Stylite was deluded by"}, {"context": "demons who showed him a chariot wanting to take him to Heaven as it was with Prophet Elias. The chariot disappeared when St. Symeon wanted to enter it but made the sign of the Cross. Saint Iakovos worshiped a demon who appeared as Lord Jesus and who disappeared after Iakovos made the sign of the Cross. Saint Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Caves was living in seclusion for 7 years and was deluded by a false vision of Lord Jesus. He was left by demons lying unconscious. Saints Antonius and Theodosius of the Kiev Caves were nursing him and"}, {"context": "praying about him for 2 years. After that, St. Isaac got better and in the end of his life he received the power over demons. Saint Nicetas of the Kiev Caves attempted an excessive feat of seclusion without sufficient experience. He was deluded by an \"angel\" who helped him and gave him a false gift of clairvoyance. When the Holy Fathers of the monastery unraveled the demon tricks and cast the \"angel\" away, St. Nicetas lost his supernatural abilities and even could not read at all. Later, following the way of humility, St. Nicetas became the Bishop of Novgorod and"}, {"context": "received the gift of miracleworking. Saint Theodore and Basil of the Caves suffered heavily from the demon tricks. St. Theodore was deluded by a vision of \"angel\" and false appearance of a demon in the form of St. Basil and was listening to them. Later, St. Basil brought St. Theodore to reason and convinced that it was a delusion. Saint Silouan the Athonite was in delusion 2 times as written in the book of elder Sofronii. Once St. Silouan accepted a vision and nobody, whom he asked about it, told him that this was a false vision. \"But I was"}, {"context": "beguiled by vanity and began to see devils again. Then I knew that I had been deceived, and I made full disclosure to my confessor and asked him for his prayers; and because of his prayers I am now saved and ever beseech the Lord to grant me the spirit of humility.\" When Holy martyrs Timotheos and Mavra were crucified, the Devil tried to delude St. Mavra on the cross. She had two similar visions. An \"angel\" came to \"help\" her and offered a cup with water and honey. When she suggested him to pray together, the \"angel\" did not"}, {"context": "pray and could not look to the east. From this St. Mavra found out that this was a delusion. Then she had another vision of a man who brought her to a river of water and honey and again suggested to drink. When she refused again, the vision disappeared. When St. Pachomius the Great was living in solitude, the Devil appeared in front of him as \"Christ\" and said: \"Greetings, Pachomius, I am Christ paying you a visit, my faithful friend.\" But St. Pachomius was in turmoil and had confusing thoughts. So he understood the delusion and rejected the vision:"}, {"context": "\"Devil, depart from me, cursed are you and your visions and your insidious arts. You have no place among the servants of God.\" St. Peter of Mount Athos had many false visions trying to scare or delude him. During the first year of solitary life at Mt. Athos, St. Peter suddenly saw a \"boy\", whom he knew before. They started to speak and the \"boy\" tried to convince St. Peter to return home. St. Peter replied that he would listen only to the Mother of God since She had commanded him to settle at Mt. Athos. When St. Peter pronounced"}, {"context": "the name of the Mother of God, the demon disappeared. 7 years later a demon appeared in front of St. Peter as an \"angel of light\". The \"angel\" commanded him to go to the world for salvation of others. When St. Peter refused again and pronounced the names of the Mother of God and St. Nicholas, the \"angel\" disappeared. When St. Gregory the Decapolite was living in a cave, he had many demonic assaults. Once the demons appeared as Forty Martyrs of Sebaste and said that they came to give him the grace and power over demons. But St. Gregory"}, {"context": "understood their plots and rejected the vision. When elder Paisios of the Holy Mountain lived in the Stomion Monastery, he had a vision: the roof opened and he saw a pillar of light reaching the sky. At the top of it he saw a young man who looked similar to Jesus Christ. \"You are honored to see Christ\" - elder Paisios heard inside him. \"Who am I, unworthy, to see Christ\" - replied Paisios and the vision disappeared. Another time, when elder Paisios lived at Mt. Sinai, he had to go out in the night. There were several steps near"}, {"context": "his kellia and elder Paisios used a lighter to descend safely. But this time the lighter did not want to fire. Suddenly a ray of light like from a flood lamp shone from one of the rocks. Elder Paisios understood that this \"help\" had demonic nature and went back. The light immediately disappeared. The notion of prelest is used in some of the liturgical texts of the Orthodox Church. In the Akathist to the Mother of God: \"For thou hast quenched the furnace of deception\" (Ikos 5); \"For thou hast trampled on the delusion of error\" (Ikos 6). In the"}, {"context": "Great Canon of St. Andrew of Crete: \"I lie naked and ashamed, for the beauty of the tree, which I saw in the middle of the garden, deceived me\" (Monday, Ode 2); \"O God, Trinity yet One, save us from delusion, temptations and misfortune!\" (Monday, Ode 3); \"But you, my hopeless soul, have rather imitated Esau, surrendering to the crafty evil the beauty you inherited from God. In two ways, works and wisdom, have you been deceived and now is the time for you to change your ways\" (Tuesday, Ode 4). In the Holy Anaphora of the Liturgy of St."}, {"context": "Basil the Great: \"and was led astray by the deception of the serpent\", \"Releasing us from the delusions of idolatry\". Many Orthodox Holy Fathers and modern ascetics wrote about the dangers of wrong practice of the Jesus prayer and prayer in general: Saint Symeon the New Theologian, Saint Ignatius Brianchaninov, Saint Theophan the Recluse, Saint Ambrosius of Optina, Saint Macarius of Optina, elder Joseph the Hesychast, Valaam elder John (Alexeev) and others. Professor of the Moscow Theological Academy A.I. Osipov analyzes the teaching on the prayer by St. Ignatius (Brianchaninov) and points out that the prayer should have three properties:"}, {"context": "attention, reverence, repentance. Also humility should be the basis of the prayer as St. Ignatius says: \"Today I read the declaration of St. Sisoes the Great, which I always particularly liked. A monk said to him: 'I am in constant memory of God'. St. Sisoes responded to him: 'That is not great; it will be great when you consider yourself to be worse than any creature.' St. Sisoes continues: constant memory of God is a very elevated activity!! However, this height is very dangerous, when the ladder to it is not founded on the solid rock of humility\" (Holy Fathers"}, {"context": "use the words \"memory of God\" as a synonym for the Jesus prayer). If at least one of the following exists: he/she can fall into prelest. St. Ignatius tells a story about the proper way of the prayer. A monk came to him from Mt. Athos. This monk did not need warm clothes in winter because of the internal heat in his body caused by the prayer and was wearing chains. At first, St. Ignatius thought that this is a true ascetic and wanted to hear something useful from him about the prayer. But then he found out that the"}, {"context": "monk uses wrong way of prayer with exaltation and imagination. St. Ignatius gingerly asked the monk to try to keep the mind in the words of the prayer. When the monk started to pray this way, that was enough to cure him. All his visions disappeared and he could not make them return. When the monk returned later, he no longer looked conceited. He took off the chains and could not do without warm clothes. St. Ambrose of Optina several times wrote in his letters that for a beginner, especially without an experienced mentor, it is much safer to start"}, {"context": "with audible verbal prayer rather with purely noetic (silent) one because many people who prayed with noetic prayer, were mentally deranged, while St. Ambrose does not know any examples of people falling into prelest with verbal prayer. During practice of the Jesus prayer, the person always encounters an opposition from the demons through the thoughts. They attempt either to make the person abandon the prayer or to make the prayer unpleasing to God, i.e. to drive the person into pride and prelest. There is even such wrong opinion that one can fall into prelest because of the Jesus prayer. This"}, {"context": "opinion is denied by Valaam elder John (Alexeev): \"One falls into prelest not because of the prayer but because of pride, self-conceit and following own will\". This following own will includes neglecting Confession and advice of the spiritual father, as elder Joseph the Hesychast notes: \"It is not just a matter of saying the prayer, but it is also a matter of being attentive. You must be vigilant with your thoughts, masterfully controlling them. Otherwise, they will take control of you and in the end you will become the laughing-stock of the demons. I have never seen a soul make"}, {"context": "progress in the prayer without frankly confessing secret thoughts\". Sometimes, very rarely, God gives some humble and pious individuals, who reached the highest degree of purification from passions, a gift of unceasing (self-moving) heart prayer. That is one of the greatest blessings from God that a person can receive. But if the person is conceited, he may confuse the Divine gift with something natural or demonic. Archimandrite Raphael (Karelin) writes about Saint Seraphim (Romantsov), elder of the Glinsk Monastery, and about the importance of obedience which is required to receive the Divine grace. Once Fr. Seraphim spoke to a nun"}, {"context": "who thought of herself as having an unceasing prayer. She lived in the mountains and severely fasted. Fr. Seraphim said: \"Once a day, you have to have a hot meal\". She stared at Father Seraphim: \"Do I have to waste the time and distract the mind from the prayer to prepare lunch?\" Fr. Seraphim widely crossed himself: \"Cross my heart, that you do not have any prayer and never had it\". When she left, Fr. Seraphim said, \"She did not understand anything. The one, who gave her the schema, he was in prelest himself. Poor soul, how much struggles she"}, {"context": "will have!\" Another time St. Seraphim (Romantsov) said to a monk: \"You do not have any prayer of Jesus: you just got used to it, as some people get used to the bad language\". St. Ambrose of Optina also writes in a letter that one person has had an unceasing prayer when asleep. And when he listened closer to what his heart was saying, he heard: \"Meow\" \u2212 like a cat but not the Jesus prayer. Once elder Paisios of the Holy Mountain met a man who got used to the words of the Jesus prayer. But upon talking with"}, {"context": "this man, elder Paisios realized that he was in delusion thinking very high of himself, e.g. that his every thought comes from God because he constantly prays. Elder hierodeacon Ephraim from the Glinsk monastery says that \"usually what they take for the grace-filled prayer of the heart is just pronunciation of the words with attention (mind) in the heart and it is a subtle demonic delusion\". One of the kinds of false attitude to prayer originates from a widespread view on God, prayer, and spiritual life, implying that God can be \"forced\" to execute the petition that is asked in"}, {"context": "the prayer, i.e. as if the prayer acts \"by itself\", solely by pronouncing the words, with no regard to the spiritual condition of the person who prays. This \"automatic\" view can apply to any relationship with God, to any action of Divine grace including the prayer and Sacraments. Orthodox theologian Fr. Valery Dukhanin writes that such view has nothing to do with Orthodox faith and rather belongs to magic: \"The main property of magic \u2013 correct ritual. That is a drastic difference with the Sacraments of the Church, which cannot help without man\u2019s personal relation to God\". Unconditional action of"}, {"context": "prayer assumes that free will does exist neither in man nor in God and that God can do something harmful and with no regard to the inner determination of all involved persons. St. Hilarion of Optina writes that though we should pray about each other, the view on prayer that every petition is necessarily executed originates from pride and leads to delusion. Professor A.I. Osipov writes that \"an awareness of magic is deeply present in our 'old man'. For very many people, Orthodoxy consists in placing candles, 'venerating', donating something, leaving prayer requests, ordering Liturgies, molebens and pannikhidas, joining in"}, {"context": "the cross processions, visiting holy shrines, confessing and receiving Communion. The most important part of salvation, life according the commandments and repentance, remains undone\". Also some holy fathers wrote about such \"automatic\" attitude to the Sacraments (i.e. without faith and willingness to fight with passions): St. John Chrysostom, St. Mark the Ascetic, St. Cyril of Jerusalem. Such false \"automatic\" attitude to the action of Holy Sacraments is named by A.I. Osipov as one of the reasons of degeneration of Christian faith and backsliding into paganism. The accusation of prelest has long been marshalled in polemics against Western spirituality. According to"}, {"context": "Saint Ignatius (Brianchaninov), some of the most respected saints of the Roman Catholic Church who were glorified since it turned to papal supremacy were in a state of prelest and therefore could not have been considered as saints. St. Ignatius provides examples of visions and other mystical experiences of St. Francis of Assisi, St. Ignatius of Loyola, Thomas \u00e0 Kempis and compares them with experience of Orthodox saints of the first centuries. Professor A.I. Osipov analyzes teachings on this subject by St. Ignatius and points at a significant difference in Orthodox and Roman Catholic view on spirituality, repentance and humility:"}, {"context": "Prof. A.I. Osipov also says that there are 3 main manifestations of delusions of Catholic mystics: Russian philosopher A.F. Losev analyzes Western spirituality and in particular, visions of St. Angela of Foligno: \"That is not a prayer and conversation with God. These are very strong hallucinations on the basis of hysteria i.e. prelest\". Another Russian philosopher M.V. Lodyzhenskii compares Orthodox and Roman Catholic mystics and points at the differences in humility between St. Seraphim of Sarov and St. Francis of Assisi. In his opinion, the reason why St. Francis did not reach the true humility is that Roman Catholic Church"}, {"context": "at that time did not have the true humility at all. The strongest evidence of the spiritual pride the author finds in the papal supremacy. New-martyr Mihail Novoselov compares the teaching of St. Ignatius (Brianchaninov), St. Theophan the Recluse, writings of M.V. Lodyzhenskii and the writings of Roman Catholic mystics. He writes that it is enough to read several pages of the writings of the Western mystics, in particular, the writings of St. Teresa of \u00c1vila, to see that they were in prelest. Father George Macris also compares the mysticism of St. Seraphim of Sarov and St. Francis of Assisi"}, {"context": "and analyses in detail different manifestations of their humility. He writes in the conclusion that St. Francis \"moved progressively in his life in a growing condition of plani\"; \"as startling as it may appear to some, he bore many characteristics which are prototypical of Antichrist, who will also be seen as chaste, virtuous, highly moral, full of love and compassion, and who will be regarded as holy (even as a deity) by people who have allowed carnal romanticism to replace the Sacred Tradition of the Holy Church\"; \"The sad fact is that the attainment of a true spiritual relationship with"}, {"context": "Christ was never a possibility for Francis, for being outside the Church of Christ, it was impossible that he could have received Divine Grace, or any of the gifts of the Holy Spirit. His gifts were from another spirit\". Prof. A.I. Osipov says that deviations in the Roman Catholic Church started from such things that are rather subtle and not easy to understand for everyone, even for the person who knows the basics of the spiritual life. A.I. Osipov gives an example of his personal misunderstanding. He speaks in one of his lectures about the time when he studied in"}, {"context": "the Moscow Theological Seminary in 1950-60s. He knew about the book \"Imitation of Jesus Christ\" by Thomas \u00e0 Kempis \u2013 in Ignatius Brianchaninov\u2019s writings, there is a case when a landlord saw his daughter with this book, took it out of her hand and said: \"Stop playing in romances with God.\" And A.I. Osipov took and read the book and did not see anything bad: \"Why do they criticize it? It is true, we must imitate Jesus Christ.\" When he looked into this book again after a long time \u2013 he saw prelest everywhere: rapture, exaltation, false love. A.I. Osipov"}, {"context": "adds: \"I did not understand, imagine that! I did not see. The people who just knew it and felt it \u2013 they understood. They saw where the falseness is.\" Also Prof. A.I. Osipov says that, in his opinion, this is the key to the separation between the Eastern and Western Churches - not filioque or papal supremacy - these are only consequences visible to everyone. The beginning was in the spiritual deviation of the people who turned from the path of fight with passions to the path of false love to God. Another Orthodox theologian Deacon Andrey Kuraev compares several"}, {"context": "times in his books the Eastern and the Western mystical practices. He says that often religious paths are compared by means of formal dogmatic differences \u2013 but that is not the most important part. In his opinion, the most important difference between Orthodoxy and Catholicism is the practice of meditative prayer. He writes that \"Western spiritual authorities strongly recommend that way of spiritual practice, which the spiritual teachers of the East categorically prohibit (plus, since the time of the unity of the Church)\". Prelest Prelest (from , from - cajolery; (charm, seduction), ), also known as: spiritual delusion, spiritual deception,"}]}, {"title": "Ingroups and outgroups", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ingroups and outgroups In sociology and social psychology, an ingroup is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. By contrast, an outgroup is a social group with which an individual does not identify. For example, people may find it psychologically meaningful to view themselves according to their race, culture, gender, age, or religion. It has been found that the psychological membership of social groups and categories is associated with a wide variety of phenomena. The terminology was made popular by Henri Tajfel and colleagues during his work in formulating social identity theory. The significance"}, {"context": "of ingroup and outgroup categorization was identified using a method called the minimal group paradigm. Tajfel and colleagues found that people can form self-preferencing ingroups within a matter of minutes and that such groups can form even on the basis of completely arbitrary and invented discriminatory characteristics, such as preferences for certain paintings. The psychological categorization of people into ingroup and outgroup members is associated with a variety of phenomena. The following examples have all received a great deal of academic attention. This refers to the fact that under certain conditions, people will prefer and have affinity for one\u2019s ingroup"}, {"context": "over the outgroup, or anyone viewed as outside the ingroup. This can be expressed in one's evaluation of others, linking, allocation of resources, and many other ways. Discrimination between ingroups and outgroups is a matter of favoritism towards an ingroup and the absence of equivalent favoritism towards an outgroup. Outgroup derogation is the phenomenon in which an outgroup is perceived as being threatening to the members of an ingroup. This phenomenon often accompanies ingroup favoritism, as it requires one to have an affinity towards their ingroup. Some research suggests that outgroup derogation occurs when an outgroup is perceived as blocking"}, {"context": "or hindering the goals of an ingroup. It has also been argued that outgroup derogation is a natural consequence of the categorization process. People have been shown to be differentially influenced by ingroup members. That is, under conditions where group categorization is psychologically salient, people will shift their beliefs in line with ingroup social norms. This generally refers to the tendency of groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members, although polarization toward the most central beliefs has also been observed. It has been shown that this effect is related to a psychologically"}, {"context": "salient ingroup and outgroup categorization. Categorization of people into social groups increases the perception that group members are similar to one another. An outcome of this is the outgroup homogeneity effect. This refers to the perception of members of an outgroup as being homogenous, while members of one's ingroup are perceived as being diverse, e.g. \"they are alike; we are diverse\u201d. This is especially likely to occur in regard to negative characteristics. Under certain conditions, ingroup members can be perceived as being similar to one another in regard to positive characteristics. This effect is called ingroup homogeneity. In evolutionary psychology,"}, {"context": "ingroup favoritism is seen as an evolved mechanism selected for the advantages of coalition affiliation. It has been argued that characteristics such as gender and ethnicity are inflexible or even essential features of such systems. However, there is evidence that elements of favoritism are flexible in that they can be erased by changes in social categorization. One study in the field of behavioural genetics suggests that biological mechanisms may exist which favor a coexistence of both flexible and essentialist systems. Ingroups and outgroups In sociology and social psychology, an ingroup is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies"}]}, {"title": "Paulo Miklos", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Paulo Miklos Paulo Roberto de Souza Miklos (known as Paulo Miklos , born on January 21, 1959) is a Brazilian multi-instrumentalist, musician and actor. He is best known for his tenure with the band Tit\u00e3s, in which he was a vocalist, guitarist and occasional saxophonist, keyboardist and harmonica player from its inception in 1982 until 2016, when he left it to focus on personal projects. As an actor, he has appeared in a few films and television series. His acting career started with a main role in the movie \"O Invasor\". During his childhood, he learned to play the piano,"}, {"context": "the sax and the transverse flute. When he turned 12, he was given his first acoustic guitar, and decided to become a musician. He made it to play almost every instrument he could put his hands on, being influenced by The Beatles, Led Zeppelin, Deep Purple and the Tropic\u00e1lia movement. At high school, he started to create his own songs with his classmate Arnaldo Antunes. This partnership would later become Tit\u00e3s. His professional debut happened on a TV Tupi music festival, in 1979, when he made an arrangement for a reggae song by Chico Evangelista. From small solo shows at"}, {"context": "bars to performances with bands like Bom Quixote, Sossega Le\u00e3o and Banda Perform\u00e1tica, he established his name in the local musical scene. Some well-known names in S\u00e3o Paulo, like Arrigo Barnab\u00e9, asked him to play with them. After concluding high school at the Equipe school, he entered Philosophy at Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de S\u00e3o Paulo and Psychology at Mogi Mirim. But after a few classes, he quit. So he entered the Music course of Escola de Comunica\u00e7\u00f5es e Artes (ECA) (Art and Communication School) of University of S\u00e3o Paulo, but as the course was strongly focused on classical music, he"}, {"context": "quit it too. In 1981, he, Arnaldo and some other friends founded Tit\u00e3s, which made Paulo raise to fame. Since its beginning, Paulo has been playing different instruments: sax, bass, guitar, keyboards, harmonica, etc. In 1994, he released his self-titled first solo album, filled with songs written and composed by him. Until August 1997, it had already sold 7,800 copies. In 2001, he released the second one, called \"Vou Ser Feliz E J\u00e1 Volto\" (I'm going to be happy, I'll be right back), produced by Dudu Marote. In 2002, he made his debut at the cinema, playing the role of"}, {"context": "the murder An\u00edsio, in the movie \"O Invasor\", directed by Beto Brant. He earned five awards for the role: Surprise actor of the year and best original score at the Festival de Cinema de Bras\u00edlia (Bras\u00edlia Cinema Festival) and best supporting actor at the Cinema Brazil Grand Prize and Miami Brazilian Film Festival, best music at the Miami Brazilian Film Festival. In 2014, he and Pato Fu vocalist Fernanda Takai performed the song \"Mostra Tua For\u00e7a Brasil\" (Show Your Strength, Brazil), composed by Jair Oliveira and directed by Simoninha; it was a campaign by Ita\u00fa Unibanco for the 2014 FIFA"}, {"context": "World Cup in Brazil. This was not his only work linked to the World Cup: On June 10, he, along with journalist Eduardo Bueno; actress Mait\u00ea Proen\u00e7a, and writer Xico S\u00e1 debuted the TV show \"Extra Ordin\u00e1rios\" (\"Extra Ordinary\"), a SporTV humorous program in which the four, along with some guest stars, comment the World Cup and related themes. in 2016, he announced he would leave the band to focus on his personal projects on music and acting. By then he had already commenced working on his third studio album, still untitled, which is in production stages. By that time,"}, {"context": "he promised to follow new ways as a composter, interpreter and actor. In June 2017, he announced his album would be produced by Pupillo (Na\u00e7\u00e3o Zumbi), musically directed by journalist and researcher Marcus Preto and would feature lots of collaborations, including with Emicida, Dadi Carvalho, Erasmo Carlos in \"Pa\u00eds El\u00e9trico\", Guilherme Arantes in \"Estou Pronto\" and Russo Passapusso (BaianaSystem) in \"Vigia\". His former Tit\u00e3s colleagues Arnaldo Antunes and Nando Reis were also invited, but their participations are yet to be confirmed. In July 2017, the album title (\"A Gente Mora no Agora\") and release date (August 2017) were announced, with"}, {"context": "the release show taking place on August 17 in S\u00e3o Paulo. The first single, \"A Lei Desse Tro\u00e7o\", was also released on July 7. It's a collaboration with Emicida with arrangements by Letieres Leite. Still in July, on the 28th, he released the song \"Vou te Encontrar\", written by Nando Reis, another former Tit\u00e3s member. Paulo Miklos lives in S\u00e3o Paulo with his daughter Manoela. His wife was Rachel Sal\u00e9m, who died on 23 July 2013 of lung cancer and together they had a daughter called Manoela, born in 1983. Paulo Miklos Paulo Roberto de Souza Miklos (known as Paulo"}]}, {"title": "Kim Su-ro, The Iron King", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Kim Su-ro, The Iron King Kim Su-ro, The Iron King () is a 2010 South Korean television series on the life of Suro of Geumgwan Gaya, starring Ji Sung, Bae Jong-ok, Yu Oh-seong, Seo Ji-hye, Go Joo-won, Kang Byul and Lee Pil-mo. It aired on MBC from May 29 to September 18, 2010 on Saturdays and Sundays at 21:45 for 32 episodes. The -budget historical drama charts the life of Kim Su-ro, who unified 12 small countries to become the legendary founder and ruler of Geumgwan Gaya, the city-state of the Gaya confederacy which dominated sea trade and iron working"}, {"context": "during the Three Kingdoms Period in the 5th century. Kim Su-ro's fiery temperament, charisma and intelligence are his only defense in an extended political struggle, with competition for the throne from his half-brother and lifelong rival, Ijinashi (first king of the state of Daegaya), his former friend Seok Tal-hae, and the dangerous ambitions of Shingwi Ghan. After she was fired in June 2010, writer Kim Mi-sook sued the production company for damages amounting to (or ). Kim Su-ro, The Iron King Kim Su-ro, The Iron King () is a 2010 South Korean television series on the life of Suro of"}]}, {"title": "Pavam Pavam Rajakumaran", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Pavam Pavam Rajakumaran Pavam Pavam Rajakumaran is a 1990 Malayalam film directed by Kamal and written by Sreenivasan. The film is based on the short story \u2018kottu baakki\u2019 by SK Pottekkad. This film stars Sreenivasan, Rekha, Siddique, Kottayam Santha, Jagadish and Maniyanpilla Raju. Jayaram appears in an extended guest role in the film which was a huge hit at the box office. The sub-plots of the movie was used in the 1991 Tamil movie \"Gopura Vasalile\". The film is about 4 parallel college teachers- Gopalakrishnan, Aravindhan,Sujanapalan and Gangan who reside in the same rented house. Gopalakrishnan is a miser and"}, {"context": "apart from sharing the rent, does not share/contribute money for any household or luxury items. Due to Gopalakrishnan's bizarre and timid personality his friends along with Sankaraettan fool him by posting him love letters in the name of a fictitious girl named Radhika. Gopalakrishnan meets Radhika-a banker working near his college and mistakes it to be the one who has been posting him the love letters. There is a change in Gopalakrishnan's frugal behaviour and his friends enjoy by posting love letters regularly. Gopalakrishnan gradually develops an intimate relationship with Radhika but all his efforts to meet her are in"}, {"context": "vain. When he actually meets Radhika, she fails to identify and treats him as a maniac. Gopalakrishnan understands that his friends had fooled him and assures Radhika not to meet her again. Heartbroken he leaves his job and the city. Aravindhan,Sujanapalan and Gangan feel guilty for what they have done and fail to find Gopalakrishnan's whereabouts. After 5 years Aravindhan receives a letter from Gopalakrishnan inviting him and his friends to Lovedale, a hill station in Tamil Nadu. It is from this point that the film actually begins. When they arrive at Lovedale they are pleasantly surprised to see Gopalakrishnan"}, {"context": "and Radhika being happily married. Gopalakrishnan reveals that he got a job in Lovedale as a teacher and accidentally met Radhika, who was posted in Lovedale as a banker. It was destiny which made them meet again and get married. The film's soundtrack contains 2 songs, both composed by Johnson and written by Kaithapram Damodaran. Both songs were chartbusters and are still popular amongst masses. Pavam Pavam Rajakumaran Pavam Pavam Rajakumaran is a 1990 Malayalam film directed by Kamal and written by Sreenivasan. The film is based on the short story \u2018kottu baakki\u2019 by SK Pottekkad. This film stars Sreenivasan,"}]}, {"title": "James Kinley", "paragraphs": [{"context": "James Kinley John James Kinley, (23 September 1925 \u2013 1 May 2012) was a Canadian engineer, industrialist and the 29th Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia since confederation. Kinley was born in Lunenburg, the son of politician John James Kinley and Lila Evelyn Kinley (Young). Kinley was an engineering graduate of Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Technical College and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has practiced professional engineering in business and the community for more than 50 years in executive positions at Lunenburg Foundry & Engineering Co. Ltd. and Lunenburg Marine Railway. He was the Honorary Chair for Life of the Nova"}, {"context": "Scotia Branch of the Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters, a former chair the Offshore Trade Association of Nova Scotia and a former director of the Canadian Foundry Association. Kinley served in a number of military offices. He served in the Canadian Merchant Marine and Royal Canadian Navy and in Canada's Naval Reserve and Retired as Lieutenant Commander in 1958. He was a president of Branch #23, Royal Canadian Legion in Lunenburg, former president of the Navy League of Canada, Honorary Colonel of the #14 Airfield Engineering Squadron, Canadian Air Force and the West Nova Scotia Regiment. He was appointed the first"}, {"context": "Grand President of The Nova Scotia Command, Royal Canadian Legion. Kinley was appointed by the Governor General, on the advice of Prime Minister Jean Chr\u00e9tien, in May 1994. He was installed at a public ceremony at the World Trade and Convention Center in Halifax, Nova Scotia on June 23, 1994. He was sworn into office by Premier John Savage, Chief Justice Lorne Clarke and federal representatives for Governor General Ramon Hnatyshyn. Kinley died at the age of 86 in Lunenburg. Kinley was a longtime resident of Lunenburg with his wife Grace Elizabeth (MacPherson) Kinley and have raised four children; Paula,"}, {"context": "Peter, Edward, Shona and are grandparents of eleven grandchildren. <br> James Kinley John James Kinley, (23 September 1925 \u2013 1 May 2012) was a Canadian engineer, industrialist and the 29th Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia since confederation. Kinley was born in Lunenburg, the son of politician John James Kinley and Lila Evelyn Kinley (Young). Kinley was an engineering graduate of Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Technical College and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has practiced professional engineering in business and the community for more than 50 years in executive positions at Lunenburg Foundry & Engineering Co. Ltd. and Lunenburg Marine Railway."}]}, {"title": "John West, 2nd Earl De La Warr", "paragraphs": [{"context": "John West, 2nd Earl De La Warr John West, 2nd Earl De La Warr (9 May 1729 \u2013 22 November 1777) was a British peer, politician and army officer. Born The Honourable John West, he was the son of John West, 7th Baron De La Warr and his first wife, the former Lady Charlotte McCarthy. In 1746, West entered the army as an ensign in the 3rd Infantry Guards, rising to the ranks of colonel in 1758, major-general in 1761 and lieutenant-general in 1770. On 8 August 1756, West married Mary Wynyard (died 1784) and they had a daughter, Georgiana,"}, {"context": "and three sons, William (1757\u20131783), John (1758\u20131795) and Frederick (1767\u20131852). In 1761, West's father was created Earl De La Warr and Viscount Cantelupe, enabling West to use the latter as a courtesy title. From 1761 to 1766, Cantelupe was Vice to Chamberlain to Queen Charlotte. Inheriting his father's titles in 1766, he was then the Queen's Master of the Horse from 1766 to 1768 and her Lord Chamberlain from 1768 to 1777. Lord De La Warr died in Audley Square, London on 22 November 1777 and was buried in St. Margaret's, Westminster on 30 November that year. His titles passed"}, {"context": "to his eldest son, William. John West, 2nd Earl De La Warr John West, 2nd Earl De La Warr (9 May 1729 \u2013 22 November 1777) was a British peer, politician and army officer. Born The Honourable John West, he was the son of John West, 7th Baron De La Warr and his first wife, the former Lady Charlotte McCarthy. In 1746, West entered the army as an ensign in the 3rd Infantry Guards, rising to the ranks of colonel in 1758, major-general in 1761 and lieutenant-general in 1770. On 8 August 1756, West married Mary Wynyard (died 1784) and"}]}, {"title": "Meiju Suvas", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Meiju Suvas Merja Annele Suvas-Berger (born 22 January 1959), professionally known as Meiju Suvas, is a Finnish singer. Music has been a part of Meiju Suvas' life from a very young age. She started to take piano lessons at the age of four, and later learned to play drums. Suvas formed her first band when she was 13 and made her first demo in 1981. That year she also met with singer Frederik who made her his background singer for the song \"Titanic\" which was competing for becoming Finland's Eurovision Song Contest entry. While her first double-sided single \"Rakastuneet lapset"}, {"context": "/ Jos pyyd\u00e4t y\u00f6ksi\" did not really take off, her second release \"Tahdon sinut / Oot paha\" made her a household name in 1982. In 1982, Meiju Suvas released her first album \"Meiju\" which sold over 54,000 copies. More albums followed on a steady flow until 2001. Eleven years later, in 2012, she returned with her 13th studio album \"Miss\u00e4 milloin vaan\". In addition, she has released eight compilation albums during her career. Suvas has recorded several Finnish versions of international songs. Some of the most successful ones are \"Viet itsekontrollin\" (1984), originally \"Self Control\" by Laura Branigan, and \"Pure"}, {"context": "mua\" (1992), a cover of a Lalo Rodr\u00edguez song \"Ven, dev\u00f3rame otra vez\". In 2012, Meiju Suvas appeared as a featured guest, along with a rapper Stig, on a Teflon Brothers single \"Seksikk\u00e4in j\u00e4b\u00e4\". In the video, she is seen bathing in a jacuzzi with Stig while singing a sampled line from her 1983 song \"Pid\u00e4 musta kiinni\". Meiju Suvas is married to John \"Jontte\" Berger. They have two children. Meiju Suvas Merja Annele Suvas-Berger (born 22 January 1959), professionally known as Meiju Suvas, is a Finnish singer. Music has been a part of Meiju Suvas' life from a very"}]}, {"title": "Dukes Research Natural Area", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Dukes Research Natural Area The Dukes Research Natural Area is a tract of northern hardwood forest located within the \"Upper Peninsula Experimental Forest\", a unit of the Hiawatha National Forest in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. The Dukes Research Natural Area was listed in 1974 as a National Natural Landmark by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The National Park Service describes the Upper Peninsula Experimental Forest as \"an undisturbed white cedar and mixed conifer swamp containing old-growth hardwood stands.\" The Dukes Research Natural Area consists of several hardwood stands that grow on relatively higher, well-drained"}, {"context": "elevations within the swamp tract. The U.S. Forest Service (USFS) describes the Natural Area as an example of \"well-stocked, mature northern hardwood forests that have been undisturbed for over 90 years.\" Prior to 1920, the ecology of the Upper Peninsula was extensively altered by logging. The USFS notes the presence of black ash, yellow birch, American elm, eastern hemlock, red maple, and sugar maple in the National Natural Landmark. The Upper Peninsula Experimental Forest and its Dukes Research Natural Area are located on M-94 near the extreme eastern edge of Marquette County. They are located approximately 10 miles (16 km)"}, {"context": "west of Chatham. The Dukes Research Natural Area currently serves as a control plot for the experimental forest. Logging continues in the experimental forest. The presence of mature stands in the Natural Area of several of the tree species enumerated, including black ash, American elm, and eastern hemlock, are of special significance because of damage done to these species of trees in other parts of their historic ranges by parasitical invasive species. Dukes Research Natural Area The Dukes Research Natural Area is a tract of northern hardwood forest located within the \"Upper Peninsula Experimental Forest\", a unit of the Hiawatha"}]}, {"title": "Tarrnie Williams", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tarrnie Williams Tryon \"Tarrnie\" M. Williams (born November 11, 1940) is a Canadian businessman. He is the founder of Canada's first publicly traded software company, Sydney Development Corporation formed in 1978. From 1987 to 1991 he was President and CEO of Distinctive Software Inc. of Vancouver. After the acquisition of that company by Electronic Arts Inc., he became President and CEO of Electronic Arts (Canada) Inc. Born in Montreal, Quebec, he traveled to western Canada early in life. He obtained a B.Sc (Mathematics) in 1963 from the University of Alberta after studying mechanical engineering for three years at McGill University"}, {"context": "in Qu\u00e9bec. After university he worked as an actuarial student for Standard Life Insurance Corporation in Montr\u00e9al, followed by two years in sales in the mutual fund industry. In 1965, Williams joined the Canadian Corporation for the World Exposition (Expo 67) as a Project Manager responsible for multiple projects in the field of communications and computers. He then moved to Vancouver and joined IBM where he worked for 10 years initially in systems design, then sales, then management education and finally in various management roles. Williams resigned from IBM in 1978 to found Canada's first public software company, Sydney Development"}, {"context": "Corporation (SDC), The company developed an online real-time project management system for mainframe computers, then business applications for minicomputers. It became the first developer and publisher of computer games for microcomputers in Canada. SDC was the fastest growing public company in Canada in the five-year period 1978 to 1983 with fiscal year 1983 revenues of $21 million (equivalent to $ million in ). Williams left SDC, at the beginning of the biotech industry, to co-found Proteus Bio-Research Corporation. The company developed a monoclonal antibody to identify the AIDS virus. Proteus joined with Murex, founded by Gwynn R. Williams, to form"}, {"context": "International Murex, which was sold to Abbot Laboratories for $234 million. After joining International Murex, in 1987 he returned to Distinctive Software, a spin-off from SDC, as president. Williams was instrumental in growing Distinctive with Don Mattrick and Paul Lee, before it was bought by Electronic Arts for $11 million in 1991 (equivalent to $ million in ), and then helping Electronic Arts (Canada) develop into a 125-person organization with a management team that reported revenue of $31 million (Canadian) in fiscal year 1993. He was the president and CEO of EA (Canada) Ltd. and a member of the seven-man"}, {"context": "executive team of Electronic Arts in California. In 1993 he was diagnosed with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis and left Electronic Arts to concentrate on his health. During the ten-year period he became an adjunct professor at the University of British Columbia, Sauder School of Business as well as mentoring over 25 small businesses in various technologies and life-sciences. He was a founding director of YM BioSciences, which was sold to Gilead Sciences in 2013 for $540 million. YM BioSciences commercialized bioscience technology in Cuba and made significant research breakthroughs in Myelofibrosis, a rare bone marrow cancer (See Momelotinib and Nimotuzumab)."}, {"context": "While in Cuba, Williams was recommended to seek the services of the International Center of Neurologic Restoration (CIREN), where doctors re-channeled the neuropathways with repetitive physiotherapy to overcome his partial paralysis. Williams returned to Cuba for one month every year for over ten years and was able to continue his career. He co-founded InMedia Corporation, developing digital photography software for digital cameras. This company which became PNI Digital Media and sold to Staples Inc. for $74 million. In 2001 Williams rescued Bingo.com from potential bankruptcy and became its president and CEO until 2011 and then its Executive Chairman. Effective December"}, {"context": "31, 2014 Unibet Group Plc. purchased Bingo.com Ltd.'s www.bingo.com domain name and its online gambling business for $8 million. The company was renamed Shoal Games and was listed on the Toronto Venture Stock Exchange. Mr. Williams is a recipient of the British Columbia DigiBC Lifetime Achievement award for his contributions in pioneering the Video Game industry in Canada. In 1982, Mr. Williams\u2019 company Sydney Development Corp. published \"Evolution\" the first multi-level computer game, which was created by two teenagers, Don Mattrick and Jeff Sembers as well as publishing several other video games, including other worldwide hits, Quest for Tires and"}, {"context": "Damn Busters thereby putting the Canadian video game industry on the map and earning him the title, the \"Godfather\" of BC's gaming industry. In his acceptance speech, Williams gave advice to all the ambitious entrepreneurs \u2013 \"To be successful, keep at it and believe in yourself\". Mr. Williams was featured in \"Knights of the New Technology: The Inside Story of Canada's Computer Elite\", authored by David Thomas and published by Key Porter Books 1983. Tarrnie Williams Tryon \"Tarrnie\" M. Williams (born November 11, 1940) is a Canadian businessman. He is the founder of Canada's first publicly traded software company, Sydney"}]}, {"title": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Segorbe-Castello\u0301n", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Segorbe-Castell\u00f3n The Diocese of Segorbe-Castell\u00f3n (Latin, \"Segobiensis\"; \"Castellionensis\", ) is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical territory located in north-eastern Spain, in the province of Castell\u00f3n, part of the autonomous community of Valencia. The diocese forms part of the ecclesiastical province of Valencia, and is thus suffragan to the Archdiocese of Valencia. In 1912 the diocese was bounded on the north by Castell\u00f3n and Teruel, on the east by Castell\u00f3n, on the south by Valencia, and on the west by Valencia and Teruel, had its jurisdiction in the civil Provinces of Castell\u00f3n, Valencia, Teruel and Cuenca. The cathedral"}, {"context": "of Segorbe, once a mosque, has been completely rebuilt in such a manner that it preserves no trace of Arab architecture. It is connected by a bridge with the old episcopal palace. Its time-stained tower and its cloister are built on a trapezoidal ground-plan. The church was reconsecrated in 1534, and in 1795 the nave was lengthened, and new altars added, in the episcopate of Lorenzo G\u00f3mez de Haedo. The seminary is in the Jesuit college given by king Carlos III. The convents of the Dominicans, Franciscans, the Augustinian nuns, and the Charterhouse (Cartuja) of Valdecristo have been converted to"}, {"context": "secular uses. No name of any Bishop of Segorbe is known earlier than Proculus, who signed in the Third Council of Toledo (589). Porcarius assisted at the Council of Gundemar (610); Antonius, at the Fourth Council of Toledo (633); Floridius, at the seventh (646); Eusicius, at the ninth (655) and tenth (656); Memorius, at the eleventh (675) and twelfth (681); Olipa, at the thirteenth (683); Anterius at the fifteenth (688) and sixteenth (693). After this there are no information of its bishops until the Arab invasion, when its church was converted into a mosque. In 1172 Pedro Ruiz de Azagra,"}, {"context": "son of the Lord of Estella, took the city of Albarrac\u00edn, and succeeded in establishing there a bishop (Mart\u00edn), who took the title of Arcabricense, and afterwards that of Segorbicense, thinking that Albarrac\u00edn was nearer to the ancient Segorbe than to \"Ercavica\" or \"Arcabrica\". This choice of name follows the ideology of the Reconquest, according to which the bishops were simply restoring the old Christian entities only temporarily taken over by the Moors. In this way, the city of Albarrac\u00edn became the seat of the bishops of Segorbe. When Segorbe was conquered by king James I of Aragon in 1245,"}, {"context": "its church was purified, and Jimeno, Bishop of Albarrac\u00edn, took possession of it. The bishops of Valencia opposed this, and Arnau of Peralta, Bishop of Valencia, entered the church of Segorbe by force of arms. The controversy being referred to Rome, and the bishops of Segorbe had part of their territory restored to them; but the Schism of the West supervened, and the status quo continued. In 1571 Francisco Soto Salazar being bishop, the Diocese of Albarrac\u00edn was separated from Segorbe. Eminent among the bishops of Segorbe was Juan Bautista P\u00e9rez Rubert, who exposed the fraudulent chronicles. In modern times"}, {"context": "Domingo Canubio y Alberto, the Dominican, and Francisco Aguilar, author of various historical works, are worthy of mention. In 1912 the city of Castell\u00f3n de la Plana, though the capital of the province of Castell\u00f3n, had no episcopal see: by the Concordat of 1851 the See of Tortosa, to which diocese a large part of the province belonged, was to be transferred to it. In 1960 the see became the Diocese of Segorbe-Castell\u00f3n. Following the \"De mutatione finium Dioecesium Valentinae-Segorbicensis-Dertotensis\" decree, of 31 May 1960, the parishes belonging to the Province of Val\u00e8ncia were dismembered and aggregated to the Archdiocese"}, {"context": "of Valencia. On the other hand, the Nules, Vila-real, Castell\u00f3 de la Plana, Lucena and Alboc\u00e0sser parishes that had belonged to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tortosa were aggreagted to the Diocese of Segorbe-Castell\u00f3n along with the parish of Betx\u00ed. Francoist propaganda presented the changes as an occasion for rejoicing. \"See suppressed (unknown - 1173)\" \"Bishops of Segorbe with seat in Albarrac\u00edn.\" All the names are given in Spanish: All the names are given in Spanish: This article draws from other Wikipedia articles and these two sources: Roman Catholic Diocese of Segorbe-Castell\u00f3n The Diocese of Segorbe-Castell\u00f3n (Latin, \"Segobiensis\"; \"Castellionensis\", )"}]}, {"title": "Parallel Kingdom", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Parallel Kingdom Parallel Kingdom was a mobile location-based massively multiplayer game that placed a player in a virtual world on top of the real world, based on the player's GPS location. \"Parallel Kingdom\" was the first location-based RPG for the iOS and Android platforms. The game was developed by PerBlue, a privately held mobile and social gaming software company founded in 2008 and based in Madison, Wisconsin. In 2011, the game's user base surpassed 1,000,000 players worldwide. The game closed on November 1, 2016. The game was set in a virtual world or \"Parallel Kingdom\" where users claimed their territories"}, {"context": "based on their GPS location or by making friends who could invite them to travel to new places. \"Parallel Kingdom\" was a freemium game, meaning it was free to download and play, but players had the option of purchasing premium content. \"Parallel Kingdom\" is a territorial RPG with a diverse range of ways to play. In order to travel around the world, a player has the option of using GPS to relocate through their phone or to build in-game flags on unclaimed areas. It has many features that allow for players to focus on various types of gameplay or to"}, {"context": "choose a unique combination of styles, such as PvE, PvP, Merchant, and Socialite. The PvE side of PK has many different features to it. Players can find a diverse range of NPCs to interact with. NPCs have many behaviours: some are docile, while others will attack you (or anything that happens to get too close) on sight. Some can only be found alone, while others are always in packs. NPC difficulty is determined by a player's equipment level, meaning a player should be able to fight against monsters tailored to their equipment level. However, some enemies may have been spawned"}, {"context": "by another player in the area; these spawns may potentially be unsuitable for some players. Players choosing to play PvE have the choice trying their luck at exploring Dungeons. Dungeons are challenging themed areas that require a player to go through each and slay the boss(es), which in turn will give them a special reward. Some PvE-oriented players can even choose to avoid fighting altogether, choosing instead to explore or harvest and gather materials, such as wood and stone. PK's PvP gameplay has many styles to enjoy. Players can choose to duel one another, either in controlled city duelling arenas"}, {"context": "or anywhere outside in the world. Fighting in the open has some risks, though, as players lose a backpack and 3% of their experience upon death in addition to waiting 15 seconds before they are respawned. Players may also build a variety of buildings, such as Kingdoms and Flags, and can also claim limited resources such as Stone Mines. The nature of limited resources, including land, makes land a commodity, which is often the subject of trade and warfare throughout the game. There are many ways to fight one another, such as kingdom warfare, flag burning, and brawls. Players can"}, {"context": "also choose to focus on Merchant or Socialite gameplay. PK has a large number of items available to gather and collect in-game, with features such as Trade Posts that allow players to buy and sell their items for currency. In addition, players have the ability to communicate through a variety of ways such as Map Chat, Kingdom Chat, Private Messages, and Global Chat. \"Parallel Kingdom\" has gone through five major iterations, known as \"Ages\", each of which introduced new features and gameplay mechanics. The final Age, Age of Ascension, was released on February 12, 2013, and featured the introduction of"}, {"context": "an immersive Sky Realm. \"Parallel Kingdom\" was nominated for four categories in the 2009 Best App Ever Awards: Best MMO, Best Augmented Reality Game, Most Creative Use of iPhone Hardware, and Best Use of Location Services.<br> \"Parallel Kingdom\" was a finalist in the Mashable Awards 2011, under the category of Best Mobile Game. In 2011, \"Parallel Kingdom\" partnered with PlayMob in \"Food For Good\". PK players could use the in-game currency, \"Food\", to purchase real food for children suffering from droughts in Kenya. The initiative resulted in 2500 meal vouchers for SOS Children, said to be the world's largest charity"}, {"context": "for orphaned and abandoned children. In June 2012, \"Parallel Kingdom\" partnered with PlayMob in \"Save a dog, Feed a cat, Buy a hat\". PK players used in-game currency, Food, to purchase in-game limited edition hats. Each hat purchased resulted in a cash donation made to cat and dog charities. In November 2012, \"Parallel Kingdom\" partnered with PlayMob, again, in the event \"HELP USA\". PK players used in-game currency, Food, to purchase in-game limited edition turkey hats. The \"Parallel Kingdom\" community raised enough for 500 meals to be distributed by HELP USA. The final content update of \"Parallel Kingdom\" arrived on"}, {"context": "December 16, 2014, bringing a winter event and the final set of in-game \"swag\". The game was then left with minimal developer support for the next two years. On September 30, 2016, the developers announced that \"Parallel Kingdom\" would be going down for the final time after its eighth anniversary, at noon CST on November first. The article, in part, stated, \"After 8 amazing years, we must say goodbye to an incredible world full of incredible people that kept it alive much longer than we ever thought was possible. Like you, a lot of us at PerBlue knew that closing"}, {"context": "\"Parallel Kingdom\" was an inevitability, but we all hoped in the back of our minds that the day wouldn't come.\" Parallel Kingdom Parallel Kingdom was a mobile location-based massively multiplayer game that placed a player in a virtual world on top of the real world, based on the player's GPS location. \"Parallel Kingdom\" was the first location-based RPG for the iOS and Android platforms. The game was developed by PerBlue, a privately held mobile and social gaming software company founded in 2008 and based in Madison, Wisconsin. In 2011, the game's user base surpassed 1,000,000 players worldwide. The game closed"}]}, {"title": "Orillia District Collegiate & Vocational Institute", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Orillia District Collegiate & Vocational Institute Orillia Secondary School, and formally known as Orillia District Collegiate & Vocational Institute is in Orillia, Ontario in Canada. The school has a population of about 1000 students. The new school building was built in 2016 and is fully equipped with a gymnasium, classrooms, technology rooms, a library and cafeteria. The principal of the school is Peter Bowman and vice principals are Debbie Arcuri & David Brooks. After the 2012\u20132013 academic year, it was merged with Park Street Collegiate Institute, which was demolished so that a new school could be built in its place."}, {"context": "Orillia District Collegiate & Vocational Institute Orillia Secondary School, and formally known as Orillia District Collegiate & Vocational Institute is in Orillia, Ontario in Canada. The school has a population of about 1000 students. The new school building was built in 2016 and is fully equipped with a gymnasium, classrooms, technology rooms, a library and cafeteria. The principal of the school is Peter Bowman and vice principals are Debbie Arcuri & David Brooks. After the 2012\u20132013 academic year, it was merged with Park Street Collegiate Institute, which was demolished so that a new school could be built in its place."}]}, {"title": "Jett Jackson: The Movie", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Jett Jackson: The Movie Jett Jackson: The Movie is a 2001 American Disney Channel Original Movie based on the Disney Channel series \"The Famous Jett Jackson\". It is the first Disney Channel Original Movie to be based on a Disney Channel Original Series. Sixteen-year-old Jett Jackson\u2019s role as the action hero \"Silverstone\" in his hit TV series has catapulted him to mega-stardom. But Jett\u2019s finding it increasingly difficult to juggle the demands of show biz with school, family and friends. Then, a freak accident on the set causes Jett and his on-screen character Silverstone to trade places. Now, Jett must"}, {"context": "save the world from the clutches of the evil Dr. Kragg, while Silverstone faces his own challenge in Jett\u2019s world: teenage life! With no script to follow, can Jett and Silverstone safely find their way back to the realities they knew? Ultimately, Miz Coreta realizes the truth, telling Silverstone that she can tell who Jett is through his eyes. Silverstone returns to his world, where Artemis and Hawk have been captured by Kragg, and tells Jett to go home while he deals with Kragg and to destroy Kragg's machine that opens the portal when he gets there. Jett complies, but"}, {"context": "when he's about to destroy the machine, he's given the nearly finished script which reveals that Silverstone is going to be killed. (The decisions made in Silverstone's world are what is written for the script.) Hawk and Artemis are trapped in a force-field cage, and Silverstone is about to be destroyed by a laser when Jett himself swings in and knocks down Kragg. Jett saves Silverstone and Silverstone frees Artemis and Hawk. Those two go after Kragg's goons and easily defeat them while Jett and Sliverstone team up against Kragg. Kragg disguises himself so he looks exactly like them but"}, {"context": "Silverstone remembers what Miz Coreta told him about how she was able to tell that Sliverstone was not Jett due to his eyes, and figures out which one is Jett due to the same thing. Together Jett and Silverstone defeat and knock out Kragg. Later, Kragg and his henchmen are arrested and Jett talks over his decision to quit with Silverstone, realizing that he should remain an actor. He returns to his own world and Silverstone destroys the machine behind him. Back in his world, Jett announces his intention to keep playing Silverstone, and reunites with his family and friends."}, {"context": "Jett Jackson: The Movie Jett Jackson: The Movie is a 2001 American Disney Channel Original Movie based on the Disney Channel series \"The Famous Jett Jackson\". It is the first Disney Channel Original Movie to be based on a Disney Channel Original Series. Sixteen-year-old Jett Jackson\u2019s role as the action hero \"Silverstone\" in his hit TV series has catapulted him to mega-stardom. But Jett\u2019s finding it increasingly difficult to juggle the demands of show biz with school, family and friends. Then, a freak accident on the set causes Jett and his on-screen character Silverstone to trade places. Now, Jett must"}]}, {"title": "Deir Ful", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Deir Ful Deir Ful (, also spelled Derful) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate, located northeast of Homs. Nearby localities include al-Rastan to the west, al-Zaafaraniyah to the southwest, al-Mishirfeh and Ayn al-Niser to the south, Danibah and Khunayfis to the east, Izz al-Din to the northeast and Ghor al-Assi to the northwest. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Deir Ful had a population of 1,614 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Circassians. The village was established in 1878\u20131880 by Kumyk emigrants (\"muhajirs\") from the Northern Caucasian Dagestan, settlements"}, {"context": "of Utamish, Bashlykent and Karabudaghkent, later joined by Kumyks from the Kumyk possession of the Russian Empire and many other Dagestan people. Deir Ful Deir Ful (, also spelled Derful) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate, located northeast of Homs. Nearby localities include al-Rastan to the west, al-Zaafaraniyah to the southwest, al-Mishirfeh and Ayn al-Niser to the south, Danibah and Khunayfis to the east, Izz al-Din to the northeast and Ghor al-Assi to the northwest. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Deir Ful had a population of 1,614 in the 2004"}]}, {"title": "John Bent (brewer)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "John Bent (brewer) Sir John Bent (1793 \u2013 13 August 1857) was an English brewer and Mayor of Liverpool. He was the owner of a substantial brewery in Johnson Street, Liverpool and was elected Mayor of the Borough of Liverpool for 1850\u201351. He was knighted in Liverpool Town Hall by Queen Victoria on her visit to the town in October, 1851. He died at his home in Rakes Lane (now West Derby Road) and was buried in Toxteth Park Cemetery, where his memorial is now a Grade II listed structure. A portrait of Sir John, painted in 1855 by Philip"}, {"context": "Westcott, hangs in the Walker Art Gallery. John Bent (brewer) Sir John Bent (1793 \u2013 13 August 1857) was an English brewer and Mayor of Liverpool. He was the owner of a substantial brewery in Johnson Street, Liverpool and was elected Mayor of the Borough of Liverpool for 1850\u201351. He was knighted in Liverpool Town Hall by Queen Victoria on her visit to the town in October, 1851. He died at his home in Rakes Lane (now West Derby Road) and was buried in Toxteth Park Cemetery, where his memorial is now a Grade II listed structure. A portrait of"}]}, {"title": "Hotel New York", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hotel New York Hotel New York is the fourth studio album recorded by the Dutch pop/rock singer Anouk and released on December 3, 2004 in the Netherlands. The album is named for the location where Anouk wrote all its songs: Hotel New York in Rotterdam. Debuting at number one, the album was a major success, staying at that top spot for twelve weeks. \"Hotel New York\" remained on the Dutch albums chart for eighty-seven weeks, eventually going triple platinum. In Belgium, the album spent a week at number one and stayed in the top 50 for 72 weeks. The first"}, {"context": "single off the album \"Girl\" peaked at number two on the Dutch Top 40, and so did \"Lost\", the second single. The third single \"Jerusalem\" peaked at number twenty and the final single \"One Word\" peaked again at number two. This album has been released with the Copy Control protection system in some regions. Hotel New York Hotel New York is the fourth studio album recorded by the Dutch pop/rock singer Anouk and released on December 3, 2004 in the Netherlands. The album is named for the location where Anouk wrote all its songs: Hotel New York in Rotterdam. Debuting"}]}, {"title": "Hanover Congress (1899)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hanover Congress (1899) The Hanover Congress of the Social Democratic Party of Germany was held between October 9\u2013October 14, 1899, in Hanover, Prussia (now Germany). The Congress approved a resolution titled \"Attacks on the Fundamental Views and Tactics of the Party\" that formally condemned Bernsteinist attacks on the party's policy and tactics. The official report on this matter was presented by August Bebel and was supported by the vast majority of the Congress, including Bernstein's supporters. Vladimir Lenin explained that this support came from the resolution's inability to criticise and expose Bernsteinism: \"It is debatable, from the standpoint of the"}, {"context": "interests of the German party, whether diplomacy was appropriate and whether, in this case, a bad peace is better than a good quarrel\". Rosa Luxemburg also delivered a speech against Bernstein's revisionism. Hanover Congress (1899) The Hanover Congress of the Social Democratic Party of Germany was held between October 9\u2013October 14, 1899, in Hanover, Prussia (now Germany). The Congress approved a resolution titled \"Attacks on the Fundamental Views and Tactics of the Party\" that formally condemned Bernsteinist attacks on the party's policy and tactics. The official report on this matter was presented by August Bebel and was supported by the"}]}, {"title": "Tiger Bay", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tiger Bay Tiger Bay () was the local name for an area of Cardiff which covered Butetown and Cardiff Docks. It was rebranded as Cardiff Bay, following the building of the Cardiff Barrage, which dams the tidal rivers, Ely and Taff, to create a body of water. The development of the Cardiff Docks played a major part in Cardiff's development by being the means of exporting coal from the South Wales Valleys to the rest of the world, helping to power the Industrial Age. The coal mining industry helped fund the growth of Cardiff to become the capital city of"}, {"context": "Wales and contributed towards making the docks owner, The 3rd Marquess of Bute, the richest man in the world at the time. In 1794, the Glamorganshire Canal was completed, linking Cardiff with Merthyr, and in 1798 a basin was built, connecting the canal to the sea. Increasing agitation for proper dock facilities led Cardiff's foremost landowner, The 2nd Marquess of Bute, to promote the construction of the West Bute Dock, opened in October 1839. Just two years later, the Taff Vale Railway was opened. From the 1850s coal supplanted iron as the industrial foundation of South Wales, as the Cynon"}, {"context": "Valley and Rhondda Valley were mined. Well-appointed residential areas were created in the 1840s and early 1850s, centred around Mount Stuart Square and Loudoun Square (between West Bute Street and the Glamorganshire Canal) to house the growing numbers of merchants, brokers, builders, and seafarers. Exports reached 2 million tons as early as 1862, with the East Bute dock opening in 1859. In 1862, 2,000,000 tons of coal were exported from Cardiff Docks; by 1913, this had risen to 10,700,000 tons. Frustration at the lack of development at Cardiff led to rival docks' being opened at Penarth in 1865 and Barry"}, {"context": "in 1889. These developments eventually spurred Cardiff into action, with the opening of the Roath Dock in 1887 and the Queen Alexandra Dock in 1907. By then, coal exports from the South Wales Coalfield via Cardiff totalled nearly 9 million tons per annum, much of it exported in the holds of locally owned tramp steamers. By the 1880s, the wealthier residents had been able to move away to the new Cardiff suburbs. Butetown (particularly the area around Loudoun Square) became crowded, as families took in lodgers and split up the three-storey houses to help pay the rents. The area became"}, {"context": "known as \"Tiger Bay\" after this time. By 1932, in the depths of the Great Depression which followed the 1926 United Kingdom general strike, coal exports had fallen to below 5 million tons, and dozens of locally owned ships were laid-up. It was an era of depression from which Cardiff never really recovered, and despite intense activity at the port during the Second World War, coal exports continued to decline, finally ceasing in 1964. As Cardiff's coal exports grew, so did its population; dockworkers and sailors from across the world settled in neighbourhoods close to the docks, known as Tiger"}, {"context": "Bay from the fierce currents around the local tidal stretches of the River Severn. Migrant communities from up to 45 nationalities, including Norwegian, Somali, Yemeni, Spanish, Italian, Caribbean, and Irish, helped to create the unique multicultural character of the area. Tiger Bay had a reputation for being a tough and dangerous area. Merchant seamen arrived in Cardiff from all over the world, only staying for as long as it took to discharge and reload their ships. Consequently, the area became the red-light district of Cardiff, and many murders and lesser crimes went unsolved and unpunished, as the perpetrators had sailed"}, {"context": "away. However, locals who lived and stayed in the area describe a far friendlier place. After the Second World War most of the industry closed down. In Victorian times, Tiger Bay bore a distinctly rough reputation. The name \"Tiger Bay\" was applied in popular literature and slang (especially that of sailors) to any dock or seaside neighbourhood which shared a similar notoriety for danger. \"Tiger Bay\" (1934 film) is a British film starring Anna May Wong. \"Tiger Bay\" (1959), a British film starring John and Hayley Mills, includes many scenes shot in the docks area and at Newport Transporter Bridge,"}, {"context": "12 miles from Cardiff. The album \"Tiger Bay\" (1994), by indie pop band Saint Etienne, is named after the 1959 film of the same name, which was filmed at the Cardiff docks. \"Tiger Bay\" is a song by The Hennessys. \"Tyger Bay\" is a song by the influential NWOBHM band Tygers of Pan Tang. On her album \"The Performance\" (2009), Shirley Bassey sings the semi-autobiographical \"The Girl From Tiger Bay\", written by the Manic Street Preachers and David Arnold. Tiger Bay is mentioned as one of the locations in Ian Dury & the Blockheads' song \"Hit Me With Your Rhythm"}, {"context": "Stick\". The television drama \"Tiger Bay\" (1997) is based in the area. A musical about the history of Tiger Bay named \"Tiger Bay: The Musical\" premiered at the Wales Millennium Centre (in Cardiff Bay) from 13 to 25 November 2017. Tiger Bay's most famous native residents have been singer Dame Shirley Bassey and rugby league stars Billy Boston, Colin Dixon and Roy Francis. Light heavyweight boxer Redvers Sangoe was born and lived in Tiger Bay. The Tiger Bay Brawlers are a roller derby league founded in April 2010. 'Tiger Bay Youth' run football teams for all age groups in the"}, {"context": "South of Cardiff. In 1999, the area was redeveloped by the Cardiff Bay Development Corporation. This redevelopment focussed around the building of the Cardiff Bay Barrage, one of the most controversial building projects of the day but also one of the most successful, that impounds the Rivers Taff and the Ely to create a massive freshwater lake. This resulted in the equally controversial renaming of the area to \"Cardiff Bay\". During the Falklands War in 1982, the Argentine Z-28 patrol boat \"ARA Islas Malvinas\" GC82 was captured by the Type 42 destroyer HMS \"Cardiff\". Brought into service with the Royal"}, {"context": "Navy, the crew subsequently renamed her HMS \"Tiger Bay\". Stationed in Portsmouth Harbour for a period, she was sold for scrap in 1986. Tiger Bay Tiger Bay () was the local name for an area of Cardiff which covered Butetown and Cardiff Docks. It was rebranded as Cardiff Bay, following the building of the Cardiff Barrage, which dams the tidal rivers, Ely and Taff, to create a body of water. The development of the Cardiff Docks played a major part in Cardiff's development by being the means of exporting coal from the South Wales Valleys to the rest of the"}]}, {"title": "2015 Big 12 Conference Baseball Tournament", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2015 Big 12 Conference Baseball Tournament The 2015 Big 12 Conference Baseball Tournament was held from May 20 through May 24 at ONEOK Field in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The annual tournament determines the conference champion of the Division I Big 12 Conference for college baseball. The winner of the tournament will earn the league's automatic bid to the 2015 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament. The tournament has been held since 1997, the inaugural year of the Big 12 Conference. Among current league members, Texas has won the most championships with five, winning again in 2015. Among original members, Baylor and Kansas"}, {"context": "State have never won the event. Iowa State discontinued their program after the 2001 season without having won a title. Having joined in 2013, TCU won their first title in 2014 while West Virginia has yet to win the Tournament. The top eight finishers from the regular season will be seeded one through eight, and will then play a two-bracket double-elimination tournament leading to a winner-take-all championship game. 2015 Big 12 Conference Baseball Tournament The 2015 Big 12 Conference Baseball Tournament was held from May 20 through May 24 at ONEOK Field in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The annual tournament determines the"}]}, {"title": "Deconstructed (Steve Swallow album)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Deconstructed (Steve Swallow album) Deconstructed is an album by bassist Steve Swallow released on the Xtra Watt label in 1997. Allmusic awarded the album 4\u00bd stars and the review by Scott Yanow states: \"This program finds him showing off his considerable writing chops with the help of an all-star group... His focus on the upper registers and the polyester tone of his five-string bass guitar will continue to annoy those who prefer to hear the bass played dark, low and woody, but there's no denying the consistent inventiveness of his playing or the charm of these compositions\". All compositions by"}, {"context": "Steve Swallow. Deconstructed (Steve Swallow album) Deconstructed is an album by bassist Steve Swallow released on the Xtra Watt label in 1997. Allmusic awarded the album 4\u00bd stars and the review by Scott Yanow states: \"This program finds him showing off his considerable writing chops with the help of an all-star group... His focus on the upper registers and the polyester tone of his five-string bass guitar will continue to annoy those who prefer to hear the bass played dark, low and woody, but there's no denying the consistent inventiveness of his playing or the charm of these compositions\". All"}]}, {"title": "Humen Pearl River Bridge", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Humen Pearl River Bridge The Humen Pearl River Bridge () is a bridge over the Humen, Pearl River in Guangdong Province, southern China. It consists of two main spans - a suspension bridge section and a segmental concrete section. It connects the Nansha District of Guangzhou to Humen Town of Dongguan. Completed in 1997, the suspension bridge has a main span of 888 meters, and the segmental concrete section's main span of 237 meters is among the longest such spans in the world. It forms part of the G9411 Dongguan\u2013Foshan Expressway. A newer bridge known as Humen Second Bridge (Chinese:\u864e\u95e8\u4e8c\u6865),"}, {"context": "built to reduce the traffic problems on the Humen Bridge, is under construction. The bridge is divided into five sections: the east approach, the suspension bridge section, the middle approach, the segmental concrete section, and the west approach. Hurricanes are common occurrences, so the design wind speed at the bridge deck level was established at 61 m/s. Humen Pearl River Bridge The Humen Pearl River Bridge () is a bridge over the Humen, Pearl River in Guangdong Province, southern China. It consists of two main spans - a suspension bridge section and a segmental concrete section. It connects the Nansha"}]}, {"title": "Kuber Peak", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Kuber Peak Kuber Peak (Vrah Kuber \\'vr&h 'ku-ber\\) is a 770 m peak in Delchev Ridge, Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Overlooking Magura Glacier to the southwest, Dobrudzha Glacier to the southeast, and Iskar Glacier to the north. Named after Khan Kuber whose Bulgars left Pannonia to settle in Western Macedonia and Albania around 680 AD, and established a state that in the early 8th Century AD merged with the First Bulgarian Empire. The peak is located at which is 770 m southwest of Ruse Peak, 2.2 km southwest of Delchev Peak, 3.84 km"}, {"context": "south of Rila Point, 3.08 km east of Helmet Peak, 1.92 km east of Plovdiv Peak, and 1.43 km east-southeast of Shishman Peak to which the peak is linked by Devin Saddle. (Bulgarian mapping in 2005 and 2009). Kuber Peak Kuber Peak (Vrah Kuber \\'vr&h 'ku-ber\\) is a 770 m peak in Delchev Ridge, Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Overlooking Magura Glacier to the southwest, Dobrudzha Glacier to the southeast, and Iskar Glacier to the north. Named after Khan Kuber whose Bulgars left Pannonia to settle in Western Macedonia and Albania around 680 AD,"}]}, {"title": "Roman Giertych", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Roman Giertych Roman Jacek Giertych (; born 27 February 1971 in \u015arem, Poland) is a Polish politician; he was Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education until August 2007. He was a member of the Sejm (the lower house of the Polish parliament) from 2001 until October 2007 and the chairman of the League of Polish Families party. Roman Giertych comes from a family of Polish politicians, a son of Maciej Giertych and a grandson of J\u0119drzej Giertych. His uncle on his father's side is Wojciech Giertych, O.P., Theologian of the Pontifical Household and professor of theology at the Pontifical"}, {"context": "University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, \"Angelicum\" in Rome. Two of his aunts also entered religious life. He excelled in history throughout his school years while his grades in other subjects remained average. His teacher of biology recalls him questioning the validity of the theory of evolution; a stance that he carried away from his family home, especially his father (a Ph.D. in forest genetics), a notable creationist. He graduated from Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144 with master's degrees in both law and history. In 1989, he reactivated the far-right All-Polish Youth organization, becoming its chairman; he remains honorary chairman to"}, {"context": "this day. For several years he was a member of the National-Democratic Party and the National Party, which merged with several other organizations to form the League of Polish Families (\"Liga Polskich Rodzin\", LPR) in 2001. Giertych and the LPR have a strong national and anti-EU profile. Prior to the 2003 Polish referendum on EU membership, the LPR campaigned against it, denouncing it as a \"centralised, socialist superstate\". Officially, the LPR declares that it favours a \"Europe of nations\". Under Giertych's leadership, the LPR was successful in the European Parliament elections in June 2004, temporarily becoming the second-strongest Polish party"}, {"context": "with 14% of the votes. His father Maciej Giertych was elected MEP. In the 2005 parliamentary elections, LPR gained 8% of the votes. In July 2004, Roman Giertych was elected a member and vice-chairman of PKN Orlen investigation commission, which is credited, among other things, with destroying the presidential aspirations of W\u0142odzimierz Cimoszewicz. On 5 May 2006, Giertych was appointed as Minister of Education and vice-premier, while the LPR joined a governmental coalition with PiS. His nationalist views made the decision controversial by some. The following day, about 100 people protested in front of the Ministry of Education against this"}, {"context": "appointment. A couple of weeks, later almost 140 000 people signed a petition to remove him from the post. In March 2007 Roman Giertych proposed a bill that would ban homosexual people from the teaching profession and would also allow dismiss from employment those teachers who promote \"the culture of homosexual lifestyle\" In the 2015 parliamentary election, Giertych unsuccessfully ran for the Senate as an independent candidate with Civic Platform support. Giertych was involved in helping the Jewish community of G\u00f3ra Kalwaria to reclaim and a process of restoration of a local synagogue. The project span a period of 2"}, {"context": "years, culminating in 2016. Roman Giertych has been appointed as the lawyer of the head of the European Council, Donald Tusk, in an inquiry into the cooperation of Polish services with the Russian FSB. Roman Giertych Roman Jacek Giertych (; born 27 February 1971 in \u015arem, Poland) is a Polish politician; he was Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education until August 2007. He was a member of the Sejm (the lower house of the Polish parliament) from 2001 until October 2007 and the chairman of the League of Polish Families party. Roman Giertych comes from a family of Polish"}]}, {"title": "Ordination hall", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ordination hall The ordination hall (; ; ) is a Buddhist building specifically consecrated and designated for the performance of the Buddhist ordination ritual (upasampada) and other ritual ceremonies, such as the recitation of the Patimokkha. The ordination hall is located within a boundary (\"s\u012bm\u0101\") that defines \"the space within which all members of a single local community have to assemble as a complete Sangha (\"samagga sangha\") at a place appointed for ecclesiastical acts (\"kamma\").\" The constitution of the \"s\u012bm\u0101\" is regulated and defined by the Vinaya and its commentaries and sub-commentaries. In Burmese, ordination halls are called thein (\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a),"}, {"context": "derived from the Pali term \"s\u012bm\u0101\", which means\"boundary.\" The thein is a common feature of Burmese monasteries (kyaung), although the thein may be not necessarily be located on the monastery compound. Shan ordination halls, called \"sim\" (\u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1087)\",\" are exclusively used for events limited to the monkhood. In Thai, ordination halls are called ubosot or bot, derived from the Pali term \"uposathagara\". The bot is the focal point of Central Thai temples, whereas the focal point of Northern Thai temples is the stupa. The bot, as the wat's principal building, is also used for communal services. In the Thai tradition, the"}, {"context": "boundary of the ordination hall is marked by bai sema, a series of eight boundary stones marking the \"s\u012bm\u0101\". The oldest bai sema date to the Dvaravati period. Ordination hall The ordination hall (; ; ) is a Buddhist building specifically consecrated and designated for the performance of the Buddhist ordination ritual (upasampada) and other ritual ceremonies, such as the recitation of the Patimokkha. The ordination hall is located within a boundary (\"s\u012bm\u0101\") that defines \"the space within which all members of a single local community have to assemble as a complete Sangha (\"samagga sangha\") at a place appointed for"}]}, {"title": "George P. Tebbetts", "paragraphs": [{"context": "George P. Tebbetts George Parrish Tebbetts (1828 \u2013 January 9, 1909) was an American politician from California. Tebbetts was born in Concord, New Hampshire and graduated from Dartmouth College in 1848, where he studied medicine. With the California gold rush he sailed to San Francisco. While crossing the Isthmus of Panama, he cared for people suffering from yellow fever. He prospected with a Chinese boy on the American River near Sacramento and they extracted $70,000 in gold. The San Diego History Center describes what followed: They returned to San Francisco. \"There the boy expressed a wish to return to China,"}, {"context": "and Tebbetts settled with him for $3,000. The boy returned to China, and as the years rolled by, nothing was heard from him. Forty-five years later he walked into Tebbett's office in Santa Barbara and introduced himself. The surprise meeting after so many years was an enjoyable occasion, with much reminiscing by the two lucky gold seekers.\" Tebbetts arrived in San Diego around 1850 and was co-proprietor of the Exchange Hotel. He was elected Councilman for 1851\u20131852. In 1852 he became the third mayor of San Diego under U.S. rule. While mayor, a series of murders, horse thievery, and lawlessness"}, {"context": "caused locals to organize The Vigilantes to keep the peace. When Tebbetts' horse was stolen, the thieves were caught, paraded around town with nooses around their necks, and lynched. Federal officials investigated, but gave up when Tebbetts told them the entire town was involved. In 1852 the city was bankrupt. The city charter was abolished and city administration was performed by a Board of Trustees with no mayor, operated by the state. Tebbetts later was member of the San Diego County Board of Supervisors during 1854-1864. During an Indian war at Warner Springs in the early 1850s, Tebbetts served as"}, {"context": "ensign with Fitzgerald's Volunteers. The uprising was caused by an 1844 Mexican land grant that included Cupa, the village of the Cupe\u0148o people, and surrounding homelands. During the war Tebbetts participated in a \"Dual\" with Joshua Bean as a practical joke. Tebbets ran the Exchange Hotel, with a partner Philip Hooff, from 1850 or 1851. The hotel was owned by his father-in-law Juan Rodr\u00edguez and sold in 1858. George Derby immortalized them in his satirical book \"Phoenixiana\" referring to Tebbetts and Hoof as \"Two bitts\" (because of his small size) and \"Cloven Hooff\". Tebbetts bought the San Luis Rey Ranch"}, {"context": "in the late 1850s. In the late 1860s he moved to Santa Barbara where he bought the San Roque Ranch, was appointed Postmaster, and started the Santa Barbara \"Press\", \"Daily Independent\", and \"Daily News\". Tebbetts married twice, with four children (Horace, Stella, John, and Maria Virginia De Los Reyes) from his first marriage with Delorez Rodr\u00edguez (Maria Delos Reyes Osuna Y Rodriguez), daughter of Juan Rodr\u00edguez, and three children from his second marriage to Mary Jones. Maria Tebbetts (Maria Virginia De Los Reyes Tebbetts) married Brigadier-General Frank Clarke Prescott N.G.C. Later, he moved in with his son Nathan in San"}, {"context": "Francisco where he died 1909. George P. Tebbetts George Parrish Tebbetts (1828 \u2013 January 9, 1909) was an American politician from California. Tebbetts was born in Concord, New Hampshire and graduated from Dartmouth College in 1848, where he studied medicine. With the California gold rush he sailed to San Francisco. While crossing the Isthmus of Panama, he cared for people suffering from yellow fever. He prospected with a Chinese boy on the American River near Sacramento and they extracted $70,000 in gold. The San Diego History Center describes what followed: They returned to San Francisco. \"There the boy expressed a"}]}, {"title": "Ranally city rating system", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ranally city rating system The Ranally city rating system is a tool developed by Rand McNally & Co. to classify U.S. cities based on their economic function. The system is designed to reflect an underlying hierarchy whereby consumers and businesses go to a city of a certain size for a certain function; some functions are widely available and others are only available in the largest cities. The system was developed for Rand McNally by geographer Richard L. Forstall and released in 1964. The city rankings are updated periodically in the \"Rand McNally Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide\", an annual two-volume"}, {"context": "set, which is available in many libraries. Among the criteria for categorization are retail sales, newspaper circulation, and the presence of universities and hospitals and corporate headquarters. The size of the city's tributary area is critical to determining whether it will be rated a 2, 3, or 4. As of 2006, there are 1492 cities rated. The system consists of a number and a letter. The number reflects a city's importance in the national hierarchy. Nationally important business centers are ranked 1. Regional business centers are ranked 2. Significant local business centers are ranked 3 and business centers whose importance"}, {"context": "is purely local are ranked 4. the letter reflects its importance in its own area. Doubled letters serve to distinguish centers within a class. The most important center in a market (trading area) is given some kind of A. Other business centers in the same market area will be given B or C depending on their importance. For example, Dallas is rated 1-AA (a nationally important business center) and Fort Worth is rated 2-BB. B cities constitute basic trading centers, while C cities do not. Rand McNally divides the country into basic trading areas (487 as of 2008), each of"}, {"context": "which has exactly one A-rated city. The basic trading areas are aggregated into major trading areas, of which there are 51. The Federal Communications Commission uses these areas for determining wireless territory boundaries. New York City has always been given the unique rating 1-AAAA due to its preeminent status in the national hierarchy. Chicago was originally the only other city rated 1-AAA as having influence over a large area of the country. In 1988, Los Angeles was similarly given a 1-AAA rating. Thirteen cities are given the rating 1-AA as major national business centers: Atlanta, Boston, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Houston,"}, {"context": "Miami, Minneapolis, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C.. Notes: The B and C cities are secondary because they are in the same market area as a city rated A. While those are only abstract examples of the ratings, consider how the system works in practice with the example of Ohio. Rand McNally conceives of Ohio as consisting of nineteen markets (trading areas) with some peripheral counties being contained in trading areas of other states. The table below shows the nineteen trading areas in order of hierarchy. Each has an A-rated city. Some also have other rated cities"}, {"context": "and suburbs. Example: Ohio The system is applied by businesses seeking to serve a network of customers with the greatest efficiency. For example, a company that services elevators or a wholesaler of paper bags would want to locate its field representatives primarily in A rated cities. The Rural Health Research Center at the University of Minnesota has recently published a report on access to physicians in rural areas which uses the system to evaluate access to physicians in rural areas. Ranally city rating system The Ranally city rating system is a tool developed by Rand McNally & Co. to classify"}]}, {"title": "Ikko\u0304-ikki", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ikk\u014d-ikki According to Sansom, \"The Ikko (Single-Minded) sect of Nenbutsu, or Buddha-calling ... is a branch of the worship of Amida developed from the teaching of Shinran into an aggressive doctrine of salvation by faith.\" In the 13th century, the jizamurai, a new class of small landowners, \"formed leagues (\"ikki\") for mutual defence\", since they came from \"good warrior families, long established in their own districts, and they were determined to protect their interests, both economic and social, against newcomers\", according to Sansom The Shirahata-Ikki, \"White Flag Uprising\", and Mikazuki-Ikki, \"Crescent Uprising\", were examples of the numerous risings against the"}, {"context": "Ashikaga shogunate. An uprising involving an entire province was called a Kuni-Ikki (kuni meaning province). Uprisings took place in 1351, 1353, 1369, 1377, 1384\u20131386, and 1366\u20131369. The risings in the 15th century, Tsuchi-Ikki or Do-Ikki, were better organized \"and the peasants appear to have played a more prominent part\". At the conclusion of the \u014cnin War, in 1477, \"many of the members of the numerous ikki\" occupied the monasteries and shrines, and \"would ring the warning bells day and night, hoping to terrify the rich citizens\", according to Sansom. The Ikk\u014d-ikki were, at first, disparate and disorganized followers of Rennyo's"}, {"context": "teachings. His missionary work, and his appointment to the position of abbot of the Kyoto Hongan-ji, was in 1457, allowed him to \"express in words and deeds\" his unorthodox views. In 1465, Rennyo was forced to flee Kyoto, and established a new Hongan-ji branch temple, Yoshizaki-gob\u014d, in Echizen Province in 1471. It was at this temple that he began to attract a significant following among peasants and farmers. About 1486 brought the first violent uprising, the first major organized action on the part of the Ikk\u014d-ikki. They overthrew the governor of Kaga Province, and took control of it for themselves;"}, {"context": "this represented the first time in Japanese history that a group of commoners ruled a province. The Ikko-ikki fought Asakura Norikage in the of 1506 and defeated Nagao Tamekage in the 1536 Battle of Sendanno. They fought Asakura Norikage again in the 1555 Battle of Daishoji-omote. Rennyo was a pacifist and taught pacifism. He advocated self-defense only as a guard against the particularly tumultuous times in which he lived. \"Daimy\u014d\", samurai warlords, fought one another for territory nearly constantly, across the entire country. Rennyo thus saw to it that the temples of his sect were fortified and defended from attackers."}, {"context": "Though it was his charismatic leadership and populist teachings that inspired the fervor which powered the Ikk\u014d-ikki uprisings, he never advocated or supported them. The uprisings continued nevertheless, past Rennyo's death in 1499, and the sub-sect of J\u014ddo Shinsh\u016b that he had founded spread as well. They established themselves in fortresses at Ishiyama Hongan-ji, just outside Osaka, and in Nagashima, on the borders of Owari and Ise Provinces and in a series of temples in Mikawa Province as well. Towards the end of the 16th century, however, their growing numbers and strength caught the attention and concern of the great"}, {"context": "samurai leaders of the time. Tokugawa Ieyasu worried that s\u014dhei of Mikawa Province would rise up and seize the province. In 1564, his forces, with the help of J\u014ddo-sh\u016b s\u014dhei, defeated the Mikawa Ikk\u014d-ikki in the Battle of Azukizaka. The \"ikki\" attracted the ire of the likes of Tokugawa Ieyasu and Oda Nobunaga due to the economic and political threat they posed, more so than as a result of their military might. The Ishiyama Hongan-ji and other strongholds of the \"ikki\" lay across major trade routes and occupied the same areas that Nobunaga saw as his primary territorial objectives. Nearly"}, {"context": "every road to the capital from this western part of the country was controlled by the \"ikki\" or their allies, and the populist roots of the \"ikki\" movement gave them significant economic power as well. Nobunaga in particular sought the destruction of the Ikk\u014d-ikki for these reasons, and because they allied themselves with nearly every one of his major enemies or rivals. Ashikaga Yoshiaki was once strongly supported in his claim to become Sh\u014dgun by Nobunaga, but turned to the \"ikki\" when their relationship soured. The \"ikki\" also had powerful allies in the M\u014dri, Azai, and Asakura clans. In the"}, {"context": "Asakura stronghold of Echizen province, today's Fukui-prefecture, Nobunaga ordered his generals to kill the people in Ajimano village in August 1575 as noted in \"The Chronicle of Lord Nobunaga\". The Ishiyama Hongan-ji and Nagashima fortresses were besieged several times by the forces of Oda Nobunaga. After several failed attempts at seizing each emplacement, he eventually succeeded. In the 1580s, the last of the Ikk\u014d-ikki courted Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and fought alongside his forces against warrior monks of other sects. The Ikk\u014d-ikki bands of the 16th century, due largely to their origins as countryside mobs, used quite varied armor and armament. Many"}, {"context": "wore the more traditional monk robes, with varying degrees and types of armor. Some wore various sorts of helmets, while others opted for the straw hat and cloak of a peasant. Naginata remained very common, along with a variety of swords and daggers, and a limited number of arquebuses. Finally, while not truly armor nor armament, a very common item wielded by the mobs of Ikk\u014d-ikki monk warriors was a banner with a Buddhist slogan written upon it. Some of the more common slogans included the \"nenbutsu\" chant \"Hail to Buddha Amida!\" (\"Namu Amida Butsu\"; \u5357\u7121\u963f\u5f25\u9640\u4ecf) and \"He who advances"}, {"context": "is sure of salvation, but he who retreats will go to hell\". Shin Buddhism was persecuted in response to the Ikk\u014d-ikki, which caused the formation of \"kakure nenbutsu\" secret societies. Ikk\u014d-ikki According to Sansom, \"The Ikko (Single-Minded) sect of Nenbutsu, or Buddha-calling ... is a branch of the worship of Amida developed from the teaching of Shinran into an aggressive doctrine of salvation by faith.\" In the 13th century, the jizamurai, a new class of small landowners, \"formed leagues (\"ikki\") for mutual defence\", since they came from \"good warrior families, long established in their own districts, and they were determined"}]}, {"title": "Unimed S.A.", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Unimed S.A. Unimed is a Swiss company active in the biomedical engineering field. It fabricates and sells a large range of medical and diagnostics needles. Its headquarters are in Lausanne, Switzerland. Since 1958, its logo represents a medical needle hub and was created by the founder Mr. Karl Schoenholzer. In 1936, Mr. Pierre-Jean Guisan, son of a medical doctor and nephew of the famous Swiss general Guisan, started the production of hypodermic needles in the cellar of a building on Avenue de Cour, Lausanne, Switzerland. After a while, he found more appropriate production facilities on Rue de Gen\u00e8ve, Lausanne. The"}, {"context": "newly founded company was named P.-J. Guisan S.A. and produced hypodermic needles for dentists and medical doctors. At that time, the tubes used for the production of the needles were imported but during World War II, the supply became complicated and Mr. Guisan contacted a French company in order to eventually obtain, in 1944, the stainless steel tube drawing process knowhow required for the production of needles. At the same time, the company Wander S.A. became interested in purchasing and increasing the export sales of Swiss companies active in the medical field. They showed interest in both P.-J. Guisan S.A"}, {"context": "and a syringe producing company, while helping Mr.Guisan in his efforts to produce stainless steel tubes. The company Wander S.A. acquired 50% of the shares of P.-J. Guisan S.A. and Microtube S.A., also founded by Mr.Guisan in 1944 for the stainless steel tube drawing activity. In 1946, Mr.K\u00fcnzli, in charge of the medical department from Wander S.A. founded a company named Intramed S.A. in Bern, and acquired all the shares previously acquired by Wander S.A. Unfortunately, the results were not up to the ambitions of Mr.K\u00fcnzli and in 1950, the company went out of business. At that time, a business"}, {"context": "company in Lausanne, Socorex S.A., was interested in purchasing shares in the medical industry, Therefore, it bought the trademarks, the activity and half of the shares of P.-J. Guisan S.A.. The other half, held by Mr.Guisan himself, was acquired at the same time. Socorex also took out the options on the shares from Microtube and the syringe producing company Isba Instruments Scientifiques S.A., in Bassecourt. As Socorex took on the activity of Intramed, the focus was on needles and syringes. The production of the other products were gradually abandoned, as the syringes and needles from Socorex gained worldwide reputation. In"}, {"context": "1954, the owners of Socorex S.A. decided to sell this activity to a new company named Socorex Instruments Medicaux S.A., led by Mr.Hertig and Mr. Karl Schoenholzer, who was an authorized representative from Socorex. This company took on the activity of Socorex S.A. in the same facilities, and focused even more on needles and syringes. At that time, about 70-80% of the syringes and needles produced in Switzerland by the company were sold for export. In 1958, Mr. Hertig and Mr. Schoenholzer decided to split up. It was decided that Mr. Hertig, owner of the syringe production activity, would keep"}, {"context": "the syringe field from Socorex Instruments M\u00e9dicaux S.A., which later would become Socorex-Isba S.A. Mr. Karl Schoenholzer took on the production and the sale for export of the needles under a new company name, Unimed S.A. Unimed focused even more on the field of medical needles and developed the production of surgical needles that had been started in 1951 by Socorex S.A.. Additionally, the sales program of the medical needles was developed and the field of veterinary needles was added to the production. The needles that were produced according to several models and dimensions, were sold by authorized retailers in"}, {"context": "Switzerland and abroad. In 1981, Mr. Patrick Schoenholzer, son of Mr. Karl Schoenholzer, a graduate engineer from ETH Lausanne was hired by the company. At the time the increasing cost of cleaning and reconditioning of reusable needles as well as fears about the emerging AIDS virus, led to a rapid decline of sales of standard Unimed brand products. It was therefore decided to reorient the company's activity to contract manufacturing by making available its knowhow in the stainless steel tube forming process. Contract manufacturing as well as the supply of stainless steel tubing positioned Unimed as a key supplier to"}, {"context": "the medical device and diagnostics industries. Currently Unimed serves more than 1,500 clients in 70 countries. Contract manufacturing has become a major business for the company, which is producing a large number of finished and semi-finished products for its clients who eventually place them on the market under their own brand name. Unimed S.A. Unimed is a Swiss company active in the biomedical engineering field. It fabricates and sells a large range of medical and diagnostics needles. Its headquarters are in Lausanne, Switzerland. Since 1958, its logo represents a medical needle hub and was created by the founder Mr. Karl"}]}, {"title": "Avaya 1100-series IP phones", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Avaya 1100-series IP phones The 1100-series IP phones are 6 different desktop IP clients manufactured by Avaya for Unified communications which can operate on the SIP or UNIStim protocols. The SIP Firmware supports presence selection and notification along with secure instant messaging. The 1100 series of phones was originally manufactured in 2008 as an evolution of the IP Phone 2004 series of phones from Nortel. As such it began as a UNIStim-only phone, which meant that the phone was primarily supported with only Nortel manufactured voice PBX systems. In 2009 a firmware upgrade was made available to allow the phone"}, {"context": "to function on the SIP protocol. This meant that the phone could now be used with a wide variety of PBX systems including those produced by Nortel, Avaya, and even open-source PBX systems such as Asterisk (PBX). In 2010 a VPN client was added to the firmware as of release 0623C7F. This means that it is very easy to send the phone to a remote worker location with a typical cable modem or DSL Internet connection and the phone will use the VPN capability to securely establish an IP tunnel back to the corporate network and extend a standard voice"}, {"context": "telephone extension to any location on the Internet. Other users in the global corporation can dial the user's extension and the phone will ring. The 1110 supports a single telephone line and is used for lobby and conference center locations, with a fully backlit monochrome display of 143 x 32 pixels. This phone has a two-port 10/100 Ethernet switch. This phone is a four-line phone with gigabit Ethernet ports, and a 240 x 160 pixel display. This device has a USB port and Bluetooth ability but in contrast its sister the 1120SA does not have these functioning USB or Bluetooth"}, {"context": "for security reasons. The 1120SA is a special-use phone which is certified for use by Sensitive Compartmented Information Facilities (SCIF) users, without an external device. The National Telecommunications Security Working Group (NTSWG) has approved the Avaya IP Phone 1120SA for deployment under the Director of Central Intelligence Directive (DCID 6/9), for VoIP and VoSIP (TSG-6 Type-acceptance CNSS Class-A and Class-B Certified). The major security functions are: This phone can support up to 12 phone lines and 12 programmable soft keys, and seven additional fixed keys for agents (In-Calls, Not Ready, Make Set Busy, Supervisor, Supervisor Listen/Talk, Emergency and Activity). This"}, {"context": "IP ACD and contact center phone with a 240 x 160 pixel display, integrates two gigabit Ethernet ports. It also integrates Bluetooth and USB, to support wired and wireless mouse, keyboard, card readers, headsets, and flash memory drive devices. The phone can support up to sixteen lines through the UNIStim or Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) protocols. The display is a color QVGA resolution (320 x 240 pixels) LCD display, with the option to have multiple themes, back ground images, or digital pictures. For additional security and privacy all traffic is encrypted, for both voice and signaling. The integrated Bluetooth and"}, {"context": "USB ports support wired and wireless mouse, keyboard, card readers, headsets, and flash memory drive devices. The phone has two gigabit Ethernet switch ports, and is powered through an IEEE 802.3af PoE device or can use a local power adapter. Is an expansion module that may be installed on the 1120E, 1140E, or the 1150E phones. It extends the phones ability to support 18 telephone lines and has 18 programmable feature keys. Avaya 1100-series IP phones The 1100-series IP phones are 6 different desktop IP clients manufactured by Avaya for Unified communications which can operate on the SIP or UNIStim"}]}, {"title": "St Helens, Merseyside", "paragraphs": [{"context": "St Helens, Merseyside St Helens () is a large town in Merseyside, England, with a population of 102,629. It is the administrative centre of the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens, which had a population of 176,843 at the 2001 Census. St Helens is in the south west of the historic county of Lancashire, north of the River Mersey. The town historically lay within the ancient Lancashire division of West Derby known as a \"hundred\". Incorporated as a municipal borough in 1868, and responsible for the administration of the townships of Eccleston, Parr, Sutton and Windle, it became a county borough"}, {"context": "in 1887 and a metropolitan borough in 1974. The area developed rapidly in the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries into a significant centre for coal mining and glassmaking. It was also home to a cotton and linen industry (notably sail making) that lasted until the mid-19th century as well as salt, lime and alkali pits, copper smelting, and brewing. Glass producer Pilkington is the town's only remaining large industrial employer. Previously it was home to Beechams, the Gamble Alkali Works, Ravenhead glass, United Glass Bottles, Triplex, Daglish Foundry, and Greenall's brewery. The southern part of what became"}, {"context": "the traditional county of Lancashire was at least partially settled by the Brigantes, a Celtic tribe, who were subjugated by the Romans during their 1st Century conquest, with nearby Wigan suggested as a location for the Roman settlement of Coccium. Eccleston in St Helens appears to derive its name from either the Latin \"ecclesia\" or the Welsh \"eglwys\", both meaning \"church\", suggesting a common link to a place of worship although none is known in that township until the 19th century. The first recorded settlements are the Manors, Parishes and Titled Lands listed in the Domesday Book in the 11th"}, {"context": "century. The titled lands would have encompassed the modern townships of Sutton, Windle and Parr as part of their fiefdoms, though it may be inferred from the listed tithes that the land was populated before then. St Helens did not exist as a town in its own right until as late as the middle of the 19th century. The development of the town has a complex history: it was spurred on by the rapid population growth in the region during the Industrial Revolution. Between 1629 and 1839 St Helens grew from a small collection of houses surrounding an old chapel,"}, {"context": "to a village, before becoming the significant urban centre of the four primary manors and surrounding townships that make up the modern town. The Domesday Book of 1086 reveals that several manors existed at that time, although there are no specific references to \"St Elyn\", or mentions of the particular \"vill\" or villages. Windle is first recorded on some maps as \"Windhull\" (or variations thereof) in 1201, Bold in 1212 (as Bolde) and Parr (or Parre) in 1246, whilst Sutton and Ecclestone composed part of the Widnes \"fee\" (a hereditary entitlement of ownership) under a Knight or Earl. It is"}, {"context": "known that the Hospitallers held lands in the area of Hardshaw as early as 1292, known as Crossgate (which may be referred to by the long built-over Cross Street in the town centre beneath the modern College campus) and many of the original parishes, townships and local areas are named after the families that owned the land between the 11th and 18th centuries. The Ecclestone family owned the Eccleston township. Their ancestral home dates to 1100; it was built by Hugh Ecclestone. The family is referred to throughout the period until the 18th century when they departed for nearby Southport"}, {"context": "The manor of Parr remained in control of the Parr family and their descendants from the 13th to the early 15th century, when a distant relative of the original family line, William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton (brother of Henry VIII's wife Catherine Parr) sold the manor to the Byroms of Lowton. The family later supported the Royalists during the English Civil War, and Henry Byrom (son of the Lord of the Manor) died at the Battle of Edgehill. The extensive lands of Sutton Manor stretched across the open and flat land leading towards the Mersey. The manor's name is"}, {"context": "of unknown origin, but the land within the estate referred to several leading families, including Eltonhead, Ravenhead, and Sherdley. In 1212 William de Daresbury was the title holder of the manors. The Sherdley family can be traced back to the Northales, who had been settled in the area since at least 1276, when they are referred to as plaintiffs in a boundary dispute with the Lords of Rainhill. Windle contained the smaller Hardshaw, described as a \"Berewick\" in the Domesday Book. It was in Hardshaw that Chapel Lane (mentioned above) was constructed. The Windle Family were Lords of the Manor"}, {"context": "and Township from the Norman period onward, before ceding control to the Gerards of Bryn. In 1139, the \"earldom of Derby\", in the Peerage of England, was created: Norman descendent Robert De Ferrers was the first Earl. Subsequently, the region passed to John of Gaunt, and eventually the Stanley family. Their ancestral home was eventually established in the nearby Knowsley area (to the west of the modern St. Helens borough), with the foundation of a hunting lodge in the 15th century and subsequently Knowsley Hall in the 18th century. The Earl of Derby's lands encompassed a region from Liverpool to"}, {"context": "Manchester, and to the north beyond Lancaster and were primarily turned to meeting the pastoral needs of the people. Throughout this period the area was predominantly arable land and was noted for its large swathes of moss, heath and bog land while elsewhere in parts it was covered by the greater Mersey Forest (the larger \"Community Forest\" was not established until much later). The origin of the name \"St Helens\" stretches back at least to a chapel of ease dedicated to St Elyn, the earliest documented reference to which is in 1552. The first time the Chapel was formally referred"}, {"context": "to appears to be 1558, when Thomas Parr of Parr bequeathed a sum of money \"to a stock towards finding a priest at St. Helen's Chapel in Hardshaw, and to the maintenance of God's divine service there for ever, if the stock go forward and that the priest do service as is aforesaid\". Early maps show that it was originally in Chapel Lane, near the site of the modern pedestrianised Church Street. Historically this would have fallen within the berewick (an historic estate) of Hardshaw, within the greater township of Windle (making up the southern border) abutting onto the open"}, {"context": "farmland of Parr to the east, and Sutton and Eccleston to the south and west respectively. In 1552, the Chapel of St Elyn was noted as \"consisting only of a challis and a lytle bell\". The chapel was described as being at the crux of the four townships of Eccleston, Parr, Sutton and Windle, and lay on the intersecting roads that criss-crossed the area and linked Lancashire towns such as Liverpool, Ormskirk, Lathom and the Cheshire region south of the River Mersey. The transport link is attested to by the existence of Chester Lane (the modern B5419 is much foreshortened)"}, {"context": "that originally wound through the west of the town heading south to the Mersey crossing point of Warrington and beyond to the ancient Chester Road (that now makes up part of the modern A56) that stretched between the historic town of its name and the Manchester townships. The Chapel also sat directly between the port town of Liverpool, and the landlocked Manchester townships that would become important in the development of the greater area of both St Helens and Wigan. As a busy thoroughfare it is suggested by historian and genealogist William Farrer that a village existed in the vicinity"}, {"context": "for centuries, later sharing the name of the Chapel. It is known from the diaries of a local Puritan by the name of Adam Martindale that by the time the King's Head Inn was constructed in 1629 on \"the great road\" (taken to refer to all or part of Chester Lane) between Warrington and Ormskirk, a number of houses, farms and manors counted amongst the properties in the local vicinity and general area. Martindale notes that by 1618 that the original chapel had been demolished and rebuilt in the same vicinity. In 1678 a building was converted for use as"}, {"context": "a meeting place for the Society of Friends by George Shaw of Bickerstaffe. Local historians believe the building had been used for another purpose long before 1678. The Quaker Friends' Meeting House, as it is now known, is a Grade II listed building. The strong link to Roman Catholicism in the area was maintained throughout this period by the eventual Lords of Sutton Manor, the De Holland family, starting in 1321. Thomas Holland, a local Jesuit priest, was arrested and tried for high treason in October 1642 as \"taking orders by authority of the see of Rome and returning to"}, {"context": "England\". The first step toward his beatification was allowed by Pope Leo XIII in 1886. Conversely Roger Holland was burnt at the stake for heresy when he continued his professed belief in the Reformed churches some 100 years earlier in 1558 during the persecution of Mary I. It is suggested that Ravenhead Hall was the site of a Catholic chapel during the most severe of Catholic persecutions during the 17th and 18th centuries. Whilst the Lathom family maintained Rainfords close connections, as did the Ecclestons. Less well-known is the Windle connection to witches. In 1602, two women were sent to"}, {"context": "Lancaster for trial, while a decade later Isobel Roby was submitted to Sir Thomas Gerard, accused of upsetting the ship upon which Princess Anne of Denmark was arriving. She was finally executed at Lancaster, along with the Pendle and Salmesburg witches, on 20 August 1612. By 1746, St Helens, composed of the greater area of the four townships (and their collieries) beyond Prescot, was referred to in a statement in Parliament related to the extension of the Liverpool to Prescot Turnpike. The rapid growth of St Helens at the centre of the townships is attested to by several authors. The"}, {"context": "\"Penny Cyclopaedia\" states in 1839 that \"Saint Helen's, Lancashire, is in the township of Windle, in the chapelry of St Helen's, Prescott parish. The township contains , and had in 1831 a population of 5,825. The town has risen into importance of late years\" In contrast by 1844 (30 years before the borough of St Helens was established) Cyrus Redding mentions a reversal of the roles: \"St Helens, originally an inconsiderable village, is now a very thriving town\"; and he later states that the town \"... may be said to contain the four townships of Sutton, Parr, Windle and Eccleston\"."}, {"context": "The composition of the town described by Redding largely mirrors those observations made by Samuel Lewis in 1848 and later still in 1874 by John Marius Wilson and John Bartholemew in 1887. Census figures from 1801 suggest the population of the District Area of St Helens to be 12,500; by 1861 it was between 37,631 and 55,523 (John Marius Wilson gives the lower number, with total households at the specific figure of 6,539) in the wider area with St Helens itself comprising a population of 20,176 in 3,577 households. The Ordnance Survey map of 1843 shows St Helens as the"}, {"context": "significant urban centre The original Town Hall was constructed in 1839 and described by Wilson in 1874 as \"in the Italian style, with a Corinthian portico; and contains a lock-up, a news room, and a large hall for courts, concerts, balls, and public meetings\". It was not until 1852 that the Civil Parish of St Helens was instituted (noted in 1874 by Wilson as \"more extensive than the town\"). The Mill Street Barracks were completed in 1861. On 2 February 1868, Queen Victoria granted a Charter of Incorporation, defining St Helens officially as a Municipal Borough. The first election of"}, {"context": "Councillors took place on 9 May the same year, followed by the first Town Council meeting on 18 May. About 20 years later in 1887 St Helens became a County Borough, with two Members of Parliament. In 1894, the Parish of St Helens was incorporated under the 1893 St Helens Corporation Act. This was achieved by the abolition of the Civil Parishes of Parr, Sutton and amalgamation of their townships. The Civil Parishes of Eccleston and Windle both ceded a portions of their areas over to St Helens. The modern Borough of St Helens includes areas historically not associated with"}, {"context": "the town. The 1974 creation of the Ceremonial County of Merseyside appended the former urban districts of Haydock, Newton-le-Willows and Rainford, and parts of Billinge-and-Winstanley and Ashton-in-Makerfield urban districts, along with part of Whiston Rural District, all from the administrative county of Lancashire. The urban sprawl of St Helens was already extended up to the boundary lines of places such as Haydock and Rainhill, where inhabitants may consider themselves either part of either both St Helens the 'Town' or 'Borough', or just the Borough. Until the mid-18th century, the local industry was almost entirely based on small-scale home-based initiatives such"}, {"context": "as linen weaving. The landscape was dotted with similarly small-scale excavation and mining operations, primarily for clay and peat, but also notably for coal. It is the coal to which the town owes its both its initial growth and development and the subsequent development of the coal-dependent industries of copper smelting and glass. Sitting on the South Lancashire Coalfield, the town was built both physically and metaphorically on coal; the original motto in the borough council's coat of arms was \"\"Ex Terra Lucem\"\" (\"From the Ground, Light\") and local collieries employed up to 5,000 men as late as the 1970s."}, {"context": "During the boom years of the British coal industry (1913 was the peak year of production, with 1 million employed in UK mining industry) the St Helens division of the Lancashire and Cheshire Miners' Federation (the local miners' union) had the largest membership (10%) of that federation. The discovery of winnable coal seams is mentioned in 1556, referred to as \"Beds of cinders or coke ... have been discovered three feet thick\" during the digging of a clay pit and is commonly attributed to the Eltonhead family (Elton Head Road, the modern B5204, shares the name of the family) whilst"}, {"context": "reference to the significant distribution of \"potsherds\" during excavation suggests that some light industry had been under way for some time before (perhaps as far back as the 13th century) and the clay and pottery industries lasted in the area through to the early 20th century. A dispute arose between the landlord Bolds and the tenant Eltonheads, eventually resulting in an agreement to compensate the Bold family. The majority of the land had been turned over to arable farming since at least the 12th century according to the historical family records of William De Daresbury. The township of Sutton was"}, {"context": "recorded as \"by itself being assessed at four plough-lands\". Plow or ploughlands are assessed at apiece. The pastoral use of the local land was common even in 1901, with William Farrer noting of Eccleston that the \"country is of an undulating nature and principally dedicated to agriculture, fields of rich and fertile soil being predominant\" and describing the produce as \"chiefly potatoes, oats, and wheat on a clayey soil which alternates with peat\". Even so, Farrer also notes that several old quarries and shafts still existed within the area while also making reference to a \"brewery at Portico, and a"}, {"context": "pottery near Prescot, while glass, watchmakers' tools, and mineral waters are also manufactured\". Two hundred years earlier, Farrer may well have seen a different sight: St Helens was scarred and pitted by shallow mining operations, often quickly abandoned, left to flood and exceedingly prone to collapse. The primitive mining techniques, and limited ability to bail out gathering water, meant many pits had short lifespans. Complaints are recorded in Sutton Heath in particular about the plans to expand mining across the town, but the lure of a stable income ultimately won out against the objections. 100 years later, the Council rejected"}, {"context": "a planning application for an open cast mine \u2014 underlining the finality of the decline of coal mining in the area. In the 18th century, however, coal was an enabling force for the town that opened up opportunities for further commercial and industrial developments, which in turn drove demand for the rapid movement of raw goods not simply out of the town (coal to Liverpool to fuel its shipping and steel works for instance, but also its salt works) but also in promoting an influx of raw products for processing. The dependence of St Helens on its transport links is"}, {"context": "evident from claims made to Parliament in 1746 for maintenance and extension of the turnpike road after local flooding had damaged it. It is clear that St Helens' development owes as much to its location on the south Lancashire Coalfield as it does the fact that Liverpool, Chester and other centres of industry were not, and yearned for the fossil fuel of choice. It was essential therefore for the town to maintain, and invest further in, transport links and promote itself as a hub for the growth of Liverpool, with its provision of raw materials benefiting from its location and"}, {"context": "promising transport links. Liverpool, recognising the need for a ready supply of coal for its forges, responded with a petition for the extension of the Liverpool to Prescot Turnpike. This soon developed into a far more forward thinking development which was at the heart of the Industrial Revolution: canals. It was originally proposed merely to make the Sankey Brook navigable, but the eventual outcome was a complete man-made canal linking St Helens to the River Mersey and the city of Liverpool. The Sankey Canal was opened in 1757, and extended in 1775, to transport coal from the pits in Ravenhead,"}, {"context": "Haydock and Parr to Liverpool, and for raw materials to be shipped to St Helens. The transport revolution centred on the region encouraged an influx of industry to the hitherto sparsely populated area. With industry came job opportunities and population growth. Between 1700 St Helens grew from a sparsely populated array of manor houses and their tenants into a sprawling span of mining operations. Owing primarily to the abundance of coal reserves, the quality of local sand, and the availability of salt in nearby Cheshire, glass making is known to have been ongoing in the Sutton area since at least"}, {"context": "1688, when the Frenchman John Leaf Snr is recorded as paying the Eltonhead family \u00a350 for a lease of 2\u00bd acres (1 hectare) of Sutton's Lower Hey. The glass industry got a significant lift with the Crown-authorised \"British Cast Plate Glass Company\" established in Ravenhead in 1786; it latched onto the success of similar enterprises to set the region as the market leader for glass. The foundation of the companies owed as much to industrial leaders from outside the town (and the finance they provided) as to its natural resources. But the synchronous development of the steam engine was a"}, {"context": "significant development, with James Watt's stationary steam engine design leading the way. Water could be pumped from deeper than ever before, and mines could be driven to find even more dense seams. At the same time, the growth in use of machinery (e.g. for mills, forges, and ships) rapidly increased the demand for coal - to which the town responded. Land exchanged hands in St Helens rapidly, as established families moved out of the growing towns filled with the working classes to more gentrified and less industrially developed places. In their place came self-made wealthy industrialists such as John Mackay"}, {"context": "(who first leased land in St Helens in the 1760s from King George III before buying the land constituting Ravenhead Farm from the Archbishop of York), Michael Hughes, the Gambles, and later Thomas Beecham, Thomas Greenall and the Pilkingtons. A few established families remained, such as the Gerards of Windle Hall. They made their land available for industrial use. One of the first major industries to grow out of the transport innovations in the region was copper smelting. The Parys mining company, led by Michael Hughes, leased land from John Mackay close to the newly constructed Sankey Canal at Ravenhead"}, {"context": "(where Ravenhead Colliery had since been established). This allowed copper ore carried from Amlwch in Anglesey, North Wales to arrive in the St Helens region via the Mersey directly at the point where coal was being excavated to fire the forges of industry. Some 10,000 tons of copper ore yielding over 1,300 tons of copper passed along this route. At the same time the Gerards were renting out land in Blackbrook to Patten & Co. from nearby Warrington. The company smelted using the Gerards 'own coal, then moved the coal downstream from a private wharf on the navigable brook. The"}, {"context": "boom did not last: by 1783, coal industry leaders such as Mackay, Sarah Clayton and Thomas Case were all dead, penniless or both as a global constriction on coal shipments stifled the industry. An over-reliance on shipping to the USA during the War of Independence (1775\u20131783) ruined many people, and led to the permanent loss of several smaller industries. It took partnership and coordination with other industries for the mining industry to recover; with the US embargo lifted, the US the town's troubles were soon overcome if not forgotten, although this was not the last troubling incident. The demand for"}, {"context": "chemicals such as alkali from the glass industry soon led the Gamble family to start their lime and alkali pits, saving on import costs. The growing demand for chemical processing also contributed heavily to the growth of Widnes. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened in 1830. It passed through the southern edge of the town at Rainhill and St Helens Junction, and furthered its economic development as a centre of industry. The last coal mine located close to the town centre (Ravenhead Colliery) and those located in the outlying districts of St Helens, including those that were just outside the"}, {"context": "original 1887 County Borough boundary, such as Clock Face (Clock Face Colliery), Sutton (Bold Colliery), Sutton Heath (Lea Green Colliery), Sutton Manor (Sutton Manor Colliery) and Haydock (Lyme Pit, Wood Pit, Old Boston), were all closed between the nationalisation of the deep coal mining industry in 1947 and 24 May 1991, when Sutton Manor Colliery, the last to go in the immediate St Helens area, finally closed its gates. The coal mining industry in St Helens and elsewhere had collapsed because the government maintained that the deep mining of coal was no longer an economically viable proposition in most British"}, {"context": "coalfields. The closures were opposed by the National Union of Mineworkers during the year-long Miners' Strike of 1984\u201385. After the collapse of the miners' strike in March 1985, St Helens was just one of dozens of towns in the UK that was immediately set to lose a long-standing employer. In the case of both Sutton Manor and Bold Collieries, it was estimated by some that when they were closed they each still had up to 40 years of winnable coal reserves. The last colliery in the modern metropolitan borough, and in the St Helens area of the South Lancashire Coalfield,"}, {"context": "was Parkside, in Newton-le-Willows, which was closed in 1993. The glass industry is no longer the major employer it once was; however, it still employs over a thousand people in the town. The large Pilkington Brothers works, founded in 1826, dominates the town's industrial quarter and still produces all the UK's output of flat glass. In 1994, planning permission was sought out for a link road connecting the M62 directly with the town centre. The development included a \u00a35m retail and commercial property project in the Ravenhead area that had seen successive business closures with the folding of UGB and"}, {"context": "Ravenhead Glass. The town's shopping area is centred on the parish church of St Helens, the original site of St Mary's open market. The open market was later replaced by an awned covered market that populated Chapel Lane and the locale. The current Church Square shopping centre was built in the early 1970s and surrounds St Helens on 3 sides. Church Street, the main high street, runs parallel to Church Square and is sandwiched by the town's second shopping centre known as The Hardshaw Centre. These primary centres contain many of the most popular British retail chains such as Boots,"}, {"context": "BHS, Topshop and Marks & Spencer. The other main shopping streets in the town centre include the more traditional small store based Bridge Street, Duke Street and Westfield Street populated by independent specialists. The town centre has several supermarkets including mainstream stores such as Asda and Tesco, as well as smaller stores such as Lidl. Morrisons retain three stores located in the Eccleston, Sutton and Earlestown areas of the town. There is also a Tesco superstore in Earlestown, which is on a former Safeway site and many smaller Tesco Express and Tesco Metro stores. A new Tesco Extra store opened"}, {"context": "in October 2011 on the outskirts of the town centre to replace the existing Chalon Way superstore, which has now been taken over by new retail Home & Leisure outlet, The Range. St Helens has two major retail parks, one on either side of the St Helens Linkway. The older of these, St Helens Retail Park, is home to several discount stores and wholesale retailers. The larger Ravenhead Retail Park houses more large-scale mainstream retail stores, and a number of restaurants, fast food outlets and cafes. The same area (in particular the old United Glass Bottles site) has been used"}, {"context": "for development of the new St. Helens RLFC stadium and the construction of a Tesco Extra supermarket, to replace the smaller Tesco supermarket in the town centre. At 140,000 square metres, this Tesco Extra store is one of the biggest in England Major investment is transforming former industrial land for use as hotels, shopping areas and housing after an initial landscape grading and character assessment project was concluded in late 2005 by Land Use Consultants on behalf of St Helens Council. Since the millennium St Helens has become a focus for a whole borough scheme of Urban Regeneration initiatives in"}, {"context": "coordination with local Housing Authorities, Business and Art Projects in addition to European, Regional and Central Government funding such as the Neighbourhood Renewal Fund, the North West Regional Development Agency and The Mersey Partnership as part of the European Regional Development Fund The whole project is coordinated by St Helens Council under their umbrella corporate branding \"St Helens; The Heart of the North West\" with an emphasis on promoting the location of the town as a vital hub of the region, to encourage investment and the development of business links. In 2007, the Brand New St Helens project was launched"}, {"context": "and published their Development Review Document. The report set out the achievements in the years since the millennium and set out the future development projects for the town including the wholly rebuilt College Campus, and Cowley Language College (formerly Cowley High). The document also lays out retail, leisure and tourism developments for the Town. In 2009, a MultiAarea Agreement (MAA) was made with the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens agreeing to form part of the Liverpool City Region, a cross boundary cooperation of 5 adjoining authorities in Merseyside and the Halton Borough on strategic policy areas such as economic growth,"}, {"context": "transport, tourism, culture, housing, and physical infrastructure. Local Projects such as \"Re:new St Helens\" operated in conjunction with Helena Housing was originally set up in 2006 in an effort to initially \"make the Parr area of St Helens a better place to live, work and be part of\". The scheme's success led to it being expanded to other identified areas in need of redevelopment including Four Acre (in Clock Face), Thatto Heath and the North of the Town Centre. The Re:new projects coordinate a Partnership Board to meet the needs of local residents in conjunction with local service providers such"}, {"context": "as the Council, Local Education Authority, Local Healthcare, Housing Associations and the Police to help improve services, identify local priorities and make changes with an aim to tackle \"the quality of life issues which matter most to local people\". The scheme has been responsible for the redevelopment of The Duckeries and Gaskell Park in Parr that both achieved Green Flag status in 2008 The modern Town Hall built in 1876 to replace the original (damaged by a fire in 1871); its clock tower originally had a steeple but this was destroyed in a fire in 1913. In the centre of"}, {"context": "the modern town centre, adjacent to the town hall, is the Gamble Institute, built in 1896 and named after Sir David Gamble, who was the first mayor and who also gifted the land for the building. Today, the Gamble Institute building serves as the central library and also houses other municipal offices and archives. Other buildings of note are: The Friends' Meeting House, Church Street. This attractive stone-built Grade II listed hall has been used for Quaker worship for over 300 years since its establishment, in 1678, by George Shaw of Bickerstaffe. A sign at the front of the building"}, {"context": "reads \"so used\" since 1678, partly leading local historians to believe the building had been used for another purpose for quite a number of years before 1678. The building and garden have been recently restored and are an important element of the George Street Conservation Area. The sundial over the door of the meeting house is dated 1753, while a curiosity in the garden is a huge glacial boulder, said to have been deposited from the Lake District following the last ice age. The Beecham Clock Tower, Westfield Street - which is now part of St Helens College. This was"}, {"context": "the original headquarters of the Beecham pharmaceutical empire. St Mary's Lowe House Catholic Church, North Road is a Grade II listed building, opened in 1929, the second on this site (the land having been donated by Winifred Gorsuch Lowe - hence the name 'Lowe House'). The church is an unusual and striking landmark with a 130 ft (40 m) tower and a dome of a mixed Romanesque and Gothic style. The major feature is the historic Carillon (bells playable using a keyboard, rather than by pulling ropes). It is the largest in the North West of England, housing 47 bells."}, {"context": "The Roman Catholic Church of St. Anne and Blessed Dominic, Monastery Road, Sutton, is a pilgrimage site for Roman Catholics. The Victorian missionary Blessed Dominic Barberi is buried in the church. Alongside Blessed Dominic, Father Ignatius Spencer is buried. The son of the 2nd Earl Spencer, he was a famed convert to the Roman Catholic faith. Elizabeth Prout, foundress of the religious order, the Sisters of the Cross and Passion, is also buried with them. The St Helens Borough covers roughly 30 km\u00b2 (12 sq miles) of soft rolling hills used primarily for agricultural purposes, mainly arable. The highest point"}, {"context": "in the borough, and in the whole of Merseyside, is Billinge Hill, 4.5 miles (7 km) north of the town centre. From the top of this hill the cities of Manchester and Liverpool are visible on a clear day, as well as the towns of Wigan, Bolton and Warrington. The Mill Brook/Windle Brook runs through Eccleston and connects with the disused St Helens branch/section of the Sankey Canal in the town centre. St Helens is around above sea level. Carr Mill Dam is Merseyside's largest body of inland water, with lakeside trails and walks. It is used for national competitive"}, {"context": "powerboating and angling events. Moss Bank, a suburb of St Helens, is about 4 km (2.5 miles) north of the town centre. It has a community library and two churches: the Protestant St David's and the Catholic St Patrick's. The Burgies are two tailings on the site of the old Rushy Park coal mine. They were created by dumping toxic chemical waste from the manufacture of glass; they have since been covered with tall grass and woodland. St Helens was struck by an F1/T2 tornado on 23 November 1981, as part of the record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak on that day."}, {"context": "Damage from the tornado occurred in St Helens town centre. St Helens is to the east of Liverpool and from the centre of Manchester. The borough shares borders with the towns or boroughs of Prescot in Knowsley, Skelmersdale, Warrington, Widnes, and Wigan, and has direct transport links by road and two main railway lines. Its centralised location has formed the basis of the local authority's promotional literature. The town is considered part of the Liverpool Urban Area for ONS purposes. St Helens is well served by motorway links with the East/West corridors of the M58 and M62 to the North"}, {"context": "and South of the town respectively. The town is also served by the parallel running North/South routes of the M57 and M6 to the East and West. The M6 runs a few miles to the eastern side of the town centre, with Junction 23, at Haydock, serving both north and south bound traffic and Junction 24, at Ashton in Makerfield, serving south bound exit and north bound access. The M62 runs a couple of miles to the south of the town with Junction 7 at Rainhill Stoops. The M57's Junction 2 lies several miles south west of St.Helens, at Prescot."}, {"context": "The M58 is several miles north, at the north-western end of the A570 Rainford By-Pass dual carriageway. The A580 East Lancashire Road runs north of the town centre alongside Eccleston, Moss Bank and through Haydock. It is a dual-carriageway former trunk road taking traffic from Manchester to the Liverpool Docks. It was built between 1929 and 1934 and was opened by King George V. It was intended to take pressure away from the A58, a major road running from Prescot (M57) through St. Helens to the A1(M) at Wetherby, West Yorkshire. The Rainford By-Pass is a section of the A570,"}, {"context": "between the East Lancashire Road and the M58 and is part of the transport route from Southport, in Sefton, through West Lancashire, through St Helens to the M62 Junction 7 at Rainhill. A major development in communication was the opening of the dual-carriageway St Helens Linkway (classified as part of the A570) in 1994, which linked the town centre directly with the M62 (at Rainhill). The A572 takes traffic from the town centre through Parr to Earlestown and Newton-le-Willows. In 2010 St Helens was proclaimed \"UK's most car-friendly town\" measured on variables such as \"petrol prices, parking costs and the"}, {"context": "number of speed cameras in an assessment carried out by Virgin Money Car Insurance\" in research conducted by \"The Independent\" newspaper. St Helens has a central bus station that sits between Bickerstaffe Street and Corporation Street. A Merseytravel office is located on Bickerstaffe Street, where passes and advice can be sought. The town currently has no Borough Corporation bus service of its own, having been privatised in the 1980s. From 1890 the town operated St Helens Corporation Transport providing Bus, Trolleybus and organising public network services throughout the area. Following local government re-organisation in 1974, the Merseyside Passenger Transport Executive"}, {"context": "(Merseytravel) was expanded to cover St Helens. After privatisation in 1986 the town was served by several locally branded operations under the umbrella of the Merseyside Transport Limited (MTL) company in which Merseytravel retained shares until 1993. Arriva purchased MTL in 2000 and has operated the majority of the routes since. Several smaller operators run specific routes within the town area such as Cumfybus, Hattons, HTL Buses, Red Kite and local municipal bus companies such as Halton Transport operate limited routes. There were also three zero-fare services operated by battery-electric minibuses in and around the town centre ferrying passengers to"}, {"context": "nearby retail parks such as Ravenhead retail park, which were provided on behalf of Merseytravel by Selwyns Travel. From 22 February 2014, these buses were withdrawn from service as part of a Merseytravel programme of spending cuts, and due to the buses being at end of their operational lives and investment to keep them running. Bus services to Wigan, Liverpool, Widnes and Warrington operate from the town centre. St Helens Central serves the town centre. The stations of Thatto Heath, Eccleston Park and Garswood are on the Liverpool to Wigan Line that runs from Liverpool Lime Street to Wigan North"}, {"context": "Western. The Liverpool to Manchester line serves the St Helens area at Rainhill, Lea Green and St Helens Junction before passing on to Earlestown and Newton-le-Willows. The St Helens Junction and Rainhill buildings are two of the original stations built when the line opened in 1830 and are both now Listed Buildings. Collins Green railway station closed in 1951 and the old Lea Green station in 1955. Until the 1950s three lines ran through St Helens: and A major redevelopment of St Helens Central was completed in 2007 at a cost of \u00a36.2 million. which the Council hopes will encourage"}, {"context": "investment, create more jobs and improve the gateway into the town. The building has been constructed using Copper on the fins, in reference to the towns early industrial heritage. It was confirmed by the Government in 2010 that electrification of the Liverpool to Manchester and Liverpool to Wigan lines would be implemented, with national body Network Rail announcing a projected overall completion date of 2014. Electrification work was eventually completed in 2015 and Northern Rail, the train operating company, announced the introduction of electric services on the line from the commencement of the new timetable changeover on 17 May 2015."}, {"context": "The Liverpool to Wigan service is now operated by 4-Car Class 319 electric units St Helens council has discussed the possibility of a new railway station at Carr Mill in Laffak. The nearest airport is Liverpool John Lennon Airport, located about 12 miles (19 km) south-west of the town and is connected by a frequent service from St. Helens bus station. By road it is accessed via the St. Helens Linkway to M62 westbound Junction 7 at Rainhill. There is no direct rail connection at present, although some trains calling at St Helens Central now go to Liverpool South Parkway"}, {"context": "station, which has shuttle buses connecting with the airport. Manchester Airport is approximately 25 miles (40 km) away. By road it is accessed via the St. Helens Linkway to M62 eastbound Junction 7 at Rainhill and by rail, the Manchester Airport train service serves St. Helens Junction station. St Helens is a landlocked town, but with easy access to the ports of Liverpool, on the River Mersey and Mostyn, North Wales, on the River Dee. The Sankey Canal, including the St. Helens section, is no longer used for transporting goods, consisting of several short sections only, the remainder being drained"}, {"context": "and filled. An extensive tram and trolleybus system was operated between 1880 and 1936 trolleybuses commenced in 1927 and ceased 30 June 1958 when the last Prescot Circle trolleybus was replaced by a bus service. From 1919, the service was operated by the St Helens Corporation Tramways, prior to this it had been operated by the St. Helens and District Tramways Company, and subsequently the New St Helens and District Tramways Company. Originally horse drawn, they became steam powered by 1890, and then electric by 1899. The original lines were all removed during the war for steel for the war"}, {"context": "effort. The only tram tracks left can be seen in the Transport museum and one isolated trolleybus pole that carried the power lines can still be seen in Warrington Road, Peasley Cross. A tram link also existed, to Windle and in Haydock, the latter serving Liverpool via Knotty Ash. St Helens first became responsible for the administration of the wider area in 1836 when made a Registration sub-district of the Prescot Parish as part of the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 that devolved control down to the more localised Parish control (spurred on by the Reform Act 1832). St Helens, in"}, {"context": "Hardshaw of Windle, constructed its original Town Hall in 1839 that served as a legal court, meeting house, and administrative centre. It also held Council meetings for Aldermen and Parishioners alike. In 1868, St Helens was incorporated as a borough (covering the 4 Townships). In response to the old, smaller, hall burning suffering fire damage in 1872 a new hall was planned. This, current town hall, was built between 1872 and 1876. In 1889 St Helens was again reformed, this time as a county borough with greater responsibility over an increased area of land. This was part of an ongoing"}, {"context": "process of local government restructure during the Victorian era, this time as part of the Municipal Corporations Act 1882. As a county borough, St Helens was, from 1889 to 1974, inside the administrative county of Lancashire. On 1 April 1974, under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, St Helens became the administrative centre of the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens in the newly created Merseyside Metropolitan county. At this time St Helens Council replaced all the local Councils within the prescribed area. The old Town and Borough Council coat of arms were granted on 17 January 1876. The"}, {"context": "coat of arms is an Argent (white or silver) Field common to earlier coat of arms in the area. The black cross is referenced from the family of the Ecclestons. The saltires in the first and fourth quarters are from the arms of the Gerards of Windleshaw. The \"second and third a griffon segreant\" meanwhile are taken from the Bold family. The blue bars are from the arms of the Parr family, Marquises of Northampton. The lion is from the crest of the Walmsleys and the two fleurs-de-lys refer to Sir David Gamble, first Mayor and benefactor of the town,"}, {"context": "and the Haydock family. As the council ceased to exist in 1974, these arms are since then no longer in use. The coat of arms of the present council of Metropolitan Borough of St Helens has taken over part of its design. The motto was the Latin \"Ex Terra Lucem\". A literal translation would be \"From the Ground, Light\" whilst more descriptive translations might be \"Light out of the earth\" or \"Out of the earth comes light\". The phrase refers to both the abundant and winnable coal resources (which can be burnt, to produce \"light\") in addition to their use"}, {"context": "in local industry such as Glass (through which light passes). The motto of the town and larger borough was changed in 1974 to \"PROSPERITAS IN EXCELSIS\" (\"Success in the highest\"or \"Flourishing well\"), which is included on the arms of the Metropolitan borough Council. After the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Frank Cottrell Boyce the creative writer behind Danny Boyle's opening ceremony revealed that the town motto was a significant influence to the Olympic cauldron designed by Thomas Heatherwick. The cauldron petals, once lit, started on the floor and rose up to form one torch. The success and high profile of"}, {"context": "the games led the Council and local residents to consider re-adopting \"Ex Terra Lucem\". It was felt that it was more appropriate to the town's history and had more meaning for local people, representing hope for the future. A number of people had raised this and requested that the Council consider replacing the motto. A public consultation commenced on 17 January 2013 and at its meeting held on 17 April 2013, Council resolved to revert to the original motto of \"Ex Terra Lucem\". The Coat of Arms remained the same. St. Helens is represented by the St Helens South and"}, {"context": "Whiston and St Helens North constituencies. Both contain areas outside of the town boundary, but within the greater Borough. Each constituency sends 1 representative to Parliament. At the last election in 2015 both Dave Watts and Shaun Woodward stood down from their seats. Conor McGinn (St Helens North) and Marie Rimmer (St Helens South and Whiston) were elected to replace them, standing as Labour Party candidates. David Watts MP (St Helens North) had been incumbent since 1997, whilst Shaun Woodward MP (St Helens South and Whiston) had retained his seat since 2001. The town is considered a Labour stronghold and"}, {"context": "to have \"safe (Labour) seats\". St. Helens and its associated wards are represented by St. Helens Metropolitan Borough Council. The Council was run by the Labour party from the first election in 1973 until an alliance between the Liberal Democrats and Conservatives took control after the 2006 election. Labour regained a majority at the 2010 election and as of the 2014 election the council is composed of the following councillors:- St Helens is still served by several parish councils. Their activity is much reduced in the modern borough, but are still active in the communities and are recognised by the"}, {"context": "Borough Council as they may \"undertake many duties such as street lighting, managing cemeteries, allotments, commons, village halls, war memorials and markets etc\". St Helens Council lists the parish councils as: Christianity is the main religion in St Helens Borough, being about 87% according to the 2001 census. This makes St Helens the \"most Christian town in Britain\". Conversely St Helens shows the second fewest people (out of 376 local authorities) that actively describe themselves as having no religion at all. There is very little ethnic minority representation in St Helens, amongst the lowest levels in the country. 98.84% of"}, {"context": "the St Helens population described itself as White British in 2001 The largest ethnic minority in St Helens in 2001 was recorded as Indian with 409. By 2006, the otherwise transient gypsy and traveller community have overtaken that number and are now considered to \"make up the largest identifiable ethnic minority group in St Helens\". The Borough of St Helens has one nursery school, one infant school, one junior school and fifty-two primary schools. Performance in the Key Stage 1 and Key Stage 2 SATs has been consistently above national averages over the past 5 years. There are three SEN"}, {"context": "schools in St Helens - Penkford, Mill Green and Lansbury Bridge. The Borough of St Helens has nine secondary schools: The town has seven educational institutions offering post-16 education in Cowley International College, Rainford High Technology College, Rainhill High School, The Sutton Academy, The Hope Academy - (all 11-18 secondary schools), Carmel College (a sixth form college) and St Helens College (a general FE college). Carmel College is a leading college in the country with a value added score of 328. The college is an associate of the University of Liverpool. St Helens College, which has recently rebuilt its Town"}, {"context": "Centre Campus, offers a wide variety of Higher and Further Education courses including degree courses, foundation degrees, BTECs and professional qualifications at the college's Business School. The college has a growing reputation for its standards and achievements. There is no university in St Helens; locals who stay in the area and go to university often take advantage of the surrounding universities such as Edge Hill (Ormskirk), Liverpool, Manchester, Salford and Chester. There are two local weekly newspapers which are freely distributed. These are the \"St Helens Star\" and the \"St Helens Reporter\" with publication days of Thursday and Wednesday respectively."}, {"context": "St Helens has no television broadcasters within the town itself. However Relax Radio an internet based community Radio broadcasts across the town based in St helens and 102.4 Wish FM gives the second part of its name (sh) to St Helens while the first half goes to Wigan (Wi), representing the two reception areas. The radio station is based in Orrell, near Wigan, the transmitter site being at Billinge Hill, on the border of the two metropolitan areas. St Helens College has previously made temporary, limited service FM radio broadcasts from their Town Centre Campus. In December 2010, the St"}, {"context": "Helens College radio station re-commenced broadcasting under the banner 'Solar 1287 AM'. Located in the town centre, The World of Glass Museum opened in 2000 incorporating the Pilkington Glass Museum and the St. Helens Local Museum. The North West Museum of Road Transport is another museum located in the town. The Smithy Heritage Centre is a small museum in Kiln Lane, Eccleston about the works of a local blacksmith. The borough of St Helens has several major parks and open spaces. These include the historic Taylor Park, a listed Grade II Historic Park and Garden, that opened in 1893 as"}, {"context": "well as Victoria Park located near the town centre. Sherdley Park is a modern park in Sutton which features a petting zoo and annually holds a funfair in the summer, usually in July, called the St Helens Festival (originally called the St Helens Show). Parr has Gaskell Park in addition to the reclaimed open space known as The Duckeries (or Ashtons Green), and shares a boundary with boggy heathland known as \"The Moss\" or \"Colliers Moss\" (traditionally associated with Bold and its power station), and the area known as the \"Flash\" (remnants of the canal tributary system and fishing ponds)"}, {"context": "with nature walk along part of the route that makes up the Sankey Valley Country Park (part of the Trans Pennine trail). A 20m tall sculpture, called \"Dream\", has been erected on a former colliery in Sutton Manor in St Helens. Gaskell Park, Taylor Park and The Duckeries all received Green Flag Award status in 2009. Also in 2012, King George V park received a Green Flag Award The first Theatre Royal was built on Bridge Street, opening in 1847 and was a large wooden barn. This was open for several seasons until heavy snow caused the roof to collapse."}, {"context": "It was then replaced by a new Theatre Royal on Milk Street. This building can still be seen today, in its newer guise as The Citadel arts centre. The Theatre Royal on Milk Street consisted of stalls, two balconies and an ornate interior. Revill built a new theatre on Corporation Street and transferred the Theatre Royal name to this instead. The Milk Street theatre was then purchased by the Salvation Army where it was more or less completely re-built internally. It was re named SA Citadel. It remained in this use for nearly 90 years, until the Salvation Army moved"}, {"context": "to a newer site. It was then opened as The Citadel arts centre in 1988, and was completely refurbished again in 2000. The Theatre Royal opened by Revill on Corporation Street in 1889 was relatively short-lived as it was severely damaged by fire in 1901. It was then reconstructed by revered theatre architect Frank Matcham. The Matcham theatre was designed in a baroque style with ornate balconies, chandeliers and boxes. In the 1960s the theatre was purchased by Pilkingtons and was gutted internally. The auditorium was completely refurbished removing all traces of the original interior design, whilst the ornate frontage"}, {"context": "was replaced with a plain glass fa\u00e7ade. This was subsequently heavily refurbished in 2001. The theatre is today a venue with touring acts and annual Pantomime. There are performances by local amateur operatic and dramatic societies, schools and dancing academies. St Helens is home to St Helens R.F.C. founded in 1873, known otherwise as 'Saints'. The club have played their home games at Knowsley Road in Eccleston since 1890, but in 2012 moved into a brand new stadium - Langtree Park - built on the old United Glass Bottle (UGB) site in Ravenhead. The town is also home to a"}, {"context": "large number of amateur rugby league teams comprising Senior and Youth teams. Most notable of these are Blackbrook A.R.L.F.C., Bold Miners, Clock Face Miners, Haresfinch Hawks, Haydock Warriors, Pilkington Recs and Thatto Heath Crusaders. Most of these teams and others in the area compete in the BARLA North West Counties competition (Pilkingtons in the Premier League, Haydock and Blackbrook in Division 1, Thatto Heath and Clock Face in Division 2). Thatto Heath compete in the higher ranked National Conference League. The Blackbrook Royals have contributed 26 Lancashire Cup winning sides across 8 age ranges from U12 to U18, with two"}, {"context": "in the Open Age category and 10 National Cups. Pilkington Recs has 17 wins (and 6 times runner up) and Thatto Heath, 10. The St Helens R.F.C. Under 18s and 16s and St Helens R.F.C. Academy teams serve as official feeders to Saints. St Helens is home to several Amateur Rugby Union teams. Liverpool St Helens F.C. are the most prominent Union team in a town where the League code takes precedence. The team claims to be \"the oldest open rugby club in the World\" based on its origins in the formation of Liverpool Football Club (not to be confused"}, {"context": "with the later Association Football team of the same name) in 1857. Liverpool St Helens operate, in addition to their First Team, both multiple Senior, Colts and Junior teams, and in addition have an U18 and U15 Girls rugby team as part of their \"open\" and inclusive Rugby approach. In 2008 the club announced an unveiling of its Centre of Excellence in coordination with Sportsmatch (a department of Sport England). Several local Social, Sports and Leisure clubs host their own teams, including the most successful club in the town of recent history West Park St Helens (commonly referred to simply"}, {"context": "as West Park), that currently play in National League 3 North, and Ruskin Park R.F.C. St Helens Town FC is an Amateur English football club, currently playing in the first division of the North West Counties Football League. The club formerly played their games at Knowsley Road they then moved to play at Ashton Athletic FC, and now play at Ruskin Drive Sports Ground. St Helens Town FC won the FA Vase in the 1986-87 season, beating Warrington Town 3-2 in the final at Wembley Stadium. The town also has its own amateur football league, the St Helens Combination which"}, {"context": "has been running since the 1917\u201318 season. In 2009, Brazilian Soccer Schools St Helens launched specialist soccer and Futsal centres on the region to teach junior and youth players Futsal. St. Helens is home to several Amateur Cricket sides. St Helens Cricket Club, formed in 1843, and St Helens Recreation Cricket Club are the most prominent and both play in the Liverpool and District Cricket Competition at various levels. Sutton, Haydock, Rainhill and Newton le Willows also have their own local Cricket Clubs with representation from 11 to multiple senior teams. The town was formerly home to the Amateur American"}, {"context": "Football team St Helens Cardinals. The Cardinals were active between 1984 and 1998, winning the UKAFL Championship in 1987 with a 28-26 win over the Ipswich Cardinals. A famous \"Punch\" cartoon based on the painting Napoleon on Board the Bellerophon, exhibited in 1880 by Sir William Quiller Orchardson, had the caption \"He's utterly convinced that he's being exiled to St. HELEN'S, poor devil!\". This was a pun on St. Helena, the South Atlantic island to which Napoleon was exiled. St Helens is twinned with: St Helens, Merseyside St Helens () is a large town in Merseyside, England, with a population"}]}, {"title": "Dave Glaser", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Dave Glaser Squadron Leader Ernest Derek 'Dave' Glaser DFC AE (20 April 1921 \u2013 2001) was a British Royal Air Force officer of the Battle of Britain, and later a notable test pilot. Glaser was the son of a former Royal Flying Corps officer and brought up in Hampshire. He was educated at Lancing House and Bloxham School, before being accepted for flying training in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve in April 1939. In 1940, Glaser was attached to No. 65 Squadron RAF, where he flew Supermarine Spitfires alongside Jeffrey Quill and Franciszek Gruszka in the Battle of Britain."}, {"context": "His plane became known for its nose art, representing The Laughing Cavalier. Glaser was promoted to Flight Lieutenant and in July 1940 transferred to No. 234 Squadron RAF as a flight commander. It was while serving with No. 234 that he was mistakenly shot down on 13 July 1940 by a Royal Navy warship off the English south coast. He was promoted to Pilot Officer in 1941. He became temporary commander of the squadron in October. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross in August 1942. In 1943, Glaser was posted to Australia to form and command No. 548 Squadron"}, {"context": "RAF, a Spitfire squadron stationed at Darwin, Northern Territory. In the New Year of 1945 he received command of No. 549 Squadron RAF, a Spitfire squadron similarly charged with defending Darwin against Japanese air attack. In 1946 he was awarded the Air Efficiency Award. After two years he returned home, was granted a permanent commission and posted to Linton-on-Ouse, Yorkshire. There he was flight commander of No. 64 Squadron RAF, a half-strength Hornet fighter squadron. In 1949 Glaser passed the Empire Test Pilots' School and became a test pilot at the Royal Aircraft Establishment. He became a test pilot with"}, {"context": "Vickers Armstrong in 1952, and was involved in testing and developing planes such as the Vickers Varsity, Vickers Viscount and the Vickers Valiant. Glaser was also involved in testing the BAC One-Eleven. In 1979 he became flight operations manager and test pilot instructor of Rombac in Romania. In 1983 he retired from British Aerospace and worked as a successful aviation consultant. He had been awarded the military Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air in 1953, and was rewarded the commendation for civil test flying in 1968. Dave Glaser Squadron Leader Ernest Derek 'Dave' Glaser DFC AE (20 April"}]}, {"title": "2009 W-League (Australia)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2009 W-League (Australia) The 2009 W-League season was the second season of the W-League, the Australian national women's football (soccer) competition. The season was played over 10 rounds followed by a finals series. Sydney FC were both the champions and premiers after finishing the regular season at the top of the table and defeating Brisbane Roar 3\u20132 in the grand final. W-League teams for the 2009 season: The 2009 W-League season was played over 10 rounds, followed by a finals series involving the four highest placed teams, starting in October and completing in December 2009. Note (1): Jacqui Melksham was"}, {"context": "substituted off with the fourth official Airlie Keen, due to aggravating an ankle injury. The W-League features Women Referees and Assistant Referees from Australia. Referees include: 2009 W-League (Australia) The 2009 W-League season was the second season of the W-League, the Australian national women's football (soccer) competition. The season was played over 10 rounds followed by a finals series. Sydney FC were both the champions and premiers after finishing the regular season at the top of the table and defeating Brisbane Roar 3\u20132 in the grand final. W-League teams for the 2009 season: The 2009 W-League season was played over"}]}, {"title": "Madeleine Potter", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Madeleine Potter Madeleine Daly Potter (born September 1, 1958) is an American actress who has played roles in over twenty films and TV shows, including four productions directed by James Ivory. She has also appeared in numerous stage productions in the United States and United Kingdom. She made her New York stage debut in \"Loves Labor's Lost\" at The Shakespeare Center, produced by the Riverside Shakespeare Company in 1981. Potter is the only daughter of Philip B.K. Potter (1927-1975), an American diplomat who served in the OSS, and his wife, the former Madeleine Mulqueen Daly (1921-1985). She is a niece"}, {"context": "of Medal of Honor recipient Michael J. Daly and a great-great-granddaughter of New York Mayor Thomas Francis Gilroy. She is also a great-great-granddaughter of Episcopal bishop Alonzo Potter and a great-grand-niece of Episcopal bishop Henry Codman Potter. She was married to Patrick Fitzgerald, an Irish-born American actor, whom she wed in 1990. Potter's only child, Madeleine Daly (born June 4, 1995), appeared as her character's niece in the 2005 movie \"The White Countess\". Madeleine Potter Madeleine Daly Potter (born September 1, 1958) is an American actress who has played roles in over twenty films and TV shows, including four productions"}]}, {"title": "Lucky Day (1926 song)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Lucky Day (1926 song) \"Lucky Day\" is a 1926 song by written by Buddy DeSylva, Lew Brown, and Ray Henderson. The song has been covered by numerous artists. The song was originally by Henderson, De Sylva and Brown for George White's \"Scandals\" of 1926, along with \"The Birth of the Blues\". The song was first performed in 1926 by Harry Richman and chorus. In the 1940s, the song was used as a theme for the NBC radio program \"Your Hit Parade\", which was sponsored by Lucky Strike cigarettes. It was recorded in 1956 as a single for Judy Garland, and"}, {"context": "also recorded by Ruth Olay and Petula Clark. Lucky Day (1926 song) \"Lucky Day\" is a 1926 song by written by Buddy DeSylva, Lew Brown, and Ray Henderson. The song has been covered by numerous artists. The song was originally by Henderson, De Sylva and Brown for George White's \"Scandals\" of 1926, along with \"The Birth of the Blues\". The song was first performed in 1926 by Harry Richman and chorus. In the 1940s, the song was used as a theme for the NBC radio program \"Your Hit Parade\", which was sponsored by Lucky Strike cigarettes. It was recorded in"}]}, {"title": "128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine) The 128th Mountain Assault Brigade is a formation of the Ukrainian Ground Forces. The full title of the brigade is 128th Separate Mountain Zakarpattia Brigade, (). It the second oldest serving formation of the UGF, being raised in 1922. It participated in the invasion of Soviet troops in Hungary and 1956 in Czechoslovakia. The 128th Mechanized Division was first formed within the then USSR's Red Army as the 1st Turkmenistan Rifle Division on July 12, 1922, in the city of Poltoratsk (now Ashgabat, Turkmenistan). (Other sources give the original name as the 1st Turkmenistan Mountain"}, {"context": "Division). It was a Turkmen national formation. Sergiy Tumoshkov became the division's first commander. The division was renamed 83rd Mountain Rifle Division on July 1, 1935. On June 22, 1941, the 83rd Mountain Rifle Division was part of 58th Rifle Corps, Central Asia Military District. Between 1 September and 1 October 1941 the division was assigned to the 53rd Army, still located within the Central Asia Military District. By January 1942 the division, still with 58th Rifle Corps, had been dispatched to Iran as part of the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. From January 1, 1943, the division fought near the"}, {"context": "area of Krasnodar where it was assigned to the 56th Army. After successfully liberating the region of Kuban and the Taman Peninsula, the division was awarded the Guards designation on October 8, 1943, and renamed as the 128th Guards Turkmenistan Rifle Division. On April 24, 1944, for participation in the battles for Crimea, the division was awarded its first Order of the Red Banner. During the month of August, the division participated in battles for Carpathian Mountains. The division liberated Zakarpattya and on October 12, 1944, crossed the border with Czechoslovakia. Units of the division liberated Ostrava, Olomouc and other"}, {"context": "cities. Postwar, the division was stationed in Mukacheve and became part of the 38th Army. During October and November 1956, it took part in Operation Whirlwind, the crushing of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. The division captured Debrecen and Szolnok and J\u00e1szber\u00e9ny. Advancing westward, it participated in the storming of Budapest. On 15 December 1956, the division became the 128th Guards Motor Rifle Division at Esztergom. In July 1958, the division was moved back to Mukacheve. In 1968, the division participated in Operation Danube, the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. During the operation, eleven soldiers of the division were killed. In"}, {"context": "May 1976, it was given the title \"named for Marshal of the Soviet Union A.A. Grechko\". In December 1979, its 149th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment was transferred to the 201st Motor Rifle Division and replaced by the newly activated 487th Motor Rifle Regiment. On May 8, 1985, the division was awarded its second Order of the Red Banner in honor of the 40th anniversary of Victory Day. In January 1992, the division was taken over by Ukraine. On 31 December 1992, in Decree 642/92, the President of Ukraine promoted the commander of the 128th Guards Motor Rifle Division of the"}, {"context": "Carpathian Military District, Colonel Vyacheslav Zabolotny, to Major-General. In accordance with a decree of 23 August 1998, Colonel Oleksandr Maslenchuk \u2013 commander of the 128th Mechanised Division of the 38th Army Corps of the Operational Command West; was promoted to major-general. On May 27, 2000, the Minister of Defense of Ukraine, General of the Army Oleksandr Kuzmuk presented the division with its Battle Banner, and read the Order of the President of Ukraine awarding the division the honorable name \"Zakarpattia\". In 2002 the division was under 38th Army Corps. After 38th Army Corps was disbanded, the division became part of"}, {"context": "13th Corps. On June 18, 2004, the 128th Guards Motor Rifle Division was reorganized into a brigade by the order of Minister of Defense. In 2013, the brigade became the 128th Mountain Brigade. In 2014\u201315 the brigade fought in the War in Donbass, taking part in the Battle of Debaltseve. For his leadership in the Battle of Debaltseve, brigade commander Colonel Serhiy Shaptala was awarded the title Hero of Ukraine. The brigade has a training ground near the city of Vynohradiv. On 18 November 2015, the brigade's honorifics \"Turkestan twice Red Banner\" were removed as part of an Armed Forces-wide"}, {"context": "removal of Soviet awards and honorifics. The \"Zakarpattia\" battle honour, awarded for the liberation of the area in 1945, through, remained. On 22 August 2016, its Guards title was also removed. As of 2017 the brigade's structure is as follows: The 327th Mechanized Regiment was reorganized to form the 15th Mountain Infantry Battalion, which became the first Mountain Infantry formation in the current Ukrainian Ground Forces. 128th Mountain Assault Brigade (Ukraine) The 128th Mountain Assault Brigade is a formation of the Ukrainian Ground Forces. The full title of the brigade is 128th Separate Mountain Zakarpattia Brigade, (). It the second"}]}, {"title": "Aspin\u2013Brown Commission", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Aspin\u2013Brown Commission The Aspin\u2013Brown Commission, more properly known as the Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the US Intelligence Community, was commissioned by the United States Congress after the National Security Act of 1992 failed to be passed. The Commission produced a report in 1996. In the year 2000, the U.S. Senator David L. Boren, Democrat of Oklahoma, wrote in the foreword to Robert D. Steele's book \"On Intelligence: Spies and Secrecy in an Open World\" that these reforms had not yet been implemented by any of the Directors of Central Intelligence who had an opportunity to do so."}, {"context": "Aspin\u2013Brown Commission The Aspin\u2013Brown Commission, more properly known as the Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the US Intelligence Community, was commissioned by the United States Congress after the National Security Act of 1992 failed to be passed. The Commission produced a report in 1996. In the year 2000, the U.S. Senator David L. Boren, Democrat of Oklahoma, wrote in the foreword to Robert D. Steele's book \"On Intelligence: Spies and Secrecy in an Open World\" that these reforms had not yet been implemented by any of the Directors of Central Intelligence who had an opportunity to do so."}]}, {"title": "Palacete of Pilar", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Palacete of Pilar The Residence of Pilar () is a Baroque-era residence, now in complete ruins, on \"Lomba do Pilar\" in the civil parish of Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, municipality of Horta, in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. The residence was one of the few formal \"solares\" or estate homes located on the island of Faial, that was abandoned, and later destroyed in a fire during the 20th century. Pilar was the late 18th century residence of Manuel In\u00e1cio de Souza Sarmento, a rich politician in the municipal council of Horta and property-owner. He inherited from his father, brother and father-in-law a"}, {"context": "vast inheritance that he parlayed into property on the island, becoming a self-made millionaire in the process. Unlike many of the many estates in the Azores, this manor did not have any ancillary buildings normally associated with agricultural activities. It was conceived, along with many of the original structures, as a property of leisure, a residence with two floors with access directly to the main garden. Much of the palacette was constructed to function with the natural landscape. The two larger facades, oriented towards the south and east, were covered with windows giving views of Horta and Pico. The building"}, {"context": "was encircled with artificial platforms, delimited by median walls that were at the time gardened, but today are mere pasture. At the time, the mansion on Pilar was known for its library, considered more valuable then the libraries of the Franciscan monks of Horta, covered in wood brought back from Brazil and its ceiling encrusted with silver that imitated the heavens. The construction of the property was made from material almost totally imported onto the island. The house was decorated with mirrors, chandeliers, crystal and porcelain. Its well-manicured garden included laneways lined with exotic plants and marble pool. The home"}, {"context": "was the site of elegant parties and formal receptions, as well as meetings of intellectuals, family members and the high-society of Horta. Sarmento kept to his nest on \"Lomba\", and only ventured out to the city in his golden litter and always with an attendant by his side. At the time of his death, the legendary patrimony was divided between his unscrupulous descendents. The ornate woods, windows, doors and decorations were all sold (even the marble pool was carted-off to personal residence in S\u00e3o Miguel) and in a few years, all had been lost by his successors. Dr. Ant\u00f4nio Severino"}, {"context": "de Avelar bought and recuperated what remained of the property, which was later inherited by his son-in-law, the Viscount of Leite Perry. Sometime in the 20th century, the abandoned structure was engulfed in flames, and the remainder of its floors were destroyed; there are still obvious remnants of the fire that burned down the two-storey building, leaving behind charred walls, flaked plaster and burnt beams. The Palacete, along with the nearby Hermitage of Pilar were designated as components of a group of architectonic features whose preservation was important to the city of Horta, by the Regional Government of the Azores"}, {"context": "on 16 April 2010, as part of the Urbanization plan. Access to the property is made from alleyways: one extending from the children's playground in \"Largo Cardeal D. Jos\u00e9 da Costa Nunes\", and the other from a cul-de-sac off \"Cal\u00e7ada da Lomba\" and \"Cal\u00e7ada da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o\". Both are narrow access-ways/trails that over-covered with vegetation. The space is a landscape consisting of main building, encircled by a series of terraces, partially gardened, and supported by walls with a forested spaces in the rear. Included are three large cisterns (two twinned), as well as a rectangular pond with rock in its centre."}, {"context": "The residence is a two-storey building, in a \"L\" plan with only its walls still standing, covered in ornate late-Baroque frame windows. These walls are constructed of plastered stone masonry and painted in reddish pigment. To the rear of the main building is a more recent kitchen annex that runs parallel to the principal body that defines a servant's courtyard. This space is delimited by a wall, and partially, by the two cisterns with vaulted ceilings. In several locations, including on the eastern wall of the cistern and western wall of the building are decorated \"fountains\" plastered with shells. Of"}, {"context": "the various platforms, the principal facade (oriented towards the southeast and the city of Horta) is encircled by side walls ornamented with shell-like sculptures at their corners. This facade is also the location of a grand outdoor double staircase, that descends to a narrow platform that functioned as a lookout or Baroque theatre. Palacete of Pilar The Residence of Pilar () is a Baroque-era residence, now in complete ruins, on \"Lomba do Pilar\" in the civil parish of Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, municipality of Horta, in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. The residence was one of the few formal \"solares\" or estate"}]}, {"title": "Pietro di Campofregoso", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Pietro di Campofregoso Pietro Campofregoso (1417 \u2013 14 September 1459) was Doge of Genoa from 1450 to 1458. He was a grandson of Tommaso di Campofregoso, he was a vassal of the Visconti as lord of Gavi. Married to Bartolomea Grimaldi, he had six sons, one of which, Battista II, was later also doge of Genoa. He was elected as doge on 8 September 1450, succeeding his cousin Lodovico di Campofregoso. His rule was one of the most disastrous for the eastern colonies of the Republic of Genoa. In this period Genoa lost Pera in Turkey, Caffa in Crimea and"}, {"context": "Chios in Greece, while the flourishing trade with those regions declined. In 1458, after turmoil with Turk and Aragonese soldiers, and with the Ghibelline faction in Genoa, Pietro asked King Charles VII of France for help. This however turned into an effective submission of Genoa to France, which lasted until 1461. After a vain attempt at insurrection against the French, Pietro was stoned by the populace near the Porta Soprana on 14 September 1459. He was the first Grand Master of the Military Order of St. George. Pietro di Campofregoso is played by Ali Ersin Yenar in 2012 film \"Fetih"}, {"context": "1453\". In the film, Pietro, not mentioned by name, orders Giovanni Giustiniani (Cengiz Co\u015fkun) to command Genoese army to help Byzantine Empire preparing for war against the Ottoman Empire after an assault towards a Genoese freight by the Turks in the Bosphorus. <br> Pietro di Campofregoso Pietro Campofregoso (1417 \u2013 14 September 1459) was Doge of Genoa from 1450 to 1458. He was a grandson of Tommaso di Campofregoso, he was a vassal of the Visconti as lord of Gavi. Married to Bartolomea Grimaldi, he had six sons, one of which, Battista II, was later also doge of Genoa. He"}]}, {"title": "Wilton E. Hall", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Wilton E. Hall Wilton Earle Hall (March 11, 1901February 25, 1980) was a United States Senator from South Carolina. Born in Starr, South Carolina, Hall attended public school and then Furman University in (Greenville). He founded a morning newspaper in Anderson, South Carolina in 1924, and in 1929 acquired an evening newspaper. In 1935 he established a radio station, WAIM. From 1934 to 1938, Hall was chairman of the South Carolina Planning Board and was appointed, on November 20th 1944, as a Democrat to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Ellison D. Smith"}, {"context": "and served until January 3rd 1945. Hall was not a candidate for election to the full term; in fact, Smith had already been defeated for re-election and was only serving out the remainder of his prior term. Hall resumed the newspaper publishing and broadcasting business as publisher of the \"Anderson Independent\" and \"Daily Mail of South Carolina\"; he also later founded the television station WAIM-TV in 1953 and also founded and owned the radio station WCAC-FM in addition to WAIM. He was also the publisher of \"Quote\" Magazine. Hall resided in Anderson, where he died in 1980; his internment was"}, {"context": "in a mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park. Wilton E. Hall Wilton Earle Hall (March 11, 1901February 25, 1980) was a United States Senator from South Carolina. Born in Starr, South Carolina, Hall attended public school and then Furman University in (Greenville). He founded a morning newspaper in Anderson, South Carolina in 1924, and in 1929 acquired an evening newspaper. In 1935 he established a radio station, WAIM. From 1934 to 1938, Hall was chairman of the South Carolina Planning Board and was appointed, on November 20th 1944, as a Democrat to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy"}]}, {"title": "Heidelberg Commando", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Heidelberg Commando Heidelberg Commando was a light infantry regiment of the South African Army. It formed part of the South African Army Infantry Formation as well as the South African Territorial Reserve. Heidelburg Commando was formed in 1851 and was one one of the oldest SADF units. One of its most iconic commanders was General Christiaan de Wet who farmed near Heidelberg. During the Anglo Boer war this commando was known to have been commanded by a general at three different times. Heidelberg Commando served in the Natal Campaign and took part in the Battles of Modderspruit, Colenso, Platrand and"}, {"context": "Spioenkop. By January 1902 the unit was forced in the Fee State and joined up with Frankfort Commando. The Commando was sent to assist the Free Staters at Paardeberg where General Piet Cronje and his laager was trapped. The Heidelbergers were then under the command of Commandant Cornelis Spruyt. At 05:00 on 12 March 1922, the Union Defence Force (UDF) attacked Benoni. The objectives was to defeat striking commandos at a steel factory and then move into the rest of the town. The Government forces commenced their attack at 11:00 and immediately came under heavy fire. The attack on the"}, {"context": "steel factory was supported by artillery fire from two positions, which contributed to the striker commandos being dislodged. The attack then continued along Main Reef Road. Commandant. P. Botha and a portion of the Standerton East Commando joined the fight at 16:00. The attack was called off at 17:00 in order to reorganize and consolidate positions before dark. Ammunition and arms arrived later that night and was distributed. The reinforcements consisted of the rest of the Standerton East Commando, the Blesbokspruit Commando (Standerton), the Heidelberg Commando, the Hoogveld Commando (Heidelberg), the Roodekoppe Commando (Standerton), and the Standerton West Commando. The"}, {"context": "attack continued on 13 March. The operation went according to plan and the besieged police and Permanent Force was relieved. An instruction was subsequently issued to arrest all male residents of Benoni. On 8 September 1990 the unit was awarded a new colours by the General Officer Commanding Witwatersrand, Major General W.G. Kritzinger. A new regimental badge was worn for the first tim. A castle surmounted by a eagle of the old South African republic to symbolize that at one time Heidelburg was the capital of the republic. The old badge of a \"kranzitter\" would no longer be used ."}, {"context": "Nigel Commando finally amalgamated with Heidelberg Commando on the 1st April 1997. This unit, along with all other Commando units was disbanded after a decision by South African President Thabo Mbeki to disband all Commando Units. The Commando system was phased out between 2003 and 2008 \u201cbecause of the role it played in the apartheid era\u201d, according to the Minister of Safety and Security Charles Nqakula. Heidelberg Commando Heidelberg Commando was a light infantry regiment of the South African Army. It formed part of the South African Army Infantry Formation as well as the South African Territorial Reserve. Heidelburg Commando"}]}, {"title": "Secondary School of Doane", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Secondary School of Doane The Secondary School of Doane () is a high school administering the \"first cycle\" (i.e. grades 8-10) of secondary education in Mozambique. The school is located in Nova Mambone, Inhambane, Mozambique. In the Mozambican education system, the school is classified as \"type C\" (having less than 20 classrooms). In the beginning of the 2010 school year, the student body consisted of 1094 students, 106 of which attended the night school. There are plans for the student capacity of the school to grow, and 2010 already showed an increase from the 858 students at the beginning of"}, {"context": "the 2009 academic year. The physical capacity of the school is also currently being expanded, with the South African company Sasol overseeing the construction of new classrooms and houses for teachers (two classrooms and six houses to be inaugurated in 2010). The classes at the school are given in three sections: in the morning, grades 9-10 are taught, in the evening, the grade 8 students are taught and, at night, the night students (grades 8-10). Each section consists of six 45-minute lessons, with four 5-minute breaks and a 15-minute main break. In 2009, the pedagogical faculty consisted of 19 teachers,"}, {"context": "one of whom doubled as the \"Pedagogical Director\" and one of whom was the Director of the school who lectured a few classes a week. Secondary School of Doane The Secondary School of Doane () is a high school administering the \"first cycle\" (i.e. grades 8-10) of secondary education in Mozambique. The school is located in Nova Mambone, Inhambane, Mozambique. In the Mozambican education system, the school is classified as \"type C\" (having less than 20 classrooms). In the beginning of the 2010 school year, the student body consisted of 1094 students, 106 of which attended the night school. There"}]}, {"title": "Navarretia filicaulis", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Navarretia filicaulis Navarretia filicaulis is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name threadstem pincushionplant. It is endemic to California, where it is known only from the foothills of the northern Sierra Nevada and far southern Cascade Range. It grows in chaparral, woodland, and other local habitat. It is a hairy, glandular annual herb producing a crooked, slender, branching stem up to about 18 centimeters tall. The leaves are up to 3 centimeters long and divided into threadlike lobes. The inflorescence is a head filled with palmate green bracts speckled with resin glands. The"}, {"context": "tubular purple flowers are under a centimeter long. Navarretia filicaulis Navarretia filicaulis is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name threadstem pincushionplant. It is endemic to California, where it is known only from the foothills of the northern Sierra Nevada and far southern Cascade Range. It grows in chaparral, woodland, and other local habitat. It is a hairy, glandular annual herb producing a crooked, slender, branching stem up to about 18 centimeters tall. The leaves are up to 3 centimeters long and divided into threadlike lobes. The inflorescence is a head filled with"}]}, {"title": "Methuselah (tree)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Methuselah (tree) Methuselah is a -year-old Great Basin bristlecone pine (\"Pinus longaeva\") tree growing high in the White Mountains of Inyo County in eastern California. For many years it was thought to be the world's oldest known living non-clonal organism, until it was superseded in 2012 by the discovery of another bristlecone pine in the same area with an age of years (germination in 3050 BC). Methuselah is located between above sea level in the \"Methuselah Grove\" in the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest within the Inyo National Forest. Its exact location has not been publicly disclosed. Methuselah was 4,789 years"}, {"context": "old when sampled (likely in 1957) by Edmund Schulman and Tom Harlan, with an estimated germination date of 2833 BC. Methuselah was for many years considered the world's oldest living tree, until 2012 when an older bristlecone pine was discovered and later announced in 2013. Another bristlecone specimen, WPN-114, nicknamed \"Prometheus\", was more than 4,844 years old when cut down in 1964, with an estimated germination date of 2880 BC. A dendrochronology, based on these trees and other bristlecone pine samples, extends back to about 9000 BC, albeit with a single gap of about 500 years. Other, longer-lived discoveries are"}, {"context": "clonal colony organisms, such as the 80,000-year-old Quaking Aspen (\"Populus tremuloides\") colony named \"Pando\" in the Fish Lake National Forest in south-central Utah; the 11,700-year- old Creosote bush (\"Larrea tridentata\") colony, named \"King Clone\", in the Mojave Desert near the Lucerne Valley in California; and the 9,500-year-old Norway spruce (\"Picea abies\") colony named \"Old Tjikko\" in Sweden. Methuselah (tree) Methuselah is a -year-old Great Basin bristlecone pine (\"Pinus longaeva\") tree growing high in the White Mountains of Inyo County in eastern California. For many years it was thought to be the world's oldest known living non-clonal organism, until it was"}]}, {"title": "Simone Pesce", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Simone Pesce Simone Pesce (born 10 July 1982) is an Italian footballer who plays as a midfielder for FeralpiSal\u00f2 in the Serie C. Pesce started his career off with small Italian club Latina in 1999. He remained at the club until 2005, making a nearly 130 league appearances for the club and scoring 6 goals. After greatly impressing during his five season spell with Latina, he moved to Serie C side Sassari Torres. In one season with the club he impressed very much and was signed by then Serie A side Ascoli Calcio 1898 in 2006. With Sassari Torres, he"}, {"context": "scored 3 goals in just over 30 appearances. Pesce moved to Serie A struggler Ascoli in 2006. He soon became an important player to the team. The club were also relegated in 2007. Ascoli never managed to threaten for a promotion place in 2008 and 2009, in which Pesce score 6 goals in a total of 69 Serie B appearances. Pesce played 4 matches (2 in the Coppa Italia) in the 2009\u201310 season prior to his transfer to Catania. On 31 August 2009, the final day of the transfer market, Calcio Catania announced the signings of Pesce from Ascoli in"}, {"context": "co-ownership deal for \u20ac500 and Giovanni Marchese from A.C. Chievo Verona. Catania already negotiated with Ascoli earlier this summer purchasing Giuseppe Bellusci and also selling Vito Falconieri and Marcello Gazzola in co-ownership deals. Pesce failed to make a major impact with the Sicilian club, and failed solidify regular playing time as he made just five appearances, not scoring. On 30 December 2009, Catania confirmed the transfer of Pesce back to Ascoli on a loan deal until the end of the season. In his six-month loan spell in the Serie B, Pesce quickly re-gained his starting position, and made 22 appearances,"}, {"context": "for the club. He returned to Catania on 1 July 2010, and remained with the club for 2010-11 Serie A season. In June 2011 Ascoli bought back Pesce from Catania for \u20ac550. Ascoli also bought Gazzola outright for \u20ac500, and Falconieri for free. On 15 July 2011, Novara announced to have signed Pesce from Ascoli for their Serie A comeback campaign, for \u20ac150,000, in a three year-contract. Novara also signed Achille Coser on the same day for free, as well as Luigi Giorgi for \u20ac1.6 million on 16 July. On 7 August 2013 Pesce signed a new 4-year contract with"}, {"context": "Novara. In January 2016 he moved to Cremonese. Simone Pesce Simone Pesce (born 10 July 1982) is an Italian footballer who plays as a midfielder for FeralpiSal\u00f2 in the Serie C. Pesce started his career off with small Italian club Latina in 1999. He remained at the club until 2005, making a nearly 130 league appearances for the club and scoring 6 goals. After greatly impressing during his five season spell with Latina, he moved to Serie C side Sassari Torres. In one season with the club he impressed very much and was signed by then Serie A side Ascoli"}]}, {"title": "JumpSoft", "paragraphs": [{"context": "JumpSoft JumpSoft Inc is an American software company that provides application performance management (APM) software. JumpSoft is a committee member for several industry web services standards including web services interoperability and cloud application management for platforms. In 2012 JumpSoft co-proposed a new industry web services standard for managing cloud applications on PaaS environments called CAMP. CAMP is an open web services standard under development as an API for managing public and private cloud applications. In 2012 JumpSoft co-proposed CAMP through the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS). CAMP leveraged similarities between commercial and open-source PaaS products to"}, {"context": "attempt a simple API that is language-, framework-, and platform-agnostic as an alternative to closed APIs from cloud services vendors. Using CAMP, companies can migrate their cloud applications from one PaaS vendor to another by mapping the requirements of applications to the specific capabilities of the underlying platform. Joab Jackson of IDG News Service said \"CAMP is the first attempt, as far as the development team knows, to standardize PaaS control commands. Although the use of PaaS services has grown dramatically in the past few years, through services like Amazon's Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2) and Microsoft Azure, each vendor offers"}, {"context": "its own console to users, making the migration of workloads from one service to the next difficult.\" The other organizations that proposed CAMP include Oracle, Redhat, Software AG and the US Department of Defense. JumpSoft is a sponsor member for the OASIS Web Services Interoperability (WS-I) technical committee. JumpCenter is a systems management product for application assurance. The product provides command and control for COTS and custom applications from a central dashboard and automates resiliency and recovery for failed processes or based on events through its Dynamix engine technology. JumpCenter provides application management for COTS applications such as PeopleSoft. JumpSoft"}]}, {"title": "San Marino in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018", "paragraphs": [{"context": "San Marino in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 San Marino participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018. The Sammarinese broadcaster San Marino RTV (SMRTV) collaborated with the British company \"1in360\" to organize the national final with the same name in order to select the Sammarinese entry for the 2018 contest in Lisbon, Portugal. Prior to the 2018 contest, San Marino had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest eight times since its first entry in . Their debut entry in 2008, \"Complice\" performed by Miodio, failed to qualify to the final and placed last in the semi-final it competed in. San"}, {"context": "Marino subsequently withdrew from the contest in 2009 and 2010, returning in 2011 with Italian singer Senit performing \"Stand By\", which also failed to take the nation to the final. Between 2012 and 2014, San Marino sent Valentina Monetta to the contest on three consecutive occasions, which made her the first singer to participate in three consecutive contests since Udo J\u00fcrgens, who competed in 1964, 1965 and 1966 for Austria. Her entries in 2012 (\"The Social Network Song\") and 2013 (\"Crisalide (Vola)\") also failed to qualify San Marino to the final. However, in 2014, Monetta managed to bring San Marino"}, {"context": "to the final for the first time where she placed 24th with the song \"Maybe\". In 2015, the nation once again failed to qualify to the final with the song \"Chain of Lights\" performed by Anita Simoncini and Michele Perniola. In 2016, San Marino failed to qualify with \"I Didn't Know\" sung by Turkish performer Serhat. In 2017 San Marino sent Valentina Monetta again, but this time she performed together with an American singer Jimmie Wilson. Their song \"Spirit of the Night\" failed to qualify and placed last in their semifinal scoring just 1 point. The Sammarinese national broadcaster, San"}, {"context": "Marino RTV (SMRTV), broadcasts the event within San Marino and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. SMRTV confirmed San Marino's participation at the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest on 17 October 2017. On 15 October 2017 San Marino RTV and 1in360 announced the launch of an online talent show aimed at singers across the world to find the \"internet candidate\" for Eurovision Song Contest 2018 and crown him or her as San Marino's official candidate for the singing competition. Candidates could upload covers and original songs to https://www.1in360.com. Submissions ended on 30 November 2017. On 4 December it was"}, {"context": "announced that a total of 1050 songs had been submitted for 1in360. On 23 December San Marino RTV and 1in360 announced a short list of eleven candidates. Eight of these candidates were nominated by the 1in360 jury in consultation with San Marino RTV. Three of the candidates were selected by wildcard. 1in360 will have three shows: First Show on 9 February 2018, Second Show on 16 February 2018 and the Final on 3 March 2018. The shows will be broadcast by San Marino RTV via terrestrial broadcast and satellite uplink and by 1 in 360 on its YouTube channel at"}, {"context": "https://www.youtube.com/1in360. The first two shows were pre-recorded, whereas the final was broadcast live from Bratislava, Slovakia. This marked the first time in Eurovision history that a national final was not actually held in the participating country. All 11 candidates will perform in all three shows. The candidates attended a songwriting camp in Vienna, Austria, at which each of them developed two songs with the help of a team of experienced songwriters and producers. Candidates were allowed to contribute ideas to both their own songs and the songs of other candidates and were encouraged to form teams. In the first show"}, {"context": "the candidates will perform acoustic versions of their songs and the judges will provide feedback. In the second show the candidates will again perform acoustic versions of their songs. At the end of the second show the judges will choose one song for each candidate. The live performances from the first two shows will be released as an album and as digital downloads on February 19 2018. The fully produced versions of the songs will be made available no later than February 23 2018, giving fans a chance to listen to them ahead of the live performances. In the final"}, {"context": "the candidates will perform the fully produced versions of their chosen songs. The winner will be chosen by a combination of jury and online voting. The online vote will open on 23 February 2018 and extend through the end of the finals. Both the jury vote and the online vote will follow the Eurovision format, whereby the candidates will be awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 points. To avoid a repeat of the vote fraud allegations surrounding the fan vote and ensure maximum fairness and as representative a result as possible, two measures were"}, {"context": "first envisioned: The online vote will be conducted via Paypal, whereby each Paypal account will be limited to one vote at 1\u20ac and the jury and online vote will be weighted as follows: If not more than 50,000 votes are cast, the public vote will account for 10% of the overall vote tally. If more than 50,000 but not more than 100,000 votes are cast, the public vote will account for 20% of the overall vote tally. If more than 100,000 but not more than 200,000 votes are cast, the public vote will account for 30% of the overall vote"}, {"context": "tally. If more than 200,000 votes but not more than 250,000 votes are cost, the public vote will account for 40% of the overall vote tally. And if more than 250,000 votes are cast, the public vote will account for 50% of the overall vote tally. Another method has been used: online voters could invest in the songs via the crowdfunding website Global Rockstar, by investing from \u20ac20 to \u20ac8,000. It was eventually decided that the PayPal vote was not going to be used, instead the crowdfunding method will be the only online voting method, with a minimal investment to"}, {"context": "\u20ac2 instead of \u20ac20. The entry that receives the highest investments would receive 12 points from the online votes and if more than one song gets the same investments, they will receive the same score, then the rest of the pool of points will be reduced accordingly (for instance, if two songs get the maximal investments, both of them will get 12 points, the next highest-placed entry will then get 8 points and not 10). And the online vote will count for 50% of the overall vote tally. Since Zoe Straub, who wrote some of the competing songs, was part"}, {"context": "of the jury, some changes were applied to the jury vote as well: the jury present in the show was only be able to provide feedback, and the actual jury vote instead came from a panel of music industry experts. Alessandro Capricchioni, the Head of Delegation for San Marino at the Eurovision Song Contest, was a part of it, but not Zoe or Christof Straub. The winner went on to represent San Marino at Eurovision Song Contest 2018. The show was presented by Nick Earles and Kristin Stein. 1in360 had four judges for the two preliminary rounds and five for"}, {"context": "the final: Zo\u00eb Straub (Austrian representative in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016), Alessandro Capicchioni (Head of delegation for San Marino), Neon Hitch (English singer and songwriter). and Ladislav Koss\u00e1r (A successful entrepreneur turned philanthropist). John Kennedy O'Connor, San Marino RTV's regular Eurovision host joined the panel as the fifth judge for the final on March 3. 11 artists competed in the national selection. The artists were revealed on 23 December 2017. The first wildcard was given by the OGAE and INFE fan clubs and other fan clubs that applied for participating in the selection. The seventy-one artists that were shortlisted"}, {"context": "for the first wildcard round were announced on 24 November 2017. The artist with the most votes was Emma Sandstr\u00f6m with 47 points. The details of the second wildcard were announced by jury member and Austrian representative in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016, ZO\u00cb on 13 November 2017. On 1 December 2017 all votes on the website of the competition were reset and the audience had ten days to cast their votes. The artist with the most votes, and who received the second wildcard was announced on 11 December 2017 as Giovanni Montalbano from Italy. The details of the third"}, {"context": "wildcard were announced by the Sammarinese national broadcaster San Marino RTV (SMRTV) and \"1in360\" on 26 November 2017. The artist who will get the third wildcard will be selected from the competing Sammarinese artists by the national broadcaster and \"1in360\". IROL was announced as the third wildcard by Valentina Monetta on 20 December 2017 on SMRTV. IROL was the San Marinese spokesperson on the Eurovision Song Contest 2016. The \"Eurovision Song Contest 2018\" took place at the Altice Arena in Lisbon, Portugal and consisted of two semi-finals on 8 and 10 May and the final on 12 May 2018. According"}, {"context": "to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the \"Big 5\" (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) were required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top ten countries from each semi-final progressed to the final. On 29 January 2018, a special allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals, as well as which half of the show they would perform in. San Marino was placed into the second semi-final, to be held on 10 May 2018, and was"}, {"context": "scheduled to perform in the first half of the show. Once all the competing songs for the 2018 contest had been released, the running order for the semi-finals was decided by the shows' producers rather than through another draw, so that similar songs were not placed next to each other. San Marino was set to perform in position 4, following the entry from Serbia and before the entry from Denmark. The song failed to qualify for the grand final. Voting during the three shows involved each country awarding two sets of points from 1-8, 10 and 12: one from their"}, {"context": "professional jury and the other from televoting. Each nation's jury consisted of five music industry professionals who are citizens of the country they represent, with their names published before the contest to ensure transparency. This jury judged each entry based on: vocal capacity; the stage performance; the song's composition and originality; and the overall impression by the act. In addition, no member of a national jury was permitted to be related in any way to any of the competing acts in such a way that they cannot vote impartially and independently. The individual rankings of each jury member as well"}, {"context": "as the nation's televoting results were released shortly after the grand final. John Kennedy O'Connor will announce the scores of the San Marino jury during the live final, as he also did in 2013. The following five members comprised the Sanmarinese jury: San Marino in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 San Marino participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018. The Sammarinese broadcaster San Marino RTV (SMRTV) collaborated with the British company \"1in360\" to organize the national final with the same name in order to select the Sammarinese entry for the 2018 contest in Lisbon, Portugal. Prior to the 2018 contest,"}]}, {"title": "Cedric Hardwicke", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Cedric Hardwicke Sir Cedric Webster Hardwicke (19 February 1893 \u2013 6 August 1964) was an English stage and film actor whose career spanned nearly fifty years. His theatre work included notable performances in productions of the plays of Shakespeare and Shaw, and his film work included leading roles in a number of adapted literary classics. Hardwicke was born in Lye, West Midlands, to Edwin Webster Hardwicke and his wife, Jessie (n\u00e9e Masterson). He attended Bridgnorth Grammar School in Shropshire, after which he intended to train as a doctor but failed to pass the necessary examinations. He turned to the theatre"}, {"context": "and trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA). Hardwicke enlisted at the outbreak of the First World War. He served from 1914 to 1921 as an officer in the Judge Advocate's branch of the British Army in France. He was one of the last members of the British Expeditionary Force to leave France. Hardwicke made his first appearance on stage at the Lyceum Theatre, London, in 1912 during the run of Frederick Melville's melodrama \"The Monk and the Woman\", when he took over the part of Brother John. During that year he was at Her Majesty's Theatre understudying,"}, {"context": "and subsequently appeared at the Garrick Theatre in Charles Klein's play \"Find the Woman\", and \"Trust the People\". In 1913 he joined Benson's Company and toured in the provinces, South Africa and Rhodesia. During 1914 he toured with Miss Darragh (Letitia Marion Dallas, d. 1917) in Laurence Irving's play \"The Unwritten Law\", and he appeared at the Old Vic in 1914 as Malcolm in \"Macbeth\", Tranio in \"The Taming of the Shrew\", and the gravedigger in \"Hamlet\", among other roles. After his service in the British Army in WWI, he resumed his acting career. In January 1922 he joined the"}, {"context": "Birmingham Repertory Company, playing a range of parts from the drooping young lover Faulkland in \"The Rivals\" to the roistering Sir Toby Belch in \"Twelfth Night\". He played many classical roles on stage, appearing at London's top theatres, making his name on the stage performing works by George Bernard Shaw, who said that Hardwicke was his fifth favourite actor after the four Marx Brothers. As one of the leading Shavian actors of his generation, Hardwicke starred in such works as \"Caesar and Cleopatra\", \"Pygmalion\", \"The Apple Cart\", \"Candida\", \"Too True to Be Good\", and \"Don Juan in Hell\", making such"}, {"context": "an impression that at age 41 he became the youngest actor to be knighted (this occurred in the 1934 New Year's Honours; Laurence Olivier subsequently took the record in 1947 when he was knighted at the age of 40). Other stage successes included \"The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse\", \"Antigone\" and \"A Majority of One\", winning a Tony Award nomination for his performance as a Japanese diplomat. In 1928, while appearing with Edith Day, Paul Robeson and Alberta Hunter in the London production of \"Showboat\", he married actress Helena Pickard. In December 1935, Hardwicke was elected Rede Lecturer to Cambridge University for"}, {"context": "1936, he took as his subject \"The Drama Tomorrow\". In the late 1930s, he moved to the US, initially for film work (see below). In the early 1940s he continued his stage career, touring and in New York. In 1944 Hardwicke returned to Britain, again touring, and reappeared on the London stage, at the Westminster Theatre, on 29 March 1945, as Richard Varwell in a revival of Eden and Adelaide Phillpotts' comedy, \"Yellow Sands\", and subsequently toured in this on the continent. He returned to America late in 1945 and appeared with Ethel Barrymore in December in a revival of"}, {"context": "Shaw's \"Pygmalion\", and continued on the New York stage the following year. In 1946, he starred opposite Katharine Cornell as King Creon in her production of Jean Anouilh's adaptation of the Greek tragedy \"Antigone\". In 1948 he joined the Old Vic Company at the New Theatre to play Sir Toby Belch, Doctor Faustus, and Gaev in \"The Cherry Orchard\", but, according to the critic and biographer W. A. Darlington, \"it was about this time that he confessed to a friend that he was finding the competition in London too hot for him\", and he moved permanently to the US. In"}, {"context": "1951\u201352, he appeared on Broadway in Shaw's \"Don Juan in Hell\" with Agnes Moorehead, Charles Boyer and Charles Laughton. Hardwicke's first appearance in a British film was in 1931, and from the late 1930s he was in great demand in Hollywood. He played David Livingstone opposite Spencer Tracy's Henry Morton Stanley in \"Stanley and Livingstone\" in 1939, and also played the evil Chief Justice of Paris (Jean Frollo) in \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\" that same year. In 1940 he played Mr Jones in a screen version of Joseph Conrad's novel \"Victory\". He starred as the unfortunate Ludwig von Frankenstein"}, {"context": "in \"The Ghost of Frankenstein\" (1942), alongside Lon Chaney Jr. and Bela Lugosi. Hardwicke played in such films as \"Les Mis\u00e9rables\" (1935), \"King Solomon's Mines\" (1937), \"The Keys of the Kingdom\" (1944), \"The Winslow Boy\" (1948), Alfred Hitchcock's \"Rope\" (1948), and Olivier's \"Richard III\" (1955). He was also featured as King Arthur in the comedy/musical, \"A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court\" (1949), singing \"Busy Doing Nothing\" in a trio with Bing Crosby and William Bendix, and as the Pharaoh Sethi in Cecil B. DeMille's 1956 film \"The Ten Commandments\". He appeared in a 1956 episode of \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\""}, {"context": "entitled \"Wet Saturday\" in which he portrayed Mr. Princey, an aristocratic gentleman who tries to cover up a murder to avoid public scandal. On 6 March 1958, he guest-starred on NBC's country variety series, \"The Ford Show\", starring Tennessee Ernie Ford. During the 1961\u201362 television season, Hardwicke starred as Professor Crayton in Gertrude Berg's sitcom \"Mrs. G. Goes to College\", which ran for twenty-six weeks on CBS. The storyline had Berg attending college as a 62-year-old widowed freshman studying under Hardwicke, with whom she had previously acted. Earlier, Hardwicke had guest-starred on the Howard Duff and Ida Lupino CBS sitcom"}, {"context": "\"Mr. Adams and Eve\". He starred in \"The Twilight Zone\" episode \"Uncle Simon\" that first aired 15 November 1963. His final acting role was in \"The Outer Limits\" in the episode \"The Forms of Things Unknown\". Hardwicke played the title role in a short-lived revival of the \"Bulldog Drummond\" radio programme on the Mutual Broadcasting System. It ran 3 January 1954 \u2013 28 March 1954. In 1928, he married the English actress Helena Pickard. They divorced in 1948. Their son was actor Edward Hardwicke. His second marriage, which also produced one child and ended in divorce, was to Mary Scott"}, {"context": "(1921\u20132009), from 1950 to 1961. A lifelong heavy smoker, he suffered from emphysema and died 6 August 1964 at the age of 71 in New York from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Hardwicke left two volumes of memoirs: \"Let's Pretend: Recollections and Reflections of a Lucky Actor\", 1932 and \"A Victorian in Orbit: as told to James Brough\", 1962. He is commemorated by a sculpture by Tim Tolkien at Lye, commissioned by the Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council. The memorial takes the form of a giant filmstrip, the illuminated cut metal panels illustrating scenes from some of Hardwicke's best-known roles, which include"}, {"context": "\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", \"Things to Come\", and \"The Ghost of Frankenstein\". It was unveiled in November 2005 and is located at Lye Cross where he lived as a child. Thorns School and Community College in neighbouring Quarry Bank has renamed its drama theatre in his honour, as the Hardwicke Theatre. Hardwicke has a motion pictures star and a television star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Cedric Hardwicke Sir Cedric Webster Hardwicke (19 February 1893 \u2013 6 August 1964) was an English stage and film actor whose career spanned nearly fifty years. His theatre work included notable performances"}]}, {"title": "Ansumane Mane\u0301", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ansumane Man\u00e9 Ansumane Man\u00e9 (c. 1940 \u2013 30 November 2000) was a Bissau-Guinean soldier who led a 1998 uprising against the government of President Jo\u00e3o Bernardo Vieira, which caused a brief, but bloody civil war. Man\u00e9 fought in the war of independence from Portugal alongside Vieira, and he backed Nino Vieira when they later seized power in a 1980 coup. In early 1998, he was suspended as Chief of Staff of the armed forces for allegedly smuggling arms to Casamance separatist rebels in Senegal. In a letter published in early April 1998, he in turn made the same accusation against"}, {"context": "the Minister of Defense, Samba Lamine Man\u00e9, and other officers; he also alleged that Vieira had permitted the arms smuggling and claimed that he was suspended as Chief of Staff in connection with \"shady plan to mount a coup d'\u00e9tat\". Man\u00e9 was subsequently dismissed by Vieira and replaced by General Humberto Gomes on 6 June 1998. He led a military rebellion against Vieira on the following day, resulting in the civil war. A peace agreement in November 1998 provided for a transitional national unity government and new elections. After Vieira was deposed on 7 May 1999 in a renewed outbreak"}, {"context": "of fighting, Man\u00e9 became temporary head of state (official title: \"Chairman of the Supreme Command of the Military Junta\") until 14 May when Malam Bacai Sanh\u00e1, the President of the National People's Assembly, was installed as acting President. The military junta headed by Man\u00e9 remained in place during the transitional period leading to new elections; Man\u00e9 cast himself as a guardian of democracy. A parliamentary election, along with the first round of a presidential election, was held on 28 November 1999. Two weeks prior to this, Man\u00e9's junta proposed an arrangement giving it power over the government for ten years,"}, {"context": "which would enable it to dissolve the government in case of a severe political crisis; however, political parties objected to this and the proposal was dropped. Although the junta backed the presidential candidacy of Malam Bacai Sanh\u00e1 of the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) in the second round of the election, held in January 2000, Kumba Ial\u00e1 of the Party for Social Renewal (PRS) was victorious. Prior to the election, Ial\u00e1 had already said that it would not be acceptable for the junta to remain in any capacity. Although the junta was dissolved following"}, {"context": "Ial\u00e1's victory, Man\u00e9 remained powerful, acting as an obstacle to Ial\u00e1's authority. At one point he refused to allow Ial\u00e1 to go to Senegal on a state visit; he also accompanied Ial\u00e1 on a visit to Nigeria. In November 2000, Ial\u00e1 promoted a number of senior military officers; Man\u00e9 objected to the promotions and declared himself head of the armed forces. He revoked Ial\u00e1's promotions, placed military chief of staff Ver\u00edsssimo Correia Seabra and deputy chief of staff Em\u00edlio Costa under house arrest, and appointed General Buota Nan Batcha as the new chief of staff. When issuing a communique claiming"}, {"context": "that the situation was calm, he signed it as the head of the junta, which had previously been dissolved when Ial\u00e1 was elected President. Fighting broke out on 23 November between forces loyal to Man\u00e9 and those loyal to Seabra. The government subsequently said that Man\u00e9 fled to Quinhamel in Biombo Region, in the west of the country. General Man\u00e9 was assassinated by forces loyal to the then president Kumba Ial\u00e1 and General Batista Tagme Na Waie in Biombo Region a week later, on 30 November 2000, along with two others. General Man\u00e9 did not put up a fight against"}, {"context": "the Balanta tribe troops. Although state television broadcast images of three bodies, these were deemed unrecognizable by the international media. The opposition PAIGC said that Man\u00e9 was correct to oppose the promotions. Among Man\u00e9's most prominent allies was Naval Chief of Staff Mohamed Lamine Sanha who was also assassinated a few years later. Ansumane Man\u00e9 Ansumane Man\u00e9 (c. 1940 \u2013 30 November 2000) was a Bissau-Guinean soldier who led a 1998 uprising against the government of President Jo\u00e3o Bernardo Vieira, which caused a brief, but bloody civil war. Man\u00e9 fought in the war of independence from Portugal alongside Vieira, and"}]}, {"title": "1993 Hokkaido\u0304 earthquake", "paragraphs": [{"context": "1993 Hokkaid\u014d earthquake The occurred at 13:17:12 UTC on in the Sea of Japan near the island of Hokkaido. It had a magnitude of 7.7 on the moment magnitude scale and a maximum felt intensity of VIII (\"Severe\") on the Mercalli intensity scale. It triggered a major tsunami that caused deaths on Hokkaid\u014d and in southeastern Russia, with a total of 230 fatalities recorded. The island of Okushiri was hardest hit, with 165 casualties from the earthquake, the tsunami and a large landslide. The earthquake occurred in the backarc region of the convergent boundary where the Pacific Plate subducts beneath"}, {"context": "the Eurasian Plate. The earthquake shaking caused moderately severe damage, VIII on the Mercalli scale. The tsunami reached Okushiri between 2 and 7 minutes after the earthquake. A tsunami warning was given 5 minutes after the earthquake by the JMA. However, this was too late for the inhabitants of Okushiri. The quake caused fires to start in the town of Okushiri, adding greatly to the total damage. The earthquake had two distinct shocks. The first lasted for 20 seconds, while the second lasted 35 seconds. The rupture occurred on a fault that dipped at 24 degrees to the east. It"}, {"context": "had an estimated length of 150 km with a displacement of 2.5 m. The island of Okushiri subsided by 5\u201380 cm. The tsunami inundated large parts of Okushiri, despite its tsunami defences. Okushiri had been struck by another tsunami 10 years earlier. A maximum run-up of 32 m was recorded on the western part of the island near Monai. A tsunami was widely observed in the Sea of Japan with a run-up of 3.5 m at Akita in northern Honshu, up to 4.0 m in southeastern Russia and up to 2.6 m on the coast of South Korea. The Okushiri-port"}, {"context": "landslide involved a volume of 1.5 x 10 m\u00b3 of rock. The slide failure occurred at the base of a volcanic breccia bed. The slide occurred in two phases that may match the two separate shocks recorded for the earthquake. The destructive power of this tsunami led to an overhaul of the sea defences on Okushiri involving the construction of tsunami sluices on a river and strengthened embankments. New escape routes were also provided and help was given for households to purchase emergency broadcast receivers. 1993 Hokkaid\u014d earthquake The occurred at 13:17:12 UTC on in the Sea of Japan near"}]}, {"title": "Samsung Galaxy Chat", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Samsung Galaxy Chat Samsung Galaxy Chat GT-B5330 is an Android-based smartphone by Samsung, announced in July 2012 and released in August 2012. Its main features are 3G connection with speeds up to 7.2Mbit/s and Wifi. Galaxy Chat features Android 4.0.4 Ice Cream Sandwich and then upgraded to 4.1.2 Jelly Bean OS with Samsung's proprietary TouchWiz user interface, and has integrated social networking apps and multimedia features, including Google Voice Search, and 7.1 channel audio enhancements. It also has a standard 3.5 mm audio jack. The device sports an 850 MHz, 4 GB of internal memory and supports up to 32"}, {"context": "GB of removable storage through a microSD card. The phone has a 2 MP camera, a screen with a 240x320 resolution and a multitouch interface. As input interface includes a physical QWERTY keyboard. The phone offers connectivity options such as HSDPA 3G connection up to 7.2Mbit/s and a Wifi connection. The phone also offers Remote Controls which allows phone to be locked, tracked and data to be wiped remotely. The Galaxy Chat uses an 850 MHz. it uses board 'rhea' which has a broadcom BCM21654 chipset clocked at 850 MHz. The Galaxy Chat features 4 GB of dedicated flash internal"}, {"context": "storage. It has microSDHC slot (up to 32 GB). The Galaxy Chat uses a QVGA (240*320) TFT LCD capacitive touchscreen which has a Pixel density (PPI) of 133. On the back of the device is a 2-megapixel fixed-focus camera without flash that can record videos in up to a maximum QVGA Resolution. Galaxy Chat does not have a front-facing camera. Samsung Galaxy Chat Samsung Galaxy Chat GT-B5330 is an Android-based smartphone by Samsung, announced in July 2012 and released in August 2012. Its main features are 3G connection with speeds up to 7.2Mbit/s and Wifi. Galaxy Chat features Android 4.0.4"}]}, {"title": "John J. Kelley", "paragraphs": [{"context": "John J. Kelley John Joseph \"Johnny\" Kelley (December 24, 1930 \u2013 August 21, 2011) was the winner of the 1957 Boston Marathon and the marathon at the 1959 Pan American Games and a member of two United States Olympic Marathon teams. He was often dubbed John \"The Younger\" to avoid confusion with Johnny \"The Elder\" Kelley, the winner of the 1935 and 1945 Boston Marathons. The two men were not related. Kelley was born in Norwich, Connecticut. He began racing in marathons during his college years. From 1950\u201354, he attended Boston University, located about a mile from the Boston Marathon"}, {"context": "finish line. While there, he excelled in team races and would run his first two Boston Marathons, in 1953 and 1954. He finished fifth in the 1953 race before following up with a 7th-place finish the next year. After graduating, he finished 2nd in the 1956 Boston Marathon and made his way onto the U.S. Olympic Marathon team which competed in Melbourne, Australia during the same year. He would go on to win the Boston Marathon outright in 1957 while setting a new course record on the remeasured course. After his win at Boston, Kelley would win several other marathons,"}, {"context": "including eight consecutive wins of the Yonkers Marathon in Yonkers, New York. During all those years, the Yonkers Marathon served as the National Championship. As a result of his record setting performance at Yonkers in 1960, he again found his way onto the U.S. Olympic Marathon team and competed in the 1960 Olympics in Rome. He placed 21st and 19th in the Melbourne and Rome Olympic marathons, respectively. Kelley is the only male runner to ever win both the Boston Marathon and the Mount Washington Road Race, which he won in 1961. Another runner, Jacqueline Gareau, has also won both."}, {"context": "He made the ascent in one hour and 8 minutes 54 seconds, nearly seven minutes faster than the winning times in the three previous years the race had been held, 1936\u20131938. In September 2014, a larger-than-life sized bronze statue of Kelley and his dog (Brutus) was dedicated in downtown Mystic, Connecticut. After his career as a runner ended, he went on to a successful career as high school running coach. At Fitch High School in Groton, Connecticut, Kelley coached Amby Burfoot, winner of the 1968 Boston Marathon, and Julia Chase, the first woman to successfully challenge the gender barrier of"}, {"context": "the Amateur Athletic Union. He coached American Power-lifting Champion and world record holder Christopher Annino. In addition to coaching, he found work over the years as a newspaper columnist, freelance writer, cab driver and Kelley's Pace running wear store co-owner. Kelley married Jacinta C. Braga in 1953, and together they had three children, Julia, Kathleen, and Eileen. Kelley died in North Stonington, Connecticut at the age of 80 on August 21, 2011. John J. Kelley John Joseph \"Johnny\" Kelley (December 24, 1930 \u2013 August 21, 2011) was the winner of the 1957 Boston Marathon and the marathon at the 1959"}]}, {"title": "Tsutomu Nishioka", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tsutomu Nishioka Tsutomu Nishioka (\u897f\u5ca1 \u529b, Nishioka Tsutomu, born 1956 in Tokyo) is a professor of International Christian Studies at Tokyo Christian University. He specializes in Japan-Korean relations, South Korea/North Korea Studies. His research focuses on the Comfort women and the North Korean abductions of Japanese citizens. He is a chairman of the National Association for the Rescue of Japanese Kidnapped by North Korea (NARKN). He was accused of defamation on January 9, 2015 by a former Asahi Shimbun reporter Takashi Uemura who wrote articles on the comfort women issue in 1991. He was graduated from Tokyo Christian University in"}, {"context": "1979 and earned master's degree in International Area Studies from graduate school of University of Tsukuba in 1983. He studied at the International Division in Yonsei University from 1977-1978. He worked at the Embassy of Japan in South Korea as a special researcher of Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1982-1984. He was an Editor in Chief of \"Gendai Korea\" (Today's Korea) journal from 1990-2002. From 2016, He work in Reitaku University as guest professor. Tsutomu Nishioka Tsutomu Nishioka (\u897f\u5ca1 \u529b, Nishioka Tsutomu, born 1956 in Tokyo) is a professor of International Christian Studies at Tokyo Christian University. He specializes in"}]}, {"title": "Binghamton University basketball scandal", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Binghamton University basketball scandal The Binghamton University basketball scandal was an incident in the United States that arose out of concerns that Binghamton University had compromised its integrity in order to make the Bearcats men's basketball program more competitive in Division I. Following a series of incidents in the fall of 2009, an investigation by the State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton's parent institution, found that Binghamton's administration had significantly lowered its admissions standards for prospective recruits under pressure from men's head coach Kevin Broadus and his staff. It also detailed several potential NCAA violations by Broadus and his"}, {"context": "staff. The scandal resulted in Broadus resigning in October 2010, though he had been relieved of coaching duties before then. It also resulted in the resignation of the school's athletic director, the firing of two assistant coaches, and the dismissal of six players from the team. Due to the fallout from the scandal, Binghamton elected to sit out postseason play in 2010. The SUNY investigation was forwarded to the NCAA. However the NCAA was unable to find any major violations. The university president, Lois B. DeFleur, announced her plans to retire when it became public that the report of the"}, {"context": "findings from an investigation would implicate her as being responsible for the impropriety (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/12/sports/ncaabasketball/12binghamton.html). Binghamton had been one of the great stories of the 2008\u201309 basketball season. In the school's eighth season in Division I, Broadus led the Bearcats to a school record-tying 23 wins, a tie for first place in the America East Conference, and the school's first conference tournament title in 63 years. In the first round of the NCAA Tournament, the Bearcats played powerful Duke fairly close in the first half before losing 86-62. Broadus was named the America East coach of the year. However, many were"}, {"context": "concerned that Binghamton had cut too many corners in its bid for basketball glory, and sacrificed its reputation as SUNY's strongest academic institution in the process. Management professor Dennis Lasser, the school's former faculty athletics representative, helped lead the effort to move Binghamton from Division III to Division I in 2001 (after a transition period in Division II from 1998 to 2001), but was replaced as faculty athletic representative after Kevin Broadus was hired as head basketball coach. Lasser claimed that, after the coaching change, Binghamton had lowered its standards for admitting prospective basketball players to the bare minimum required"}, {"context": "by the NCAA. Additionally, ESPN analyst Tom Brennan, former coach at longtime America East member Vermont, suggested that given the risks Broadus was taking, it was possible that a conference championship might not have been worth the effort. One major reason for Lasser and Brennan's concerns was that at least three players on the 2008\u201309 team had transferred to Binghamton from other schools due to academic problems. One of the transfers, guard Malik Alvin, was arrested for stealing condoms from a local Walmart. While being chased by security officers, Alvin ran over a 66-year-old woman, giving her a concussion. Alvin"}, {"context": "was suspended three games, but charges were subsequently dropped and he was back in the lineup for the rest of the season. Earlier, forward Miladin Kovacevic (who was recruited by Broadus's predecessor Al Walker) beat a fellow student into a coma and fled to his native Serbia with the help of two Serbian diplomats. Former player Devon McBride told \"The New York Times\" that many of his teammates frequently drank alcohol and smoked marijuana, but Broadus did not seem to make any effort to keep a rein on their off-the-court behavior. These concerns led America East commissioner Patrick Nero to"}, {"context": "talk with school president Lois DeFleur and athletic director Joel Thirer about the team's behavior. The America East's other coaches reportedly voiced their displeasure with the way Broadus ran the program by bumping D.J. Rivera, the conference's leading scorer and by most accounts the league's best NBA prospect, to the conference's second team. Additionally, it emerged shortly after Broadus's 2007 hiring that while an assistant coach and recruiter at George Washington and Georgetown, he'd signed players from Lutheran Christian Academy, a school in Philadelphia widely accused of being a diploma mill. One of those players, Mike Egerson, transferred to Lutheran"}, {"context": "Christian after earning only a 1.33 grade point average at his Delaware high school and garnering an SAT score in the 600s. Shortly before Broadus was hired at Binghamton, the NCAA announced it would no longer accept coursework from Lutheran Christian and several other suspected diploma mills. On September 23, 2009\u2014just over a month before the start of the 2009-10 season\u2014Binghamton's starting point guard and second-leading scorer, Emmanuel \"Tiki\" Mayben, was arrested and charged with possessing and selling crack cocaine. Broadus, saying he'd \"done all I could\" to help Mayben, kicked him off the team the next day. On September"}, {"context": "25, Broadus announced that five other players had been kicked off the team for unspecified violations of team rules. They included Rivera, Alvin, transfer Corey Chandler (recently arrived from Rutgers), junior college transfer Paul Crosby and walk-on David Fine. Within 48 hours, Binghamton had lost its three top scorers from the previous season. With only seven scholarship players and no experienced guards, it was widely believed that the Bearcats' 2009-10 season was over before it even started. Indeed, Lasser said that these dismissals amounted to an \"implosion\" of the Bearcat program. Although Broadus claimed the decision was his alone, the"}, {"context": "dismissals came on the same day that SUNY chancellor Nancy Zimpher demanded that DeFleur give her a full accounting of what being done to address Mayben's arrest and other unspecified incidents. Zimpher was known for having little tolerance for athletic misconduct. While president of the University of Cincinnati, she'd forced longtime basketball coach Bob Huggins to resign in 2005. Although Huggins had taken Cincinnati to heights it hadn't seen since the 1960s, Zimpher had been displeased with the team's poor academic performance and misbehavior off the court. On September 29, Sally Dear, a lecturer in the department of human development,"}, {"context": "was told she was being let go as part of a cost-cutting measure. However, Dear alleged the real reason was that she had gone public in February with accusations that she was being pressured to give preferential treatment to basketball players. She also said that others in her department had been pressured to change players' grades. Back in February, Dear told the \"Times\" that several players in her class had been so disruptive she'd frequently had to stop teaching. She'd said that she didn't think some of the players were taking their studies seriously. She also claimed the pressure she'd"}, {"context": "been under to cut a break for basketball players amounted to harassment. On September 30, Thirer resigned as athletic director, a post he had held since 1989. On October 2, Zimpher announced plans for a full audit of Binghamton's athletic department. Significantly, Zimpher stated that the audit would be overseen by the SUNY board of trustees, and not by Binghamton itself. On the same day, it was announced that Dear had been rehired. The probe was directed by Judith Kaye, the former chief judge of the New York Court of Appeals. On October 14, Binghamton suspended Broadus indefinitely with pay."}, {"context": "In announcing the suspension, acting athletic director Jim Norris cited numerous \"incidents of concern.\" Assistant coach Mark Macon, a former star at Temple, was named interim head coach. The announcement came a week after Broadus publicly apologized to several of his athletic department colleagues for bringing \"shame\" to Binghamton by not properly controlling his program. Earlier, Broadus had admitted to contacting recruits on the first day of the period when coaches aren't allowed to speak with prospects that they're scouting. On February 11, Kaye released her findings in a 99-page report. Kaye found that under pressure from Broadus, Binghamton had"}, {"context": "lowered its standards for admitting basketball players to the NCAA minimum. In bowing to this pressure, Kaye said, DeFleur (who had announced her retirement a month earlier), Thirer and other officials had significantly compromised Binghamton's academic standards even though Binghamton was not prepared to take in so many academically marginal students. According to the report, the mass dismissal of September 25 had not been Broadus's decision, but was ordered by Thirer. The dismissed players had been involved in several incidents reported to BU police earlier in the month. Fine had been suspected of smoking marijuana in his dorm, but wasn't"}, {"context": "charged even though he appeared to be high. Mayben had been cited for speeding and possession of marijuana that he said belonged to Fine. Most seriously, Rivera, Alvin, Crosby and Chandler were suspected of stealing another student's check card and using it to buy several items. The last incident was forwarded to the Broome County district attorney; the investigation is still pending as of October 2010. School officials had been willing to let Broadus handle the raft of discipline problems at first. However, after Mayben's September 23 arrest, Thirer called Broadus into his office and told him that Rivera, Alvin,"}, {"context": "Chandler, Crosby and Fine all had to go. The Kaye report found evidence of potential academic fraud by Broadus and his staff. The most damning evidence was in text message exchanges between Alvin and assistant coach Mark Hsu. In one, Alvin asked Hsu to help rewrite a paper for him because Alvin had copied it off the Internet. In another, Alvin copied another paper off the Internet, but added a conclusion in his own words on advice from Hsu. Broadus was also accused of having professors change players' grades. Almost as disturbing was a text message exchange between Broadus and"}, {"context": "Hsu in which they appeared to discuss coaching the players on what to tell school police during the investigation of the stolen check card. Indeed, school police believed that Rivera was taking the fall for the check card incident to cover for his teammates. Also damaging was the role played by Valerie Hampton, an Affirmative Action Officer, charged with ensuring that the university is free of discrimination, harassment and violations of civil rights. She questioned admissions about their reasons for denying admissions, something that would happen only if there were allegations of discrimination; Something she knew had not taken place."}, {"context": "She apparently thought she could exert pressure on staff by implying that she suspected they were racist and were discriminating against the players; something she knew was not the case. Hampton's conduct was particularly troubling because she was hoping to gain from falsely alleging discrimination something those reporting actual discrimination are often accused of. Apparently she was rewarded with a promotion soon after the corruption was revealed. The report revealed that many of the America East's coaches and athletic directors were also concerned that Broadus was recruiting players with a history of behavior problems. The America East has long believed"}, {"context": "that one member's perception can directly affect that of the whole conference. For instance, Mayben had previously been recruited by Syracuse, but the Orange lost interest due to Mayben's academic problems and frequent suspensions from high school. Another recruit, Theus Davis, had been kicked out of Gonzaga for drug problems. By the fall of 2009, several of the conference's athletic directors and presidents were making noises about throwing Binghamton out of the league if things didn't improve. Reportedly, this prompted DeFleur to promise her fellow conference presidents that Thirer's contract wouldn't be renewed. Kaye recommended, among other things, that SUNY"}, {"context": "appoint an \"athletic oversight officer\" for the entire SUNY system, reporting directly to the chancellor. In a conference call with reporters, Zimpher said, \"I am disappointed that a great institution like Binghamton University would, in any way, because of its athletic program, compromise its terrific academic reputation.\" She also promised sweeping changes. Macon was forced to hold tryouts in October to replenish his decimated roster. He also had to deal with two of his assistants, Hsu and Julius Allen, being fired in midseason, leaving him with only one assistant coach. Under the circumstances, he kept the Bearcats fairly competitive. The"}, {"context": "Bearcats actually managed to finish with a .500 record in America East play, and 13-18 overall. Seven of their losses were by 10 points or less. On March 1, DeFleur announced that the Bearcats would sit out the 2010 conference tournament and were withdrawing from postseason consideration. She said that given the current turmoil in the program, \"it is not appropriate that we play in this year's postseason.\" Although Nero said the decision was Binghamton's alone, two America East sources told the \"Times\" that the league's other members didn't want the Bearcats in the tournament and pressured them to withdraw."}, {"context": "As mentioned above, some of the America East's other athletic directors and presidents were seriously considering expelling Binghamton from the league. Zimpher eventually assigned SUNY\u2019s interim provost, David K. Lavallee, to lead an overall effort for the SUNY system to ensure that academics remain the highest priority; and Charles R. Westgate, a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Binghamton, as a special adviser for academics and athletics for the SUNY system: moves some critics of the over-emphasis on athletics decried as insufficient. Zimpher also announced that while Broadus will not return as coach, a permanent replacement"}, {"context": "will not be hired until the school has a permanent president and athletic director. On March 26, Broadus filed a racial discrimination complaint with the New York State Division of Human Rights. Broadus claimed that he was being treated more harshly than other Binghamton coaches whose players had been arrested simply because he was the only minority coach at the school. The Kaye report was forwarded to the NCAA, which could have issued its own sanctions in addition to Binghamton's own decision to pull out of postseason play. On October 18, the NCAA found that Hsu had committed two secondary"}, {"context": "violations by providing impermissible travel to two players. However, due to lack of cooperation from involved parties, the NCAA was unable to find any major violations. At the same time, Broadus was reinstated to the athletic department. Although Broadus's lawyer stated that he believed his client had been exonerated, Zimpher reiterated that he will not return as coach. On October 28, Broadus announced he was filing a federal discrimination lawsuit against Binghamton and SUNY. Hours later, the three parties reached a settlement in which Broadus would resign and take a $1.2 million buyout in return for dropping all legal action"}, {"context": "against BU or SUNY. In Fall 2013 Valerie Hampton was promoted. In May 2014 Binghamton University was one of four New York universities, the only SUNY, being investigated for suspected Title 9 civil rights violations. Binghamton has never recovered from the scandal. The Bearcats have only won 39 games since Broadus' ouster, including only 23 in America East play. This is at least in part because school officials have significantly increased admissions standards for all student athletes. Binghamton University basketball scandal The Binghamton University basketball scandal was an incident in the United States that arose out of concerns that Binghamton"}]}, {"title": "Garnir relations", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Garnir relations In mathematics, the Garnir relations give a way of expressing a basis of the Specht modules \"V\" in terms of standard polytabloids. Given a partition \u03bb of \"n\", one has the Specht module \"V\". In characteristic 0, this is an irreducible representation of the symmetric group \"S\". One can construct \"V\" explicitly in terms of polytabloids as follows: The above construction gives an explicit description of the Specht module \"V\". However, the polytabloids associated to different Young tableaux are not necessarily linearly independent, indeed, the dimension of \"V\" is exactly the number of standard Young tableaux of shape"}, {"context": "\u03bb. In fact, the polytabloids associated to standard Young tableaux span \"V\"; to express other polytabloids in terms of them, one uses a straightening algorithm. Given a Young tableau \"S\", we construct the polytabloid \"e\" as above. Without loss of generality, all columns of \"S\" are increasing, otherwise we could instead start with the modified Young tableau with increasing columns, whose polytabloid will differ at most by a sign. \"S\" is then said to not have any \"column descents\". We want to express \"e\" as a linear combination of standard polytabloids, i.e. polytabloids associated to standard Young tableaux. To do"}, {"context": "this, we would like permutations \u03c0 such that in all tableaux \"S\"\u03c0, a row descent has been eliminated, with formula_6. This then expresses \"S\" in terms of polytabloids that are closer to being standard. The permutations that achieve this are the Garnir elements. Suppose we want to eliminate a row descent in the Young tableau \"T\". We pick two subsets \"A\" and \"B\" of the boxes of \"T\" as in the following diagram: Then the Garnir element formula_7 is defined to be formula_8, where the \u03c0 are the permutations of the entries of the boxes of \"A\" and \"B\" that"}, {"context": "keep both subsets \"A\" and \"B\" without column descents. Consider the following Young tableau: There is a row descent in the second row, so we choose the subsets \"A\" and \"B\" as indicated, which gives us the following: This gives us the Garnir element formula_9. This allows us to remove the row descent in the second row, but this has also introduced other descents in other places. But there is a way in which all tableaux obtained like this are closer to being standard, this is measured by a \"dominance order\" on polytabloids. Therefore, one can repeatedly apply this procedure"}, {"context": "to \"straighten\" a polytabloid, eventually writing it as a linear combination of standard polytabloids, showing that the Specht module is spanned by the standard polytabloids. As they are also linearly independent, they form a basis of this module. There is a similar description for the irreducible representations of \"GL\". In that case, one can consider the Weyl modules associated to a partition \u03bb, which can be described in terms of bideterminants. One has a similar straightening algorithm, but this time in terms of semistandard Young tableaux. Garnir relations In mathematics, the Garnir relations give a way of expressing a basis"}]}, {"title": "Joe Boyce", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Joe Boyce Joe Boyce (born 1 February 1994) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who plays for the Townsville Blackhawks in the Queensland Cup. Primarily a , he previously played for the Brisbane Broncos in the National Rugby League. Born on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Boyce played his junior football for the Sunshine Coast Sea Eagles, Nambour Crushers and Norths Devils, before being signed by the Newcastle Knights. After trialling with the Penrith Panthers, a Newcastle Knights scout signed Boyce to a 2-year contract starting in 2013. In 2013 and 2014, he played for the Knights' NYC team. In"}, {"context": "October 2014, he signed a 2-year contract with the Brisbane Broncos starting in 2015, following Knights coach Wayne Bennett to the Broncos. In Round 11 of the 2015 NRL season, Boyce made his NRL debut for the Broncos against his former club, the Newcastle Knights. After a number of seasons playing for the Broncos' feeder clubs, Boyce joined the Townsville Blackhawks for the 2018 season. Joe Boyce Joe Boyce (born 1 February 1994) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who plays for the Townsville Blackhawks in the Queensland Cup. Primarily a , he previously played for the Brisbane Broncos"}]}, {"title": "INFORM", "paragraphs": [{"context": "INFORM INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements) is an independent registered charity located at the London School of Economics. It was founded in 1988 by the sociologist of religion, Eileen Barker, with funding from the British Home Office, Britain\u2019s mainstream churches, foundations and enquirers. Its stated aim is to provide neutral, objective and up-to-date information on new religious movements (NRMs) to government officials, scholars, the media, and members of the general public, in particular to relatives of people who have joined a new religious movement., as well as religious or spiritual seekers The founding of INFORM was motivated by"}, {"context": "a shared impression among clergy and academics that groups hostile to cults often aimed to feed rather than alleviate enquirers' fears. The British Home Office had received many complaints related to NRMs from concerned parents, but did not feel that any of the existing counter-cult and anti-cult groups deserved state funding. Answering the need for a body that would disseminate well-researched, impartial, and easily understood information, Eileen Barker, a leading sociologist of religion based at the London School of Economics and Political Science, established INFORM in 1988 with the support of the Home Office, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal Hume"}, {"context": "and other mainstream churches. INFORM, based at the London School of Economics and Political Science, collects information on new religious movements and makes this data available to all interested parties \u2013 government officials, researchers and the media as well as relatives of people who have joined a new religious movement. Seeking to dispel the often inaccurate and distorted information disseminated about new religious movements in the media, INFORM aims to provide reliable information, based on in-depth research, about the character, policy and origins of new religious movements, as well as information about what motivates converts, and how movement membership tends"}, {"context": "to affect members' subsequent lives and careers. Eileen Barker advises that the media is the most influential source of information about New Religious Movements and that the majority of that information is of a negative nature. The media have an interest in attracting and keeping readers, most of whom are likely to be attracted by sensational stories. Suppliers of information may well have an agenda that leads them to adjust their product to meet a perceived demand. INFORM does not itself perform counselling, but refers enquirers to a nationwide network of qualified experts. Where parents have lost all contact with"}, {"context": "their son or daughter, INFORM may be able to put them in touch with a go-between who has established lines of communication to the movement. In some instances, INFORM has arranged meetings between families and founders or officials of new religious movements. In a book of essays in tribute of Eileen Barker, Bryan R. Wilson, a leading scholar of religion from Oxford University, stated that INFORM has often managed to resolve or defuse the deeply emotional conflicts surrounding membership in a new religious movement. INFORM has been criticised by anti-cult organisations, in particular the Family Action Information Resource (FAIR) chaired"}, {"context": "by former Conservative Home Office minister and anti-cult campaigner Tom Sackville, who cut INFORM's Home Office funding in 1997. In 1999, it was reported that INFORM was facing closure, due to lack of funds. By 2000, Home Office funding was restored, prompting Sackville to warn that INFORM might provide government with bad advice, adding, \"I cancelled INFORM's grant and I think it's absurd that it's been brought back.\" Criticism of INFORM has focused on Barker's reluctance to condemn all new religions as \"cults\". Barker responded to the criticism by saying, \"We are not cult apologists. People make a lot of"}, {"context": "noise without doing serious research \u2013 so much so that they can end up sounding as closed to reason as the cults they're attacking. Besides, I imagine FAIR was disappointed not to get our funding.\" INFORM has a policy of not accepting money from any of the new religious movements or any other organisation that might wish to prejudice the outcome of its research. INFORM receives funding from the British Home Office; mainstream Churches; and foundations including Smith's, J.P.Getty, Nuffield, Wates, and the Jerusalem Trust. Other organisations have given assistance either with grants or in kind. In addition, INFORM receives"}, {"context": "some donations from enquirers and makes small profits from its seminars and the sale of literature. INFORM INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements) is an independent registered charity located at the London School of Economics. It was founded in 1988 by the sociologist of religion, Eileen Barker, with funding from the British Home Office, Britain\u2019s mainstream churches, foundations and enquirers. Its stated aim is to provide neutral, objective and up-to-date information on new religious movements (NRMs) to government officials, scholars, the media, and members of the general public, in particular to relatives of people who have joined a new"}]}, {"title": "James Greenacre", "paragraphs": [{"context": "James Greenacre James Greenacre (1785\u20131837), the \"Edgware Road Murderer\", was an English grocer. He was engaged to be married to Hannah Brown. They lived in buildings on Edgware Road, London, not far from Hyde Park. One day in 1837, the police found a woman's head in Regent's Canal. They identified Hannah's body and suspected her fianc\u00e9 as a murderer because he hoped to marry her for her money only. He also had a mistress, Sarah Gale, who helped him after the murder. Greenacre and Gale were to emigrate to America the day after they were both arrested. Greenacre was arrested,"}, {"context": "tried and found guilty at the Old Bailey. In the trial it was described how Greenacre had meticulously wrapped the head in a handkerchief, before disposing of it, and scattering the limbs elsewhere. The case generated a huge public interest. Great crowds gathered at Newgate to see the hanging. The spectacle was accompanied by sales of memorabilia, such as mugs, and flags, and rented rooms. The executioner, the celebrated William Calcraft, was notorious for a short drop on the rope, meaning his victims took a longer time to die. James Greenacre James Greenacre (1785\u20131837), the \"Edgware Road Murderer\", was an"}]}, {"title": "Ashley Bennett", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ashley Bennett Ashley R. Bennett (born 1984/85) is an American Democratic Party politician from New Jersey, who was elected to a seat on the Atlantic County Board of Freeholders in 2017, defeating Republican incumbent John Carman, who had first been elected to office in 2014. Although Bennett had never been involved with politics, she ran for the position after seeing remarks on Facebook by Carman about women participating in the 2017 Women's March. In 2018, she appeared on the cover of \"Time\" magazine for the article \"The Avengers: First they Marched, now they\u2019re Running.\" She spoke at the 2018 Women's"}, {"context": "March in New York City, which attracted more than 200,000 protestors. Ashley Bennett Ashley R. Bennett (born 1984/85) is an American Democratic Party politician from New Jersey, who was elected to a seat on the Atlantic County Board of Freeholders in 2017, defeating Republican incumbent John Carman, who had first been elected to office in 2014. Although Bennett had never been involved with politics, she ran for the position after seeing remarks on Facebook by Carman about women participating in the 2017 Women's March. In 2018, she appeared on the cover of \"Time\" magazine for the article \"The Avengers: First"}]}, {"title": "J. Comyns Carr", "paragraphs": [{"context": "J. Comyns Carr Joseph William Comyns Carr (1 March 1849 \u2013 12 December 1916) was an English drama and art critic, gallery director, author, poet, playwright and theatre manager. Beginning his career as an art critic, Carr was a vigorous advocate for Pre-Raphaelite art and a vocal critic of the \"short-sighted\" art establishment. In 1877 he became a director of the Grosvenor Gallery and promoting Pre-Raphaelite painters and other important exhibitors, such as James McNeill Whistler, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Edward Burne-Jones. Ten years later he founded the rival New Gallery. Carr also wrote essays, books, plays, librettos, English-language adaptations"}, {"context": "of foreign works and stage adaptations of Dickens novels and classic tales like \"King Arthur\" and \"Faust\". J. Comyns Carr was born in Marylebone, Middlesex, England, the seventh of ten children. His parents were Jonathan Carr, a woollen draper, and his Irish wife, Catherine Grace Comyns. Kate Comyns Carr, his sister, became a portrait artist; his brother Jonathan Carr developed the world's first garden suburb Bedford Park. Comyns Carr was educated at Bruce Castle School, Tottenham, Middlesex, from 1862 to 1865. He studied law at the University of London and graduated in 1869, beginning to practise at the bar at"}, {"context": "the Inner Temple, London. He soon gave up law for a career in journalism and became drama critic for the \"Echo\". In 1873 in Dresden, Carr married author Alice Laura Vansittart n\u00e9e Strettell (1850\u20131927), a novelist and designer. Alice designed the bold costume that Ellen Terry wore as Lady Macbeth, and in which John Singer Sargent painted her in 1889. Sargent also painted Mrs. Comyns Carr in 1889 and several portraits of her sister, Alma, and illustrated Alma's \"Spanish and Italian Folk-Songs\" in 1897. Carr and his wife had three children: Philip, Dorothy and Arthur (a barrister and Liberal Member"}, {"context": "of Parliament). Carr was a member of the Arts Club and the Garrick Club. He published two memoirs: \"Some Eminent Victorians\" (1908), and \"Coasting Bohemia\" (1914). Carr died of cancer at the age of 67 at his home in South Kensington, London. He was buried in Highgate Cemetery. In 1873, Carr became an art critic for the \"Pall Mall Gazette\". The same year, in \"The Globe\", he wrote a series of widely read articles about contemporary artists. Dante Gabriel Rossetti took notice of these and befriended him. Carr was a strong critic of the art establishment, decrying what he saw"}, {"context": "as its short-sightedness. In 1875 He was engaged in 1875 by the influential French journal \"L'Art\" as its English editor. In 1881\u201383, he founded and edited \"Art and Letters\". As the first editor from 1883\u201386 of \"The English Illustrated Magazine\". He also wrote for a number of other journals including the \"Art Journal\", \"Saturday Review\", the \"Examiner\", the \"World\" and the \"Manchester Guardian\". Carr wrote books and articles about art championing the Pre-Raphaelite school of art, as well as monographic works on artists such as Edward Burne-Jones, Frederick Walker and Sir Hubert von Herkomer. Carr and Charles Hall\u00e9 were appointed"}, {"context": "co-directors of the Grosvenor Gallery in 1877 by Sir Coutts Lindsay. The gallery promoted Pre-Raphaelite painters and exhibited provocative work. James McNeill Whistler, Rossetti and Burne-Jones exhibited frequently at the Grosvenor Gallery. In 1887, Carr and Hall\u00e9 resigned from that gallery (which closed in 1890), after a dispute with Lindsay, and quickly founded the rival New Gallery, capturing Burne-Jones and most of the Grosvenor Gallery's other important artists. Carr continued as co-director until 1908. He also wrote the introduction to the British section of the 1911 International Exhibition of Fine Arts at Rome and later was chosen as the English"}, {"context": "representative to the Art Congress. Carr was also the author of dramatic works, beginning with several light comedies in the early 1880s for the German Reed Entertainments at St George's Hall. He also wrote numerous plays and adapted a number of French plays, such as \"Frou-Frou\", produced at the Princess's Theatre, London (1881); a stage adaptation of \"Far From the Madding Crowd\" co-authored with Thomas Hardy (1881); Hugh Conway's \"Called Back\" (1884), which was very successful for the actor\u2013manager Herbert Beerbohm Tree; \"Dark Days\"; \"Boys Together\"; \"In the Days of the Duke\"; \"A Fireside Hamlet\"; \"The United Pair\"; \"The Naturalist\""}, {"context": "(1887, an operetta with music by Charles King Hall); \"The Friar\"; and \"Forgiveness\". At the Haymarket Theatre from 1887 to 1893, Carr acted as Tree's literary adviser and partner. Carr leased the Comedy Theatre from 1893 to 1896. At the same time, his \"King Arthur\" (1895), a blank verse play inspired by the writings of Thomas Malory and Alfred Tennyson, as well as by the visual images of the Pre-Raphaelites, was produced by Henry Irving in the Lyceum Theatre. It starred Irving and Ellen Terry, with music composed by Arthur Sullivan and sets, costumes and artwork designed by Carr's friend"}, {"context": "Edward Burne-Jones. This spectacular production was a success for Irving and ran for over 100 performances, also touring North America. Another play that year was \"Delia Harding\", an adaptation of a Victorien Sardou play, at the Comedy Theatre. Also for Irving's company, in 1897 he produced an English version of \"Madame Sans-G\u00eane\" by Sardou and \u00c9mile Moreau in 1897, which played on both sides of the Atlantic. Carr also dramatised \"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" in 1910, starring H. B. Irving at Queen's Theatre. Carr collaborated with Arthur Wing Pinero and Arthur Sullivan on \"The Beauty"}, {"context": "Stone\", an opera billed as a \"romantic musical drama\", at the Savoy Theatre in 1898. The Faustian theme was not what the Savoy audiences were used to, and the piece never found an audience. Carr's adaptation of \"Oliver Twist\" was produced by Herbert Beerbohm Tree at His Majesty's Theatre, London (1905). It was also produced on Broadway in 1905 and 1912. From 1899 to 1904, after Irving transferred control of the Lyceum, Carr managed the theatre. Carr's \"Tristram and Iseult\" (1906), a pseudo-medieval drama, was produced at the Adelphi Theatre starring Matheson Lang, Lily Brayton and Oscar Asche. An adaptation"}, {"context": "of Dickens' \"The Mystery of Edwin Drood\" (1907) was produced by Tree in Cardiff. Carr's theory of the play was that Jasper, under the influence of opium, attempted to act upon his murderous impulses, but Drood, overhearing his uncle's ravings, was able to escape. This was followed by an adaptation of Goethe's \"Faust\", for Tree in 1908, in collaboration with Stephen Phillips. At the Royal Opera House in 1913\u201314, Carr was artistic adviser. A fan of Richard Wagner, Carr was responsible for the first English performance of Wagner's \"Parsifal\" in 1914 at Covent Garden. J. Comyns Carr Joseph William Comyns"}]}, {"title": "Seenugadu Chiranjeevi Fan", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Seenugadu Chiranjeevi Fan Seenugadu Chiranjeevi Fan is a 2005 Indian film in Telugu. Seenu (Akula Vijay Vardhan) is a responsible youngster and an ardent fan of Chiranjeevi. When a car drives fast ahead of his cousin Swati (Maansi), seenu tracks the car driver Anjali (Adin Khan) and makes her apologize. Due to this delay, Anjali misses writing the finals of civil services exams. She forcibly starts saying in the family of seenu as he ruined her education. Anjali falls in love with seenu and she loses her eyesight due to the colors he threw on her eyes during holi festival."}, {"context": "Seenu consults Chiranjeevi Charitable Trust and gets a personal assurance letter from Chiranjeevi. When seenu wants to tell this good news, Anjali is found practicing shooting in a local mela. When Seenu confronts Anjali why she lied to him, she tells him that she wants to take revenge on him for being the cause of the death of her guardian and her fianc\u00e9e Kumar (Ravi Prakash). Later on Kumar returns to Anjali saying that he is still alive. Seenu also realizes that Kumar is a cheater and he is marrying Anjali just for the sake of money. The rest of"}, {"context": "the story is all about how Seenu exposes Kumar. Seenugadu Chiranjeevi Fan Seenugadu Chiranjeevi Fan is a 2005 Indian film in Telugu. Seenu (Akula Vijay Vardhan) is a responsible youngster and an ardent fan of Chiranjeevi. When a car drives fast ahead of his cousin Swati (Maansi), seenu tracks the car driver Anjali (Adin Khan) and makes her apologize. Due to this delay, Anjali misses writing the finals of civil services exams. She forcibly starts saying in the family of seenu as he ruined her education. Anjali falls in love with seenu and she loses her eyesight due to the"}]}, {"title": "Willibald von Langermann und Erlencamp", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Willibald von Langermann und Erlencamp Willibald von Langermann und Erlencamp (29 March 1890 \u2013 3 October 1942) was a German general during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany. Born in 1890, Erlencamp joined the 5th Dragoon Regiment of the Imperial German Army in 1910. From 1935, he commanded the 4th Cavalry Regiment before an appointment three years later as Higher Cavalry Officer I. He was later made inspector of cavalry and transport. After the commencement of World War II, he was appointed to command Special"}, {"context": "Administrative Staff 410. In March 1940 he was promoted to \"generalmajor\", just before the Battle of France he was named commander of the 29th Motorized Infantry Division. He successfully led the division through the campaigns in Belgium and France and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 15 August 1940. He had received the Iron Cross, 1st and 2nd Classes, earlier in the year. On 7 September 1940, Erlencamp was given command of the 4th Panzer Division, which he led from the opening stages of Operation Barbarossa up until the closing stages of Operation Typhoon. In January"}, {"context": "1942 he was appointed as commander of the XXIV Panzer Corps. Within weeks, he received a promotion to \"generalleutnant\" and this was followed in mid-1942 by a further advance in rank to \"general der panzertruppe\". On 17 February 1942 he was awarded the Oak Leaves to the Knights Cross. He was killed in action on 3 October 1942 at Storoshewoje on the Middle Don (\"in a foray in the front line\"). Willibald von Langermann und Erlencamp Willibald von Langermann und Erlencamp (29 March 1890 \u2013 3 October 1942) was a German general during World War II. He was a recipient"}]}, {"title": "Bayerngas Norge", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bayerngas Norge Bayerngas Norge AS was an oil and gas company with operations in several North-European countries. The company operated upstream with licenses in both Norwegian, Danish and British sectors. The company was established in 2006 and was owned by German, Austrian and Swiss local authorities. In December 2017, Bayerngas Norge was combined with the exploration & production business of Centrica plc to create a new independent oil and gas operator, Spirit Energy. At the end of 2013 Bayerngas Norge had 68 licenses, whereof 47 in Norway, 17 in the UK, and 4 in Denmark. Bayerngas Norge has five operatorships"}, {"context": "in Norway and one in the UK. The company aims to participate in between five and ten exploration wells per year, preferably in frontier areas. Average daily production is estimated to be around 16,200 barrels of oil equivalent per day (BOED) in 2013, which is equivalent to 10 TWh. On August 11, 2013, daily production reached 20.000 boed for the first time. There were four shareholders of Bayerngas Norge AS. Bayerngas GmbH owns 19.90% while the company's biggest shareholder is SWM Gasbeteiligungs GmbH who owns 75.73%. The remaining shares are owned by Swissgas and TIGAS-Erdgas Tirol who control 2.50% and"}, {"context": "1.87%, respectively. These companies are owned by local authorities in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Bayerngas Norge Bayerngas Norge AS was an oil and gas company with operations in several North-European countries. The company operated upstream with licenses in both Norwegian, Danish and British sectors. The company was established in 2006 and was owned by German, Austrian and Swiss local authorities. In December 2017, Bayerngas Norge was combined with the exploration & production business of Centrica plc to create a new independent oil and gas operator, Spirit Energy. At the end of 2013 Bayerngas Norge had 68 licenses, whereof 47 in"}]}, {"title": "Alberta Highway 93", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Alberta Highway 93 Highway 93 is a north-south highway in Alberta, Canada. It is also known as the Banff-Windermere Parkway south of the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) and the Icefields Parkway north of the Trans-Canada Highway. It travels through Banff National Park and Jasper National Park and is maintained by Parks Canada for its entire length. It runs from the British Columbia border at Vermilion Pass in the south, where it becomes British Columbia Highway 93, to its terminus at the junction with the Yellowhead Highway (Highway 16) at Jasper. The route takes its number from U.S. Route 93, which"}, {"context": "runs uninterrupted south to central Arizona, and was initially designated as '93' in 1959. The southern portion of the route is part of the Banff-Windermere Highway, a highway that travels from British Columbia Highway 95 at Radium Hot Springs, through Kootenay National Park and Vermilion Pass across the Continental Divide, to the junction of the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) at Castle Junction. The final of the highway are in Alberta and Banff National Park. Prior to 1959, the highway was designated as Highway 1B. Highway 93 connects with the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) at Castle Junction, midway between Banff and"}, {"context": "Lake Louise. Highway 93 follows the Trans-Canada Highway for northwest, diverging from highway 1 west of Lake Louise. Highway 1 continues west to Yoho National Park. The Bow Valley Parkway (Highway 1A) also links Lake Louise and Banff. This road parallels Highway 1 and, at the midpoint, passes Castle junction where it links with Highway 93. The Icefields Parkway (), is a long scenic road that parallels the Continental Divide, traversing the rugged landscape of the Canadian Rockies, travelling through Banff National Park and Jasper National Park. It is named for features such as the Columbia Icefield, visible from the"}, {"context": "parkway. It links Lake Louise with Jasper to the north. At its southern end, the Icefields Parkway terminates at Highway 1. Highway 1 west leads to Yoho National Park in British Columbia and Highway 1 east to Lake Louise and the Town of Banff. A second parkway, the Bow Valley Parkway also links Lake Louise and the Town of Banff. Known as Highway 1A, this road parallels Highway 1 and, at the midpoint, passes the Castle Mountain junction where Highway 93 south, or the Banff-Windermere Highway, branches southwest into Kootenay National Park in British Columbia. The Icefields Parkway was predated"}, {"context": "by the \"Glacier Trail\", which opened in 1885 after the Canadian Pacific Railway was completed and brought increased tourist traffic to Banff National Park. In 1931, the federal government commissioned the construction of a single-track road between Lake Louise and Jasper as a Great Depression as a relief project. In order to employ as many people as possible, the road was constructed by hand and employed 600 men. The road was completed in 1940; however, the 1950s saw an increase in automobile use and increased traffic along the parkway. In 1961, a reconstructed paved and modern highway was opened. The"}, {"context": "parkway is busy in July and August with up to 100,000 vehicles a month. The parkway is mainly two lanes with occasional passing lanes. It minimizes grades and hairpin turns but travellers must look out for wildlife, and vehicles stopped on the shoulder. Snow can be expected at any time of year and extreme weather is common in winter. A Canadian national parks permit is required to travel on the Icefields Parkway; stations near Lake Louise and Jasper enforce the law. Commercial trucks are prohibited. The speed limit is although the limit is reduced at Saskatchewan River Crossing and the"}, {"context": "Columbia Icefield area. In winter, chains or winter-rated radial tires are required by law and road closures may occur without warning. There is no cell coverage. Starting from the south end of Highway 93: Just south of Jasper, a short spur of the parkway branches off as Highway 93A, providing access to businesses on the south side of Jasper and providing an alternative route into the community via Hazel Avenue. Another Highway 93A spur farther south is long, is along Highway 93 and provides alternative access to viewpoints and other attractions within Jasper National Park. Highway 93A south of Jasper"}, {"context": "is narrow and the pavement uneven, with an average limit of . Brush grows up to the side of the highway so animals can be difficult to see. Alberta Highway 93 Highway 93 is a north-south highway in Alberta, Canada. It is also known as the Banff-Windermere Parkway south of the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) and the Icefields Parkway north of the Trans-Canada Highway. It travels through Banff National Park and Jasper National Park and is maintained by Parks Canada for its entire length. It runs from the British Columbia border at Vermilion Pass in the south, where it becomes"}]}, {"title": "Russia at the 2010 Winter Paralympics", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Russia at the 2010 Winter Paralympics Russia sent a delegation to compete at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver, Canada. The country fielded thirty-two athletes in cross-country skiing, biathlon, and alpine skiing. Russia placed first overall in the total medal count, winning thirty-eight medals overall. Russia's success at the Vancouver Paralympics stood in sharp contrast with its disappointing performance at the Vancouver Olympics the previous month, attracting media attention. The \"Moscow Times\" noted the irony in the fact that there had been high hope for Russia's Winter Olympians, while fairly little attention had been paid to its Paralympians, until their"}, {"context": "performance stood out with a crop of medals. While the \"Moscow Times\" focused on the difficulties faced by the country's Paralympians in their everyday life, however, the \"Vancouver Sun\" remarked: \"Unlike Canada and other countries where almost all Paralympians must have jobs, Team Russia's competitors are akin to 'sports professionals'. Most don't work so they can focus solely on their training, which is funded by the state and individual sponsors\". Russia at the 2010 Winter Paralympics Russia sent a delegation to compete at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver, Canada. The country fielded thirty-two athletes in cross-country skiing, biathlon, and"}]}, {"title": "Hey There, It's Yogi Bear!", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hey There, It's Yogi Bear! Hey There, It's Yogi Bear! is a 1964 American animated musical comedy film produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions and released by Columbia Pictures. The film stars the voices of Daws Butler, Don Messick, Julie Bennett, Mel Blanc, and J. Pat O'Malley. Based upon Hanna-Barbera's syndicated animated television show \"The Yogi Bear Show\", \"Hey There, It's Yogi Bear!\" was the first theatrical feature produced by Hanna-Barbera, and the first feature-length theatrical animated film based on a television program. Boo-Boo Bear wakes up from winter hibernation, excited about the new Spring. Then Yogi Bear wakes up, his only"}, {"context": "interest finding some food to eat. Cindy Bear unsuccessfully tries to woo Yogi. After Ranger Smith thwarts Yogi's latest attempts to grab some food, Yogi gets angry and convinces the Ranger to transfer him out of Jellystone National Park. Smith prepares Yogi to be sent over to the San Diego Zoo along with an identification tag. Yogi first says goodbye to everything, but tricks another bear named Corn Pone into going to California instead of him and Boo-Boo and Cindy remain unaware of this, thinking Yogi has departed for good. Soon, Yogi is stealing food from all over the park"}, {"context": "under the alter ego \"The Brown Phantom\", but Smith believes it is another bear. He threatens whoever it is to be sent to the zoo. Cindy, wishing to be with Yogi at the zoo, angers Smith into mistakenly sending her away. However, she gets sent to the St. Louis Zoo instead, as the San Diego Zoo does not need any more bears. When she realizes her true destination, she gets very sad, crying since she knows she would be far from Yogi now. Late that night, Cindy falls out of the train and becomes lost. A traveling circus is looking"}, {"context": "for a great act to raise their ratings, when suddenly, their dog runs off and scares Cindy into walking on the telephone wires, the perfect opportunity for the circus. Yogi has recently missed Boo-Boo and, above all, Cindy. Yogi goes to Ranger Smith and hears about her disappearance. Soon, Yogi and Boo-Boo escape from Jellystone to find Cindy. Meanwhile, Ranger Smith decides to let them find their way home to avoid trouble with the Park Commissioner. After an extensive travel, Yogi and Boo-Boo locate Cindy, who is being kept a prisoner for the greedy circus manager's nest egg. As Yogi"}, {"context": "confronts the manager, he is made to join the circus, too. Boo-Boo releases Yogi and Cindy and they make their exit. As they make their way home, they crash a barnyard party, somehow escaping afloat a river with the barn's door. Then, while Cindy & Yogi dream about a honeymoon in Venice, they find themselves suddenly being chased and hunted by the police, as they somehow became fugitives, but make their escape. They hitch a ride, but find themselves in the middle of a busy city (later revealed to be New York City) and make a run from the police"}, {"context": "to the top of a hotel and across to a high rise under construction. The next morning, Ranger Smith sees the three bears on television and decides to pick them up in a helicopter. All the commotions have made great publicity for Jellystone and Ranger Smith gets promoted to Chief Ranger by the Park Commissioner. The animated musical film was produced and directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, with a story by Hanna, Barbera, and former Warner Bros. Cartoons storyman Warren Foster. Another Warner Cartoons alumnus, Friz Freleng, served as story supervisor. When the Warner Bros. Cartoons studio closed"}, {"context": "in May 1963, several of its animators, including Gerry Chiniquy and Ken Harris, also joined Hanna-Barbera to work on this film. A review from the May 27, 1964 issue of \"Variety\" pointed out that the scarcity of theatrically released feature animated films made \"Hey There, It's Yogi Bear!\" highly marketable. The review called the film \"artistically accomplished in all departments\". The review commented that the script was a bit redundant, but that the songs were \"pleasant, if not especially distinguished\". After its 1964 release, the film was reissued on January 17, 1986, as part of Atlantic Releasing Corporation's short-lived Clubhouse"}, {"context": "Pictures label. The film was released on VHS a few times in the United States by Paramount Home Video, KVC Home Video, and GoodTimes Home Video respectively in the 1980s and 1993. These releases use the 1986 Clubhouse Pictures reissue version, but it is not known if it contains the Columbia references. In 2000, Warner Home Video included this film on its VHS Bumper Collections (with several other TV shows) in Australia. This release also lacks the original Columbia Pictures card and credit references. On December 2, 2008, Warner Home Video released the film on DVD in North America. However,"}, {"context": "like a concurrent DVD release of another Hanna-Barbera feature, \"The Man Called Flintstone\", this release alters the opening of the film by removing the Columbia Pictures logo and its credit references. Unlike the former, it is presented in 1.78:1 anamorphic widescreen (both films were animated in 1.33:1 and matted to 1.85:1 for theaters). A R2 DVD was released in the UK on January 31, 2011, and is also presented in 1.78:1. Hey There, It's Yogi Bear! Hey There, It's Yogi Bear! is a 1964 American animated musical comedy film produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions and released by Columbia Pictures. The film"}]}, {"title": "I. C. Vissarion", "paragraphs": [{"context": "I. C. Vissarion Iancu Constantin Vissarion (February 2, 1879\u2013November 5, 1951) was a Romanian prose writer. Born in Coste\u0219tii din Vale, D\u00e2mbovi\u021ba County, his father was a merchant of Greek origin, not officially married to his mother Ilinca. After he attended primary school in his native village from 1886 to 1891, his mother died. He subsequently moved to Titu and then to his grandfather's home in Bucharest, where he learned the shoemaker's trade from 1892 to 1895. He briefly worked as a clerk at the sub-prefectural office in Titu. In 1898, he married Gheorghi\u021ba; the couple would have ten children."}, {"context": "For a few months in 1901, he served as mayor of Coste\u0219tii din Vale. Working as a farmer, he took part in the 1907 peasants' revolt; arrested and sentenced to death, he was freed upon the intervention of Ion G. Duca. He was a health inspector in 1907-1908, 1913 and 1919, and a school inspector in 1920. During World War I, he was employed as a military censor. Vissarion's first book was a collection of folk tales, \"Draci \u0219i strigoi\" (1899). His work appeared in \"Rom\u00e2nia muncitoare\", \"Ra\u021biunea\", \"Flac\u0103ra\", \"Sbur\u0103torul\" and \"Via\u021ba Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103\". In 1913, he was an editor at"}, {"context": "\"Rampa\" and \"Facla\". He held several patents for inventions, including an airplane, ventilated shoes and a wheelchair. From 1932 to 1935, he edited \"Stelu\u021ba\" magazine; its contributors included Gala Galaction and Al. T. Stamatiad. In 1918, he was awarded the Romanian Academy's Adamachi Prize for his 1916 short story collection \"Florica \u0219i alte nuvele\". Other volumes included \"Nevestele lui Mo\u0219 Dragoman\" (1913), \"Privighetoarea neagr\u0103\" (1916) and \"Ber-C\u0103ciul\u0103\" (1920); these were the product of what Eugen Lovinescu termed an \"inexhaustible memory\", the author \"melted into the anonymous mass of the people\". I. C. Vissarion Iancu Constantin Vissarion (February 2, 1879\u2013November 5,"}]}, {"title": "Colorado State Highway 392", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Colorado State Highway 392 State Highway 392 is a long state highway in northern Colorado. SH 392 begins at a junction with U.S. Highway 287 south of Fort Collins and proceeds eastward. It intersects I-25 at Exit 262 and continues east through the towns of Windsor and Lucerne. The highway continues northeast and serves several small towns. The highway nominally ends north of Briggsdale at SH 14 where it becomes Weld County Road 77. The route begins at US 287 south of Fort Collins, Colorado along Robert Benson Lake. The road then intersects CR 13 and CR 11, where it"}, {"context": "briefly enters Redmond before entering the Fossil Creek Regional Open Space, along which is located the Fossil Creek Reservoir. As the road continues eastward through the park, it becomes the southern boundary before interchanging with I-25. East of I-25, the road briefly continues through farmland before crossing the Larimer/Weld county line. Afterwards, it meets SH 257 in Windsor, nearing Windsor Lake. The road then continues through rectangularly shaped fields before meeting US 85, where it curves slightly southeastward. As the road continues eastward, the fields become circular, and the road turns slightly northeastward. The surrounding land then becomes barren grassland"}, {"context": "as the road abruptly turns eastward then sharply northward. The road then meets its terminus several miles later at SH 14 in Briggsdale. The route was established in 1949, where it began at SH 257 in Windsor and continued east to Barnesville. The road was then paved entirely by 1958, then extended to today's I-25 in 1960. The route was then extended east to Cornish; this section was paved by 1977. The route was then extended to its current terminus at Briggsdale at SH 14 the next year. In 1994, the section east of SH 37 (now deleted) was deleted."}, {"context": "In 2007, the section between U.S. Highway 287 and I-25 was added to SH 392 and the formerly deleted section was readded. Colorado State Highway 392 State Highway 392 is a long state highway in northern Colorado. SH 392 begins at a junction with U.S. Highway 287 south of Fort Collins and proceeds eastward. It intersects I-25 at Exit 262 and continues east through the towns of Windsor and Lucerne. The highway continues northeast and serves several small towns. The highway nominally ends north of Briggsdale at SH 14 where it becomes Weld County Road 77. The route begins at"}]}, {"title": "Botswana Wild Dog Research Project", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Botswana Wild Dog Research Project Founded as the Botswana Wild Dog Research Project in 1989, the renamed Botswana Predator Conservation Trust (BPCT) has expanded to cover all the large carnivore species in Botswana. The Botswana Predator Conservation Trust is one of the longest running large predator research projects in Africa, and one of only a handful of its caliber worldwide. BPCT research on wild dogs has made it abundantly clear that the health and welfare of the entire predator population is a key indication of overall health of Botswana's ecosystems. The Government of Botswana, also acknowledging that appropriate and necessary"}, {"context": "resource management cannot be undertaken in the absence of accurate information about its natural resources, has entrusted BPCT with the task of leading northern Botswana's conservation and research initiatives for all large carnivores and their associated habitats of the country. The Okavango Delta, where most of BPCT's research takes place, is a freshwater wetland of global importance. It is the largest Ramsar International Convention on Wetlands protected site on Earth, and was granted IUCNworld heritage status by the World Conservation Union (IUCN). Botswana Wild Dog Research Project Founded as the Botswana Wild Dog Research Project in 1989, the renamed Botswana"}]}, {"title": "Gutasaga", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Gutasaga Gutasaga (\"Gutasagan\") is a saga regarding the history of Gotland before its Christianization. It was recorded in the 13th century and survives in only a single manuscript, the Codex Holm. B 64, dating to ca. 1350, kept at the National Library of Sweden in Stockholm together with the Gutalag, the legal code of Gotland. It was written in the Old Gutnish dialect of Old Norse. The saga begins with Gotland being discovered by a man named \u00deieluar (Tjalve) (Gutnish: Tjelvar). He was a mythical figure who shows up twice in the Prose \"Edda\" and once in \"Gutasaga\". Gotland is"}, {"context": "under a spell and under water during the day and out of water only during the night, a spell that is broken by \u00deieluar lighting a fire on the Island. \u00deieluar's son Haf\u00fei (Havde) and his wife Vitastjerna (Gutnish: Hwitastierna) had three sons named Graip, Gute and Gunfjaun, the ancestors of the Gutes. After Havde's and Vitastjerna's first night together, she had a dream about three snakes entwined in her bosom. This was interpreted as a symbol that all things are connected in circles and that they would have three sons. The subject is depicted on some of the picture"}, {"context": "stones on Gotland. The saga says that after his father died, Gute was appointed to be the chief, and shall have given his name to both the island and the Gutnish people. They shared Gotland, where Gute held the midsection, Graip the northern and Gunnfjaun the southern part. Gotland was divided in three parts, a division that was reflected in a division of Gotland into three Tredingar, a division that remained legally to 1747 and still remains within the church, which still today retains this division into three Deaneries. The saga tells of an emigration, that is associated with the"}, {"context": "historical migration of the Goths during the Migration Period: That the Goths should have gone \"to the land of the Greeks\" is consistent with their first appearance in classical sources: Eusebius of Caesarea reported that they devastated \"Macedonia, Greece, the Pontus, and Asia\" in 263. The emigration would have taken place in the 1st century AD, and loose contact with their homeland would have been maintained for another two centuries, the comment that the emigrant's language \"still has something\" in common shows awareness of dialectal separation. The events would have needed to be transmitted orally for almost a millennium before"}, {"context": "the text was written down. The mention of the Dvina river is in good agreement with the Wielbark culture. Historically, the Goths followed the Vistula, but during the Viking Age, the Dvina-Dniepr waterway succeeded the Vistula as the main trade route to Greece for the \"Gutes\" (or \"Gotar\" in standard Old Norse), and it is not surprising that it also replaced the Vistula in the migration traditions. The Gutasaga contains several references to the relationship between Gotland and Sweden, and asserts that it is based on mutual agreements, and notes the duties and obligations of the Swedish King and Bishop"}, {"context": "in relationship to Gotland. It is therefore not only an effort to write down the history of Gotland, but also an effort to assert Gotland's independence from Sweden. It gives Awair Strabain as the man who arranged the mutually beneficial agreement with the king of Sweden, and the event would have taken place before the end of the 9th century, when Wulfstan of Hedeby reported that the island was subject to the Swedes. (See Consolidation of Sweden) Tjelvar and several other names of people from the Gutasaga are used for places, establishments and other Gotland related things like websites. A"}, {"context": "stone ship in Boge is called Tjelvar's Grave. Boge is also the place for the bay Tj\u00e4ldersvik and the Tj\u00e4ldersholm island. The Digerrojr cairn in Garde is also known as to as Graips rojr. In 2011, a competition, hosted by the Swedish Astronomical Society, for naming a newly discovered asteroid in the asteroid belt was held in Visby. It was named 137052 Tjelvar after Tjelvar, the mythological first man to bring fire to the island. Gutasaga Gutasaga (\"Gutasagan\") is a saga regarding the history of Gotland before its Christianization. It was recorded in the 13th century and survives in only"}]}, {"title": "Oleg Kerensky", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Oleg Kerensky Oleg Aleksandrovich Kerensky CBE FRS (), (16 April 1905 \u2013 25 June 1984) was a Russian civil engineer, one of the foremost bridge designers of his time. Kerensky was born in St. Petersburg, Russia, the son of future Russian prime minister Alexander Kerensky, who survived the events of the Russian Civil War and emigrated to Paris in 1918. Both Oleg and his younger brother Gleb graduated as engineers in 1927, and both settled in England. As an associate of Dorman Long, Kerensky assisted on the landmark 1932 Sydney Harbour Bridge. As an associate, and then a partner, in"}, {"context": "the firm Freeman Fox & Partners, Kerensky designed many British road bridges and structures such as the 1951 temporary Dome of Discovery in London, the largest dome in the world. He was president of the Institution of Structural Engineers in 1970-71 and won their Gold Medal of in 1977. After his death in London, the same institution began their Kerensky Memorial Conferences beginning in 1988. He was made a C.B.E. in 1964 and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1970. Kerensky was the father and namesake of dance critic Oleg Kerensky, Jr (1930\u20131993). Oleg Junior was in"}, {"context": "the 1981 film \"Reds\" portraying his grandfather when he was the head of the Russian Provisional Government. Oleg Kerensky Oleg Aleksandrovich Kerensky CBE FRS (), (16 April 1905 \u2013 25 June 1984) was a Russian civil engineer, one of the foremost bridge designers of his time. Kerensky was born in St. Petersburg, Russia, the son of future Russian prime minister Alexander Kerensky, who survived the events of the Russian Civil War and emigrated to Paris in 1918. Both Oleg and his younger brother Gleb graduated as engineers in 1927, and both settled in England. As an associate of Dorman Long,"}]}, {"title": "Gassendi (crater)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Gassendi (crater) Gassendi is a large lunar impact crater feature located at the northern edge of Mare Humorum. The formation has been inundated by lava during the formation of the mare, so only the rim and the multiple central peaks remain above the surface. The outer rim is worn and eroded, although it retains a generally circular form. A smaller crater \u2013 Gassendi A \u2013 intrudes into the northern rim, and joins a rough uplift at the northwest part of the floor. The crater pair bear a curious resemblance to a diamond ring. In the southern part of the crater"}, {"context": "floor is a semi-circular ridge-like formation that is concentric with the outer rim. It is in the southern part where the rim dips down to its lowest portion, and a gap appears at the most southern point. The rim varies in height from as little as 200 meters to as high as 2.5 kilometers above the surface. The floor has numerous hummocks and rough spots. There is also a system of rilles that criss-crosses the floor, named the Rimae Gassendi. On some older maps the crater Gassendi A was called Clarkson, after the British amateur astronomer and selenographer Roland L."}, {"context": "T. Clarkson, but this name is not officially recognized by the IAU and the name has been removed. Gassendi was considered for a possible landing site during the Apollo program, but was never selected. However, it was imaged at high resolution by Lunar Orbiter 5, for this reason. By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Gassendi. Due to its ray system, Gassendi A is mapped as part of the Copernican System. Gassendi (crater) Gassendi is a large lunar impact crater feature located at"}]}, {"title": "Leon C. Phillips", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Leon C. Phillips Leon Chase \"Red\" Phillips (December 9, 1890 \u2013 March 27, 1958) was an American attorney, a state legislator and the 11th governor of Oklahoma. As a member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives and as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives, Phillips made a name for himself as an obstructionist of the proposals of governors William H. Murray and E.W. Marland, including components of the New Deal. As governor, Phillips pushed for deep cuts, but was unable to avoid an unbalanced budget. After retiring from politics, he worked as an attorney before his death from a"}, {"context": "heart attack. He is buried in Weleetka, Oklahoma. Phillips was born to Rufus Putnam and Bertha Violet (Bressler) Phillips in Worth County, Missouri, and moved to Foss in Custer County, Oklahoma at an early age. While a student at Epworth University in Oklahoma City, he studied for the ministry, but changed to law and received his LL.B. from the University of Oklahoma in 1916. He married Myrtle Ellenberger of Norman, Oklahoma, on June 19, 1916, and they had two children. Phillips was admitted to the State Bar in that year and to practice before the United States Supreme Court later."}, {"context": "After service in World War I, as a private in the US Army, he returned to Okemah, where he practiced law. Elected three times to the Oklahoma House of Representatives from 1933 to 1938, he served as Speaker of the House in 1935. He led opposition to proposals from governors William H. Murray and E.W. Marland, the latter of which helped him attain his seat as Speaker. Phillips ran against Ross Rizley in the gubernatorial general election. He was elected Governor of Oklahoma in 1938, and served from January 9, 1939, to January 11, 1943. During his governorship, Phillips was"}, {"context": "charged with accepting a bribe, was tried twice, but was eventually acquitted. Phillips was the first state representative to be elected as Governor of Oklahoma and his term was marked by his proposals to trim the state budget. Despite deep cuts, the budget produced by the 17th Oklahoma Legislature was not balanced; it was the last budget not subject to constitutional requirements to balance the budget approved by voters in 1941. Phillips was responsible for the constitutional amendment requiring a balanced budget of the Oklahoma Legislature. Phillips considered the New Deal to be federal interference in the state and was"}, {"context": "an obstructionist. After he retired from the office of Governor, Phillips returned to his farm near Okemah, Oklahoma, and continued to practice law until his death. He died, of a heart attack, while waiting for a client at the post office in Okmulgee on March 27, 1958. Leon C. Phillips Leon Chase \"Red\" Phillips (December 9, 1890 \u2013 March 27, 1958) was an American attorney, a state legislator and the 11th governor of Oklahoma. As a member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives and as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives, Phillips made a name for himself as an"}]}, {"title": "Substitution cipher", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Substitution cipher In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encrypting by which units of plaintext are replaced with ciphertext, according to a fixed system; the \"units\" may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth. The receiver deciphers the text by performing the inverse substitution. Substitution ciphers can be compared with transposition ciphers. In a transposition cipher, the units of the plaintext are rearranged in a different and usually quite complex order, but the units themselves are left unchanged. By contrast, in a substitution cipher, the units"}, {"context": "of the plaintext are retained in the same sequence in the ciphertext, but the units themselves are altered. There are a number of different types of substitution cipher. If the cipher operates on single letters, it is termed a simple substitution cipher; a cipher that operates on larger groups of letters is termed polygraphic. A monoalphabetic cipher uses fixed substitution over the entire message, whereas a polyalphabetic cipher uses a number of substitutions at different positions in the message, where a unit from the plaintext is mapped to one of several possibilities in the ciphertext and vice versa. Substitution of"}, {"context": "single letters separately\u2014simple substitution\u2014can be demonstrated by writing out the alphabet in some order to represent the substitution. This is termed a substitution alphabet. The cipher alphabet may be shifted or reversed (creating the Caesar and Atbash ciphers, respectively) or scrambled in a more complex fashion, in which case it is called a \"mixed alphabet\" or \"deranged alphabet\". Traditionally, mixed alphabets may be created by first writing out a keyword, removing repeated letters in it, then writing all the remaining letters in the alphabet in the usual order. Using this system, the keyword \"zebras\" gives us the following alphabets: A"}, {"context": "message of \"enciphers to\" Traditionally, the ciphertext is written out in blocks of fixed length, omitting punctuation and spaces; this is done to help avoid transmission errors and to disguise word boundaries from the plaintext. These blocks are called \"groups\", and sometimes a \"group count\" (i.e., the number of groups) is given as an additional check. Five-letter groups are traditional, dating from when messages used to be transmitted by telegraph: If the length of the message happens not to be divisible by five, it may be padded at the end with \"nulls\". These can be any characters that decrypt to"}, {"context": "obvious nonsense, so the receiver can easily spot them and discard them. The ciphertext alphabet is sometimes different from the plaintext alphabet; for example, in the pigpen cipher, the ciphertext consists of a set of symbols derived from a grid. For example: Such features make little difference to the security of a scheme, however \u2013 at the very least, any set of strange symbols can be transcribed back into an A-Z alphabet and dealt with as normal. In lists and catalogues for salespeople, a very simple encryption is sometimes used to replace numeric digits by letters. Example: MAT would be"}, {"context": "used to represent 120. Although the traditional keyword method for creating a mixed substitution alphabet is simple, a serious disadvantage is that the last letters of the alphabet (which are mostly low frequency) tend to stay at the end. A stronger way of constructing a mixed alphabet is to perform a columnar transposition on the ordinary alphabet using the keyword, but this is not often done. Although the number of possible keys is very large (26! \u2248 2, or about 88 bits), this cipher is not very strong, and is easily broken. Provided the message is of reasonable length (see"}, {"context": "below), the cryptanalyst can deduce the probable meaning of the most common symbols by analyzing the frequency distribution of the ciphertext. This allows formation of partial words, which can be tentatively filled in, progressively expanding the (partial) solution (see frequency analysis for a demonstration of this). In some cases, underlying words can also be determined from the pattern of their letters; for example, \"attract\", \"osseous\", and words with those two as the root are the only common English words with the pattern \"ABBCADB\". Many people solve such ciphers for recreation, as with cryptogram puzzles in the newspaper. According to the"}, {"context": "unicity distance of English, 27.6 letters of ciphertext are required to crack a mixed alphabet simple substitution. In practice, typically about 50 letters are needed, although some messages can be broken with fewer if unusual patterns are found. In other cases, the plaintext can be contrived to have a nearly flat frequency distribution, and much longer plaintexts will then be required by the cryptanalyst. An early attempt to increase the difficulty of frequency analysis attacks on substitution ciphers was to disguise plaintext letter frequencies by homophony. In these ciphers, plaintext letters map to more than one ciphertext symbol. Usually, the"}, {"context": "highest-frequency plaintext symbols are given more equivalents than lower frequency letters. In this way, the frequency distribution is flattened, making analysis more difficult. Since more than 26 characters will be required in the ciphertext alphabet, various solutions are employed to invent larger alphabets. Perhaps the simplest is to use a numeric substitution 'alphabet'. Another method consists of simple variations on the existing alphabet; uppercase, lowercase, upside down, etc. More artistically, though not necessarily more securely, some homophonic ciphers employed wholly invented alphabets of fanciful symbols. One variant is the nomenclator. Named after the public official who announced the titles of"}, {"context": "visiting dignitaries, this cipher combines a small codebook with large homophonic substitution tables. Originally the code was restricted to the names of important people, hence the name of the cipher; in later years it covered many common words and place names as well. The symbols for whole words (\"codewords\" in modern parlance) and letters (\"cipher\" in modern parlance) were not distinguished in the ciphertext. The Rossignols' Great Cipher used by Louis XIV of France was one. Nomenclators were the standard fare of diplomatic correspondence, espionage, and advanced political conspiracy from the early fifteenth century to the late eighteenth century; most"}, {"context": "conspirators were and have remained less cryptographically sophisticated. Although government intelligence cryptanalysts were systematically breaking nomenclators by the mid-sixteenth century, and superior systems had been available since 1467, the usual response to cryptanalysis was simply to make the tables larger. By the late eighteenth century, when the system was beginning to die out, some nomenclators had 50,000 symbols. Nevertheless, not all nomenclators were broken; today, cryptanalysis of archived ciphertexts remains a fruitful area of historical research. The Beale ciphers are another example of a homophonic cipher. This is a story of buried treasure that was described in 1819\u201321 by use"}, {"context": "of a ciphered text that was keyed to the Declaration of Independence. Here each ciphertext character was represented by a number. The number was determined by taking the plaintext character and finding a word in the Declaration of Independence that started with that character and using the numerical position of that word in the Declaration of Independence as the encrypted form of that letter. Since many words in the Declaration of Independence start with the same letter, the encryption of that character could be any of the numbers associated with the words in the Declaration of Independence that start with"}, {"context": "that letter. Deciphering the encrypted text character \"X\" (which is a number) is as simple as looking up the Xth word of the Declaration of Independence and using the first letter of that word as the decrypted character. Another homophonic cipher was described by Stahl and was one of the first attempts to provide for computer security of data systems in computers through encryption. Stahl constructed the cipher in such a way that the number of homophones for a given character was in proportion to the frequency of the character, thus making frequency analysis much more difficult. The book cipher"}, {"context": "and straddling checkerboard are types of homophonic cipher. Francesco I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, used the earliest known example of a homophonic substitution cipher in 1401 for correspondence with one Simone de Crema. Polyalphabetic substitution ciphers were first described in 1467 by Leone Battista Alberti in the form of disks. Johannes Trithemius, in his book \"Steganographia\" (Ancient Greek for \"hidden writing\") introduced the now more standard form of a \"tableau\" (see below; ca. 1500 but not published until much later). A more sophisticated version using mixed alphabets was described in 1563 by Giovanni Battista della Porta in his book, \"De"}, {"context": "Furtivis Literarum Notis\" (Latin for \"On concealed characters in writing\"). In a polyalphabetic cipher, multiple cipher alphabets are used. To facilitate encryption, all the alphabets are usually written out in a large table, traditionally called a \"tableau\". The tableau is usually 26\u00d726, so that 26 full ciphertext alphabets are available. The method of filling the tableau, and of choosing which alphabet to use next, defines the particular polyalphabetic cipher. All such ciphers are easier to break than once believed, as substitution alphabets are repeated for sufficiently large plaintexts. One of the most popular was that of Blaise de Vigen\u00e8re. First"}, {"context": "published in 1585, it was considered unbreakable until 1863, and indeed was commonly called \"le chiffre ind\u00e9chiffrable\" (French for \"indecipherable cipher\"). In the Vigen\u00e8re cipher, the first row of the tableau is filled out with a copy of the plaintext alphabet, and successive rows are simply shifted one place to the left. (Such a simple tableau is called a \"tabula recta\", and mathematically corresponds to adding the plaintext and key letters, modulo 26.) A keyword is then used to choose which ciphertext alphabet to use. Each letter of the keyword is used in turn, and then they are repeated again"}, {"context": "from the beginning. So if the keyword is 'CAT', the first letter of plaintext is enciphered under alphabet 'C', the second under 'A', the third under 'T', the fourth under 'C' again, and so on. In practice, Vigen\u00e8re keys were often phrases several words long. In 1863, Friedrich Kasiski published a method (probably discovered secretly and independently before the Crimean War by Charles Babbage) which enabled the calculation of the length of the keyword in a Vigen\u00e8re ciphered message. Once this was done, ciphertext letters that had been enciphered under the same alphabet could be picked out and attacked separately"}, {"context": "as a number of semi-independent simple substitutions - complicated by the fact that within one alphabet letters were separated and did not form complete words, but simplified by the fact that usually a \"tabula recta\" had been employed. As such, even today a Vigen\u00e8re type cipher should theoretically be difficult to break if mixed alphabets are used in the tableau, if the keyword is random, and if the total length of ciphertext is less than 27.67 times the length of the keyword. These requirements are rarely understood in practice, and so Vigen\u00e8re enciphered message security is usually less than might"}, {"context": "have been. Other notable polyalphabetics include: Modern stream ciphers can also be seen, from a sufficiently abstract perspective, to be a form of polyalphabetic cipher in which all the effort has gone into making the keystream as long and unpredictable as possible. In a polygraphic substitution cipher, plaintext letters are substituted in larger groups, instead of substituting letters individually. The first advantage is that the frequency distribution is much flatter than that of individual letters (though not actually flat in real languages; for example, 'TH' is much more common than 'XQ' in English). Second, the larger number of symbols requires"}, {"context": "correspondingly more ciphertext to productively analyze letter frequencies. To substitute \"pairs\" of letters would take a substitution alphabet 676 symbols long \u2014(formula_1)\u2014. In the same \"De Furtivis Literarum Notis\" mentioned above, della Porta actually proposed such a system, with a 20 x 20 tableau (for the 20 letters of the Italian/Latin alphabet he was using) filled with 400 unique glyphs. However the system was impractical and probably never actually used. The earliest practical digraphic cipher (pairwise substitution), was the so-called Playfair cipher, invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1854. In this cipher, a 5 x 5 grid is filled with"}, {"context": "the letters of a mixed alphabet (two letters, usually I and J, are combined). A digraphic substitution is then simulated by taking pairs of letters as two corners of a rectangle, and using the other two corners as the ciphertext (see the Playfair cipher main article for a diagram). Special rules handle double letters and pairs falling in the same row or column. Playfair was in military use from the Boer War through World War II. Several other practical polygraphics were introduced in 1901 by Felix Delastelle, including the bifid and four-square ciphers (both digraphic) and the trifid cipher (probably"}, {"context": "the first practical trigraphic). The Hill cipher, invented in 1929 by Lester S. Hill, is a polygraphic substitution which can combine much larger groups of letters simultaneously using linear algebra. Each letter is treated as a digit in base 26: A = 0, B =1, and so on. (In a variation, 3 extra symbols are added to make the basis prime.) A block of n letters is then considered as a vector of n dimensions, and multiplied by a n x n matrix, modulo 26. The components of the matrix are the key, and should be random provided that the"}, {"context": "matrix is invertible in formula_2 (to ensure decryption is possible). A mechanical version of the Hill cipher of dimension 6 was patented in 1929. The Hill cipher is vulnerable to a known-plaintext attack because it is completely linear, so it must be combined with some non-linear step to defeat this attack. The combination of wider and wider weak, linear diffusive steps like a Hill cipher, with non-linear substitution steps, ultimately leads to a substitution-permutation network (e.g. a Feistel cipher), so it is possible \u2013 from this extreme perspective \u2013 to consider modern block ciphers as a type of polygraphic substitution."}, {"context": "Between circa World War I and the widespread availability of computers (for some governments this was approximately the 1950s or 1960s; for other organizations it was a decade or more later; for individuals it was no earlier than 1975), mechanical implementations of polyalphabetic substitution ciphers were widely used. Several inventors had similar ideas about the same time, and rotor cipher machines were patented four times in 1919. The most important of the resulting machines was the Enigma, especially in the versions used by the German military from approximately 1930. The Allies also developed and used rotor machines (e.g., SIGABA and"}, {"context": "Typex). All of these were similar in that the substituted letter was chosen electrically from amongst the huge number of possible combinations resulting from the rotation of several letter disks. Since one or more of the disks rotated mechanically with each plaintext letter enciphered, the number of alphabets used was substantially more than astronomical. Early versions of these machine were, nevertheless, breakable. William F. Friedman of the US Army's SIS early found vulnerabilities in Hebern's rotor machine, and GC&CS's Dillwyn Knox solved versions of the Enigma machine (those without the \"plugboard\") well before WWII began. Traffic protected by essentially all"}, {"context": "of the German military Enigmas was broken by Allied cryptanalysts, most notably those at Bletchley Park, beginning with the German Army variant used in the early 1930s. This version was broken by inspired mathematical insight by Marian Rejewski in Poland. No messages protected by the SIGABA and Typex machines were ever, so far as is publicly known, broken. One type of substitution cipher, the one-time pad, is quite special. It was invented near the end of World War I by Gilbert Vernam and Joseph Mauborgne in the US. It was mathematically proven unbreakable by Claude Shannon, probably during World War"}, {"context": "II; his work was first published in the late 1940s. In its most common implementation, the one-time pad can be called a substitution cipher only from an unusual perspective; typically, the plaintext letter is combined (not substituted) in some manner (e.g., XOR) with the key material character at that position. The one-time pad is, in most cases, impractical as it requires that the key material be as long as the plaintext, \"actually\" random, used once and \"only\" once, and kept entirely secret from all except the sender and intended receiver. When these conditions are violated, even marginally, the one-time pad"}, {"context": "is no longer unbreakable. Soviet one-time pad messages sent from the US for a brief time during World War II used non-random key material. US cryptanalysts, beginning in the late 40s, were able to, entirely or partially, break a few thousand messages out of several hundred thousand. (See Venona project) In a mechanical implementation, rather like the Rockex equipment, the one-time pad was used for messages sent on the Moscow-Washington \"hot line\" established after the Cuban missile crisis. Substitution ciphers as discussed above, especially the older pencil-and-paper hand ciphers, are no longer in serious use. However, the cryptographic concept of"}, {"context": "substitution carries on even today. From a sufficiently abstract perspective, modern bit-oriented block ciphers (e.g., DES, or AES) can be viewed as substitution ciphers on an enormously large binary alphabet. In addition, block ciphers often include smaller substitution tables called S-boxes. See also substitution-permutation network. Substitution cipher In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encrypting by which units of plaintext are replaced with ciphertext, according to a fixed system; the \"units\" may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth. The receiver deciphers the text by performing"}]}, {"title": "Tytler's leaf warbler", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tytler's leaf warbler The Tytler's leaf warbler (\"Phylloscopus tytleri\") is a songbird species. Like all leaf warblers, it was formerly placed in the \"Old World warbler\" assemblage, but now belongs to the new leaf-warbler family Phylloscopidae. It is found in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, and the India. It passes through the Western Himalayas to winter in southern India, particularly in the Western Ghats and the Nilgiris. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. It breeds in the Northwestern Himalayan region and is suspected to breed in the Garhwal and Kumaon Himalayas. The"}, {"context": "name commemorates the British naturalist Robert Christopher Tytler. In museum specimens, the thin bill is clear and there is a long exposed nasal groove along the bill. The rictal bristles are short and few and the feathering at the base of the beak is reduced giving a very pointed face profile. The lower mandible is not flesh coloured in \"tytleri\" as in most \"trochiloides\" and it is not dark black as in \"Phylloscopus collybita tristis\". They do not have any wing bars. Tytler's leaf warbler The Tytler's leaf warbler (\"Phylloscopus tytleri\") is a songbird species. Like all leaf warblers, it"}]}, {"title": "Lesja", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Lesja Lesja is a municipality in Oppland county, Norway. It is part of the traditional region of Gudbrandsdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Lesja. The parish of \"Lesje\" was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). The area of Dovre was separated from Lesja to become a municipality of its own in 1861. Lesja is bordered in the north by the municipalities of Nesset, Sunndal, and Oppdal; in the east by Dovre; in the south by V\u00e5g\u00e5 and Lom; in the southwest by Skj\u00e5k; and to the west by Rauma. The Old"}, {"context": "Norse form of the name was \"Lesjar\" (plural form). There are two different interpretations of the meaning of the name. It might derive from \"l\u00e6s\" meaning \"pasture\", or it is a shortened version of \"Leirsj\u00f8ar\" meaning \"muddy lakes\", referring to two relatively large and shallow lakes which occupied the valley bottom until the late 19th century, when both lakes were drained in order to gain more farmland. The coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 23 January 1987. The form is meant to represent the spire of Lesja Church, which is visible from far away. Lesja is highly"}, {"context": "mountainous, and lies on the east-west watershed, with Lesjaskogsvatnet lake draining both west to the Rauma river and east to the Gudbrandsdalsl\u00e5gen river. The largest part (82%) of the community area is over above sea level, with the highest mountain peaks reaching above an elevation of in the northeast. The most populated areas lie between along the Gudbrandsdalsl\u00e5gen river and highway E136. Abundant summer farms (\"seter\" or \"s\u00e6ter\") are situated close to the treeline, both in the main valley and its tributaries. The summer farms were of major importance for farming until recently, but today only few are used in"}, {"context": "the traditional way, and mainly as grounds for grazing dairy cattle and sheep. More than 400 lakes are situated within the municipality, mainly above treeline. The Norwegian trout is common both in lakes and rivers, even in lakes above above sea level. The landscape is hummocky in general, and owes its appearance mainly to erosion by the Scandinavian Ice Sheet during the last glacial period. Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park was founded in 2002 and encompasses part of the former Dovre National Park area, as founded in 1974. It is encompassing areas in Lesja and Dovre in Oppland as well as areas"}, {"context": "in S\u00f8r-Tr\u00f8ndelag and M\u00f8re og Romsdal. It includes the Dovrefjell mountain range. The community is primarily agricultural. Recent censuses show over 40% of the residents in the community are in farming. Rail service is provided by the Rauma Line, connecting with the Dovre Line at Domb\u00e5s in Dovre and extending to the terminus in \u00c5ndalsnes on the fjord in M\u00f8re og Romsdal County. Lesja is located in a mountain region, comprising the south-westerly portion of the Dovrefjell range. It is the site of the Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park, lies just north of Jotunheimen National Park and lies just west of Rondane"}, {"context": "National Park, so tourism and outdoor sports such as skiing are also important. The Bjorli ski area lies in Lesja. Since it is located on a pass providing access to the Gudbrandsdalen, \"Lesja\" lies on an important trade route used in prehistoric times. The area is first mentioned in the written chronicle of the Heimskringla \"(The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway)\" by Snorri Sturluson. The account of King Olaf's (A.D. 1015-1021) conversion of Dale-Gudbrand to Christianity is popularly recognized. King Olaf's success was short-lived, for in 1029 the Norwegian nobles, seething with discontent, rallied round the invading Knut the"}, {"context": "Great, and Olaf had to flee. To avoid engaging a fleet of 25 ships, 400 of King Olav's men and 100 loyal peasant farmers from Romsdal built a road up from the Romsdalfjord which passed through the area that became known as Lesjaverk. His men fled along this road and across Gudbrandsdal. There he was not warmly received since he had killed King Thorer of Gudbrandsdal, so he went on to Hedmark. From there he proceeded to Sweden and on to Russia. On his return a year later he fell at the Battle of Stiklestad. Iron smelting is recorded in"}, {"context": "Lesja municipality at Lesjaverk (Lesja Iron Works) as early as 1614, when King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway authorized the Romsdal Market at Devold on the Rauma river 4 miles upstream of \u00c5ndalsnes. With this change, Molde assumed the role as principal market town for Romsdal formerly held by Ve\u00f8y. This change was made to provide the ironworkers at \"Lesjaverk\" with a convenient outlet for their products as well as providing them a market to purchases goods and food supplies such as stockfish and grain. Jakob Bersveinson Klukstad (1710 to 1773), who was born in Lom spent most of"}, {"context": "his career on Klukstad farm in Lesja. Klukstad was the foremost Norwegian sculptor and painter of his generation. His work can still be seen in churches at Lesja, Skj\u00e5k, and Heidal. The Lesja area in the Gudbrandsdal was source of numerous emigrants to America. According to Du Chaillu, \"...during the great famine of 1867; a year memorable in the annals of Northern Europe, when, in consequence of an early and heavy frost in summer, the crops were destroyed, and desolation and death spread over vast districts. The lichen and the bark of the birch tree, mixed with a little flour,"}, {"context": "became the food of the people after the cattle had been eaten up and nothing else was left. The year following a strong tide of emigration set out for America.\" After the German invasion of April 1940, while King Haakan and the Norwegian government were moving from Elverum to the west coast, the King and Crown Prince Olaf arrived in Otta on the night of April 13. The prime minister and his colleagues, who were then in Lesja, were summoned and a communiqu\u00e9, ending \"God save Norway,\" and urging resistance to the unprovoked attack was issued. They now intended to"}, {"context": "relocate to the west coast, but the Germans had dropped paratroopers higher in the Gudbrandsdalen, at Domb\u00e5s, cutting off the rail route. It was not until the evening of the 21st that the King was able to travel by road from Otta to Lesja on the east-west watershed and then down the narrow Romsdal to \u00c5ndalsnes. During the war a British fighter squadron (flying 'Gloster Gladiators') flew from the icebound surface of lake Lesjaskogsvatnet. No. 263 Squadron RAF operated with 18 Gloster Gladiator biplane fighters in late April 1940 as part of the Norwegian Campaign. Lesja Lesja is a municipality"}]}, {"title": "Impossible (Kanye West song)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Impossible (Kanye West song) \"Impossible\" is a song by American hip-hop recording artist Kanye West, featuring Twista, Keyshia Cole and BJ. The song was not featured on West's albums \"Late Registration\" (2005) and \"Graduation\" (2007) that were released around the same time as it, but was featured on the . The track was actually used as the official theme song for this film. Along with the rest of the soundtrack for , \"Impossible\" was recorded over the course of eight days at the Sony Scoring Stage in Culver City, California. Franchise star Tom Cruise was delighted at Kanye contributing to"}, {"context": "the soundtrack, describing himself as being 'a fan of Kanye's work'. Vocals from \"It's Impossible\" by New Birth are sampled throughout the track. It is solely produced by Michael Giacchino, which is an exception to what normally happens with West producing his own music - this is because Michael composed all of the soundtrack for the featuring movie, so the song may sound out of place if it wasn't produced by him. \"Impossible\" was negatively received by Complex, since the website placed it on a list of '20 Horrible Songs Made By Great Rappers'. Rolling Stone gave this type of"}, {"context": "reception too, rating the song only 2 stars and describing it as something that 'doesn't quite work'. CD single 12\" single Digital download The track made its debut at number 75 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and reached its peak position of 54 after 11 weeks on that chart. It peaked at number 27 in the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart on 27th May 2006. Impossible (Kanye West song) \"Impossible\" is a song by American hip-hop recording artist Kanye West, featuring Twista, Keyshia Cole and BJ. The song was not featured on West's albums \"Late Registration\" (2005)"}]}, {"title": "Colgate Clock (Indiana)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Colgate Clock (Indiana) The Colgate Clock, located at a former Colgate-Palmolive factory in Clarksville, Indiana, is one of the largest clocks in the world. It has a diameter of 40 feet (12.19 meter). It was first illuminated in Clarksville on November 17, 1924. It is located directly across the Ohio River from Louisville, Kentucky. The clock is officially recognized as the second largest timepiece in the world, with Clarksville residents able to read the time from over a mile away. Before the factory was bought by Colgate, it served as the Indiana Reformatory South. It opened in 1847, replacing the"}, {"context": "state prison which had opened in Jeffersonville in 1821. In 1919 a fire broke out in the prison, causing the need to spend much money to restore it to full operating procedure. Instead, the state of Indiana decided to relocate the prison to Pendleton, Indiana. Colgate happened to be looking for a Midwestern location following the post-World War I boom, and heard of the prison's availability. The state sold the building to Colgate in 1923. Prisoners, in fact, helped with the conversion from prison to soap-making plant, and even stayed in cells at the location while the conversion took place."}, {"context": "Designed by Colgate engineer Warren Day and constructed by the Seth Thomas Clock Company for the centennial of the Colgate Company in 1906, the clock served as the original Colgate Clock at Colgate-Palmolive facilities in Jersey City, New Jersey. The clock, facing the Ohio River to the south, can best be viewed across the river in Louisville, Kentucky. The clock can be seen in the movie \"The Insider\" when Al Pacino and Russell Crowe are talking in the car. In 2006 the factory was placed on Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana's 10 Most Endangered Landmarks list. Colgate-Palmolive planned to close"}, {"context": "it in 2008, moving its operations to Tennessee and Mexico, and the site is in a choice area for developers, as it is just across the river from Louisville, with easy access to I-65. Colgate has not made any plans for the preservation of the clock. On February 13, 2007, the factory was again on the endangered list. Colgate refused an offer to put the factory on the National Register of Historic Places, which would mean funds from the Indiana Department of Transportation due to the Ohio River Bridges Project. Colgate Clock (Indiana) The Colgate Clock, located at a former"}]}, {"title": "Spotting (photography)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Spotting (photography) In the production of photographic prints, spotting is a type of retouching concerned with correcting minor flaws in the finished print with specially made paints, dyes, pencils and pens. White spots on gelatin-silver prints made from negatives are caused by dust adhering to the negative or paper during exposure. Prints from positive transparencies exhibit black marks. White spots can be carefully darkened using a fine paintbrush and a dye of the appropriate colour. A small amount of dye, which should be very weak, is needed. The spot will darken as dye accumulates in the gelatin layer. Black spots"}, {"context": "on gelatin-silver prints are caused by holes in the negative's emulsion. These can be removed by careful knifing of the gelatin layer. For spotting work, always use a magnifying glass and a good light source. Spotting (photography) In the production of photographic prints, spotting is a type of retouching concerned with correcting minor flaws in the finished print with specially made paints, dyes, pencils and pens. White spots on gelatin-silver prints made from negatives are caused by dust adhering to the negative or paper during exposure. Prints from positive transparencies exhibit black marks. White spots can be carefully darkened using"}]}, {"title": "Joseph-Clovis-Kemner Laflamme", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Joseph-Clovis-Kemner Laflamme Joseph-Clovis-Kemner Laflamme (September 19, 1849 \u2013 July 6, 1910) was a Canadian Roman Catholic priest, academic, and writer. Born in Saint-Anselme, Lower Canada, the son of David Kemner dit Laflamme and Josephte Jamme, Laflamme received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1868 from the Petit S\u00e9minaire de Qu\u00e9bec. He was ordained a priest in 1872 and received a Doctor of Theology degree in 1873 from the Grand S\u00e9minaire de Qu\u00e9bec. In 1870, he became an instructor in natural history at the Petit S\u00e9minaire. In 1875, he started teaching physics at the Universit\u00e9 Laval and was appointed chair of"}, {"context": "mineralogy and geology in the faculty of arts. He also taught geology, mineralogy, and botany. In 1881, he published a textbook, \"\u00c9l\u00e9ments de min\u00e9ralogie et de g\u00e9ologie\". From 1891 to 1909, he was dean of the faculty of arts. He was president of the Royal Society of Canada from 1891 to 1892. He was a member of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 g\u00e9ologique de France, the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Physique, the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Scientifique de Bruxelles, and the Geological Society of America. In 1898, he was made a chevalier of the L\u00e9gion d'honneur. Joseph-Clovis-Kemner Laflamme Joseph-Clovis-Kemner Laflamme (September 19, 1849 \u2013 July 6, 1910)"}]}, {"title": "Tin Star (video game)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tin Star (video game) Tin Star is a rail shooter-type, video game software developed by Software Creations and published by Nintendo for the Super NES. It was released on November, 1994, only in North America. Tin Star was designed to be compatible not only with a standard Super NES controller, but also with the Super Scope and the SNES Mouse. The gameplay contains levels titled as \"days\". Each day is filled with four types of screens called \"scenes\". The game is set in a place called the Ol' West, populated by robots. The main protagonist is the titular character, a"}, {"context": "mechanical sheriff named Tin Star, who has a sidekick named Mo Crash. In the beginning, Tin Star and Mo ride on a stagecoach to a town called East Driftwood to stop the Bad Oil Gang and their leader, Black Bart, from committing crimes. While riding on a stagecoach, a member of the Bad Oil Gang wearing spring shoes, by name of Joe Twiddley, sees them inside of the stagecoach and tries to attack them along with his gang, but Tin Star defeats them, and the stagecoach makes it to East Driftwood more or less intact. Upon their arrival, the story"}, {"context": "begins when Tin Star tries to help the old lady carry her bags, she objects, shoves him and he accidentally steps on Tiny Johnson's award-winning geranium, setting in motion a vicious circle of vengeance and escalating confrontations with the local outlaws. \"GamePro\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s review stated \"Lighthearted in design, \"Tin Star\"'s colorful, sharp graphics make watching this wacky western enjoyable.\" However, they further commented that the jokes and gameplay both become repetitive after a short while, and concluded that the game would be better suited to novice gamers. Tin Star (video game) Tin Star is a rail shooter-type, video game software developed"}]}, {"title": "Toure\u0301 (journalist)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tour\u00e9 (journalist) Tour\u00e9 (born Tour\u00e9 Neblett; March 20, 1971) is an American writer, music journalist, cultural critic, and television personality. He was a co-host of the TV show \"The Cycle\" on MSNBC. He was also a contributor to MSNBC's \"The Dylan Ratigan Show\", and the host of Fuse's \"Hiphop Shop\" and \"On the Record\". He serves on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Nominating Committee. He taught a course on the history of hip hop at the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music, part of the Tisch School of the Arts in New York. Tour\u00e9 is the author of"}, {"context": "several books, including \"The Portable Promised Land\" (2003), \"Soul City\" (2005), \"Who's Afraid of Post-Blackness? What It Means To Be Black Now\" (2011) and \"I Would Die 4 U: Why Prince Became an Icon\" (2013). He is also a frequent contributor at The Daily Beast. Tour\u00e9 was born Tour\u00e9 Neblett in Boston on March 20, 1971. He attended Milton Academy, and then Emory University but dropped out after his junior year. In 1996, he attended Columbia University's MFA writing program for one year. While a student at Emory University, Tour\u00e9 founded a black student newspaper, \"The Fire This Time\", dedicated"}, {"context": "to black liberation theology while he was a student from 1989 to 1992. The paper has been described as \"anti-white\" and \"lavished praise on famous anti-Semites, black supremacists, and conspiracy theorists.\" He also brought to the campus such speakers as Conrad Muhammad (a one time high-ranking official with the Nation of Islam, who later became a Baptist minister), H. Rap Brown, aka Imam Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin (author of the autobiography, \"Die Nigger Die!\"), fringe political candidate Lenora Fulani, and Frances Cress Welsing, a self described black supremacist. In an interview with \"The Daily Caller\" in 2013, Tour\u00e9 said \"The Fire"}, {"context": "This Time\" had been \"an important black voice on campus\" and \"a form of community building.\" Tour\u00e9 began his writing career as an intern at \"Rolling Stone\" in 1992. He has contributed essays and articles to \"Rolling Stone\", \"Essence\", \"The New Yorker\", \"The New York Times\", \"Playboy\", \"Time\", \"The Village Voice\", \"Vibe\", \"The Washington Post\" and \"Ebony\". His \"Rolling Stone\" article, \"Kurt is My Co-Pilot,\" about Dale Earnhardt Jr. was included in \"The Best American Sports Writing 2001\". His writing has also been featured in the collections \"Best American Essays of 1999\", the \"Da Capo Best Music Writing of 2004\""}, {"context": "and \"Best American Erotica of 2004\". Tour\u00e9 has written five books. In 2002, his short story collection \"Portable Promised Land\" was published. He also wrote a novel, \"Soul City\" (2004), set in an African-American utopia, according to \"The Washington Post\". His 2006 essay collection, \"Never Drank the Kool-Aid\", included the personal essay, \"What's Inside You, Brother?\", which was considered for inclusion in Houghton Mifflin Harcourt's \"Best American Essays of 1996\". In 2012, Tour\u00e9 published \"Who's Afraid of Post-Blackness?: What it Means to be Black Now\", a book on race in modern America based on a collection of interviews Tour\u00e9 conducted"}, {"context": "with over 100 prominent African-American icons. \"Who\u2019s Afraid of Post-Blackness?\" was named one of the most influential books of 2011 by both \"The New York Times\" and \"The Washington Post\", and the book earned Tour\u00e9 a nomination for an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work in Non-Fiction. In 2013, Tour\u00e9 published \"I Would Die 4 U: Why Prince Became an Icon\", a biography of Prince that discusses the pop artist's works and legacy in a religious context. The book is based on a series of lectures Tour\u00e9 delivered at Harvard University in 2012. In 2002, Tour\u00e9 appeared opposite Paula"}, {"context": "Zahn on CNN's \"American Morning\" and was later featured three times a week on a panel called \"90-Second Pop.\" He was subsequently hired as CNN's first pop culture correspondent. In 2005, BET hired Tour\u00e9 to cover BET News and Public Affairs programming. He also hosted the series \"Community Surface\" on Tennis Channel and MTV's \"Spoke N' Heard\", and was interviewed on the life of Eminem for the rapper's \"A&E Biography\" episode. In 2008, he hosted the reality show \"I'll Try Anything Once\", in which he tried a variety of jobs and activities, including rodeo clowning and lumberjacking. From June 25,"}, {"context": "2012, to July 31, 2015, he co-hosted \"The Cycle\" on MSNBC with former congressional candidate Krystal Ball, moderate Republican Abby Huntsman, and The Nation correspondent Ari Melber. \"The Cycle\"'s key demographic was initially made up of Generation X viewers, and its success in this age bracket was attributed to the engaging personalities of its unusually young hosts. Tour\u00e9 often introduced race theory into political discussion on the show. On July 24, 2015, media outlets reported that MSNBC was restructuring its television lineup to eliminate shows such as \"The Cycle\" due to disappointingly low ratings. MSNBC confirmed the cancellation on July"}, {"context": "30. Tour\u00e9 criticized and debated with Piers Morgan over the latter's March 2012 interview with George Zimmerman's brother, particularly over what Tour\u00e9 saw as Morgan's lack of response to Robert Zimmerman's problematic replies. In August 2012, as part of a discussion on \"The Cycle\", Tour\u00e9 claimed Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney had engaged in racial coding by calling President Barack Obama \"angry,\" and referred to this as \"niggerization.\" Tour\u00e9 apologized for using the word the next day. In May 2014, Tour\u00e9 drew criticism from the Simon Wiesenthal Center for implying Holocaust survivors succeeded in the U.S. after the Second World"}, {"context": "War because they were white: a blogger from the website \"Yo, Dat's Racis'!!\" tweeted at Tour\u00e9, \"My family survived a concentration camp, came to the US w/ nothing, LEGALLY, and made it work\" to which Tour\u00e9 replied, \"the power of whiteness.\" Tour\u00e9 later apologized for his comment, saying, \"In an attempt to comment on racism in post World War II America, I used a shorthand that was insensitive and wrong.\" On March 19, 2005, Tour\u00e9 married Lebanese American novelist and pop culture commentator Rita Nakouzi. Rev. Run from Run-DMC was the officiant and Nelson George served as the best man."}, {"context": "Tour\u00e9 and his wife live in the Fort Greene neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. They have a son named Hendrix and a daughter named Fairuz. Tour\u00e9 (journalist) Tour\u00e9 (born Tour\u00e9 Neblett; March 20, 1971) is an American writer, music journalist, cultural critic, and television personality. He was a co-host of the TV show \"The Cycle\" on MSNBC. He was also a contributor to MSNBC's \"The Dylan Ratigan Show\", and the host of Fuse's \"Hiphop Shop\" and \"On the Record\". He serves on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Nominating Committee. He taught a course on the history of hip"}]}, {"title": "Hakuto", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hakuto In 2008, \"White Label Space\" was founded in the Netherlands. In 2009, the team registered with the Google Lunar X PRIZE. On September 10, 2010 the team also established White Label Space Japan LLC, a Limited Liability Company registered in Japan. On June 11, 2012, it was decided to name unit 2 Rover prototype (PM-2) \"White Rabbit\" (\u300c\u306f\u304f\u3068\u300d). On January 30, 2013, When the European teammates dropped out, the Japan-based members continued the work and changed their name to team Hakuto, and re-named their parent company ispace Inc. The change included a change of leadership from Steve Allen to"}, {"context": "co-founder Takeshi Hakamada, who has been leading operations in Japan. On July 15, 2013 the team officially changed the team name to Hakuto (\u300c\u30cf\u30af\u30c8\u300d). On December 4, 2013, the team successfully crowd-funded the development of unit 3 Rover prototype (PM-3). On February 19, 2014, Hakuto was nominated to the Milestone Prize, as one of five teams, in the mobility subsystem section. The rover is planned to be deployed in 2020 from the \"Peregrine\" lander, and a second rover mission, Hakuto-R is scheduled to launch in mid-2021. The team is based in Japan and is led by Takeshi Hakamada. The lead"}, {"context": "engineer is Kazuya Yoshida, a professor of aerospace engineering at Tohoku University in Japan. Hakuto is operated by ispace Inc. and is supported by the Space Robotics Lab of Tohoku University. , the team had nine official partners: In December, 2016 Hakuto decided to share some costs with Team Indus and launch their two rovers together on the proven PSLV launcher of ISRO. The launch was initially scheduled for 28 December 2017, and then delayed to March 2018. The media reported in 9 January 2018 that ISRO cancelled the launch contract with TeamIndus and Hakuto. On January 23, 2018, X"}, {"context": "Prize founder and chairman Peter Diamandis stated \"After close consultation with our five finalist Google Lunar X Prize teams over the past several months, we have concluded that no team will make a launch attempt to reach the moon by the March 31, 2018, deadline... and the US$30 million Google Lunar XPRIZE will go unclaimed.\" In April 2018, it was reported that launch is now planned for 2020 on the \"Peregrine\" lander by Astrobotic, to be launched on an Atlas V rocket. \"Sorato\" rover will be deployed on the lunar surface along with other smaller rovers, including Chile's Team AngelicvM's"}, {"context": "rover, and a set of mini-rovers from the Mexican Space Agency. The selected landing site is Lacus Mortis. Hakuto In 2008, \"White Label Space\" was founded in the Netherlands. In 2009, the team registered with the Google Lunar X PRIZE. On September 10, 2010 the team also established White Label Space Japan LLC, a Limited Liability Company registered in Japan. On June 11, 2012, it was decided to name unit 2 Rover prototype (PM-2) \"White Rabbit\" (\u300c\u306f\u304f\u3068\u300d). On January 30, 2013, When the European teammates dropped out, the Japan-based members continued the work and changed their name to team Hakuto,"}]}, {"title": "Seventh-day Adventist Church, Nilokheri", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Seventh-day Adventist Church, Nilokheri Seventh-day Adventist Church, Karnal is the one of the two Protestant Church in Nilokheri, it is the only Adventist Church in the area. With the establishment of Nilokheri township the Adventist Church was established in 1950 by the Protestant Indian Christians. There are 50 families and a total of 250 people in the parish. Christian devotees are the people from various regions of India such as Jharkhand, Punjab, South India etc. apart from local Christians who settled here due to the reason of employment. Pastor Sunny i.e. Manzoor Masshi serves the church Since it was built."}, {"context": "Seventh-day Adventist Church, Nilokheri Seventh-day Adventist Church, Karnal is the one of the two Protestant Church in Nilokheri, it is the only Adventist Church in the area. With the establishment of Nilokheri township the Adventist Church was established in 1950 by the Protestant Indian Christians. There are 50 families and a total of 250 people in the parish. Christian devotees are the people from various regions of India such as Jharkhand, Punjab, South India etc. apart from local Christians who settled here due to the reason of employment. Pastor Sunny i.e. Manzoor Masshi serves the church Since it was built."}]}, {"title": "Adriana Falca\u0303o", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Adriana Falc\u00e3o Adriana Falc\u00e3o (born in 1960 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian screenwriter. Born in Rio de Janeiro but moved to Recife at 11 years old. First her father committed suicide and later her mother too, taking a fatal dose of sleeping pills. Graduated in architecture, but never worked in the profession. Her first novel was \"The Machine\" (A m\u00e1quina); as a screenwriter wrote for series such as \"Comedy privacy (\"Com\u00e9dias da vida privada\"), \"A grande familia (\"A large family\", also wrote the screenplays for the film. Currently publishes chronic in the paper \"O Estado de Sao Paulo\"."}, {"context": "Adriana Falc\u00e3o Adriana Falc\u00e3o (born in 1960 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian screenwriter. Born in Rio de Janeiro but moved to Recife at 11 years old. First her father committed suicide and later her mother too, taking a fatal dose of sleeping pills. Graduated in architecture, but never worked in the profession. Her first novel was \"The Machine\" (A m\u00e1quina); as a screenwriter wrote for series such as \"Comedy privacy (\"Com\u00e9dias da vida privada\"), \"A grande familia (\"A large family\", also wrote the screenplays for the film. Currently publishes chronic in the paper \"O Estado de Sao Paulo\"."}]}, {"title": "Hokuto, Yamanashi", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hokuto, Yamanashi As of November 2015, the city had an estimated population of 45,362, and a population density of 75.3 persons per km. The total area is . Hokuto is located in far northwest Yamanashi Prefecture. Most of the area of the city is elevated highland and forested. With a cooler alpine climate in summer, smaller towns such as Kiyosato are a popular location for second homes. During the Edo period, all of Kai Province was \"tenry\u014d\" territory under direct control of the Tokugawa shogunate. During the cadastral reform of the early Meiji period in April 1, 1889, the rural"}, {"context": "district of Kitakoma was formed. The modern city of Hokuto was established on November 1, 2004, from the merger of the towns of Hakush\u016b, Nagasaka, Sutama and Takane, and the villages of Akeno, Mukawa and \u014cizumi (all from Kitakoma District). On March 15, 2006, Hokuto absorbed the town of Kobuchisawa (also from Kitakoma District). Kitakoma District was dissolved as a result of this merger. The economy of Hokuto is primarily agricultural, with seasonal tourism, precision manufacturing and food processing laying secondary roles. Hokuto, Yamanashi As of November 2015, the city had an estimated population of 45,362, and a population density"}]}, {"title": "Charles Willis", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Charles Willis Charles Francis Willis (15 April 1827 \u2013 19 November 1895) was an English amateur cricketer. The younger son of Charles Willis of Hawkhurst in Kent, Willis was a scholar at Corpus Christi College, Oxford between 1845 and 1853, and a fellow to 1857. He was rector of Letcombe Bassett, Berkshire from 1856 to 1876, of Church Brampton, Northamptonshire from 1876 to 1879 and of Bassingham, Lincolnshire from 1879 to his death there in 1895. His brother, William Macbean Willis, was also in holy orders, as curate of Hyde, Kent, then Horsmonden in the same county. Charles Willis married"}, {"context": "Rose Anne, daughter of Rev. George Parker Cleather, in 1857; they had two sons and four daughters. He was mainly associated with Oxford University and Kent, making 10 known appearances in first-class matches from 1847 to 1850. Charles Willis Charles Francis Willis (15 April 1827 \u2013 19 November 1895) was an English amateur cricketer. The younger son of Charles Willis of Hawkhurst in Kent, Willis was a scholar at Corpus Christi College, Oxford between 1845 and 1853, and a fellow to 1857. He was rector of Letcombe Bassett, Berkshire from 1856 to 1876, of Church Brampton, Northamptonshire from 1876 to"}]}, {"title": "Vyacheslav Lemeshev", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Vyacheslav Lemeshev Vyacheslav Ivanovich Lemeshev () (April 3, 1952 in Moscow \u2014 January 27, 1996) was an olympic boxer from the USSR. Soviet physiologists, while examining Lemeshev abilities with electronic measuring devices, discovered his extremely fast, split-second reaction, uncommon not only for boxers, but for the other athletes as well, and decisive when it comes to the counterpunches and cross-counters, in which he was one of the best in the entire middleweight, though severe trauma of the left hand (Lemeshev was a southpaw) ended his olympic career, and boxing career as well, when resulted in several knockout losses in a"}, {"context": "row. Lemeshev trained at the Armed Forces sports society in Moscow. During his career Lemeshev won 103 fights out of 111. He won the gold medal in the middleweight division (\u201375 kg) at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Lemeshev knocked out four of his five opponents to win the gold medal. He knocked out future World Light Heavyweight champion, American Marvin Johnson in two rounds in a semifinal, avenging an earlier loss to Johnson in the Soviet Union. He then scored a 1st round knockout (Time 2:17) over Reima Virtanen of Finland to win the gold medal. He also"}, {"context": "won European Championships in 1973 and 1975 and 1974 USSR Championship. He became the Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR in 1972 and was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor in the same year. Vyacheslav Lemeshev Vyacheslav Ivanovich Lemeshev () (April 3, 1952 in Moscow \u2014 January 27, 1996) was an olympic boxer from the USSR. Soviet physiologists, while examining Lemeshev abilities with electronic measuring devices, discovered his extremely fast, split-second reaction, uncommon not only for boxers, but for the other athletes as well, and decisive when it comes to the counterpunches and cross-counters, in which he"}]}, {"title": "Hoplite", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hoplite Hoplites () were citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greek city-states who were primarily armed with spears and shields. Hoplite soldiers utilized the phalanx formation in order to be effective in war with fewer soldiers. The formation discouraged the soldiers from acting alone, for this would compromise the formation and minimize its strengths. The hoplites were primarily represented by free citizens\u2014propertied farmers and artisans\u2014who were able to afford the bronze armour suit and weapons (estimated at a third to a half of its able-bodied adult male population). Hoplites were not professional soldiers and often lacked sufficient military training. Although some states did"}, {"context": "maintain a small elite professional unit, hoplite soldiers were relied on heavily and made up the bulk of ancient Greek armies of the time. In the 8th or 7th century BC, Greek armies adopted a military innovation known as the phalanx formation. The formation proved successful in defeating the Persians when employed by the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC during the First Greco-Persian War. The Persian archers and light troops who fought in the Battle of Marathon failed, because their bows were too weak for their arrows to penetrate the wall of Greek shields that made"}, {"context": "up the phalanx formation. The phalanx was also employed by the Greeks at the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC and at the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC during the Second Greco-Persian War. The word \"hoplite\" (Greek: \"hoplit\u0113s\"; pl. \"hoplitai\") derives from \"hoplon\" (, plural \"hopla\" ), the name for the type of shield used by the soldiers. However, the shield was more commonly known as an aspis, so the word \"hopla\" may refer to the soldiers' weapons or even their full armament. In the modern Hellenic Army, the word \"hoplite\" (Greek: ) is used to refer to an"}, {"context": "infantryman. The fragmented political structure of Ancient Greece, with many competing city-states, increased the frequency of conflict, but at the same time limited the scale of warfare. Limited manpower did not allow most Greek city-states to form large armies which could operate for long periods because they were generally not formed from professional soldiers. Most soldiers had careers as farmers or workers and returned to these professions after the campaign. All hoplites were expected to take part in any military campaign when called for duty by leaders of the state. The Lacedaemonian citizens of Sparta were renowned for their lifelong"}, {"context": "combat training and almost mythical military prowess, while their greatest adversaries, the Athenians, were exempted from service only after the 60th year of their lives. This inevitably reduced the potential duration of campaigns and often resulted in the campaign season being restricted to one summer. Armies generally marched directly to their destination, and in some cases the battlefield was agreed to by the contestants in advance. Battles were fought on level ground, and hoplites preferred to fight with high terrain on both sides of the phalanx so the formation could not be flanked. An example of this was the Battle"}, {"context": "of Thermopylae, where the Spartans specifically chose a narrow coastal pass to make their stand against the massive Persian army. The vastly outnumbered Greeks held off the Persians for seven days. When battles occurred, they were usually set piece and intended to be decisive. The battlefield would be flat and open to facilitate phalanx warfare. These battles were usually short and required a high degree of discipline. At least in the early classical period, when cavalry was present, its role was restricted to protection of the flanks of the phalanx, pursuit of a defeated enemy, and covering a retreat if"}, {"context": "required. Light infantry and missile troops took part in the battles but their role was less important. Before the opposing phalanxes engaged, the light troops would skirmish with the enemy's light forces, and then protect the flanks and rear of the phalanx. The military structure created by the Spartans was a rectangular phalanx formation. The formation was organized from eight to ten rows deep and could cover a front of a quarter of a mile or more if sufficient hoplites were available. The two lines would close to a short distance to allow effective use of their spears, while the"}, {"context": "psiloi threw stones and javelins from behind their lines. The shields would clash and the first lines (protostates) would stab at their opponents, at the same time trying to keep in position. The ranks behind them would support them with their own spears and the mass of their shields gently pushing them, not to force them into the enemy formation but to keep them steady and in place. The soldiers in the back provided motivation to the ranks in the front being that most hoplites were close community members. At certain points, a command would be given to the phalanx"}, {"context": "or a part thereof to collectively take a certain number of steps forward (ranging from half to multiple steps). This was the famed \"othismos\". At this point, the phalanx would put its collective weight to push back the enemy line and thus create fear and panic among its ranks. There could be multiple such instances of attempts to push, but it seems from the accounts of the ancients that these were perfectly orchestrated and attempted organized \"en masse\". Once one of the lines broke, the troops would generally flee from the field, sometimes chased by psiloi, peltasts, or light cavalry."}, {"context": "If a hoplite escaped, he would sometimes be forced to drop his cumbersome aspis, thereby disgracing himself to his friends and family (becoming a \"ripsaspis\", one who threw his shield). To lessen the number of casualties inflicted by the enemy during battles, soldiers were positioned to stand shoulder to shoulder with their hoplon. The hoplites' most prominent citizens and generals led from the front. Thus, the whole war could be decided by a single field battle; victory was enforced by ransoming the fallen back to the defeated, called the \"Custom of the Greeks\". Individual hoplites carried their shields on their"}, {"context": "left arm, protecting not only themselves but also the soldier to the left. This meant that the men at the extreme right of the phalanx were only half-protected. In battle, opposing phalanxes would exploit this weakness by attempting to overlap the enemy's right flank. It also meant that, in battle, a phalanx would tend to drift to the right (as hoplites sought to remain behind the shield of their neighbour). The most experienced hoplites were often placed on the right side of the phalanx, to counteract these problems. According to Plutarch's \"Sayings of Spartans\", \"a man carried a shield for"}, {"context": "the sake of the whole line\". The phalanx is an example of a military formation in which single combat and other individualistic forms of battle were suppressed for the good of the whole. In earlier Homeric, dark age combat, the words and deeds of supremely powerful heroes turned the tide of battle. Instead of having individual heroes, hoplite warfare relied heavily on the community and unity of soldiers. With friends and family pushing on either side and enemies forming a solid wall of shields in front, the hoplite had little opportunity for feats of technique and weapon skill, but great"}, {"context": "need for commitment and mental toughness. By forming a human wall to provide a powerful defensive armour, the hoplites became much more effective while taking fewer casualties. The hoplites had much discipline and were taught to be loyal and trustworthy. They had to trust their neighbours for mutual protection, so a phalanx was only as strong as its weakest elements. Its effectiveness depended on how well the hoplites could maintain this formation while in combat, and how well they could stand their ground, especially when engaged against another phalanx. The more disciplined and courageous the army, the more likely it"}, {"context": "was to win\u2014often engagements between the various city-states of Greece would be resolved by one side fleeing after their phalanx had broken formation. Each hoplite provided his own equipment. Thus, only those who could afford such weaponry fought as hoplites; as with the Roman Republican army it was the middle classes who formed the bulk of the infantry. Equipment was not standardized, although there were doubtless trends in general designs over time, and between city-states. Hoplites had customized armour, the shield was decorated with family or clan emblems, although in later years these were replaced by symbols or monograms of"}, {"context": "the city states. The equipment might well be passed down in families, since it would have been expensive to manufacture. The hoplite army consisted of heavily armoured infantrymen. Their armour, also called panoply, was made of full bronze, weighing nearly . The average farmer-peasant hoplite typically wore no armour, carrying only a shield, a spear, and perhaps a helmet plus a secondary weapon.The linothorax was the most popular type armour worn by the hoplites, since it was cost-effective and provided decent protection. The richer upper-class hoplites typically had a bronze cuirass of either the bell or muscled variety, a bronze"}, {"context": "helmet with cheekplates, as well as greaves and other armour. The design of the helmets used varied through time. The Corinthian helmet was at first standardized and was a very successful design. Later variants included the Chalcidian helmet, a lightened version of the Corinthian helmet, and the very simple Pilos helmet worn by the later hoplites. Often the helmet was decorated with one, sometimes more horsehair crests, and/or bronze animal horns and ears. Helmets were often painted as well. The Thracian helmet had a large visor to further increase protection. In later periods, linen breastplates called \"linothorax\" were used, as"}, {"context": "they were tougher and cheaper to make. The linen was thick. By contrast with hoplites, other contemporary infantry (e.g., Persian) tended to wear relatively light armour, use wicker shields, and were armed with shorter spears, javelins, and bows. The most famous are the peltasts, light-armed troops who wore no armour and were armed with a light shield, javelins and a short sword. The Athenian general Iphicrates developed a new type of armour and arms for his mercenary army, which included light linen armour, smaller shields and longer spears, whilst arming his peltasts with larger shields, helmets and a longer spear,"}, {"context": "thus enabling them to defend themselves more easily against enemy hoplites. With this new type of army he defeated a Spartan army in 392 BC. Nevertheless, most hoplites stuck to the traditional arms and armour. Hoplites carried a large concave shield called an \"aspis\" (often referred to as a \"hoplon\"), measuring between 80\u2013100 centimetres (31\u201339 in) in diameter and weighing between 6.5\u20138 kilograms (14\u201318 lbs). This large shield was made possible partly by its shape, which allowed it to be supported on the shoulder. The hoplon shield was put together in three layers: the center layer was made of thick"}, {"context": "wood, the outside layer facing the enemy was made of bronze, and leather made up the inside of the shield. The revolutionary part of the shield was, in fact, the grip. Known as an Argive grip, it placed the handle at the edge of the shield, and was supported by a leather fastening (for the forearm) at the centre. These two points of contact eliminated the possibility of the shield swaying to the side after being struck, and as a result soldiers rarely lost their shields. This allowed the hoplite soldier more mobility with the shield, as well as the"}, {"context": "ability to capitalize on its offensive capabilities and better support the phalanx. The large hoplon shields, designed for pushing ahead, were the most essential equipment for the hoplites. The main offensive weapon used was a long and in diameter spear called a \"doru\", or \"dory\". It was held with the right hand, with the left hand holding the hoplite's shield. Soldiers usually held their spears in an underhand position when approaching but once they came into close contact with their opponents, they were held in an overhand position ready to strike. The spearhead was usually a curved leaf shape, while"}, {"context": "the rear of the spear had a spike called a \"sauroter\" (\"lizard-killer\") which was used to stand the spear in the ground (hence the name). It was also used as a secondary weapon if the main shaft snapped, or for the rear ranks to finish off fallen opponents as the phalanx advanced over them. In addition to being used as a secondary weapon, the sauroter also doubled to balance the spear, but not for throwing purposes. It is a matter of contention, among historians, whether the hoplite used the spear overarm or underarm. Held underarm, the thrusts would have been"}, {"context": "less powerful but under more control, and vice versa. It seems likely that both motions were used, depending on the situation. If attack was called for, an overarm motion was more likely to break through an opponent's defence. The upward thrust is more easily deflected by armour due to its lesser leverage. However, when defending, an underarm carry absorbed more shock and could be 'couched' under the shoulder for maximum stability. It should also be said that an overarm motion would allow more effective combination of the \"aspis\" and \"doru\" if the shield wall had broken down, while the underarm"}, {"context": "motion would be more effective when the shield had to be interlocked with those of one's neighbours in the battle-line. Hoplites in the rows behind the lead would almost certainly have made overarm thrusts. The rear ranks held their spears underarm, and raised their shields upwards at increasing angles. This was an effective defence against missiles, deflecting their force. Hoplites also carried a sword, mostly a short sword called a \"xiphos\", but later also longer and heavier types. The short sword was a secondary weapon, used if or when their spears were broken or lost, or if the phalanx broke"}, {"context": "rank. The xiphos usually had a blade around long; however, those used by the Spartans were often only 30\u201345 centimetres long. This very short xiphos would be very advantageous in the press that occurred when two lines of hoplites met, capable of being thrust through gaps in the shieldwall into an enemy's unprotected groin or throat, while there was no room to swing a longer sword. Such a small weapon would be particularly useful after many hoplites had started to abandon body armour during the Peloponnesian War. Hoplites could also alternatively carry the \"kopis\", a heavy knife with a forward-curving"}, {"context": "blade. \"For more information on this topic: Phalanx\" Dark age warfare transitioned into hoplite warfare in the 8th century BC. Historians and researchers have debated the reason and speed of the transition for centuries. So far 3 popular theories exist: Developed by Anthony Snodgrass, the Gradualist Theory states that the hoplite style of battle developed in a series of steps as a result of innovations in armour and weaponry. Chronologically dating the archeological findings of hoplite armour and using the findings to approximate the development of the phalanx formation, Snodgrass claims that the transition took approximately 100 years to complete"}, {"context": "from 750\u2013650 BC. The progression of the phalanx took time because as the phalanx matured it required denser formations that made the elite warriors recruit Greek citizens. The large amounts of hoplite armour needed to then be distributed to the populations of Greek citizens only increased the time for the phalanx to be implemented. Snodgrass believes, only once the armour was in place that the phalanx formation became popular. The Rapid Adaptation model was developed by historians Paul Cartledge and Victor Hanson. The historians believe that the phalanx was created individually by military forces, but was so effective that others"}, {"context": "had to immediately adapt their way of war to combat the formation. Rapid Adoptionists propose that the double grip, hoplon shield that was required for the phalanx formation was so constricting in mobility that once it was introduced, dark age, free flowing warfare was inadequate to fight against the hoplites only escalating the speed of the transition. Quickly, the phalanx formation and hoplite armour became widely used throughout Ancient Greece. Cartledge and Hanson estimate the transition took place from 725\u2013675 BC. Developed by Hans Van Wees, the Extended Gradualist theory is the most lengthy of the three popular transition theories."}, {"context": "Van Wees depicts iconography found on pots of the Dark Ages believing that the foundation of the phalanx formation was birthed during this time. Specifically, he uses an example of the Chigi Vase to point out that hoplite soldiers were carrying normal spears as well as javelins on their backs. Matured hoplites did not carry long range weapons including javelins. The Chigi vase is important for our knowledge of the hoplite soldier because it is one, if not the only one representation of the hoplite formation, known as the phalanx, in Greek art. This led Van Wees to believe that"}, {"context": "there was a transitional period from long range warfare of the Dark Ages to the close combat of hoplite warfare. Some other evidence of a transitional period lies within the text of Spartan Poet Tyrtaios, when he wrote, \"\u2026will they draw back for the pounding [of the missiles, no,] despite the battery of great hurl-stones, the helmets shall abide the rattle [of war unbowed]\". At no point in future texts does Tyrtaios involve any talk of missiles or rocks making another case for a transitional period. Extended Gradualists argue that hoplite warriors did not fight in a true phalanx until"}, {"context": "the 5th century BC. Making estimations of the speed of the transition reached as long as 300 years, from 750\u2013450 BC. \"For more information on this topic: Ancient Greek warfare\" The exact time when hoplite warfare was developed is uncertain, the prevalent theory being that it was established sometime during the 8th or 7th century BC, when the \"heroic age was abandoned and a far more disciplined system introduced\" and the Argive shield became popular. Peter Krentz argues that \"the ideology of hoplitic warfare as a ritualized contest developed not in the 7th century [BC], but only after 480, when"}, {"context": "non-hoplite arms began to be excluded from the phalanx\". Anagnostis Agelarakis, based on recent archaeo-anthropological discoveries of the earliest monumental polyandrion (communal burial of male warriors) at Paros Island in Greece, unveils a last quarter of the 8th century BC date for a hoplitic phalangeal military organization. The rise and fall of hoplite warfare was tied to the rise and fall of the city-state. As discussed above, hoplites were a solution to the armed clashes between independent city-states. As Greek civilization found itself confronted by the world at large, particularly the Persians, the emphasis in warfare shifted. Confronted by huge"}, {"context": "numbers of enemy troops, individual city-states could not realistically fight alone. During the Greco-Persian Wars (499\u2013448 BC), alliances between groups of cities (whose composition varied over time) fought against the Persians. This drastically altered the scale of warfare and the numbers of troops involved. The hoplite phalanx proved itself far superior to the Persian infantry at such conflicts as the Battle of Marathon, Thermopylae, and the Battle of Plataea. During this period, Athens and Sparta rose to a position of political eminence in Greece, and their rivalry in the aftermath of the Persian wars brought Greece into renewed internal conflict."}, {"context": "However, the Peloponnesian War was on a scale unlike conflicts before. Fought between leagues of cities, dominated by Athens and Sparta respectively, the pooled manpower and financial resources allowed a diversification of warfare. Hoplite warfare was in decline; there were three major battles in the Peloponnesian War, and none proved decisive. Instead there was increased reliance on navies, skirmishers, mercenaries, city walls, siege engines, and non-set piece tactics. These reforms made wars of attrition possible and greatly increased the number of casualties. In the Persian war, hoplites faced large numbers of skirmishers and missile-armed troops, and such troops (e.g., peltasts)"}, {"context": "became much more commonly used by the Greeks during the Peloponnesian War. As a result, hoplites began wearing less armour, carrying shorter swords, and in general adapting for greater mobility; this led to the development of the ekdromos light hoplite. Many famous personalities, philosophers, artists, and poets fought as hoplites. According to Nefiodkin, fighting against Greek heavy infantry during the Greco-Persian Wars inspired the Persians to introduce scythed chariots. \"For more information on this topic: Spartan army\" Sparta is one of the most famous city-states, along with Athens, which had a unique position in ancient Greece. Contrary to other city"}, {"context": "states, the free citizens of Sparta served as hoplites their entire life, training and exercising also in peacetime, which gave Sparta a professional standing army. Although small, numbering no more than 1,500 to 2,000 men, divided into six mora or battalions, the Spartan army was feared for its discipline and ferocity. Military service was the primary duty of Spartan men, and Spartan society was organized around its army. Military service for hoplites lasted until the age of 40, and sometimes even until 60 years of age, depending on a man's physical ability to perform on the battlefield. \"For more information"}, {"context": "on this topic: Ancient Macedonian army\" Later on in the hoplite era, more sophisticated tactics were developed, in particular by the Theban general Epaminondas. These tactics inspired the future king Philip II of Macedon, who was at the time a hostage in Thebes, and also inspired the development of new kind of infantry, the Macedonian phalanx. After the Macedonian conquests of the 4th century BC, the hoplite was slowly abandoned in favour of the phalangite, armed in the Macedonian fashion, in the armies of the southern Greek states. Although clearly a development of the hoplite, the Macedonian phalanx was tactically"}, {"context": "more versatile, especially used in the combined arms tactics favoured by the Macedonians. These forces defeated the last major hoplite army, at the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC), after which Athens and its allies joined the Macedonian empire. While Alexander's army mainly fielded \"Pezhetairoi\" (= Foot Companions) as his main force, it is known that his army also included some classic hoplites, either provided by the League of Corinth or from hired mercenaries. Beside these units, the Macedonians also used the so-called \"Hypaspists\", an elite force of units possibly originally fighting as hoplites and used to guard the exposed right"}, {"context": "wing of Alexander's phalanx. Hoplite-style warfare was very influential and influenced several other nations in the Mediterranean. Hoplite warfare was the dominant fighting style on the Italian Peninsula up to the early 3rd century BC, employed by both the Etruscans and the Early Roman army. The Romans later changed their fighting style to a more flexible maniple organization, which was more versatile on rough terrain like that of Samnium. Roman equipment also changed, and they reequipped their soldiers with longer oval shields (\"scutum\"), swords and heavy javelins (\"pilum\"). In the end only the \"triarii\" would keep a long spear (\"hasta\")"}, {"context": "as their main weapon. However, the triarii would still fight in a traditional phalanx formation. Though the Italian tribes, namely the socii fighting with the Romans, later adopted the new Roman fighting style, some continued to fight as hoplites. Local levied troops or mercenaries serving under Pyrrhus of Epirus or Hannibal (namely Etruscans) were equipped and fought as hoplites. Early in its history, Ancient Carthage also equipped its troops as Greek hoplites, in units such as the Sacred Band of Carthage. Many Greek hoplite mercenaries also fought in foreign armies, such as Carthage and Achaemenid Empire, where it is believed"}, {"context": "by some that they inspired the formation of the Cardaces. Some hoplites served under the Illyrian king Bardylis in the 4th century. The Illyrians were known to import many weapons and tactics from the Greeks. The Diadochi imported the Greek phalanx to their kingdoms. Though they mostly fielded Greek citizens or mercenaries, they also armed and drilled local natives as hoplites or rather Macedonian phalanx, like the Machimoi of the Ptolemaic army. The Greek armies of the Hellenistic period mostly fielded troops in the fashion of the Macedonian phalanx. Nonetheless many armies of mainland Greece stuck with hoplite warfare. Besides"}, {"context": "classical hoplites Hellenistic nations began to field two new types of hoplites, the \"Thureophoroi\" and the \"Thorakitai\". They developed when Greeks adopted the Celtic \"Thureos\" shield, of an oval shape that was similar to the shields of the Romans, but flatter. The Thureophoroi were armed with a long thrusting spear, a short sword and, if needed, javelins. While the Thorakitai were similar to the Thureophoroi, they were more heavily armoured, as their name implies, usually wearing a mail shirt. These troops were used as a link between the light infantry and the phalanx, a form of medium infantry to bridge"}, {"context": "the gaps. Hoplite Hoplites () were citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greek city-states who were primarily armed with spears and shields. Hoplite soldiers utilized the phalanx formation in order to be effective in war with fewer soldiers. The formation discouraged the soldiers from acting alone, for this would compromise the formation and minimize its strengths. The hoplites were primarily represented by free citizens\u2014propertied farmers and artisans\u2014who were able to afford the bronze armour suit and weapons (estimated at a third to a half of its able-bodied adult male population). Hoplites were not professional soldiers and often lacked sufficient military training. Although some"}]}, {"title": "Osmaston, Derbyshire Dales", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Osmaston, Derbyshire Dales Osmaston is a small village and civil parish in the Derbyshire Dales in the county of Derbyshire in England. The population of the civil parish as taken at the 2011 Census was 140. Located two and a half miles south of Ashbourne, Osmaston is an archetypal English village with thatched cottages and a village pond. The village is mentioned in the Domesday Book under the name Osmundestone; the parish was originally named Whitestone. The village church\u2014St. Martin's\u2014dates from 1606, although the present building was constructed in 1843. The building was previously a wickerwork construction. The war memorial"}, {"context": "situated at the side of the road, near the church, commemorates those lost in the First World War. The only pub in the village is the Shoulder of Mutton. There is also a village hall and a primary school. Osmaston Manor was designed by Henry Isaac Stevens for Francis Wright of the Butterley Iron Company and completed in 1849. The house was demolished in 1964. The estate was sold in 1888 to Sir Ian Walker's family, who had the house demolished when they moved to Okeover and adopted the Okeover name. The Walker-Okeovers still own the land; the estate hosts"}, {"context": "popular horse trials and the Ashbourne Shire Horse Show. The terraces of the house's gardens are still apparent today. Osmaston Manor was used as a Red Cross hospital during World War II. Osmaston, Derbyshire Dales Osmaston is a small village and civil parish in the Derbyshire Dales in the county of Derbyshire in England. The population of the civil parish as taken at the 2011 Census was 140. Located two and a half miles south of Ashbourne, Osmaston is an archetypal English village with thatched cottages and a village pond. The village is mentioned in the Domesday Book under the"}]}, {"title": "FIP World Heavyweight Championship", "paragraphs": [{"context": "FIP World Heavyweight Championship The FIP World Heavyweight Championship is a professional wrestling world heavyweight championship owned by the Full Impact Pro (FIP) promotion. It is currently the highest ranked championship in FIP. The title was introduced on September 25, 2004 at FIP's \"Emergence: Part Two\" event as the FIP Heavyweight Championship. It was renamed the FIP World Heavyweight Championship on March 3, 2007, when then-champion Roderick Strong defeated Pac in Liverpool, England at the Ring of Honor (ROH) promotion's \"Fifth Year Festival: Liverpool\" event. Overall, there have been 21 reigns shared among 16 wrestlers. Title changes happen mostly at"}, {"context": "FIP-promoted events, which are usually released on DVD. The title has changed hands four times at non-FIP events. Reigns two and four occurred at ROH-promoted events, while reigns 10 and 11 happened at Dragon Gate events. The inaugural champion was Homicide, who defeated CM Punk in the finals of a two-night tournament that concluded on September 25, 2004 at FIP's \"Emergence: Part Two\" event. Roderick Strong holds the record of most reigns, with three. At 562 days, Fred Yehi's first reign is the longest in the title's history. Strong, with a combined three reigns, holds the record for most days"}, {"context": "as champion at 626. Masaaki Mochizuki's only reign holds the record for shortest reign at 49 days. Anthony Henry is the champion, after defeating Austin Theory on September 30, 2018, to win the title. Since being renamed as a \"World Championship\" after a UK defense in March 2007, the title has been defended internationally multiple times. Not only has the championship been successfully defended in Japan, China, Canada, Mexico but the title has also changed hands in both Japan and China. As of 23, 2019 !Rank !Wrestler !No. of reigns !Combined days FIP World Heavyweight Championship The FIP World Heavyweight"}]}, {"title": "Herbert Ellis (RAF officer)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Herbert Ellis (RAF officer) Captain Herbert Edward Oscar Ellis (15 July 1893 \u2013 date of death unknown) was an English World War I flying ace credited with seven aerial victories. On 4 May 1917, after running out of machine gun ammunition, he scored his third victory of the day with pistol fire. Ellis was commissioned as a temporary second lieutenant in the Corps of Royal Engineers on 16 March 1915. He was promoted to lieutenant on 2 May 1916, and was awarded the Military Cross on 18 August 1916, his citation reading: He was transferred to the Royal Flying Corps,"}, {"context": "receiving Royal Aero Club Aviator's Certificate No. 3829 after flying a Maurice Farman biplane at the Military Flying School, Birmingham, on 2 November 1916, and was appointed a flying officer on 7 February 1917. Posted to No. 40 Squadron flying the Nieuport Scout, Ellis scored four victories during Bloody April 1917, on the 13th, 23rd, 26th, and 28th. On 4 May 1917, he engaged three Albatros D.III fighters over Douai. One he shot down at 500 feet, and sent a second into a crash-landing, but the third got on his tail even as Ellis ran out of machine gun ammunition."}, {"context": "He managed to drop below it and emptied his service pistol into it. It fell into a sideslip that tore off its bottom wing, then plunged into a pond. Ellis' final tally was six enemy planes destroyed, and one driven down out of control. Two days after this triple triumph, Ellis was injured in a crash which ended his career as a fighter pilot. Ellis remained in the RFC, but lost his flying officer status on 19 September 1917, being appointed an Equipment Officer, 3rd class. He was promoted to Experimental Officer, 2nd class (graded as an Equipment Officer, 2nd"}, {"context": "class) on 1 January 1918, and was promoted to captain in the Technical Branch on 1 April 1918, the same day that the RFC was merged with the Royal Naval Air Service to form the Royal Air Force. Ellis finally left the RAF, being transferred to the unemployed list on 15 February 1919. Herbert Ellis (RAF officer) Captain Herbert Edward Oscar Ellis (15 July 1893 \u2013 date of death unknown) was an English World War I flying ace credited with seven aerial victories. On 4 May 1917, after running out of machine gun ammunition, he scored his third victory of"}]}, {"title": "Brant\u2014Haldimand", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Brant\u2014Haldimand Brant\u2014Haldimand was a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1953 to 1968, and in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1987 to 1999. The riding was created in 1952 from parts of Brant\u2014Wentworth and Haldimand. It consisted of the counties of Haldimand and Brant. The townships of Burford and Oakland in Brant were excluded, along with the part of the township of Brantford lying south and west of Grand River, the part of the township of Brantford not included in the electoral district of Brantford, and the city"}, {"context": "of Brantford. The electoral district was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed between Brant, Norfolk\u2014Haldimand and Welland ridings. This riding elected the following Members of Parliament: Brant\u2014Haldimand Brant\u2014Haldimand was a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1953 to 1968, and in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1987 to 1999. The riding was created in 1952 from parts of Brant\u2014Wentworth and Haldimand. It consisted of the counties of Haldimand and Brant. The townships of Burford and Oakland in Brant were excluded, along with the part of the township"}]}, {"title": "Battle of Ogdensburg", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Battle of Ogdensburg The Battle of Ogdensburg was a battle of the War of 1812. The British gained a victory over the Americans and captured the village of Ogdensburg, New York. Although small in scale, it removed the American threat to British supply lines for the remainder of the war. When the war broke out, a flourishing illicit trade was soon established between Ogdensburg and Prescott, Upper Canada (later to become the province of Canada West in 1841), on the Northern side of the Saint Lawrence River. This was checked early in October 1812 when the Americans reinforced the militia"}, {"context": "with some of the regular 1st U.S. Rifle Regiment under Major Benjamin Forsyth. The British made an abortive attack with their own militia on October 3, which was quickly repulsed by the American forces in Ogdensburg, after which the militia dispersed. During the next few months, Forsyth's riflemen made several raids across the river, sniping at British troops and occasionally capturing boatloads of supplies on their way to Kingston, Ontario. On February 21, 1813, Lieutenant General Sir George Prevost, the British Governor General of Canada, passed through Prescott on his way to review the situation in Upper Canada, accompanied by"}, {"context": "several detachments of reinforcements. He appointed Lieutenant Colonel \"Red George\" MacDonell as commandant of British troops in Prescott and left him instructions that he was to attack Ogdensburg only if the Americans weakened their garrison. The reinforcements, although there temporarily, allowed MacDonnell to improvise. He planned for a company of the Glengarry Light Infantry, 70 militia and some light guns mounted on sleighs to make a frontal attack on the fort which housed Forsyth's riflemen. The main column, consisting of 120 men of the 8th (King's), 30 of the Royal Newfoundland Fencibles and 230 of the local militia flank companies,"}, {"context": "would cross the river lower down and attack from the flank. The Americans were used to seeing British troops drilling on the frozen Saint Lawrence and were taken by surprise when they suddenly charged. The riflemen in the fort held out against the frontal attack, mainly because the British guns became stuck in snow drifts, and American artillery, under Adjutant Daniel W. Church of Colonel Benedict's regiment and Lieutenant Baird of Forsyth's company, fired on the British with mixed results. As the British main body threatened to surround them, they retreated and abandoned the town. The militia retreated back into"}, {"context": "the civilian population. The artillery under Church and Baird managed to put up a tough resistance until both Church and Baird were wounded. The British then took control of the town. The British burned the boats and schooners frozen into the ice, and they carried off artillery and military stores. There was some looting of private property, but some of the plundered goods were later returned. The British casualty return listed two British regulars, two Glengarry Light Infantry and two militiamen killed; 12 British regulars, 12 Glengarry Light Infantry and 20 militiamen wounded; for a total of six killed and"}, {"context": "44 wounded. Lieutenant Colonel Macdonell reported that 20 Americans were killed and 70 captured, of whom many were wounded. An American account gave their loss as 26 killed and wounded and about 60 taken prisoner, a figure which suggests that only six of the wounded men escaped capture. After the British withdrew, the Americans did not re-garrison Ogdensburg. The British were able to purchase supplies from Americans merchants there for the remainder of the war. The Ogdensburg area may have been populated by more Tories and Federalists than was previously thought. The normally cautious Prevost amended MacDonell's despatch to make"}, {"context": "it appear that the attack had been carried out on, rather than against, his orders. The regimental Chaplain of the Glengarry Light Infantry, Alexander Macdonell, is reputed to have accompanied the attack, wielding a crucifix to encourage lagging soldiers. He was supported by Presbyterian minister the Rev. John Bethune of Williamstown. Battle of Ogdensburg The Battle of Ogdensburg was a battle of the War of 1812. The British gained a victory over the Americans and captured the village of Ogdensburg, New York. Although small in scale, it removed the American threat to British supply lines for the remainder of the"}]}, {"title": "Princess Bathildis of Anhalt-Dessau", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Princess Bathildis of Anhalt-Dessau Princess Bathildis of Anhalt-Dessau (; 29 December 183710 February 1902) was a Princess of Anhalt-Dessau and member of the House of Ascania by birth. As the wife of Prince William of Schaumburg-Lippe she was a Princess of Schaumburg-Lippe by marriage. She was a younger sister of Grand Duchess Adelaide of Luxembourg. Bathildis was born at Dessau, Anhalt, as the second child of Prince Frederick Augustus of Anhalt-Dessau (son of Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt-Dessau and Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Homburg) and his wife Princess Marie Luise Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel, (daughter of Landgrave William of Hesse-Kassel and Princess"}, {"context": "Charlotte of Denmark). On 30 May 1862 at Dessau, Bathildis married Prince William of Schaumburg-Lippe, seventh child and third son of George William, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe and his wife, Princess Ida of Waldeck and Pyrmont. They had eight children: Princess Bathildis died on 10 February 1902 at Nachod Castle, Kingdom of Bohemia (now N\u00e1chod, Czech Republic). Princess Bathildis of Anhalt-Dessau Princess Bathildis of Anhalt-Dessau (; 29 December 183710 February 1902) was a Princess of Anhalt-Dessau and member of the House of Ascania by birth. As the wife of Prince William of Schaumburg-Lippe she was a Princess of Schaumburg-Lippe by marriage."}]}, {"title": "Clarisa Ferna\u0301ndez", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Clarisa Fern\u00e1ndez Clarisa Fern\u00e1ndez (born 28 August 1981) is a retired Argentine tennis player who is best known for her semi-final appearance at the 2002 French Open, the first Argentine since Sabatini in 1992 to reach that stage. Fern\u00e1ndez was ranked 87th in the world at the time of her shocking result. She defeated, in order: (Q) Lubomira Bacheva, Jelena Kostani\u0107, Kim Clijsters, (13) Elena Dementieva, Paola Su\u00e1rez, before losing to second-seeded Venus Williams in straight sets. Fern\u00e1ndez is a crafty left-handed player. She turned professional in 1998, and did not have much success before her appearance at the French"}, {"context": "Open. She has six ITF titles to her name, including one in 2006. Since 2003, Fern\u00e1ndez has been plagued with injuries. She has suffered from tendinitis in her left shoulder, an injury to her left wrist, and to her right knee. Fern\u00e1ndez enjoys playing on hard and grass courts. She was coached by Leonardo Lerda. Her tennis inspirations are Pete Sampras and Martina Navratilova. In April 2008, Fern\u00e1ndez announced her retirement from professional tennis after a lengthy battle with knee injuries. Fern\u00e1ndez's match record against players who have been ranked in the top 10, with those who have been ranked"}, {"context": "No. 1 in boldface Clarisa Fern\u00e1ndez Clarisa Fern\u00e1ndez (born 28 August 1981) is a retired Argentine tennis player who is best known for her semi-final appearance at the 2002 French Open, the first Argentine since Sabatini in 1992 to reach that stage. Fern\u00e1ndez was ranked 87th in the world at the time of her shocking result. She defeated, in order: (Q) Lubomira Bacheva, Jelena Kostani\u0107, Kim Clijsters, (13) Elena Dementieva, Paola Su\u00e1rez, before losing to second-seeded Venus Williams in straight sets. Fern\u00e1ndez is a crafty left-handed player. She turned professional in 1998, and did not have much success before her"}]}, {"title": "Karl Wiik", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Karl Wiik Karl Harald Wiik (1883-1946) was a Swedish-speaking Finnish Social Democratic (SDP) leader. Elected to parliament numerous times between 1911 and the time of his death and Secretary of the SDP for more than a decade, Wiik is remembered as one of six radical SDP members of parliament expelled from the SDP in the aftermath of the Winter War with the Soviet Union. Imprisoned during the years of World War II, Wiik was released in 1944, becoming a leader of the Finnish People's Democratic League (SKDL), a left wing political organization dominated by the newly legalized Communist Party of"}, {"context": "Finland (SKP). Karl Harald Wiik was born 13 April 1883 in Helsinki, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland. Wiik was a Member of the Finnish Parliament representing the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) from 1911 to 1918, from 1922 to 1929, from 1933 to 1941 and from 1944 to his death. An influential member of the Party's left wing, he was imprisoned for a time after the Finnish Civil War for having participated in the revolutionary government. During the years after the fall of the 1918 Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic, Wiik emerged as a leader of the"}, {"context": "left wing of the SDP, taking an uneasy view of the successful effort of the influential SDP centrist V\u00e4in\u00f6 Tanner to cobble together a coalition government late in 1926. Wiik and others on the SDP left felt that an overly reformist orientation and efforts to build alliances with non-socialist moderates would have the effect of driving radical Finnish workers away from SDP and into the arms of Otto Kuusinen and the underground Finnish Communist Party (SKP). Wiik was elected Secretary of the SDP in 1926 and served in that capacity until 1936, working during that time to maintain the organization's"}, {"context": "commitment to establishment of an explicitly socialist government elected by mobilization of the working class and radicalized farmers. Wiik was unsuccessful in building a radical mass political organization, however, with SDP membership falling from a peak of just over 67,000 in 1919 to about 25,000 during the last half of the 1920s and early 1930s, with three of the party's main constituencies \u2014 workers, small farmers, and young people \u2014 each largely unenthusiastic about the party, its program, and its prospects. In 1940 he and five other Social Democratic MPs were expelled from the Social Democratic Party because of their"}, {"context": "leftist orientation. The six expelled MPs formed the short-lived Socialist Parliamentary Group, all of whose members spent the years 1941 to 1944 in prison because of their unrelenting opposition to the Continuation War. Upon their release from prison in September 1944 after the armistice with the Soviet Union, Wiik and the other formerly jailed members of the Socialist Parliamentary Group were among the founders of the Finnish People's Democratic League (SKDL), a United Front organization of the Finnish radical left dominated in practice by the SKP. Karl Wiik died on 26 June 1946 in Helsinki. He was 63 years old"}, {"context": "at the time of his death. Wiik's papers, including an extensive diary, are housed by the National Archive of Finland. Karl Wiik Karl Harald Wiik (1883-1946) was a Swedish-speaking Finnish Social Democratic (SDP) leader. Elected to parliament numerous times between 1911 and the time of his death and Secretary of the SDP for more than a decade, Wiik is remembered as one of six radical SDP members of parliament expelled from the SDP in the aftermath of the Winter War with the Soviet Union. Imprisoned during the years of World War II, Wiik was released in 1944, becoming a leader"}]}, {"title": "Arie\u0301l Pakes", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ari\u00e9l Pakes Ari\u00e9l Stanley Pakes (born 1949) is the Thomas Professor of Economics at Harvard University. He specializes in econometrics and industrial organization. Ariel Pakes is the Thomas Professor of Economics in the Department of Economics at Harvard University, where he teaches courses in Industrial Organization and Econometrics. He is a fellow of the Econometric Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a winner of the Frisch Medal, and a recipient of the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award.He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2017. Ariel was the Distinguished Fellow of the Industrial Organization"}, {"context": "in 2007. In 2017 he received the Jean-Jacques Laffont Prize and in 2018 the BBVA Frontiers of Knowledge Award. Ariel\u2019s research has focused on developing methods for empirically analyzing market responses to environmental and policy changes. This includes developing: i) demand systems that are capable of analyzing the impact of environmental changes (e.g. mergers) on prices, ii) methods capable of analyzing the impact of policy changes (e.g. deregulation) on productivity, and iii) models capable of following the impacts of these changes on the evolution of markets over time. He and his co-authors have applied these tools to the analysis of"}, {"context": "the auto, electricity, health care, and telecommunications equipment industries. Ariel also developed techniques for: analyzing the impacts of privately funded research and development activity, for constructing a more accurate Consumer Price Index, and for analyzing the impact of incentive schemes on the hospital allocations of doctors. Many of Ariel\u2019s methodological contributions have been incorporated into the work of government agencies and private firms. Ariel has mentored over sixty doctoral students, many of whom are now leading researchers at prestigious universities. Additionally, he has done work for a number of consultancies, government agencies, and large firms. He is most famous for"}, {"context": "the Berry Levinsohn Pakes (BLP) approach to demand estimation and the Olley and Pakes approach to estimation of production functions. He received his B.A. and M.A. from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1971 and 1973 and an M.A. and Ph.D. from Harvard in 1976 and 1979. Ari\u00e9l Pakes Ari\u00e9l Stanley Pakes (born 1949) is the Thomas Professor of Economics at Harvard University. He specializes in econometrics and industrial organization. Ariel Pakes is the Thomas Professor of Economics in the Department of Economics at Harvard University, where he teaches courses in Industrial Organization and Econometrics. He is a fellow of"}]}, {"title": "Open Morris", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Open Morris Open Morris is one of the three umbrella groups for morris dance sides in England. It was formed primarily by members of Fenstanton Morris (an early mixed sex dance side operating near Huntingdon) in the early 1980s as a response to the male-only policy of the Morris Ring and the female-only policy of the Women's Morris Federation - although, by 1980, the Morris Federation had already dropped their female-only policy in favour of one that allowed joint sides, where morris sides had male and female members who would dance in all male or all female sets, but still"}, {"context": "barred mixed sets where men and women would dance together. Open Morris was a response to this as the small number of mixed sides in the 1980s wished to form their own umbrella organisation. Today Open Morris has a large number of member sides and interacts happily with the other umbrella groups as a member of the \"Joint Morris Organisation\". Members of this grouping have always made a point of promoting morris dance as a living tradition. They are traditionally non-traditional. Open Morris Open Morris is one of the three umbrella groups for morris dance sides in England. It was"}]}, {"title": "Outer Party", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Outer Party The Outer Party is a fictional social stratum from the George Orwell novel, \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\". The Party which controls Oceania is split into two parts: the Inner Party and the Outer Party. The Outer Party makes up approximately 13% of the population of Oceania. The protagonist of the novel, Winston Smith, is a member of the Outer Party, as are most of the other characters, though he does interact with a few proles (generally objects of contempt or disgust for Party members). The Outer Party represents the middle class in Oceanic society, bureaucrats who do most of the"}, {"context": "actual work in the Party government and its four ministries. Its members can be identified by their blue jumpsuits. From a certain viewpoint, the members of the Outer Party, and not the proles, are seen as the worst off of the three classes. They lack the relative personal freedom and simple pleasures of the proles, and also lack the luxurious lifestyle and privileges maintained by the Inner Party in the form of food, sweets, servants or motor vehicles. In addition, they are under constant and uninterrupted surveillance, unlike the Proles (who are considered irrelevant by the Inner Party and kept"}, {"context": "in check by simple pleasures) or the Inner Party (whose rich lifestyle and luxury maintains their loyalty to the State). Outer Party members drink Victory Gin, as very little wine reaches them, and they have saccharine tablets instead of sugar (though it is possible for Outer Party members to obtain these in small quantities via a black market that works by stealing from the Inner Party supplies). They smoke Victory Cigarettes, which have a tendency to lose tobacco if not carefully held, and food is of low quality. Also, they have to purchase various basic necessities from the Prole market"}, {"context": "in order to sustain themselves (such as razors or shoelaces) or through the black market that steals from the Inner Party. Outer Party The Outer Party is a fictional social stratum from the George Orwell novel, \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\". The Party which controls Oceania is split into two parts: the Inner Party and the Outer Party. The Outer Party makes up approximately 13% of the population of Oceania. The protagonist of the novel, Winston Smith, is a member of the Outer Party, as are most of the other characters, though he does interact with a few proles (generally objects of contempt"}]}, {"title": "Brick Church Mound and Village Site", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Brick Church Mound and Village Site The Brick Church Mound and Village Site (40DV39) (also known as the Love Mounds and the Brick Church Pike Mound Site) is a Mississippian culture archaeological site located in Nashville in Davidson County, Tennessee. It was excavated in the late nineteenth century by Frederic Ward Putnam. During excavations in the early 1970s the site produced a unique cache of ceramic figurines very similar in style to Mississippian stone statuary which are now on display at the Frank H. McClung Museum. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on May 7,"}, {"context": "1973 as NRIS number 73001759 although this did not save the site from being almost totally destroyed by residential development. Like many other sites in central Tennessee during the Mississippian period the Brick Church Pike Mounds Site was a multi-mound village with an encircling defensive palisade. The site had a large platform mound (Mound A) high and on the north\u2013south axis by on the east\u2013west axis and several smaller mounds. On a ridge next to the mound were many stone box graves of a type found throughout the Cumberland region. Most sites during this time and in this general location"}, {"context": "were located along tributary streams of major rivers. Larger sites such as this were not drastically different from the dispersed hamlets of their hinterlands but they did offer increased protection during times of instability. While politically autonomous from each other, sites in the area still shared a material cultural with other sites in the region such as Sellars, Old Town, and Mound Bottom. Brick Church Pike Mounds was first described and excavated in 1877 by Frederic Ward Putnam and given a brief mention in the writings of William E. Myer in the early twentieth century though it is unclear if"}, {"context": "he actually visited it. After this the site remained mostly undisturbed except for farming until the latter half of the twentieth century. During the last 30 years of the twentieth century the site was almost completely destroyed, razed for the building of a residential area and the Ewing Baptist Church, although salvage archaeology did take place. In 1877 a crew of 6 to 8 men led by Putnam tunneled into Mound A looking for an interior burial chamber. Upon not finding one, they then filled in their excavations and restored the shape of the mound. Putnam noted many of the"}, {"context": "features of the site when he published his findings in 1878. The site would not be professionally investigated again for almost a century. In the summer of 1969 Dr. Charle Fletcher of Vanderbilt University conducted a field school and did limited archaeological sampling at the site, although the results of his studies remain unpublished. A few years later in the summer of 1971 a local youth discovered a unique set of ceramic figurines at the site. John Dowd, a respected avocational archaeologist from Nashville, was contacted and after vising the location started the first photographically recorded excavations at the site."}, {"context": "In the fall 1971 Mack Prichard the State of Tennessee's first modern state archaeologist visited the site and was instrumental in getting it added to the NRHP but was not able to raise the funds need to buy and save the site form residential development. In 1983 the rest of the site not already destroyed was purchased for the purposes of building a new residential neighborhood. Over the next several years a series of salvage archaeology operations were undertaken by Robert Jolley and later the Division of Archaeology. Throughout the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s periodic excavations took place as"}, {"context": "the site was further developed, especially after changes in state law afforded Native American graves protections equal to Euro-American graves and forced the construction companies to do archaeological surveys to find possible grave sites. In 1971 an unusual and unique set of ceramic figurines was discovered in the platform like ridge adjacent to Mound A. Excavations by John Dowd at the site of their discovery revealed a by clay floor from Mississippian period house that had burned down. The figurines themselves were of an adult male and adult female pair and two children of each sex, as well as pieces"}, {"context": "from additional figurines. In total, pieces of 11 whole or partial figures were discovered in the house floor. The male has an elaborate hair style which includes the beaded forelock seen on figures in Southeastern Ceremonial Complex warrior images. The figures sit in a cross-legged fashion, with their hands on their knees, similar to Mississippian stone statuary found throughout the Tennessee-Cumberland region. Dowd was eventually able to acquire the figurines from the young man who had discovered them and has loaned them to the Frank H. McClung Museum of the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, where they are on display."}, {"context": "Excavations throughout the 1970s by Jolley turned up many examples of Mississippian culture pottery, including two common varieties Mississippi Plain or Neelys Ferry Plain. Other finer wares were also found including examples Bell Plain, Kimmswick Fabric Impressed, Manly Punctate, Matthews Incised, a hooded water bottle fragment, one plate fragment with a grooved rim, several ceramic disks and a ceramic cylinder. Numerous examples of stone tools were found, including several hoes and a dagger of Dover chert. Excavations of a midden deposit in October 1999 produced a wealth of cultural material, including a unique perforated owl effigy rattle. Brick Church Mound"}]}, {"title": "2005 Al-Aaimmah bridge stampede", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2005 Al-Aaimmah bridge stampede The 2005 Al-Aaimmah bridge stampede occurred on August 31, 2005 when 953 people died following a stampede on Al-Aaimmah bridge, which crosses the Tigris river in the Iraqi capital of Baghdad. At the time of the stampede, around one million pilgrims had gathered around or were marching toward Al Kadhimiya Mosque, which is the shrine of the Shi'ite Imam Musa al-Kazim. Tensions had been high within the crowd. Earlier in the day, seven people had been killed and dozens more wounded in a mortar attack upon the assembled crowd for which an Al-Qaeda linked insurgent group"}, {"context": "claimed responsibility. Near the shrine, rumors of an imminent suicide bomb attack broke out, panicking many pilgrims. Interior Minister Bayan Baqir Solagh said that one person \"pointed a finger at another person saying that he was carrying explosives...and that led to the panic\". The panicked crowd flocked to the bridge, which had been closed. Somehow, the gate at their end of the bridge opened, and the pilgrims rushed through. Some people fell onto the concrete base and died instantly. The ensuing crush of people caused many to suffocate. The pressure of the crowd caused the bridge's iron railings to give"}, {"context": "way, dropping hundreds of people into the Tigris river. There was nowhere on the bridge for the people to go, as the other end of the bridge remained closed, and was impossible to open anyway, as it opened inward. Owing to the nature of the incident many of those who died were those who could be considered physically weakest, such as the elderly, women and children. People dived in from both ends of the bridge trying to help those drowning in the river. On the Sunni side, calls went out from the loudspeakers of local Mosques to help those in"}, {"context": "trouble. A Sunni Arab teenager, that is Othman Ali Abdul-Hafez (, \"\u2018Uthm\u0101n \u2018Al\u012b \u2018Abdul-\u1e24\u0101fi\u1e93\") succumbed to exhaustion as he rescued people in the water. Thus he had drowned, and was later praised as a \"martyr\" by Iraqi politicians. A three-day mourning period was announced by Iraqi Prime Minister Ibrahim al-Jaafari. Iraqi President Jalal Talabani said the catastrophe \"will leave a scar in our souls and will be remembered with those who died in the result of terror acts.\" Many of the dead were buried in the holy Shia Islamic town of Najaf. There was some political fallout also from the"}, {"context": "event, with Mutalib Mohammad Ali, The Minister for Health, blaming the Defence Ministers for not doing enough to secure the area. However, the Prime Minister dismissed any calls for resignation for any ministry. After the stampede, a few commentators in the Western media speculated that given the scale of the incident it might tip the country into a civil war by antagonizing the Shi'a community. However, there was no immediate surge in sectarian violence. Opposition groups blamed the government and security forces for failing to prevent the incident. However, these groups themselves often encourage high turn-outs at religious events to"}, {"context": "prove the relative strength of their sect. Another factor leading to a high turn-out at Shia religious events is the fact such events were banned under Saddam Hussein, and so many attend to express faith in a way they were banned from doing for decades. Governments and world leaders offered their condolences after the deadly stampede: 2005 Al-Aaimmah bridge stampede The 2005 Al-Aaimmah bridge stampede occurred on August 31, 2005 when 953 people died following a stampede on Al-Aaimmah bridge, which crosses the Tigris river in the Iraqi capital of Baghdad. At the time of the stampede, around one million"}]}, {"title": "N.F.-Board", "paragraphs": [{"context": "N.F.-Board The N.F.-Board (\"Nouvelle F\u00e9d\u00e9ration-Board\") was a federation of football associations established on 12 December 2003 and defunct since January 2013 It was made up of teams that represent nations, dependencies, unrecognized states, minorities, stateless peoples, regions and micronations not affiliated to FIFA. One of the founders was Luc Misson, a lawyer who represented Belgian footballer Jean-Marc Bosman in a case that led to the Bosman ruling. They organized the VIVA World Cup which took place for the first time in November 2006, in Occitania. The N.F.-Board organized its 5th and last VIVA World Cup in June 2012, which was"}, {"context": "hosted by Kurdistan. A record nine teams featured with the hosts defeating Northern Cyprus 2-1 in the final. Since 2013 Non-FIFA football is managed by Confederation of Independent Football Associations (CONIFA)). The teams in bold competed in at least one Viva World Cup. N.F.-Board The N.F.-Board (\"Nouvelle F\u00e9d\u00e9ration-Board\") was a federation of football associations established on 12 December 2003 and defunct since January 2013 It was made up of teams that represent nations, dependencies, unrecognized states, minorities, stateless peoples, regions and micronations not affiliated to FIFA. One of the founders was Luc Misson, a lawyer who represented Belgian footballer Jean-Marc"}]}, {"title": "Becquerel (lunar crater)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Becquerel (lunar crater) Becquerel is a lunar impact crater that lies in the northern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. This is an ancient and heavily worn formation that is now little more than an irregular buri in the surface. The outer rim has been worn and reshaped until it forms a rugged, mountainous region around the flatter interior. The most notable of the formations on the rim is Becquerel X, which is part of a double crater along the northwestern rim. There is a short valley paralleling the southwestern rim, most likely formed by the merging of"}, {"context": "several small craters. The interior floor of Becquerel is relatively flat, but with rough sections and several tiny craterlets marking the surface. There is a dark patch (low albedo) on the floor near the southern rim. To the west of Becquerel are H. G. Wells and Tesla, to the north is Segers, to the northeast is Bridgman, and to the south is Van Maanen. The crater's name was adopted by the IAU in 1970. By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Becquerel. Becquerel"}]}, {"title": "Rose Royale", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Rose Royale Rose Royale (1954 \u2013 1957) was a French Thoroughbred racehorse. After showing modest form as a juvenile in France she emerged as a top-class performer in the first half of 1957 when she was an unlucky second in the Princess Elizabeth Stakes before winning the 1000 Guineas and finishing third in the Epsom Oaks. In the autumn she added victories in the Prix du Moulin and the Champion Stakes but died at the end of the year. Rose Royale was a bay filly bred in France by her owner Aga Khan III. During her racing career she was"}, {"context": "trained by Alec Head at Chantilly. She was sired by Prince Bio, who won the Poule d'Essai des Poulains in 1944 and became a very successful breeding stallion whose other offspring included Sicambre. Rose Royale was the first foal of her dam Rose of Yeroda who won twice as a juvenile in 1950. She was descended from Honora (foaled 1907), a British mare whose other descendants have included Tap On Wood, Jaazeiro and Skip Away. Rose Royale ran six times as a two-year-old in France in 1956 but failed to win a race. On her three-year-old debut Rose Royale was"}, {"context": "sent to England to contest the Princess Elizabeth Stakes over eight and a half furlongs at Epsom Racecourse and looked a most unlucky loser as she finished second to the Queen's filly Carrozza. On 3 May at Newmarket Racecourse the filly started at odds of 6/1 in a 20-runner field for the 144th running of the 1000 Guineas. Ridden by Charlie Smirke, who had been criticised for his performance at Epsom, she won by two lengths from her stablemate Sensualita with the Irish-trained favourite Angelet in third. The French jockey Jean Massard took over from Smirke when Rose Royale was"}, {"context": "stepped up in distance and started 11/10 favourite for the Oaks Stakes at Epsom on 7 June. She appeared ill at ease on the firm ground and finished a well-beaten third behind Carrozza and Silken Glider. The filly took a long time to recover from the race and was off the course until September when she finished sixth behind Denisy in the Prix de la Nonette. In the inaugural running of the Prix du Moulin in the following month she was ridden by Roger Poincelet and won from her four-year-old stablemate Chief. Later in October she was back at Newmarket"}, {"context": "for the ten furlong Champion Stakes and started at odds of 5/2 against opponents including Ballymoss and the Coronation Cup winner Fric. With Massard in the saddle, she came home six lengths clear of the Irish outsider No Complaint, with Fric third and Ballymoss unplaced. Rose Royale was sent to the United States to contest the Washington D C International but ran poorly and finished unplaced behind Mahan. The filly became sick soon after the race and died from an intestinal tumour. The independent Timeform organisation gave Rose Royale a rating 129 in 1957. In their book, \"A Century of"}, {"context": "Champions\", based on the Timeform rating system, John Randall and Tony Morris rated Rose Royale a \"superior\" winner of the 1000 Guineas. Rose Royale Rose Royale (1954 \u2013 1957) was a French Thoroughbred racehorse. After showing modest form as a juvenile in France she emerged as a top-class performer in the first half of 1957 when she was an unlucky second in the Princess Elizabeth Stakes before winning the 1000 Guineas and finishing third in the Epsom Oaks. In the autumn she added victories in the Prix du Moulin and the Champion Stakes but died at the end of the"}]}, {"title": "Pacou", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Pacou Pacou is a German techno music producer. He has released albums and EPs on his own label, LL Records, as well as on the Berlin-based Tresor label, Djax-Up-Beats, Konsequent, and Music Man Records. He records under the monikers Pacou and Agent Cooper. Pacou was born in 1972 in Berlin, Germany. Starting out as a hobby, he became a record collector. In 1993 he bought the first music equipment. Three years on, he produced, and then released the first records under the name Agent Cooper (on the label Raw Music) and Pacou (on Tresor Records). 1997, Tresor released Pacou's first"}, {"context": "longplay album \"Symbolic Language\", and he became a resident DJ at the club. The year 1998 marked a substantial progress in both DJ and production aspects of his work. He started playing DJ sets around Europe, Japan and Australia, and changed over to full-time work on music and performing as DJ. The main release was the experimental techno style LP \"No Computer Involved\" on Tresor (a statement against simplified preset rhythm software such as \"Ejay Music Maker\" which were marketed as tools to create electronic music at home). In September 1998 Pacou founded his first own label LL Records. 1999"}, {"context": "saw the continuation of work, a 12\" single called \"A Universal Movement\" on Tresor, and continued travels and showcases around the globe. Remixes for Ben Sims and Access 58 from UK were also done at the time. Another LP \"State of Mind\" was released on Tresor in March 2000; furthermore 4 vinyl singles on the famous Dutch label Djax-Up-Beats. The website \"www.pacou.com\" was started in mid-2000. Musical projects for 2001 included releases on the German Konsequent imprint (album and singles), the \"Music Man and Djax record labels. 2003 he continued work on Music Man label series \"Rio Sketches\", and starting"}, {"context": "a new live music / performance project \"Autofokus\", which released three vinyl singles in 2004 and 2005. Tresor released another single \"Last Man Standing\" in February 2004 and a whole album \"The Berlin Sessions\" produced with Juan Atkins in 2005. His newest project Cache Records was started in May 2005. Pacou Pacou is a German techno music producer. He has released albums and EPs on his own label, LL Records, as well as on the Berlin-based Tresor label, Djax-Up-Beats, Konsequent, and Music Man Records. He records under the monikers Pacou and Agent Cooper. Pacou was born in 1972 in Berlin,"}]}, {"title": "Adna Wright Leonard", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Adna Wright Leonard Bishop Adna Wright Leonard I (November 2, 1874 \u2013 May 3, 1943) was a Methodist Bishop in Buffalo, New York and the first chairman of the Methodist Commission on Chaplains. He was killed in 1943 in a plane crash on his way to Iceland to visit Methodist chaplains and their troops. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 2, 1874, to Adna B. Leonard. He was elected bishop in 1916. He married Mary Luella Day (1873-?) on October 9, 1901, and had the following children: Adna Wright Leonard II (1904-?); and Phyllis Day Leonard (1907-?). He"}, {"context": "was elected to the Episcopacy of the Methodist Episcopal Church at the 1916 General Conference. He served in San Francisco, Pittsburgh and Washington, D.C. He was killed on May 3, 1943, in a plane crash on his way to Iceland to visit Methodist chaplains and their troops. Adna Wright Leonard Bishop Adna Wright Leonard I (November 2, 1874 \u2013 May 3, 1943) was a Methodist Bishop in Buffalo, New York and the first chairman of the Methodist Commission on Chaplains. He was killed in 1943 in a plane crash on his way to Iceland to visit Methodist chaplains and their"}]}, {"title": "Graham Tope, Baron Tope", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Graham Tope, Baron Tope Graham Norman Tope, Baron Tope (born 30 November 1943) is a Liberal Democrat politician in the United Kingdom. He was also a councillor in the London Borough of Sutton until 2014. In 1972, Tope captured the seat of Sutton and Cheam at a parliamentary by-election from the Conservative for the Liberal Party. The Conservatives retook the seat at the February 1974 General Election. Having been appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1991 Birthday Honours, Tope was created a life peer as Baron Tope, of Sutton in the London Borough"}, {"context": "of Sutton on 4 October 1994. He is a member of the Committee of the Regions of the European Union and is the only person in the country to have served as a member of a European Institution, a member of the UK Parliament, a member of a regional government structure and as a borough councillor all at the same time. At the London Assembly, he was leader of the Liberal Democrat Group until 2006, member of the Audit Panel, and member of the Transport Committee. He was also a member of the Metropolitan Police Authority, which oversees the Metropolitan"}, {"context": "Police. Graham Tope, Baron Tope Graham Norman Tope, Baron Tope (born 30 November 1943) is a Liberal Democrat politician in the United Kingdom. He was also a councillor in the London Borough of Sutton until 2014. In 1972, Tope captured the seat of Sutton and Cheam at a parliamentary by-election from the Conservative for the Liberal Party. The Conservatives retook the seat at the February 1974 General Election. Having been appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1991 Birthday Honours, Tope was created a life peer as Baron Tope, of Sutton in the London"}]}, {"title": "Maki (political party)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Maki (political party) The Israeli Communist Party ( \"HaMiflega HaKomunistit HaYisra'elit\", \"Al-\u1e24izb ash-Shuy\u016b'\u012b al-'Isr\u0101'\u012bl\u012b\"), commonly referred to by its Hebrew acronym Maki (), is a communist political party in Israel and forms part of the political alliance known as Hadash. It was originally known as Rakah (), an acronym for \"Reshima Komunistit Hadasha\" (, lit. \"New Communist List\"), and is not the same party as the original Maki, from which it broke away in the 1960s. Rakah was formed on 1 September 1965 due to internal disagreements in Maki. Maki, the original Israeli Communist Party, saw a split between a"}, {"context": "largely Jewish faction led by Moshe Sneh, which recognized Israel's right to exist and was critical of the Soviet Union's increasingly anti-Zionist stance, and a largely Arab faction, which was increasingly anti-Zionist. As a result, the pro-Palestinian faction (including Emile Habibi, Tawfik Toubi and Meir Vilner) left Maki to form a new party, Rakah, which the Soviet Union recognised as the \"official\" Communist Party. It was reported in the Soviet media that the Mikunis-Sneh group defected to the bourgeois-nationalist camp. The 1965 elections saw Rakah party win three seats, comprehensively beating Maki as it slumped to just one. Rakah's opposition"}, {"context": "to Zionism and the Six-Day War meant they were excluded from the national unity governments of the sixth Knesset. In the 1969 elections Rakah again won three seats. During the 1973 elections Rakah saw a rise in support as the party picked up four seats. Before the 1977 elections the party joined up with some other marginal left-wing and Arab parties, including some members of the Israeli Black Panthers to form Hadash. Hadash means \"new\" in Hebrew, a possible reference to Rakah's name; it is also a Hebrew acronym for The Democratic Front for Peace and Equality. In the meantime,"}, {"context": "the original Maki had disappeared after merging into Ratz in 1981. In 1989, members of Rakah decided to change the party's name to Maki to reflect their status as the only official communist party in Israel. The party remains the leading force in Hadash to this day, and owns the Al-Ittihad newspaper. It currently has four members in the 20th Knesset, as part of the Joint List. Maki (political party) The Israeli Communist Party ( \"HaMiflega HaKomunistit HaYisra'elit\", \"Al-\u1e24izb ash-Shuy\u016b'\u012b al-'Isr\u0101'\u012bl\u012b\"), commonly referred to by its Hebrew acronym Maki (), is a communist political party in Israel and forms part"}]}, {"title": "Neolithocolletis kangarensis", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Neolithocolletis kangarensis Neolithocolletis kangarensis is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Perlis, Malaysia. The wingspan is 4.2-4.5 mm. The larvae feed on \"Calopogonium\" species. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of an oblong blotch-mine occurring on the disc between two lateral veins of the lower side of the leaf. It is whitish and flat at the immature stage. At maturity, it is discoloured into ochreous, usually distally, by the consumption of leaf-tissue. Then the distal margin of this part is cut out semicircularly, finally the cut part is folded"}, {"context": "down to cover a circular, white cocoon, which is placed inside the mine-cavity. Neolithocolletis kangarensis Neolithocolletis kangarensis is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Perlis, Malaysia. The wingspan is 4.2-4.5 mm. The larvae feed on \"Calopogonium\" species. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of an oblong blotch-mine occurring on the disc between two lateral veins of the lower side of the leaf. It is whitish and flat at the immature stage. At maturity, it is discoloured into ochreous, usually distally, by the consumption of leaf-tissue. Then the distal margin"}]}, {"title": "Altar Valley", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Altar Valley The Altar Valley is a 45-mile (72 km) long north-south valley, trending slightly northeast from Sasabe, Arizona on the Mexico border to the Avra Valley west of the Tucson Mountains. It is delimited by Arizona State Route 86, from east-to-west on the north separating it from the Avra Valley which then trends \"northwesterly\", merging into the plains and drainage of the Santa Cruz River. The valley is traversed from north to south by Arizona Route 286. The major Baboquivari sky island range borders the valley on the west; the east is bordered by a series of mountain ranges,"}, {"context": "that have Nogales, Arizona nestled in between at the United States-Mexico border. Two wilderness areas lie to the west of the valley, the Coyote Mountains Wilderness east of Kitt Peak Observatory, and the Baboquivari Peak Wilderness. The center of the valley is near Baldy Peak in the southwest Sierrita Mountains. Baldy Peak's height is . The Madrean Sky Island region of southeast Arizona, extreme southwest New Mexico, northern Sonora and extreme northwest Chihuahua, Mexico, is the region at the northern limits of the western spine mountain of Mexico, the Sierra Madre Occidental-(Mother Mountains, West). The ranges were broken up by"}, {"context": "Basin and Range faulting, and leaving wide areas of bajadas or graben-type valleys, sometimes with obvious horst-type mountain ranges; even extreme volcanic cones can form on these horst boundaries, like the seven minor volcanoes at the northern end of the Mohawk Mountains The Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge borders the southeast Altar Valley and covers half the valley's length. Sasabe, the U.S.-Mexico border town is surrounded by the refuge, including to the west. The lower elevation Cerro Colorado range borders the refuge to the northeast, the similar San Luis Mountains to the southeast. The mountains to the west and east"}, {"context": "associated with the \"Altar Valley\". On maps of Arizona, in the Altar Valley region, the United States-Mexico border changes direction to the northwest to end at the Colorado River at Yuma, Arizona. This change in border direction mostly follows a water divide change, separating drainage basins from each country; there are minor regional exceptions along the border to Yuma and the California border. Southern Arizona's desert waters flow north-northwest mostly ultimately ending at the Gila River which starts in extreme southwestern New Mexico and ends at Yuma, bordering California. Mexico's border drainage is into the Gran Desierto de Altar, with"}, {"context": "two rivers of northern Sonora draining to the southwest into the northern Gulf of California. These two areas of southwest Arizona and northwest Sorona are most inhospitable and dangerous in summer months. (The Barry M. Goldwater Air Force Range uses the Arizona region because of its remoteness and yeartime usage abilities by flight.) Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge Baldy Peak Altar Valley The Altar Valley is a 45-mile (72 km) long north-south valley, trending slightly northeast from Sasabe, Arizona on the Mexico border to the Avra Valley west of the Tucson Mountains. It is delimited by Arizona State Route 86,"}]}, {"title": "Bergdorf Blondes", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bergdorf Blondes Bergdorf Blondes is the 2004 chick lit d\u00e9but novel of Plum Sykes, an English-born fashion writer and New York \u201cit girl\u201d. The book was released in hardcover on April 7, 2004 by Miramax Books (USA) and Viking Press (UK) and a paperback edition was released the following year by Penguin. The book's title refers to rumors that one of the characters routinely gets her hair dyed a certain shade of blonde at Bergdorf Goodman, a luxury goods department store in Midtown Manhattan. The book follows an unnamed young socialite living in New York as she interacts with her"}, {"context": "best friend Julie and tries to find a successful romantic relationship. Initially she believes that she's found \"The One\" in the photographer Zack and the two become engaged, after which point Zack becomes emotionally abusive and unresponsive. Despite her best attempts to salvage the relationship, the protagonist is dumped by Zack. Not only does this harm her social standing, but the protagonist is psychologically devastated by the end of the relationship and becomes anorexic as a result. Things are not made much better by her mother's insistence that she return home to England (her family emigrated there during the narrator's"}, {"context": "childhood) and strike up a relationship with a local Earl that they haven't seen since a disastrous business transaction with her father years ago. The protagonist goes through several terrible relationships with married men (she was told that they were single or separated) and finds herself drawn to and irritated by the filmmaker Charlie, who has started dating her friend Julie. The two eventually end up running into each other at a hotel one night after the protagonist's apartment is robbed. Despite some friction between the two, the protagonist finds that she genuinely likes Charlie, who tells her that he's"}, {"context": "broken up with Julie. The two end up having sex, something that weighs upon the protagonist's conscience since she has a rule against sleeping with a friend's ex-boyfriend. The following day Julie ends up finding out about the sexual encounter after questioning the protagonist about the night's events, upon which point she reveals that she and Charlie never broke up and tells the protagonist that she never wants to see her again. Since the friendship is gone, the protagonist decides to see Charlie again that night, as he had invited her to return for dinner. However the protagonist finds that"}, {"context": "Charlie has left, giving her the impression that he was just using her like the other men she has dated. She ends up deciding to return to England, only for her car to break down partway to her parent's house. The protagonist manages to make it to the home owned by the Earl, where she runs into Charlie, who tells her that he is the Earl her mother wanted her to meet and that he had left the United States due to news of his father's death. At this point her mother arrives under the guise of taking the protagonist"}, {"context": "home, with the intention of making her way back into Charlie's mother's good graces. This all proves to be too much for the protagonist and before leaving, she tells Charlie that she hates him and that she can no longer trust him since he never trusted her with any of this information. After returning home the protagonist ends up talking with Julie (who has traveled to England), who confesses that she and Charlie had broken up when he'd said they had but that she'd covered up the information since traditionally Julie was always the one to end a relationship. This"}, {"context": "causes the protagonist to realize that Charlie had never intended to be dishonest and she eventually meets up with him at his home, where they reconcile and officially become a couple. Critical reception for \"Bergdorf Blondes\" has been polarized. Hannah Sampson, writing for Knight-Ridder, called it a \"superficial, vapid novel\" that \" refuses to be fun, interesting, witty or memorable.\" Rachel Cooke of \"The Guardian\" gave an overly negative review for \"Bergdorf Blondes\", writing, \"It is not that this book is badly written, nor even that it is poorly plotted ... It is simply that it is so horribly empty,"}, {"context": "a bilious swirl of superficial characters and sickly values.\" In contrast, \"USA Today\" was more favorable in its review, writing that \"\"Blondes\" is an over-the-top, witty social comedy sure to put a spring in your step \u2014 whether you're walking in Manolos or Keds.\" \"People\" magazine gave the book two and a half stars out of four, commenting that \"\"Bergdorf Blondes\" is packed with delicious sociological observations, one-liners (\"Ralph Lauren is my drug of choice,\" declares someone named Muffy) and tart definitions (\"PJ\" is a private jet; \"Arizona\" is a euphemism for rehab; \"CBK\" is Carolyn Bessette Kennedy, possessor of"}, {"context": "ideal hair). But it's hard to care about the airhead-ed characters. One wishes Sykes had abandoned chick lit conventions and bared her Nars Candy Darling-varnished nails with an all-out Tom Wolfe-style satire. That would be worth stashing in an Herm\u00e8s handbag.\" Bergdorf Blondes Bergdorf Blondes is the 2004 chick lit d\u00e9but novel of Plum Sykes, an English-born fashion writer and New York \u201cit girl\u201d. The book was released in hardcover on April 7, 2004 by Miramax Books (USA) and Viking Press (UK) and a paperback edition was released the following year by Penguin. The book's title refers to rumors that"}]}, {"title": "Avram Gots", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Avram Gots Avram Rafailovich Gots (1882 \u2013 1940?) was a Russian Socialist-Revolutionary leader, active in the Revolutions of 1905 and 1917. Avram Gots came from a very wealthy family in Moscow. His older brother was Mikhail Gots (1866\u20131906), a revolutionary active in the populist ('narodnik') movement and instrumental in organising the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (PSR). Avram Gots studied at various universities in Germany, becoming one of the 'Heidelberg SRs', like his friends Nikolai Avksentiev, Vladimir Zenzinov, Vadim Rudnev and Ilya Fondaminsky. These SRs were influenced by Marxism and Neo-Kantian philosophy as well as by the older Russian populist tradition. (That was"}, {"context": "also true of Victor Chernov, the party's chief theoretician.) Gots participated in the Russian Revolution of 1905 and for a time served in the \"Fighting Organisation\" of the PSR, which was responsible for acts of `political terror' and 'expropriations'. In 1906, Avram's brother Mikhail died. In 1907, Gots was arrested and sentenced to hard labour in Siberia. He was in Siberia when World War I broke out and initially joined the anti-war, 'Internationalist' faction of the PSR and participated in the Siberian Zimmerwaldists. Freed by the February Revolution of 1917, he returned to Petrograd and became a leading member of"}, {"context": "the Petrograd soviet. He also served as chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, which was elected by the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers\u2019 and Soldiers\u2019 Deputies in June 1917. He now supported a 'Revolutionary Defencist' position, supporting war in defence of the revolution but not for imperialistic aims. This brought him closer to the right wing of the PSR and led him into conflict with the SR 'Internationalists' around Chernov and Mark Natanson. Gots also collaborated with Menshevik leaders in the soviet, particularly Fyodor Dan, Mikhail Liber and Irakli Tsereteli. Gots opposed the October Revolution and tried"}, {"context": "to organize armed resistance to the Bolsheviks. He was a member of the anti-Bolshevik 'Committee of Salvation of the Homeland and the Revolution'. When Admiral Kolchak overthrew the coalition 'Directorate', Gots sided with those SRs who suspended military action against the Bolsheviks, for fear of aiding the anti-democratic counter-revolution. In 1920, Gots and 33 other SR leaders were arrested. He was the main defendant at the 1922 Moscow Trial of Socialist Revolutionaries, sometimes described as the first 'show trial' in Soviet Russia. The trial became a \"cause cel\u00e8bre\" among Western socialists. Theodor Liebknecht, brother of the assassinated German Spartacist leader"}, {"context": "Karl, acted as a lawyer for the defense; the venerable anarchist Peter Kropotkin appealed personally to Vladimir Lenin to spare the lives of the defendants, Karl Kautsky wrote impassioned pamphlets about the trial and American trade unionists demonstrated for the release of the SRs. The Bolsheviks countered with massive demonstrations and courtroom disruptions demanding the death penalty. In the end, Gots and eleven of his co-defendants were sentenced to death, but the sentences were suspended and the SRs were kept as 'hostages'. After a period of imprisonment Gots was deported to Alma-Ata, where he worked in industry. He was re-arrested"}, {"context": "in 1937, and according to V.M. Zenzinov he was shot that year. Other sources claim he survived until 1940. Avram Gots Avram Rafailovich Gots (1882 \u2013 1940?) was a Russian Socialist-Revolutionary leader, active in the Revolutions of 1905 and 1917. Avram Gots came from a very wealthy family in Moscow. His older brother was Mikhail Gots (1866\u20131906), a revolutionary active in the populist ('narodnik') movement and instrumental in organising the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (PSR). Avram Gots studied at various universities in Germany, becoming one of the 'Heidelberg SRs', like his friends Nikolai Avksentiev, Vladimir Zenzinov, Vadim Rudnev and Ilya Fondaminsky. These"}]}, {"title": "Robert P. Burke", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Robert P. Burke Robert P. Burke is an officer in the United States Navy who currently serves as the 58th Chief of Naval Personnel. He assumed his current assignment on May 27, 2016. He holds bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Western Michigan University and the University of Central Florida. His operational assignments include service in both attack and ballistic missile submarines, including USS Von Steuben (SSBN-632), USS Maryland (SSBN-738), and USS Bremerton (SSN-698). He has deployed to the Arctic, North Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Western Pacific. Burke commanded USS Hampton (SSN-767) in Norfolk, Virginia, and was commodore of"}, {"context": "Submarine Development Squadron (DEVRON) 12 in Groton, Connecticut. During his tenure as commanding officer, Burke was recognized by the United States Submarine League with the Jack Darby Award for Leadership for 2004, and the Vice Admiral James Bond Stockdale Award for Inspirational Leadership for 2005. His staff assignments included tours as an instructor and director of the Officer Department Electrical Engineering Division at Naval Nuclear Power School in Orlando, Florida; junior board member on the Pacific Fleet Nuclear Propulsion Examining Board; and as the Submarine Officer Community manager/Nuclear Officer Program manager in the office of the Director, Military Personnel Plans"}, {"context": "and Policy Division (N13). Following command, he held assignments as senior member, Tactical Readiness Evaluation Team, on the staff of Commander, Submarine Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet; as the deputy director for Operations, Strategy and Policy Directorate (J5), at United States Joint Forces Command; as the division director, Submarine/Nuclear Power Distribution (PERS-42) and Nuclear Propulsion Program Manager (N133), Director, Joint and Fleet Operations (N3/N5), U.S. Fleet Forces Command and most recently as deputy commander, U.S. 6th Fleet, director of Operations (N3), U.S. Naval Forces Europe-Africa and commander, Submarine Group 8. Robert P. Burke Robert P. Burke is an officer in the"}]}, {"title": "2001 California Golden Bears football team", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2001 California Golden Bears football team The 2001 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley in the Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10) during the 2001 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their fifth and final year under head coach Tom Holmoe, the Golden Bears compiled a 1\u201310 record (0\u20138 against Pac-10 opponents), finished in last place in the Pac-10, and were outscored by their opponents by a combined score of 431 to 201. The team's statistical leaders included Kyle Boller with 1,741 passing yards, Terrell Williams with 688 rushing yards, and Charon"}, {"context": "Arnold with 606 receiving yards. Following a loss to Arizona and an 0\u20138 start, Holmoe announced his resignation effective at the end of the season. 2001 California Golden Bears football team The 2001 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley in the Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10) during the 2001 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their fifth and final year under head coach Tom Holmoe, the Golden Bears compiled a 1\u201310 record (0\u20138 against Pac-10 opponents), finished in last place in the Pac-10, and were outscored by their opponents by a"}]}, {"title": "Chase Morison", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Chase Morison Chase Wayne Morison (born 27 November 1992 in Germiston, South Africa) is a South African rugby union player for Munakata Sanix Blues in the Top League in Japan. His can play as a prop or a hooker. Morison was born in Germiston, but grew up in East London, where he qualified to represent the at provincial level; he played for them at Under-16 level at the Grant Khomo Week tournament in 2008 and at Under-18 level in the Craven Week tournament in 2010. After high school, Morison moved to Bloemfontein, where he joined the academy. In 2011, he"}, {"context": "played for the side in the 2011 Under-19 Provincial Championship and was named in the matchday squad for all thirteen of their matches, starting seven and playing off the bench on five occasions. Free State finished the regular season fourth on the log and qualified for the semi-finals, where they lost to the s. Morison was named in the squad, but did not get any game time despite being named on the bench for their match against in the 2012 Under-21 Provincial Championship. However, he featured prominently in the same competition in 2013, starting ten of their matches as the"}, {"context": "Free State Under-21s finished in fifth spot, missing out on the semi-finals. The following season, Morison was named in a first class squad for the first time for the in the 2014 Vodacom Cup competition. He made his senior debut in their 52\u201347 victory over the , coming on as a second-half replacement. He made further appearances off the bench in their matches against the , and Kenyan invitational side . The Free State XV finished in second spot on the Southern Section log and qualified for a quarter final match against the , which they lost 21\u201322. At the"}, {"context": "start of the 2015 season, Morison represented the in the 2015 Varsity Cup competition. He played in all seven of their matches during the regular season, helping them to maintain an unbeaten record, winning six matches and drawing one. He missed out on the play-offs, where his side won the competition for the first time after beating 63\u201333 in Bloemfontein. Morison joined Welkom-based side the during their 2015 Currie Cup qualification campaign and made appearances as a replacement in their matches against the and the . He returned to Bloemfontein and was named in the squad for the 2015 Currie"}, {"context": "Cup Premier Division. He was an unused replacement in their 31\u201373 defeat to the , but made his debut in the Premier Division of the Currie Cup the following week, playing off the bench in a 37-all draw against the in Nelspruit. Chase Morison Chase Wayne Morison (born 27 November 1992 in Germiston, South Africa) is a South African rugby union player for Munakata Sanix Blues in the Top League in Japan. His can play as a prop or a hooker. Morison was born in Germiston, but grew up in East London, where he qualified to represent the at provincial"}]}, {"title": "Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co.", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. Den ex dem. Murray v. Hoboken Land & Improv. Co., 59 U.S. (18 How.) 272 (1856), was a case before the United States Supreme Court. Three cases came up from the circuit Court of the United States for the district of New Jersey, upon a certificate of division in opinion between the judges thereof. The dispute arose from attempts to recover money embezzled by Customs agents at the Port of New York who purchased land with stolen money. This case arose from an action of ejectment, in which both parties claimed title"}, {"context": "to certain property. Defendants claimed title under a sale by virtue of what was referred to as a distress warrant, issued by the solicitor of the treasury under an act of Congress. The judges for the court below were in disagreement as to whether the sale was valid in that there was some question as to whether the statute that produced the distress warrant proceeding was constitutional. This action arose from a certified question from the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of New Jersey, in which the judges could not agree whether a distress warrant, issued"}, {"context": "pursuant to statute, was valid and constitutional. The United States Supreme Court found that under the Constitution of the United States, an individual from whom a balance of account had been found due would not be deprived of his liberty, or property by having payment of that balance enforced, without the exercise of the judicial power of the United States. A distress warrant, issued by the solicitor of the treasury under the act of Congress passed on the 15th May, 1820, (3 Stats. at Large, 592,) is consistent with the Constitution. The Court also found that after the levy of"}, {"context": "the distress warrant had begun, the individual could bring before a district court the question of whether he was actually indebted as recited in the warrant. Thus, the Court answered the lower court's question by finding that there was no constitutional problem with the distress warrant and that the sale was valid. The Court responded to the questions presented by the lower court by declaring that the statutory basis for the distress warrant proceeding at issue was not in conflict with the constitutional guarantee of due process. Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. Den ex dem. Murray v."}]}, {"title": "Long Prairie Municipal Airport", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Long Prairie Municipal Airport Long Prairie Municipal Airport , also known as Todd Field or Todd Field Airport, is a public use airport located four nautical miles (7 km) south of the central business district of Long Prairie, a city in Todd County, Minnesota, United States. The airport is owned by Todd County and the City of Long Prairie. Todd Field covers an area of at an elevation of 1,333 feet (406 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 16/34 with an asphalt surface measuring 3,000 by 75 feet (914 x 23 m). For the 12-month period"}, {"context": "ending July 21, 2008, the airport had 5,730 aircraft operations, an average of 15 per day: 99.8% general aviation and 0.2% military. At that time there were 15 aircraft based at this airport: 93% single-engine and 7% ultralight. Long Prairie Municipal Airport Long Prairie Municipal Airport , also known as Todd Field or Todd Field Airport, is a public use airport located four nautical miles (7 km) south of the central business district of Long Prairie, a city in Todd County, Minnesota, United States. The airport is owned by Todd County and the City of Long Prairie. Todd Field covers"}]}, {"title": "Chukwudiebere Maduabum", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Chukwudiebere Maduabum Chukwudiebere \"Chu\" Maduabum (born March 19, 1991), sometimes credited as \"Chuk\", \"Chuck\", or \"Chu Chu\", is a Nigerian professional basketball player. He was drafted 56th overall by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 2011 NBA draft before his rights were traded to the Denver Nuggets. Maduabum, a 6'9\" power forward, was the third player drafted straight from the D-League, following fellow second round picks Mike Taylor and Latavious Williams. He played for two teams while he was in Nigeria before going to the D-League: the Dodan Warriors and the Kano Pillars. He also played in the FIBA Africa"}, {"context": "Club Championship. On March 18, 2011, Maduabum was acquired by the Bakersfield Jam of the NBA Development League. He went on to average 0.7 points and 1.0 blocks in three games during 2010\u201311. On June 23, 2011, Maduabum was selected with the 56th overall pick in the 2011 NBA draft by the Los Angeles Lakers. His rights were later traded to the Denver Nuggets on draft night. On January 24, 2012, Maduabum was reacquired by the Bakersfield Jam. However, he was later waived on February 1, 2012 after just one game due to injury. In July 2012, Maduabum joined the"}, {"context": "Nuggets for the 2012 NBA Summer League where he averaged 2.3 points and 2.7 rebounds in three games. On February 19, 2015, the Nuggets traded to draft rights to Maduabum, along with JaVale McGee and a future first round pick via the Oklahoma City Thunder, to the Philadelphia 76ers. On February 18, 2016, the 76ers traded the draft rights to Maduabum to the Houston Rockets as part of a three team trade with the Detroit Pistons. However, his rights would return to the 76ers four days later, as the Pistons rescinded their trade, following a failed physical by Donatas Motiej\u016bnas."}, {"context": "On July 15, 2016, the 76ers traded the draft rights to Maduabum to the Cleveland Cavaliers, in exchange for Sasha Kaun and cash considerations. In January 2013, Maduabum signed with Al-Shamal of Qatar's D1 league where he averaged 9.4 points, 8.5 rebounds, 3.6 blocks and 1.0 assists in eight games. In November 2013, Maduabum signed with Tallinna Kalev of Estonia for the 2013\u201314 season. In December 2013, he left Tallinna after three Estonian League games and two Baltic League games. In January 2014, Maduabum signed with Khasiin Khuleguud of Mongolia for the rest of the 2013\u201314 season. He went on"}, {"context": "earn league All-Star honors and helped them win the 2014 championship. On November 2, 2014, Maduabum was acquired by the Fort Wayne Mad Ants. On December 2, 2014, he was waived by the Mad Ants after appearing in four games. On January 9, 2015, Maduabum re-signed with Tallinna Kalev. He later left Tallinna Kalev. On August 7, 2015, Maduabum signed with Keflav\u00edk of the Icelandic Premier League after averaging 7.6 points and 5.1 rebounds per game with Tallinna Kalev. In September, Maduabum signed with Finnish Korisliiga team Tampereen Pyrint\u00f6 where he played in eight matches averaging 2.1 points, 3.4 rebounds"}, {"context": "and 0.9 blocks per game before exiting the team at the beginning of November. He also played one game with Pyrint\u00f6 II in First Division A. For the rest of the 2015-16 season, Maduabum would play with the Gegeen Khangai Leader in Mongolia. He'd later be named an All-Star for the second season in a row in Mongolia. On September 21, 2016, Maduabum signed with Kagoshima Rebnise of the Japanese Second Division. In July 2017, he moved to Cyberdyne Ibaraki Robots. Chukwudiebere Maduabum Chukwudiebere \"Chu\" Maduabum (born March 19, 1991), sometimes credited as \"Chuk\", \"Chuck\", or \"Chu Chu\", is a"}]}, {"title": "2010 California gubernatorial election", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2010 California gubernatorial election The 2010 California gubernatorial election was held November 2, 2010 to elect the Governor of California. The primary elections were held on June 8, 2010. Because constitutional office holders in California have been prohibited from serving more than two terms in the same office since 1990, incumbent Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger was ineligible to run for re-election for a third term. Former Governor Jerry Brown, to whom the term limits did not apply due to a grandfather clause, defeated Meg Whitman in the general election. Brown was sworn into office on January 3, 2011. Both Whitman and"}, {"context": "Brown were criticized for negative campaigning during the election. During their final debate at the 2010 Women's Conference a week before the election, moderator Matt Lauer asked both candidates to pull attack ads for the rest of the election, which elicited loud cheers from the audience. Brown agreed and picked one ad each of his and Whitman's that he thought, if Whitman would agree, should be the only ones run, but Whitman, who had been loudly cheered earlier as the prospective first woman governor of the state, was booed when she stated that she would keep \"the ads that talk"}, {"context": "about where Gov. Brown stands on the issues.\" The \"Los Angeles Times\" reported that nearly $250 million was spent on the Governor's race. At least two spending records were broken during the campaign. Whitman broke personal spending records by spending $140 million of her own money on the campaign, and independent expenditures exceeded $31.7 million, with almost $25 million of that spent in support of Brown. In an interview with CNN, the reporter opined that Whitman was hurt most during the campaign by a matter involving Nicky Diaz, her former Mexican maid, whom Whitman fired after Diaz asked for help"}, {"context": "as she was an illegal immigrant. Jobs: Meg Whitman 1. Eliminate small business start-up tax ($800 fee for new business start-ups) 2. Eliminate factory tax 3. Increase R&D tax credit (increase from 15% to 20%) 4. Promote investments in agriculture 5. Eliminate the state tax on capital gains Jerry Brown 1. Stimulate clean energy jobs (build 12,000MW of localized electricity generation; build 8,000MW of large-scale renewables; appoint a Clean Energy Czar) 2. Invest in infrastructure/construction jobs (federal dollars for projects; prioritize water needs; high-speed rail; strengthen the port system; prioritize use of existing funds for job creation; infill development 3."}, {"context": "Create strike team to focus on job retention 4. Cut regulations (speed up regulatory processes and eliminate duplicative functions; develop CEQA guidelines; fully utilize administrative law; update outdated technology systems 5. Increase manufacturing jobs 6. Deliver targeted workforce training programs 7. Invest in education Meg Whitman 1. Direct more money to classroom 2. Reward outstanding teachers 3. Eliminate cap on charter schools 4. Grade public schools A-F 5. Establish fast-track parent process for charter school conversions 6. Invest $1 billion in UC and CSU University systems 7. Utilize alternative paths to the classroom to attract high quality teachers Jerry Brown"}, {"context": "1. Higher education (create new state master plan; focus on community colleges and transfer credits) 2. Overhaul state testing program 3. Change school funding formulas and consolidate the 62 existing categorical programs 4. Teacher recruitment and training 5. Simplify the Education Code and return more decision-making to local school districts 6. A more balanced and creative school curriculum (science, history, and humanities; experiment with online, etc.) 7. Place special emphasis on teaching science, technology, engineering, and math 8. Increase proficiency in English 9. Improve high school graduation rates 10. Charter schools 11. Magnet or theme schools 12. Citizenship and character"}, {"context": "Primary candidates: 2010 California gubernatorial election The 2010 California gubernatorial election was held November 2, 2010 to elect the Governor of California. The primary elections were held on June 8, 2010. Because constitutional office holders in California have been prohibited from serving more than two terms in the same office since 1990, incumbent Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger was ineligible to run for re-election for a third term. Former Governor Jerry Brown, to whom the term limits did not apply due to a grandfather clause, defeated Meg Whitman in the general election. Brown was sworn into office on January 3, 2011. Both"}]}, {"title": "Loup Verlet", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Loup Verlet Loup Verlet (; born 24 May 1931) is a French physicist who pioneered the computer simulation of molecular dynamics models. In a famous 1967 paper he used what is now known as Verlet integration (a method for the numerical integration of equations of motion) and the Verlet list (a data structure that keeps track of each molecule's immediate neighbors in order to speed computer calculations of molecule to molecule interactions). He received his Ph.D. in 1957; he was a student of Victor Weisskopf. From 1957 to 1993 he worked mostly on the physics of the liquid state. He"}, {"context": "has also written about the history of science. In his book \"La Malle de Newton\" (1993) he argued that Isaac Newton was an important transition figure between the medieval, mainly religious, world of ideas and the modern scientific way of analyzing physical problems. Newton had a foot in both worlds, as shown by the fact that his writings are not only concerned with mathematics and physics, but also theology and alchemy, a combination that might seem bizarre by modern standards. The publication of Newton's Principia in 1687 and the Glorious Revolution of 1688 (with the king's powers limited by an"}, {"context": "elected Parliament) were the key events that brought the old era to a close and ushered in the modern one. His latest book is 'Chim\u00e8res et Paradoxes' (Ed. Cerf, 2007), an extended essay that touches on the philosophy of science as well as the history of science. Among other things, it considers how three great thinkers (Descartes, Newton and Freud) changed our world view. Loup Verlet Loup Verlet (; born 24 May 1931) is a French physicist who pioneered the computer simulation of molecular dynamics models. In a famous 1967 paper he used what is now known as Verlet integration"}]}, {"title": "2018 Milan\u2013San Remo", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2018 Milan\u2013San Remo The 2018 Milan\u2013San Remo presented by NAMEDSPORT was a road cycling one-day race that took place on 17 March 2018 in Italy. It was the 109th edition of the Milan\u2013San Remo and the eighth event of the 2018 UCI World Tour. The race was won by Vincenzo Nibali from the team, becoming the first Italian rider since Filippo Pozzato in 2006 to win \"La Classicissima\". Nibali had attacked on the Poggio di San Remo, and managed to hold off the sprinters in the closing stages to seal victory. Caleb Ewan () led the sprinters home in second"}, {"context": "ahead of 's Arnaud D\u00e9mare, the 2016 winner. As Milan\u2013San Remo was a UCI World Tour event, all eighteen UCI WorldTeams were invited automatically and obliged to enter a team in the race. Seven UCI Professional Continental teams competed, completing the 25-team peloton. Each team was allowed to bring seven riders to the race, leading to a field made up of 175 riders. As one of the sports monuments, Milan\u2013San Remo \u2013 generally considered to be a sprinters' classic \u2013 is among the highest-rated races in professional cycling. The 2018 route was initially scheduled to be long, running from the"}, {"context": "Via della Chiesa Rossa in Milan to the traditional finish on San Remo's Via Roma. The final part of the race included the climbs of the Cipressa and the Poggio, which usually prove decisive for the race outcome. Also on the route, the riders also had to tackle the climb of the Passo dello Turchino, although it was not considered to be a key point in the race. After the Turchino, the route followed the Aurelia road along the coast from Genoa all the way to the finish in Sanremo. With a little over left to go, the first of"}, {"context": "the coastal climbs started with the Capo Mele, the Capo Cervo and the Capo Berta, before meeting the final two climbs leading to the finish. The day before the race, it was announced that the race was to be lengthened to with a diversion after the original mark, at Basaluzzo. Three-time world champion Peter Sagan () was considered the highest ranked favourite for the victory. Unlike others in the field, he was considered as a rider who could win both through a bunch sprint as well as a late attack on the final climb. He came into the race with"}, {"context": "good form, having finished second on three stages of Tirreno\u2013Adriatico, a stage race held before Milan\u2013San Remo. Micha\u0142 Kwiatkowski (), the defending champion, was also considered a strong favourite, as he had won the general classification at Tirreno\u2013Adriatico. Julian Alaphilippe (), who was third in 2017, was also counted among the favourites for the race. While Kwiatkowski and Alaphilippe were considered to have to rely on a breakaway on one of the final climbs, several sprinters were counted among the favourites if a larger group reached the finish line together. 2014 winner Alexander Kristoff () was among them, as was"}, {"context": "Arnaud D\u00e9mare (), who won the race in 2016, but had to withdraw from Paris\u2013Nice due to a cold. Other strong sprinters at the start line were Elia Viviani (), Matteo Trentin (), Edvald Boasson Hagen (), Magnus Cort (), Andr\u00e9 Greipel () and Marcel Kittel (), who took part in the race for the first time. Michael Matthews (), usually also a favourite, was not given a strong chance due to a fractured shoulder, suffered three weeks prior at Omloop Het Nieuwsblad. 2015 winner John Degenkolb () missed the race due to illness, as did his teammate Giacomo Nizzolo."}, {"context": "Fernando Gaviria () also missed the race, because of a fractured hand suffered at Tirreno\u2013Adriatico. His teammate Philippe Gilbert, who had finished on the podium of Milan\u2013San Remo twice before, aimed at a victory to get closer to his goal of winning all five \"monument races\" of cycling. More riders considered to potentially play their hand on one of the climbs before the finish were Vincenzo Nibali (), Olympic champion Greg Van Avermaet (), Gianni Moscon () and Nathan Haas (). The race started in heavy rain in Milan. The rolling start took place at 10:13 am local time at"}, {"context": "the Via della Chiesa Rossa outside of the city. An early breakaway formed, consisting of Mirco Maestri and Lorenzo Rota (both ), Evgeny Kobernyak (), Guy Sagiv and Dennis van Winden (both ), Sho Hatsuyama (), Charles Planet (), Matteo Bono () and Jacopo Mosca (). The maximum time gap the group held was six minutes after about an hour of racing. The \"peloton\" began to pull back on the Passo Turchino climb, cutting the break's lead to 4:30 minutes by the summit, though it extended back to five minutes as the riders reached the sea front. With the roads"}, {"context": "still wet, a crash in the field involved both Kristoff and Greipel among others. With of the race to go, the rain eased up. By the first of the so-called Capi climbs from the finish, the breakaway's lead was down to two minutes. At the Cappo Berta, with left, the lead had decreased further to half a minute, while the high tempo in the field distanced Marcel Kittel. Maestri attacked from the break on the descent, taking Rota, van Winden, and Bono with him. However, they were caught at San Lorenzo al Mare, before the finish. As the field reached"}, {"context": "the climb of the Cipressa, more riders failed to keep contact with the field's high pace. However, no major attacks were launched. At the base of the Poggio climb, and set the tempo. Mark Cavendish () had to retire after a spectacular accident in which he hit a traffic bollard and crashed onto the road. Marcus Burghardt () led the first acceleration on the climb, with Jempy Drucker () following. Drucker moved past Burghardt but was reeled back by the squad. Krists Neilands () attacked shortly before the summit and Vincenzo Nibali reacted, leaving Neilands shortly thereafter and heading towards"}, {"context": "the finish on his own. His lead at the summit was 12 seconds. Matteo Trentin () tried to counter the attack on the descent, but was unable to do so. At the bottom of the descent, Nibali's lead was nine seconds over a larger group of riders. Alaphilippe set the pace as they tried to reach Nibali before the line, but to no avail. Nibali won the race just ahead of Caleb Ewan and Arnaud D\u00e9mare, who led out the sprint from the group behind. It was Nibali's third victory in one of cycling's \"monument\" races, having won Il Lombardia"}, {"context": "twice before. He was also the first Italian to win the race since Filippo Pozzato in 2006. Following his victory, Nibali thanked his teammates for their efforts. He described the final kilometres of the race as \"endless \u2013 pure suffering.\" He added: \"I was very cold and calculating. I knew I was working for the team. When I attacked, I knew I had to go alone, and it was that way\". Second-placed Caleb Ewan stated that he was surprised to have been so close to victory. He felt that the race had gone his way, adding: \"All that went wrong"}, {"context": "for us is that Vincenzo was too strong.\" Sixth-placed Peter Sagan congratulated Nibali on his win, saying: \"He deserves it. None of us had any means against his attack.\" Mark Cavendish's crash, which left him with a broken rib, caused him to miss the 2018 Commonwealth Games. Andr\u00e9 Greipel, who suffered two crashes in the last of the race, was forced to miss the rest of the spring classics season due to a broken collarbone. 2018 Milan\u2013San Remo The 2018 Milan\u2013San Remo presented by NAMEDSPORT was a road cycling one-day race that took place on 17 March 2018 in Italy."}]}, {"title": "Hirosaki University", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hirosaki University Hirosaki University was founded in May 1949. The university initially consisted of The Department of Literature and Science, The Department of Education, The Medical Department, and The Noheji Branch School. The first semester is held from April to July, while second semester is held from October to February. In each semester, students must take seven classes. In terms of the General Fee information, an examination costs \u00a59,800, entrance fee is \u00a528,200, and the tuition fee is \u00a514,800 per a subject. Moreover, students can rent an apartment around the university, which costs about \u00a525,000 to \u00a530,000. According to the"}, {"context": "university policies, foreign exchange students must submit application papers IAW written in English or Japanese within the deadlines. The term of application for the first semester is November 20, and April 20 for the second semester. There are currently 5 faculties in the university: There are many clubs for all students to join as well as specific clubs only for medical students. Medical students can join any club, but other students can only join clubs that are open to all students. Hirosaki University has about 110 international students from various universities and colleges around the world. The International Exchange Center"}, {"context": "is an organization of Hirosaki University, which purpose is to make their international students do better in their studies. Consequently, the university has a Home Visit Program which lets families in Hirosaki to accept or sponsor exchange students. There is also an English Lounge for students to practice and improve English while they study in Japan. In addition, the university is having courses for foreign students to learn Japanese Culture, Economy and Management. If the students have high Japanese skill, they can also study with Japanese students. However, the exchange student with Japanese skills must get the permission of teacher"}, {"context": "of the class first. Hirosaki University's School Festival is held in October every year. The students and clubs set up booths to sell things or share their interests. A main event is also held, which is a concert performed by students. On the other hand, food is sold in dozens of booths around the campus. In 2010, around 7200 people visited the festival. There are those who commute to Hirosaki University. In Hirosaki, trains may only come once per an hour, so it can be inconvenient for students to commute to school: if they miss the train, they must wait"}, {"context": "another hour for the next train to come. Also, trains run slowly, so few students living in other prefectures outside of Aomori Prefecture commute daily to Hirosaki University. There are buses on a circular route in the city and there are a few bus stops in front of Hirosaki University. The Gakuencho and Oguriyama Oinomori lines provide service to the university. The nearest train stations are: There are three dorms near Hirosaki University: Hokuou-ryo, Hokumei-ryo and Hou-ryo (-ryo means \"dormitory\"). Each of the dorms has about 100 rooms. Hou-ryo is for women only, while the others are for men. Hou-ryo"}, {"context": "and Hokuou-ryo are both five-story buildings that are located in the Gakuen district, about 1.5 km from Hirosaki University. On the other hand, Hokumei-ryo is a four-story building in the Midorigaoka district with. In each dormitory, there are two students who can occupy one room. There is also a lounge, kitchen, and toilet on each floor. In addition, a public bath and dining room are on 1st floor. Students can take a meal every morning and evening except on Sunday during school terms. There are many apartments near Hirosaki University. Students decide where to live based on the style of"}, {"context": "the house, rent, area and so on. As a general rule, there are two common things concerning boarding house: those who live in boarding houses are provided with meals daily, and the use of public facilities such as public baths, with other inhabitants. The school's notable alumni include: Hirosaki University Hirosaki University was founded in May 1949. The university initially consisted of The Department of Literature and Science, The Department of Education, The Medical Department, and The Noheji Branch School. The first semester is held from April to July, while second semester is held from October to February. In each"}]}, {"title": "Dugny", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Dugny Dugny is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the centre of Paris. About a third of Le Bourget airport lies on the territory of the commune of Dugny, including its main terminal and the \"Mus\u00e9e de l'Air et de l'Espace\" (air and space museum). Nonetheless, the airport was named after the neighbouring commune of Le Bourget. Dugny is served by no station of the Paris M\u00e9tro, RER, or suburban rail network. The closest station to Dugny is Le Bourget station on Paris RER line B. This station is located in the neighbouring"}, {"context": "commune of Le Bourget, from the town centre of Dugny. Le Bourget Airport and Charles de Gaulle International Airport is located near Dugny. Schools in Dugny: The M\u00e9diath\u00e8que Anne Frank is on the first floor (not the ground floor) of the Espace Victor Hugo. Dugny Dugny is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the centre of Paris. About a third of Le Bourget airport lies on the territory of the commune of Dugny, including its main terminal and the \"Mus\u00e9e de l'Air et de l'Espace\" (air and space museum). Nonetheless, the airport was"}]}, {"title": "Tony Meloto", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tony Meloto Antonio \"Tony\" Meloto (born January 17, 1950) is the founder of Gawad Kalinga, a Philippine-based poverty alleviation movement. Meloto was named 2006 \"Filipino of the Year\" by the Philippine Daily Inquirer. Antonio Meloto was born on January 17, 1950 in Bacolod, Negros Occidental to a middle-class family. He took his senior high school year at De Anza High School in Richmond, California as an American Field Service scholar. He earned a Bachelor of Arts in Economics degree from Ateneo de Manila University, studying as a full academic scholar and graduating in 1971. He then took a job as"}, {"context": "a purchasing manager for Procter and Gamble. Meloto became an active member of Couples for Christ in 1985 and quickly rose in leadership, having a key role in establishing CFC Family Ministries in 1993. In 1995 he began a youth development program for juvenile delinquents in Caloocan City. The program evolved into Gawad Kalinga, a global movement for building sustainable communities within slum areas. In 2006 he was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership. In May 2015, Meloto generated controversy for allegedly sexist remarks made at a conference at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Tony Meloto Antonio"}]}, {"title": "Stop the War in Croatia", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Stop the War in Croatia \"Stop the War in Croatia\" () is a Croatian anti-war and peace song from 1991. It was written by the Croatian pop singer, songwriter and politician Tomislav Iv\u010di\u0107. For several weeks in 1991, the song was listed among Billboard's 100 most popular records. Croatian Radiotelevision broadcast the song for first time on August 12, 1991, and the following day it was played by the BBC, CNN and 44 other broadcasters. Hundreds of news reports and cover pages followed. \"Stop the War in Croatia\" received global air-time. In Australia, the song got to the top of"}, {"context": "the 10 most listened to songs. \"Stop the War in Croatia\" caught the eye of many celebrities including Phil Collins, who asked people \"to give as much as they could to help the children in Croatia\". According to Croatian Radiotelevision, the song helped promote the cause of Croatian independence on the global stage, leading to its international recognition. Stop the War in Croatia \"Stop the War in Croatia\" () is a Croatian anti-war and peace song from 1991. It was written by the Croatian pop singer, songwriter and politician Tomislav Iv\u010di\u0107. For several weeks in 1991, the song was listed"}]}, {"title": "Oldfields Hall Middle School", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Oldfields Hall Middle School Oldfield Hall Middle School is a middle school located in Uttoxeter, Staffordshire. it is one of three middle schools in the area, the others being Windsor Park School which is also in Uttoxeter and Ryecroft School in Rocester. Oldfields is the largest of the three. Oldfields Hall, previously an all-girls school based in Uttoxeter, became a mixed school in 1975. The site is made of two buildings, one being a 1959 block and the other being a late 16th-century hall that was once owned by John Bamford, who was owner of Bamfords Farming Machinery. The older"}, {"context": "part is known by students as \"The Old House\" and is also used by the local youth club and serves as the local Army Cadet Force detachment. The school has extensive grounds and a new synthetic pitch that was built in 2008; there is also a nature reserve in the grounds. The school catchment area includes parts of Uttoxeter plus the villages of Marchington, Marchington Woodlands, Kingstone and Draycott in the Clay. Oldfields receives students from The Picknalls first school in Uttoxeter, Talbot first school in Kingstone and St Peters school in Marchington. Oldfields serves as a feeder school for"}, {"context": "Thomas Alleyne's High School which is also in Uttoxeter. The current Headteacher is Mr Gliddon who has held the position since September 2014. Oldfields was the setting for the 1999 film A Room for Romeo Brass and the school was used as a location for some of the filming. Oldfields Hall Middle School Oldfield Hall Middle School is a middle school located in Uttoxeter, Staffordshire. it is one of three middle schools in the area, the others being Windsor Park School which is also in Uttoxeter and Ryecroft School in Rocester. Oldfields is the largest of the three. Oldfields Hall,"}]}, {"title": "The Rendezvous (2016 film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Rendezvous (2016 film) The Rendezvous is a 2016 action-adventure film directed by Amin Matalqa with a screenplay by Terrel Seltzer. It is based on the book \"A New Song\" by Sarah Isaias. The film stars Raza Jaffrey, Stana Katic, Alfonso Bassave, Ronald Guttman, Glenn Fleshler, Darby Stanchfield, and Nadim Sawalha. In February through to March 2015, director Matalqa scouted Jordan for filming locations which took three weeks before filming began. Post-production began on June 29, 2015, with Sasha Dylan Bell being announced as the editor on the same day. On July 17, 2015, Austin Wintory was revealed to be"}, {"context": "composing the film score. On July 2, 2015, Stana Katic and Raza Jaffrey were officially announced as the leads of the film, after principal photography was completed. Alfonso Bassave, Ronald Guttman, Glenn Fleshler, Darby Stanchfield, and Nadim Sawalha were also officially announced on the same day. Principal photography finished on June 25, 2015. Filming took place in Petra, Jordan, and Los Angeles, United States. The film made its world premiere at the Mill Valley Film Festival in November, 2016, followed by screenings at the St. Louis Film Festival, Havana Film Festival and Lone Star Film Festival. The film recently played"}, {"context": "at The Heartland Film Festival. The film was picked up by Unified Pictures, a Sony Pictures company, and is set to make its DVD premiere on November 7, 2017, followed by a nationwide rollout on all major streaming services. The Rendezvous (2016 film) The Rendezvous is a 2016 action-adventure film directed by Amin Matalqa with a screenplay by Terrel Seltzer. It is based on the book \"A New Song\" by Sarah Isaias. The film stars Raza Jaffrey, Stana Katic, Alfonso Bassave, Ronald Guttman, Glenn Fleshler, Darby Stanchfield, and Nadim Sawalha. In February through to March 2015, director Matalqa scouted Jordan"}]}, {"title": "Mitch Lyden", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mitch Lyden Mitchell Scott Lyden (December 14, 1964 in Portland, Oregon), is a retired professional baseball player who played catcher in the Major Leagues in . He would play for the Florida Marlins. On June 16, 1993, he hit a home run in his first major league at bat, against the Chicago Cubs; in fact, on the first pitch. In his 6-game major league career, he hit .300 (3-10) with 1 home run and 1 run batted in. Following his professional baseball career, Mitchell has been a law enforcement officer in Broward County, Florida, as well as a coach for"}, {"context": "a division of Little League Baseball. Mitch Lyden Mitchell Scott Lyden (December 14, 1964 in Portland, Oregon), is a retired professional baseball player who played catcher in the Major Leagues in . He would play for the Florida Marlins. On June 16, 1993, he hit a home run in his first major league at bat, against the Chicago Cubs; in fact, on the first pitch. In his 6-game major league career, he hit .300 (3-10) with 1 home run and 1 run batted in. Following his professional baseball career, Mitchell has been a law enforcement officer in Broward County, Florida,"}]}, {"title": "Donald C. Wurster", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Donald C. Wurster Lieutenant General Donald C. Wurster is a retired Commander, Air Force Special Operations Command, Hurlburt Field, FL. The command is a major command of the U.S. Air Force and the Air Force component of U.S. Special Operations Command. AFSOC provides Air Force Special Operations Forces for worldwide deployment and assignment to unified combatant commanders. The command has approximately 12,900 active-duty, Reserve, Air National Guard and civilian professionals. Born in Washington, DC, Wurster was commissioned in 1973 upon graduation from the United States Air Force Academy. In 1974, he completed undergraduate helicopter training at Fort Rucker, Alabama. He"}, {"context": "commanded special operations forces at the squadron, group, wing and subunified command level, and he served as commander of all U.S. forces assigned to Joint Task Force-510 during Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines. Wurster was Deputy Director, Center for Special Operations, USSOCOM from May 2004 to February 2006. General Wurster is a command pilot with more than 4,000 flying hours, including assignments in both rescue and special operations. His Brother Charles D. Wurster retired in 2008 as a Vice Admiral in the US Coast Guard. The Wurster family has a record of military service dating back to the Revolutionary War."}, {"context": "As three-star flag officers, the brothers hold the highest rank of anyone in their family. Their father, retired USAF Colonel Charles Wurster, was a F-51 and F-80 (P-80) pilot with the 36th Fighter Squadron in the Korean War and became one of only three pilots to score more than one \u201ckill\u201d in all of 1950. Lt. Gen. Wurster retired from the U.S. Air Force on Friday 24 June 2011, handing over command of AFSOC to Lt. Gen. Eric Fiel in a ceremony held at Hurlburt Field. His official retirement date was August 1, 2011. \u201cLt. Gen. Wurster has been a"}, {"context": "brilliant and strong leader,\u201d said Adm. Eric Olson, commander of the U.S. Special Operations Command. \u201cHe led by always putting people first in the air and on the ground. Today is more than a transfer of authority. We say goodbye to a great leader and friend. \u201cGen. Fiel will now bring his own vision,\u201d Olson added. \u201cThere will be challenges, but I\u2019ve seen him face challenges before and overcome many obstacles. In the transition from one commander to another, I know (AFSOC) will continue to excel.\u201d Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Norton Schwartz presided over the ceremony. \u201cThis is"}, {"context": "a great time to be amongst the Special Operations Squadron,\u201d Schwartz said. \u201cGen. Wurster will now get to enjoy fishing, hunting and life after command service. This is a new and tremendous chapter for you.\" Donald C. Wurster Lieutenant General Donald C. Wurster is a retired Commander, Air Force Special Operations Command, Hurlburt Field, FL. The command is a major command of the U.S. Air Force and the Air Force component of U.S. Special Operations Command. AFSOC provides Air Force Special Operations Forces for worldwide deployment and assignment to unified combatant commanders. The command has approximately 12,900 active-duty, Reserve, Air"}]}, {"title": "From a Second Story Window", "paragraphs": [{"context": "From a Second Story Window From a Second Story Window (sometimes abbreviated as FASSW) was a mathcore band that formed in 1999 as Aphasia in Ohio. By 2003, they had changed their name to From a Second Story Window. The band's first EP was self-released as \"The Cassandra Complex\" in 2003. It was repackaged and re-released by Black Market Activities as \"Not One Word Has Been Omitted\" in 2004. In 2006, the band released \"Delenda\", their first full-length album under Black Market Activities and distributed by Metal Blade After releasing \"Delenda\", the band toured throughout North America and Europe continuously"}, {"context": "until the summer of 2007. Then they began to complete the writing of their second full-length album. \"Conversations\" was released May 27, 2008, again on Black Market Activities. They toured Europe in 2007, along with Walls of Jericho, Born from Pain, Fear My Thoughts, All Shall Perish, and Freya. On August 29, 2008, in a MySpace blog, the band announced that they had disbanded. They have described their music for \"people with Attention Deficit Disorder.\" From a Second Story Window From a Second Story Window (sometimes abbreviated as FASSW) was a mathcore band that formed in 1999 as Aphasia in"}]}, {"title": "USS LSM-217", "paragraphs": [{"context": "USS LSM-217 USS \"LSM-217\" was a built for the United States Navy during World War II. Like many of her class, she was not named and is properly referred to by her hull designation. She was laid down (Unknown) at Dravo Corporation, Wilmington, DE., launched on (Unknown), and commissioned as USS \"LSM-217\" on 4 Aug 1944, LT. Eugene J. Heisley, USNR in command. \"LSM-217\" was assigned to the Asiatic-Pacific Theater and crossed the International Date Line on 7 November 1944. As part of the Invasion of Lingayen Gulf she participated in the Luzon operation, which included the Lingayen Gulf landings"}, {"context": "(4-12 January 1945). \"LSM-217\" was struck from the \"Naval Register\" in 1946. Final Disposition, sold, 22 October 1947, to Avondale Marine Ways, Inc., Westwego, LA., fate unknown. \"LSM-217\" earned one battle stars for World War II service USS LSM-217 USS \"LSM-217\" was a built for the United States Navy during World War II. Like many of her class, she was not named and is properly referred to by her hull designation. She was laid down (Unknown) at Dravo Corporation, Wilmington, DE., launched on (Unknown), and commissioned as USS \"LSM-217\" on 4 Aug 1944, LT. Eugene J. Heisley, USNR in command."}]}, {"title": "Belkovsky Island", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Belkovsky Island Belkovsky Island (\"\u0411\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\" in Russian) is the westernmost island of the Anzhu Islands subgroup of the New Siberian Islands archipelago in the Laptev Sea. The strait between Belkovsky Island and neighboring Kotelny Island is known as the Zarya Strait, after Eduard Toll's Zarya (polar ship). Ostrov Strizh\u00ebva is a small islet located right off Belkovsky's southern shore. Belkovsky Island is approximately 500 km\u00b2 in area. The highest point of the island is 120 m. Administratively, Belkovsky Island is a part of the Sakha Republic of the Russian Federation. Belkovsky Island consist of tightly folded Upper Devonian and"}, {"context": "Lower Carboniferous strata. The Upper Devonian rocks are clayey marine carbonates interbedded with limestone, sandstone, and conglomerate. The Lower Carboniferous rocks are composed of siltstone, argillite, and sandstone interbedded with breccia, limestone, and infrequent rhyolitic lavas. There are big bird colonies and a walrus rookery on the island. Rush/grass, forb, cryptogam tundra covers the Belkovsky Island. It is tundra consisting mostly of very low-growing grasses, rushes, forbs, mosses, lichens, and liverworts. These plants either mostly or completely cover the surface of the ground. The soils are typically moist, fine-grained, and often hummocky. The island was discovered in 1808 by a"}, {"context": "Russian merchant named Belkov. anonymous, nd, Laptev Sea Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research - Research Unit Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany. Rachold, V., nda, pebble beach of Belkovsky Island. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research - Research Unit Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany. Rachold, V., ndb, remnants of sea-ice, August 2002. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research - Research Unit Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany. Belkovsky Island Belkovsky Island (\"\u0411\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\" in Russian) is the westernmost island of the Anzhu Islands subgroup of the New Siberian Islands archipelago in the Laptev Sea. The strait between Belkovsky Island and neighboring"}]}, {"title": "Calvin T. Hulburd", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Calvin T. Hulburd Calvin Tilden Hulburd (June 5, 1809 \u2013 October 25, 1897) was a United States Representative from New York during the American Civil War and Reconstruction. Born in Stockholm, St. Lawrence County, New York, he completed preparatory studies and graduated from Middlebury College in Vermont. Hulburd studied law with Abraham Van Vechten, attended Yale Law School, was admitted to the bar in 1833, and started a practice in Brasher Falls, New York, an unincorporated village in the town of Brasher. Rather than concentrate solely on the law, Hulburd focused primarily on agriculture and business. In partnership with his"}, {"context": "brother he owned and operated a large farm, gristmill and dry goods store. He also served as the Postmaster in Brasher Falls. An Antislavery Barnburner and then Free Soil Democrat, Hulburd was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1842, 1843, and 1844. He became a Republican when the party was organized in the mid-1850s. From 1860 to 1861 he served as Brasher's Town Supervisor, which also made him a member of the St. Lawrence County Board of Supervisors. He served again in the State Assembly in 1862. Hulburd was elected to the 38th, 39th and 40th Congresses,"}, {"context": "holding office from March 4, 1863 to March 4, 1869; while in the House he was chairman of the Committee on Public Expenditures, the predecessor of the current Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. From 1869 to 1880, Hulburd was superintendent of construction for the New York City Post Office and Courthouse. From 1870 to 1873, he served again as Brasher's Town Supervisor. Hulburd died in Brasher Falls on October 25, 1897. Interment was in Fairview Cemetery. In 1867, Hulburd received an honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) from Hamilton College. His name sometimes appears in contemporary records and media accounts"}, {"context": "as \"Hurlburd.\" Retrieved on 2009-03-17 Calvin T. Hulburd Calvin Tilden Hulburd (June 5, 1809 \u2013 October 25, 1897) was a United States Representative from New York during the American Civil War and Reconstruction. Born in Stockholm, St. Lawrence County, New York, he completed preparatory studies and graduated from Middlebury College in Vermont. Hulburd studied law with Abraham Van Vechten, attended Yale Law School, was admitted to the bar in 1833, and started a practice in Brasher Falls, New York, an unincorporated village in the town of Brasher. Rather than concentrate solely on the law, Hulburd focused primarily on agriculture and"}]}, {"title": "USAID Meritorious Honor Award", "paragraphs": [{"context": "USAID Meritorious Honor Award The Meritorious Honor Award is an award of the United States Agency for International Development. Similar versions of the same award exist for the former U.S. Information Agency, Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and Department of State. It is presented to groups or individuals in recognition of a special act or service or sustained outstanding performance. The award consists of a certificate signed by an assistant secretary, an official of equivalent rank or the Mission Director. While some medal sets are still available, medals are no longer issued. The following criteria are applicable to granting a"}, {"context": "USAID Meritorious Honor Award: Nominations for USAID employees are submitted on Form JF-66, Nomination for Award, through supervisory channels to the Joint Country Awards Committee for review and recommendation to the Mission Director for final action. Nominations initiated in Washington are reviewed by the USAID bureau/office with final approval by the appropriate assistant administrator or office head. Upon authorization, members of the U.S. military may wear the medal and ribbon in the appropriate order of precedence as a U.S. non-military personal decoration. USAID Meritorious Honor Award The Meritorious Honor Award is an award of the United States Agency for International"}]}, {"title": "Troll (research station)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Troll (research station) Troll is a Norwegian research station located at Jutulsessen, from the coast in the eastern part of Princess Martha Coast in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It is Norway's only all-year research station in Antarctica, and is supplemented by the summer-only station Tor. Troll is operated by the Norwegian Polar Institute and also features facilities for the Norwegian Meteorological Institute and the Norwegian Institute for Air Research. Contrary to most other research stations on the continent, Troll is constructed on the snow-free slope of solid rock breaking through the ice sheet at Jutulsessen, located above mean sea level."}, {"context": "The station opened as a summer-only station in 1990 and was taken into use as an all-year station in 2005. It has an overwintering capacity of eight people and a summer capacity of 40. It is served by Troll Airfield, which is the base for the Dronning Maud Land Air Network. Troll is located in the eastern part of Princess Martha Coast in Queen Maud Land, which Norway claims as a dependent territory. The station is located on the nunatak bare ground area Jutulsessen, at above mean sea level. It is completely surrounded by the Antarctic ice sheet. This is"}, {"context": "unlike most other Antarctic research stations, which are located on snow. Troll is from the coast. The station facilities are owned by the Government of Norway through the Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property. Operation of the facility is done by another government agency, the Norwegian Polar Institute. The facilities consist of a module-built new section that is , and the old section that is . The new section consists of eight bedrooms, a gym, a sauna, a kitchen, a communication center and office space. In addition, there are several smaller buildings which are used as laboratories, provision stores,"}, {"context": "generators and garages. The old station is used partially for storage and partially as a summer station. The facility also features an emergency facility for eight people, located at a safe distance from the main base, in case of fire or other accidents. The station is dimensioned to tolerate temperatures down to and wind speeds of . The facility attempts to minimize its environmental impact through several mechanisms, including minimizing area usage. Energy consumption is reduced by using recirculating excess heat to melt snow and ice for drinking water and heating. Waste is minimized through purchase planning and recycling; the"}, {"context": "remaining waste is compressed and transported away from the Antarctic. Fuel is handled in such a way that even small spills are minimized. In 2016 a solar PV plant with 7.3 kilowatt peak has been installed on one of the roof tops. It serves as a pilot installation for the declared middle term target of reducing the oil consumption of the research station significantly, by extending the solar PV plant over the next few years. The station has a cold and dry climate, being located in a desert. The annual mean temperature is , with the summer temperature able to"}, {"context": "reach about and the lowest during the winter at . Storms, which can occur throughout the year, can occasionally make outdoor activity impossible. Being located south of the Antarctic Circle, Troll has midnight sun in the summer and polar night during the winter. The Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) maintains air and atmospheric measurement equipment at Troll. Combined with a similar measuring station, Zeppelin in Ny-\u00c5lesund, Svalbard, Norway. This allows the institute to collect such data from both polar regions. In particular, the facility measures aerosols, organic and inorganic pollution, ozone and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. NILU also creates air"}, {"context": "samples annually to generate data for trend analysis. The weekly air pollution measurements are compared to equivalent measurements at Zeppelin. Ground measurements are taken of ozone and mercury, two of the greatest pollution threats in the polar regions. Stratosphere measurements are conducted to measure ozone and UV levels, in particular to gain additional information about ozone depletion and the Antarctic ozone hole. Kongsberg Satellite Services, a joint venture between Kongsberg Group and the Norwegian Space Center, operates TrollSat, a satellite ground station which allows downloading of data. In conjunction with SvalSat, located in Longyearbyen, Svalbard, TrollSat targets satellites in a"}, {"context": "polar orbit. TrollSat consists of a single radome with an low Earth orbit antenna capable of S band and X band reception. To relay the information, TrollSat has a and a C band uplink to provide broadband connection to Europe and North America. TrollSat will be one of 30 ground stations for the European satellite navigation system Galileo, and is Norway's main contribution to the project. The Norwegian Meteorological Institute operates a manned weather station at Troll. It measures air pressure, temperature, humidity and wind, both at the station itself and at the airfield. During the 1980s, it became increasingly"}, {"context": "important for the Government of Norway to have a permanent base in Queen Maud Land. The area had been annexed as a dependency on 14 January 1939, at the time mainly based on Norwegian whaling interests in the Antarctic. From 1956, Norway operated the research station Norway Station, but this was given to South Africa in 1959. From the 1960s through the 1980s, Norway's research activities in Antarctica were sporadic and without a fixed base. This gave the advantage that the research was not bound geographically, but it weakened the Norwegian claim for Queen Maud Land and the right to"}, {"context": "participate as a consultative member of the Antarctic Treaty. In 1989, any party to the Treaty could ask for it to be renegotiated, and Norwegian authorities saw the need for a permanent base to strengthen Norway's claim to Queen Maud Land. The Norwegian Polar Institute decided to establish a summer station. This was built during the summer of 1989 and 1990, resulting in a building with room for eight people. Construction required of materials to be hauled from the coast and the station was officially opened on 17 February 1990. The station took its name from the surrounding jagged mountains,"}, {"context": "which resemble trolls of Norse mythology. The first overwintering occurred in 2000, when a South Pole expedition used the camp as a base. To ease logistics, Norway took the initiative to establish Dronning Maud Land Air Network (DROMLAN), a cooperation between the countries with bases in Queen Maud Land to streamline transport costs. Having an airfield at Troll allows quicker transport to the research stations in western Queen Maud Land, which are located further away from the incumbent airfields at Henriksenskjera and Novolazarevskaya. The first flight that was a preliminary to DROMLAN was made in 2000 from Cape Town, South"}, {"context": "Africa, to Henriksenskjera, where a Twin Otter was used onwards to Troll. In 2003, it was decided that Norway was to extend its operations in Antarctica by establishing an all-year research station. By then, Norway was the only country with a territorial claim to Antarctica to not have an all-year research station on the continent. The government stated that the investment was motivated to improve climate research, to strengthen Norway as a bi-polar research nation and to strengthen Norway's role as a premise-maker in the environmental policy of the Antarctic. Construction of the expansion was done from December 2004 through"}, {"context": "February 2005 by the Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property, who contracted the job to AF Gruppen. About of equipment was hauled to the base from the ice shelf. The base was prefabricated and only required the modules to be connected at site. New infrastructure included a new generator, emergency station, garage, provision stores, container ramps for equipment and fuel, and more laboratories. At the same time, the Norwegian Meteorological Institute established a meteorological station at Troll. The construction of the runway itself required the filling of crevasses and the removal of stones. Troll Airfield was opened on 11"}, {"context": "February 2005 by Queen Sonja of Norway and the new research station the following day. After the opening, another power station was built in 2005. In 2006, a satellite base station was built by Kongsberg Satellite Services. This resulted in the need for a broadband connection for the base. During the winter season of 2006, there was no overwintering due to lack of funding, but from 2007 this has been re-instated. In 2008, a windmill was taken into use to provide some of the power. Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg visited Troll in January 2008, when he among other things"}, {"context": "opened TrollSat. At the same time, as part of the International Polar Year, a Norwegian \u2013 United States expedition traveled from Troll to the Amundsen\u2013Scott South Pole Station and back. On 23 February 2009, Norwegian Minister of the Environment Erik Solheim hosted a meeting for environment ministers from 15 countries to discuss climate change and learn about recent research in the field. Troll (research station) Troll is a Norwegian research station located at Jutulsessen, from the coast in the eastern part of Princess Martha Coast in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It is Norway's only all-year research station in Antarctica, and"}]}, {"title": "A Midsummer Night's Dream (1968 film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "A Midsummer Night's Dream (1968 film) A Midsummer Night's Dream is a 1968 film of William Shakespeare's play \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\", directed by Peter Hall. It stars Derek Godfrey as Theseus, Barbara Jefford as Hippolyta, Diana Rigg as Helena, Helen Mirren as Hermia, David Warner as Lysander, Ian Holm as Puck, Ian Richardson as King Oberon, Judi Dench as Queen Titania, and Paul Rogers as Bottom, as well as other members of the Royal Shakespeare Company. The film premiered in theatres in Europe in September 1968. In the U.S., it was sold directly to television rather than playing in"}, {"context": "theatres, and premiered as a Sunday evening special, on the night of 9 February 1969. It was shown on CBS (with commercials). The film was only the second, after Max Reinhardt's 1935 film, sound film adaptation of the play. It portrayed the fairies as \"wild, near-naked creatures in a primitive, sinister wood.\" and \"the subsidiary fairies were bedraggled child actors; the artisans authentic, almost contemporary rustics.\" that \"contrasted with the sedate courtly milieu of an actual Warwickshire country house.\" Sukanta Chaudhuri\u2014editor of The Arden Shakespeare, third series edition of the play\u2014describes it as \"a notable blending of the traditional with"}, {"context": "the innovative.\" Peter Holland, editor of The Oxford Shakespeare edition described it as \"[turning] the sentimentality into something rougher and muddier; his fairies, accompanying Titania (Judi Dench), naked with her modesty covered by a long wig, were dirty urchins covered in mud.\" The \"Athens\" scenes were shot at Compton Verney House. The film was generally poorly received by critics. Penelope Houston, reviewing the film for The Spectator, wrote: A Midsummer Night's Dream (1968 film) A Midsummer Night's Dream is a 1968 film of William Shakespeare's play \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\", directed by Peter Hall. It stars Derek Godfrey as Theseus,"}]}, {"title": "John Searle", "paragraphs": [{"context": "John Searle John Rogers Searle (; born 31 July 1932) is an American philosopher. He is currently Willis S. and Marion Slusser Professor Emeritus of the Philosophy of Mind and Language and Professor of the Graduate School at the University of California, Berkeley. Widely noted for his contributions to the philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, and social philosophy, he began teaching at UC Berkeley in 1959. As an undergraduate at the University of Wisconsin, Searle was secretary of \"Students against Joseph McCarthy\". He received all his university degrees, BA, MA, and DPhil, from the University of Oxford, where he"}, {"context": "held his first faculty positions. Later, at UC Berkeley, he became the first tenured professor to join the 1964\u20131965 Free Speech Movement. In the late 1980s, Searle challenged the restrictions of Berkeley's 1980 rent stabilization ordinance. Following what came to be known as the California Supreme Court's \"Searle Decision\" of 1990, Berkeley changed its rent control policy, leading to large rent increases between 1991 and 1994. In 2000 Searle received the Jean Nicod Prize; in 2004, the National Humanities Medal; and in 2006, the Mind & Brain Prize. Searle's early work on speech acts, influenced by J. L. Austin and"}, {"context": "Ludwig Wittgenstein, helped establish his reputation. His notable concepts include the \"Chinese room\" argument against \"strong\" artificial intelligence. In March 2017, Searle was accused of sexual assault. Searle's father, G. W. Searle, an electrical engineer, was employed by AT&T Corporation; his mother, Hester Beck Searle, was a physician. Searle began his college education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and in his junior year became a Rhodes Scholar at the University of Oxford, where he obtained all his university degrees, BA, MA, and DPhil. His first two faculty positions were at Oxford as Research Lecturer, and Lecturer and Tutor at Christ"}, {"context": "Church. While an undergraduate at the University of Wisconsin, Searle became the secretary of \"Students against Joseph McCarthy\". (McCarthy at that time served as the junior senator from Wisconsin.) In 1959 Searle began teaching at Berkeley, and he was the first tenured professor to join the 1964\u201365 Free Speech Movement. In 1969, while serving as chairman of the Academic Freedom Committee of the Academic Senate of the University of California, he supported the university in its dispute with students over the People's Park. In \"The Campus War: A Sympathetic Look at the University in Agony\" (1971), Searle investigates the causes"}, {"context": "behind the campus protests of the era. In it he declares: \"I have been attacked by both the House Un-American Activities Committee and ... several radical polemicists ... Stylistically, the attacks are interestingly similar. Both rely heavily on insinuation and innuendo, and both display a hatredone might almost say terrorof close analysis and dissection of argument.\" He asserts that \"My wife was threatened that I (and other members of the administration) would be assassinated or violently attacked.\" In the late 1980s, Searle, along with other landlords, petitioned Berkeley's rental board to raise the limits on how much he could charge"}, {"context": "tenants under the city's 1980 rent-stabilization ordinance. The rental board refused to consider Searle's petition and Searle filed suit, charging a violation of due process. In 1990, in what came to be known as the \"Searle Decision\", the California Supreme Court upheld Searle's argument in part and Berkeley changed its rent-control policy, leading to large rent-increases between 1991 and 1994. Searle was reported to see the issue as one of fundamental rights, being quoted as saying \"The treatment of landlords in Berkeley is comparable to the treatment of blacks in the South...our rights have been massively violated and we are"}, {"context": "here to correct that injustice.\" The court described the debate as a \"morass of political invective, ad hominem attack, and policy argument\". Shortly after the September 11 attacks, Searle wrote an article arguing that the attacks were a particular event in a long-term struggle against forces that are intractably opposed to the United States, and signaled support for a more aggressive neoconservative interventionist foreign policy. He called for the realization that the United States is in a more-or-less permanent state of war with these forces. Moreover, a probable course of action would be to deny terrorists the use of foreign"}, {"context": "territory from which to stage their attacks. Finally, he alluded to the long-term nature of the conflict and blamed the attacks on the lack of American resolve to deal forcefully with America's enemies over the past several decades. In March 2017, Searle became the subject of sexual assault allegations. The \"Los Angeles Times\" reported: \"A new lawsuit alleges that university officials failed to properly respond to complaints that John Searle, an 84-year-old renowned philosophy professor, sexually assaulted his 24-year-old research associate last July and cut her pay when she rejected his advances.\" The case brought to light several earlier complaints"}, {"context": "against Searle, on which Berkeley allegedly had failed to act. The lawsuit, filed in a California court on March 21, 2017, sought damages both from Searle and from the Regents of the University of California as his employers. It also claims that Jennifer Hudin, the director of the John Searle Center for Social Ontology, where the complainant had been employed as an assistant to Searle, has stated that Searle \"has had sexual relationships with his students and others in the past in exchange for academic, monetary or other benefits\". After news of the lawsuit became public, several previous allegations of"}, {"context": "sexual harassment by Searle were also revealed. Searle has five honorary-doctorate degrees from four different countries and is an honorary visiting professor at Tsing Hua University and at East China Normal University. In 2000 Searle received the Jean Nicod Prize; in 2004, the National Humanities Medal; and in 2006, the Mind & Brain Prize. Searle's early work, which did a great deal to establish his reputation, was on speech acts. He attempted to synthesize ideas from many colleaguesincluding J. L. Austin (the \"illocutionary act\", from \"How To Do Things with Words\"), Ludwig Wittgenstein and G.C.J. Midgley (the distinction between regulative"}, {"context": "and constitutive rules)with his own thesis that such acts are constituted by the rules of language. He also drew on the work of Paul Grice (the analysis of meaning as an attempt at being understood), Hare and Stenius (the distinction, concerning meaning, between illocutionary force and propositional content), P. F. Strawson, John Rawls and William Alston, who maintained that sentence meaning consists in sets of regulative rules requiring the speaker to perform the illocutionary act indicated by the sentence and that such acts involve the utterance of a sentence which (a) indicates that one performs the act; (b) means what"}, {"context": "one says; and (c) addresses an audience in the vicinity. In his 1969 book \"Speech Acts\", Searle sets out to combine all these elements to give his account of illocutionary acts. There he provides an analysis of what he considers the prototypical illocutionary act of promising and offers sets of semantical rules intended to represent the linguistic meaning of devices indicating further illocutionary act types. Among the concepts presented in the book is the distinction between the \"illocutionary force\" and the \"propositional content\" of an utterance. Searle does not precisely define the former as such, but rather introduces several possible"}, {"context": "illocutionary forces by example. According to Searle, the sentences... ...each indicate the same propositional content (Sam smoking habitually) but differ in the illocutionary force indicated (respectively, a statement, a question, a command and an expression of desire). According to a later account, which Searle presents in \"Intentionality\" (1983) and which differs in important ways from the one suggested in \"Speech Acts\", illocutionary acts are characterised by their having \"conditions of satisfaction\" (an idea adopted from Strawson's 1971 paper \"Meaning and Truth\") and a \"direction of fit\" (an idea adopted from Elizabeth Anscombe). For example, the statement \"John bought two candy"}, {"context": "bars\" is satisfied if and only if it is true, i.e. John did buy two candy bars. By contrast, the command \"John, buy two candy bars!\" is satisfied if and only if John carries out the action of purchasing two candy bars. Searle refers to the first as having the \"word-to-world\" direction of fit, since the words are supposed to change to accurately represent the world, and the second as having the \"world-to-word\" direction of fit, since the world is supposed to change to match the words. (There is also the double direction of fit, in which the relationship goes"}, {"context": "both ways, and the null or zero direction of fit, in which it goes neither way because the propositional content is presupposed, as in \"I'm sorry I ate John's candy bars.\") In \"Foundations of Illocutionary Logic\" (1985, with Daniel Vanderveken), Searle prominently uses the notion of the \"illocutionary point\". Searle's speech-act theory has been challenged by several thinkers in a variety of ways. Collections of articles referring to Searle's account are found in Burkhardt 1990 and Lepore / van Gulick 1991. In the early 1970s, Searle had a brief exchange with Jacques Derrida regarding speech-act theory. The exchange was characterized"}, {"context": "by a degree of mutual hostility between the philosophers, each of whom accused the other of having misunderstood his basic points. Searle was particularly hostile to Derrida's deconstructionist framework and much later refused to let his response to Derrida be printed along with Derrida's papers in the 1988 collection \"Limited Inc\". Searle did not consider Derrida's approach to be legitimate philosophy or even intelligible writing and argued that he did not want to legitimize the deconstructionist point of view by dedicating any attention to it. Consequently, some critics have considered the exchange to be a series of elaborate misunderstandings rather"}, {"context": "than a debate, while others have seen either Derrida or Searle gaining the upper hand. The level of hostility can be seen from Searle's statement that \"It would be a mistake to regard Derrida's discussion of Austin as a confrontation between two prominent philosophical traditions\", to which Derrida replied that that sentence was \"the only sentence of the 'reply' to which I can subscribe\". Commentators have frequently interpreted the exchange as a prominent example of a confrontation between analytical and continental philosophy. The Searle\u2013Derrida debate began in 1972, when, in his paper \"Signature Event Context\", Derrida analyzed J. L. Austin's"}, {"context": "theory of the illocutionary act. While sympathetic to Austin's departure from a purely denotational account of language to one that includes \"force\", Derrida was sceptical of the framework of normativity employed by Austin. He argued that Austin had missed the fact that any speech event is framed by a \"structure of absence\" (the words that are left unsaid due to contextual constraints) and by \"iterability\" (the repeatability of linguistic elements outside of their context). Derrida argued that the focus on intentionality in speech-act theory was misguided because intentionality is restricted to that which is already established as a possible intention."}, {"context": "He also took issue with the way Austin had excluded the study of fiction, non-serious or \"parasitic\" speech, wondering whether this exclusion was because Austin had considered these speech genres governed by different structures of meaning, or simply due to a lack of interest. In his brief reply to Derrida, \"Reiterating the Differences: A Reply to Derrida\", Searle argued that Derrida's critique was unwarranted because it assumed that Austin's theory attempted to give a full account of language and meaning when its aim was much narrower. Searle considered the omission of parasitic discourse forms to be justified by the narrow"}, {"context": "scope of Austin's inquiry. Searle agreed with Derrida's proposal that intentionality presupposes iterability, but did not apply the same concept of intentionality used by Derrida, being unable or unwilling to engage with the continental conceptual apparatus. This, in turn, caused Derrida to criticize Searle for not being sufficiently familiar with phenomenological perspectives on intentionality. Searle also argued that Derrida's disagreement with Austin turned on his having misunderstood Austin's (and Peirce's) type\u2013token distinction and his failure to understand Austin's concept of failure in relation to performativity. Some critics have suggested that Searle, by being so grounded in the analytical tradition, was"}, {"context": "unable to engage with Derrida's continental phenomenological tradition and was at fault for the unsuccessful nature of the exchange. Derrida, in his response to Searle ( in \"Limited Inc\"), ridiculed Searle's positions. Arguing that a clear sender of Searle's message could not be established, he suggested that Searle had formed with Austin a \"soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 responsabilit\u00e9 limit\u00e9e\" (a \"limited liability company\") due to the ways in which the ambiguities of authorship within Searle's reply circumvented the very speech act of his reply. Searle did not respond. Later in 1988, Derrida tried to review his position and his critiques of Austin"}, {"context": "and Searle, reiterating that he found the constant appeal to \"normality\" in the analytical tradition to be problematic. In the debate, Derrida praises Austin's work, but argues that he is wrong to banish what Austin calls \"infelicities\" from the \"normal\" operation of language. One \"infelicity,\" for instance, occurs when it cannot be known whether a given speech act is \"sincere\" or \"merely citational\" (and therefore possibly ironic, etc.). Derrida argues that every iteration is necessarily \"citational\", due to the graphematic nature of speech and writing, and that language could not work at all without the ever-present and ineradicable possibility of"}, {"context": "such alternate readings. Derrida takes Searle to task for his attempt to get around this issue by grounding final authority in the speaker's inaccessible \"intention\". Derrida argues that intention cannot possibly govern how an iteration signifies, once it becomes hearable or readable. All speech acts borrow a language whose significance is determined by historical-linguistic context, and by the alternate possibilities that this context makes possible. This significance, Derrida argues, cannot be altered or governed by the whims of intention. In 1995, Searle gave a brief reply to Derrida in \"The Construction of Social Reality\". \"Derrida, as far as I can"}, {"context": "tell, does not have an argument. He simply declares that there is nothing outside of texts (\"Il n'y a pas de 'hors-texte\"').\" Then, in \"Limited Inc.\", Derrida \"apparently takes it all back\", claiming that he meant only \"the banality that everything exists in some \"context\" or other!\" Derrida and others like him present \"an array of weak or even nonexistent arguments for a conclusion that seems preposterous\". In \"Of Grammatology\" (1967), Derrida claims that a text must not be interpreted by reference to anything \"outside of language\", which for him means \"outside of writing in general\". He adds: \"\"There is"}, {"context": "nothing outside of the text\" [there is no outside-text; \"il n'y a pas de hors-texte\"]\" (brackets in the translation). This is a metaphor: \"un hors-texte\" is a bookbinding term, referring to a 'plate' bound among pages of text. Searle cites Derrida's supplementary metaphor rather than his initial contention. However, whether Searle's objection is good against that contention is the point in debate. Searle defines intentionality as the power of minds to be about, to represent (see Correspondence theory of truth), or to stand for, things, properties and states of affairs in the world. The nature of intentionality is an important"}, {"context": "part of discussions of Searle's \"Philosophy of Mind\". Searle emphasizes that the word 'intentionality, (the part of the mind directed to/from/about objects and relations in the world independent of mind) should not be confused with the word 'intensionality' (the logical property of some sentences that do not pass the test of 'extensionality'). In \"Intentionality: An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind\" (1983), Searle applies certain elements of his account(s) of \"illocutionary acts\" to the investigation of intentionality. Searle also introduces a technical term \"the Background\", which, according to him, has been the source of much philosophical discussion (\"though I have"}, {"context": "been arguing for this thesis for almost twenty years,\" Searle writes, \"many people whose opinions I respect still disagree with me about it\"). He calls \"Background\" the set of abilities, capacities, tendencies, and dispositions that humans have and that are not themselves intentional states. Thus, when someone asks us to \"cut the cake\" we know to use a knife and when someone asks us to \"cut the grass\" we know to use a lawnmower (and not vice versa), even though the actual request did not include this detail. Searle sometimes supplements his reference to the \"Background\" with the concept of"}, {"context": "\"the Network\", one's network of other beliefs, desires, and other intentional states necessary for any particular intentional state to make sense. Searle argues that the concept of a Background is similar to the concepts provided by several other thinkers, including Wittgenstein's private language argument (\"the work of the later Wittgenstein is in large part about the Background\") and Pierre Bourdieu's \"habitus\". To give an example, two chess players might be engaged in a bitter struggle at the board, but they share all sorts of Background presuppositions: that they will take turns to move, that no one else will intervene, that"}, {"context": "they are both playing to the same rules, that the fire alarm won't go off, that the board won't suddenly disintegrate, that their opponent won't magically turn into a grapefruit, and so on indefinitely. As most of these possibilities won't have occurred to either player, Searle thinks the Background must be unconscious, though elements of it can be called to consciousness (if the fire alarm does go off, say). In his debate with Derrida, Searle argued against Derrida's view that a statement can be disjoined from the original intentionality of its author, for example when no longer connected to the"}, {"context": "original author, while still being able to produce meaning. Searle maintained that even if one was to see a written statement with no knowledge of authorship it would still be impossible to escape the question of intentionality, because \"\"a meaningful sentence is just a standing possibility of the (intentional) speech act\"\". For Searle ascribing intentionality to a statement was a basic requirement for attributing it any meaning at all. Building upon his views about intentionality, Searle presents a view concerning consciousness in his book \"The Rediscovery of the Mind\" (1992). He argues that, starting with behaviorism (an early but influential"}, {"context": "scientific view, succeeded by many later accounts that Searle also dismisses), much of modern philosophy has tried to deny the existence of consciousness, with little success. In \"Intentionality\", he parodies several alternative theories of consciousness by replacing their accounts of intentionality with comparable accounts of the hand: Searle argues that philosophy has been trapped by a false dichotomy: that, on the one hand, the world consists of nothing but objective particles in fields of force, but that yet, on the other hand, consciousness is clearly a subjective first-person experience. Searle says simply that both are true: consciousness is a real"}, {"context": "subjective experience, caused by the physical processes of the brain. (A view which he suggests might be called \"biological naturalism\".) Searle has argued that critics like Daniel Dennett, who (he claims) insist that discussing subjectivity is unscientific because science presupposes objectivity, are making a category error. Perhaps the goal of science is to establish and validate statements which are \"epistemically\" objective, (i.e., whose truth can be discovered and evaluated by any interested party), but are not necessarily \"ontologically\" objective. Searle calls any value judgment epistemically \"subjective\". Thus, \"McKinley is prettier than Everest\" is \"epistemically subjective\", whereas \"McKinley is higher than"}, {"context": "Everest\" is \"epistemically objective.\" In other words, the latter statement is evaluable (in fact, falsifiable) by an understood ('background') criterion for mountain height, like 'the summit is so many meters above sea level'. No such criteria exist for prettiness. Beyond this distinction, Searle thinks there are certain phenomena (including all conscious experiences) that are \"ontologically\" subjective, i.e. can only exist as subjective experience. For example, although it might be subjective or objective in the epistemic sense, a doctor's note that a patient suffers from back pain is an ontologically \"objective\" claim: it counts as a medical diagnosis only because the"}, {"context": "existence of back pain is \"an objective fact of medical science\". The pain itself, however, is \"ontologically subjective\": it is only experienced by the person having it. Searle goes on to affirm that \"where consciousness is concerned, the existence of the appearance \"is\" the reality\". His view that the epistemic and ontological senses of objective/subjective are cleanly separable is crucial to his self-proclaimed biological naturalism. A consequence of biological naturalism is that if we want to create a conscious being, we will have to duplicate whatever physical processes the brain goes through to cause consciousness. Searle thereby means to contradict"}, {"context": "what he calls \"Strong AI\", defined by the assumption that as soon as a certain kind of software is running on a computer, a conscious being is thereby created. In 1980, Searle presented the \"Chinese room\" argument, which purports to prove the falsity of strong AI. Assume you do not speak Chinese and imagine yourself in a room with two slits, a book, and some scratch paper. Someone slides you some Chinese characters through the first slit, you follow the instructions in the book, transcribing characters as instructed onto the scratch paper, and slide the resulting sheet out the second"}, {"context": "slit. To people on the outside world, it appears the room speaks Chinese\u2014they slide Chinese statements in one slit and get valid responses in return\u2014yet you do not understand a word of Chinese. This suggests, according to Searle, that no computer can ever understand Chinese or English, because, as the thought experiment suggests, being able to 'translate' Chinese into English does not entail 'understanding' either Chinese or English: all which the person in the thought experiment, and hence a computer, is able to do is to execute certain syntactic manipulations. Stevan Harnad argues that Searle's \"Strong AI\" is really just"}, {"context": "another name for functionalism and computationalism, and that these positions are the real targets of his critique. Functionalists argue that consciousness can be defined as a set of informational processes inside the brain. It follows that anything that carries out the same informational processes as a human is also conscious. Thus, if we wrote a computer program that was conscious, we could run that computer program on, say, a system of ping-pong balls and beer cups and the system would be equally conscious, because it was running the same information processes. Searle argues that this is impossible, since consciousness is"}, {"context": "a physical property, like digestion or fire. No matter how good a simulation of digestion you build on the computer, it will not digest anything; no matter how well you simulate fire, nothing will get burnt. By contrast, informational processes are \"observer-relative\": observers pick out certain patterns in the world and consider them information processes, but information processes are not things-in-the-world themselves. Since they do not exist at a physical level, Searle argues, they cannot have \"causal efficacy\" and thus cannot cause consciousness. There is no physical law, Searle insists, that can see the equivalence between a personal computer, a"}, {"context": "series of ping-pong balls and beer cans, and a pipe-and-water system all implementing the same program. Searle extended his inquiries into observer-relative phenomena by trying to understand social reality. Searle begins by arguing collective intentionality (e.g. \"we're going for a walk\") is a distinct form of intentionality, not simply reducible to individual intentionality (e.g. \"I'm going for a walk with him and I think he thinks he's going for a walk with me and he thinks I think I'm going for a walk with him and ...\"). In \"The Construction of Social Reality\" (1995), Searle addresses the mystery of how"}, {"context": "social constructs like \"baseball\" or \"money\" can exist in a world consisting only of physical particles in fields of force. Adapting an idea by Elizabeth Anscombe in \"On Brute Facts,\" Searle distinguishes between \"brute facts\", like the height of a mountain, and \"institutional facts\", like the score of a baseball game. Aiming at an explanation of social phenomena in terms of Anscombe's notion, he argues that society can be explained in terms of institutional facts, and institutional facts arise out of collective intentionality through constitutive rules with the logical form \"X counts as Y in C\". Thus, for instance, filling"}, {"context": "out a ballot counts as a vote in a polling place, getting so many votes counts as a victory in an election, getting a victory counts as being elected president in the presidential race, etc. Many sociologists, however, do not see Searle's contributions to social theory as very significant. Neil Gross, for example, argues that Searle's views on society are more or less a reconstitution of the sociologist \u00c9mile Durkheim's theories of social facts, social institutions, collective representations, and the like. Searle's ideas are thus open to the same criticisms as Durkheim's. Searle responded that Durkheim's work was worse than"}, {"context": "he had originally believed and, admitting he had not read much of Durkheim's work, said that, \"Because Durkheim's account seemed so impoverished I did not read any further in his work.\" Steven Lukes, however, responded to Searle's response to Gross and argued point by point against the allegations that Searle makes against Durkheim, essentially upholding Gross' argument that Searle's work bears great resemblance to Durkheim's. Lukes attributes Searle's miscomprehension of Durkheim's work to the fact that Searle never read Durkheim. In recent years, Searle's main interlocutor on issues of social ontology has been Tony Lawson. Although their accounts of social"}, {"context": "reality are similar, there are important differences. Lawson places emphasis on the notion of social totality whereas Searle prefers to refer to institutional facts. Furthermore, Searle believes that emergence implies causal reduction whereas Lawson argues that social totalities cannot be completely explained by the causal powers of their components. Searle also places language at the foundation of the construction of social reality while Lawson believes that community formation necessarily precedes the development of language and therefore there must be the possibility for non-linguistic social structure formation. The debate is ongoing and takes place additionally through regular meetings of the Centre"}, {"context": "for Social Ontology at the University of California, Berkeley and the Cambridge Social Ontology Group at the University of Cambridge. In \"Rationality in Action\" (2001), Searle argues that standard notions of rationality are badly flawed. According to what he calls the Classical Model, rationality is seen as something like a train track: you get on at one point with your beliefs and desires and the rules of rationality compel you all the way to a conclusion. Searle doubts this picture of rationality holds generally. Searle briefly critiques one particular set of these rules: those of mathematical decision theory. He points"}, {"context": "out that its axioms require that anyone who valued a quarter and their life would, at some odds, bet their life for a quarter. Searle insists he would never take such a bet and believes that this stance is perfectly rational. Most of his attack is directed against the common conception of rationality, which he believes is badly flawed. First, he argues that reasons don't cause you to do anything, because having sufficient reason \"wills\" (but doesn't \"force\") you to do that thing. So in any decision situation we experience a gap between our reasons and our actions. For example,"}, {"context": "when we decide to vote, we do not simply determine that we care most about economic policy and that we prefer candidate Jones's economic policy. We also have to make an effort to cast our vote. Similarly, every time a guilty smoker lights a cigarette they are aware of succumbing to their craving, not merely of acting automatically as they do when they exhale. It is this gap that makes us think we have \"freedom of the will\". Searle thinks whether we really have free will or not is an open question, but considers its absence highly unappealing because it"}, {"context": "makes the feeling of freedom of will an epiphenomenon, which is highly unlikely from the evolutionary point of view given its biological cost. He also says: \" \"All rational activity presupposes free will\" \". Second, Searle believes we can rationally do things that don't result from our own desires. It is widely believed that one cannot derive an \"ought\" from an \"is\", i.e. that facts about how the world is can never tell you what you should do ('Hume's Law'). By contrast, in so far as a fact is understood as relating to an institution (marriage, promises, commitments, etc.), which"}, {"context": "is to be understood as a system of constitutive rules, then what one should do can be understood as following from the institutional fact of what one has done; institutional fact, then, can be understood as opposed to the \"brute facts\" related to Hume's Law. For example, Searle believes the fact that you promised to do something means you should do it, because by making the promise you are participating in the constitutive rules that arrange the system of promise making itself, and therefore understand a \"shouldness\" as implicit in the mere factual action of promising. Furthermore, he believes that"}, {"context": "this provides a desire-independent reason for an action\u2014if you order a drink at a bar, you should pay for it even if you have no desire to. This argument, which he first made in his paper, \"How to Derive 'Ought' from 'Is'\" (1964), remains highly controversial, but even three decades later Searle continued to defend his view that \"..the traditional metaphysical distinction between fact and value cannot be captured by the linguistic distinction between 'evaluative' and 'descriptive' because all such speech act notions are already normative.\" Third, Searle argues that much of rational deliberation involves adjusting our (often inconsistent) patterns"}, {"context": "of desires to decide between outcomes, not the other way around. While in the Classical Model, one would start from a desire to go to Paris greater than that of saving money and calculate the cheapest way to get there, in reality people balance the niceness of Paris against the costs of travel to decide which desire (visiting Paris or saving money) they value more. Hence, he believes rationality is not a system of rules, but more of an adverb. We see certain behavior as rational, no matter what its source, and our system of rules derives from finding patterns"}, {"context": "in what we see as rational. John Searle John Rogers Searle (; born 31 July 1932) is an American philosopher. He is currently Willis S. and Marion Slusser Professor Emeritus of the Philosophy of Mind and Language and Professor of the Graduate School at the University of California, Berkeley. Widely noted for his contributions to the philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, and social philosophy, he began teaching at UC Berkeley in 1959. As an undergraduate at the University of Wisconsin, Searle was secretary of \"Students against Joseph McCarthy\". He received all his university degrees, BA, MA, and DPhil, from"}]}, {"title": "Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 3rd Baronet", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 3rd Baronet Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy, 3rd Baronet, , (3 March 1851 \u2013 16 July 1898) was an Indian businessman. Born Menekjee Cursatjee, he was the eldest son of Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy, the second baronet. Jeejebhoy inherited the baronetcy from his father in 1877. Jeejebhoy enjoyed the advantages of an English education, and continued the career of benevolent activity and loyalty to British rule which had been the theme of his father and grandfather's life. His public service was recognised by his nomination to the Order of the Star of India, as well as by appointment to the"}, {"context": "Legislative Councils of Calcutta and Bombay. On his death, his title was inherited by his younger brother, Cowsajee. Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 3rd Baronet Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy, 3rd Baronet, , (3 March 1851 \u2013 16 July 1898) was an Indian businessman. Born Menekjee Cursatjee, he was the eldest son of Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy, the second baronet. Jeejebhoy inherited the baronetcy from his father in 1877. Jeejebhoy enjoyed the advantages of an English education, and continued the career of benevolent activity and loyalty to British rule which had been the theme of his father and grandfather's life. His public service was recognised"}]}, {"title": "Ardwell", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ardwell Ardwell (from Gaelic \"\u00c0rd Bhaile\" meaning \"high town\", pronounced as \"Ardwell\") is a village in the Scottish unitary council area of Dumfries and Galloway. It lies on the shores of Luce Bay in the southern part of the Rhins of Galloway. The A716 road to Drummore or the Mull of Galloway passes through the village. The only other street is Ardwell Park, a street of new houses. The community is served by the nearby Ardwell Church, a small public church with a bell tower, built in 1900-1902. Many of the houses are still owned by Ardwell Estates, and Ardwell"}, {"context": "House is located around west of the village in the grounds of Ardwell Garden and looking across Ardwell Pond. In the grounds of Ardwell House, on a ridge above the road, are the remains of a medieval motte; the castle bailey may have stood to the north. In addition, south of the church are the ruins of Killaser Castle, the ancestral home of the McCullochs, who formerly held Ardwell., Stoneykirk, Rhinns, Wigtownshire. Near High Ardwell, on the other side of the peninsula, are the remains of Doon Castle, the best example of an Iron Age broch in Dumfries and Galloway."}, {"context": "Ardwell used to hold the Leek Fair, where plants were sold. Ardwell Gardens is a 342 ha (970 acres) garden surrounding the 18th-century Ardwell House. It has a walled garden, and a large pond which has ducks and swans with an approximately half-hour walk round it. There is also access to Ardwell church (to the west) and Ardwell village (to the east) with a beach and boat shop. Logan Botanic Garden, a branch of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, is by road from Ardwell. Logan's mild climate allows a variety of exotic plants to grow outdoors. There are many beautiful"}, {"context": "plants which can be found in few other gardens in Britain. It has a woodland garden, and a walled garden and a terrace garden with an avenue of Chusan palms. Ardwell Ardwell (from Gaelic \"\u00c0rd Bhaile\" meaning \"high town\", pronounced as \"Ardwell\") is a village in the Scottish unitary council area of Dumfries and Galloway. It lies on the shores of Luce Bay in the southern part of the Rhins of Galloway. The A716 road to Drummore or the Mull of Galloway passes through the village. The only other street is Ardwell Park, a street of new houses. The community"}]}, {"title": "Bigwara", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bigwara Bigwara is a village and Garm panchayat in Rudrapur city , Udham Singh Nagar district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Bigwara is located in the fertile Terai region on National Highway 74, 3km milestone from Rudrapur. Since the establishment of SIDCUL, the village has enjoyed rapid development. The Bigwara village has population of 1729 of which 884 are males while 845 are females as per Population Census 2011. In Bigwara village population of children with age 0-6 is 292 which makes up 16.89 % of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Bigwara village is 956 which"}, {"context": "is lower than Uttarakhand state average of 963. Child Sex Ratio for the Bigwara as per census is 1000, higher than Uttarakhand average of 890. Bigwara village has lower literacy rate compared to Uttarakhand. In 2011, literacy rate of Bigwara village was 72.65 % compared to 78.82 % of Uttarakhand. In Bigwara Male literacy stands at 81.71 % while female literacy rate was 63.09 %. As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act, Bigwara village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of village. The fertile land lends itself to different forms of agriculture, giving"}, {"context": "rise to agriculture-related activities and industry, making this land a green place which has resulted in prosperity all around. Bigwara is located on National Highway 74 in Rudrapur city in the state of Uttarakhand. The nearest Airport is at Pantnagar. Bigwara is well connected by road with all the major cities of the state and region. Delhi is at a distance of 234km whereas Nainital is just 75km away. The place is a junction of roads heading in four directions, one towards Kashipur and beyond to Haridwar, the other to Nainital, the third towards Kichha leading to Bareilly and Lucknow"}, {"context": "and the last one heading towards the national capital, New Delhi. Since the establishment of SIDCUL, the village has enjoyed rapid development and many companies have establish townships and residential projects in village Bigwara. 1. Imperial Greens 2. Dev Homes 3. Royal Residency 4. Dakash Enclave 5. Partap Enclave 6. Nirmal Sun City 7. M.B.Town 8. Kaushalya Enclave 9. Tapasya Vihar 10.Oasis City 11. Vimal enclave Bigwara Bigwara is a village and Garm panchayat in Rudrapur city , Udham Singh Nagar district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Bigwara is located in the fertile Terai region on National Highway 74,"}]}, {"title": "Toyota Crown Majesta", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Toyota Crown Majesta The is a full-size flagship premium luxury automobile from Toyota. The Crown Majesta appeared after the international introduction of the Celsior/Lexus LS in late 1989; the Celsior was exclusive to \"Toyopet Store\" locations on a new platform. The Crown Majesta, positioned as a modern limousine alternative to the already existing Century and shares the flagship role, was exclusive to Toyota Japanese dealerships called \"Toyota Store\". The Crown Majesta appeared before the Aristo/Lexus GS, which was assigned to \"Toyota Vista Store\" locations and shared the Crown and Crown Majesta platform. The Crown Majesta shares a stretched variant of"}, {"context": "the UZS platform series from the smaller Crown and Aristo/GS, however, it is not just an upper trim level of the Crown sedan, the Majesta is a separate car with unique styling and interior treatment. The Crown Majesta has recently been released in other countries in Asia such as China. The first Crown Majesta was introduced in Japan as a 4-door sedan in October 1991. It looked very similar to its smaller sibling, the Crown. It also bore a resemblance to the larger Celsior, which was a sedan that appeared in 1989. At first, the Crown Majesta was a trim-level"}, {"context": "variant of the Crown series, called the Crown Royal Saloon G. The Majesta was an ultra-luxurious variant of the Crown and was slightly wider and heavier, necessitating two engine choices: the 3.0 L \"2JZ-GE\" I6, which produced and the 4.0 L \"1UZ-FE\" V8, which produced . The two engine choices gave Japanese buyers the option as to which annual road tax obligation they were willing to pay. In 1992, four-wheel steering was offered in compliance with the all-wheel-drive system, called 4WDi-Four. This boosted handling capabilities and gave increased traction. Advanced for this time, the Crown Majesta had an optional GPS"}, {"context": "navigation system, electronic instrument cluster, electric power steering, heated front and rear electric seats, a head-up display that projected key information on the inside windshield surface above the instrument cluster, and an i-Four comprehensive vehicle control system. In 1995, the Crown Majesta was the first Toyota to be equipped with vehicle stability control. Prices for the Crown Majesta started at for the lowest spec 3.0A model and rose to for the V8 with four-wheel steering. The Crown Majesta underwent its first redesign in 1995. Notable enhancements were made to the tail lamps to distinguish the model from the lower-spec Crown."}, {"context": "The redesign made the vehicle similar to the Celsior and LS 400 (UCF20), which debuted in 1994. Changes were also made to the engine lineup. The 3.0 L engine stayed the same, but the V8 powered one received a power increase to . Due to cost-cutting efforts within Toyota, the list of optional equipment offered was simplified. The second generation Majesta is the first Toyota to be equipped with vehicle stability control in 1995. At its introduction in 1996, it won the Automotive Researchers' and Journalists' Conference Car of the Year award in Japan which it shared with the 1996"}, {"context": "Crown. In August 1997, the front grille was restyled and HID headlights were introduced. VVT-i technology was offered on the V8 engine, improving the horsepower to . A 5-speed automatic transmission was also introduced. Four-wheel steering was no longer offered. In addition, a new two-tone paint scheme offered an upmarket image for the Crown Majesta. Known as the S platform, this version was released in September 1999 and received a complete redesign, further incorporating styling elements of the popular Celsior/LS. Wider vertical tail lamps were incorporated as well as redesigned headlamps, grille and minor aesthetic updates. Four-wheel steering was again"}, {"context": "offered. The previous two-tone paint scheme options remained as well as Toyota's other top of the line features for this model. DVD-based GPS navigation was also introduced, as well as an \"Ottoman\" footrest for the rear passenger seats. This was achieved by enabling part of the seat cushion of the front passenger seat back to tilt rearward towards the rear seat passengers. The model came in a C type or an A type option, the A type having less standard options with conventional spring and shock suspension as standard, whilst the C type had more options as standard such as"}, {"context": "height adjustable air suspension, TEMS, dual zone climate control, rear wheel steering and power rear seat as standard with leather as optional. Both the 3.0 L and 4.0 L variants also had the option for 4WDi-Four all-wheel-drive system. The S170 Crown Majesta received an updated version of the 4.0 L engine with VVT-i, now rated at , while the 3.0 L option was unchanged. The trend among automakers towards large-diameter wheels with low-profile tires was ignored in favour of a good ride and better handling with smaller wheels. The 170 series model also made available with a new 5-speed \"Super"}, {"context": "ECT\" automatic transmission. The S170 Crown Majesta was made the official company car for senior-level Toyota management. This model of Crown Majesta also had a 10th Anniversary special edition run which was a fully optioned C type specification model with leather and a sunroof as standard. The fourth generation Crown Majesta received a complete redesign when it was introduced on July 6, 2004. In August 2006, the Celsior was no longer offered in Japan, due to the introduction of the Lexus brand there. The Crown Majesta replaced the Celsior, despite objections from Japanese customers. It introduced the first Vehicle Dynamics"}, {"context": "Integrated Management (VDIM) integrated vehicle handling and software control system and radar adaptive cruise control with low-speed tracking function. The engine was upgraded to the \"3UZ-FE\" V8, shared with the USA-spec LS. The transmission was upgraded to a 6-speed automatic, the all-wheel-drive system was improved, and the air suspension was introduced. Intelligent adaptive front lighting and rear curtain airbags were added to improve safety. Enhancements were made to the interior of the vehicle, including a rear-view camera and parking assistance technology. A supercharger option was also offered with a 6-speed transmission, allowing the engine to produce . Prices were around"}, {"context": "for the Crown Majesta AWD. In July 2004, the Crown Majesta introduced both a lane keeping assist and a radar pre-collision system with a single camera to improve the accuracy of collision forecast and warning and control levels. For 2006, G-Book was added to the list of standard features, along with a rear-view camera. A departure from previous models, the two-tone paint scheme was removed to target a younger audience. \"For more information, see Hongqi (marque)\". In China, this generation of the Crown Majesta was rebadged and has been sold as the Hongqi HQ3/HQ430 from 2006 to 2010, using the"}, {"context": "same engines as the Crown. On March 26, 2009, the fifth generation Crown Majesta was introduced. Design similarities between the Crown Majesta and the current Camry have been noted, especially in the grille. Although it was initially reported that the name \"Crown\" would be removed, establishing the Majesta as an independent car, this did not happen and the car remained the Crown Majesta. The body size expanded from the previous generation, now comparable to the LS. As with the GS and LS, the 4.6 L \"1UR-FSE\" V8 engine is standard, however, the all-wheel-drive employed the 4.3 liter \"3UZ-FE\" one. The"}, {"context": "larger engine incurs a higher road tax liability than the smaller 4.3 L engine. In China, FAW Toyota assembled a limited number of LHD Crown Majesta S200, which is called Crown Royal Saloon VIP. Another car based on the Crown was called the Hongqi H7 and has been in production since 2013. There are three engines choices available: a 1.8 L turbocharged I4, a 2.0 L turbocharged I4 and a 3.0 L naturally aspirated V6 all paired to a 6-speed automatic transmission. Launched in Japan on September 9, 2013, the sixth generation model replaced the outgoing model's V8 engine in"}, {"context": "favor of Toyota's 3.5 L V6 hybrid powerplant shared with the GS 450h premium sedan, plus an additional 2.5 L I4 hybrid engine for the all-wheel drive version. The elimination of the V8 engines reduced the annual road tax liability for large engine displacement. The Crown Majesta was given an all-new appearance after the reintroduction of the Nissan Cima in April 2012. Fuel economy is now greatly improved to under the JC08 test cycle. The wheelbase is longer than the corresponding Crown Royal and Athlete, but shorter than the Century, and incorporates advanced safety and convenience equipment such as blind"}, {"context": "spot monitoring and a collision avoidance system. The Majesta is priced from to (including consumption tax) and the monthly sales target for Japan is 500 units. The sixth generation model Crown Majesta was discontinued on April 27, 2018 in favor of the fifteenth-generation Crown. Toyota Crown Majesta The is a full-size flagship premium luxury automobile from Toyota. The Crown Majesta appeared after the international introduction of the Celsior/Lexus LS in late 1989; the Celsior was exclusive to \"Toyopet Store\" locations on a new platform. The Crown Majesta, positioned as a modern limousine alternative to the already existing Century and shares"}]}, {"title": "The Lockers", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Lockers The Lockers (originally named The Campbell Lockers) were a dance group formed by Toni Basil and Don \"Campbellock\" Campbell in 1971. Active throughout the 1970s, they were pioneers of street dance. Don Campbell is the founder of the locking dance style, and originally, Locking was called The Campbellock - a style that was based on the dance and song that Don Campbell created. Toni Basil met Campbell at a club in 1971 and together they formed The Lockers as a dance group. Toni Basil also served as The Lockers' manager, and was responsible for staging the act. All"}, {"context": "the dancers contributed steps and choreography with their unique and individual styles. By 1975 they were \"Dancing their way to stardom\" on their own. Individual members' contributions (as soloist performers) to the dance style and group image coupled with their unique presentation in staging and concept broke down many barriers. It has been said on the reality dance competition \"So You Think You Can Dance\" that \"The Lockers' emergence on the dance scene changed the face of dance not only for street dancers but for dance in general and has made street dance a true American art form.\" The Lockers'"}, {"context": "many television appearances include \"Saturday Night Live\", \"Soul Train\", \"Carol Burnett\", \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\" and \"The Midnight Special\" (Ohio Players performance). They have performed live on stage at Radio City Music Hall, Carnegie Hall, Disneyland, The MGM Grand Las Vegas, Harrah's Reno, and Harrah's Lake Tahoe. The group was animated for their appearance in the 1982 film \"Hey Good Lookin'\" directed by Ralph Bakshi. They appeared in commercials for Schlitz Malt Liquor and Billy Preston's \"Nothing From Nothing\". From 1973 to 1976, The Lockers consisted of the following members: There were alternates who filled in for original"}, {"context": "members from time to time: In mid 1976, three and a half years after the inception of The Lockers, Mr. Berry and Ms. Basil left the group amicably. At the end of 1976, dancer Tony \"GO GO\" Lewis Foster became an alternate member. After The Lockers disbanded, group members continued to find success individually. Both Don Campbell and Toni Basil have received the \"Living Legend of Hip Hop\" award from Hip Hop International. Basil, who already had a successful career as a choreographer and actress prior to the Lockers, would go on to achieve pop music success with the Grammy"}, {"context": "nominated single \"Mickey.\" Adolfo Quinones starred as Ozone in the street dance films, \"Breakin'\" and \"\". He also did the choreography for Madonna's \"Who's That Girl\" tour. His awards include the \"Lifetime Achievement Award\" for outstanding contributions to hip-hop from and the Drama Critic's Circle Award for Best Choreography for the musical \"Standup Tragedy\". Fred Berry would later find greater fame in the role of \"Rerun\" on the ABC sitcom \"What's Happening!!\". One episode would feature a performance by The Lockers (except for Toni Basil). Berry also makes a cameo appearance in Toni Basil's \"Shoppin' from A to Z\" video."}, {"context": "Greg \"Campbellock Jr\" Pope died January 28, 2010. The Lockers The Lockers (originally named The Campbell Lockers) were a dance group formed by Toni Basil and Don \"Campbellock\" Campbell in 1971. Active throughout the 1970s, they were pioneers of street dance. Don Campbell is the founder of the locking dance style, and originally, Locking was called The Campbellock - a style that was based on the dance and song that Don Campbell created. Toni Basil met Campbell at a club in 1971 and together they formed The Lockers as a dance group. Toni Basil also served as The Lockers' manager,"}]}, {"title": "Mike Perras", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mike Perras Mike Perras (born June 19, 1963) is a Canadian DJ from Montr\u00e9al, Quebec. He produced the 1991 singles \"Beginning of Life\" and \"Keep Moving\" on Bassic Records. Mike Perras is considered to be one of the leading pioneers of House Music in Montreal. Perras is the co-founder of Mikrobe Recordings, as well as Bouche \u00e0 Bouche. He is the owner of djmr.com which transfer any digital tracks on a unique 12\" vinyl format. He was the owner of Club PEOPL formerly called U-N in Montreal from 2010 to 2014. He created, designed and built the entire club, along"}, {"context": "with its unique sound system. It all started when Mike spent much of his free time during his high school & college years, as a deejay on campus radio. His professional career started in 1983 at the \"Futuriste\" Club in Montreal. Over the period spanning 1984 to 1991, Mike landed several residencies for many night clubs in the greater Montreal region, such as The Octagone, Superpub, Braque, and Esprit, to name a few. On becoming a member of Montreal\u2019s \"S.U.R.E\" record pool in 1983 Mike met Robby Demlakian, founder of Bassic Records and rapidly became the soundman for this label,"}, {"context": "using his own studio for most of their productions. In the early 90\u2019s Mike and Robby made some remixes for Unidisc, the most popular being D-Train\u2019s \"You\u2019re The One For Me\" on the mighty Prelude imprint. In 1987, Mike Perras was a member of one of the very first House Music bands originating from Montreal: \"Made 2 Funk\" giving live performances featuring singer Rodney Felix. Later, Rodney was featured on Mike\u2019s first production \"You Can\u2019t Ride The Rhythm\" released on Bassic in 1989. Subsequently, several projects were created in his studio by the likes of Robert Ouimet, Gino Crescenza, Phil"}, {"context": "Dimarco and many others. The year 1991 proved to be a turning point in Perras' career, when his tracks \"Beginning of Life\" and \"Keep Movin\", both released on Bassic, were licensed over the ensuing years by top recording labels such as Azuli, BBE, International Deejay Gigolo, ITH Records/Defected, Logic, Outland and Global Underground. Mike is deeply appreciative to those deejays who have continued to support and promote his music throughout the years: Nick Warren (UK), DJ Hell (Germany), DJ Deep (France), DJ Jeno (USA), Fish Go Deep (Ireland), Levon Vincent (US), Paul Mac (UK) and Laurent Garnier (France). Mike Perras"}]}, {"title": "2013 World Archery Championships \u2013 Men's Team Compound", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2013 World Archery Championships \u2013 Men's Team Compound The men's team compound competition at the 2013 World Archery Championships took place from 29 September\u20136 October 2013 in Belek, Turkey. 27 countries entered the full quota of 3 archers into the qualification round, thus becoming eligible for the team competition. The combined totals of the 3 archers from each country in the qualification round were added together, and the 16 teams with the highest combined scores competed in the elimination rounds. All times are . Pre-tournament world rankings ('WR') are taken from the 28 August 2013 World Archery Rankings. Qualified for"}, {"context": "eliminations 2013 World Archery Championships \u2013 Men's Team Compound The men's team compound competition at the 2013 World Archery Championships took place from 29 September\u20136 October 2013 in Belek, Turkey. 27 countries entered the full quota of 3 archers into the qualification round, thus becoming eligible for the team competition. The combined totals of the 3 archers from each country in the qualification round were added together, and the 16 teams with the highest combined scores competed in the elimination rounds. All times are . Pre-tournament world rankings ('WR') are taken from the 28 August 2013 World Archery Rankings. Qualified"}]}, {"title": "Greater spear-nosed bat", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Greater spear-nosed bat The greater spear-nosed bat (\"Phyllostomus hastatus\") is a bat species of the family Phyllostomidae from South and Central America. It is one of the larger bats of this region and is omnivorous. \"Phyllostomus hastatus\" lives in tropical regions of the Americas. The species ranges from Guatemala and Belize south to Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina and Brazil. It also occurs in Trinidad and Tobago and on Margarita Island (Venezuela). Although most commonly found around streams and other bodies of water, these bats are also present in drier areas. They inhabit both open and forested regions. The greater"}, {"context": "spear-nosed bat has a body length of around , with a wing span of . Despite the large size, it is very light, weighing on average . Its long, thick hair is dark brown, with a slight orange tinge on the ventral side. It has a well-developed nose shaped like a spear-head, which gives it its more common name. The ears are spread far apart and are smaller than in other phyllostomids. The lower lip has a distinctive V-shaped groove and many warts. Both sexes have a throat sac just above breast bone. That of the male is enlarged, while"}, {"context": "the female's is much smaller and simpler. \"P. hastatus\" sometimes eats vertebrates, but much less so than other phyllostomids. It is omnivorous, most commonly feeding on fruit, pollen and insects. Vertebrates comprise a minor part of its diet. Norberg and Fenton (1988) speculate that this is due to its \"higher aspect ratio and wing loading\". \"P. hastatus\" has an extremely sensitive sense of smell. When foraging for food, it can locate hidden pieces of banana amongst the leaf litter on the forest floor. \"P. hastatus\" has a broad bandwidth call that enables it to resolve distances almost as small as"}, {"context": "4 mm. This implies that it can distinguish echoes as little as 20 microseconds apart. \"P. hastatus\" roosts in caves, hollows in trees, termite mounds and thatched roofs. It lives in groups of between ten and a hundred. Within this group there may be several subgroups, as one dominant male presides over a group of up to thirty females. The average harem size is eighteen. The dominant male may be in control of the harem for many years. The remaining 80% of males and young females form their own large \"bachelor group\" to complete the colony. Studies by McCracken and"}, {"context": "Bradbury (1977) have shown that unrelated females in the colony often form stable factions. Recent studies have shown, that even though females do live in stable co-operative groups or \"tribes\" with non-kin, and will protect unrelated pups of their own group, they attack and even kill pups from other groups living in the same cave. McCracken and Bradbury considered many possible reasons for group formation in \"P. hastatus\". The most plausible are thought to be co-operation in foraging for food, and protection and defence while feeding. Once food is found, a successful bat forager alerts others in the feeding group"}, {"context": "to the location. This was also found by Wilkinson (1995), who noted that \"P. hastatus\" call on the other members of the group when finding food, in the absence of territorial calls. Feeding groups may be segregated by social status. Dominant males have feeding sites close to the roost, while single males may have to fly as far as 9 km in order to find a feeding site. The pattern of reproduction in \"P. hastatus\" may vary over its range. Although this bat generally only reproduces once a year, lactating females have been found throughout the year, suggesting that some"}, {"context": "may reproduce more often. They give birth to only one young at a time. The reproduction rate is very low. Even with a change of the dominant male, constancy is almost always maintained. McCracken and Bradbury (1977, 1981) characterized the reproduction cycle of \"P. hastatus\" as follows: February \u2013 April; pregnancy <br> May \u2013 mid-July; lactation <br> Mid-July \u2013 late October; anoestrous <br> Late October \u2013 February; oestrous It has been hypothesized that it is females that eat vertebrates, to provide protein for lactation. The activities of \"P. hastatus\" are both beneficial and costly to humans. They feed on insects"}, {"context": "and other pests that could harm crops, and they help pollinate many crops. However, they also consume some crops, such as bananas. Although they are not endangered, there is concern over destruction of their habitat. Greater spear-nosed bat The greater spear-nosed bat (\"Phyllostomus hastatus\") is a bat species of the family Phyllostomidae from South and Central America. It is one of the larger bats of this region and is omnivorous. \"Phyllostomus hastatus\" lives in tropical regions of the Americas. The species ranges from Guatemala and Belize south to Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina and Brazil. It also occurs in Trinidad"}]}, {"title": "Tom Segalstad", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tom Segalstad Tom Victor Segalstad (born 1949) is a Norwegian geologist. He has taught geology and geophysics at the University of Oslo, Norway, and at Pennsylvania State University, United States. He is the past head of the Geological Museum at the University of Oslo (a position he held for 12 years) and the past head of the Natural History Museums and Botanical Garden of the University of Oslo. He currently holds a position as Associate Professor of the largest university of Norway, UiO, University of Oslo, in Resource and Environmental Geology. In 2008, he served as one of two conveners"}, {"context": "for the \"Metallogeny of the Arctic Region\" symposium at the 33rd International Geological Congress. Speaking at the 2nd International Conference on Climate Change hosted by the conservative think tank Heartland Institute on March 8, 2009, Segalstad discussed ice core samples used to explain climate change, saying that he believed there were a multitude of errors made in their collection, which \"contaminated\" the results. He also stated that the \"composition of ocean water...can act as a buffering agent in the alleged acidification of the oceans\". Segalstad was a reviewer of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, acting as one out of sixteen"}, {"context": "reviewers from Norway in the Working Group 1 of the IPCC but disagreed with the mainstream scientific view of global warming from the assessment. He believes that human-released carbon dioxide (CO2) won't have a large effect on the Earth's climate, claiming that it produces only a small percent of the greenhouse effect, and that most CO2 would be absorbed by the ocean through geological processes. According to his own account, after the results of the assessment were published, he resigned from the IPCC. He explained later in regards to the report that the summary of the report had been released"}, {"context": "first, which attracted a large amount of media attention. He then claimed that the leader of the team making the IPCC report then stated that the information in the report had to match what had been stated in the summary, even though the summary had been written by government representatives and members of environmental organizations, not by scientists in the field of study. He was one of 100 signatories of a letter directed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon describing the perceived mistakes in how the IPCC report was made. Researchers Richard Bellerby, Are Olsen, and Gisle"}, {"context": "Nondal wrote a series of articles in Norwegian newspaper \"Forskning\" about Segalstad's stated beliefs and research on human CO2 emissions and how they do not affect climate change. The researchers went through Segalstad's points and gave counterarguments, concluding that he had used \"incorrect interpretations of laws and geochemical data, in addition to a complete neglect of published measurements\". They also repeatedly mentioned that Segalstad has yet to publish his CO2 research in any \"recognized scientific journal\". Tom Segalstad Tom Victor Segalstad (born 1949) is a Norwegian geologist. He has taught geology and geophysics at the University of Oslo, Norway, and"}]}, {"title": "Oleg Cassini", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Oleg Cassini Oleg Cassini (11 April 1913 \u2013 17 March 2006) was an American fashion designer born to an aristocratic Russian family with maternal Italian ancestry. He came to the United States as a young man after starting as a designer in Rome, and quickly got work with Paramount Pictures. Cassini established his reputation by designing for films. He became particularly well known as a designer for Jacqueline Kennedy whilst she was First Lady of the United States. The \"Jackie Look\" was to become highly influential and much admired. Among Cassini's inspirations were sports and Native American culture. He was"}, {"context": "born in Paris as Oleg Aleksandrovich Loiewski, the elder son of Countess Marguerite Cassini and her husband Count Alexander Loiewski, a Russian diplomat, thereby obtaining the title of Count. His maternal grandfather Arthur Paul Nicholas Cassini, Marquis de Capuzzuchi di Bologna, Count Cassini, had been the Russian ambassador to the United States during the administrations of William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt. Count Arthur Cassini signed the Treaty ending the war between Japan and China, resulting in the naming of both Port Arthur Russia and Texas in his memory. His mother's family claimed Italian astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini as an ancestor."}, {"context": "In 1918, the Russian Revolution caused the Loiewski family to flee for their lives, leaving behind their wealth, lands, and homes. As a young child, Oleg saw his cousin shot to death. The family reached Denmark and next moved to Switzerland. The Greek Royal family invited them to Greece, but, while traveling through Italy, revolution began in Greece as well. They got off the train in Florence, eventually settling there. In Italy the children started using the surname of Cassini. In his early youth, Cassini suffered a major accident, almost losing his leg. He spent much of a year in"}, {"context": "bed in recovery, during which time he studied history and read extensively, including authors such as American James Fenimore Cooper. He developed a love of history and the mysticism of Native American tribes. He also discovered American culture through the movies from the United States that were shown in Italy. When he started school, Oleg had to learn Italian, but he already knew Russian, French and Danish. His mother, Marguerite Cassini, founded her fashion house in Florence, gaining American clients from people she knew in Washington, D.C. as the daughter of the Count Arthur Cassini. Cassini played soccer with the"}, {"context": "teenage team, the \"Boys\" of Fiorentina, and was on the university track and ski teams. He also played tennis for the Italian Jr. Davis Cup team, becoming Italian Jr. Champion. Cassini studied Political Science at the University of Florence and became an accomplished equestrian. He studied fine art under painter Giorgio de Chirico at the Accademia di Belle Arti Firenze. Eventually he started in fashion, studying under the French couturier, Jean Patou. Cassini won a number of international fashion competitions in Turin, including five first prizes in Mostra Della Moda for sketches and Most Creative Presentation for an evening dress"}, {"context": "painted in dramatic colors on silver foil, garnering a prize of 5000 lire. Cassini opened his own boutique in Rome and designed for the local film industry as well as Roman society. Oleg became engaged to a debutante in Rome, Anna Donnina Toeplitz, and subsequently left for America after winning a duel. He sailed to America on the \"Saturnia\" and arrived in New York on Christmas Day 1936. His autobiography describes his possessions upon arrival in America as being limited to a tuxedo, two tennis rackets, a title, and talent. He briefly worked as a political cartoonist in Washington, D.C."}, {"context": "upon his arrival prior to traveling to Hollywood. Upon arriving in California, Cassini began playing tennis at the West Side Tennis Club. After he competed in and won a doubles tournament, his partner introduced himself as the head of Paramount Pictures, saying he was \"looking for another designer\". Cassini went to the studio the next day and got the job as a full designer for Paramount Pictures. In 1941, his first film was \"I Wanted Wings\", for which he created the look for its star, newcomer Veronica Lake. Cassini designed costumes for films including \"The Shanghai Gesture\" (1941), starring Gene"}, {"context": "Tierney, \"Tales of Manhattan\" (1942) for Rita Hayworth, \"The Razor's Edge\" (1946), \"It's a Joke Son!\" (1947), \"Born to Speed\" (1947), \"Lost Honeymoon\" (1947), \"The Ghost and Mrs. Muir\" (1947), \"That Wonderful Urge\" (1948), \"Whirlpool\" (1949), \"Night and the City\" (1950), \"Where the Sidewalk Ends\" (1950), as well as \"The Mating Season\", \"Close to My Heart\", \"On the Riviera\" (all 1951), \"Rampage\" (1963), \"The Tammy Grimes Show\" (1966), \"The Day Dreamer\" (1966), \"Peligro ... ! Mujeres en acci\u00f3n\", (1967), \"The Ambushers\" (1967) for Dean Martin, \"SOS Conspiracion Bikini\" (1967), \"The Sentinel\" (2006) for Kim Basinger, and \"Say It in Russian\""}, {"context": "(2007) for Faye Dunaway. His designs are worn in the climactic scene of \"Meet Joe Black\" (1998) and throughout \"Ready or Not\" (2009). He worked for the major film studios and dressed numerous stars over the course of his career including Audrey Hepburn, Shirley Temple, Anita Ekberg, Janet Leigh, Loretta Young, Rita Hayworth, Betty Grable, Joan Crawford, Marilyn Monroe, Natalie Wood, Ursula Andress, Jayne Mansfield, Lana Turner, Sandra Dee, Suzy Parker, Gina Lollobrigida, Ren\u00e9e Zellweger, Malin \u00c5kerman, Kim Basinger, Carroll Baker and Taylor Swift. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Cassini quickly enlisted in the war effort. Initially, he joined"}, {"context": "the United States Coast Guard, but he later served in the U.S. Army as a cavalry officer. He reached the rank of 1st Lieutenant. Cassini became a United States citizen (in December 1941/January 1942, losing his titles of nobility); he was commissioned as a First Lieutenant at Fort Riley, Kansas. After serving five years in the U.S. Cavalry, Cassini moved to New York City in 1952 to open his own fashion house on Seventh Avenue, the center of the fashion industry. After the war, Cassini designed ready-to-wear dresses while continuing to design for television, motion pictures, and Broadway theatre. According"}, {"context": "to his autobiography, Jack L. Warner offered Cassini the position of head of design for Warner Bros. Studios proclaiming, \"You're better than Errol Flynn\". He remained in New York rather than work with Warner Brothers and opened his own designer brand. Cassini had enough money to launch one line, his first Collection, which was received with rave reviews. The head of Lord & Taylor, Dorothy Shaver, provided the Oleg Cassini Collection the entirety of the store's Fifth Avenue store front windows to launch the collection. Cassini also took his designs \"on the road\" to his customers in trunk shows and"}, {"context": "special fashion events in order to promote the new lines. The in store events evolved into the emerging medium of television and Cassini displayed his product on Steve Allen, Jack Paar, Dinah Shore, Phil Donahue, and \"Good Morning America\". \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\" provided nightly recognition as Carson had a line designed for him by Cassini, which he wore exclusively for the show. His reputation developed as a result of his genius for original spontaneous design and in 1953, shortly before her marriage to John Kennedy, Cassini met Jacqueline Bouvier, named by his brother, society columnist Cholly Knickerbocker"}, {"context": "as \"Queen Deb of the Year\" in 1947. Cassini's appointment by Jacqueline Kennedy as her exclusive couturier in 1961 dubbed him her \"Secretary of Style\" and provided him a position of prestige. \"We are on the threshold of a new American elegance thanks to Mrs. Kennedy's beauty, naturalness, understatement, exposure and symbolism,\" Cassini said when his selection as the couturier to shape the entire look of the First Lady was announced. Utilizing the technique and high fashion fabrics of French couture, Cassini's unique designs for Jacqueline Kennedy ushered in a new era of timeless simplicity based on clean lines and"}, {"context": "crisp forms and opulent and luxurious fabrics. Cassini brought American design to the world stage as the First Lady's identity became synonymous with sophistication and taste. The \"Jackie look\" that he created was copied by women all over the world. Cassini visualized her as an American Queen and Mrs. Kennedy acknowledged that \"Oleg dressed me for the part\". The publicity Cassini derived from his work for Mrs. Kennedy led women from 18 to 80 to copy the look of simple, geometric dresses in sumptuous fabrics and pillbox hats with an elegant coiffure. Meticulously tailored and featuring oversized buttons and boxy"}, {"context": "jackets, as well as occasionally dramatic d\u00e9colletage. Cassini designed a reported 300 outfits for the First Lady, including a much-copied coat made of leopard pelts and a Swiss double satin white gown decorated by a single cocarde which she wore to the Inaugural Gala Ball in 1961. This was Mrs. Kennedy's first official appearance as First Lady Elect. The dress was subsequently named one of the \"50 Dresses that Changed the World\" by the Design Museum in England. In 1961, Eugenia Sheppard announced in the \"New York Herald Tribune\", \"According to Tobe's most recent coast to coast survey, the best"}, {"context": "known name in American fashion is Oleg Cassini.\" Cassini became known primarily for his licensing agreements. He was the recipient of a Doctorate of Fine Arts, in 1989, His name adorned everything from luggage to nail polish, as well as special luxurious coup\u00e9 versions of the 1974 and 1975 AMC Matador automobile. Outside, striping, rub rails, wheel covers and a crest mark the Matador as Cassini's. He helped promote the car in AMC's advertising. The special Oleg Cassini Matador was positioned in the popular and highly competitive \"personal luxury car\" market segment. The \"distinctive\" styling of the Cassini \"designer editions\""}, {"context": "merit collector interest In 1960, with his younger brother, society columnist Igor, Oleg opened Le Club in Manhattan, which becomes a leading private club with such members as Gianni Agnelli, Stavros Niarchos, Aristotle Onassis, and Ray Stark. In 1960 Oleg Cassini was named personal couturier by Mrs. Kennedy, launching the Jackie look in 1961. He was awarded the Chicago Gold Coast Award for Excellence in Design. In 1962, he was awarded the National Cystic Fibrosis Distinguished Service Citation. In 1967, he created deep tonal shirts for men adding special colors where there had only been white. The sales of dress"}, {"context": "shirts rose dramatically, and the look was launched on \"The Tonight Show\", Starring Johnny Carson. Oleg created the \"Johnny Carson\" line of Men's wear. In 1968, the Peacock Revolution is hailed by Newsweek, wherein Cassini is credited with leading a revolution in men's fashion worldwide. The \"Competitors\" Collection menswear campaign was also launched by Cassini. It featured icons of sport wearing Cassini including: Ted Turner for sailing, Bob Hope and Raymond Floyd for golf, Michael Jordan for basketball, Mario Andretti for racing, Gary Carter for baseball, Lynn Swann and Lawrence Taylor for football and Charlton Heston, Regis Philbin, and Kenny"}, {"context": "Rogers for tennis. In 2003 The Council of Fashion Designers of America Board of Directors noted Cassini's extraordinary design achievements with their first ever, Board of Directors Special Tribute. The presentation was made to Oleg by President Stan Herman and Diane von Furstenberg. In 2003, Cassini was crowned King of the Beaux Arts Ball. Oleg Cassini excelled at tennis and competed seriously since his early days as a ranked Italian Junior Davis Cup player. His skill at tennis led to a fortuitous design connection. Recounted in his autobiography, newly arrived in Hollywood, Cassini played tennis at the prestigious West Side"}, {"context": "Tennis Club which led to a doubles game with the head of Paramount Pictures. Decades later, Cassini also created collections of printed and multi color tennis wear, bringing 'color to the court'. He is noted for having outfitted the US Davis Cup team and for participating in celebrity pro-am tournaments such as the Alan King Tournament in Las Vegas. Cassini also participated and won the 5th Annual RFK Pro Celebrity Tennis Tournament in 1976. The silver winner's cup was presented to him personally by Jackie Kennedy Onassis. Cassini competed professionally in the sport of harness racing. In 1985 he earned"}, {"context": "a professional harness racer license and won races at the Meadowlands Raceway, Yonkers Raceway, Freehold Raceway, Monticello Raceway, and Roosevelt Raceway. He received awards in recognition of his efforts to support equine charities from \"HORSE\" and \"The Equine Society\" which recognized Cassini with its Man of the year award. He participated in golfing events, scoring three holes in one at the Deepdale Golf Club and one hole in one at the Westhampton Golf Club. Cassini also participated in the ABC TV Superstars Competition. Oleg Cassini received the James Herriot Award (\"All Creatures Great and Small\") as the Man of the"}, {"context": "Year from the Humane Society of the United States for his work and care for animals. He created collections of manmade fashion fur, the 'evolutionary furs'. In 1999, he was awarded the Humanitarian Award at a fashion show and Gala at the National Building Museum in Washington DC, honorary chairpersons Eunice Shriver and Senator Ted Kennedy, show hosted by Montel Williams. Among the 40 models were movie star Tippi Hedren. In his own words \"What we're designing is as elegant and attractive as fur and eliminates the enormous cruelty that goes on in the killing of animals for fur.\" In"}, {"context": "his autobiography Cassini claims to have suggested to President Kennedy that he take steps to organize The Bureau of Indian Affairs, the action which led to the American Indian Movement. Cassini was named an honorary member of the Chickasaw and Navajo nations in 1981 due to his fund raising and organization of gala charity events for the tribes. Cassini and his brother, Igor under the pen name of society columnist Cholly Knickerbocker, threw \"The Knickerbocker Charity Balls\" to raise money for the tribes. An author of best-selling books, \"In My Own Fashion\", \"A Thousand Days of Magic: Dressing Jacqueline Kennedy"}, {"context": "for the White House\" a book which is a tribute to Jacqueline Kennedy and reflects the magical period of Camelot and the \"Jackie Look\", and \"Oleg Cassini: The Wedding Dress\". Cassini appeared on hundreds of television shows worldwide in many languages and also hosted a special 13-part TV series, \"Conversations with Cassini\", on the Arts & Entertainment Network. On 2 September 1938, in Elkton, Maryland, Cassini became the husband of Mary \"Merry\" Fahrney (1910-1974). The couple divorced in 1940. Cassini married actress Gene Tierney, on 2 June 1941. Their daughter, Antoinette Daria, was born on 15 October 1943 blind, deaf"}, {"context": "and with severe brain damage. She died on 11 September 2010. The couple separated on 20 October 1946, and entered into a property settlement agreement on 10 November 1946 in which Cassini's fifty percent share of the marital estate was dedicated for the ongoing care of Daria. Tierney won an uncontested divorce in California on 13 March 1947, and finalized the divorce one year later: 13 March 1948. It was reported by the \"Los Angeles Times\" that the couple reconciled on 9 April 1948, but did not remarry. Christina \"Tina\" was born on 19 November 1948 the paternity of whom"}, {"context": "was the subject of intrigue and speculation at the time due to Tierney's links with Howard Hughes, Tyrone Power, John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Charles Feldman. After his divorce from Gene Tierney, Cassini dated and was engaged to Grace Kelly. He and Tierney remained cordial until her 1991 death, when she bequeathed one dollar to her daughter Daria and the residual to Christina. In 1971, Cassini married Marianne Nestor, at the time a cover girl of 250 international fashion magazines including Redbook. Beginning in 1971, Marianne operated the licensing and public relations portion of the brand. Oleg Cassini died from complications"}, {"context": "of an aneurysm in Manhasset, New York, in 2006. He is survived by his wife of over thirty years, Marianne. Oleg Cassini Oleg Cassini (11 April 1913 \u2013 17 March 2006) was an American fashion designer born to an aristocratic Russian family with maternal Italian ancestry. He came to the United States as a young man after starting as a designer in Rome, and quickly got work with Paramount Pictures. Cassini established his reputation by designing for films. He became particularly well known as a designer for Jacqueline Kennedy whilst she was First Lady of the United States. The \"Jackie"}]}, {"title": "Frost weathering", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Frost weathering Frost weathering is a collective term for several mechanical weathering processes induced by stresses created by the freezing of water into ice. The term serves as an umbrella term for a variety of processes such as frost shattering, frost wedging and cryofracturing. The process may act on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, from minutes to years and from dislodging mineral grains to fracturing boulders. It is most pronounced in high-altitude and high-latitude areas and is especially associated with alpine, periglacial, subpolar maritime and polar climates, but may occur anywhere at sub-freezing temperatures (between -3 and"}, {"context": "-8 \u00b0C) if water is present. Certain frost-susceptible soils expand or heave upon freezing as a result of water migrating via capillary action to grow ice lenses near the freezing front. This same phenomenon occurs within pore spaces of rocks. The ice accumulations grow larger as they attract liquid water from the surrounding pores. The ice crystal growth weakens the rocks which, in time, break up. It is caused by the expansion of ice when water freezes, putting considerable stress on the walls of containment. This is actually a very common process in all humid, temperate areas where there is"}, {"context": "exposed rock, especially porous rocks like sandstone. Sand can often be found just under the faces of exposed sandstone where individual grains have been popped off, one by one. This process is often termed frost spalling. In fact, this is often the most important weathering process for exposed rock in many areas. Similar processes can act on asphalt pavements, contributing to various forms of cracking and other distresses, which, when combined with traffic and the intrusion of water, accelerate rutting, the formation of potholes, and other forms of pavement roughness. The traditional explanation for frost weathering was volumetric expansion of"}, {"context": "freezing water. When water freezes to ice, its volume increases by nine percent. Under specific circumstances, this expansion is able to displace or fracture rock. At a temperature of -22 \u00b0C, ice growth is known to be able to generate pressures of up to 207MPa, more than enough to fracture any rock. For frost weathering to occur by volumetric expansion, the rock must have almost no air that can be compressed to compensate for the expansion of ice, which means it has to be water-saturated and frozen quickly from all sides so that the water does not migrate away and"}, {"context": "the pressure is exerted on the rock. These conditions are considered unusual, restricting it to a process of importance within a few centimeters of a rock's surface and on larger existing water-filled joints in a process called \"ice wedging\". Not all volumetric expansion is caused by the pressure of the freezing water; it can be caused by stresses in water that remains unfrozen. When ice growth induces stresses in the pore water that breaks the rock, the result is called hydrofracture. Hydrofracturing is favoured by large interconnected pores or large hydraulic gradients in the rock. If there are small pores,"}, {"context": "a very quick freezing of water in parts of the rock may expel water, and if the water is expelled faster than it can migrate, pressure may rise, fracturing the rock. Since research in physical weathering begun around 1900, volumetric expansion was, until the 1980s, held to be the predominant process behind frost weathering. This view was challenged in 1985 and 1986 publications by Walder and Hallet. Nowadays researchers such as Matsuoka and Murton consider the \"\"conditions necessary for frost weathering by volumetric expansion\"\" as unusual. However the bulk of recent literature demonstrates that that ice segregation is capable of"}, {"context": "providing quantitative models for common phenomena while the traditional, simplistic volumetric expansion does not. Frost weathering Frost weathering is a collective term for several mechanical weathering processes induced by stresses created by the freezing of water into ice. The term serves as an umbrella term for a variety of processes such as frost shattering, frost wedging and cryofracturing. The process may act on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, from minutes to years and from dislodging mineral grains to fracturing boulders. It is most pronounced in high-altitude and high-latitude areas and is especially associated with alpine, periglacial, subpolar"}]}, {"title": "Intendencia Oriental y Llanos de San Marti\u0301n", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Intendencia Oriental y Llanos de San Mart\u00edn Intendencia Oriental y Llanos de San Mart\u00edn was the name of a Roman Catholic Vicariate Apostolic in the province of Saint Martin, in Colombia, South America, created on 24 March 1908, and entrusted to the Society of Mary. It took the place of two former Apostolic prefectures, one created on 23 June 1903, and the other on 8 January 1904, after negotiations (dating from 1902) between the Holy See and the Colombian Government for the evangelization of these vast provinces. Surrounded by the Cordilleras, and watered by the Batatas, Garagoa, Guavio, Humades, Meta,"}, {"context": "and Orinoco Rivers, the territory was still inhabited largely by the uncivilized natives, in the early 20th century numbering about 50,000, of whom scarcely 10,000 have been baptized Intendencia Oriental y Llanos de San Mart\u00edn Intendencia Oriental y Llanos de San Mart\u00edn was the name of a Roman Catholic Vicariate Apostolic in the province of Saint Martin, in Colombia, South America, created on 24 March 1908, and entrusted to the Society of Mary. It took the place of two former Apostolic prefectures, one created on 23 June 1903, and the other on 8 January 1904, after negotiations (dating from 1902)"}]}, {"title": "AV Atletics Nijverdal", "paragraphs": [{"context": "AV Atletics Nijverdal ASV Atletics is a Dutch athletics club based in Nijverdal in the province of Overijssel. It was established in 1986. It has \u00b1260 members. AV Atletics is affiliated to the Netherlands Athletics Federation. Since 1984, there is an organised group of runners in the community of Hellendoorn. In the beginning of 1985, this group decided to found AV Atletics. Since November, 1997 AV Atletics is situated at their current location, in the middle of a nature reserve called De Groene Mal in the north of Nijverdal. Each year, on the last Saturday in October, the \"Diepe Hel"}, {"context": "Holterbergloop\" (Diepe Hel Holterberg Run) is held by AV Atletics. The \"Diepe Hel Holterbergloop\" is one of the most beautiful and most exciting running events in The Netherlands. In 2010 and 2011, AV Atletics is organizing the Dutch Cross Country Championships. AV Atletics Nijverdal ASV Atletics is a Dutch athletics club based in Nijverdal in the province of Overijssel. It was established in 1986. It has \u00b1260 members. AV Atletics is affiliated to the Netherlands Athletics Federation. Since 1984, there is an organised group of runners in the community of Hellendoorn. In the beginning of 1985, this group decided to"}]}, {"title": "Hector Dupuis", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hector Dupuis Hector Dupuis (13 February 1896 - 12 November 1967) was a Liberal party and Reconstruction Party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Montreal, Quebec and became an agent, businessman and insurance broker by career. Dupuis made an unsuccessful attempt to win federal office as a Reconstruction Party candidate at St. Mary riding in the 1935 federal election. His next campaign was as a Liberal candidate in a by-election at St. Mary on 16 October 1950 where he won a seat in Parliament. After his riding was renamed Sainte-Marie in 1952, he was"}, {"context": "re-elected for successive full terms in 1953 and 1957 then defeated by Georges Valade of the Progressive Conservative party in the 1958 election. Hector Dupuis Hector Dupuis (13 February 1896 - 12 November 1967) was a Liberal party and Reconstruction Party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Montreal, Quebec and became an agent, businessman and insurance broker by career. Dupuis made an unsuccessful attempt to win federal office as a Reconstruction Party candidate at St. Mary riding in the 1935 federal election. His next campaign was as a Liberal candidate in a by-election at"}]}, {"title": "Royal\u2013Thomian rivalry", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Royal\u2013Thomian rivalry Royal\u2013Thomian Rivalry refers to the competition, both in academics and sports between Royal College Colombo and S. Thomas' College, Mt Lavinia. Both schools have rich histories of academic excellence, as well as sport competition and school pride. Both were founded in the 19th century, and between them they have produced a large number of Sri Lanka's most prominent scientists, writers and politicians, as well as noted figures in many other fields. The three oldest sporting encounters between the traditional rivals are the Battle of the Blues, the Royal-Thomian Rugby Encounter and the Royal Thomian Regatta. Royal College, Colombo"}, {"context": "is a government-funded public school that accommodates approximately 8,000 students. S. Thomas' College, Mt Lavinia is an Anglican private school that has about 2,500 boys on roll and a branch network of three constituent colleges in Kollupitiya, Guruthalawa and Bandarawela with a total of over 5,500 students. Royal and S. Thomas' have been careful to preserve many parts of their proud history, retaining a number of traditions. Known simply as the Royal-Thomian, the cricket match has been played by the schools since 1879. This annual cricket match is played for the \"D. S. Senanayake Memorial Shield\", and is affectionately known"}, {"context": "as the \"Battle of the Blues\" due to the colours of each school's flag. The first match was played between the Colombo Academy and St Thomas' College in 1879, thus was known as the \"Academy College\" match till 1881. The first match was played with schoolmasters participating as well as schoolboys. From 1880 onwards, only schoolboys were allowed to play in the match. As of 2016, the tally stands as Royal having 35 wins and S.Thomas' with 35 wins. This is regarded as the most prestigious cricketing event in the country. The match itself is preceded by many activities including"}, {"context": "the legendary Cycle Parade which usually happens on the day before the big match, with the official objective of visiting the captain's house to encourage him. Following the annual three-day match, known as the \"Big Match\", the schools meet a week later for the limited overs match. Played since 1975, for the Mustangs Trophy, from which it gains its name. In 2010, as part of Royal College's 175th anniversary celebrations the first ever Royal Thomian Twenty20 Cricket Encounter organized for the J. R. Jayewardene Trophy at the P. Saravanamuttu Stadium (The Oval). The Royal Thomian rugby encounter held annually in"}, {"context": "the Michaelmas Term of S. Thomas and between the two sessions of Bradby Shield Encounter of Royal since 1955. Second only to the Bradby Shield Encounter (between Royal and Trinity) in prestigious rugby match in the country. It is played for the Michael Gunaratne Trophy. Since 2002, The annual Royal Thomian basketball encounter is played for the prestigious \"D.S Senanayake Trophy\". Every year an old boys match is also played. S. Thomas' won the first match for the D.S Senanayake trophy. As of 2015, the tally stands as Royal having 5 wins and S. Thomas' with 8 wins. Since 2012"}, {"context": "an U 15 match is also played. Royal College won the first U 15 match. As of 2015, the tally stands as Royal having 2 wins and S. Thomas' with 2 wins. In the recent past this Encounter has attracted massive crowds and definitely has turned out to be one of the most eagerly awaited encounters for both schools. Played for the \"Dr R.L. Hayman Trophy\"(Former sub warden at S.Thomas' College) since 1992, the waterpolo encounter is held in two sessions(Legs), initially played in both schools (at the Royal College pool in Colombo and at the S. Thomas' College pool"}, {"context": "in Mt Lavinia) and now played in a neutral venue (Sugathadasa Indoor Stadium) due to crowd control issues. S.Thomas' College so far has dominated the encounter with 15 wins Royal 7 wins & 2 Draws The \"Senator Sir Cyril de Zoysa Shield\" of boxing is one of the most coveted boxing tournaments in the island. The shield was presented in memory of Sir Cyril de Zoysa former President of the Senate of Ceylon. Though tennis has been played at both schools for over fifty years, the first inter-school annual tennis encounter was organized between Royal and S. Thomas in 2003."}, {"context": "It is played for the \"E F C Pereira Memorial Cup\". In 2009 both schools have agreed to begin an annual Royal-Thomian Swimming Championship, with the inaugural to being in May 2009. The even is due to be held at the swimming pools of each school on alternate years. Overall champions of the meet will be awarded the \"Creon Corea Memorial Challenge Trophy\" named after the late swimmer who represented Royal College in the early 1980s. A unique feature of this meet will be the relay events included for old boys of the two schools and the champions will be"}, {"context": "awarded the OTSC Challenge Trophy. The Royal-Thomian Regatta is the annual regatta between the two schools. The Boat Race which is a coxed fours event initially began in 1962 and by 1966, it broadened out to give rise to the regatta having a card of eight events, made up of 2 Single Sculls, 2 Doublesculls, 2 Coxless Pairs and 2 Coxed Fours which the 'Boat Race' is the most prestigious. The events take place at the Beira lake (alongside the Colombo Rowing Club) in Colombo around October each year with the \"T. N. Fernando Trophy\" awarded to the overall winner"}, {"context": "The Royal Thomian Football encounter has been played since 1986. Officially known as the \"Blue derby\", the tally stands as Royal lead the encounter with 21 wins in 24 encounters. The Thomian winning 2 and drawing one. Their most recent victory coming in 2016, breaking a losing streak of 7years constructive. The Thomian captained by D.N.D Dias won a hard fought game against royal on 4 November 2016 at Cr&FC grounds Colombo. Royal\u2013Thomian rivalry Royal\u2013Thomian Rivalry refers to the competition, both in academics and sports between Royal College Colombo and S. Thomas' College, Mt Lavinia. Both schools have rich histories"}]}, {"title": "Alexander Boulton", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Alexander Boulton Alexander Claude Forster Boulton (1862 \u2013 12 March 1949) was a British Liberal Party politician whose career in the House of Commons lasted barely four years. He was elected at the 1906 general election as Member of Parliament for the Ramsey division of Huntingdonshire, a constituency which had been held by Conservatives since its creation in 1885. He was defeated at the January 1910 general election; He was unsuccessful when he stood again in December 1910. Boulton did not stand again until the 1923 general election, when he fought the Conservative-held New Forest and Christchurch division of Hampshire."}, {"context": "The seat had not been contested in either 1918 or 1922, and in a straight contest with the sitting Conservative MP, Boulton won 46% of the votes. Boulton stood again at the 1924 general election, when a Labour candidate also contested the seat. The Conservative vote increased, and Boulton's second-placed vote was less than half the Tory total. He did not stand for Parliament again. Alexander Boulton Alexander Claude Forster Boulton (1862 \u2013 12 March 1949) was a British Liberal Party politician whose career in the House of Commons lasted barely four years. He was elected at the 1906 general"}]}, {"title": "Kalundborg Eco-industrial Park", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Kalundborg Eco-industrial Park Kalundborg Eco-Industrial Park is an industrial symbiosis network located in Kalundborg, Denmark, in which companies in the region collaborate to use each other's by-products and otherwise share resources. The Kalundborg Eco-Industrial Park is the first full realization of industrial symbiosis. The collaboration and its environmental implications arose unintentionally through private initiatives, as opposed to government planning, making it a model for private planning of eco-industrial parks. At the center of the exchange network is the Asn\u00e6s Power Station, a 1500MW coal-fired power plant, which has material and energy links with the community and several other companies. Surplus"}, {"context": "heat from this power plant is used to heat 3500 local homes in addition to a nearby fish farm, whose sludge is then sold as a fertilizer. Steam from the power plant is sold to Novo Nordisk, a pharmaceutical and enzyme manufacturer, in addition to Statoil power plant. This reuse of heat reduces the amount thermal pollution discharged to a nearby fjord. Additionally, a by-product from the power plant's sulfur dioxide scrubber contains gypsum, which is sold to a wallboard manufacturer. Almost all of the manufacturer's gypsum needs are met this way, which reduces the amount of open-pit mining needed."}, {"context": "Furthermore, fly ash and clinker from the power plant is used for road building and cement production. These exchanges of waste, water and materials have greatly increased environmental and economic efficiency, as well as created other less tangible benefits for these actors, including sharing of personnel, equipment, and information. The Kalundborg Industrial Park was not originally planned for industrial symbiosis. Its current state of waste heat and materials sharing developed over a period of 20 years. Early sharing at Kalundborg tended to involve the sale of waste products without significant pretreatment. Each further link in the system was negotiated as"}, {"context": "an independent business deal, and was established only if it was expected to be economically beneficial. The park began in 1959 with the start up of the Asn\u00e6s Power Station. The first episode of sharing between two entities was in 1972 when Gyproc, a plaster-board manufacturing plant, established a pipeline to supply gas from Tidewater Oil Company. In 1981 the Kalundborg municipality completed a district heating distribution network within the city of Kalundborg, which utilized waste heat from the power plant. Since then, the facilities in Kalundborg have been expanding, and have been sharing a variety of materials and waste"}, {"context": "products, some for the purpose of industrial symbiosis and some out of necessity, for example, freshwater scarcity in the area has led to water reuse schemes. In particular, 700,000 cubic meters per year of cooling water is piped from Statoil to Asnaes per year. A timeline of the creation of the industrial park: The relationships among the firms comprising the Kalundborg Eco-Industrial Park form an industrial symbiosis. Generally speaking, the actors involved in the symbiosis at Kalundborg exchange material wastes, energy, water, and information. The Kalundborg network involves a number of actors, including a power station, two big energy firms,"}, {"context": "a plaster board company, and a soil remediation company. Other actors include farmers, recycling facilities, and fish factories that use some of the material flows. Kalundborg Municipality plays an active role. Additionally, other actors, such as Novoren, a recycling and urban land field firm, are formally part of the network but do not contribute tangibly in the exchange. The Kalundborg Eco-Industrial Park today includes nine private and public enterprises, some of which are some of the largest enterprises in Denmark. The enterprises are: There are currently over thirty exchanges of materials among the actors of Kalundborg. The Asnaes Power Station"}, {"context": "is at the heart of the network. The power company gives its steam residuals to the Statoil Refinery, meeting 40% of its steam requirements, in exchange for waste gas from the refinery. The power plant creates electricity and steam from this gas. These products are sent to a fish farm and Novo Nordisk, who receive all of their required steam from Asnaes, and a heating system that supplies 3500 homes. These homeowners pay for the underground piping that supplies their heat, but receive the heat reliably and at a low price. Fly ash from Asnaes is sent to a cement"}, {"context": "company, and gypsum from its desulfurization process is sent to Gyproc for use in gypsum board. Two-thirds of Gyproc's gypsum needs are met by Asnaes. Statoil Refinery removes sulfur from its natural gas and sells it to a sulfuric acid manufacturer, Kemira. The fish farm sells sludge from its ponds as fertilizer to nearby farms, and Novo Nordisk gives away its own sludge, of which it produces 3,000 cubic meters per day. The sludge is to be refined for biogas for the power plant. Water reuse schemes have also been developed within Kalundborg. Statoil pipes 700,000 cubic meters of cooling"}, {"context": "water per year to Asnaes, which purifies it and uses it as \"boiler feed-water.\" Asnaes also uses approximately 200,000 cubic meters of Statoil's treated wastewater per year for cleaning. The 90 \u00b0C residual heat from the refinery is not used for district heating due to taxes. Instead, heat pumps are used with the 24 \u00b0C waste water as a heat reservoir. Since its start over 25 years ago, Kalundborg has been operating successfully as an eco-industrial park. One of the main goals of industrial symbiosis is to make goods and services that use the least-cost combination of inputs. These relationships"}, {"context": "were formed on an economic and environmental basis. As mentioned above, there are over thirty exchanges occurring in Kalundborg. While Kalundborg does operate using trades between various firms in the vicinity, it itself is not self-sufficient or contained to the industrial park. There are many trades that occur with companies outside of this park region. All of these exchanges have contributed to water savings, and savings in fuel and input chemicals. Wastes were also avoided through these interchanges. For example, in 1997, Asnaes (the power station) saved 30,000 tons of coal (~2% of throughput) by using Statoil (large oil refinery)"}, {"context": "fuel gas. And 200,000 tons of fly ash and clinker were avoided from Asnaes landfill. These resources savings and waste avoidances, documented before 1997, are illustrated in the tables to the right. A study in 2002 showed that these exchanges also contributed to more than 95% of the total water supply to the power plant. This is up from 70% in 1990. So, the system is becoming more comprehensive in its ability to save groundwater, however, there is still room for improvement. Out of the 1.2 million m of wastewater discharged from Statoil (the refinery), only 9000 m were reused"}, {"context": "at the power plant. More recent numbers show a vast improvement, when comparing to the numbers from 1997, in resource savings. Data from around 2004 show annual savings of 2.9 million cubic meters of ground water, and 1 million cubic meters of surface water. Gypsum savings are estimated around 170,000 tons, and sulfur dioxide waste avoidance is estimated around 53 Tn. These numbers are mostly estimations. Aspects of the eco-industrial park have changed, and there are many levels to consider when doing these calculations. All together though, these interchanges have shown annual savings of up to $15 million (US), with"}, {"context": "investments around $78.5 million (US). The total accumulated savings is estimated around $310 million (US). Kalundborg was the first example of separate industries grouping together to gain competitive advantage by material exchange, energy exchange, information exchange, and/or product exchange. The very term, Industrial Symbiosis (IS) was first defined by a station manager in Kalundborg as \"a cooperation between different industries by which the presence of each\u2026increases the viability of the others, and by which the demands of society for resource savings and environmental protection are considered\" . Kalundborg's success helped generate interest in industrial symbiosis. Developed nations such as the"}, {"context": "United States began to formulate incentives for corporations to implement materials exchange with other corporations. Industrial and political circles began to look into the implementation of eco-industrial parks (EIPs). Specifically, the United States worked to put into service several planned EIPs. The U.S President's Council on Sustainable Development in 1996 proposed fifteen eco-industrial parks to pursue the idea of industrial symbiosis. These parks were created by grouping diverse stakeholders with common material flows together, with added governmental incentives to encourage materials exchange. The goal of these planned EIPs was to test if the industrial symbiosis that worked so well in"}, {"context": "Kalundborg could be replicated. The Council on Sustainable Development also defined 5 major characteristics of a successful EIP to help guide EIP development. These characteristics include: (1) some form of material exchange between multiple separate entities, (2) industries within close proximity to each other, (3) cooperation between plant management of the different corporations, (4) an existing infrastructure for material sharing that does not require much retooling, and (5) \"anchor\" tenants (large corporation with resources to support early implementation). Devens Regional Enterprise Zone is a good example of a successful EIP in the United States. Kalundborg became an attractive topic in"}, {"context": "academia as well because of the obvious sustainability advantages of industrial symbiosis. Research conducted on planning and implementation of eco-industrial parks revealed interesting results. Experts argued over the idea of \"planned parks\" versus \"self organized parks\". Research showed systematic failure of forced or planned EIPs. Most successful EIPs originate from industrial symbiosis that occurs naturally during industry life, much like the Kalundborg case. This conclusion served to deflate the momentum that the success of Kalundborg generated. Organizations began to recognize the difficulties associated with forcing eco-industrial parks to coalesce and abandoned the idea. Kalundborg Eco-industrial Park Kalundborg Eco-Industrial Park is"}]}, {"title": "Moslavina", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Moslavina Moslavina () is a microregion in Croatia, administratively divided into the counties of Zagreb, Sisak-Moslavina and Bjelovar-Bilogora. The main city in the region in terms of traffic, commerce and business is the city of Kutina (central Moslavina), with 24,000 citizens. Other important centres are Ivani\u0107-Grad (western Moslavina), \u010cazma, Gare\u0161nica and Popova\u010da. Moslavina borders the Zagreb region on the west and the Slavonia region on the east. The region has a significant amount of natural resources. It also home to part of the nature park Lonjsko Polje, a wetland which is currently under consideration to become a UNESCO World Heritage"}, {"context": "site. The region is home of the companies Petrokemija and Selk, and over 6,000 people in the area are employed in the electronics industry. Moslavina Moslavina () is a microregion in Croatia, administratively divided into the counties of Zagreb, Sisak-Moslavina and Bjelovar-Bilogora. The main city in the region in terms of traffic, commerce and business is the city of Kutina (central Moslavina), with 24,000 citizens. Other important centres are Ivani\u0107-Grad (western Moslavina), \u010cazma, Gare\u0161nica and Popova\u010da. Moslavina borders the Zagreb region on the west and the Slavonia region on the east. The region has a significant amount of natural resources."}]}, {"title": "First Baptist Church (Eudora, Arkansas)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "First Baptist Church (Eudora, Arkansas) The First Baptist Church is a historic church on Arkansas Highway 159 South, south of Eudora, Arkansas. The wood frame church was built in 1900, and rebuilt in 1946 after sustaining significant storm damage. The building is clad in a combination of weatherboard and novelty siding, and is covered by a shingled cross-gable roof. It is topped by a short gable-roofed belltower. The front facade is symmetrically organized around the main entrance, with the door recessed in a projecting section with its own, lower, end gable. The double doors are flanked by three-over-one windows. The"}, {"context": "building is associated with the African-American community that developed in the area during the first half of the 20th century. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. First Baptist Church (Eudora, Arkansas) The First Baptist Church is a historic church on Arkansas Highway 159 South, south of Eudora, Arkansas. The wood frame church was built in 1900, and rebuilt in 1946 after sustaining significant storm damage. The building is clad in a combination of weatherboard and novelty siding, and is covered by a shingled cross-gable roof. It is topped by a short gable-roofed belltower."}]}, {"title": "Madyan, Pakistan", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Madyan, Pakistan Madyan (Pashto and ) is a popular hill station, located at a distance of about from Mingora, in the Swat District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa the Province of Pakistan. It is a beautiful tourist destination. Thousands of tourists from all over Pakistan visit this town each year especially in summer enjoying the cold breeze of Swat River. Madyan is famous for its delicious trout fish. Agriculture and tourism related businesses like handicrafts outlets, restaurants and hotels are the main sources of income, although a small fraction is working abroad specially in gulf countries. Madyan is known as the perfect"}, {"context": "Valley in all over the district because of its perfect weather condition. Tourists are attracted by the perfect transparent and wholly colorless water flows in a stream, begins from Beshigram (\u0628\u0634\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645) Valley and meets with Swat River. Hotels in Madyan Madyan, Pakistan Madyan (Pashto and ) is a popular hill station, located at a distance of about from Mingora, in the Swat District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa the Province of Pakistan. It is a beautiful tourist destination. Thousands of tourists from all over Pakistan visit this town each year especially in summer enjoying the cold breeze of Swat River. Madyan is"}]}, {"title": "Haranpur", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Haranpur Haranpur is a town and union council of Pind Dadan Khan Tehsil in Jhelum District, Punjab province, Pakistan, it is located at 32\u00b036'11N 73\u00b08'53E. During British rule a bridge was built for the Sindsagar line of the North-Western Railway. On the opposite side of the river, at a distance of about 5 miles, lies the old town of Mieni, once a place of distinct importance. In 326 BCE Alexander the Great pitched camp near the town during his invasion, it was one of the few places where the Hydaspes could be forded. In 17th century, the Mughal emperor Jhangir"}, {"context": "went for a hunt, he was chasing a deer, while chasing it his men were left behind. He was alone chasing the deer. A man named Raja Salman Khan (one of the noble people of the area) met him. He killed the deer and gave it to the emperor (Jahangir) - Jahangir became happy and said \"take a horse, till sunset, land you covered will be yours\". Salman Khan took the horse and started moving until sunset he covered almost 3 villages. Jahangir gave him the control of that place which he covered. Haranpur Haranpur is a town and union"}]}, {"title": "Olivia Paoli", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Olivia Paoli Olivia Paoli (1855\u20131942), born in Ponce, Puerto Rico, was a Puerto Rican suffragist, thinker, and activist who fought for the rights of women. She was the sister of Antonio Paoli, the Puerto Rican tenor. She founded the first theosophist lodge in Puerto Rico on 31 December 1906. She was also the director of the magazine \"La Estrella de Oriente\", which was dedicated to publishing the movement's philosophical, religious, and esoteric texts. In her work as an activist, Paoli was a contemporary of Ana Roque, Beatriz Lassalle, Carmen Gomez, and Isabel Andreu de Aguilar. She was also one of"}, {"context": "the architects of the Puerto Rico's suffrage campaign from the 1920s, participating in the Social Suffragette League, of which she was its vice president. In 1875 Paoli married Mario Braschi, and they have nine children: Amalia, Selene, Julio, Estela, Mario, Aida, Poliuto, and the twins Angel and Angelino. Mario Braschi was a liberal journalist who suffered political persecution by the Spanish during the 1880s. Olivia Paoli Olivia Paoli (1855\u20131942), born in Ponce, Puerto Rico, was a Puerto Rican suffragist, thinker, and activist who fought for the rights of women. She was the sister of Antonio Paoli, the Puerto Rican tenor."}]}, {"title": "Clarendon House", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Clarendon House Clarendon House was a town mansion which stood on Piccadilly in London, England, from the 1660s to the 1680s. It was built for the powerful politician Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, and was the grandest private London residence of its era. After the restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, new houses began to spring up in the West End to accommodate Charles II's courtiers. Piccadilly was little more than a country lane, but the land to the north of it was just beginning to be used for housing; the next several decades would see the development"}, {"context": "the whole of this area, which was to become London's leading aristocratic residential district, Mayfair. Two other celebrated mansions were built close to Hyde's at around the same time. To the east Sir John Denham was building the house that later became Burlington House, and to the west Lord Berkeley was building Berkeley House, later Devonshire House. Lord Clarendon acquired the site for his house by royal grant in 1664. Ironically in view of later events he always maintained that he had been reluctant to build such an ostentatious house, but was unable to rent any suitable mansion. Clarendon House"}, {"context": "was built between that year and 1667 to designs by Roger Pratt. It was set well back from the street behind a courtyard. The central section had nine bays and the two side wings were each three bays wide. The house was built on the double pile plan, meaning that it was two rooms deep, and had two main storeys of roughly equal height. There was a raised basement below and a tall attic storey with dormer windows above. The roof was flat and balustraded and topped with a cupola. The style was typical of the English fashion of the"}, {"context": "day, clearly influenced by classical principles, symmetrical and pedimented, but lacking any classical orders. Little is known about the interior layout beyond what can be surmised from the exterior, from Pratt's other works, and from the conventions of the time. It probably had a large top lit central staircase hall and a series of state apartments. It had 101 hearths. Clarendon House was praised both by contemporaries and by later architectural critics. John Evelyn thought it was \"the best contriv'd, the most useful, graceful and magnificent house in England\". Three hundred years later, John Summerson wrote: \"Clarendon House was among"}, {"context": "the first great classical houses to be built in London and easily the most striking of them.\" It was to prove an influential model for future English houses, but its impact was felt much more in the design of country houses than London mansions. Belton House in Lincolnshire, which is sometimes said to be the exemplar of the English country house, was closely based on Clarendon House. In 1667, the same year that his house was finished, Clarendon fell from favour. His image had not been helped by the grandeur of his mansion, which is believed to have cost around"}, {"context": "\u00a340,000. Among the many allegations against him it was charged that he has appropriated stone intended for repairs to St. Paul's Cathedral after the Great Fire to build his house. That same year, on 14 June 1667, Samuel Pepys recorded in his diary: \"...some rude people have been... at my Lord Clarendon's where they cut down the trees before his house and broke his windows.\" In response to the allegations, the King abandoned his former favourite. In 1667, Clarendon fled to France, where he died in 1674. In 1675, his heirs sold Clarendon House to Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of"}, {"context": "Albemarle, for \u00a326,000, and in 1683, Albemarle resold it to a consortium of investors led by Sir Thomas Bond. Bond demolished it and built Dover Street, Albemarle Street, and Bond Street on the site. Albemarle Street ran right through the centre of the site of the house, which had faced directly down St. James's Street. The building of the house and the resentment it caused are major elements in \"The Piccadilly Plot\", the seventh of the Thomas Chaloner series of mystery novels by Susanna Gregory. Clarendon House Clarendon House was a town mansion which stood on Piccadilly in London, England,"}]}, {"title": "Genicanthus melanospilos", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Genicanthus melanospilos Genicanthus melanospilos, the Swallowtail Angelfish, is a species of marine angelfishes in the genus \"Genicanthus\". \"Genicanthus melanospilos\" can reach a length of about in males. It is a typical angel fish with a short, laterally compressed body and a small mouth with tiny teeth. It is similar to \"Genicanthus caudovittatus\". The caudal fin is lyre-shaped, with very long filaments in the adults. These fishes have a total of 15 spines, 15 to 17 dorsal soft rays, 3 anal spines and 17-18 anal soft rays. The male has a pattern of 15 black narrow vertical stripes, with a pale"}, {"context": "blue basic color of the body. The females have no streaks. This widespread species can be found from the Indo-Malayan region to the southwestern Pacific Ocean and from the Ryukyu Islands to New Caledonia and Fiji. It prefers reef slopes with rich coral growth, at a depth of . Genicanthus melanospilos Genicanthus melanospilos, the Swallowtail Angelfish, is a species of marine angelfishes in the genus \"Genicanthus\". \"Genicanthus melanospilos\" can reach a length of about in males. It is a typical angel fish with a short, laterally compressed body and a small mouth with tiny teeth. It is similar to \"Genicanthus"}]}, {"title": "Carlton H. Colwell", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Carlton H. Colwell Carlton H. Colwell (born June 27, 1926) was an American politician in the state of Georgia. Colwell was born in Blairsville, Georgia, in a family with six sons. His father was a farmer. He attended public schooling in Union County, Georgia. He later worked as contractor in Blairsville, founding with his brothers the Colwell Construction Company, after working for General Motors. Colwell served in the Georgia House of Representatives as a Democrat representing district 4 from 1964 until 1991 (140th Georgia General Assembly). He later served as the chairman of the State Institution and Property Committee, overseeing"}, {"context": "the state prison system. Carlton H. Colwell Carlton H. Colwell (born June 27, 1926) was an American politician in the state of Georgia. Colwell was born in Blairsville, Georgia, in a family with six sons. His father was a farmer. He attended public schooling in Union County, Georgia. He later worked as contractor in Blairsville, founding with his brothers the Colwell Construction Company, after working for General Motors. Colwell served in the Georgia House of Representatives as a Democrat representing district 4 from 1964 until 1991 (140th Georgia General Assembly). He later served as the chairman of the State Institution"}]}, {"title": "Takeichi Nishi", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Takeichi Nishi Colonel Baron was an Imperial Japanese Army officer, equestrian show jumper, and Olympic Gold Medalist at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics. He was a tank unit commander at the Battle of Iwo Jima and was killed in action during the defense of the island. Nishi was born in the Azabu district of Tokyo. He was the illegitimate third son of Tokujir\u014d Nishi, a \"danshaku\" (baron under the \"kazoku\" peerage system). His mother was not married to Tokujir\u014d and was forced to leave the house soon after giving birth. His father had various high-level positions in the Ministry of"}, {"context": "Foreign Affairs and Imperial Privy Council, leading up to Ambassador to China's Qing Dynasty during the Boxer Rebellion. Nishi went to Gakushuin pre-school and, while in elementary school, repeatedly got into fights with students of nearby Bancho elementary school. In 1912, at the age of 10, he succeeded to the title of Baron upon the death of his father. In 1915, he entered Tokyo First Junior High School (now Hibiya High School) in accordance with the dying wishes of his father; his classmates included Hideo Kobayashi, future pre-eminent literary critic, and Hisatsune Sakomizu, who would be Chief Cabinet Secretary in"}, {"context": "1945. In September 1917, Nishi entered Hiroshima Army Cadet School, a military preparatory school established on Prussian models, and in 1920 took courses at Tokyo Central Cadet Academy. One of his classmates was Masanobu Tsuji, formerly head student of the Nagoya Academy. He completed his studies at Central Cadet School in six months in April 1920, due to the reorganization of the military schools, and began courses at the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. Midway through his studies, he was attached to the First Cavalry Regiment based in Setagaya, Tokyo. In 1924, he graduated from the Academy, the 13th of the"}, {"context": "19 students in his class, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in October. He went on to the First Cavalry after graduating from Army Cavalry School. He was promoted to lieutenant in October 1927. In 1930, Nishi encountered what would be his favorite horse, Uranus, while in Italy. As the army wouldn't pay for the horse, Nishi bought Uranus with his personal funds. Nishi and Uranus competed in competitions around Europe, doing well. In 1932, when Nishi was a first lieutenant, they participated in the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, winning a gold medal in show jumping individual. This"}, {"context": "remains Japan's only Olympic medal to date in an equestrian event. His victory broke through the general hostility towards Japan that followed from the Mukden Incident and invasion of Manchuria. Westerners, especially Americans, referred to him as Baron Nishi. He was also popular among Japanese Americans, who were ostracized by American society in this period. During his stay in Los Angeles, Nishi became the topic of conversation both for his love of driving convertibles around town and for becoming part of the social circle led by movie legend Charlie Chaplin, movie star couple Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks. After the"}, {"context": "Olympics, he was reassigned to the 16th Narashino Cavalry Regiment and promoted to be a cavalry instructor at the regimental school with the rank of captain, which he was promoted to in August 1933. Nishi and Uranus participated in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany but Nishi fell off his horse mid-course. There is speculation this was intentional and done for the benefit of host country Nazi Germany, with whom Japan would sign the 1940 Tripartite Pact, forming the Axis Powers. The 1936 Show Jumping individual event gold medal was won by Germany. Following this, Nishi was reposted to"}, {"context": "the Tokachi Subdivision of the department responsible for supply of military horses. He was promoted to major in March 1939. In this period, Japan was cutting its cavalry forces and forming tank regiments. Nishi was reassigned the regimental commander of the 26th Tank Regiment, based in Mudanjiang, in northern Manchukuo on defensive duties. He eventually gained the rank of lieutenant colonel in August 1943. In 1944, the 26th Tank Regiment was reassigned to the defense of Iwo Jima under the command of Lieutenant General Tadamichi Kuribayashi. On July 18, 1944, while en route from Pusan to Iwo Jima, the ship"}, {"context": "\"Nisshu Maru\" transporting the regiment was struck by torpedoes fired by submarine . While only two soldiers were killed, all 28 of the tanks in the regiment were lost. Nishi briefly returned to Tokyo to obtain replacement tanks, and eventually received 22 of them. While there, he borrowed the car of Daijiro Kawasaki, future CEO of Daihyaku Insurance (eventually bought out by Manulife Financial), a close friend and a son of the Kawasaki Heavy Industries \"zaibatsu\". When he had a chance, he visited his horse Uranus, who remained at the Bajik\u014den Horse Grounds, Setagaya. On Iwo Jima in 1945, Nishi"}, {"context": "commanded the 26th Tank Regiment under the Ogasawara Corps (IJA 109th Division). He would walk about the island wearing his Herm\u00e8s brand riding boots and carrying his favorite crop. The regimental headquarters, which was located near the village of Maruman, was moved to the eastern part of the island when the battle began. Due to the topography of the island, some of the medium Type 97 Chi-Ha and light Type 95 Ha-Go tanks were placed in hull defilade (buried up to their turrets) and used as fortified emplacements, in particular, against the American M4 Shermans. After extensive air and naval"}, {"context": "gunfire bombardment, the United States Marine Corps launched an amphibious assault on Iwo Jima starting February 19. The American forces, who knew that Nishi was an enemy commander, broadcast daily appeals for him to surrender, stating that the world would regret losing \"Baron Nishi\"; Nishi never responded to those appeals. The American intelligence officer responsible for this attempt was Sy Bartlett of the 315th Bomber Wing out of Guam, who would later write the novel and film screenplay \"Twelve O'Clock High\". In 1966, Bartlett visited Nishi's widow in Tokyo and paid his respects at Yasukuni Shrine. The circumstances of Nishi's"}, {"context": "death are unknown and subject to competing theories. One theory is that he found himself in the midst of enemy forces on the morning of March 21 and was killed by machine gun fire while moving to the regimental headquarters. Another is that he and his aide killed themselves with their pistols near Ginmy\u014dsui or Futagoiwa. Yet another is that he was burnt to death by American flamethrowers on March 22, or that he and several subordinates carried out a final assault and were killed in action. John C. Shively, in his novel \"The Last Lieutenant\", recounts a story told"}, {"context": "by his uncle in which his platoon fires upon a group of Japanese soldiers during the night. In the morning, a body resembling Nishi's was found wearing riding boots and jodhpurs. Shively's uncle was almost certain that this was the body of Nishi. Nishi was 42 years old at the time of the battle. Nishi was posthumously promoted to the rank of colonel. His son Yasunori Nishi (currently vice president of the Association of Iwo-Jima), succeeded him as the 3rd Baron Nishi. His hereditary title was abolished during the American occupation of Japan after the war. \u014cno Kaoru states, \"Few"}, {"context": "people comprehended him and only Uranus understood him.\" Uranus died one week after Nishi. In 1990, Uranus was commemorated at the War Horse Memorial in the History and Folklore Museum in Honbetsu, Hokkaid\u014d. In the 2006 film \"Letters from Iwo Jima\", Baron Nishi was played by Korean-Japanese actor Tsuyoshi Ihara. The film portrays Nishi as being close friends with General Tadamichi Kuribayashi, but in reality, there was antagonism between the two. Nishi ignored Kuribayashi's prohibition on using precious water to wash tanks, as well as the general's orders to punish soldiers who did so. Regardless, the popularity (mainly in Japan)"}, {"context": "of both men as defenders of Iwo Jima grew. An anecdote repeated by Kakehashi Kumiko in the February 2006 issue of \"Bungei Shunju\" magazine is that in the final days of the battle, as the number of commanding officers who refused to put their men in caves increased, Nishi agreed that they should go out and fight together. In the 2006 movie, Nishi uses some of the scarce medical supplies on a wounded US Marine he is questioning. \u014cno Kaoru's biography of Nishi gives credence to this as an actual event. The film also portrays Nishi as having taken his"}, {"context": "own life after being wounded and blinded during the battle. Takeichi Nishi Colonel Baron was an Imperial Japanese Army officer, equestrian show jumper, and Olympic Gold Medalist at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics. He was a tank unit commander at the Battle of Iwo Jima and was killed in action during the defense of the island. Nishi was born in the Azabu district of Tokyo. He was the illegitimate third son of Tokujir\u014d Nishi, a \"danshaku\" (baron under the \"kazoku\" peerage system). His mother was not married to Tokujir\u014d and was forced to leave the house soon after giving birth."}]}, {"title": "West Concord, Massachusetts", "paragraphs": [{"context": "West Concord, Massachusetts West Concord is an unincorporated village and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Concord in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 6,028 at the 2010 census. West Concord is located at (42.454747, -71.400495). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 9.3 km\u00b2 (3.6 mi\u00b2). 8.8 km\u00b2 (3.4 mi\u00b2) of it is land and 0.5 km\u00b2 (0.2 mi\u00b2) of it (5.01%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,632 people, 1,844 households, and 1,296 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 637.7/km\u00b2 (1,651.6/mi\u00b2)."}, {"context": "There were 1,914 housing units at an average density of 216.7/km\u00b2 (561.3/mi\u00b2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 83.59% White, 5.82% Black or African American, 0.11% Native American, 3.50% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 5.61% from other races, and 1.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.18% of the population. There were 1,844 households out of which 34.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.7% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 25.4% of all households were made up"}, {"context": "of individuals and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.00. In the CDP, the population was spread out with 20.3% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 35.3% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 131.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 142.5 males. The median income for a"}, {"context": "household in the CDP was $86,096, and the median income for a family was $102,210. Males had a median income of $56,053 versus $50,774 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $43,271. About 1.9% of families and 3.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.4% of those under age 18 and 5.6% of those age 65 or over. West Concord, Massachusetts West Concord is an unincorporated village and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Concord in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 6,028 at the 2010 census. West Concord is located"}]}, {"title": "Ferdinand F. Rohm", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ferdinand F. Rohm Ferdinand Frederick Rohm (August 30, 1843 \u2013 November 24, 1917) was a native of the German Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg who fought for the federal government of the United States during the American Civil War. He was awarded America\u2019s highest honor for valor, the U.S. Medal of Honor, for his gallantry while fighting with the Union Army as the chief bugler for the 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry during the Second Battle of Ream's Station, Virginia on August 25, 1864. As his regiment retreated under heavy enemy fire that day, he \"remained behind to succor a wounded officer who was"}, {"context": "in great danger, secured assistance, and removed the officer to a place of safety.\" Rohm was then also severely wounded in action less than a year later as his regiment fought at Farmville, Virginia on April 7, 1865 during the war-ending Appomattox Campaign. Born on August 30, 1843, Ferdinand Frederick Rohm was a native of Esslingen in the Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg. On September 1, 1862, at the age of 19, Ferdinand F. Rohm enrolled for Civil War military service in Juniata County, Pennsylvania. He then officially mustered in for duty at Camp Curtin in Harrisburg on September 18 as a"}, {"context": "private with Company F of the 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry. Transported south by rail and then marched to the vicinity of Falmouth, Virginia in early January 1863, and then assigned to operations along the Rappahannock River, Rohm was transferred from Company F to the central command of the 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry, and promoted to the rank of chief bugler on February 1, 1863, Engaged with his regiment in Union cavalry operations at the Rappahannock Bridge and Grove Church (February 5\u20137) and Hartwood Church (February 25), Rohm then helped to call and direct his fellow 16th Pennsylvania Cavalrymen in combat in the"}, {"context": "Battle of Kelly's Ford (March 17); operations near Bealeton Station (April 13\u201327) and Elk Run (April 13); the Chancellorsville Campaign (April 26 \u2013 May 8), including Stoneman\u2019s 1863 Raid (April 13 \u2013 May 10) and actions at Kelly's Ford (April 29) and Ely's Ford (May 2); the Gettysburg Campaign (June 3 \u2013 July 24), including the battles of Brandy Station (June 9), Aldie (June 17), Middleburg (June 18\u201319), and Gettysburg (July 1\u2013 3), as well as operations at Steven\u2019s Furnace (July 5) and Shepherdstown, West Virginia (July 14\u201316); the Union's advance to the Rapidan (September 13\u201317), which included the Battle"}, {"context": "of Culpeper Court House (September 13); the Bristoe Campaign (October 9\u201322), which included the First Battle of Auburn (October 13) and the Battle of Bristoe Station (October 14); and the Mine Run Campaign (November 26 \u2013 December 2). Engaged with his regiment in Kilpatrick's Raid on Richmond from February 28 through March 4, 1864, Rohm continued to help call and direct his fellow 16th Pennsylvania Cavalrymen in battle as chief bugler for his regiment during the Battle of the Wilderness (May 5\u20138) as part of Union Lt. General Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s Overland Campaign, and during Major-General Philip H. Sheridan\u2019s raids"}, {"context": "along the James River (May 9\u201314), including the battles of Yellow Tavern (May 11) and Totopotomoy Creek (May 2 \u201331). Continuing to fight with his regiment during Grant\u2019s Overland Campaign in the Battle of Haw's Shop (May 28), Rohm then also called the 16th Pennsylvania to battle at Cold Harbor (May 31 \u2013 June 1), Trevilian Station (June 11\u201312) and Saint Mary\u2019s Church (June 24). The evening before the battle we had quite a conflict with Gen. Hill's corps, which was massing in front of us. We kept a sharp lookout, expecting a hot fight the next day. And sure"}, {"context": "enough, our expectations were realized. The following morning, after a great deal of maneuvering and picketing, the enemy attacked us with a regiment of cavalry. We were apprised of the attack in advance by our pickets and by forming quickly we were able to repulse them. The [officer] who led the charge was killed and his men driven back into the lines. Directly after their retreat a heavy skirmish line of the rebels appeared. It was followed by a line of battle which opened fire on us. We suffered considerably from their fire and fell back toward our infantry. Just"}, {"context": "after we had passed a small piece of woods about 10 yards from our line of entrenchments I noticed a field officer lying on his back in the dust in the middle of the road, waving his hand toward us. My attention was particularly attracted to him by the fine, new dress uniform and the shoulder straps of a colonel which he wore. As I drew nearer I saw he was wounded. I knew if we did not take him along he would be captured by the enemy or killed. I jumped on my horse and upon examination saw he"}, {"context": "was shot through the thigh. I had three of our pioneers dismount and assist. Afterward, Rohm and his regiment continued to fight on \u2013 in the battles of Poplar Springs Church (September 29 \u2013 October 2), Boydton Plank Road (October 27\u201328), and Hatcher\u2019s Run (February 5\u20137) before engaging in the war-ending Appomattox Campaign (March 28 \u2013 April 9), which included the battles of Dinwiddie Court House (March 30\u201331), Five Forks (April 1), Amelia Springs (April 5), and Sailor's Creek (April 6). The next day, both Rohm and his commanding officer, Colonel John Robinson, were severely wounded in action. According to"}, {"context": "Jari Villanueva, Non-Commissioned Officer In Charge, U.S Air Force Band and ceremonial trumpeter, Arlington National Cemetery (retired), and the artistic director of the National Association for Civil War Brass Music, Inc., Rohm, as the regimental bugler, had been by Robinson's side throughout numerous battles and had developed a close, working relationship with his superior. On April 7, 1865, as the duo led the 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry in a sabre charge against near Farmville, Virginia, both were felled \u2014 Rohm by a minie ball which struck the left side of his head. Successfully treated for his battle wounds, but now deaf"}, {"context": "in his left ear, according to the 1890 U.S. Census of Union Veterans and Widows of the Civil War, Rohm was honorably discharged on a surgeon\u2019s certificate of disability on June 15, 1865, and sent home to Pennsylvania. Following his honorable discharge from the military, Rohm wed Mary Lindsay (1840\u20131930), a native of Ireland, who was a daughter of Edward Lindsay (1802\u20131867) and Mary (Armstrong) Lindsay (1806\u20131889). He and his wife then began to build a life with the births of their children Pauline (1870\u20131959); Edward, Frederick and Mary (born circa 1872, 1873 and 1876); Nancy L. (1877\u20131946); William (born"}, {"context": "circa 1879); and Dorothy (1883\u20131957) at their home in Juniata County on what had been the property of Dennis Christie during the mid-1700s (and later that of J. Shelburn Robinson). Appointed to the park police at the Pennsylvania\u2019s State Arsenal in 1887 by Pennsylvania Governor James Addams Beaver, the Union officer whose life he had saved at Ream\u2019s Station nearly a quarter of a century earlier, Rohm continued his employment with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania\u2019s Public Grounds and Buildings department as a watchman into the 1890s and early 1900s. In 1912, Rohm was promoted to the rank of sergeant with"}, {"context": "the Capitol Police. On Monday morning, November 18, 1917, Rohm \"stricken with apoplexy \u2026 while talking to another Capitol guard in the rotunda of the Capitol\" after having \"just returned from the Governor's office where he had formally filed an application for retirement under the State pension act which provides half salary for men who have served the Commonwealth for thirty years or more\", according to newspaper accounts of the incident. The \"Harrisburg Telegraph\" reported that: Frederick F. Rohm, of Patterson, Juniata county, sergeant of the State Capitol Police, and known to many men in public life in Pennsylvania, was"}, {"context": "stricken with paralysis while on duty in the Rotunda of the State Capitol to-day and was taken to the Harrisburg Hospital in a serious condition. Mr. Rohm, who is seventy-four, had just finished preparation of papers to be submitted to the Governor for retirement under the act providing for pensioning of state employees who have passed the age of seventy and have been in state service over twenty years. Mr. Rohm was a member of the First Pennsylvania or Juniata Cavalry in the Civil War and received a Congressional medal of honor. He carried the late Governor James A. Beaver"}, {"context": "from the battlefield at Brandy Station [sic] when the future governor was desperately wounded. He has been connected with the Capitol Police for years and has been sergeant for the last five. Transferred to Harrisburg\u2019s Polyclinic Hospital sometime thereafter, he died there on November 24, 1917, and was buried at the Westminster Presbyterian Cemetery in Mifflintown, Juniata County. Rank and Organization: Chief Bugler, 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry. Place and Date: At Ream\u2019s Station, Va., August 25, 1864. Entered Service at: Juniata County, Pa. Date of Issue: October 16, 1897. Citation: Rohm, Frederic William. \"No Braver Man: Ferdinand F. Rohm, Chief Bugler,"}, {"context": "16th Pennsylvania Cavalry: A True Story of the American Civil War, Union Cavalry, and the Medal of Honor\". Fredericksburg, Virginia: Sergeant Kirkland's Press, 1998. Ferdinand F. Rohm Ferdinand Frederick Rohm (August 30, 1843 \u2013 November 24, 1917) was a native of the German Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg who fought for the federal government of the United States during the American Civil War. He was awarded America\u2019s highest honor for valor, the U.S. Medal of Honor, for his gallantry while fighting with the Union Army as the chief bugler for the 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry during the Second Battle of Ream's Station, Virginia"}]}, {"title": "Rajesh Vankar", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Rajesh Vankar Rajesh Vankar (Gujarati:\u0ab0\u0abe\u0a9c\u0ac7\u0ab6 \u0ab5\u0aa3\u0a95\u0ab0) is a Gujarati language writer from Gujarat, India. He won the Yuva Puraskar of Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi in 2015 for his story collection \"Maalo\". He is currently an editor of \"Parivesh\". Rajesh Vankar was born on 4 September 1981 in Bahi, village in Shehra of Panchmahal district. He is native of Rampura Jodka near Godhra, Gujarat. He took his primary education from Prathamik Shala Rampura and Prathamik Shala Jodka. He completed his Std. 12 in 1999 from Shri G.D Shah and Pandya High School, Mahelol. He started his college from J.L.K Kotecha and"}, {"context": "Gardi College, Kankanpur in 2000 but failed in exam of first year. Then, he took admission in Gujarati department of M.S University and graduated in 2004. He obtained his Ph.D degrees in 2009 from the same university for his research \"Gujarati Tunki Vartama Pariveshni Karyasadhakta\" (Function of Setting in Gujarati short stories). His Guide for Ph.D Degree was Jayesh Bhogayta, a Gujarati writer. In 2012, he earned M.Phil from Gujarati Department of Mumbai University for his research \"Vicharti Vimukta Jatini Vartao\" (Sories of nomadic communities). Vankar married Hetal in 2013, and they have a son, Bhargav. He has been writing"}, {"context": "poetry from a young age and was first published at the age of fifteen. In 2003, his short story came out for first time in \"Tadarthya\", a Gujarati language monthly journal. Subsequently, His writing has also been published in \"Tadarthya, Kavi, Tamanna, Hayati', Dalitchetna, Shabdasrishti\", and \"Tathapi\". He has served as Assistant professor at the Government Arts and Science College, Morva (Hadaf) near Godhra since 2015. Before that, he taught at graduate and postgraduate level at M.S University, Vadodara. He is a member in a committee of Kabir Dalit Sahitya Award since 2012 and also serving as a secretary of"}, {"context": "Panchmahal Pradesh Yuva Vikas Sanstha. His works include a collection of poetry, \"Tarbheto\" (2009) and a collection of short stories, \"Malo\" (2009). \"Pidapratyayan\" (2012) is a work of literary criticism by him. His research work \"Gujarati Tunki Vartama Pariveshni Karyasadhakta\" (Function of setting in Gujarati Short Stories) have won The Best Book Prize (2012) instituted by Gujarat Sahitya Akademi. In 2015, he was awarded Yuva Puraskar by Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi for his short story collection \"Maalo\". Rajesh Vankar Rajesh Vankar (Gujarati:\u0ab0\u0abe\u0a9c\u0ac7\u0ab6 \u0ab5\u0aa3\u0a95\u0ab0) is a Gujarati language writer from Gujarat, India. He won the Yuva Puraskar of Sahitya Akademi, New"}]}, {"title": "Haggis pakora", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Haggis pakora Haggis pakora is a Scottish snack food that combines traditional Scottish haggis ingredients with the spices, batter and preparation method of Indian pakoras. It has become a popular food in Indian restaurants in Scotland, and is also available in prepared form in supermarkets. Haggis pakora has been described as a \"highly improbable Indo-Caledonian alliance making use of the Scots' most potent culinary weapons: sheep pluck (heart, liver and lungs) and deep-fat frying.\" It has more fondly been called \"an inspired example of Indo-Gael fusion.\" Haggis pakoras are just one of the many haggis fusion foods that have arisen"}, {"context": "in recent years. Others include haggis samosas, haggis spring rolls, haggis lasagne and haggis quesadillas. Often these use vegetarian haggis rather than the traditional haggis made from a sheep's stomach stuffed with the chopped up lung, heart and liver of the sheep mixed with oatmeal. The dish appears to have been the creation of the Sikh community, which has retained its identity while embracing many aspects of Scottish culture. Haggis pakoras have become popular appetizers in Indian restaurants in Scotland, where they appeal to the national predilection for deep-fried food. In 2013 it was reported that a Greenock meat products"}, {"context": "company had launched prepared haggis pakoras. The product had won the Best Innovative Product prize at the BPEX Foodservice Awards 2013. Prepared haggis pakoras are available from supermarkets. The Scottish celebrity chef Tony Singh served haggis pakora at a pop-up restaurant during the 2015 Edinburgh Festival. The haggis is cooked in its skin in the normal way. The skin is discarded and the contents (meat, oats, etc.) broken up with a fork. The mixture may be spiced with ginger, cumin seeds, coriander seeds, turmeric and garam masala. A thick batter is made of gram flour, chili powder, cumin, salt, yogurt"}, {"context": "and lemon juice. The meat is shaped into balls, coated with the batter and then deep fried in oil. The pakora is fried for 3\u20134 minutes, and is ready when the batter is crisp and golden. Haggis pakoras are normally served with a dipping sauce made of chopped tomatoes, ketchup, cayenne, paprika, chili sauce, lemon juice and beef stock. They may also be served with a creamy yogurt sauce. Haggis pakoras may also be made from vegetarian haggis, and may be served with mango chutney in place of the dipping sauce. Another variant places vegetarian haggis inside mushroom caps, which"}, {"context": "are then battered and fried as before. Haggis pakora Haggis pakora is a Scottish snack food that combines traditional Scottish haggis ingredients with the spices, batter and preparation method of Indian pakoras. It has become a popular food in Indian restaurants in Scotland, and is also available in prepared form in supermarkets. Haggis pakora has been described as a \"highly improbable Indo-Caledonian alliance making use of the Scots' most potent culinary weapons: sheep pluck (heart, liver and lungs) and deep-fat frying.\" It has more fondly been called \"an inspired example of Indo-Gael fusion.\" Haggis pakoras are just one of the"}]}, {"title": "Maryland Classic Youth Orchestras", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Maryland Classic Youth Orchestras The Maryland Classic Youth Orchestras (MCYO), is a youth orchestra program in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area. Along with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra and the National Philharmonic, MCYO is affiliated with the Strathmore music center. MCYO's programs include a harp ensemble, several chamber ensembles, three string orchestras and three full orchestras. In total, MCYO consists of over 450 young musicians in grades 3 though 12. MCYO was the impetus for starting the Gifted and Talented program run by the Maryland State Department of Education. MCYO has been at the forefront of music education in Maryland for all"}, {"context": "of its long and eventful history. Founded in 1946, MCYO has continued a vibrant orchestral program for talented youth. The mission of the Maryland Classic Youth Orchestras is to nurture and develop and advance talented young musicians and enrich the community with a quality orchestral experience. The MCYO program creates a seamless connection between the artistic and the educational experience. MCYO now enjoys its first permanent home in the grand Music Center at Strathmore. Over the years, MCYO has added several ensembles to expand its outreach to talented youth. With the help and support of public school music teachers, private"}, {"context": "school music teachers, and private studio music teachers, the caliber and number of musicians has increased dramatically. Currently there are over 400 young musicians involved in MCYO selected from over 1200 aspiring musicians. Many honors have been bestowed upon MCYO. In 1964 in Philadelphia, the Philharmonic performed at the Music Educators National Conference (MENC) Bicentennial Conference. Its summer music camp at Deep Creek Lake in 1965 formed the basis of the Maryland Center for the Arts with instruction broadened to include dance, drama, and visual arts. The Maryland Center for the Arts is now operated by the State of Maryland"}, {"context": "at Goucher College in Towson and Salisbury State in Salisbury, Maryland. In 1969 the Philharmonic was the first American orchestra to perform at the International Festival of Youth in Switzerland. In 1971 MCYO traveled to Europe, performing in Salzburg, Dubrovnik and Zagreb. In 1977 MCYO performed at the first American Festival of Youth Orchestras. In 1981, the Philharmonic was the first youth orchestra to be showcased at the Kennedy Center. Hundreds of thousands of listeners heard the Philharmonic on the WMAL Christmas Eve day concert, \u201cLive from the Kennedy Center,\u201d live and on the radio. This was a longstanding tradition"}, {"context": "through 2003. In 1987 the Symphony was selected to perform at the MENC Eastern Division Conference in Baltimore. In 1995 the Philharmonic and Symphony toured England and Wales as MCYO began its 50th season. The 50th Anniversary Concert premiered Andreas Makris\u2019 \"Antithesis.\" Later that year, the Philharmonic was invited to and performed at the prestigious Mid-West International Band and Orchestra Clinic in Chicago. Two years later, the Philharmonic again performed at the MENC Eastern Division Conference in Baltimore at which it gave the World Premiere of \"Echoes of a Forgotten Dream\", a composition commissioned by Joseph J. McIntrye. In 1999"}, {"context": "the Philharmonic traveled to Austria, touring four cities as part of the Johann Strauss Centennial Celebration. In 2000 the Philharmonic was one of twenty music ensembles from across the USA selected from over two hundred applicants to perform at the MENC National Conference in Washington, DC, at which it gave the World Premiere of \"Echoes of a Forgotten Dream\", a composition commissioned by Joseph J. McIntrye. In June 2002 the Philharmonic made its Carnegie Hall debut in New York City. Also, in 2002, MCYO changed its name from Montgomery County Youth Orchestras to Maryland Classic Youth Orchestras, keeping the acronym"}, {"context": "MCYO. In 2005 MCYO became a resident partner at The Music Center at Strathmore. Travel abroad returned in June 2009 when the Philharmonic performed in Austria and the Czech Republic. In December 2010 they performed for the 25th Silver Anniversary of the London New Year's Celebration and Parade in Great Britain. In May 2011 the Chamber Strings and Chamber Orchestra made their debut at Carnegie Hall. Philharmonic members annually perform with the National Symphony on the NSO Youth Orchestra Day. Select MCYO musicians participate in the NSO Fellowship program, and participate in master classes with renowned soloists and teachers. From"}, {"context": "1993 various MCYO musicians have performed with the National Symphony Summer Music Institute. Since 1997, select MCYO musicians have augmented the National Festival Orchestra in New York City, performing with college, conservatory and select high school musicians from across the US and Canada in Carnegie Hall. In the fall of 2006, MCYO and the Baltimore Symphony began a collaboration whereby BSO musicians present Master Class experiences and coaching services to MCYO musicians. Over the years, many MCYO alumni have continued their music education in such leading institutions as The Juilliard School, the Curtis Institute of Music, the Eastman School of"}, {"context": "Music, Oberlin Conservatory, the New England Conservatory, Peabody Institute, Indiana University, Northwestern University, and the Hartt School of Music. MCYO has been represented by its members in many of the leading professional orchestras in America and Europe, and some have become music teachers. MCYO has made its mark on the music world and will continue to do so. Maryland Classic Youth Orchestras The Maryland Classic Youth Orchestras (MCYO), is a youth orchestra program in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area. Along with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra and the National Philharmonic, MCYO is affiliated with the Strathmore music center. MCYO's programs include a"}]}, {"title": "Boris Berezovsky (pianist)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Boris Berezovsky (pianist) Boris Vadimovich Berezovsky () is a Russian pianist. Berezovsky studied at the Moscow Conservatory with Eliso Virsaladze and privately with Alexander Satz. Following his London d\u00e9but at the Wigmore Hall in 1988, \"The Times\" described him as \"an artist of exceptional promise, a player of dazzling virtuosity and formidable power.\" In May 2005 he had his first solo recital in Th\u00e9\u00e2tre des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es in Paris and played in the same venue in January 2006 with the Orchestre National de France. In January 2007 he played seven recitals \"Carte Blanche\" in the Louvre. In May 2009, he premiered"}, {"context": "Karol Beffa's \"Piano concerto\" in Toulouse, with Orchestre National du Capitole de Toulouse and Tugan Sokhiev as conductor. He has initiated and organized the \"International Medtner Festival\" that took place 2006 and 2007 in Moscow, Yekaterinburg and Vladimir, as he has championed the composer since the early 1990s and has been one of the foremost recent interpreters of Medtner's music. Berezovsky's recordings of the complete Beethoven Piano concertos with the Swedish Chamber Orchestra with Thomas Dausgaard have been greeted with high critical acclaim. He has made a considerable number of records for Teldec, including solo discs of works by Chopin,"}, {"context": "Schumann, Rachmaninoff, Mussorgsky, Balakirev, Medtner, Ravel and the complete Liszt \"Transcendental Etudes\". With the Mirare Label, he has recorded the Rachmaninoff \"Pr\u00e9ludes\" (May 2005) as well as that composer's complete \"Piano Concertos\" with the Ural Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Dmitri Liss (August 2005). His album Tchaikovsky \"Piano Concerto No. 1\" and Khachaturian \"Piano \u0421oncerto\" (Ural Philharmonic Orchestra/Dmitry Liss) was released on April 2006 in the UK. The most recent recordings are Medtner \"Tales & Poems\" with Yana Ivanilova (soprano), Vassily Savenko (baritone) (Mirare 2008), Medtner \"Two pieces for two pianos\", Op. 58, with Hamish Milne (piano) in: Medtner \"Complete Piano"}, {"context": "Sonatas; Piano Works \u2014 Vol. 7\" (Brilliant Classics 2008), Rachmaninoff \"Suite No. 1 for two pianos\", Op. 5 & \"Suite No. 2 for two pianos\", Op. 17, with Brigitte Engerer (piano) (Mirare 2008). In 2010 Berezovsky released a record of his Liszt recital (Mirare 2008). His recording of selected works by Brahms (Piano Concerto No. 2, Variations on a Theme of Paganini, and Hungarian Dances Nos. 1, 2 & 4) was released in January 2011 (Mirare). More recently, Berezovsky released a recording of the Piano Concerto no. 2 by Tchaikovsky and other selected works (also with Mirare). Berezovsky won the"}, {"context": "Gold Medal at the 1990 International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow. Boris Berezovsky (pianist) Boris Vadimovich Berezovsky () is a Russian pianist. Berezovsky studied at the Moscow Conservatory with Eliso Virsaladze and privately with Alexander Satz. Following his London d\u00e9but at the Wigmore Hall in 1988, \"The Times\" described him as \"an artist of exceptional promise, a player of dazzling virtuosity and formidable power.\" In May 2005 he had his first solo recital in Th\u00e9\u00e2tre des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es in Paris and played in the same venue in January 2006 with the Orchestre National de France. In January 2007 he played seven recitals"}]}, {"title": "Burcombe", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Burcombe Burcombe is a village and (by the name of Burcombe Without) a civil parish in Wiltshire, England. The village is about west of Salisbury city centre and lies each side of an unclassified road. Burcombe is an unspoiled village with many of the houses' gardens leading down to the River Nadder. The parish includes the hamlet of Ugford which is on the A30 road near the boundary with Wilton parish. The name is thought to derive from the Saxon name of Brydancumb or Bryda's Valley. At one time in antiquity the village was called South Burcombe and had a"}, {"context": "twin, North Burcombe, which stood on the north side of what is now the A30 road. Nothing remains of North Burcombe but the church. Evidence of Neolithic or Bronze Age activity in the area includes, in the south of the parish, a round barrow at the top of a steep slope overlooking Punch Bowl Bottom, a deep valley in the downland with a semicircular head. Part of the northern boundary of Burcombe parish follows Grovely Ditch or Grim's Ditch, an iron age earthwork. Ugford House is dated 1636. Much of the housing in Burcombe village was built by the Wilton"}, {"context": "estate, including Burcombe Manor, a farmhouse dated 1865. The ancient parish of Burcombe extended further west towards Ditchampton and Wilton. In 1885 Wilton's boundaries were enlarged to include part of Burcombe, which was known for a short time as Burcombe Within; in 1934 a further small part of Burcombe was transferred to Wilton. Until 1884, North Ugford (comprising the present-day hamlet and an area of farmland, all north of the river) was part of South Newton parish. A church stood in the 13th century but there is no record of it after 1535. The 1934 enlargement of Wilton took some"}, {"context": "of the Ugford land, thus Wilton's western boundary is now just east of Ugford hamlet. The Church of England parish church of St John is built on higher ground near the A30 road, to the north of the village centre, it is assumed to protect it from the possibility of flooding from the river in the lower part of the valley. It was permitted by the Abbesses of Wilton and has features in the corner work of the masonry which indicate strongly that it was originally of Saxon construction, although it has undergone many changes, including restoration in 1859 by"}, {"context": "T.H. Wyatt. The church is unusual in that it has a tower, rebuilt in 1667, which is lower than the nave roof. In 1960 the church was designated as a Grade II* listed building. It was declared redundant in 2005 and its sale was proposed in 2007. When John Speed prepared a map of Wiltshire he copied a version by Christopher Saxton which contained the annotation Quare (possibly \"query\") over the site of South Burcombe. It is thought that he intended to check the name later, but never did. Later map printers copied Speed's error and the Quare maps of"}, {"context": "Wiltshire appeared for 145 years until the mistake was rectified. The Ship Inn at Burcombe is a 17th-century village pub with whitewashed walls, low ceilings with oak beams and a large open fire. The village has a butcher's shop and a small suite of rented offices. Burcombe Burcombe is a village and (by the name of Burcombe Without) a civil parish in Wiltshire, England. The village is about west of Salisbury city centre and lies each side of an unclassified road. Burcombe is an unspoiled village with many of the houses' gardens leading down to the River Nadder. The parish"}]}, {"title": "Cyril Hollinshead", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Cyril Hollinshead Cyril Hollinshead (26 May 1902 \u2013 25 November 1995) was an English cricketer. Hollinshead was a left-handed batsman who bowled left-arm fast-medium. He was born at Timberland, Lincolnshire. In 1931, Hollinshead played a single Minor Counties Championship match for Lincolnshire against Bedfordshire. Fifteen years later, following the Second World War, he played a single first-class match for Gloucestershire against Cambridge University at the Wagon Works Ground in Gloucester. In his only first-class match he wasn't required to bat and bowled 5 wicketless overs. In 1947, he represented the Gloucestershire Second XI in a Minor Counties Championship match against"}, {"context": "the Surrey Second XI at The Oval. Hollinshead died at Cheltenham, Gloucestershire on 25 November 1995. Cyril Hollinshead Cyril Hollinshead (26 May 1902 \u2013 25 November 1995) was an English cricketer. Hollinshead was a left-handed batsman who bowled left-arm fast-medium. He was born at Timberland, Lincolnshire. In 1931, Hollinshead played a single Minor Counties Championship match for Lincolnshire against Bedfordshire. Fifteen years later, following the Second World War, he played a single first-class match for Gloucestershire against Cambridge University at the Wagon Works Ground in Gloucester. In his only first-class match he wasn't required to bat and bowled 5 wicketless"}]}, {"title": "South Portland High School", "paragraphs": [{"context": "South Portland High School South Portland High School is a public high school located in South Portland, Maine. The first high school in what is now South Portland was built in 1874 while the City was part of Cape Elizabeth, Maine. The school was on the 2nd floor of a new municipal building built in 1874 until that building burnt down in 1921. The current building on Highland Avenue was erected in 1952, with a gymnasium added in 1958, an annex in 1962, and an auditorium and cafeteria in 1997. It was originally built for middle school students until the"}, {"context": "high school and middle school switched building in 1960. The current high school building has been renovated and expanded. Renovation was approved in a 2010 referendum, and groundbreaking took place in May 2012. Over 100,000 square feet was added to the school. The first stage of expansion to the school was complete in early January 2014. On January 3, 2015, the final phase of the renovations were completed and staff moved into the building to set up for class on January 5. In total, the project lasted 33 months and cost a total of $47.3 million. It was believed to"}, {"context": "be the most expensive high school project in Maine history paid for entirely without state funds. South Portland High School South Portland High School is a public high school located in South Portland, Maine. The first high school in what is now South Portland was built in 1874 while the City was part of Cape Elizabeth, Maine. The school was on the 2nd floor of a new municipal building built in 1874 until that building burnt down in 1921. The current building on Highland Avenue was erected in 1952, with a gymnasium added in 1958, an annex in 1962, and"}]}, {"title": "Prince Jazzbo", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Prince Jazzbo Linval Roy Carter (3 September 1951 \u2013 11 September 2013), better known as Prince Jazzbo, was a Jamaican reggae and dancehall deejay and producer. Born in Clarendon Parish, Jamaica and raised in Kingston, Linval Roy Carter (who would become known professionally as Prince Jazzbo) began his career with sound systems such as The Whip in Spanish Town. He began recording with Coxsone Dodd's Studio One label in the early 1970s under the name Prince Jazzbo, and also recorded for Glen Brown and Lee \"Scratch\" Perry. He went on to work on his own releases with Bunny Lee, producing"}, {"context": "as well in collaboration with many artists as a vocalist and producer for labels including his own, Ujama. The Perry-produced album \"Super Ape\" featured Jazzbo toasting on \"Croaking Lizard\". Jazzbo and fellow toaster I-Roy had a well reported, but friendly and mutually beneficial on-record clash during 1975, including the cuts \"Straight to Jazzbo's Head\" from I-Roy and the retort, \"Straight to I-Roy's Head\" from Prince Jazzbo. Prince Jazzbo's early work with Clement \"Coxsone\" Dodd at Studio One produced several hits in 1972-1974 including: \"School\", \"Fool For Love\" and \"Imperial I\". His first hit in 1972 with Coxsone though was a"}, {"context": "version of Horace Andy's \"Skylarking\", which he re-worked as \"Crabwalking\". He ran the Ujama record label for many years. His very last message to the world and testament tune is known as 'All Haffi Bow' on a Ujama style riddim cut produced by AIRPUFF Records label on 6 September 2013. Carter died on 11 September 2013, aged 62, after a battle with lung cancer. Prince Jazzbo Linval Roy Carter (3 September 1951 \u2013 11 September 2013), better known as Prince Jazzbo, was a Jamaican reggae and dancehall deejay and producer. Born in Clarendon Parish, Jamaica and raised in Kingston, Linval"}]}, {"title": "Museum of Monterey", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Museum of Monterey The Museum of Monterey - Stanton Center, also known as the Monterey History & Maritime Museum, tells the history of Monterey and the surrounding area through the lens of its connection to the sea. Free to the public, it houses thousands of artifacts. It includes permanent exhibits on the USS Macon disaster off Point Sur, the Ohlone and Rumsien tribes that once lived in the area, the Spanish exploration of the California coast and the Monterey sardine industry. It is operated by the Monterey History and Art Association. The museum began in 1971 as the Allen Knight"}, {"context": "Maritime Museum. It was located in the basement of the Monterey Museum of Art, and principally housed the collection of Allen Knight, who briefly worked as a sailor in 1916 and collected artifacts and memorabilia related to maritime activities throughout his life. The proposal for a new maritime museum was approved in 1982, but funding was not fully acquired until 1991. On July 15, 1991, construction began on the current Maritime and History Museum in Custom House Plaza. The museum opened on October 31, 1992. Museum of Monterey The Museum of Monterey - Stanton Center, also known as the Monterey"}]}, {"title": "Sandalore", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sandalore Sandalore is a synthetic sandalwood odorant with odor in some ways similar to sandalwood and consequently used in perfumes, emollients, and skin cleaning agents. Sandalore, and the similar brahmanol, have been identified as agonists of the cutaneous olfactory receptor OR2AT4, and found to induce strong Ca signals in cultured human keratinocytes. The long-term stimulation of keratinocytes with Sandalore positively affected cell proliferation and migration, and regeneration of keratinocyte monolayers in an \"in vitro\" wound scratch assay (i.e., sandalore stimulation also enhanced epidermal \"wound healing\" in human skin organ cultures). Natural sandalwood oil and other synthetic sandalwood odorants did not"}, {"context": "have the same effect. Sandalore Sandalore is a synthetic sandalwood odorant with odor in some ways similar to sandalwood and consequently used in perfumes, emollients, and skin cleaning agents. Sandalore, and the similar brahmanol, have been identified as agonists of the cutaneous olfactory receptor OR2AT4, and found to induce strong Ca signals in cultured human keratinocytes. The long-term stimulation of keratinocytes with Sandalore positively affected cell proliferation and migration, and regeneration of keratinocyte monolayers in an \"in vitro\" wound scratch assay (i.e., sandalore stimulation also enhanced epidermal \"wound healing\" in human skin organ cultures). Natural sandalwood oil and other synthetic"}]}, {"title": "Bulletproof (comics)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bulletproof (comics) Bulletproof is a fictional character, a comic book superhero from the Image Comics series \"Invincible\". His first appearance was in \"Invincible\" #9. Before the name \"Invincible\" was settled on, \"Bulletproof\" was one of the proposed names of the main character of the series. Bulletproof's costume also appears to be based on early designs for Invincible's costume, and in Invincible's first visit to Art Rosenbaum, the tailor who supplies his costumes, Art's initial offering ends up being worn by Bulletproof. In \"Invincible\" #89, Bulletproof takes up the Invincible mantle while Mark recovers from the Scourge Virus. Bulletproof attended the"}, {"context": "auditions for the new Guardians of the Globe held after the original Guardians were murdered. At this time he was not selected; however, after Robot's chosen team failed to live up to expectations, Donald, the Guardians' government liaison, made some changes to the team, including adding Bulletproof to the roster. As well as being super fast (almost as fast as Red Rush) and having the ability to fly, Bulletproof is apparently almost as invulnerable as Omni-Man, although according to Bulletproof \"not nearly as evil.\" Despite his supposed invulnerability, early in his career with the Guardians of the Globe, Bulletproof was"}, {"context": "hospitalized for several weeks after an encounter with the extraterrestrial creature Battle Beast. He has subsequently made a full recovery and remains an active member of the Guardians. Bulletproof had a twin brother. It was revealed that his parents favoured this twin over Bulletproof; potentially because they disapproved of his career choice (artist) over that of his brother (scientist). It was revealed that Bulletproof's brother was inadvertently responsible for the development of his powers. During a botched experiement Bulletproof's brother attempted to kill him in an attempt to get powers of his own. Bulletproof survived the experiment and concealed the"}, {"context": "death of his brother for over a year. Bulletproof impersonated his brother, often visiting his parents as his brother and finding that he enjoyed having the love and approval of his parents even if it was not truly being given to him. Finally during a dinner with his parents and fianc\u00e9e Bulletproof revealed the truth. His parents refused to accept his version of the death of his twin, blaming him for his twin's death and unleashing a tirade of verbal abuse on him accompanied by threats that they would go to the police. Bulletproof's fianc\u00e9e lost her temper and hit"}, {"context": "his mother in the head with a frying pan, killing her. His father began to choke his fianc\u00e9e and in a combination of panic, grief and rejection, Bulletproof killed his father. Bulletproof later concealed the crime by flying his parents' car with their bodies in it to a remote road and tossing the car off a cliff by the road. Bulletproof betrayed the remaining Guardians of the Globe who had survived Robot's initial assault as part of his plan for taking control of the world. Bulletproof revealed the survivors' location to Robot in return for his freedom under Robot's new"}, {"context": "world order. Bulletproof (comics) Bulletproof is a fictional character, a comic book superhero from the Image Comics series \"Invincible\". His first appearance was in \"Invincible\" #9. Before the name \"Invincible\" was settled on, \"Bulletproof\" was one of the proposed names of the main character of the series. Bulletproof's costume also appears to be based on early designs for Invincible's costume, and in Invincible's first visit to Art Rosenbaum, the tailor who supplies his costumes, Art's initial offering ends up being worn by Bulletproof. In \"Invincible\" #89, Bulletproof takes up the Invincible mantle while Mark recovers from the Scourge Virus. Bulletproof"}]}, {"title": "Hokuriku Railroad", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hokuriku Railroad The is a transportation company in Kanazawa, Japan. The company or its lines are commonly known as . The company was founded in 1943, when all the private railway and bus operators in Ishikawa Prefecture were merged into one. Some of its lines, however, have their roots from horse car lines in the 19th century. Hokutetsu once had an extensive railway network in the prefecture with 13 heavy rail lines and 1 tram line, but only 2 heavy rail lines still survive today. Now the company primary functions as a bus operator. It also operates as the agency"}, {"context": "of All Nippon Airways in Kanazawa area. Its lines accept ICa, a smart card ticketing system. However, the railway lines only accept the commuter passes, not the prepaid cards. Including the discontinued sections of current lines. Together with its subsidiaries, the Hokutetsu group dominates the bus lines in Ishikawa Prefecture. Hokuriku Railroad itself operates local buses inside Kanazawa City, which is the most important public transportation in the area. The company also operates highway buses linking the city and other parts of Japan, including Tokyo, Sendai, Niigata, Nagoya, \u014csaka, and Toyama. Hokuriku Railroad The is a transportation company in Kanazawa,"}]}, {"title": "Major Brabazon-Plank", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Major Brabazon-Plank Major Brabazon-Plank, later Major Plank, is a recurring fictional character from the Uncle Fred and Jeeves stories of British comic writer P. G. Wodehouse, being a famed explorer who led an expedition up the Amazon but is afraid of babies. Major Brabazon-Plank is a famed explorer who led at least one expedition up the Amazon River in Brazil. While in Peru, Major Plank judged a bonny baby competition, where one of the mothers unhappy with the results stabbed him in the leg. (He will show the scar when asked.) This experience has instilled in him a lifelong phobia"}, {"context": "of babies and marriage (as marriages lead to bonny babies, and bonny babies lead to bonny baby competitions). In South Africa, he hitched-hiked from Johannesburg to Cape Town to avoid being married. In Mozambique, his native servant stole a box of Havanas and his false teeth. (Major Plank had to trade a case of gin and two strings of beads to a native chief to get the false teeth back.) In \"Uncle Dynamite\", as Major Brabazon-Plank, he is back from leading an expedition up the Amazon with Bill Oakshott. Visiting Ashenden Manor, he finds Uncle Fred usurping his identity. Uncle"}, {"context": "Fred and Major Plank were acquaintance in their young school days. In this book he is described as a fat man and a perpetual eater, \"practically all backside\"; this part of the character is dropped by the time he appears in the Jeeves stories. In \"Stiff Upper Lip, Jeeves\", now retired as Major Plank, he sells an important amber statuette to Sir Watkyn Bassett, and wants to call the police on Bertie Wooster trying to sell it back to him. Jeeves (as Detective Weatherspoon) diverted the call to the police by naming Bertie as Alpine Joe and took Bertie away."}, {"context": "In \"Aunts Aren't Gentlemen\", as Major Plank, he is a visitor haunting Bertie Wooster, the Major trying to remember where they had met before. He suffers from a poor memory as an after-effect of having contracted malaria during his time in Brazil. All Marriages are disastrous\u2026.They lead to bonny babies, and bonny babies lead to bonny baby competitions. If she\u2019d [Madeline Bassett] have seen as many native chiefs' wives as I have, she wouldn\u2019t want to make such an ass of herself. Dickens of a life they lead, those women. Nothing to do but grind maize meal and have bonny"}, {"context": "babies. I\u2019m strongly opposed to anyone marrying anybody, but if you are going to marry someone, you unquestionably save something from the wreck by marrying a woman who knows what to do with a joint of beef. Major Brabazon-Plank is featured in: Major Brabazon-Plank is mentioned in: Major Brabazon-Plank Major Brabazon-Plank, later Major Plank, is a recurring fictional character from the Uncle Fred and Jeeves stories of British comic writer P. G. Wodehouse, being a famed explorer who led an expedition up the Amazon but is afraid of babies. Major Brabazon-Plank is a famed explorer who led at least one"}]}, {"title": "I Got the Keys", "paragraphs": [{"context": "I Got the Keys \"I Got the Keys\" is a single by American musician DJ Khaled, featuring American rappers Jay-Z and Future. It was released on July 4, 2016 by We the Best Music Group and Epic Records as the second single of DJ Khaled's ninth studio album, \"Major Key\". The song was produced by Southside with co-production by Jake One and G Koop. The song was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in December 2016, for selling over 1,000,000 digital copies in the United States. The song's music video premiered after the BET Awards on"}, {"context": "June 26, 2016. The video features cameo appearances by Rick Ross, 2 Chainz, Pusha T, ASAP Ferg, T.I., Swizz Beatz, Busta Rhymes, Fabolous, Yo Gotti, Bryson Tiller and Zoey Dollaz. I Got the Keys \"I Got the Keys\" is a single by American musician DJ Khaled, featuring American rappers Jay-Z and Future. It was released on July 4, 2016 by We the Best Music Group and Epic Records as the second single of DJ Khaled's ninth studio album, \"Major Key\". The song was produced by Southside with co-production by Jake One and G Koop. The song was certified Platinum by"}]}, {"title": "Francis Creek, Wisconsin", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Francis Creek, Wisconsin Francis Creek is a village in Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 669 at the 2010 census. A post office called Francis Creek was first established in 1850. The village took its name from nearby Francis Creek. Francis Creek is located at (44.202728, -87.722047). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all of it land. The village is east of Interstate 43. As of the census of 2010, there were 669 people, 277 households, and 189 families residing in the village. The population density was . There"}, {"context": "were 296 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 97.6% White, 0.1% African American, 0.6% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.4% of the population. There were 277 households of which 27.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.0% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.8% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals"}, {"context": "and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.91. The median age in the village was 39.3 years. 22.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.2% were from 25 to 44; 29.4% were from 45 to 64; and 14.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49.5% male and 50.5% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 681 people, 266 households, and"}, {"context": "186 families residing in the village. The population density was 618.6 people per square mile (239.0/km). There were 280 housing units at an average density of 254.3 per square mile (98.3/km). The racial makeup of the village was 99.85% White, 0.15% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.88% of the population. There were 266 households out of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.6% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of"}, {"context": "individuals and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.09. In the village, the population was spread out with 27.6% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.0 males. The median income for a household"}, {"context": "in the village was $43,542, and the median income for a family was $53,542. Males had a median income of $33,750 versus $21,618 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,441. About 6.2% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.0% of those under age 18 and 14.4% of those age 65 or over. Every year Francis Creek holds French Creek Days on the second weekend in July. People gather from many of the neighboring cities, to see the tractor pulls, and other such events. It is one of the biggest"}, {"context": "festivals in the area. Francis Creek, Wisconsin Francis Creek is a village in Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 669 at the 2010 census. A post office called Francis Creek was first established in 1850. The village took its name from nearby Francis Creek. Francis Creek is located at (44.202728, -87.722047). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all of it land. The village is east of Interstate 43. As of the census of 2010, there were 669 people, 277 households, and 189 families residing in the village. The population"}]}, {"title": "Bow Wow (rapper)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bow Wow (rapper) Shad Gregory Moss (born March 9, 1987), better known by his stage name Bow Wow (formerly Lil' Bow Wow), is an American rapper, actor and television host. As Lil' Bow Wow, he released his first album, \"Beware of Dog\", in 2000 at age 13, which was followed by \"Doggy Bag\" in 2001. In 2003, Bow Wow released his third album \"Unleashed\", which was the first album released after dropping the \"Lil'\" from his stage name. As of September 27, 2015, Bow Wow has signed a management deal to Bad Boy Records. Bow Wow made his first movie"}, {"context": "appearance in \"All About the Benjamins\", in 2002 as a cameo. In the same year, Bow Wow made his debut as the lead role in \"Like Mike\". He later began to undertake lead roles in movies, such as \"Johnson Family Vacation\" in 2004 and \"Roll Bounce\" in 2005. He also played a supporting role in the film \"\" in 2006. Bow Wow also appeared in five episodes of the television series \"Entourage\", and starred as Brody Nelson in \"\" until the show's cancelation in 2016. Bow Wow was born Shad Gregory Moss in Columbus, Ohio, the son of Teresa Rena"}, {"context": "Caldwell (n\u00e9e Jones) and Alfonso Preston Moss. At age three, he became interested in rap. Under the moniker \"Kid Gangsta\", he began rapping recreationally at age six; he was also a fan of N.W.A at that age. In 1993, he performed at a concert in Los Angeles, and was noticed by rapper Snoop Dogg, who subsequently gave him a stage name, \"Lil' Bow Wow\". In 1998, at the age of eleven, Bow Wow met record producer Jermaine Dupri, who helped shape his career. In 1999, the soundtrack to the movie \"Wild Wild West\" featured his song \"The Stick Up\" with"}, {"context": "his mentor Jermaine Dupri. At the age of 13, in 2000, he debuted with \"Beware of Dog\" under the stage name Lil' Bow Wow. Its debut single was \"Bounce with Me\", which featured R&B girl group Xscape. The album also included \"Bow Wow (That's My Name)\" featuring Snoop Dogg, which topped the rap chart, \"Puppy Love\", and \"Ghetto Girls\". The Recording Industry Association of America certified \"Beware of Dog\" double platinum on March 5, 2001, signifying sales of two million copies. In a 2009 interview, the rapper claimed that the album had sold over 3 million copies since its release."}, {"context": "In 2002, his second album \"Doggy Bag\" was released with singles \"Take Ya Home\" which peaked at #72 on the Hot 100 and #21 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and \"Thank You\" with Jagged Edge, #1 on the R&B chart. \"Doggy Bag\" peaked at #11 on the \"Billboard\" 200 and #2 on the Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart and was certified platinum. Lil' Bow Wow performed the track \"Basketball\" for the soundtrack of his film \"Like Mike\"; that song peaked at #1 on the R&B and #25 on the rap chart. Bow Wow dropped the \"Lil'\" from his stage"}, {"context": "name in April 2002; he told \"MTV News\": \"I changed my name because I'm getting older now and it's too many Lil's. All these Lil' rappers, I'm just kind of getting real irritated by it. I said, 'You know what? Drop the Lil'. Forget it. I'm Bow Wow. Besides, I'm growing up, I'm not little anymore. [I just decided that] two weeks ago. I really got irritable. It's all these Lil' cats, forget it. I'm Bow Wow now. Everything is just 'Bow Wow,' no 'Lil' Bow Wow.'\" The first album released under his new name was \"Unleashed\" in 2003. Its"}, {"context": "first single was \"Let's Get Down\" featuring Birdman, the founder of Cash Money Records, which reached #14 on the Hot 100 and #6 on the Hot Rap Tracks charts. The second single was then released, \"My Baby\", featuring Jagged Edge. Unlike his previous albums, this one was not produced under the mentorship of Jermaine Dupri. Guest appearances include Jagged Edge, Birdman, Mario, and Amerie. \"Unleashed\" was certified gold on September 25, 2003. Bow Wow appeared on the remix of JoJo's single \"Baby It's You\" in 2004. \"Wanted\" was released in 2005. Its first single was \"Let Me Hold You\", featuring"}, {"context": "Omarion, and peaked at #1 on the rap chart and #4 on the Hot 100. The next single, \"Like You\", featuring Ciara, coincided with the beginning of Bow Wow's relationship with the singer. \"Fresh Azimiz\", featured J-Kwon and Jermaine Dupri, followed and peaked at #23 on the Hot 100 and #6 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart. The album was certified platinum. He also appeared on the remix of Dem Franchize Boyz' \"I Think They Like Me\", which peaked at #15 on the Hot 100 and #1 on the Hot Rap Tracks. Bow Wow ended his relationship with Ciara in"}, {"context": "2006. In 2006, \"The Price of Fame\" was released with the lead single \"Shortie Like Mine\", featuring Chris Brown, peaking at #9 on the Hot 100 and #1 on the Hot Rap Tracks. \"Outta My System\", which featured T-Pain, reflected on Bow Wow's break-up with Ciara. It peaked at #22 on the Hot 100 and #2 on the Rap chart. \"The Price of Fame\" was certified gold. Bow Wow and Omarion released a collaborative album on December 11, 2007, \"Face Off\". The first single was \"Girlfriend\", which peaked at #33 on the Hot 100. The second single was \"Hey Baby"}, {"context": "(Jump Off)\". He released a mixtape title \"Half Man, Half Dog Vol. 1\" that year. \"Half Man, Half Dog Vol. 2\" was released as a sequel to the mixtape in February 2009. \"New Jack City II\", his sixth album, was released in March 2009 was his first album to include a Parental Advisory: Steven Roberts of MTV News observed that this album explored \"the influence of crack cocaine in inner-city communities\", and featured such guests as T.I. Three promo singles were released in late 2008: \"Marco Polo\" featuring Soulja Boy, \"Big Girls\", and \"Roc The Mic\". The first official single,"}, {"context": "\"You Can Get It All\" featuring Johnta Austin, samples TLC's \"Baby-Baby-Baby\" and peaked at #55 on the Hot 100 and #9 on the Hot Rap Tracks. On July 4, 2009, his new song \"I Know I'm The Shit\" off his DJ Drama-hosted mixtape, makes a references working on his new album \"Underrated\" and that it is already in production. On August 16, Bow Wow announced his signing to Cash Money Records, joining an all-star roster that already includes Nicki Minaj, Drake, Lil Wayne and Birdman, among others. Bow Wow planned to release his new then-titled album \"Underrated\" on Cash Money"}, {"context": "Records, but the record underwent a number of delays and, in mid-November 2011, Bow Wow announced on his blog that the record wouldn't be out before 2012. The album was intended to feature Birdman, Boyz II Men, Chris Brown, DJ Khaled, Fabolous, Game, Lil Wayne, Lloyd Banks, Meek Mill, Nas, Nelly, Sean Kingston, Snoop Dogg, DMX, Styles P and Talib Kweli. The first promo single being \"For My Hood\", featuring DJ Khaled & Sean Kingston. On November 1, 2010, Bow Wow released his first promotional single from the album entitled \"Ain't Thinkin' 'Bout You\" featuring Chris Brown. The music video"}, {"context": "was a success on \"106 & Park\" and made the countdown in just one day. Two weeks later, it peaked at #1 on the show's charts and remained #1 for three days. On June 2, 2011, a song from his album called \"I'm Da Man\", which features Chris Brown, was leaked and wasn't the first official single from the album. On October 24, 2011, Bow Wow released the single entitled \"Sweat\" featuring Lil Wayne, and though it was thought to be the first official single from the album, it was also dubbed by Bow Wow as a promotional single. On"}, {"context": "May 18, 2012, after several delays, Bow Wow released the first single from the album titled \"Better\" featuring T-Pain. The music video for the song was directed by Bow Wow's personal cameraman Rico Da Crook and was a success on \"106 & Park\" and made it to the top of the countdown. On June 26, 2012, Bow Wow released the second single from the album titled \"We In Da Club\" and was produced by DJ Mustard. The song went nowhere on any billboard charts, but the video was also another success on \"106 & Park\" making it to the top"}, {"context": "of the countdown. The third single scheduled from the album was intended to feature Miguel that was titled \"Right Now\". Later, there was an announcement that Universal Republic Records was going defunct; all of the artists on the roster that were moved from the label, including Bow Wow, were moved to Republic Records, making the label itself revived. On August 10, 2013, via his official YouTube page, Bow Wow stated the reason that \"Underrated\" had been delayed was the result of raising his daughter and waiting until he was more mature; he also stated he planned on working on and"}, {"context": "releasing the album after he turned 28. On June 24, 2014, Bow Wow announced via Instagram that after the 2014 BET Awards, he was going by his real name Shad Moss, claiming that he made a lot of history as Bow Wow and that it was now time for \"the next chapter and challenge\". He stated that \"Bow Wow\" no longer fit with his new personality as he was now a father, host, and actor, and he had matured from what he had been early on in his life. In May 2015, with his long-delayed album with Cash Money still"}, {"context": "without a release date, Bow Wow announced that he had amicably parted ways with Cash Money Records so he could move on with his music career. He said, \"I wanna dictate when my music come out. I'm tired of going to the studio to make records and then I listen to them. 'Cuz then they get old. Then when y'all ask for new music I don't wanna hear it 'cuz I've been listening to it for two or three months. I just can't be held up up by nobody. It's as simple as that. I got a daughter. I got"}, {"context": "a family I gotta provide for.\" On September 27, 2015, Bow Wow signed to Puff Daddy's record label Bad Boy Records. He then named the members of his new management team and finished the post by writing, \"Making money won't be the issue. Figuring out where to keep it all is another story!\" On August 7, 2016, Bow Wow officially announced that he is retiring from rapping and will release one more album, titled \"NYLTH\", which is tentatively scheduled for release in 2017. Prior to his final album release, Bow Wow and Soulja Boy released a joint retail mixtape titled"}, {"context": "\"Ignorant Shit\" on October 25, 2016. Bow Wow has made guest appearances on Brandy's TV sitcom, \"Moesha\", as well as \"The Steve Harvey Show\" and \"Brothers Garcia\". He made his acting debut in the film \"Like Mike\" which was released on July 3, 2002, in which he starred as a young orphan who gets a shot at playing in the NBA. Before \"Like Mike\" he made cameos in \"All About The Benjamins\" and \"\". Bow Wow also co-starred with Cedric the Entertainer, Vanessa L. Williams, and Solange Knowles in \"Johnson Family Vacation\". Since the success of \"Like Mike\", Bow Wow"}, {"context": "has starred in several Hollywood films, including \"Roll Bounce\", \"\" and \"Hurricane Season\". He has also made guest appearances on \"Smallville\" and \"Ugly Betty\". He was part of the cast of the fifth season of HBO's \"Entourage\", playing Charlie an up-and-coming comedian, and Eric Murphy's newest client. He starred in a 2010 comedy film, \"Lottery Ticket\", with Ice Cube. He is working on a documentary on his life titled \"Who Is Shad Moss?\"; Bow Wow stated that the documentary goes all the way back to when he was on Death Row Records, and it was released in 2011. Bow Wow"}, {"context": "starred in the film version of \"Madea's Big Happy Family\", released in April 2011. In August 2014, Bow Wow announced that he would star in an upcoming \"CSI\" spinoff titled \"\". On October 1, 2013, it was confirmed that Bow Wow was chosen as the current host for BET's \"106 & Park\" after former hosts Terrence J and Rocsi retired from the show, it can be seen in over 85 million homes in the U.S., Canada, Japan, United Kingdom, Africa, the Caribbean, Germany and South Africa. In 2016, Bow Wow began hosting a nighttime edition of the Australian Hit Network's"}, {"context": "radio show \"RnB Fridays\", titled \"RnB Friday Nights\". On March 28, 2012, it was announced that Bow Wow was ordered by a court to pay $3,000 a month in child support. On October 2, 2012, Bow Wow claimed he was broke and only making $4,000 dollars a month and only had $1,500 in his checking account. However, the next day he signed on to be one of the four new co-hosts of BET's \"106 & Park\". Later on he would address this by saying; One thing about me, I'm a smart guy. Very smart. Things that I do, are for"}, {"context": "reasons. Things that I don't do are for reasons. So for myself, I'm comfortable, very comfortable. For me, it's all about the work. But as far as rumors, those are people's opinions -- until you see me on a corner with a cardboard box saying I'll tap dance for food or canned goods, then you can say that [I'm broke]. His family supported him through his choice of music as a career. Bow Wow lives in Atlanta, Georgia, along with his mother. Bow Wow has a daughter Shai Moss (born April 27, 2011) with Joie Chavis. Bow Wow was formerly"}, {"context": "engaged to Erica Mena. In October 2008, for the U.S. presidential election, Bow Wow led a 15-city \"Walk Across America\" event to register new voters. In 2014, during a charity flag-football game organized by Chris Brown, Bow Wow participated in a celebrity tribute to Ferguson, Missouri police-shooting victim Michael Brown. In 2016, Bow Wow was involved in a controversy on Twitter when he told his followers that he had decided not to vote in the presidential election that year. In response to a suggestion that refusing to vote dishonors the struggle for civil rights in the United States, Moss said"}, {"context": "that he did not identify with the fight for civil rights because his heritage was \"mixed\" and not exclusively black. On March 15, 2017, Bow Wow, responding to President Donald Trump's criticism of Snoop Dogg's music video for \"Lavender (Nightfall Remix)\", sent a tweet to Trump in which he threatened to \"pimp your wife and make her work for us\". In less than 24 hours, Bow Wow deleted the offending tweet. BET Awards Billboard Music Awards Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Awards Black Reel Awards MTV Video Music Awards Japan NAACP Image Awards Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Soul Train Music Awards Teen Choice"}, {"context": "Awards Vibe Awards Young Artist Awards Bow Wow (rapper) Shad Gregory Moss (born March 9, 1987), better known by his stage name Bow Wow (formerly Lil' Bow Wow), is an American rapper, actor and television host. As Lil' Bow Wow, he released his first album, \"Beware of Dog\", in 2000 at age 13, which was followed by \"Doggy Bag\" in 2001. In 2003, Bow Wow released his third album \"Unleashed\", which was the first album released after dropping the \"Lil'\" from his stage name. As of September 27, 2015, Bow Wow has signed a management deal to Bad Boy Records."}]}, {"title": "Like a Champion", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Like a Champion \"Like a Champion\" is a song by American singer Selena Gomez from her debut solo studio album, \"Stars Dance\" (2013), included as the fourth track on the record. Gomez teased a preview of the song in her official YouTube account on July 15, 2013 but the full song was leaked with the rest of the album a few days before. The song was written by Peter Thomas and Bebe Rexha, along with Australian duo Daniel James and Leah Haywood, who handled production and the vocal production under their stage name Dreamlab and Thomas co-produced the track. The"}, {"context": "song has writing credits of 1995 Buju Banton's song \"Champion\" in the name of Mark Myrie and Leroy Sibbles. Driven to create a unique sound for herself, the singer focused on the song production of the song, being a uptempo dancehall track, along with influences of funk, reggae, jamaican music and soca. The production features a Bajan accent on Selena vocals, an islandy feel and a Latin percussive beats. The track is a self-empowerment anthem that contains reflections of \"living the moment\" and of self-confidence. \"Like a Champion\" received by music critics, many comparisons to the works of Rihanna. The"}, {"context": "track is the third song to be performed on the Stars Dance Tour. After the end of the \"When the Sun Goes Down\" era, Gomez announced that she would pause her musical career to focus on her film roles. After that, the singer confirmed the end of the band Selena Gomez & the Scene, after three studio albums. Gomez announced in October 2012 that she had started the preparation of her new album. Gomez invited various producers including Leah Haywood and Daniel James from the Australian production team Dreamlab, who produced \u201cHit the Lights\u201d for Selena's early band, to work"}, {"context": "on new material for her new album. They produced about six tracks including \u201cWrite Your Name\u201d, \u201cMusic Feels Better\u201d and \u201cLike a Champion\u201d, the last being the first track to be produced by them. On June 3, 2013, the singer participated in a live chat promoted by YouTube, which revealed that the album would be titled \"Stars Dance\" and its release date, as well as talk about the songs of the record; about \"Like a Champion\" Gomez said \"being able to travel is one of my favorite parts of my job, because I get to see beautiful places [...] I"}, {"context": "get to hear new music and new sounds and I toured South America which was incredible and beautiful and I kinda got this islandy feel when I was there, so I wanted to put that kinda vibe into this album and I didn't know how to do it and I heard this song called \"Like a Champion\" [...] I wanna make sure that it kinda had a little bit almost a Spanish but a little bit of reggae style [...] makes you definitely going to make you feel like you want to go to Jamaica or South America\". A week"}, {"context": "before the record hit stores, the artist unveiled previews of all the songs on the album on her channel. \"Stars Dance\" could be heard in its full version by the public on July 16, 2013, the date which the album was released to be listened on iTunes Store. Firstly, Bebe Rexha recorded a demo of the song, which was originally produced by Peter Thomas and written by Rexha and Thomas; after that, Thomas gave the song to Dreamlab and they played for Gomez. Selena liked the song and it was re-written and re-produced by Dreamlab. At the end, \"Like a"}, {"context": "Champion\" was credited with Daniel James, Leah Haywood, Peter Thomas, Bebe Rexha, Mark Myrie and Leroy Sibbles as the songwriters of the song, Dreamlab was credited as the producer and the vocal producer and Peter Thomas as a co-producer. Rob Ghost and Simon French were the assistant engineers while Joe Pringle was the studio assistant. The song's recording sessions took place at Dreamlab Studios and at Glenwood Studios in Los Angeles and it was mixed at MixStar Studios in Virginia Beach by Serban Ghenea and John Hanes served as the mix engineer. Finally, the track was mastered in Sterling Sound"}, {"context": "at New York City by Chris Gehringer. \"Like a Champion\" is a uptempo dancehall song with influences of funk, jamaican music, reggae and soca music that lasts for a total of two minutes and fifty-five seconds. The song is composed in the key of C major and features a moderate tempo of 90 beats per minute. Gomez's vocal range spans from the low tone of G3 to the high note of G4. The song opens with a sample of Buju Banton 1995 song \"Champion\", before transitioning into a more dancehall influenced sound. Gomez said the song was inspired by the"}, {"context": "trips that she made to South America during the We Own the Night Tour. The track is a self-empowerment anthem that contains reflections of \"living the moment\" and of self-confidence. Andrew Hampp of \"Billboard\" compared the song with Rihanna's works by saying \"The Rihanna-esque portion of \"Stars Dance\" kicks in with \"Like A Champion,\" a reggae-lite confection from co-writer Peter Thomas [...] that ultimately falls victim to too many references to the Barbadian pop princess \u2014 right down to the lyric \"shine like diamonds in the sky.\" Though a little island flair ultimately suits Gomez well, \"Like A Champion\" doesn't"}, {"context": "do much for establishing her own musical identity\". \"Love Is Pop\" said that the song is \"the album\u2019s magnificent self-empowerment anthem\" they also said that \"[it] has an air of reggae to it, both in terms of the percussion and the way Selena sings it [...] the song actually begins with a guy who sounds like a genuine reggae artist singing the chorus, so I\u2019m not imagining that\". \"Idolator\" said that the song is \"absurdly charming\" and the described the song has a \"faux island swagger\" Kia Makarechi of \"The Huffington Post\" was critical of \"Like a Champion\" by saying"}, {"context": "\"the biggest offender of accent and cultural appropriation on \"Stars Dance\" goes to this incredibly horrible song\". \"Like a Champion\" was performed on November 28 during the Dallas Cowboys Thanksgiving Halftime Show. Gomez performed the song as the first portion of a medley featuring \"Come & Get It\" and \"Slow Down\". The song was added to the set list of Gomez's iHeartRadio Jingle Ball performances, along with four other songs. Gomez performed the songs using a hand-held microphone in a red \"floor-length, lacy gown\". The track is the third song to be performed on the Stars Dance Tour. Selena performed"}, {"context": "the song dressed in white stretchy pants, a white crop top vest, and a long, sleeveless white coat. Before the song begins Selena welcomes everyone to the show and asks the audience for help singing the song. Recording, management and sample Personnel Credits adapted from \"Stars Dance\" liner notes. Like a Champion \"Like a Champion\" is a song by American singer Selena Gomez from her debut solo studio album, \"Stars Dance\" (2013), included as the fourth track on the record. Gomez teased a preview of the song in her official YouTube account on July 15, 2013 but the full song"}]}, {"title": "Letter game", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Letter game A letter game involves the exchange of written letters, or e-mails, between two or more participants. The first player writes a letter in the voice of a newly created character; in this first letter, the writer should establish their own identity and that of their correspondent, should set the scene, and should explain why they and their correspondent must communicate in written fashion. In subsequent letters, plot and character can be developed, but the writers should not talk about plot outside of the letters and the characters should never meet. Letter games can be a writing exercise or"}, {"context": "a form of collaborative fiction. Novels written using or inspired by this type of letter game include \"Sorcery and Cecelia or The Enchanted Chocolate Pot\", \"The Grand Tour or The Purloined Coronation Regalia\", and \"The Mislaid Magician or Ten Years After\", all three by Patricia Wrede and Caroline Stevermer; \"Freedom and Necessity\", by Steven Brust and Emma Bull; and the children's books \"P.S. Longer Letter Later\" and \"Snail Mail No More\" by Paula Danziger and Ann M. Martin. Letter game A letter game involves the exchange of written letters, or e-mails, between two or more participants. The first player writes"}]}, {"title": "Isotopes of yttrium", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Isotopes of yttrium Natural yttrium (Y) is composed of a single isotope yttrium-89. The most stable radioisotopes are Y, which has a half-life of 106.6 days and Y with a half-life of 58.51 days. All the other isotopes have half-lives of less than a day, except Y, which has a half-life of 79.8 hours, and Y, with 64 hours. The dominant decay mode below the stable Y is electron capture and the dominant mode after it is beta emission. Twenty-six unstable isotopes have been characterized. Y exists in equilibrium with its parent isotope strontium-90, which is a product of nuclear"}, {"context": "fission. }} Isotopes of yttrium Natural yttrium (Y) is composed of a single isotope yttrium-89. The most stable radioisotopes are Y, which has a half-life of 106.6 days and Y with a half-life of 58.51 days. All the other isotopes have half-lives of less than a day, except Y, which has a half-life of 79.8 hours, and Y, with 64 hours. The dominant decay mode below the stable Y is electron capture and the dominant mode after it is beta emission. Twenty-six unstable isotopes have been characterized. Y exists in equilibrium with its parent isotope strontium-90, which is a product"}]}, {"title": "Gazbia Sirry", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Gazbia Sirry Gazbia Sirry () (born 1925) is an Egyptian painter. Born in Cairo, Gazbia Sirry studied fine arts and became a professor in the painting department of the Faculty of Art Education, Helwan University. She was also a professor at the American University in Cairo. She has had more than 50 personal exhibitions, official purchases by international museums, international prizes, scholarships and university chairs. Rome prizes for painting, 1952. Honoring prize for oil painting from Venice International Biennale, 1956. Second prize for print from Alexandria International Biennale, 1959. Top prize for painting from Alexandria International Biennale, 1963. The fourth"}, {"context": "grand prix of International Contemporary Art, Monaco, 1968. Egypt Modern Art Museum, Cairo. Alexandria Modern Art Museum. Marine Museum in Alexandria. The Egyptian National Bank in Cairo. Al-Ahram newspaper, Cairo. The Ministry of Foreigners and Egyptian embassies abroad. The Egyptian Art Academy in Rome. Arts and Sciences Museum in Evansville, Indiana, USA. Vincent Price Art Collection in Los Anglos, USA. Faculties of fine arts and art education in Cairo, Alexandria and Menia. Josef Museum of Unaligned Countries in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Living Art Museum in Tunis. The Grand Conference Hall at Cairo Opera House and Cairo. The National Museum of Woman"}, {"context": "Arts in Washington. Arab World Institute in Paris. Museum of Art and Sciences in Evansville, Indiana, USA. Unaligned Countries Museum in Yugoslavia. The American University in Cairo. Cairo Opera House. Great Cairo Library. Mubarak Public Library in Giza. The Supreme Council of Culture, Cairo. Press Syndicate, Cairo. Novetille Hotel in Cairo Airport. Sheraton Hotel in Giza. Sheraton Atoun Hotel in Nuba. Gazbia Sirry Gazbia Sirry () (born 1925) is an Egyptian painter. Born in Cairo, Gazbia Sirry studied fine arts and became a professor in the painting department of the Faculty of Art Education, Helwan University. She was also a"}]}, {"title": "Jan L. A. van de Snepscheut", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Jan L. A. van de Snepscheut Johannes Lambertus Adriana van de Snepscheut (; 12 September 195323 February 1994) was a computer scientist and educator. He was a student of Martin Rem and Edsger Dijkstra. At the time of his death he was the executive officer of the computer science department at the California Institute of Technology. He was also developing an editor for proving theorems called \"Proxac\". In the early morning hours of February 23, 1994, van de Snepscheut attacked his sleeping wife, Terre, with an axe. He then set their house on fire, and died as it burned around"}, {"context": "him. Terre and their three children escaped their burning home. Jan L. A. van de Snepscheut Johannes Lambertus Adriana van de Snepscheut (; 12 September 195323 February 1994) was a computer scientist and educator. He was a student of Martin Rem and Edsger Dijkstra. At the time of his death he was the executive officer of the computer science department at the California Institute of Technology. He was also developing an editor for proving theorems called \"Proxac\". In the early morning hours of February 23, 1994, van de Snepscheut attacked his sleeping wife, Terre, with an axe. He then set"}]}, {"title": "Rodney E. Slater", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Rodney E. Slater Rodney Earl Slater (born February 23, 1955) was the United States Secretary of Transportation under U.S. President Bill Clinton. Slater graduated from Eastern Michigan University in 1977, and received his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Arkansas School of Law in 1980. Slater became a research assistant to the State Judiciary Committee of the Arkansas Constitutional Convention in 1979\u201380, an assistant attorney general for the state of Arkansas in 1980. He was appointed to several state government positions in Arkansas by Bill Clinton. Positions included assistant to the governor between 1983 and 1987, and member of"}, {"context": "the Arkansas State Highway Commission between 1987 and 1993. Slater was also the director of governmental affairs for Arkansas State University during that time. After Clinton was elected president, 1993 Slater became the first African-American Director of the Federal Highway Administration. In 1997, Slater was appointed to be the Secretary of Transportation. He was the second African American to hold that post. Slater was able to muster bipartisan support in congress for his projects including: Slater is part of a group of investors headed by Stan Kasten that successfully purchased the Major League Baseball team, the Washington Nationals. Slater is"}, {"context": "a partner at the Washington, D.C. law firm of Squire Patton Boggs, where he is head of the transportation practice and works on projects related to the transportation infrastructure. He is also a partner in James Lee Witt Associates, a risk management firm headed by former Federal Emergency Management Agency director James Lee Witt. He serves on the board of directors of Africare, a nonprofit providing development aid to countries in Africa, and The Dance Theater of Harlem, and is the chair of the Board of Trustees of United Way. Slater also serves on the corporate boards of Delta Air"}, {"context": "Lines and Verizon. He has been appointed to join the board of WS Atkins as a non-executive director effective 9 September 2011. As of December 3, 2014 Slater was appointed to serve as special counsels to Takata Corporation in support with Takata's dealings on the 2013 airbag recall issues they are facing. They will advise the Company as they address the current challenges Takata faces. He also led a safety advisory panel for Toyota and served as independent monitor for Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. Rodney E. Slater Rodney Earl Slater (born February 23, 1955) was the United States Secretary of Transportation"}]}, {"title": "Climate of Virginia", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Climate of Virginia The climate of Virginia, a state on the east coast of the United States, is considered mild compared to other areas of the United States. Most of Virginia east of the Blue Ridge Mountains, the southern part of the Shenandoah Valley, and the Roanoke Valley, has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification \"Cfa\"). In the mountainous areas west of the Blue Ridge, the climate becomes humid continental (K\u00f6ppen \"Dfa\") and maritime temperate (K\u00f6ppen \"Cfb\"). Severe weather, in the form of tornadoes, tropical cyclones, and winter storms, impacts the state on a regular basis. Central Virginia received"}, {"context": "significant snowfall of 20 inches in December 2009. A lot of variations occur because of the state's significant relief. Elevations in Virginia vary from sea level to Mount Rogers at 5,729 ft (1,746 m) above sea level, with major gradations occurring at the edges of the Atlantic Ocean, the end of the Piedmont, and the Blue Ridge and Allegheny chains of the Appalachian Mountains. The moderating influence of the ocean from the east, powered by the Gulf Stream, also creates the potential for hurricanes near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Cold air masses arrive over the mountains, especially in winter,"}, {"context": "which can lead to significant snowfalls when coastal storms known as noreasters move up the Atlantic coast. The interaction of these elements with the state's topography create micro-climates in the Shenandoah Valley, the mountainous southwest, and the coastal plains that are slightly but noticeably distinct from each other. The highest recorded temperature is at Balcony Falls on July 15, 1954 and the lowest recorded temperature is at Mountain Lake on January 22, 1985. Severe weather is a concern in Virginia. Hurricanes make the coastal area of Virginia vulnerable. It is rare for a major hurricane to threaten the Virginia coast"}, {"context": "as hurricanes this far north tend to weaken due to cooler coast waters and increasingly westerly winds aloft. Heavy rain from tropical cyclones remains a concern, however. Hurricane Isabel in 2003 brought much destruction from wind and rain, killing 10 directly and doing nearly two billion dollars in damage. Hurricane Gaston in 2004 inundated Richmond after moving ashore South Carolina. Virginia is often struck with the remnants of systems which hit along the Gulf of Mexico coastline, which also bring torrential rain to the state. Hurricane Camille was an extreme example, bringing of rainfall to portions of Nelson County in"}, {"context": "a matter of hours. Thunderstorms are an occasional concern with the state averaging anywhere from 35-45 days of thunderstorm activity annually. Rainfall in Virginia is frequent, but does not normally get severe enough for floods. Virginia averages seven tornadoes annually, though most are F2 and lower on the Fujita scale. However, Virginia had eighty-five in 2004. Western Virginia has a lower rate of tornadoes. Climate of Virginia The climate of Virginia, a state on the east coast of the United States, is considered mild compared to other areas of the United States. Most of Virginia east of the Blue Ridge"}]}, {"title": "Explorers on the Moon", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Explorers on the Moon Explorers on the Moon () is the seventeenth volume of \"The Adventures of Tintin\", the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Herg\u00e9. The story was serialised weekly in Belgium's \"Tintin\" magazine from October 1952 to December 1953 before being published in a collected volume by Casterman in 1954. Completing a story arc begun in the preceding volume, \"Destination Moon\" (1953), the narrative tells of the young reporter Tintin, his dog Snowy, and friends Captain Haddock, Professor Calculus, and Thomson and Thompson who are aboard humanity's first manned rocket mission to the Moon. Developed in part through the"}, {"context": "suggestions of Herg\u00e9's friends Bernard Heuvelmans and Jacques Van Melkebeke, \"Explorers on the Moon\" was produced following Herg\u00e9's extensive research into the possibility of human space travel \u2013 a feat that had yet to be achieved \u2013 with the cartoonist seeking for the work to be as realistic as possible. Herg\u00e9 continued \"The Adventures of Tintin\" with \"The Calculus Affair\", while the series itself became a defining part of the Franco-Belgian comics tradition. Critics have praised the illustrative detail of the book, but have expressed mixed views of the story. The volume was adapted for both the 1957 Belvision animated"}, {"context": "series, \"Herg\u00e9's Adventures of Tintin\", and for the 1991 animated series \"The Adventures of Tintin\" by Ellipse and Nelvana. Professor Calculus, Tintin, Snowy, Captain Haddock, and Calculus' assistant Frank Wolff are aboard an atomic rocket-powered spacecraft leaving the Earth bound for the Moon. Soon after takeoff they discover that the detectives Thomson and Thompson have accidentally stowed away onboard, putting a strain on the oxygen supply. The detectives accidentally turn off the nuclear motor, disrupting the artificial gravity and sending everyone floating until Tintin corrects the problem. They then suffer a relapse of the Formula 14 drug (seen in \"Land"}, {"context": "of Black Gold\" (1950), resulting in their hair growing rapidly in multiple colours, until Calculus subsequently administers a cure. Haddock, who has smuggled whisky aboard the rocket, gets drunk and takes an impromptu spacewalk, during which he briefly becoming a satellite of the asteroid Adonis (at which point, Professor Calculus humorously says he will tell Earth that Adonis has a new satellite by the name of Haddock) but Tintin is able to rescue him. The rocket lands in the Hipparchus Crater, with Tintin being the first human to step on the Moon. Next day, Calculus and Wolff set up optical"}, {"context": "instruments to begin observational work on the Moon while Tintin and Haddock build the Moon tank. Two days later, Haddock, Wolff and Tintin take the Moon tank to explore some stalactite caves in the direction of the Ptolemaeus Crater; inside a cave Snowy slips into an ice-covered chasm, but Tintin rescues him. Later aboard the ship, Tintin is overwhelmed by a third stowaway, Colonel Jorgen, a spy who had been smuggled aboard by Wolff, who has been blackmailed by a foreign power for which Jorgen works. With Wolff's help, Jorgen seeks to hijack the ship and return it to Earth,"}, {"context": "but is foiled by Tintin through emergency sabotage that cuts power to the engine. Due to the strain on the oxygen supplies, the crew decides to abandon the Moon tank and the optical instruments and to cut short the lunar stay. The repair work is completed slightly ahead of schedule, and the rocket is cleared for lift-off. Halfway to Earth, Jorgen escapes his bonds thanks to the detectives' bungling and tries to kill Tintin and the others; Wolff seeks to prevent him, and in their struggle over a gun Jorgen is killed. When it is revealed that there will not"}, {"context": "be enough oxygen aboard for the crew to survive the journey, Wolff sacrifices himself by opening the airlock and floating out into space to his death. Upon approaching Earth, the crew fall unconscious, but Tintin wakes long enough to set the rocket to auto-pilot and it arrives back in Syldavia safely. The crew are resuscitated just in time. A celebratory toast to victory turns into a disagreement between Professor Calculus and Captain Haddock over returning to the Moon, with the latter character arguing that \"Man's proper place...is on dear old earth.\" Herg\u00e9 first devised the idea of sending Tintin on"}, {"context": "a mission to the Moon while he was working on \"Prisoners of the Sun\" (1949). His decision to move into the field of science fiction might have been influenced by his friendly rivalry with his colleague Edgar P. Jacobs, who had recently had success with his own science fiction comic, \"The Secret of the Swordfish\" (1950\u201353). He decided that it would be a two-volume story arc, as had proved successful with his earlier arcs, \"The Secret of the Unicorn\" (1943) and \"Red Rackham's Treasure\" (1944), and \"The Seven Crystal Balls\" (1948) and \"Prisoners of the Sun\". He had initially intended"}, {"context": "on beginning this story after the culmination of \"Prisoners of the Sun\", but both his wife Germaine Remi and his close friend Marcel Dehaye convinced him to proceed with \"Land of Black Gold\" (1950), a story that he had previously left unfinished, instead. Seeking advice on the story, Herg\u00e9 consulted his friend Bernard Heuvelmans, who had authored the non-fiction book \"L'Homme parmi les \u00e9toiles\" (\"Man Among the Stars\") (1944). In autumn 1947, Heuvelmans and Jacques Van Melkebeke developed a script for the story, which they gave to Herg\u00e9. This version based Calculus' lunar expedition in a fictional location, Radio City,"}, {"context": "in the United States. It featured a return of Professor Decimus Phostle, a character who had previously appeared in \"The Shooting Star\" (1942), but this time as an antagonist; Phostle had sold the secrets of the mission in order to attain funds to buy a diamond for the actress Rita Hayworth. In early 1948, Herg\u00e9 produced two black-and-white pages of this version of the story before abandoning it. Herg\u00e9 retained some elements of this original script in his finished version, namely the scenes in which Haddock drinks whiskey in a gravity-free environment and that in which Haddock goes for a"}, {"context": "space walk and nearly becomes a satellite of Adonis, which appear on pages 5 and 8 of \"Explorers on the Moon\". Nevertheless, Heuvelmans thought his influence on the story to be more significant, stating that \"In going through the two books we [he and Van Melkebeke] really had the impression that it was what we had originally done at the beginning. In broad outline, that was it.\" Herg\u00e9 hoped for the story to be as realistic as possible, and sought to eschew fantastical elements. In his own words, it contained \"no moonmen, no monsters, no incredible surprises\". To ensure this"}, {"context": "realism, he collected a wide range of documents about rockets and space travel with which to conduct research. In this he was aided by Heuvelmans, who collected pictures of rockets and atomic research facilities for him. Herg\u00e9's research archive included an article from the American magazine \"Collier's\" which discussed how humanity could reach the moon, as well as books by Pierre Rousseau and Auguste Piccard. A further work that he used was \"L'Astronautique\" (1950), a book on putative space travel by the physicist Alexander Ananoff, with whom Herg\u00e9 began a correspondence in April 1950. He also visited the Ateliers de"}, {"context": "Constructions Electriques de Charleroi's Center for Atomic Research, striking up a subsequent correspondence with its director, Max Hoyaux. Herg\u00e9 incorporated much of this technical information into the story, but juxtaposed it with moments of humour to make it more accessible to his young readership. According to literary critics Jean-Marc Lofficier and Randy Lofficier, possible fictional influences on Herg\u00e9's story include Jules Verne's 1870 novel \"Around the Moon\" and the 1950 American film \"Destination Moon\". Herg\u00e9 was certainly inspired by a number of photographic stills from the \"Destination Moon\" film which had been published. The computer system at the Sprodj space"}, {"context": "centre was visually based upon the UNIVAC I, the first computer to be created for non-military purposes. Herg\u00e9 based his moon rocket on the designs of the V-2 rocket which had been developed by German scientists during World War II. The red-and-white checker pattern on Herg\u00e9's rocket was based upon an illustration of a V-2 which Herg\u00e9 had come upon in Leslie Simon's 1947 book \"German Research in World War II\". He commissioned the construction of a model rocket with detachable parts from his assistant Arthur Van Noeyen. He took the model to Paris where he showed it to Ananoff,"}, {"context": "asking him if it was a realistic representation of what a moon rocket might look like. He and his assistants then used the model from which to accurately sketch when producing the comic. Herg\u00e9 introduced into the story the character of Boris Jorgen, who had previously appeared as an antagonist in \"King Ottokar's Sceptre\" (1939). He added evidence for water on the moon at the advice of Heuvelmans. On 7 September 1950, Herg\u00e9 broke off the story with the statement \"end of part one\". He felt the need for a break from work, having fallen back into clinical depression. He"}, {"context": "and his wife Germaine went on holiday to Gland in Switzerland, before returning to Brussels in late September. Many readers sent letters to \"Tintin\" magazine asking why \"Explorers on the Moon\" was no longer being serialised, with a rumour emerging that Herg\u00e9 had died. On 18 April 1951, he published an open letter in the magazine explaining his absence as a result of illness caused by exhaustion and included an illustration of himself sprawled out on an armchair. As Herg\u00e9 planned his return to work, covers of \"Tintin\" magazine announced the imminent return of the story. \"Explorers on the Moon\""}, {"context": "would resume after an eighteen-month hiatus, returning in the 9 April 1952 issue, accompanied with a summary of the story so far. Its final installment appeared on 31 December 1953. Upon the serial's publication, Herg\u00e9 faced criticism for including Wolff's suicide in the story; suicide was widely viewed as a sin in Catholic-dominated Belgium. In deference to these critics, for the published book version he added Wolff's line of \"perhaps by some miracle I shall escape too\", to make the scene seem a less obvious suicide. Years later, Herg\u00e9 expressed regret that he had capitulated on this issue. The story"}, {"context": "was collected together and published by Editions Casterman as \"On a March\u00e9 Sur La Lune\" in 1954. Casterman were unhappy with this title, which translates as \"We Walked on the Moon\", but Herg\u00e9 resolutely refused to make a change. Jean-Marc Lofficier and Randy Lofficier believed that the two-part story \"belongs\" to Calculus as his \"cosmic vision moves the story forward\". They further expressed the opinion that Wolff was a unique character in the \"Adventures of Tintin\", suggesting that he is akin to a character from a John le Carr\u00e9 novel. Referring specifically to \"Explorers on the Moon\", they opined that"}, {"context": "it was \"a true epic of the human imagination\", believing that its depiction of the moon has \"withstood the test of time\" more than other \"proto-space exploration novels\". They felt that the moon adventure was \"Herg\u00e9 at his best... a triumphant achievement on every level\", awarding both halves of the story five stars out of five. Herg\u00e9 biographer Pierre Assouline felt that the two moon adventures \"mark a stage in the development of Herg\u00e9's work\". Herg\u00e9 biographer Beno\u00eet Peeters praised the \"gradual introduction into the story of a real dimension of evil\" as being something particularly effective. He also expressed"}, {"context": "the view that Wolff brings \"a tragic note\" to the story, comparing him to the characters in the stories of Graham Greene. He was critical of the two-part story arc, stating that they had \"neither the liveliness and dynamism\" of \"The Secret of the Unicorn\" and \"Red Rackham's Treasure\", \"nor the supernatural quality\" of \"The Seven Crystal Balls\"-\"Prisoners of the Sun\". Harry Thompson noted that \"Explorers on the Moon\" was widely regarded as Herg\u00e9's \"greatest artistic achievement\", describing the entire moon adventure as \"a technical masterpiece\" as a result of its \"uncannily accurate\" depiction of the moon. Thompson expressed his"}, {"context": "opinion that \"Explorers\" could be compared to the work of science-fiction writers Jules Verne and H. G. Wells. Focusing on the scene in which the Thom(p)sons hair grows rapidly in bright colours, he stated that it provides an abrupt contrast with \"the almost scholastic nature of the rest of the story\", and that it \"injects a few bright splashes\" into an otherwise \"carefully restrained colour scheme\". Philippe Goddin praised the depiction of the rocket's landing as \"a magnificent spectacle, well worth the double space spread given by Herg\u00e9\", also highlighting what he perceived as the ending's \"unprecedented dramatic tension\". In"}, {"context": "his psychoanalytical study of the \"Adventures of Tintin\", the literary critic Jean-Marie Apostolid\u00e8s praised the \"Destination Moon\"-\"Explorers on the Moon\" story arc for its \"meticulous attention to scientific facts\", but added that this had also resulted in the story's \"rather pedagogical tone\". He added that in these stories, the main division was \"no longer Good and Evil\" as it had been in previous \"Adventures\", but \"Truth and Error\". Apostolid\u00e8s opined that despite being a \"fussy and somewhat ridiculous character\", through his scientific achievements Calculus grows to the \"stature of a giant\" in this arc, eclipsing Sir Francis Haddock (from \"The"}, {"context": "Secret of the Unicorn\") as the series' \"founding ancestor\". He goes on to claim that in becoming the \"sacred ancestor\", the voyage to the moon becomes \"a mystical quest\" with science as its guiding religion. Drawing comparisons between this arc and the \"Prisoners of the Sun\" story, he drew symbolic links between the scientific centre and the Inca Temple of the Sun, but noted that here Calculus was the \"high priest\" rather than the sacrificial victim as he had been in the previous story. Moving on to discuss the moon rocket in these stories, Apostolid\u00e8s described it as a phallic"}, {"context": "object which penetrated the \"virgin territory\" of the Moon. At the same time, he described the rocket as a \"maternal belly\" in which the space explorers slept. Commenting specifically on \"Explorers on the Moon\" he commented that the protagonists of the story reverted to childhood when exploring the Moon, believing that they had treated it like a theme park. Literary critic Tom McCarthy stated that in the \"Destination Moon\"-\"Explorers of the Moon\" story arc, Calculus \"embodies Herg\u00e9's... own wartime position, spun out into a post-war environment\", representing a genius driven by his work whose activities are coincidental to national and"}, {"context": "political causes. He suggested that \"Explorers on the Moon\" was \"perhaps both the most wildly adventurous and the most contemplative\" installment in the series. He felt that the inclusion of Jorgen being smuggled aboard the rocket as a stowaway reflected the idea of the \"stranger\" penetrating the \"home\", something which he thought was present in other \"Adventures\". Commenting on the scene in which Haddock smuggles a whisky bottle inside the \"Guide to Astronomy\", he states \"the text, in this case, is hollow, smuggling something else\", which he believed was a reversal of the appearance of a parchment hidden within a"}, {"context": "model ship in \"The Secret of the Unicorn\". In 1957, the animation company Belvision Studios produced a string of colour adaptations based on Herg\u00e9's original comics, adapting eight of the \"Adventures\" into a series of daily five-minute episodes. \"Explorers on the Moon\" was the second to be adapted in the second animated series; it was directed by Ray Goossens and written by Greg, a well-known cartoonist who was to become editor-in-chief of \"Tintin\" magazine. In 1991, a second animated series based upon \"The Adventures of Tintin\" was produced, this time as a collaboration between the French studio Ellipse and the"}, {"context": "Canadian animation company Nelvana. \"Explorers on the Moon\" was the fifteenth story to be adapted and was divided into two twenty-minute episodes. Directed by St\u00e9phane Bernasconi, the series has been praised for being \"generally faithful\" to the original comics, to the extent that the animation was directly adopted from Herg\u00e9's original panels. Explorers on the Moon Explorers on the Moon () is the seventeenth volume of \"The Adventures of Tintin\", the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Herg\u00e9. The story was serialised weekly in Belgium's \"Tintin\" magazine from October 1952 to December 1953 before being published in a collected volume by"}]}, {"title": "Laurent Freidel", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Laurent Freidel Laurent Freidel is a French theoretical physicist and mathematical physicist known mainly for his contributions to quantum gravity, including loop quantum gravity, spin foam models, doubly special relativity, group field theory, relative locality and most recently metastring theory. He is currently a faculty member at Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Freidel received his PhD in 1994 from the \u00c9cole normale sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon (ENSL) in Lyon, France. He stayed at ENSL officially as a research scientist for 12 years, until 2006. During that time he also held a postdoctoral position at Pennsylvania State University"}, {"context": "in State College, Pennsylvania, United States from 1997 to 1999 and an adjunct professor position at the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada from 2002 to 2009. In 2006 he joined Perimeter Institute as its ninth faculty member. Between 2004 and 2006 Freidel has coauthored a series of papers on the Ponzano-Regge model, a spin foam model of 3-dimensional quantum gravity. In 2007 he introduced, with Kirill Krasnov, a new spin foam model for 4-dimensional quantum gravity which has become known as the Freidel-Krasnov model. In 2011 Freidel published a paper with Giovanni Amelino-Camelia, Jerzy Kowalski-Glikman and Lee Smolin"}, {"context": "introducing the principle of relative locality, a proposed generalization of the principle of relativity in which different observers see different notions of spacetimes. Between 2013 and 2015 he published a series of papers with Robert Leigh and Djordje Minic introducing a new formulation of string theory, \"metastring theory\", which implements the notion of relative locality in a precise way and introduces a new notion of \"modular spacetime\". Laurent Freidel Laurent Freidel is a French theoretical physicist and mathematical physicist known mainly for his contributions to quantum gravity, including loop quantum gravity, spin foam models, doubly special relativity, group field theory,"}]}, {"title": "Tarika-e-Maizbhandari", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tarika-e-Maizbhandari Tarika-e-Maizbhandari (Maizbhandari Sufi Order) is a Sufi sect based in Chittagong District of Bangladesh. Maizbhandari is a liberated Sufi order established in Bangladesh in the 19th century by Gausul Azam Shah Sufi Syed Ahmad Ullah Maizbhandari (1826 AD \u2212 1906 AD), a descendant of Muhammad. Maizbhandari spent his childhood in his native Chittagong, and after finishing his secondary education, he was admitted to Calcutta Alia Madrasha (the Aliah University) for studies in Islamic religion and philosophy. According to Sufism and Islam, a Khalifa is an authorized person who is assigned to a particular task. Maizbhandari assigned Khalifa to spread"}, {"context": "Maizbhandari Sufism across the continent. Khalifa is considered to be a spiritual master who is assigned or appointed for Sufism practice.Hundreds of Khalifas live in different places, appointed for Maizbhandari teaching. A list of the original Khalifa's successors was published by one of his descendants, Delwar Hossain Maizbhanderi, in \"Gausul Azam Maizbhandarir Jiboni O Karamat\" (Life sketch of Hazrat Kebla Kaba). Tarika-e-Maizbhandari Tarika-e-Maizbhandari (Maizbhandari Sufi Order) is a Sufi sect based in Chittagong District of Bangladesh. Maizbhandari is a liberated Sufi order established in Bangladesh in the 19th century by Gausul Azam Shah Sufi Syed Ahmad Ullah Maizbhandari (1826 AD"}]}, {"title": "Lindores", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Lindores Lindores is a small village in Fife, Scotland, in the parish of Abdie, about 2 miles south-east of Newburgh. It is situated on the north-east shore of Lindores Loch, a 44 ha freshwater loch. A possible derivation of the name \"Lindores\" is 'church by the water'. The ruins of Abdie church, about 0.5 miles south-west of the village are possibly the site of an ancient shrine connected to the Celtic foundation at Abernethy. After the foundation of Lindores Abbey in 1191 the church was given to the abbey. A Pictish stone dating from the 3rd century stood on a"}, {"context": "nearby ridge until 1850, but is now in the church yard. Traces of an ancient castle, thought to have belonged to Macduff, Thane of Fife, have been found at the eastern end of the village. The battle of Black Irnsyde at which William Wallace defeated Aymer de Valence, the 2nd Earl of Pembroke, was fought near the village. Lindores Lindores is a small village in Fife, Scotland, in the parish of Abdie, about 2 miles south-east of Newburgh. It is situated on the north-east shore of Lindores Loch, a 44 ha freshwater loch. A possible derivation of the name \"Lindores\""}]}, {"title": "Town Team Baseball", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Town Team Baseball Town Team Baseball is a variety of amateur baseball played in the United States. In Town Team baseball, sometimes also called townball, the teams represent either a given city or town, or a commercial enterprise which sponsors the team. Usually a statewide governing body sets uniform rules for two or more classes, including proximity (how close the player must live to the town for which he plays) and other eligibility rules, pay or stipends for players and coaches, boundaries, and rules to prevent players from switching teams without reason. Such governing bodies may also coordinate annual statewide"}, {"context": "playoffs, facilitate communication between teams and leagues, and help to arrange for training and placement of umpires. The history of Town Team Baseball varies from state to state. In addition to the states included below, Townball is played in Iowa, Kansas, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. In some areas, it offers people the fun opportunity to be around baseball in its purest form. Townball has been played in Minnesota since the 1920s. Townball enjoyed its peak of popularity in the 1940s and 1950s, with as many as 799 teams participating in the 1950 season. The first town baseball team in Minnesota is"}, {"context": "believed to have been Nininger's, in 1857. Although many towns in Minnesota have fielded baseball teams continuously since the 1880s, townball as we know it really came into existence in 1924 with the organization of the State Tournament, masterminded by the \"Saint Paul Pioneer Press\" and \"Saint Paul Dispatch\" writers Roy Dunlap and Lou McKenna. One year later, the AM-ABL was formed as a governing body for Townball in Minnesota. This organization still exists as the Minnesota Baseball Association. Numbers of teams and leagues operating in Minnesota peaked between the end of World War II (1945) and the arrival of"}, {"context": "Minnesota's new Major League Baseball team, the Minnesota Twins, in 1961. Since the minimum number of players required to field a team for a single game with no substitutions is nine, then at least 7191 (and in actuality a much larger number) individuals participated in Minnesota townball in the peak year, 1950. Historically, Townball teams in Minnesota were divided into three classes: AA, A, and B. In Class AA leagues, teams were permitted three players from outside the local area, and salaries were unlimited; essentially, whatever the team's owners or shareholders could afford, they could pay. Because the unrestrained competition"}, {"context": "and unlimited budgets bankrupted many teams and forced others to move to a lower class, this form of Townball disappeared in Minnesota by 1960, its leagues all victims of their own excesses. Legendary football coach Bud Grant played Class AA townball in Minnesota and Wisconsin and remarked, \"I made more money playing [town team] baseball than I did playing for the Minneapolis Lakers...And we won an NBA title while I was playing for them.\" Another perspective came from a former official from Bird Island, Fabian Sheehan: \"We priced ourselves out of the business, but we sure had a good time"}, {"context": "doing it.\" Nonetheless, some teams were able to turn a profit at this level. Former Fergus Falls pitcher Harley Oyloe said, \"As far as Fergus Falls, anyone who was around back then remembers those days and talks about them still. You tell the young kids that we used to have two or three thousand fans for a game and they think you're nuts.\" At the Class A level, teams were permitted two players from outside the local area, and salaries were still unlimited. Class B teams were required to draw all their players from a 15-mile radius from city limits,"}, {"context": "and no salaries were permitted, although many players were enticed to relocate to towns with B-level teams by offers of employment in local schools or establishments. Because this was the most economical level of Townball, it was also the most prevalent. However, it was always the least prestigious level of amateur baseball in Minnesota. It was not unheard-of for a town to field a B-class team in addition to an A or AA level team. Some towns even fielded three teams, with lower-level teams developing talent and feeding it to higher-level teams. In some states, townball is all but extinct"}, {"context": "in its traditional form. In others, particularly in Minnesota and Wisconsin, it remains vibrant and popular. Today there are more than 300 active Townball teams in Minnesota, playing in over 30 leagues throughout Minnesota, with major concentrations in the southern and central areas of the state. The classification system was revamped in 1986 to restore Minnesota amateur baseball to a 3-tiered format. Today the three classes are A, B, and C. Class A is reserved for teams from the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area and Class B teams are typically composed of larger outstate towns and teams that have won the"}, {"context": "Class C Championship. As of 2000, there were 48 teams in this class. All remaining teams are in Class C. There are 230 teams in this class as of 2012. This division is equivalent to class B under the old classification system. The 2015 champions in Minnesota are: The Class B / Class C state tournament is awarded to different towns throughout the state each season. Typically, 2 towns in close proximity host the tournament. The tournaments for both classes are held in conjunction with each other at the same venues. Notable players from Minnesota Town Team Baseball include Herb"}, {"context": "Brooks, Carmen Cozza, Bobby Dill, Paul Giel, Bud Grant, Sam \"Toothpick\" Jones, Dana Kiecker, Jerry Kindall, Dick Lanahan, Tom Mee, Eugene McCarthy, Gread McKinnis, Les Munns, Frank O'Rourke (the sports and western author, not the Major League infielder), Jim Pollard, Jim Rantz, Frank \"Pep\" Saul, Howie Schultz, Herb Score, Dick Siebert, Whitey Skoog, Moose Skowron, Hilton Smith, Terry Steinbach, Dick Stigman, Hy Vandenberg, Rudy York, and Bert Blyleven (for one game in the 2007 season), Jim Eisenreich, Eric Decker In 2007 in Nebraska, under the auspices of the Nebraska Baseball Association, there were nine leagues fielding over 50 teams. By"}, {"context": "2009, the organization has grown to 75 teams and reaches beyond the borders of Nebraska to accommodate out of state teams that have no other league in which to belong. Just three years old, the Nebraska Baseball Association has begun to pick up momentum and increased exposure. More towns are now assembling teams. The Nebraska Baseball Association structure was made possible with the research and assistance from the North Dakota Baseball Association, South Dakota Amateur Baseball Association, and the Minnesota Baseball Association. Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Minnesota are the only states in the country that have amateur state"}, {"context": "baseball organizations featuring legitimate qualifying district and state tournaments. Wyoming is seeking assistance from these states to establish another state baseball organization. 2007 Class A State Champions: Lincoln Lawlor Polecats State Runner Up: Lincoln Reds State tournament site: Dunlap Field, Cairo, Ne. District tournament sites: Hastings, Ne.; Crete, Ne. 2007 Class B State Champions: Ogallala Moose Lodge #1624 State Runner Up: Hartington Bankers State tournament site: Dunlap Field, Cairo, Ne. District tournament sites: Schuyler, Ne.; Hartington, Ne. 2008 Class A State Champions: Lincoln Dirtbags State Runner Up: Kearney Kernels Tournament MVP: Jeremy Fries, Lincoln Dirtbags State tournament site: Kearney, Ne."}, {"context": "2008 Class B State Champions: Wakefield Capitals State Runner Up: Yutan Pilots Tournament MVP: Max Greve, Wakefield State tournament site: Wakefield, Ne. Eaton Field District tournament sites: Sidney, Ne.; Tekamah, Ne.; Chadron, Ne.; O'Neill, Ne.; Wakefield, Ne. 2009 Class A State Champions: Lincoln Diablos State Runner Up: Kearney Kernels Tournament MVP: Kevin Hanley, Lincoln Diablos Class A state tournament site: Kearney, Ne. District tournament sites: Omaha, Ne., Lincoln, Ne., Gibbon, Ne., Alliance, Ne.; Scottsbluff, Ne. 2009 Class B State Champions: Hartington Bankers State Runner Up: Haxtun, Colorado Bombers Tournament MVP: Brett Bosn, Hartington Bankers Class B state tournament site: Wakefield,"}, {"context": "Ne. District tournament sites: Ashland, Ne.; Wakefield, Ne.; Cairo, Ne.; Imperial, Ne., Chadron, Ne. 2009 Roy & Ross Speece Umpire of the Year: Tim Higgins, Grand Island, Ne. 2010 Class A State Champions: Kearney Kernels State Runner Up: Lincoln Reds Tournament MVP: Kyle Kraska, Kearney Kernels Class A state tournament site: Kearney, Ne. District tournament sites: Omaha, Ne., Lincoln, Ne., McCool Junction, Ne., Scottsbluff, Ne. 2010 Class B State Champions: Haxtun, Colorado Bombers State Runner Up: Chadron Titans Tournament MVP: Jake McClain, Chadron Titans State tournament site: Sidney, Ne. District tournament sites: Pierce, Ne.; Yutan, Ne.; Scotia, Ne.; Haxtun, Co.;"}, {"context": "Chadron, Ne. 2010 Roy & Ross Speece Umpire of the Year: Mike Davis, Yutan, Ne. 2010 Max Greve Player of the Year: Travis Boyll-Kearney Kernels 2011 Class A State Champions: Omaha Tigers State Runner Up: Lincoln Reds Tournament MVP: Caleb Zimmer, Omaha Tigers ***first legion player to earn MVP***Omaha Central State Tournament sites: Brown Park at John Stella Field, Omaha Central at Boyd Park Class A Max Greve Player of the Year: Kevin Hanley, Lincoln Diablos Roy & Ross Speece Umpire of the Year: Ray Manske 2011 Class B State Champions: Valley Roughriders State Runner Up: Mead Steam Engines Tournament"}, {"context": "MVP: Chris Riley, Valley Roughriders State Tournament sites: Dunlap Field-Cairo, Grover Cleveland Alexander field-St. Paul Class B Max Greve Player of the Year: Jake Stutzman, Cairo Camels The state tournament is played every year at Jack Brown Stadium in Jamestown during the first three weekends in August beginning with Class A on the first weekend, followed by Class AA the second weekend, then Class AAA the third weekend. In 2018 a Masters Division was created for players who are 35 or older which was played during the last weekend in July. The Jamestown Tarno Townies won the inaugural Masters State"}, {"context": "Baseball Tournament. Great Town Team Baseball teams and players from South Dakota are honored by the South Dakota Amateur Baseball Hall of Fame in Lake Norden. The 2010 champions for South Dakota were: ~ Nick Bruning State MVP ~ Nick Bruning, Bryce Ahrendt, Nate Alfson, & Tyler Pierson members of the BV Merchants who made ALL-STATE Team The Wisconsin Baseball Association (WBA) is Wisconsin's largest amateur baseball association, composed of six separate leagues. The WBA had 63 member teams in 2018, located throughout Northern and Western Wisconsin along the St. Croix and Mississippi River valleys from Superior to La Crosse,"}, {"context": "and Hudson to Wausau. The Wisconsin Baseball Association Playoffs are held over two weekends in August. The WBA uses a 32-team, single elimination format. Eight teams advance to the final weekend at the state tournament, which rotates sites each year. PAST WISCONSIN BASEBALL ASSOCIATION STATE CHAMPIONS: 2018- OSSEO MERCHANTS --(Runner-up: Sparta Miller; Semifinalists: Everest Merchants, Tilden Tigers) 2017- SPARTA MILLER --(Runner-Up: Osseo Merchants; Semifinalists: Brill Millers, Spooner Cardinals) 2016- SPARTA MILLER --(Runner-Up: Osseo Merchants; Semifinalists: Elmwood Expos, Whitehall Wolves) 2015- CHASEBURG-COON VALLEY BLUES --(Runner-Up: Sparta Miller; Semifinalists: La Crescent Cardinals, Prescott Pirates) 2014- PRESCOTT PIRATES --(Runner-Up: La Crescent Cardinals; Semifinalists:"}, {"context": "Brill Millers, Chaseburg-Coon Valley Blues) 2013- BRILL MILLERS --(Runner-Up: Sparta Miller; Semifinalists: Menomonie Eagles, Prescott Pirates) 2012- MENOMONIE EAGLES --(Runner-Up: Prescott Pirates; Semifinalists: Ellsworth Hubbers, Haugen Knights) 2011- RIVER FALLS FIGHTING FISH --(Runner-Up: Beef River Bullfrogs; Semifinalists: Onalaska Athletics, Rib Lake Lakers) 2010- HAUGEN KNIGHTS --(Runner-Up: Onalaska Athletics; Semifinalists: River Falls Fighting Fish, Sparta Miller) 2009- EAU CLAIRE BEARS --(Runner-up: Haugen Knights; Semifinalists: La Crescent Cardinals, Prescott Pirates) 2008- EAU CLAIRE BEARS --(Runner-up: La Crosse Athletics; Semifinalists: Brill Millers, Haugen Knights) 2007- CHASEBURG-COON VALLEY BLUES --(Runner-up: Prescott Pirates; Semifinalists: Brill Millers, Eau Claire Bears) 2006- LA CRESCENT CARDINALS --(Runner-up: Grantsburg"}, {"context": "Honkers; Semifinalists: Eau Claire Bears, Sparta Miller) 2005- EAU CLAIRE BEARS --(Runner-up: Everest Merchants; Semifinalists: Bangor Red Birds, Plum City Blues) 2004- TILDEN TIGERS --(Runner-up: Sparta Miller; Semifinalists: Bangor Red Birds, Eau Claire Bears) 2003- OSCEOLA BRAVES --(Runner-up: Bangor Red Birds; Semifinalists: Oulu Blue Jays, Tilden Tigers) 2002- HUDSON RIVER RATS --(Runner-up: Augusta Athletics; Semifinalists: Oulu Blue Jays, Spring Valley Hawks) In Western New York, Town Team Baseball was revived in 2013 after a long hiatus, under the auspices of the Alle\u2013Catt Baseball league. In 2014, Mike \"Smitty\" Smith (then the manager of one of the teams) called for a"}, {"context": "split in that league and organized that league's New York teams into the Southwestern New York Men's Baseball League. The league's first title was decided in August 2014, when the Fillmore Town Team defeated the Little Valley Thunder. The league returned for its second season in 2015, expanding into Pennsylvania; that year, the team from Bradford, Pennsylvania defeated Fillmore for the championship. Bradford again defeated Fillmore for the 2016 title. The league was abandoned after the 2016 season after Smith opted to pursue a political campaign. The five remaining Pennsylvania teams in Alle\u2013Catt continue to play as their own league."}, {"context": "The fictional Lake Wobegon Whippets town team was a repeatedly-mentioned topic of Garrison Keillor's monologue on the show \"A Prairie Home Companion\" Town Team Baseball Town Team Baseball is a variety of amateur baseball played in the United States. In Town Team baseball, sometimes also called townball, the teams represent either a given city or town, or a commercial enterprise which sponsors the team. Usually a statewide governing body sets uniform rules for two or more classes, including proximity (how close the player must live to the town for which he plays) and other eligibility rules, pay or stipends for"}]}, {"title": "C. C. Wang", "paragraphs": [{"context": "C. C. Wang Chi-Chien Wang (; 1907 \u2013 July 3, 2003), better known as C. C. Wang, was a Chinese-born artist and art collector based in New York City. Wang was born in Suzhou, China in 1907. He studied law in Shanghai, and then in 1936 decided to devote himself to art. In 1949, to escape the exigencies of the communist revolution in China, he emigrated to the United States with his wife and two youngest daughters, leaving his son and oldest daughter behind. His collection of ancient Chinese paintings is consistently listed as one of the greatest such collections"}, {"context": "in the world. In 1998, 25 paintings from his collection were given to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. One of the most important works in this group was the hanging scroll \"Riverbank\" by 10th century master Dong Yuan, whose authenticity, however, was controversially challenged by the art historian James Cahill. Examples of his own paintings are the last authentic examples of \"literati art\" from China. Several expatriates practiced the style after the Communist revolution, but he was the last to die of those who practiced it, and the style was not permitted immediately after the revolution. Subsequent generations had no"}, {"context": "one to pass the style onto, and so it died out with the few expatriates practicing abroad, like Wang. Mr. Wang died July 3, 2003 in New York City. The 275 paintings known to remain in his collection at the time of his death are the object of a lawsuit filed in probate court in Manhattan on the same day as his funeral. As of 2008, most of the paintings remain missing. In 2003, a Chinese language newspaper article published a reproduction of a handwritten note by Wang, claiming that a family member had stolen the paintings. C. C. Wang"}]}, {"title": "Sandhesam", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sandhesam Sandhesam (English: \"The Message\") is a 1991 Indian Malayalam black comedy-political satire film written by Sreenivasan and directed by Sathyan Anthikkad, starring Thilakan, Sreenivasan, Jayaram, Siddique, Kaviyoor Ponnamma and Maathu. The film deals with unreal political activism existing in Kerala and takes major digs on the political parties in the state. A commercial success upon release, \"Sandesham\" is often regarded as a classic in Malayalam cinema. The film was included in IBN Live's list of \"100 Greatest Indian Films of All Time\". The film was remade in Tamil language as \"Veettai Paar Naattai Paar\" by director Thulasidas in 1994."}, {"context": "After retirement from Indian Railways, as station master, Raghavan Nair (Thilakan) is back at his home. His long cherished dream to spend his retired life with his family consisting of his wife (Kaviyoor Ponnamma), three sons and two daughters gets a blow after seeing his two sons brawling each other over their political differences. Prabhakaran (Sreenivasan), the elder one is a staunch leftist, and an active worker of the Revolutionary Democratic Party (RDP), which has just lost the Kerala state Assembly elections and relinquished office. Prakashan (Jayaram), popularly known as KRP, his younger brother is involved with the Indian National"}, {"context": "Secular Party (INSP), which has now come to power. Though they are both educated, neither has any plans to earn a living on their own and are fully immersed in petty politics, sponging off their parents for their needs. Raghavan Nair becomes deeply worried about their future, and tries to advise his sons, but his admonitions fall on deaf ears. Anandan (Mala Aravindan), his son-in-law is a police sub-inspector, but is now on suspension. When RDP was in power, he had arrested and beaten up several of the opposition party workers on instruction from the ruling party officials. Now that"}, {"context": "the previous opposition is in power, they exact their revenge, first by transferring him repeatedly to stations as far away from civilisation as is possible, and then by suspending him. As part of his retired life, Raghavan Nair decides to focus his attention on his agricultural activities and meets the new young agricultural officer Udhayabhanu (Siddique) and, with his wife's approval, wants their younger daughter Latika to get married to him, but his elder sons oppose it on flimsy and petty reasons. Prakashan, whose party is in power, pulls strings and get him transferred immediately to a remote location in"}, {"context": "order to prevent the marriage, but Nair gets them married at the registrar's office. In the meantime, Anandan and his wife Latha, Raghavan Nair's eldest daughter, demand partition of the property and their share, which Raghavan Nair objects to. The last straw is when their mother falls ill and is hospitalised for a day or so, and none of her children, especially the two older sons, show up at the hospital. Raghavan Nair, when he sees all of them milling around his house on returning from the hospital, loses his temper. He throws out all his children and orders them"}, {"context": "never to enter his house again. But to his surprise, he finds both Prakasan and Prabhakaran at the gate, fully repented. He calls them in and they begin a new life. The next day, Prabhakaran goes to court as a lawyer and Prakashan goes for a job interview. At the same time, it is also seen that Prasanthan, the youngest son of Raghavan Nair, has formed a new political party. But, both his brothers having learnt their lesson the hard way scold him and break his flag. It is here the film ends. Sandhesam Sandhesam (English: \"The Message\") is a"}]}, {"title": "Leslie Keeley", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Leslie Keeley Leslie Enraught Keeley, M.D. (June 10, 1836 \u2013 February 21, 1900) was an American physician, originator of the Keeley Cure. He was born in Potsdam, New York on June 10, 1836. Keeley graduated at the Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1863, and later entered the Union Army as a surgeon. At the end of the war he moved to Dwight, Illinois, where he began his private medical practice. There, in 1880, he opened a sanatorium for persons addicted to the immoderate use of alcohol and opium. He asserted that \"Alcoholism is a disease and I can cure it.\""}, {"context": "His treatment centered on a secret preparation that he said contained bichloride of gold. However, chemical analysis revealed that the proprietary tonic contained 27.55% alcohol plus ammonium chloride, aloin and tincture of cinchona but no gold. His hypodermic injections contained sulfate of strychnine, atropine and boracic acid. In 1890, Keeley began selling franchises and by 1893 there were 92 Keeley Institutes in the US, Canada, and Mexico and that number grew to over 200 and expanded to Europe. In 1939, \"Time\" magazine reported that \"Unvarying is the traditional Keeley routine. An incoming inebriate pays $160, plus room and board, must"}, {"context": "stay for 31 days. His weekly whiskey ration is gradually tapered off: eight ounces the first day, six ounces the second, four ounces the third, none from there on. Four times a day he gets gold chloride injections; every two hours he takes a tonic.\" At its height, the clinic in Dwight treated 700 patients per day. Keeley claimed that when his medicine was administered according to his directions, it had no injurious effects and that 95 per cent of the patients were permanently cured. If they did return to drinking, he insisted that they were cured but that they"}, {"context": "drank because they choose to do so, not because they were still addicted. However, it was later noted that a \"high percentage of those \"cured\" had relapsed.\" Keeley published numerous articles in the popular press in addition to pamphlets promoting his therapy, and wrote \"The Morphine Eater, or From Bondage to Freedom\" (1881) and the \"Non-Heredity of Inebriety\" (1896). He died on February 21, 1900 in Los Angeles, California. The Keeley Institute in Dwight, Illinois was the last to close, doing so in 1966. Despite his therapy being described by medical experts as an example of quackery, Keeley is remembered"}, {"context": "as one of the first to treat alcoholism as a medical problem. The \"Keeley cure\" is defined in the American Illustrated Medical Dictionary in the 1938 edition as \"a proprietary method of treatment for the alcohol and opium habits by means of gold chloride.\" Keeley was widely cited as a quack. A 1908 article in the \"Illinois Medical Journal\" stated that \"Leslie Keeley was a common, ordinary quack with a useless remedy which made good by advertising and catching suckers.\" Leslie Keeley Leslie Enraught Keeley, M.D. (June 10, 1836 \u2013 February 21, 1900) was an American physician, originator of the"}]}, {"title": "2009 BCR Open Romania", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2009 BCR Open Romania The 2009 BCR Open Romania was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 17th edition of the event known that year as the BCR Open Romania, and was part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2009 ATP World Tour. It was held at the Arenele BNR in Bucharest, Romania, from 21 September through 27 September 2009. The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: Albert Monta\u00f1\u00e9s defeated Juan M\u00f3naco, 7\u20136, 7\u20136 Franti\u0161ek \u010cerm\u00e1k / Michal Merti\u0148\u00e1k defeated"}, {"context": "Johan Brunstr\u00f6m / Jean-Julien Rojer, 6\u20132, 6\u20134 2009 BCR Open Romania The 2009 BCR Open Romania was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 17th edition of the event known that year as the BCR Open Romania, and was part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2009 ATP World Tour. It was held at the Arenele BNR in Bucharest, Romania, from 21 September through 27 September 2009. The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: Albert Monta\u00f1\u00e9s defeated Juan M\u00f3naco, 7\u20136,"}]}, {"title": "Daytona Beach Golf Course", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Daytona Beach Golf Course The Daytona Beach Golf Course is a municipal golf course, located at 600 Wilder Blvd. in Daytona Beach, Florida. The facility is owned and operated by the City of Daytona Beach, and offers two courses, the North Course and the South Course. In addition to the two parkland golf courses, the facility offers a lighted driving range, practice putting green, pro shop, and full service restaurant. The complex is managed by John Cameron as General Manager, with Brian Jaquet as the onsite Golf Professional and Forrest Ensminger as Superintendent. Special programs are offered for Juniors, Ladies,"}, {"context": "and Seniors. The Daytona Beach Golf Club was constructed in 1921. The South course remains true to the original layout, as designed by Donald Ross, one of the most significant golf course designers in the history of the sport. The course features live oaks, tall pines, and water hazards. The North course was designed and built in 1966 by Amos \"Slim\" Deatherage, who was the club's head professional and manager at the time. In 1997 the course was redesigned by Lloyd Clifton, with all greens, bunkers, and tees being redone. The resulting course winds through dense live oak and pine,"}, {"context": "with more water hazards and more undulations on the greens. Both courses have been rated as three stars (out of five) on average by Golf Digest magazine readers. GolfLink.com users have also rated both courses at three stars overall. The Daytona Beach Golf Club is the home of the Embry\u2013Riddle Aeronautical University \"Eagles\" Women's golf team, who use the courses for practice and intercollegiate matches. The Eagles are members of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics Region XIV and compete in the Florida Sun Conference. The Eagles hosted the 2002, 2003, and 2004 NAIA Women's Golf National Championship. The Eagles"}, {"context": "women's team also host the annual \"Bash at the Beach\" golf tournament at Daytona Beach Golf Club. The 2008 tournament was held on the final weekend in March, with participating teams including the Bethune\u2013Cookman University Wildcats, Jackson State University, Birmingham Southern, Seminole Community College, Florida Institute of Technology, University of Mobile, Webber International, Northwood University, Lindenwood University, Wellesley College, Spring Hill College, and Thomas University. Daytona Beach Golf Course The Daytona Beach Golf Course is a municipal golf course, located at 600 Wilder Blvd. in Daytona Beach, Florida. The facility is owned and operated by the City of Daytona Beach,"}]}, {"title": "Charles Martin (educator)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Charles Martin (educator) Charles Martin (April 26, 1817 \u2013 March 10, 1888) was twice an acting President of Hampden\u2013Sydney College from 1848 to 1849 and again from 1856 to 1857. Charles Martin attended Jefferson College where he was a member of the Gamma chapter of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. Martin graduated from Jefferson College in 1842 and spent the majority of his career as an educator. From 1847 until 1871 he was a professor of Languages \u2014 interrupted for two years by service in the Confederate States Army as adjutant, lieutenant and captain. After he left Hampden\u2013Sydney he taught"}, {"context": "at Virginia Tech, and, in 1876, was awarded an LL.D. degree by both Hampden\u2013Sydney and Washington & Jefferson. In his later years he served as a government clerk and Clerk of a United States District Court. Charles Martin (educator) Charles Martin (April 26, 1817 \u2013 March 10, 1888) was twice an acting President of Hampden\u2013Sydney College from 1848 to 1849 and again from 1856 to 1857. Charles Martin attended Jefferson College where he was a member of the Gamma chapter of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. Martin graduated from Jefferson College in 1842 and spent the majority of his career"}]}, {"title": "Autodynamics", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Autodynamics Autodynamics was a physics theory proposed by Ricardo Carezani in the early 1940s as a replacement for Einstein's theories of special relativity and general relativity. Autodynamics never gained status as a viable alternative model within the physics community, and today is wholly rejected by mainstream science. The primary claim of autodynamics is that the equations of the Lorentz transformation are incorrectly formulated to describe relativistic effects, which would invalidate special relativity, general relativity, and Maxwell's equations. The effect of the revised equations proposed in autodynamics is to cause particle mass to \"decrease\" with particle velocity, being exchanged with kinetic"}, {"context": "energy (with mass being zero and kinetic energy being equal to the rest mass at \"c\"). This exchange between mass and energy is the proposed mechanism underlying most of the derived conclusions of autodynamics. Ancillary predictions of autodynamics include: Autodynamics is wholly rejected by the mainstream scientific community. Since Carezani's original publication, no papers on autodynamics have appeared in the scientific literature, except for additional papers by Carezani published in alternative journals such as \"Physics Essays\". A 1999 article in the magazine \"Wired\" quotes H. Pierre Noyes, a professor at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, as stating, \"autodynamics was disproved."}, {"context": "Special relativity is correct\". Noyes was a researcher in an experiment attempting to compare the predictions of SR and AD, and concluded that the values calculated by SR were significantly closer to what was observed. Carezani later argued that the experiment was not relevant for comparing the two theories by pointing out that AD applies specifically to decay cases, yet the electrons in the Noyes experiment received energy from the external medium (klystron EM field). According to Lee Smolin, there has been \"no serious attempt [by the autodynamics supporters] to make an argument or to discuss experimental data that refute"}, {"context": "their basic claims\". Autodynamics Autodynamics was a physics theory proposed by Ricardo Carezani in the early 1940s as a replacement for Einstein's theories of special relativity and general relativity. Autodynamics never gained status as a viable alternative model within the physics community, and today is wholly rejected by mainstream science. The primary claim of autodynamics is that the equations of the Lorentz transformation are incorrectly formulated to describe relativistic effects, which would invalidate special relativity, general relativity, and Maxwell's equations. The effect of the revised equations proposed in autodynamics is to cause particle mass to \"decrease\" with particle velocity, being"}]}, {"title": "Agnyaathavaasi", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Agnyaathavaasi Agnyaathavaasi ( Prince in exile) is a 2018 Indian Telugu-language film directed by Trivikram Srinivas and starring Pawan Kalyan, with Keerthy Suresh, Anu Emmanuel, Aadhi Pinisetty, Kushboo, and Boman Irani in supporting roles. The film began principal photography on 3 April 2017. Aadhi Pinisetty played the main antagonist and Bollywood actor Parag Tyagi debuted as a villain. Work on the film commenced under the working title PSPK25, with the final release name revealed on 27 November 2017. The film was released on 10 January 2018, during the Sankranthi festival weekend. Govinda \"Vindha\" Bhargav (Boman Irani), a powerful business magnate"}, {"context": "receives the news of his son Mohan Bhargav's death in a car accident while he is in Italy. Later, armed gunmen enter his hotel room, one of whom holds up a phone, and on the other end are Vindha's friends Sharma (Murali Sharma) and Varma (Rao Ramesh), who tell him this was their plan all along, and now with his son dead as well (implying that they planned it), his \"empire\" has no heir. Vindha secretly records this conversation before being gunned to death by the gunmen. The news of Vindha's death, along with his belongings, reaches his wife Indrani"}, {"context": "Bhargav (Kushboo) who hears the audio file of Vindha's alleged killers. She calls her brother Appaji (Tanikella Bharani) to call for an unknown person. Appaji informs the unknown person, who is none other than Abhishikth Bhargav (Pawan Kalyan), Vindha's \"secret\" son. After performing his father's last rites in Varanasi, Abhi makes his way to Hyderabad, where his father's possible killers live. He scores a job in his office under the pseudonym Balasubramanyam, and makes friendships with Sukumari (Keerthy Suresh), Varma's daughter; and Suryakantham (Anu Emmanuel), Sharma's secretary who has a daughterly bond with Sharma. However, Abhi comes to know that"}, {"context": "the phone conversation must have been a fake one, since none of them have international calls registered on their phones, and now some unknown people are trying to kill him. Later that night, armed men break into his house and are killed by Abhi one after the other. The last one alive is killed in front of Indrani, only after revealing to them the true killer, Seetharam (Aadhi Pinisetty), Deenabandhu's (Sameer) (Vindha's ex-business partner who had died a few years ago) son. The police investigation behind Vindha's death led by ACP Sampath (Sampath Raj) comes to conclusion when he contemplates"}, {"context": "about Vindha's past. Govindha Bharav, a middle-class man, had set up a successful pharmaceutical company who wished to set up a factory in a remote village. However, that plan failed as Vindha refuses to bribe a local politician, who responds by provoking the villagers to attack Vindha's factory with the help of Vindha's friend Aditya Bandaru (Ajay). While escaping in a charter plane with his friends except Aditya, they discover that the briefcase containing the vile for the medicine has been shot, destroying it. However, Vindha hides a second one in a secret compartment in the same briefcase. After viewing"}, {"context": "their celebrations, he begins doubting them as well. When he goes to Bali on a holiday with his pregnant wife, there is an attempt on her life. She is presumed dead, although she is alive. Vindha senses danger to her life, thus sending her away to her brother Appaji's house. She dies shortly after giving birth to Abhi, who is raised as a person agnostic to the concept of wealth acquisition, which Vindha deems as the primary quality for someone to lead his empire after him. With Abhi's consent, he marries Indrani, who is now a mother to Mohan Bhargav."}, {"context": "Abhi takes over the company, proclaiming he is Vindha's son. He tortures Sharma, Varma, and Koteswara Rao (Raghu Babu), who had a habit of harassing women in the workplace. When this news reaches Seetharam, he comes back to India and asks for evidence to prove that Abhi is Vindha's son. Abhi goes to Bulgaria with Sukumari and Suryakantham to recover Vindha's will, which stated that his wealth must go to Abhi. However, that will is stolen by Seetharam with Appaji's help, and by threatening Sukumari and Suryakantham that he would kill Varma and Sharma. Seetharam destroys the will by burning,"}, {"context": "thus eradicating the evidence that Abhi is Vindha's son. However, when electing the future CEO for the company, Abhi fights Seetharam's goons on the roof of the building, after revealing that the will given to Seetharam was a fake one and that Appaji was part of Abhi's plan. After killing most of Seetharam's goons, one of the board members (Jayaprakash) of the company reveals to Abhi that he is Aditya's brother, and that he was part of Vindha's murder since he wanted to avenge his brother's death. After confronting Abhi, the board member is attacked by Seetharam's henchman Parag (Parag"}, {"context": "Tyagi), and they both slip off the rooftop. While Parag falls, Aditya's brother hangs by the logo of the company. After fighting Seetharam and telling him why he does not deserve the position of CEO, Abhi tells Aditya's brother that this company was a tribute to his friend, and the name of the company \"AB group\" was not named after him, but after Aditya. After that, the board member falls to his death. Abhi goes back into the company, takes the position of CEO, and promises Indrani that he will fulfill his father's duties. Principal photography began on 3 April"}, {"context": "2017 with a small coffee shop scene, shot at Ciclo Cafe, then moved to a special set erected in Ramoji Film City for an action sequence. Some parts of the film were shot in Annapurna Studios and a major sequence and a song were shot in Bangkok. The unit moved to Bulgaria on 26 October 2017 for 15 days to shoot two songs. After the foreign schedule, shooting continued in Hyderabad and was completed by the end of November 2017, including a brief period of shooting at Varanasi. The soundtrack was composed by Anirudh Ravichander, making his Tollywood debut. The"}, {"context": "first song \"Baitikochi Chusthe\" was unveiled on 6 November 2017, the birthday of director Trivikram Srinivas. The film was released on 10 January 2018. Times of India gave the film 2.5/5 stars, noting, \"Despite all the pomp and show, ... \u2018Agnyaathavaasi\u2019 has been an amazing ride had it either been taken seriously or been made with the same old Trivikram-Pawan Kalyan touch. However, the film lacks soul ... Pawan Kalyan aces through his role as usual, even if his body language and expressions ooze disinterest. The Indian Express rated the film 2/5 and stated \"Agnyaathavaasi is not the film we"}, {"context": "expected to see this holiday. It is strictly for fans of Power Star as Trivikram has spent the entire runtime gushing over Pawan Kalyan.\" The film grossed 90 crores against a budget of 70 crores. Agnyaathavaasi Agnyaathavaasi ( Prince in exile) is a 2018 Indian Telugu-language film directed by Trivikram Srinivas and starring Pawan Kalyan, with Keerthy Suresh, Anu Emmanuel, Aadhi Pinisetty, Kushboo, and Boman Irani in supporting roles. The film began principal photography on 3 April 2017. Aadhi Pinisetty played the main antagonist and Bollywood actor Parag Tyagi debuted as a villain. Work on the film commenced under the"}]}, {"title": "Keiji (manga)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Keiji (manga) \"Hana no Keiji\" was originally published as a one-shot manga published in issue 50 of 1989 of the \"Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump\". The serialized version was published in \"Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump\" as well from issue 13 of 1990 to issue 33 of 1993. 18 \"tank\u014dbon\" editions were published under the \"Jump Comics\" imprint. The series was republished in a 10-volume \"bunkokan\" edition by Shueisha and a 15-volume \"kanzenban\" edition by Tokuma Shoten from 2004 to 2005. An English version of the manga was serialized in the short-lived anthology \"Raijin Comics\" published by the now-defunct Gutsoon! Entertainment, where the first"}, {"context": "26 chapters were printed, although no collected volumes were published. Solicitations were released for the first two unpublished collected volumes under the \"Raijin Graphic Novels\" imprint. After the conclusion of \"Keiji\", Tetsuo Hara adapted another of Keiichiro Ryu's novels titled \"Kagemusha Tokugawa Ieyasu\", centering on Tokugawa Ieyasus body double. It was followed by a spinoff titled \"Sakon\", centering on Sakon Shima. In 2008, a \"Keiji\" spinoff titled Gif\u016b D\u014dd\u014d!! Naoe Kanetsugu, written by Tetsuo Hara and Nobuhiko Horie and illustrated by Yuji Takemura, began to be serialized in the \"Weekly Comic Bunch\". The latter title has been adapted into an"}, {"context": "anime television series aired first on July 2, 2013, entitled \"Gif\u016b D\u014dd\u014d!! Kanetsugu to Keiji\", and streaming on Crunchyroll. Keiji (manga) \"Hana no Keiji\" was originally published as a one-shot manga published in issue 50 of 1989 of the \"Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump\". The serialized version was published in \"Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump\" as well from issue 13 of 1990 to issue 33 of 1993. 18 \"tank\u014dbon\" editions were published under the \"Jump Comics\" imprint. The series was republished in a 10-volume \"bunkokan\" edition by Shueisha and a 15-volume \"kanzenban\" edition by Tokuma Shoten from 2004 to 2005. An English version of"}]}, {"title": "Olaf M. Hustvedt", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Olaf M. Hustvedt Vice Admiral Olaf Mandt Hustvedt (23 June 1886 \u2013 22 December 1978) was a senior officer of the United States Navy. He saw service in World War I and World War II, operating in both the Battle of the Atlantic and the Pacific War. During his 36-year career, he distinguished himself as an expert in naval ordnance and as a battleship commander. Hustvedt was born in Chicago, Illinois, on 23 June 1886 to Norwegian immigrant parents. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1909. His first tour of duty was aboard the armored cruiser ,"}, {"context": "in which he cruised from the United States West Coast to many ports in East Asia. He then attended George Washington University in Washington, D.C., from which he received a master of science degree in 1914. In 1914, Hustvedt reported for duty aboard the battleship . In 1916, he became a member of the staff of Commander, Battleship Division 6. During World War I, Hustvedt served aboard the battleship before transferring in 1918 to the battleship as \"Oklahoma\"s gunnery officer. Both battleships saw service in European waters during the war, with \"New York\" operating with other American battleships of Battleship"}, {"context": "Division 9 as the 6th Battle Squadron of the Royal Navys Grand Fleet and with \"Oklahoma\" seeing service escorting Allied convoys. In 1919, Hustvedt became Chief of the Experimental Division at the U.S. Navys Bureau of Ordnance in Washington, D.C. During his tour, he was among the U.S. Navy observers of United States Army Air Service Brigadier General Billy Mitchells against decommissioned American battleships in the Chesapeake Bay in September 1921. He also played a role in giving rocket pioneer Dr. Robert Goddard his first U.S. government contract and approved a contract for Carl Norden to work on the famous"}, {"context": "Norden bombsight for the Navy. Hustvedt was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1921, when he became commanding officer of the light minelayer . In 1924 he returned to the Bureau of Ordnance. He was assigned to the battleship in 1927, then transferred in 1928 to the battleship as the gunnery officer of a battleship division of the Battle Fleet. He moved on in 1930 to duty at the Naval Gun Factory at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C. In 1933, Hustvedt was promoted to commander and became executive officer of the heavy cruiser , then moved to the staff"}, {"context": "of the Chief of Naval Operations in Washington, D.C., in 1935. In 1938 he was promoted to captain and took command of the light cruiser . In 1939 he joined the staff of the Commander, Battle Force, United States Fleet, Admiral James O. Richardson, serving aboard Richardsons flagship, the battleship , as Richardsons operations officer before reporting to the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn, New York, to oversee the fitting out of the new battleship . He became \"North Carolina\"s first commanding officer upon her commissioning on 9 April 1941. On 23 October 1941, Hustvedt became chief of staff"}, {"context": "for the Commander-in-Chief, United States Atlantic Fleet, Admiral Ernest J. King. At some point during the interwar period, Hustvedt attended the Naval War College. After the United States entered World War II on 7 December 1941, Hustvedt remained Kings chief of staff until King became Commander-in-Chief, United States Fleet, on 30 December 1941, then continued his duties as chief of staff for the Atlantic Fleet when Vice Admiral Royal E. Ingersoll became the Fleets commander-in-chief on 1 January 1942. Hustvedt remained Ingersolls chief of staff until 8 May 1943, when he was promoted to rear admiral and became Commander, Battleships,"}, {"context": "Atlantic Fleet. In his new assignment, Hustvedt, with the heavy cruiser as his flagship, also commanded a U.S. Navy task force centered around the battleships and which operated with the Royal Navys Home Fleet from the Home Fleets base at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands, cruising along the coast of Norway in the hope of luring the German battleship \"Tirpitz\" out into a battle from her base in a Norwegian fjord. \"Tirpitz\" did not come out, and the American battleships departed in August 1943 for the Pacific Theater for operations against the Japanese. Hustvedt remained with the U.S. Navy"}, {"context": "forces at Scapa Flow. In October 1943 in Operation Leader, an Allied task force under the command of British Admiral Bruce Fraser made up of the British battleships and , three British cruisers, six British destroyers, and Hustvedts U.S. Navy force consisting of the aircraft carrier , \"Tuscaloosa\", and a destroyer division, approached the coast of Norway with a goal of conducting air raids against German shipping at the port of Bod\u00f8. \"Ranger\"s aircraft made two attacks on 4 October 1943, the first one damaging two German ships in a convoy in the North Sea before continuing to Bod\u00f8 and"}, {"context": "sinking two small German merchant ships there in exchange for the loss of two aircraft, while the second strike sank a large merchant ship and a small coastal merchantman at Bod\u00f8 and forced another large cargo ship to beach herself with heavy damage, losing three planes in the process. When three German aircraft later approached the Allied task force in the North Sea, \"Ranger\"s combat air patrol immediately shot two of them down. Hustvedt commented that Operation Leader had demonstrated that Royal Navy and U.S. Navy ships and aircraft could operate together with \"effectiveness, mutual understanding, and complete cooperation.\" Hustvedt"}, {"context": "soon transferred to the Pacific, where on 1 November 1943 he took command of Battleship Division 7, consisting of the Navys two newest battleships, , which served as Hustvedts flagship, and . Hustvedts first major Pacific action was Operation Flintlock, the American invasion of the Marshall Islands in January and February 1944, during which Battleship Division 7 was part of the escort of Task Group 58.3 (Carrier Task Group 3). During Flintlock, Hustvedt participated in Operation Hailstone, a U.S. Navy combined surface and air attack on the major Japanese base at Truk Atoll on 17\u201318 February 1944. Detached from Task"}, {"context": "Group 50.3, his two battleships served as the center of Task Force 50.9 when it conducted a cruise around Truk under the command of Admiral Raymond A. Spruance on 17 February to intercept Japanese ships fleeing U.S. Navy airstrikes against the atoll. Late in the morning that day, a lone Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero (Allied reporting name \"Zeke\") dropped a bomb close aboard \"Iowa\" alongside the bridge wing where Hustvedt was eating lunch; his reaction was simply to say \"That was \"my\" bomb\" and continue eating. His two battleships went on to cripple the Japanese destroyer \"Maikaze\" \u2013 which was"}, {"context": "finished off by accompanying heavy cruisers \u2013 and to straddle the Japanese destroyer \"Nowaki\" at the extreme range of 34,000 to 39,000 yards (10,363 to 11,887 meters), although \"Nowaki\" escaped without damage and managed to fire a torpedo which passed close to \"New Jersey\" across her bow. Hustvedt also commanded Battleship Division 7 during the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944. During the action, his two battleships were among those assigned to Vice Admiral Willis A. Lees Task Group 58.7 (Battle Line), which served as an antiaircraft screen against Japanese aircraft attempting to overfly the battleships on their"}, {"context": "way to strike at the American aircraft carrier force. Admiral Spruance, in overall command, canceled his original plan to send the battleships forward in pursuit of the Japanese fleet after the virtual destruction of Japanese air power in the area, so no surface engagement took place. Later in 1944, Hustvedt returned to Washington, D.C., where he became a member of the General Board of the United States Navy on 24 October 1944. He served in this capacity until he retired from the Navy in 1946, being promoted to vice admiral upon retirement. Hustvedts career as a battleship officer had been"}, {"context": "a promising one and he had a good reputation prior to World War II. The rise of the aircraft carrier to dominance in naval warfare during that war left him with little opportunity to demonstrate his capabilities as a combat leader and prevented his possible emergence as a major World War II naval commander. Hustvedt received two awards of the Legion of Merit during his career. In addition, the United Kingdom invested him as a Knight Commander Order of the British Empire. Hustvedt was married to Irene Cooper Hustvedt (1894\u20131990), a daughter of the Republic of Hawaii's co-founder Henry E."}, {"context": "Cooper, and was survived by three children. A son, Erling H. Hustvedt (1919\u20132001), entered the U.S. Naval Academy in 1937 and, although dropped from the academy due to an incorrect evaluation of his eyesight, went on to become a Navy officer, seeing extensive service during World War II. A grandson, Frederick Hauck (b. 1941), became a U.S. Navy officer, fighter pilot, and astronaut in the National Aeronautics and Space Administrations Space Shuttle Program. Hustvedt died of heart disease at his home in Washington, D.C., on 22 December 1978. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. Olaf M."}]}, {"title": "Carlos Rivero (baseball)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Carlos Rivero (baseball) Carlos Luis Rivero Mil\u00e1n (born May 20, 1988) is a Venezuelan professional baseball third baseman who is currently a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Boston Red Sox. Rivero was originally signed by the Cleveland Indians as an international free agent in 2005, and played for them for five minor league seasons (2006\u20132010) before joining the Philadelphia Phillies (2011) and Washington Nationals (2012\u20132013) organizations. He initially began as a strong-armed shortstop before being moved to third base, and has also spent time in left field. The Red Sox signed him in"}, {"context": "December 2013. In between, Rivero played winter baseball for the Leones del Caracas, Bravos de Margarita and Cardenales de Lara clubs of the Venezuelan League. The Venezuelan infielder ranked among the 20-top Cleveland prospects from 2007 through 2009. He also was rated twice by \"Baseball America\" as having the best infield arm in the Indians organization in the 2008 and 2009 seasons, before being named the best defensive third baseman in the International League in 2012 while playing for Washington affiliate the Syracuse Chiefs. Rivero earned International League All-Star honors during the 2012 season when he played at Syracuse. Previously,"}, {"context": "he was named the 2007 South Atlantic League Mid-Season All-Star while playing for the Lake County Captains, also a Cleveland affiliate. Not long after signing him, the Red Sox assigned Rivero to Double A Portland Sea Dogs to start the 2014 season. He then gained a promotion to Triple A Pawtucket Red Sox during the midseason. He struggled after being called up to Triple-A, batting just .179 through eight games in the month of May. But Rivero improved the rest of the way, hitting .319 to go along with a .375 on-base percentage in June. He finished the month with"}, {"context": "a solid week, recording at least a hit in all seven games to be named the International League Batter of the Week. He went 12-for-28 (.429) during the seven-game span, raising his season average to .286. In addition, Rivero drove in five runs and scored six times, while compiling three extra-base hits, as his efforts helped Pawtucket conclude a 5-2 stretch. But one thing kept Rivero in the Pawtucket line-up as he often filled the designated hitter role when he was not playing on the field. Overall, he hit .262/.320/.379 with five homers and 36 RBI in 74 games for"}, {"context": "Pawtucket before joining the Boston Red Sox. After nine seasons in professional baseball, Rivero became a major leaguer when the Red Sox purchased his contract from Pawtucket on August 25, 2014 after placing shortstop Xander Bogaerts on the seven-day concussion disabled list. He made his major league debut on August 29, pinch hitting for Will Middlebrooks. He was walked in his only plate appearance. Rivero was claimed off waivers by the Seattle Mariners on November 3, 2014 but on December 2, 2014 he was non-tendered and became a free agent. However, they soon re-signed him to a minor league contract."}, {"context": "On August 9, 2015, Rivero was traded back to the Boston Red Sox for cash and assigned to Triple-A Pawtucket. On November 18, 2015, Rivero signed a minor league deal with the Arizona Diamondbacks. He was assigned to Triple-A. Rivero signed a new minor league contract with the Diamondbacks on January 24, 2017. He was released on June 19, 2017. On July 6, 2017, Rivero signed with the Tokyo Yakult Swallows of Nippon Professional Baseball. On March 20, 2018, Rivero signed with the Toros de Tijuana of the Mexican Baseball League. On April 26, 2018, Rivero was traded to the"}, {"context": "Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos of the Mexican Baseball League. On December 6, 2018, Rivero, Luis Valbuena, and Jos\u00e9 Castillo were in a car in Yaracuy driven by Rivero's chauffeur when the car struck a rock. The driver tried to avoid it, but crashed. Rivero and the driver survived, but Castillo and Valbuena were killed. Castillo, Rivero, and Valbuena were all members of Venezuelan winter team Cardenales de Lara, and had played a game the day of the accident. Carlos Rivero (baseball) Carlos Luis Rivero Mil\u00e1n (born May 20, 1988) is a Venezuelan professional baseball third baseman who is currently"}]}, {"title": "Shakhriyar Mamedyarov", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Shakhriyar Mamedyarov Shakhriyar Hamid oglu Mamedyarov (; born 12 April 1985) is an Azerbaijani chess grandmaster. He is ranked as No. 1 in Azerbaijan and No. 3 in the world as of September 2018. His personal best rating of 2820 makes him the sixth-highest-rated player of all time in chess history. Mamedyarov has competed in the Candidates Tournament in 2011 (eliminated in quarterfinals), in 2014 (placing fourth) and in 2018 (placing second). He is a two-time World Junior Champion (2003 and 2005) and was World Rapid Champion in 2013. A gold medalist at the 2012 Chess Olympiad on the third"}, {"context": "board, he is a three-time European Team Champion (2009, 2013, 2017) with Azerbaijan. He is also a two-time winner at Tal Memorial (2010 joint and 2014 Blitz) and Shamkir Chess (2016 and 2017), as well as the winner of 2018 Biel Chess Festival where he beat reigning World Champion Magnus Carlsen. Shakhriyar's parents are from Zangilan District of Azerbaijan, which is now occupied by Armenia. in 1980, his family came to then flourishing industrial city of Azerbaijan, Sumqayit, where Shakhriyar was born. His first chess trainer was his father, who is also a former boxer and taught boxing to Shakhriyar"}, {"context": "for some time. Mamedyarov has two sisters, Zeinab Mamedyarova and Turkan Mamedyarova, who are Woman Grandmasters. Mamedyarov got married in 2012, but got divorced for unknown reasons. He remarried in July 2017. In 2003 he won the World Junior Chess Championship. He repeated his victory in 2005, becoming the only two-time champion, achieving a 2953 performance rating after eight rounds, earning an invitation to the Essent Tournament 2006 in Hoogeveen, and after winning this one and the 2007 edition, Mamedyarov achieved world fame. In 2005 Mamedyarov competed at the European Club Cup and had the second highest performance rating (2913)"}, {"context": "among all of the participants (Vassily Ivanchuk had the highest). Mamedyarov attained joint first place at the Aeroflot Open in Moscow in February 2006, with a score of 6\u00bd/9. In May he won the combined FiNet/Ordix rapd event. In October 2006, he won the closed Essent Chess Tournament in Hoogeveen with 4\u00bd/6, beating Judit Polg\u00e1r on Sonneborn-Berger. At the Chess World Cup 2007 Mamedyarov reached the third round where he was knocked out by Ivan Cheparinov. In 2008 he won the Corsican Circuit rapid knockout. In 2009 he won the Mainz Ordix Open with 10/11. In 2010, he tied for"}, {"context": "first place with Vladimir Kramnik and Gata Kamsky at the President's Cup in Baku, followed by joint first in the Tal Memorial. In June 2013, Mamedyarov won the World Rapid Chess Championship, scoring 11\u00bd/15. The next month he won the Geneva Masters rapid event. In November 2014, he won the Tal Memorial for the second time. In June 2016, Mamedyarov won the 3rd Shamkir Chess Tournament, the Vugar Gashimov Memorial. He defeated both top seeds Fabiano Caruana and Anish Giri in the last two rounds, which put him in a tiebreak situation with Caruana. He defeated Caruana in the tiebreak,"}, {"context": "thus giving him tournament victory. In April 2017, Mamedyarov won the Vugar Gashimov Memorial for the second year in a row with a score of 5\u00bd/9. In April 2018, he participated in the fifth edition of the Gashimov Memorial, finishing fourth with a score of 4\u00bd/9 (+1\u20131=7). From 28 May to 7 June 2018, he competed in the sixth edition of Norway Chess, placing seventh with 3\u00bd/8 (+0\u20131=7). In 2011, Mamedyarov was the tournament organisers' nominee, qualifying him for the Candidates tournament for the World Chess Championship 2012, where he lost to Boris Gelfand in the first round. In the"}, {"context": "2014 cycle, he qualified for the Candidates tournament by coming second in the FIDE Grand Prix 2012\u201313. He finished fourth in the Candidates, with a score of 7/14. He failed to qualify for the 2016 Candidates. He came sixth in the FIDE Grand Prix 2014\u201315, and was knocked out in the quarter finals of the Chess World Cup 2015 by eventual winner Sergey Karjakin. In the 2018 cycle, he qualified for the Candidates Tournament 2018 by winning the FIDE Grand Prix 2017. He finished as a runner-up in Candidates one point behind Caruana, with a score of 8/14. He played"}, {"context": "for Azerbaijan at the Chess Olympiads of 2000, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018. In 2009,2013 and 2017 he won the team gold medal for Azerbaijan at the European Team Chess Championship, having won the bronze medal in 2007 and silver in 2011. Shakhriyar Mamedyarov Shakhriyar Hamid oglu Mamedyarov (; born 12 April 1985) is an Azerbaijani chess grandmaster. He is ranked as No. 1 in Azerbaijan and No. 3 in the world as of September 2018. His personal best rating of 2820 makes him the sixth-highest-rated player of all time in chess history. Mamedyarov has competed"}]}, {"title": "PascalABC.NET", "paragraphs": [{"context": "PascalABC.NET PascalABC.NET is a Pascal programming language that implements classic Pascal, most Delphi language features, as well as a number of their own extensions. It is implemented on the .NET Framework platform and contains all the modern language features: classes, operator overloading, interfaces, exception handling, generic classes and routines, garbage collection, lambda expressions, parallel programming tools (OpenMP only as of 2016). PascalABC.NET is also a simple and powerful integrated development environment with integrated debugger, IntelliSense system, form designer, code templates and code auto-formatting. Command-line PascalABC.NET compiler is also available on Linux and MacOS (under Mono). PascalABC.NET is popular in Russian"}, {"context": "schools and universities. In Southern Federal University, it is used as the main language for teaching students of Information technology in the course \"Fundamentals of programming\" and for teaching children in one of the largest computer schools in Russia. Most units are focused on education: PascalABC.NET PascalABC.NET is a Pascal programming language that implements classic Pascal, most Delphi language features, as well as a number of their own extensions. It is implemented on the .NET Framework platform and contains all the modern language features: classes, operator overloading, interfaces, exception handling, generic classes and routines, garbage collection, lambda expressions, parallel programming"}]}, {"title": "28th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment", "paragraphs": [{"context": "28th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 28th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, the \"Niagara Rifles\" or \"Scott Life Guard\", was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was organized in Albany, New York and was mustered in for a two-year enlistment on May 22, 1861. The regiment was mustered out of service on June 2, 1863, and those men who had signed three year enlistments or who re-enlisted were transferred to the 60th New York. The regiment suffered 2 officers and 46 enlisted men who were killed in action or"}, {"context": "mortally wounded and 50 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 98 fatalities. 28th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment The 28th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, the \"Niagara Rifles\" or \"Scott Life Guard\", was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was organized in Albany, New York and was mustered in for a two-year enlistment on May 22, 1861. The regiment was mustered out of service on June 2, 1863, and those men who had signed three year enlistments or who re-enlisted were transferred to the 60th New"}]}, {"title": "Ian Ritchie (architect)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ian Ritchie (architect) Ian Ritchie (born 24 June 1947 in Sussex) is a British architect, artist and author, who founded Ian Ritchie Architects in 1981. His projects include the RIBA Award-winning Terrasson Greenhouse and London Regatta Centre, and American Institute of Architects Award-winning Royal Shakespeare Company Courtyard Theatre. Ritchie was the first foreign architect to receive the French Academie d\u2019Architecture Grand Silver Medal for Innovation. Ritchie graduated from Liverpool John Moores University School of Architecture in 1968. He then went on to research Urban Studies for a year in Oita-Osaka, Japan and graduated with a Diploma in Architecture with Distinction"}, {"context": "from PCL, London (now University of Westminster) in 1972. After working with Norman Foster (1972\u201376), Ritchie spent two years in France designing and constructing projects before joining Arup's Lightweight Structure Group. In 1979, he founded Chrysalis Architects. In 1981 he created Ian Ritchie Architects in London, and co-founded the design engineering firm Rice Francis Ritchie (RFR) with Peter Rice and Martin Francis in Paris. Ritchie left RFR in 1990 and went on to a number of advisory and teaching roles alongside his work at Ian Ritchie Architects, regularly lecturing on topics including art, urbanism and regeneration at venues across the"}, {"context": "world. During his career he has been awarded multiple accolades, including a CBE in 2000, and was elected a Royal Academician in 1998 and Professor of Architecture at the RA Schools in 2004. Ritchie (and Ian Ritchie Architects) have had over 60 national and international award nominations and have been shortlisted four times for the RIBA Stirling Prize and Mies Van der Rohe Prize. Ritchie was the first foreign architect to receive the French Academie d\u2019Architecture Grand Silver Medal for Innovation. In 1999, Ian Ritchie Architects (alongside Scottish Homes and Thenew Housing Association) completed Scotland's Home of Tomorrow - new"}, {"context": "social housing for Glasgow's East End. Ian Ritchie (architect) Ian Ritchie (born 24 June 1947 in Sussex) is a British architect, artist and author, who founded Ian Ritchie Architects in 1981. His projects include the RIBA Award-winning Terrasson Greenhouse and London Regatta Centre, and American Institute of Architects Award-winning Royal Shakespeare Company Courtyard Theatre. Ritchie was the first foreign architect to receive the French Academie d\u2019Architecture Grand Silver Medal for Innovation. Ritchie graduated from Liverpool John Moores University School of Architecture in 1968. He then went on to research Urban Studies for a year in Oita-Osaka, Japan and graduated with"}]}, {"title": "Sierra de la Virgen", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sierra de la Virgen Sierra de la Virgen is a mountain range in the Aranda and Comunidad de Calatayud comarcas, Aragon, Spain. It is located south of the Moncayo Massif between the valleys of the Jal\u00f3n and the Aranda rivers, rising north of the N-234 road, roughly between Calatayud and Torrelapaja. The ridge is aligned in a NW-SE direction. Its highest point is Cabrera (1,433 m); other important summits are Virgen de la Sierra (1,413 m), Cucuta (1,300 m), San Crist\u00f3bal (1,264 m), Pico de Mor\u00e9s (1,186 m) and Monte de la Lezna (1,173 m). The adjacent Sierra de Vicort"}, {"context": "stretches east of Sierra de la Virgen in the same direction. The name of this mountain chain derives from the Santuario de la Virgen de la Sierra, a Virgin Mary shrine located in the heights of the mountain range, about 22 km to the north of Villarroya de la Sierra town. These mountains are mostly covered with low maquis shrub and they have been repopulated with pine since the 20th century. The Sierra de la Virgen is often subject to wildfires in periods of prolonged drought. Native trees include juniper and \"Carrasca\" (\"Quercus ilex\"), among others. There are other smaller"}, {"context": "mountain chains named \"Sierra de la Virgen\" in Spain. One is in Ciudad Real Province, part of the Montes de Toledo, and the other is located in C\u00f3rdoba Province, Andalusia. Sierra de la Virgen Sierra de la Virgen is a mountain range in the Aranda and Comunidad de Calatayud comarcas, Aragon, Spain. It is located south of the Moncayo Massif between the valleys of the Jal\u00f3n and the Aranda rivers, rising north of the N-234 road, roughly between Calatayud and Torrelapaja. The ridge is aligned in a NW-SE direction. Its highest point is Cabrera (1,433 m); other important summits are"}]}, {"title": "Deputy Premier of Victoria", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Deputy Premier of Victoria The Deputy Premier of Victoria is the second-most senior officer in the Government of Victoria. The Deputy Premiership has been a ministerial portfolio since, and the Deputy Premier is appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Premier. The current Deputy Premier is James Merlino of the Labor Party. The duties of the Deputy Premier are to act on behalf of the Premier in his or her absence overseas or on leave. The Deputy Premier has always been a member of the Cabinet, and has always held at least one substantive portfolio (It would be"}, {"context": "technically possible for a minister to hold only the portfolio of Deputy Premier, but this has never happened). If the Premier were to die, become incapacitated or resign, the Governor would normally appoint the Deputy Premier as Premier. If the governing or majority party had not yet elected a new leader, that appointment would be on an interim basis. Should a different leader emerge, that person would then be appointed Premier. During the period of a Labor government, the Deputy Premier is typically the deputy leader of the Labor parliamentary party. During periods of government by the Liberal-National coalition, the"}, {"context": "Deputy Premier is usually the leader of the junior coalition partner, the Nationals. \"Please note that this list may be incomplete due to lack of information\" As of January 2016, there are five living former Deputy Premiers. The most recent Deputy Premier to die was Joan Kirner on 1 June 2015. Among the most notable former Deputy Premiers of Victoria have been Sir Robert Menzies (1932\u20131934) who become the longest serving Prime Minister of Australia. Others include Sir Albert Dunstan (1932) who later became Premier for a then record of eleven years, Sir Rupert Hamer (1971\u20131972) who later became a"}, {"context": "long serving Premier and Thomas Hollway (1943\u20131945) who was Premier on three different occasions. Deputy Premier of Victoria The Deputy Premier of Victoria is the second-most senior officer in the Government of Victoria. The Deputy Premiership has been a ministerial portfolio since, and the Deputy Premier is appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Premier. The current Deputy Premier is James Merlino of the Labor Party. The duties of the Deputy Premier are to act on behalf of the Premier in his or her absence overseas or on leave. The Deputy Premier has always been a member of"}]}, {"title": "Chlamydia muridarum", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Chlamydia muridarum Chlamydia muridarum is an intracellular bacterial species that at one time belonged to \"Chlamydia trachomatis\". However, \"C. trachomatis\" naturally only infects humans and \"C. muridarum\" naturally infects only members of the family Muridae (includes both mice and hamsters, Alderton, 1996). Two strains of \"Chlamydia muridarum\", MoPn (originally named Nigg) and SFPD, have been isolated from mice and hamsters. Glycogen production by both strains has been demonstrated. The chromosome and extrachromosomal plasmid of MoPn have been sequenced. \"Chlamydia muridarum\" MoPn binds mAbs recognizing \"Chlamydia trachomatis\" MOMP vs4 core epitope (T)LNPT(IA). DNA sequence analysis indicates that these mAbs should recognize"}, {"context": "SFPD and that \"Chlamydia trachomatis\" B-serogroup mAbs specific for the vs4 epitope IAGAG should recognize SFPD. MoPn was isolated in 1942 from the lungs of asymptomatic albino Swiss mice and was subsequently shown to be capable of producing disease in mice. SFPD was obtained from a hamster, concurrent with a causative agent of proliferative ileitis. MoPn has been shown to be sensitive to sulfadiazine. The genome of several strains has been sequenced. Chlamydia muridarum Chlamydia muridarum is an intracellular bacterial species that at one time belonged to \"Chlamydia trachomatis\". However, \"C. trachomatis\" naturally only infects humans and \"C. muridarum\" naturally"}]}, {"title": "Mimi Gardner Gates", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mimi Gardner Gates Mary \"Mimi\" Gates (n\u00e9e Gardner; born July 30, 1943) is an American art historian who is the recent Director of the Seattle Art Museum. In 1996, she married Bill Gates Sr., father of Bill Gates. Gates holds a B.A. degree in art history from Stanford University, a certificate with honors in Chinese language and culture from the \u00c9cole Nationale des Langues Orientales Vivantes in Paris, an M.A. degree in Oriental and Chinese Studies from the University of Iowa, and a Ph.D. degree in Art History from Yale University. An old friend of Theresa Heinz Kerry, she is"}, {"context": "also a frequent juror for the Heinz Awards, appointed by the Heinz Family Philanthropies to award outstanding achievement in the area of Arts and Humanities. She was curator of Asian art and then director of the Yale University Art Gallery. At Yale, she contributed to the development of the Association of Art Museum Directors (AAMD) guideline discouraging the sale of artwork in a Museum's collection, even to cover operating costs. In a brief, she detailed her view that museum collections are \"\"a public trust\"\". She has also lobbied the U.S. and Chinese negotiators to ensure that implementation of UNESCO rules"}, {"context": "about non-archaeological cultural exports do not tie the hands of American curators. She came to Seattle in 1994 to head the museum, and in her tenure, has added over 2500 works to the collections. Among these are many Asian art treasures and works by Van Dyck, Albert Bierstadt, Richard Serra and Alexander Calder. The museum has also established a sculpture park. The museum's endowment has tripled to over $75 million and the region's first conservation studio was opened. In 1999, the museum discovered that a Matisse painting in its possession was looted by Nazis and owned by the descendants of"}, {"context": "French-Jewish art dealer Paul Rosenberg. Gates brokered an 11th-hour settlement that returned the artwork, after which the museum sued the gallery that had sold it the painting in the 1950s. Gates has co-authored \"Porcelain Stories: From China to Europe\" and \"Biblical Art and the Asian Imagination\" Gates retired from the Seattle Art Museum in 2009. Gates, elected by Yale alumni, served a six-year term, commencing July 1, 2007, on the Yale Corporation, Yale University\u2019s governing body. Mimi Gardner Gates Mary \"Mimi\" Gates (n\u00e9e Gardner; born July 30, 1943) is an American art historian who is the recent Director of the"}]}, {"title": "Maryland wine", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Maryland wine Maryland wine is wine made in the U.S. state of Maryland. The industry has grown rapidly since the first winery in Maryland, Boordy Vineyards, opened in 1945. It is estimated that the industry contributes $50 million annually to the Maryland economy. The state\u2019s history of viticulture begins in 1648 with the earliest recorded instance of winemaking in Maryland. Fourteen years later, the first European grapes planted in Maryland were deposited in on the east bank of St. Marys River. It was not until the 1930s that Philip Wagner, a columnist with the \"Baltimore Sun\", published \"American Wines and"}, {"context": "How to Make Them\". The book was later revised as \"Grapes Into Wine\" and became the definitive book on winemaking in America. The 1980s proved to be a definitive decade for the industry. In 1981, the Maryland Grape Growers Association was formed, followed by the Maryland Wineries Association in 1984. That same year, the Maryland Wine Festival was held for the first time and the Maryland Winery and Grape Growers Advisory Board was formed. In 2000, the Maryland State Legislature passed Maryland House Bill 414, allowing state wineries to sell wine by the glass at the winery and to bring"}, {"context": "product onto retail licensed premises for promotional activities. A record crowd of more than 25,000 attended the Maryland Wine Festival and Maryland wineries sold a record of wine. Throughout the years that followed, the industry saw many changes as well as growing success. The instigator of such success was the Maryland Wineries Association\u2019s first-ever major cooperative marketing campaign, \"Ask For Maryland Wine.\" Maryland is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania, on the west by West Virginia, on the east by Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south by West Virginia and Virginia. The mid-portion of this border is"}, {"context": "interrupted on the Maryland side by Washington D.C.. The Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state, and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Maryland has a wide array of climates for a state of its size. The climate depends on a number of variables from proximity to water, elevation, and protection from northern weather due to downslope winds. The eastern half of Maryland lies on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, with very flat topography and very sandy or muddy soil. This region has a humid subtropical climate, with hot, humid summers and mild to cool"}, {"context": "winters. Beyond this region is the Piedmont. The region is a transition zone between the humid subtropical climate zone and the humid continental climate zone. This region experiences hot, humid summers and moderately cold winters where significant snowfall and subfreezing temperatures are an annual occurrence. Extreme Western Maryland lies completely in the humid continental climate. Western Maryland has milder summers and cold snowy winters. Some parts of western Maryland possess the cool summer humid continental climate with summer average temperatures below . Precipitation in the state is very generous. Annual rainfall ranges from to in virtually every part of the"}, {"context": "state. Maryland possess a great variety of topography, ranging from sandy dunes dotted with sea grass in the east, to low marshlands near the bay, to rolling hills of oak forest in the Piedmont region and mountain pine groves in the west. Maryland has four distinct growing regions, allowing for a wide diversity of grape varieties that will thrive throughout the State. A majority of the state's vineyards are planted in Central Maryland, from the foothills west of Frederick, Maryland to the head of the Chesapeake Bay. The state's oldest wineries are located in the Piedmont Plateau as well as"}, {"context": "the Frederick Wine Trail and Mason-Dixon Wine Trail. There are clusters of wineries around Westminster and north of Baltimore. Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Chardonnay and Pinot gris are planted, which consists of Harford, Baltimore, Carroll, Howard, Montgomery and Frederick Counties. The Eastern Shore is known for its warm days and cool nights. The soil is sandy and well-drained, and the climate is moderated by the Chesapeake Bay. A wide variety of grapes are growing throughout the Upper Shore (Cecil, Kent and Queen Anne's Counties), Mid Shore (Talbot, Dorchester and Caroline Counties) and Lower Shore (Somerset, Worcester and Wicomico Counties)."}, {"context": "Southern Maryland gets hot, and stays hot night and day for most of the summer. This may not be good for some varieties, but many Southern Italian and other Mediterranean varieties are found growing in the region. Barbera, Sangiovese, Montepulciano, Chardonnay, Vidal, Blaufrankisch, Symphony and other varieties are planted in the region, which consists of Anne Arundel, Prince George's, Calvert, Charles and St. Mary's Counties. Western Maryland plays host to a number of vineyards and two wineries. Grapes in this region must be more cold-hardy and able to withstand long winters and a short growing season. Varieties such as Cabernet"}, {"context": "Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot, Chardonnay, Norton/Cynthiana, Chambourcin, Vidal and Seyval are found in the region. The region consists of Washington, Allegany and Garrett Counties. Phillip M. Wagner is still considered a very prominent figure for those in the amateur and commercial sides of wine making. Wagner is the author of \"Grapes into Wine\" and several other books having to do specifically with North American wine making. Including several revisions of his original book \"American Wines and How to Make Them\" originally published in 1933. He was also the founder of Maryland\u2019s own Boordy Vineyards where he experimented with various"}, {"context": "wine making techniques most notably hybridization of grapes. The Maryland Wine Festival is a wine festival that showcases Maryland wine on the third weekend of September annually. The festival was established in 1984 in Union Mills, Maryland and has been held at the Carroll County Farm Museum in Westminster, Maryland since 1985. It is one of the oldest and largest wine festivals on the East Coast, hosting over 25,000 people and featuring more than 200 wines for sampling each year. Maryland wine Maryland wine is wine made in the U.S. state of Maryland. The industry has grown rapidly since the"}]}, {"title": "August Kappler", "paragraphs": [{"context": "August Kappler August Kappler (11 November 1815 \u2013 20 October 1887) was a German researcher, naturalist and explorer who was a native of Mannheim. He is credited as the founder of Albina, Suriname. From January 1836, Kappler was stationed in Suriname as a soldier and member of the Dutch colonial service. Here he had the opportunity to explore the country, and in the process, amass a large collection of insects and plants. In 1854 he published a book involving his experiences in the Dutch colony during time spent as a member of the colonial service. After his military duties were"}, {"context": "finished, he spent the years 1842 to 1846 based in Paramaribo, from where he sold butterflies that were collected locally. In latter part of 1846, he had earned enough money to purchase a plot of land near the Marowijne River. Here he would spend the next 33 years of his life, working as a trader, farmer, postal official, et al. He called his homestead \"Albina\", after his fianc\u00e9 Albina Josefine Liezenmaier. Within the decade, Albina would become a small settlement with a handful of European settlers. In 1879 Kappler left Suriname and returned to Germany, subsequently publishing two more books"}, {"context": "on his experiences in the Dutch colony. He died in Stuttgart at the age of 71, and at his funeral, his coffin was covered with the flag of the Netherlands. August Kappler August Kappler (11 November 1815 \u2013 20 October 1887) was a German researcher, naturalist and explorer who was a native of Mannheim. He is credited as the founder of Albina, Suriname. From January 1836, Kappler was stationed in Suriname as a soldier and member of the Dutch colonial service. Here he had the opportunity to explore the country, and in the process, amass a large collection of insects"}]}, {"title": "William Chetwood", "paragraphs": [{"context": "William Chetwood William Chetwood (June 17, 1771 \u2013 December 17, 1857) was a U.S. Representative from New Jersey. He was the Mayor of Elizabethtown, New Jersey from 1839 to 1841. He was born on December 17, 1857 in Elizabeth, New Jersey. Chetwood graduated from Princeton College in 1792, where he studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1796 and commenced practice in Elizabeth, New Jersey. He served as prosecutor of the pleas for Essex County, became a member of the State Council of New Jersey, was a major of militia and served in the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794"}, {"context": "as aide-de-camp to Major General Henry \"Light Horse Harry\" Lee. Chetwood was elected as a Whig (at the time, a coalition of National Republican Party members) to the Twenty-fourth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Philemon Dickerson. He served in Congress from December 5, 1836 to March 3, 1837, afterward resuming the practice of law. In 1841 and 1842 he was elected to the New Jersey Legislative Council from Essex County, New Jersey. He died on December 17, 1857 in Elizabeth, New Jersey at the age of 86. He was interred in Hillside's Evergreen Cemetery. William"}]}, {"title": "Roswell, Texas", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Roswell, Texas Roswell, Texas is a serialized, online graphic novel which started in 2006 and was completed early in 2008. It appeared in installments on the web site of Big Head Press. Written by science fiction novelist L. Neil Smith with Rex F. May (better known as the cartoonist Baloo) and illustrated by artist Scott Bieser, with coloring by Jen Zach and lettering by Zeke Bieser, \"Roswell, Texas\" is an alternate history set in a universe in which Davy Crockett survived the Alamo and Santa Anna didn't, and in which an expanded Texas eventually became the \"Federated States of Texas\""}, {"context": "rather than one of the United States. The novel's plot centers around the 1947 crash of an unidentified flying object (analogous to the \"real-world\" Roswell UFO incident) near Roswell, the westernmost city of the Federated States of Texas (analogous to the real-world town of Roswell, New Mexico). Its theme incorporates Smith's well-known libertarian philosophy and sensibilities. Outside of North America, other differences between our timeline and this one exist. World War II (known as the \"European War\" in this universe) is still being fought into the late 1940s, without Japanese or American involvement. The United Kingdom has allied with Nazi"}, {"context": "Germany, with King Edward VIII becoming a puppet ruler. Many European people have emigrated to Texas. The United States have suspended the Bill of Rights. California never joined the Union, becoming an independent state like Texas in the novel. \"Roswell, Texas\" makes extensive use of anachronism and anatopism in its story line. Historical personalities including Charles Lindbergh (and his son, Charles Lindbergh III, who in real life was abducted and murdered as an infant), Audie Murphy, Malcolm X, Pope John Paul II, Gene Roddenberry, Eliot Ness, Lawrence of Arabia, Charles de Gaulle, Walt Disney and others appear in roles often"}, {"context": "tangentially related to, but always significantly different from, their \"real-world\" biographies. Additionally, characters from Smith's other works (notably William \"Win\" Bear, protagonist of \"The Probability Broach\" and other novels in Smith's \"North American Confederacy\" series) appear in key or supporting roles as \"alternate history\" versions of their own fictional selves. As of March 18, 2008, \"Roswell, Texas\" was complete at 640 pages\u2014some consisting of a single illustration, others of multiple panels. In June 2008, a gray-scale paperback reprint of \"Roswell, Texas\" was published by Big Head Press. Roswell, Texas Roswell, Texas is a serialized, online graphic novel which started in"}]}, {"title": "David Heath (fighter)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "David Heath (fighter) David Alan Heath (born February 10, 1976) is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in the Middleweight division. A professional competitor since 2003, he has fought for the UFC, MFC, and King of the Cage. Heath began training in mixed martial arts in 2002 and made his professional debut in 2003. Heath compiled a record of 7-0, which included a win over Sean Salmon, while mostly fighting in his home-state of Oklahoma before being signed by the UFC. Heath made his debut for the organization at UFC 62 on August 26, 2006 against Cory Walmsley won"}, {"context": "the bout via rear-naked choke submission in the first round. Heath next fought at UFC Fight Night 7 against Canadian Victor Valimiki and won via split decision. Heath then fought against future UFC Light Heavyweight Champion against then-undefeated Lyoto Machida at UFC 70 in England. Heath was a replacement for Machida's original opponent, Forrest Griffin, who withdrew from the bout due to a nagging staph infection. Heath was handed his first professional loss via unanimous decision and the fight was pulled off the air, being replaced for more entertaining fights. Heath apologized in post-fight interview for a \"boring\" and \"frustrating\""}, {"context": "performance, and also said that Machida has an \"ultra-boring style\" of fighting. Heath then fought longtime veteran Renato Sobral at \"UFC 74\". Prior to the fight, Heath taunted Sobral over his recent legal difficulties and then wore a shirt displaying Sobral's police mugshot to the Octagon. While angered by the display, Sobral defeated Heath by anaconda choke in the second round after horrifically beating and bloodying his opponent to the point of grotesquerie. Sobral continued to hold the choke for four seconds after Heath tapped out, which is illegal, and ignored the commands of referee Steve Mazzagatti, who tried to"}, {"context": "physically break the hold. Renato stated during the post-fight interview that \"He (Heath) has to learn respect. He deserved that. He called me 'motherfucker'.\" Sobral also disregarded the boos from the over 11,000 fans, saying \"The crowd didn't like it? Who cares! At least they had a reaction.\" Sobral was released from the UFC for his actions. In a later interview, Heath has stated that he does not hold a \"grudge\" against Sobral but is disappointed about the \"black eye\" that the sport of mixed martial arts suffered after the incident. In his next bout for the UFC a year"}, {"context": "later, Heath fought Tim Boetsch at UFC 84 and was defeated in the first round after he was thrown against the cage and hit with numerous punches. Heath, having lost three consecutive fights, was released by the UFC. After a TKO win, Heath was signed by the Canada-based MFC and lost his debut against current Bellator fighter, Emanuel Newton. Heath then bounced back with a win over former MFC Light Heavyweight Champion, Roger Hollett. Heath lost his next two fights for the organization before defeating Solomon Hutcherson at via knockout from a superman punch. Heath lost his last appearance for"}, {"context": "the organization against Rodney Wallace before signing with King of the Cage. Heath signed with King of the Cage and won his first two fights for the organization in 2012. David Heath (fighter) David Alan Heath (born February 10, 1976) is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in the Middleweight division. A professional competitor since 2003, he has fought for the UFC, MFC, and King of the Cage. Heath began training in mixed martial arts in 2002 and made his professional debut in 2003. Heath compiled a record of 7-0, which included a win over Sean Salmon, while mostly"}]}, {"title": "Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Champhai", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Champhai Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Champhai or locally known as JNV Khawzawl is a boarding, co-educational school in Champhai district of Mizoram state in India. Navodaya Vidyalayas are funded by the Indian Ministry of Human Resources Development and administered by Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti, an autonomous body under the ministry. The school was established in 2006, and is a part of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya schools. This school is administered and monitored by Shillong regional office of Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti. Admission to JNV Khawzawl at class VI level is made through selection test conducted by Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti. The information"}, {"context": "about test is disseminated and advertised in district by the office of Champhai district magistrate (Collector), who is also chairperson of Vidyalya Management Committee. JNV Champhai is affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education with affiliation number 2340005. Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Champhai Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Champhai or locally known as JNV Khawzawl is a boarding, co-educational school in Champhai district of Mizoram state in India. Navodaya Vidyalayas are funded by the Indian Ministry of Human Resources Development and administered by Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti, an autonomous body under the ministry. The school was established in 2006, and is a part of"}]}, {"title": "Gary Rodkin", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Gary Rodkin Gary Rodkin is the past CEO and President of ConAgra Foods, one of the largest food processing companies in North America. Rodkin was formerly the CEO and president of the North America division of PepsiCo from 1995 to 2005, and still is a special consultant through his exit agreement with the company. On August 12, 2014, Rodkin announced that he would be retiring as CEO in 2015. While CEO of ConAgra Foods in 2009, Gary M. Rodkin earned a total compensation of $5,858,677, which included a base salary of $1,019,231, a cash bonus of $1,100,000, stocks granted of"}, {"context": "$2,126,000, options granted of $1,425,850, and other compensation totaling $187,596. For two years between 2003 and 2005, Rodkin was Chairman and CEO of PepsiCo Beverages and Foods North America. He was also CEO and President at various times for: Pepsi-Cola North America, Pepsico, Inc. and PepsiCo Beverages and Foods North America. Between 1998 and 2005 he was CEO of Tropicana Products, Inc. and President from 1995 to June 2005. Earlier in his career, Rodkin worked at General Mills, Inc., in a variety of marketing and general management roles, taking a key role in many of the successes of the firm\u2019s"}, {"context": "leading brands, such as Betty Crocker and Cheerios. He has been an Independent Director at the United Industries Corporation since 2002, and a Director at Avon Products between 2007 and 2016. After leaving ConAgra Foods, in July 2015 he took on the role of Independent Director for the Simon Property Group Rodkin is the chairman of Boys Town, the Prosper Omaha economic development campaign established by the Omaha Chamber of Commerce and Chairman of the Father Flanagan\u2019s Boys\u2019 Home Board of Trustees. He has also been Chairman of the Grocery Manufacturers Association since 2011. Gary and Barbara Rodkin donated $15"}, {"context": "million dollars to Rutgers University in 2018 to build the Gary and Barbara Rodkin Center for Academic Success to support the academic achievements of Rutgers' approximately 700 student-athletes. Rodkin has a Bachelor's degree in Economics from Rutgers University and an M.B.A. from the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration. Rodkin was listed as Number 250 on Forbes' Top CEO Compensation for 2011. He received the FMI Albers Award for Business Collaboration in 2015. Gary Rodkin Gary Rodkin is the past CEO and President of ConAgra Foods, one of the largest food processing companies in North America. Rodkin was formerly the"}]}, {"title": "Hanin Elias", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hanin Elias Hanin Elias (born 31 May 1972) is a Syrian German industrial/techno artist. She was a member of Atari Teenage Riot and is now a solo artist. After Atari Teenage Riot's non-definitive break in 2000, and the subsequent death of Carl Crack from a drug overdose, the members of ATR split up, and Elias set up her own record label, Fatal Recordings. Elias was born in Wittlich, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany and spent three years of her early life living in Syria. A member of a conservative family living under an autocratic father, when the family moved to Berlin she ran"}, {"context": "away from home and started squatting in the city. Elias started participating in the Berlin punk and goth scenes, developing a musical career and ended up helping to found Atari Teenage Riot. After a brief, unhappy spell with the Phonogram record company, ATR set up their own label, Digital Hardcore Recordings, which became known for its distinctive sound \u2013 a hybrid of punk, techno, and heavy metal, also known as Digital Hardcore. After the members of ATR split, Elias' DHR spin-off company, 'Fatal', went independent, establishing itself in Berlin instead of London. Elias has since released several albums, and her"}, {"context": "Fatal label has boasted such artists as The Vanishing, Phallus \u00dcber Alles, Kunst and Tara Delong. Elias has also performed duets and remixes with such artists as Le Tigre, Thurston Moore, J Mascis, Alexander Hacke, Merzbow, and Alec Empire. In 2005, Elias began working with the industrial project Pigface, joining them on their US tour. In 2006, it was announced that Fatal Recordings was to close. Elias announced on her MySpace blog that she would be taking an indefinite hiatus from the music industry and relocating to French Polynesia with her family. In 2010, Hanin moved back to Berlin/Germany in"}, {"context": "order to prepare a new album for 2011. In June 2011, the new album \"Get It Back\" on Rustblade Recordings was released. In February 2014, Hanin Elias released an album under the name of 'Fantome', with her co-musician Marcel Z\u00fcrcher who plays guitar and writes songs for Die Krupps. The album was titled \"It All Makes Sense\". In 2016, her collaboration with the French producer Electrosexual marks the release of the single \"Hold Me\" Hanin Elias Hanin Elias (born 31 May 1972) is a Syrian German industrial/techno artist. She was a member of Atari Teenage Riot and is now a"}]}, {"title": "Jo\u0302natas Domingos", "paragraphs": [{"context": "J\u00f4natas Domingos J\u00f4natas Domingos, or simply J\u00f4natas (born July 29, 1982 in Fortaleza, CE), is former Brazilian footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. A skillful defensive midfielder, J\u00f4natas came from Flamengo's youth team and played professionally for the club from 2002 until 2006. He is recognizably a tactically obedient player with good technical ability which usually allows him to create attacking opportunities for his teammates and even himself. Flamengo predicted a successful future for J\u00f4natas if he was able to stop committing foolish fouls and complaining about referees' decisions. This was the case and the player was awarded with"}, {"context": "both his first Brazil call up and a move to European club Espanyol with whom he signed a three-year contract as of August 2006. In May 2007, he scored an equalizer while his team was playing with ten men against Sevilla deep into extra time to take the UEFA Cup final to penalties, but subsequently missed his kick as Sevilla went on to become only the second team after Real Madrid to retain the trophy. In December 2006, J\u00f4natas's father \"Jos\u00e9 Louren\u00e7o de Souza\" was kidnapped, after Robinho's family. \"according to combined sources on the and.\" J\u00f4natas Domingos J\u00f4natas Domingos,"}]}, {"title": "The Indestructibles (TV series)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Indestructibles (TV series) The Indestructibles is a 2006 British Documentary show made for the BBC. The show involves four characters, Doc Damage, Data Girl and the Petri Twins, who experiment on themselves to uncover the secrets of the human body. Played by Jonathan Goodwin The main character of the show who usually performs the stunts. He puts his life on the line to figure out how the stunts work and tries to push his body to the limit. Played by Victoria Kruger A researcher who finds people who have done or been involved in body stunts and impressive shows"}, {"context": "of strength. Where possible, the stunt artists will be invited to demonstrate the feat. In other episodes, experts are brought in to describe and explain historical stunts. Played by Jamie Hull & Richard Hull A set of identical twin brothers who compete against each other in various challenges in which the brothers will attempt different approaches to the same task in an attempt to take advantage of their identical genetic composition. Often the challenges are related to the production of bodily fluids, including saliva and semen, or physically harming one another. The winner of each challenge is either given a"}, {"context": "reward or spared an undesirable forfeit. The twins are identified by the colour of their shirt. The Indestructibles (TV series) The Indestructibles is a 2006 British Documentary show made for the BBC. The show involves four characters, Doc Damage, Data Girl and the Petri Twins, who experiment on themselves to uncover the secrets of the human body. Played by Jonathan Goodwin The main character of the show who usually performs the stunts. He puts his life on the line to figure out how the stunts work and tries to push his body to the limit. Played by Victoria Kruger A"}]}, {"title": "Vattana Motorsport", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Vattana Motorsport Vattana Motorsport is a Thai auto racing team based in Bangkok, Thailand. The team has raced in the TCR International Series, since 2016. Having previously raced in the Thailand Super Series amongst others. The team made their debut in the 2009 Thailand Super Series, with team owner and racing driver Chonsawat Asavahame. Asavahame finished twelfth in the standings in 2009 and 5th in 2010. They still races in the series today, having several drivers in different categories. Most notably the team has had close cooperation with Reiter Engineering, since 2014, having run both the Reiter Chevrolet Camaro GT3"}, {"context": "and KTM X-Bow GT4. For 2016 the team entered the new TCR Thailand Touring Car Championship, a new category in the Thailand Super Series. The team entered a SEAT Le\u00f3n Cup Racer for Jack Lemvard and a Honda Civic TCR for Narasak Ittiritpong. Ittiritpong took pole position in his first appearance in the series, which was the second round of the championship. After having raced in the TCR Thailand Touring Car Championship for most of 2016, the team entered the Thai round of the 2016 TCR Asia Series, with regular driver Jack Lemvard being joined by Narasak Ittiritpong. Ittiritpong had"}, {"context": "just taken delivery of his new Honda Civic TCR and had plans to take part in the remaining rounds of the 2016 TCR Thailand Touring Car Championship. After having raced in TCR Asia Series round in Buriram, the team entered the 2016 TCR International Series with TCR Thailand regulars Jack Lemvard driving a SEAT Le\u00f3n Cup Racer and Narasak Ittiritpong driving a Honda Civic TCR. Vattana Motorsport Vattana Motorsport is a Thai auto racing team based in Bangkok, Thailand. The team has raced in the TCR International Series, since 2016. Having previously raced in the Thailand Super Series amongst others."}]}, {"title": "Bjo\u0308rn Melin", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bj\u00f6rn Melin Bj\u00f6rn Melin (born July 4, 1981) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey forward, who most notably played with HV71 in the Swedish Hockey League (SHL) and the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL). Melin played as left winger with jersey number 91. He was an energetic quick power forward who worked hard in every shift. Melin started his hockey career with HC Dalen and has played six of his first seven professional seasons with HV71 in the Swedish Elitserien. Melin was drafted in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft by the New York Islanders with their"}, {"context": "6th round pick, in the 163rd overall selection. Melin chose not to renew his contract with his last club HV71 in Sweden after the season 2005-06. On May 31, 2006, he signed a one-year contract with the Anaheim Ducks of the NHL. Melin started the season 2006-07 playing for the Portland Pirates in AHL. On January 7 Melin made his NHL debut and scored a goal for Anaheim Ducks against Detroit Red Wings. After just one season in the AHL and the NHL, Melin returned to his native Sweden for play in Elitserien. In April 2007, he signed a three-year"}, {"context": "contract with his former club HV71. Prior to the 2012\u201313 season, Melin signed a two-year contract with the Stockholm club AIK of the SEL to return to Sweden. \"Statistics complete.\" Bj\u00f6rn Melin Bj\u00f6rn Melin (born July 4, 1981) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey forward, who most notably played with HV71 in the Swedish Hockey League (SHL) and the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL). Melin played as left winger with jersey number 91. He was an energetic quick power forward who worked hard in every shift. Melin started his hockey career with HC Dalen and has"}]}, {"title": "University of the Witwatersrand School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering", "paragraphs": [{"context": "University of the Witwatersrand School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering The School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering is one of seven schools in the University of the Witwatersrand's Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment. The School offers 4-year undergraduate degrees and post-graduate degrees in chemical and metallurgical engineering. The University of the Witwatersrand was founded in 1904 as the SA School of Mines from the original 1896 Kimberley School of Mines. It moved to Johannesburg in 1904 after the second Anglo-Boer War (1899\u20131902) and became an autonomous university with its own charter and statute in 1922. While Metallurgical Engineering"}, {"context": "degrees were granted from the onset, Chemical Engineering degrees were granted from 1922 onwards. Chemical Engineering was originally part of the Department of Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering became a separate department in 1961. In 1995, the two departments of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgical Engineering merged, and after a brief period as the School of Process Engineering and Materials, became the School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering in 2005. The School will be celebrating its 21st birthday (as a combined entity) in 2015 and has several activities planned. The School is located in the Richard Ward Building on the East Campus"}, {"context": "of the University. The building is named after Richard Ward (1891\u20131976) who left R1 million to Wits on his death. At the time, this was the largest amount left to the University. In 2013, the School started major upgrades and modernisation of the building, with budgeted plans to the value of R75 million. Renovations to date include: \u2013 2nd floor (Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Coal, VOC and Syngas Laboratories) \u2013 7th floor (postgraduate office space) The School offers undergraduate and post-graduate degrees in chemical and metallurgical engineering. The School has several research focuses: Centre for strong materials. The work conducted under this"}, {"context": "chair can be broadly categorized into Batch and Continuous Process Integration. In Batch Process Integration research is focused on developing novel mathematical models for capturing the essence of time, which is the backbone of batch processes. These mathematical models are then used as the basis for energy and water optimization in multipurpose batch facilities. On the other hand, work on Continuous Process Integration is focused on Utilities Debottlenecking for energy and water optimization. The Chair's recent studies have also addressed systems that exhibit the water-energy nexus, as traditionally encountered in integrated water and membrane networks. The Clean Coal Technology Research"}, {"context": "group is the home of the DST/NRF funded SARChI Chair of Clean Coal Technology. Its expertise in coal processing, characterisation, and application, is amongst the best in the world. The group's interest lies in the in-depth research into coal and carbon as a material, and the advancement of technologies and industry practices that significantly increase coal conversion efficiency and decrease environmental impact. The Industrial and Mining Water Research Unit comprises several researchers in chemical engineering, microbiology and other disciplines, investigating acid mine drainage (AMD), constructed wetlands, water footprinting, life-cycle assessment and more. The group aims to develop new, improved and"}, {"context": "innovative processes for the beneficiation of various metals from a variety of different sources, including low grade ores, solid wastes and secondary sources of metals (\"e.g.\" electronic scrap). The group consists of Prof. Selo Ndlovu, Prof. Vusi Sibanda, Dr. Lizelle van Dyk, Dr. Geoffrey Simate and Prof. Herman Potgieter. A number of postgraduate students are being supervised on various projects ranging from bioleaching of metals to gas phase extraction of vanadium from spent catalysts. Research into tribology. Several research topics in the School focus on biochemical, bioprocess and related engineering fields. The School also offers specialist research interests including: Attainable"}, {"context": "Region Theory, Comminution (using Discrete Element Method-DEM) and flotation, Engineering education, Nanotechnology, Petroleum engineering, and Pyro-Metallurgy. The following have been the Heads of the School: University of the Witwatersrand School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering The School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering is one of seven schools in the University of the Witwatersrand's Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment. The School offers 4-year undergraduate degrees and post-graduate degrees in chemical and metallurgical engineering. The University of the Witwatersrand was founded in 1904 as the SA School of Mines from the original 1896 Kimberley School of Mines. It moved to"}]}, {"title": "Stanley Tong", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Stanley Tong Stanley Tong () is a Hong Kong film director, producer, action choreographer, screenwriter, entrepreneur and philanthropist. Tong was born on April 7, 1960 in Hong Kong, and was educated in Hong Kong and Canada. Encouraged by his brother-in-law in Hong Kong, who was a filmmaker, Tong started his film career there in 1979 by working behind the scenes. In 1991, Tong directed his first film, the self-funded \"The Stone Age Warriors\"(\u9b54\u57df\u98de\u9f99). The film received high praises from some famous film critics, which attracted the attention of Golden Harvest. Tong was then invited to join the company as a"}, {"context": "film director. Tong is very well known for his action movies. Working closely with Jackie Chan, Stanley directed some very popular movies in the 1990s. Their first collaboration, \"\" (\u8b66\u5bdf\u6545\u4e8b3\uff1a\u8d85\u7ea7\u8b66\u5bdf) (1992), broke box office records in many Asian countries and received a nomination for Best Film at the Golden Horse Awards. Tong's other movies with Jackie Chan, such as \"Rumble in the Bronx\"(\u7ea2\u756a\u533a)(1995) and \"\"(\u8b66\u5bdf\u6545\u4e8b4\uff1a\u7b80\u5355\u4efb\u52a1) (1996), also created significant box office records, the latter grossing HK$57,518,795, the highest box office return for a local film in Hong Kong until 2001. Also, the release of \"Rumble in the Bronx\" in the"}, {"context": "United States helped Jackie Chan make a name for himself in Hollywood. Tong customarily attempts stunts himself before asking actors to risk themselves, e.g., Jackie Chan's leap from a parking garage roof to a fire escape in \"Rumble in the Bronx\" and the finale of \"The Stone Age Warriors\". During his stay in Hollywood, Tong also filmed \"Mr. Magoo\" (1997), which was a critical and commercial failure, and \"Martial Law\" (1998), which was a moderate ratings success. In 2000, Tong returned to Shanghai, in hopes to inspire the future generation of filmmakers in China. After his long presence away from"}, {"context": "home, Tong directed his first film in his homeland, \"China Strike Force\" (\u96f7\u9706\u6218\u8b66). In 2005, Tong wrote and directed the film \"The Myth\" (\u795e\u8bdd). In the same year, Tong also wrote and directed Asia's first computer-animated film, \"Dragon Blood\". In recent years, Tong has produced a number of films, including the films \"The Myth\" (2010) and \"CZ12\" (\u5341\u4e8c\u751f\u8096)(2012), as well as the TV series \"Fall in Love with You\" (\u504f\u504f\u7231\u4e0a\u4f60)(2012) and \"The Patriot Yue Fei\" (\u7cbe\u5fe0\u5cb3\u98de)(2013). Apart from filmmaking, Tong has been active with charity work both in USA and China. He also works as a guest lecturer in China"}, {"context": "to help cultivate the nation's future filmmakers. In 2001, Tong formed his own production company, China International Media Group Ltd. Many of his films are partly financed by the company. In addition, the company has invested in a stunt performers\u2019 training program. Both local and foreign lecturers who are well known in the industry have been invited to give lessons for the program, and the best students receive opportunities to play in films invested by Tong\u2019s company. In 2012, Tong was invited by The 15th Shanghai International Film Festival's SIFFORUM as a guest speaker. At the forum titled \"Far East"}, {"context": "Dream Factory - Future for Chinese Film Industry Upgrading,\" Tong shared his views with other panelists in the industry. In 2011, Tong took the role of Honored Consultant for the Film and TV Association of China Public Security Ministry. The Association is established to produce films and TV series featuring crime stories. In 2008, Tong appeared as a guest judge on the China Beijing TV Station reality television series \"The Disciple\", which aired in Mainland China and was produced by, and features, Jackie Chan. The purpose of the program was to find a new star, skilled in acting and martial"}, {"context": "arts, to become Chan's \"successor\", the champion being awarded the lead role in a film. It concluded on June 7, 2008, with the series winner being announced in Beijing. Stanley Tong has organized many charitable activities and has received numerous awards for his contributions to the charity work. Some of them include: Stanley Tong Stanley Tong () is a Hong Kong film director, producer, action choreographer, screenwriter, entrepreneur and philanthropist. Tong was born on April 7, 1960 in Hong Kong, and was educated in Hong Kong and Canada. Encouraged by his brother-in-law in Hong Kong, who was a filmmaker, Tong"}]}, {"title": "Des Murs's wiretail", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Des Murs's wiretail Des Murs's wiretail (\"Sylviorthorhynchus desmursii\") is a small passerine bird of southern South America which belongs to the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is the only member of the genus Sylviorthorhynchus. Molecular phylogenetics places it within the Synallaxinae and indicates that the genus diverged from the \"Leptasthenura\" about 14-15 million years ago. It is long, with the very long tail accounting for about two-thirds of this, but weighs as little as . The tail consists of just six feathers which are very narrow and filament-like: so few retrices are elsewhere seen only in the emu-wrens of Australia. The"}, {"context": "two central feathers are greatly elongated while the two outer feathers are very short. The plain plumage is reddish-brown above, paler on the underparts. There is a pale stripe above the eye. The bird is small and rounded with a very fine bill. The song is fast and high-pitched. It is found in western Argentina from Santa Cruz Province north to San Juan and in southern and central Chile from northern Magallanes to Valpara\u00edso Region. It inhabits dense thickets of \"Chusquea\" bamboo within cool temperate rainforests, occurring from sea-level up to 1,200 metres, but also can occur in early-successional shrublands"}, {"context": "of highly shade-tolerant Myrtaceae species, chiefly \"Amomyrtus\". Des Murs's wiretail is also known to occur in dense weedy thickets of plants like gorse over the northern extremity of its range. Even in undisturbed rainforests, however, wiretails use only the low-level shrub and bamboo layer for foraging, never flying higher than above the ground. It is very shy and difficult to see, being completely unable to enter areas without dense vegetative overstoreys, and cannot typically use corridors smaller than or fly further than between patches of suitable habitat. When encountered Des Murs's wiretail can easily be mistaken for a mouse. It"}, {"context": "has the unique ability among birds to curl up its long tail into a ball when alarmed. The ball-shaped nest is made of plant fibres and built amongst vegetation close to the ground. Both partners are highly territorial with a territory size of around per pair; however, pairs in territories smaller than are seldom successful at nesting. This territory and the nest site are defended vigorously against conspecifics with a distinctive territorial song, and it is possible that the long tail is used by both sexes as an means of choosing a mate, though no actual tests have been used"}, {"context": "to determine how wiretails find a mate. As is typical for south temperate insectivorous birds, during the breeding season of October to February Des Murs's wiretail lays a clutch of two to four eggs, but for the bird's mass these are about the largest eggs of any passerine bird. At long and wide, they weigh twice as much as expected for a 10 gram passerine and a clutch of four weighs more than the adult female - a feat equalled only by much more fecund kinglets. Little is known about incubation, fledging periods, or postfledging parental care due to the"}, {"context": "very secretive nature of the species. Des Murs's wiretail Des Murs's wiretail (\"Sylviorthorhynchus desmursii\") is a small passerine bird of southern South America which belongs to the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is the only member of the genus Sylviorthorhynchus. Molecular phylogenetics places it within the Synallaxinae and indicates that the genus diverged from the \"Leptasthenura\" about 14-15 million years ago. It is long, with the very long tail accounting for about two-thirds of this, but weighs as little as . The tail consists of just six feathers which are very narrow and filament-like: so few retrices are elsewhere seen only"}]}, {"title": "Ralph Hospital", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ralph Hospital Brigadier General Ralph Hospital was born January 27, 1891, in Washington, D.C. He was commissioned in November 1913 as a Field Artillery officer and saw service with the 15th Cavalry Regiment during the Mexican Campaign in Douglas, Arizona and Sierra Blanca, Texas. He served as an Artillery officer in France during World War I and then took an instructor job at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York until the mid-1920s. Major Hospital served with the 15th Field Artillery Regiment during its period under the Hawaiian Division in 1925, and returned to the states in 1926 to attend Command"}, {"context": "and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He was a Distinguished Graduate and soon returned to Ithaca to instruct ROTC again. Lieutenant Colonel Hospital pinned on Colonel in 1941 and saw service in World War II, first as commander of the 75th Field Artillery Brigade and then was frocked to Brigadier General and placed as Commanding General of the 91st Division Artillery. In Spring 1944 they sailed for north Africa and then Italy, making the push for the Po River Valley and the Gothic Line. General Hospital was awarded the Silver Star for his heroism in the Italian campaigns."}, {"context": "He retired in January 1951 and was officially promoted to Brigadier General in February 1951 on the U.S. Army Retired List. He returned to Ithaca, New York, as Professor of Military Studies and Tactics until the mid-1960s. General Hospital died on December 20, 1972, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery near the JFK grove. General Hospital's awards include the Silver Star, Legion of Merit, Bronze Star Medal, Army Commendation Medal, and the Italian Medal for Military Valor. His campaign awards include the Mexican Campaign, World War I Victory, American Defense, American Campaign, European-Middle Eastern-North Africa Campaign Medal with three"}, {"context": "bronze campaign stars, the Army of Occupation Service Medal, and the World War II Victory Medal. Hospital is the maternal grandfather of musician John Flansburgh, one half of the alternative rock duo They Might Be Giants, and Paxus Calta (born Earl S. Flansburgh), anti-nuclear activist. He was the father-in-law of the late Earl Flansburgh, famed Boston architect, and father to Polly Flansburg, owner of Boston by Foot. Ralph Hospital Brigadier General Ralph Hospital was born January 27, 1891, in Washington, D.C. He was commissioned in November 1913 as a Field Artillery officer and saw service with the 15th Cavalry Regiment"}]}, {"title": "The Cooler (night club)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Cooler (night club) The Cooler, a music and performance space, opened on Wednesday, September 22, 1993 at 416 West 14th Street in the Meatpacking District in Manhattan. The club showcased a wide variety of experimental music, Americana music, roots music, and spoken-word performers. Performances at The Cooler also included dance, film and video arts, and club parties. The Cooler blended live music, DJ's, turntablists, and electronic dance music (EDM). The Cooler's early period featured many mixed-genre downtown New York City musicians and DJ's. The late period incorporated fewer bands and booked more EDM, mixologists and electronic music. The club"}, {"context": "closed on June 2, 2001 with a performance by Michael Karoli of Can, Botanica, Jim Thirlwell, James Chance and Suicide. In the last three months of 1993 and early 1994, The Cooler shows featured New York City percussionists Milton Cardona, MIno Cinelu, Gato Nego, Patato Valdez, Manolo Badrena, Sammy Figueroa, Juju House as well as performances by Chocolate Armenteros, Gnawan musicians Hassan Hakmoun and Brahim Fribgane. Early DJ's and mixologists included DJ Olive, Raz Mesinai, DJ Spooky, Skizz Fernando, MIxmaster Morris, DJ Logic, Soulslinger, Kurtis Mantronik, Swinsett, DJ Wally and UK Apache. Many diverse shows were performed early in 1994,"}, {"context": "with Medeski Martin & Wood, The Fugees and Autechre playing on three consecutive nights in early March. Gil Scott Heron, Amiri Baraka, Reggie Workman, Arto Lindsay, Patato Valdez, John Lurie, Papa Jube, Dewey Redman, Gunter Hampel, David Tronzo, Rub\u00e9n Blades and Ronald Shannon Jackson all performed during this period. In June 1994 Marc Ribot curated a month of Mondays with \"the Wah's Duo\", Shrek and Anthony Coleman's \"The Hunger\". The Cooler's September Artist register read as follows: Jessamine, Cibo Matto, Cake Like, Silkworm, The August Sons, Thurston Moore & Derek Bailey, Alex Chilton, Circle X, Billy Bang, The Roots, Lunachicks,"}, {"context": "Guv'ner, Carbon, Ben Neill, Medeski Martin & Wood, The Chrome Cranks, Demi Semi Quaver, DJ Olive, DJ Spooky with Danny Blume and Ben Perowsky doing Monday nights. October followed with Monday nites produced by Lee Ranaldo with the finale Halloween show with Lee, Rasputina, William Hooker & Zeena Parkins and Motherhead Bug. In the month of November, Shrek, Versus, Cell, and Ruby Falls all performed. Cat Power played two shows, one with Run On and the other with Congo Norvell. 1994 New Year's show featured Kehinde O'Uhuru, Sun Ra Arkestra and Vernon Reid's Masque. Jam bands, Jamaican, Hip hop, EDM"}, {"context": "and jungle/drum and bass played The Cooler in late 1994 early 1995. Artist bills included Charlie Hunter, The Fugees, Soul Coughing, MMW, Trouble Funk, WE, Ben Neill, The Slackers, SubDub, Busta Rhymes, Soulive, and Skavoovie & The Epitones. DJ's featured include Stretch Armstrong, Soulslinger, and DJ's Delmar, Cassien, Honeychild, Gunsmoke, Wordsound and Uk Apache. Giant Step produced many Thursdays at this time, including the debut Fugee's acoustic show. Mat E Silver presented Abyss Parties, then Chiaroscuro with DJ Olive & DJ Spooky in mid-1994. Roxanne Semadeni curated Hoofer shows at this time as well with Tina Pratt, Gregory Hines, Buster"}, {"context": "Brown, Lon Chaney, Jimmy Slyde and Savion Glover. In January 1995, Screaming Headless Torsos did a benefit show for Sarajevo, Christian Marclay played with Tong, Liquid Sky started \"The Egg\" Party and Ska/Hardcore band Mephiskapheles headlined on January 20. Monday nights in February were curated by Elliott Sharp with Carbon, Zeena Parkins, Melvin Gibbs and Rebecca Moore. In March 1995, Steve Shelley of Sonic Youth curated a month of Mondays with Male Slut, The Rock*A*Teens, Chan Marshall, Loren Mazzacane Connors and Dirty Three's American debut. Discord and DC bands Slant 6, The Warmers, Ted Leo's Chisel and The Make-Up were"}, {"context": "seen on weekends as well as Baltimore's Candy Machine, Railroad Jerk and Jonathan Fireater. John Zorn performed in mid 1995 with performances of Pueblo and Masada and the \"Free Mumia\" show on August 9 billed Allen Ginsberg with Marc Ribot, Amiri and Amina Baraka, Ben Nix, William Parker and Roy Campbell. Other Monday nights in 1995 featured Spanish Fly, David Shea, Gary Lucas, Christian Marclay, Chocolate Genius, Douce Gimlet, Beekeeper, Cat Power, William Hooker, White Out (band), Rudolph Grey, Ram Umbus, Smoke, Sleepyhead, Maggie Estep, Queen Esther, Two Dollar Guitar, Harvey Sid Fisher and No-Neck Blues Band. On Friday and"}, {"context": "Saturday June 2 & 3, there was a Wall To Wall tribute to Rahsaan Roland Kirk, and in the fall and winter of 1995 saw Rasputina, Smog, Unsane, Bardo Pond, Demi Semi Quaver, Debbie Harry, Last Poets, Lungfish, and Ian Svenonius' Famous Monsters Revue. A December 29 post-Christmas bash featured UI, Zeit, La Bradford, Alec Empire, Trans Am and Tortoise. Finishing off the year for New Year's were The Fort Apache band, Rashied Ali, William Parker, Amiri Baraka, Charles Gayle and Tortoise on New Year's Eve, 1995. February 1996, saw Sugar Minott, Lungfish, Graham Haynes and Charles Gayle. On March"}, {"context": "8 and 9, 1996, The Cooler hosted a D.C. Funk/Punk weekend featuring Chuck Brown and the Make-Up. Throughout 1996, Guest artists included Rasputina, LaBradford, Blonde Redhead, Bush Tetras, Sulfur, Cake Like, The Monorchid, Congo Norvel, The Spitters, Bloodloss and other weekend shows with Roy Ayers, Prince Paul, Hassan Hakmoun, Los Cubano Postisos, Mephiskapheles, Princess Superstar, James Chance, The Last Poets, and Amiri Baraka. On November 8, 1996, Thurston Moore and Male Slut previewed his \"Psychic Hearts\" record. On December 1996, Vernon Reid did two shows: My Science Project with Christina Wheeler and Vernon Reid's Encryption Society with Bernie Worrells Woo"}, {"context": "Warriors on New Year's Eve. In January 1997 The Cooler hosted Gary Lucas, Ben Neill and Peter Brotzmann and the Sergey Kuryokhin FESTIVAL with Auctyon and Kvost. February included Marc Ribot, Bashir Atar, Vernon Reid, David Tronzo, and Don Byron and the month ending with another chapter of Ian Svenonius' Famous Monsters Revue. On March 1 and 2, 1997, Sonic Youth did a pair of club dates with openers, Ruins and Dim Sum Clip Job. The mid-year period of 1997 featured T-Model Ford, Majek Fashek, Cold Cold Hearts, Unwound, Jeff Pinkus, Oliver Lake, Arto Lindsay's Hypercivilizado, Smoke, and North Mississippi"}, {"context": "Allstars. October 3 and 4, 1997 saw a shared Thurston Moore & Cecil Taylor bill with them playing together on Saturday, October 4. On the October 24\u201325 weekend Two Dollar Guitar, Friends of Dean Martinez and Los Cubanos Postisos played. November 1997 featured Khan, Lary 7, Circuit Bible, and The Cranium, Windsor for the Derby. San Francisco's Thinking Fellars Union hosted the November 14 and 15 with openers Silver Apples, The Tower Recordings, and Danielson Family. Other dub, EDM, hip hop and turntablist acts in the 1996-1997 period included Mad Professor, Amon Tobin, WE, Mutamasik, DJ Spooky, Cut Chemist, X-Men,"}, {"context": "DJ Logic, DJ Olive, Raz Mesinai, Toshio, Alec Empire, SubDub, Circuit Bible, Rome, Afrika Bambaataa, Sir Coxsone Dodd, The Slackers, The Last Poets and a Guy called Gerald. Club Parties of this period were Night of the Living Dub, Koncrete Jungle, Funk Hut, and Khan's Killer. The Cooler's 1997 New Year's show which included Baktun [The Cooler's Sister Club upstairs] as well, headlined Alec Empire, Mad Professor, WE, Silver Apples, and DJ's Wally & Swingsett. The spring and winter of 1998 saw Cat Power, RL Burnside, Deerhoof, The Spitters, Black Eyed Peas, Xzibit, The Contortions, To Rococo Rot and Godspeed"}, {"context": "You Black Emperor. EDM bookings included Talvin Singh, Alec Empire, Bhom Shankar, WE, Scarab, Quantyk, Blackalicious, Junkie XL, Silver Apples and DJ's Rekha, Sage, Tony Touch and Spooky. In May 1998 Thurston Moore/ Ecstatic Yod presented Sandy Bull, John Fahey, Tower Recordings and Roy Montgomery. Other Cooler shows included Royal Trux on September 11 and 12, Beck and Thurston Moore on September 21 and Michael Karoli and Damo Suzuki of Can on the following weekend. Godspeed You! Black Emperor played on September 30. October shows saw the first Original Silver Apples show in 28 years, Michael Rother of Neu &"}, {"context": "Dieter Moebius with We, Philadelphia's Strapping Fieldhands and The Cranium, Rondelles and The Make-Up finishing off the month. The first week of November included Eminem in one of his first N.Y. shows, the Dust Brothers, Thee Headcoats and ? and The Mysterians. Featured Club parties in 1998 were Mutiny, The Lyricist Lounge, Koncrete Jungle and Ghetto Roots. 1999 got its start with Antibalas, Dubster's UV RAY, Ninjatune's DJ Vadim, Afrika Bambaataa and Baltic rockers Gogol Bordello. Harvey Sid Fisher sang astrology songs on February 8 on the Monday Nite Series. March featured Sonny Fortune / Rashied Ali Duo, Dj Prince"}, {"context": "Paul, Grand Wizzard Theodore, Kid, Knoxville Girls and anti-Pop Consortium. Performances in April, May, and June presented Dieselboy, Vernon Reid and Suphala, A Guy called Gerald, Pansonic, Acid Mothers Temple, Riz Maselen, Eszter Balint, Mocean Worker, Easy Allstars, and The Ruby Dare. On September 11, The Cooler featured The Real Kids who opened for cult soulster Andre Williams and The Sadies as well as later in the month a show featuring Panacea, Stewart Walker and DJ Godfather. October billings featured Ben Neill and Sise, Mutamasik, Cheb I Sabbah, and Banco de Gaia and a later show with Challenge of the"}, {"context": "Future, Heroine Sheiks and The Special Pillow. At the end of the month and Don Fleming and Thurston Moore played a show with members of Godspeed and The annual Halloween show featured T-Model Ford, Knoxville Girls, Kid Congo Powers, and James Chance. November Special shows were; November 6: Rob Swift and Mista Sinasta of The Executioners; November 22: Ted Leo and the Pharmacists, Pine Barons and Holly Golightly; November 27: Ninja Tune/ Giant Step event with DJ Vadim, Mr Thing and Killer Kela. The year ended with Interpol on December 4. Thurston Moore & Rashied Ali with The Tower Recordings"}, {"context": "and Calla on December 11 and the millennium New Year's show with Gil Scott Heron and Roy Ayers Ubiquity. Club Parties in 1999 featured Koncrete Jungle, Liquid Sky, Direct Drive, Blue Groove, Mutiny, The Bounce and Salga. In early 2000, The Cooler and many downtown music venues had numerous problems with \"the Dance Police\" who were trying to accommodate Mayor Giuliani's vision of the \"Cabaret Law\" and this altered operating potential and programming. As a result, The Cooler went into an abbreviated schedule at this time. In early 2000, Bristol Trip-Hoppers Smith & Mighty and DJ Franco's Vampyros Lesbos played."}, {"context": "On Friday, February 11, Prince Paul played. The club went onward with an Augustus Pablo Tribute with Easy All-Stars, Delroy Williams and Black Redemption on February 19 and other winter shows. Spring shows included the following: March 3: We, A Guy Called Gerald and Ben Neill. March 29: Stereo MC's. April featured Soulman Lee Fields with the Soul Providers and Mighty Imperials. On May 3 there was a Friends of Dean Martinez record release and on May 13 Bardo Pond played with Christian Marclay and Lee Ranaldo and DJ Olive. On Saturday May 27, The Cooler hosted Robin Williamson from"}, {"context": "the Incredible String Band with Strapping Fieldhands and the Tower Recordings. Other notable 2000 shows were as follows: June 3: Mad Scene, Shell, Cul de Sac. June 17: Hassan Hakmoun Zahar and David Fiuczynski's Kif. August 8: Dele Sosimi of Egypt 80 and Antibalas. September 9: Antipop Consortium, Princess Superstar and Mista Sinasta. September 15: Cornell Campbell and the Slackers. October 7: Kitty and the Tree and The Strokes. October 20: Oneida, Danielson Family, Grant Hart [Husker Du]. October 21: The Swirlies, Brian Jonestown Massacre November 3: UV Ray, WE and Badawi. November 14: DJ Assault and Detroit Grand Pubahs,"}, {"context": "December 9: The Walkmen, Don Fleming and Poem Rocket. December 16: Reverend Vince Anderson, Moisturizer and Andre Williams & The Strapp and December 30: Electro-Putas, Pansonic, Lary 7 and Nicolas. The club moved on to January 12 with the Intelligent Hip-hoppers Antipop Consortium and Dujeous with Total Eclipse. James Blood Ulmer, Rashied Ali and Reggie Workman played on the January 19, and a night of Sound, Words and Angus MacLise Tapes with Gerard Malanga, DJ Olive, Thurston Moore, Christian Marclay, Lee Ranaldo and Hrvatski finished the month off on January 27. On February 9, Lighting Bolt jammed on the floor"}, {"context": "following other stage acts Oneida and The Walkmen. Other shows in February were Dr Israel and UV Ray, DJ Rekha's Mutiny party and James Chance with the original Contortions. March highlights were Rashied Ali & James Blood Ulmer Duo with openers Arthur Doyle and Charles Gayle, and on Saturday, March 31, one of the first Yeah Yeah Yeahs shows ever with them opening for Wharton Tiers Ensemble. April brought The Mad Scene, Mad Professor, Jim O'Rourke, 2 Dollar Guitar and T. Moore. and a wildly sold-out tribute to French singer Serge Gainsbourg hosted by Congo Norvell. In The Cooler's final"}, {"context": "days, on Saturday May 12, Jim Carroll played with Lenny Kaye with the openers: The Secret Machines and Lee Ranaldo. The Frogs, Stereobate, and The Rapture were featured on May 19 and in one of the last Monday Nites Billy Bang and William Parker played. The finale weekend shows June 1 and 2 presented Michael Karoli, Botanica, DJ Olive, DJ Otefsu aka Jim Thirlwell, Lary 7 and Suicide. Jedi, the proprietor and curator of The Cooler, created the Artist Curated Monday Nite Series. He enlisted New York City Artists to curate a month of Monday Nites. Monday Nite Curators included"}, {"context": "Rashied Ali, Steve Shelley, Elliott Sharp, Zeena Parkins, Marc Ribot, Lee Ranaldo, David Fiuczynski, Rick Brown, Homestead Records, Marc Ashwill, Thurston Moore, William Parker, Billy Bang and many Others. Acts featured on the Monday Nite Series included Cat Power, Dirty Three, The Make-up, Sandy Bull, Blonde Redhead, Elliott Smith, Ira Cohen, Charles Gayle, Beck, Rashied Ali, Arthur Doyle and Motherhead Bug. Monday Nite patrons included well known celebrities, including David Byrne, Penn Jillette, Rashied Ali, Cecil Taylor, Gerard Malanga, Raz Mesinai, Dennis Oppenheim and John Paul Dejoria. Club parties were a significant portion of The Cooler programming. Early parties included"}, {"context": "Liquid Sky, Giant Step, Night of the Living Dub, Chatterbox Lounge, Matt E Silvers Abyss, Khan's Killer and James Chance's Molotov Cocktail Lounge and the Funk Hut. The latter parties featured DJ Rekha's Mutiny, Koncrete Jungle, The Lyricist Lounge, Ghetto Roots, SoundLab, The Egg, Vampyros Lesbos, Direct Drive and The Bounce. Live Video from The Cooler The Cooler (night club) The Cooler, a music and performance space, opened on Wednesday, September 22, 1993 at 416 West 14th Street in the Meatpacking District in Manhattan. The club showcased a wide variety of experimental music, Americana music, roots music, and spoken-word performers."}]}, {"title": "Maianbar Bundeena Bus Service", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Maianbar Bundeena Bus Service Mainanbar Bundeena Bus Service is an Australian bus company operating services in southern Sydney. In April 1953 SM Allison commenced operating route 64 Bundeena Wharf - Bonnie Vale Camping Ground. After passing through a number of owners, the business was purchased by Peter Leahy in 1983. This was followed in 1989 by Bundeena Bus Service being purchased from Western Road Liners. They operate bus route 989 for local bus services between Maianbar and Bundeena on school days only. In addition there is one return trip every Wednesday to Engadine and one return trip every Friday to"}, {"context": "Miranda both from Bundeena via Maianbar and through the Royal National Park. Since 2005 Bundeena Bus' services have been part of Sydney Bus Region 11, now Region 10. As at March 2014 the fleet consisted of five buses. Maianbar Bundeena Bus Service Mainanbar Bundeena Bus Service is an Australian bus company operating services in southern Sydney. In April 1953 SM Allison commenced operating route 64 Bundeena Wharf - Bonnie Vale Camping Ground. After passing through a number of owners, the business was purchased by Peter Leahy in 1983. This was followed in 1989 by Bundeena Bus Service being purchased from"}]}, {"title": "Day Gardner", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Day Gardner Day Deborah Rica Lipford, now known as Dr. Day Gardner, is a former Miss Atlantic City, (1974) who served as Miss Delaware 1976 and made history by becoming the first African American contestant to place as a top ten semi-finalist at the Miss America 1977 pageant. She was President and Director of Lipford Corporation. Her main achievement was the thematic and interior design the SandCastle Entertainment Complex, a $40 million dinner theater and nightclub facility located in the center of Guam's thriving tourist district. Gardner worked as a media consultant KUAM Broadcasting in Ordot, Guam and upon returning"}, {"context": "to the U.S. Mainland was an on-air personality and producer with African Broadcasting at the World Trade Center in New York City. She is the former National Director of Black Americans for Life, in Washington, D.C., (an outreach of National Right to Life Committee). Presently, Gardner is the founder and President of The National Black Pro Life Union and Associate Director of National Pro-Life Center on Capitol Hill. She was also the anchor for the 'Daily Life News with Day Gardner' program for NPLR.net online and later host of 'The Day Report' for American Family Radio. In January 2011, Day"}, {"context": "Gardner received a Doctorate Degree from the Faith Evangelical College and Seminary in Tacoma, Washington. Dr. Gardner's first novel, 'IF NOT FOR GRACE' was published in the spring of 2011 and is available in book stores and online. The 60s Soul singer Hoagy Lands was her uncle, and her first cousin is the mother of singer Jaheim. Day Gardner Day Deborah Rica Lipford, now known as Dr. Day Gardner, is a former Miss Atlantic City, (1974) who served as Miss Delaware 1976 and made history by becoming the first African American contestant to place as a top ten semi-finalist at"}]}, {"title": "St Albans railway station, Melbourne", "paragraphs": [{"context": "St Albans railway station, Melbourne St Albans railway station is located on the Sunbury line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the western Melbourne suburb of St Albans, originally opening on 1 February 1887. St Albans station opened on 1 February 1887. Originally only three trains each way passed through St Albans on weekdays and passengers had to inform the train guard at the stop prior for the train to stop. Later the steam era trains operated hourly from Flinders Street to Braybrook Junction, with only eight trains continuing to St Albans. The station was made the terminus of the electrified"}, {"context": "network from the city in October 1921, and services were improved, with trains running every 40 minutes by day and hourly at night. The original station was located at the northern end of the Main Road level crossing, with all terminating electric trains using Platform 2. In 1959 the station was rebuilt, with an island platform built on the southern side of the level crossing. One side faced the main line, with the other side formed a dock platform for terminating suburban trains. The old westbound platform was removed but the eastbound platform remained for Spencer Street bound regional trains."}, {"context": "Boom barriers replace interlocked gates at Main Road in 1986. A signal box with a mechanical lever frame was located on the former island platform, to control access to the former back platform and sidings, now abolished. It was upgraded to a Premium station on 26 July 1996. A disused platform located west of the Main Road level crossing was used for Southern Cross bound V/Line trains, until replaced by the current Platform 1 as part of the extension of the electrified network to Sydenham in January 2002. In November 2012 with electrification to Sunbury, V/Line Bendigo trains ceased stopping"}, {"context": "at St Albans and Metro Trains terminating services ceased with Platform 3 no longer regularly used although the stabling yard was still used for train storage until recent times (2015) as work on grade separation has begun. In late 2015, the Level Crossing Removal Authority commenced a grade separation project that replaced the Main Road level crossing with a road bridge over a lowered rail line. The rebuilt station opening on 1 November 2016. The overall project was completed by mid-2017, resulting in roughly a third of the station being directly below Main Rd with the remainder lowered. St Albans"}, {"context": "has two side platforms, located below ground level. It is serviced by Metro Trains' Sunbury line services. Platform 1: Platform 2: CDC Melbourne operate eight bus routes to and from St Albans station: St Albans railway station, Melbourne St Albans railway station is located on the Sunbury line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the western Melbourne suburb of St Albans, originally opening on 1 February 1887. St Albans station opened on 1 February 1887. Originally only three trains each way passed through St Albans on weekdays and passengers had to inform the train guard at the stop prior for the"}]}, {"title": "Liga Dalet", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Liga Dalet Liga Dalet (, lit. \"D League\") was the fifth (in 1958\u201359 and between 1969 and 1976) and sixth (between 1976 and 1985) tier, at the bottom of the Israeli football league system. Liga Dalet, first came into existence in 1958, as a league added beneath Liga Gimel at the bottom of the Israeli football league system to accommodate the surplus number of teams from Liga Gimel. However, this league operated for one season only, as third tier Liga Bet was expanded to include 64 clubs. making room for more clubs in Liga gimel. Liga Dalet was re-established in"}, {"context": "1969, again as a fifth and bottom tier beneath Liga Gimel. In 1976, with the introduction of Liga Artzit at the second tier, Liga Dalet was demoted to the sixth tier. In 1985, as the number of clubs in the league systed dwindled, the league was cancelled and its remaining clubs were promoted to fifth tier Liga Gimel As the bottom tier of the league system, the league was divided into regional leagues with a changing number of teams in each division. The top club of each division was usually promoted to Liga Gimel, with further clubs promoted in order"}, {"context": "to complete vacancies in the league above. Clubs of this league participated in the State Cup, entering in the first round. Liga Dalet Liga Dalet (, lit. \"D League\") was the fifth (in 1958\u201359 and between 1969 and 1976) and sixth (between 1976 and 1985) tier, at the bottom of the Israeli football league system. Liga Dalet, first came into existence in 1958, as a league added beneath Liga Gimel at the bottom of the Israeli football league system to accommodate the surplus number of teams from Liga Gimel. However, this league operated for one season only, as third tier"}]}, {"title": "Privacy", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Privacy Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves, or information about themselves, and thereby express themselves selectively. The boundaries and content of what is considered private differ among cultures and individuals, but share common themes. When something is private to a \"person\", it usually means that something is inherently special or sensitive to them. The domain of privacy partially overlaps with security (confidentiality), which can include the concepts of appropriate use, as well as protection of information. Privacy may also take the form of bodily integrity. The right not to be subjected to unsanctioned invasion"}, {"context": "of privacy by the government, corporations or individuals is part of many countries' privacy laws, and in some cases, constitutions. All countries have laws which in some way limit privacy. An example of this would be law concerning taxation, which normally requires the sharing of information about personal income or earnings. In some countries individual privacy may conflict with freedom of speech laws and some laws may require public disclosure of information which would be considered private in other countries and cultures. This was a major concern in the United States, with the Supreme Court passage of Citizens United. Privacy"}, {"context": "may be voluntarily sacrificed, normally in exchange for perceived benefits and very often with specific dangers and losses, although this is a very strategic view of human relationships. For example, people may be ready to reveal their name, if that allows them to promote trust by others and thus build meaningful social relations. Research shows that people are more willing to voluntarily sacrifice privacy if the data gatherer is seen to be transparent as to what information is gathered and how it is used. In the business world, a person may volunteer personal details (often for advertising purposes) in order"}, {"context": "to gamble on winning a prize. A person may also disclose personal information as part of being an executive for a publicly traded company in the USA pursuant to federal securities law. Personal information which is voluntarily shared but subsequently stolen or misused can lead to identity theft. The concept of universal individual privacy is a modern construct primarily associated with Western culture, British and North American in particular, and remained virtually unknown in some cultures until recent times. According to some researchers, this concept sets Anglo-American culture apart even from Western European cultures such as French or Italian. Most"}, {"context": "cultures, however, recognize the ability of individuals to withhold certain parts of their personal information from wider society\u2014closing the door to one's home, for example. The distinction or overlap between secrecy and privacy is ontologically subtle, which is why the word \"privacy\" is an example of an untranslatable lexeme, and many languages do not have a specific word for \"privacy\". Such languages either use a complex description to translate the term (such as Russian combining the meaning of \"\u0443\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\"\u2014solitude, \"\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\"\u2014secrecy, and \"\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c\"\u2014private life) or borrow from English \"privacy\" (as Indonesian \"privasi\" or Italian \"la privacy\"). The distinction hinges on"}, {"context": "the discreteness of interests of parties (persons or groups), which can have emic variation depending on cultural mores of individualism, collectivism, and the negotiation between individual and group rights. The difference is sometimes expressed humorously as, \"when \"I\" withhold information, it is privacy; when \"you\" withhold information, it is secrecy.\" A broad multicultural literary tradition going to the beginnings of recorded history discusses the concept of privacy. One way of categorizing all concepts of privacy is by considering all discussions as one of these concepts: In 1890 the United States jurists Samuel D. Warren and Louis Brandeis wrote \"The Right"}, {"context": "to Privacy\", an article in which they argued for the \"right to be let alone\", using that phrase as a definition of privacy. There is extensive commentary over the meaning of being \"let alone\", and among other ways, it has been interpreted to mean the right of a person to choose seclusion from the attention of others if they wish to do so, and the right to be immune from scrutiny or being observed in private settings, such as one's own home. Although this early vague legal concept did not describe privacy in a way that made it easy to"}, {"context": "design broad legal protections of privacy, it strengthened the notion of privacy rights for individuals and began a legacy of discussion on those rights. Limited access refers to a person's ability to participate in society without having other individuals and organizations collect information about them. Various theorists have imagined privacy as a system for limiting access to one's personal information. Edwin Lawrence Godkin wrote in the late 19th century that \"nothing is better worthy of legal protection than private life, or, in other words, the right of every man to keep his affairs to himself, and to decide for himself"}, {"context": "to what extent they shall be the subject of public observation and discussion.\" Adopting an approach similar to the one presented by Ruth Gavison 9 years earlier, Sissela Bok said that privacy is \"the condition of being protected from unwanted access by others\u2014either physical access, personal information, or attention.\" Control over one's personal information is the concept that \"privacy is the claim of individuals, groups, or institutions to determine for themselves when, how, and to what extent information about them is communicated to others.\" Charles Fried said that \"Privacy is not simply an absence of information about us in the"}, {"context": "minds of others; rather it is the control we have over information about ourselves. Nevertheless, in the era of big data, control over information is under pressure. Alan Westin defined four states\u2014or experiences\u2014of privacy: solitude, intimacy, anonymity, and reserve. Solitude is a physical separation from others. Intimacy is a \"close, relaxed, and frank relationship between two or more individuals\" that results from the seclusion of a pair or small group of individuals. Anonymity is the \"desire of individuals for times of 'public privacy.'\" Lastly, reserve is the \"creation of a psychological barrier against unwanted intrusion\"; this creation of a psychological"}, {"context": "barrier requires others to respect an individual's need or desire to restrict communication of information concerning himself or herself. In addition to the psychological barrier of reserve, Kirsty Hughes identified three more kinds of privacy barriers: physical, behavioral, and normative. Physical barriers, such as walls and doors, prevent others from accessing and experiencing the individual. (In this sense, \"accessing\" an individual includes accessing personal information about him or her.) Behavioral barriers communicate to others\u2014verbally, through language, or non-verbally, through personal space, body language, or clothing\u2014that an individual does not want them to access or experience him or her. Lastly, normative"}, {"context": "barriers, such as laws and social norms, restrain others from attempting to access or experience an individual. Privacy is sometimes defined as an option to have secrecy. Richard Posner said that privacy is the right of people to \"conceal information about themselves that others might use to their disadvantage\". In various legal contexts, when privacy is described as secrecy, a conclusion if privacy is secrecy then rights to privacy do not apply for any information which is already publicly disclosed. When privacy-as-secrecy is discussed, it is usually imagined to be a selective kind of secrecy in which individuals keep some"}, {"context": "information secret and private while they choose to make other information public and not private. Privacy may be understood as a necessary precondition for the development and preservation of personhood. Jeffrey Reiman defined privacy in terms of a recognition of one's ownership of his or her physical and mental reality and a moral right to his or her self-determination. Through the \"social ritual\" of privacy, or the social practice of respecting an individual's privacy barriers, the social group communicates to the developing child that he or she has exclusive moral rights to his or her body\u2014in other words, he or"}, {"context": "she has moral ownership of his or her body. This entails control over both active (physical) and cognitive appropriation, the former being control over one's movements and actions and the latter being control over who can experience one's physical existence and when. Alternatively, Stanley Benn defined privacy in terms of a recognition of oneself as a subject with agency\u2014as an individual with the capacity to choose. Privacy is required to exercise choice. Overt observation makes the individual aware of himself or herself as an object with a \"determinate character\" and \"limited probabilities.\" Covert observation, on the other hand, changes the"}, {"context": "conditions in which the individual is exercising choice without his or her knowledge and consent. In addition, privacy may be viewed as a state that enables autonomy, a concept closely connected to that of personhood. According to Joseph Kufer, an autonomous self-concept entails a conception of oneself as a \"purposeful, self-determining, responsible agent\" and an awareness of one's capacity to control the boundary between self and other\u2014that is, to control who can access and experience him or her and to what extent. Furthermore, others must acknowledge and respect the self's boundaries\u2014in other words, they must respect the individual's privacy. The"}, {"context": "studies of psychologists such as Jean Piaget and Victor Tausk show that, as children learn that they can control who can access and experience them and to what extent, they develop an autonomous self-concept. In addition, studies of adults in particular institutions, such as Erving Goffman's study of \"total institutions\" such as prisons and mental institutions, suggest that systemic and routinized deprivations or violations of privacy deteriorate one's sense of autonomy over time. Privacy may be understood as a prerequisite for the development of a sense of self-identity. Privacy barriers, in particular, are instrumental in this process. According to Irwin"}, {"context": "Altman, such barriers \"define and limit the boundaries of the self\" and thus \"serve to help define [the self].\" This control primarily entails the ability to regulate contact with others. Control over the \"permeability\" of the self's boundaries enables one to control what constitutes the self and thus to define what is the self. In addition, privacy may be seen as a state that fosters personal growth, a process integral to the development of self-identity. Hyman Gross suggested that, without privacy\u2014solitude, anonymity, and temporary releases from social roles\u2014individuals would be unable to freely express themselves and to engage in self-discovery"}, {"context": "and self-criticism. Such self-discovery and self-criticism contributes to one's understanding of oneself and shapes one's sense of identity. In a way analogous to how the personhood theory imagines privacy as some essential part of being an individual, the intimacy theory imagines privacy to be an essential part of the way that humans have strengthened or intimate relationships with other humans. Because part of human relationships includes individuals volunteering to self-disclose some information, but withholding other information, there is a concept of privacy as a part of the process by means of which humans establish relationships with each other. James Rachels"}, {"context": "advanced this notion by writing that privacy matters because \"there is a close connection between our ability to control who has access to us and to information about us, and our ability to create and maintain different sorts of social relationships with different people.\" Privacy can mean different things in different contexts; different people, cultures, and nations have different expectations about how much privacy a person is entitled to or what constitutes an invasion of privacy. Most people have a strong sense of privacy in relation to the exposure of their body to others. This is an aspect of personal"}, {"context": "modesty. A person will go to extreme lengths to protect this personal modesty, the main way being the wearing of clothes. Other ways include erection of walls, fences, screens, use of cathedral glass, partitions, by maintaining a distance, beside other ways. People who go to those lengths expect that their privacy will be respected by others. At the same time, people are prepared to expose themselves in acts of physical intimacy, but these are confined to exposure in circumstances and of persons of their choosing. Even a discussion of those circumstances is regarded as intrusive and typically unwelcome. Physical privacy"}, {"context": "could be defined as preventing \"intrusions into one's physical space or solitude.\" This would include concerns such as: An example of the legal basis for the right to physical privacy is the U.S. Fourth Amendment, which guarantees \"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures\". Most countries have laws regarding trespassing and property rights also determine the right of physical privacy. Physical privacy may be a matter of cultural sensitivity, personal dignity, and/or shyness. There may also be concerns about safety, if for example one is wary of"}, {"context": "becoming the victim of crime or stalking. Civil inattention is a process whereby individuals are able to maintain their privacy within a crowd. Information or data privacy refers to the evolving relationship between technology and the legal right to, or public expectation of, privacy in the collection and sharing of data about one's self. Privacy concerns exist wherever uniquely identifiable data relating to a person or persons are collected and stored, in digital form or otherwise. In some cases these concerns refer to how data are collected, stored, and associated. In other cases the issue is who is given access"}, {"context": "to information. Other issues include whether an individual has any ownership rights to data about them, and/or the right to view, verify, and challenge that information. Various types of personal information are often associated with privacy concerns. Information plays an important role in the decision-action process, which can lead to problems in terms of privacy and availability. First, it allows people to see all the options and alternatives available. Secondly, it allows people to choose which of the options would be best for a certain situation. An information landscape consists of the information, its location in the so-called network, as"}, {"context": "well as its availability, awareness, and usability. Yet the set-up of the information landscape means that information that is available in one place may not be available somewhere else. This can lead to a privacy situation that leads to questions regarding which people have the power to access and use certain information, who should have that power, and what provisions govern it. For various reasons, individuals may object to personal information such as their religion, sexual orientation, political affiliations, or personal activities being revealed, perhaps to avoid discrimination, personal embarrassment, or damage to their professional reputations. Financial privacy, in which"}, {"context": "information about a person's financial transactions is guarded, is important for the avoidance of fraud including identity theft. Information about a person's purchases, for instance, can reveal a great deal about their preferences, places they have visited, their contacts, products (such as medications) they use, their activities and habits, etc. In addition to this, financial privacy also includes privacy over the bank accounts opened by individuals. Information about the bank where the individual has an account with, and whether or not this is in a country that does not share this information with other countries can help countries in fighting"}, {"context": "tax avoidance. Internet privacy is the ability to determine what information one reveals or withholds about oneself over the Internet, who has access to such information, and for what purposes one's information may or may not be used. For example, web users may be concerned to discover that many of the web sites which they visit collect, store, and possibly share personally identifiable information about them. Similarly, Internet email users generally consider their emails to be private and hence would be concerned if their email was being accessed, read, stored or forwarded by third parties without their consent. Tools used"}, {"context": "to protect privacy on the Internet include encryption tools and anonymizing services like I2P and Tor. Medical privacy Protected Health Information OCR/HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996) allows a person to withhold their medical records and other information from others, perhaps because of fears that it might affect their insurance coverage or employment, or to avoid the embarrassment caused by revealing medical conditions or treatments. Medical information could also reveal other aspects of one's personal life, such as sexual preferences or proclivity. A right to sexual privacy enables individuals to acquire and use contraceptives without family, community"}, {"context": "or legal sanctions. Political privacy has been a concern since voting systems emerged in ancient times. The secret ballot helps to ensure that voters cannot be coerced into voting in certain ways, since they can allocate their vote as they wish in the privacy and security of the voting booth while maintaining the anonymity of the vote. Secret ballots are nearly universal in modern democracy, and considered a basic right of citizenship, despite the difficulties that they cause (for example the inability to trace votes back to the corresponding voters increases the risk of someone stuffing additional fraudulent votes into"}, {"context": "the system: additional security controls are needed to minimize such risks). Corporate privacy refers to the privacy rights of corporate actors like senior executives of large, publicly traded corporations. Desires for corporate privacy can frequently raise issues with obligations for public disclosures under securities and corporate law. Government agencies, corporations, groups/societies and other organizations may desire to keep their activities or secrets from being revealed to other organizations or individuals, adopting various security practices and controls in order to keep private information confidential. Organizations may seek legal protection for their secrets. For example, a government administration may be able to"}, {"context": "invoke executive privilege or declare certain information to be classified, or a corporation might attempt to protect valuable proprietary information as trade secrets. The earliest legislative development of privacy rights began under British common law, which protected \"only the physical interference of life and property.\" Its development from then on became \"one of the most significant chapters in the history of privacy law.\" Privacy rights gradually expanded to include a \"recognition of man's spiritual nature, of his feelings and his intellect.\" Eventually, the scope of those rights broadened even further to include a basic \"right to be let alone\", and"}, {"context": "the former definition of \"property\" would then comprise \"every form of possession\u2014intangible, as well as tangible.\" By the late 19th century, interest in a \"right to privacy\" grew as a response to the growth of print media, especially newspapers. Privacy has historical roots in philosophical discussions, the most well-known being Aristotle's distinction between two spheres of life: the public sphere of the \"polis\", associated with political life, and the private sphere of the \"oikos\", associated with domestic life. More systematic treatises of privacy in the United States did not appear until the 1890s, with the development of privacy law in"}, {"context": "America. As technology has advanced, the way in which privacy is protected and violated has changed with it. In the case of some technologies, such as the printing press or the Internet, the increased ability to share information can lead to new ways in which privacy can be breached. It is generally agreed that the first publication advocating privacy in the United States was the article by Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy\", 4 \"Harvard Law Review\" 193 (1890), that was written largely in response to the increase in newspapers and photographs made possible by printing technologies."}, {"context": "New technologies can also create new ways to gather private information. For example, in the United States it was thought that heat sensors intended to be used to find marijuana-growing operations would be acceptable. However, in 2001 in \"Kyllo v. United States\" (533 U.S. 27) it was decided that the use of thermal imaging devices that can reveal previously unknown information without a warrant does indeed constitute a violation of privacy. Generally the increased ability to gather and send information has had negative implications for retaining privacy. As large-scale information systems become more common, there is so much information stored"}, {"context": "in many databases worldwide that an individual has no practical means of knowing of or controlling all of the information about themselves that others may have hold or access. Such information could potentially be sold to others for profit and/or be used for purposes not known to or sanctioned by the individual concerned. The concept of information privacy has become more significant as more systems controlling more information appear. Also the consequences of privacy violations can be more severe. Privacy law in many countries has had to adapt to changes in technology in order to address these issues and, to"}, {"context": "some extent, maintain privacy rights. But the existing global privacy rights framework has also been criticized as incoherent and inefficient. Proposals such as the APEC Privacy Framework have emerged which set out to provide the first comprehensive legal framework on the issue of global data privacy. There are various theories about privacy and privacy control. The Invasion Paradigm defines privacy violation as the hostile actions of a wrongdoer who causes direct harm to an individual. This is a reactive view of privacy protection as it waits until there is a violation before acting to protect the violated individual, sometimes through"}, {"context": "criminal punishments for those who invaded the privacy of others. In the Invasion Paradigm this threat of criminal punishment that is supposed to work as deterrent. The Secrecy paradigm defines a privacy invasion as someone's concealed information or hidden world being revealed through surveillance. The Negative Freedom Paradigm views privacy as freedom from invasion rather than a right, going against the more popular view of a \"right to privacy.\" Finally, the Inaccessibility Paradigm states that privacy is the state where something is completely inaccessible to others. Daniel Solove, a law professor at George Washington University also has a theory of"}, {"context": "privacy. He believes that a conceptualized view of privacy will not work because there is no one core element. There are many different, interconnected elements involved in privacy and privacy protection. Therefore, Solove proposes looking at these issues from the bottom up, focusing on privacy problems. People may often overlook the fact that certain elements of privacy problems are due to the structure of privacy itself. Therefore, the architecture must change wherein people must learn to view privacy as a social and legal structure. He also states that people have to redefine the relationship between privacy and businesses and the"}, {"context": "government. Participation in certain privacy elements of the government and businesses should allow people to choose whether they want to be a part of certain aspects of their work that could be considered privacy invasion. The Internet has brought new concerns about privacy in an age where computers can permanently store records of everything: \"where every online photo, status update, Twitter post and blog entry by and about us can be stored forever\", writes law professor and author Jeffrey Rosen. This currently has an effect on employment. Microsoft reports that 75 percent of U.S. recruiters and human-resource professionals now do"}, {"context": "online research about candidates, often using information provided by search engines, social-networking sites, photo/video-sharing sites, personal web sites and blogs, and Twitter. They also report that 70 percent of U.S. recruiters have rejected candidates based on internet information. This has created a need by many to control various online privacy settings in addition to controlling their online reputations, both of which have led to legal suits against various sites and employers. The ability to do online inquiries about individuals has expanded dramatically over the last decade. Facebook for example, as of August 2015, was the largest social-networking site, with nearly"}, {"context": "1,490 million members, who upload over 4.75 billion pieces of content daily. Over 83.09 million accounts were fake. Twitter has more than 316 million registered users and over 20 million are fake users. The Library of Congress recently announced that it will be acquiring\u2014and permanently storing\u2014the entire archive of public Twitter posts since 2006, reports Rosen. Importantly, directly observed behaviour, such as browsing logs, search queries, or contents of the Facebook profile can be automatically processed to infer secondary information about an individual, such as sexual orientation, political and religious views, race, substance use, intelligence, and personality. Effectively, individual views"}, {"context": "and preferences can be revealed even if they were not directly expressed or indicated (e.g. by stating their political views on their Facebook profile, or visiting a gay community website). According to some experts, many commonly used communication devices may be mapping every move of their users. Senator Al Franken has noted the seriousness of iPhones and iPads having the ability to record and store users' locations in unencrypted files, although Apple denied doing so. Andrew Grove, co-founder and former CEO of Intel Corporation, offered his thoughts on internet privacy in an interview published in May 2000: As with other"}, {"context": "concepts about privacy, there are various ways to discuss what kinds of processes or actions remove, challenge, lessen, or attack privacy. In 1960 legal scholar William Prosser created the following list of activities which can be remedied with privacy protection: Building from this and other historical precedents, Daniel J. Solove presented another classification of actions which are harmful to privacy, including collection of information which is already somewhat public, processing of information, sharing information, and invading personal space to get private information. In the context of harming privacy, information collection means gathering whatever information can be obtained by doing something"}, {"context": "to obtain it. Surveillance is an example of this, when someone decides to begin watching and recording someone or something, and interrogation is another example of this, when someone uses another person as a source of information. Examples of information collection agencies include the NSA and the participants in the Five Eyes program. It can happen that privacy is not harmed when information is available, but that the harm can come when that information is collected as a set then processed in a way that the collective reporting of pieces of information encroaches on privacy. Actions in this category which"}, {"context": "can lessen privacy include the following: Information dissemination is an attack on privacy when information which was shared in confidence is shared or threatened to be shared in a way that harms the subject of the information. There are various examples of this. Breach of confidentiality is when one entity promises to keep a person's information private, then breaks that promise. Disclosure is making information about a person more accessible in a way that harms the subject of the information, regardless of how the information was collected or the intent of making it available. Exposure is a special type of"}, {"context": "disclosure in which the information disclosed is emotional to the subject or taboo to share, such as revealing their private life experiences, their nudity, or perhaps private body functions. Increased accessibility means advertising the availability of information without actually distributing it, as in the case of doxxing. Blackmail is making a threat to share information, perhaps as part of an effort to coerce someone. Appropriation is an attack on the personhood of someone, and can include using the value of someone's reputation or likeness to advance interests which are not those of the person being appropriated. Distortion is the creation"}, {"context": "of misleading information or lies about a person. Invasion of privacy, a subset of expectation of privacy, is a different concept from the collecting, aggregating, and disseminating information because those three are a misuse of available data, whereas invasion is an attack on the right of individuals to keep personal secrets. An invasion is an attack in which information, whether intended to be public or not, is captured in a way that insults the personal dignity and right to private space of the person whose data is taken. An intrusion is any unwanted entry into a person's private personal space"}, {"context": "and solitude for any reason, regardless of whether data is taken during that breach of space. \"Decisional interference\" is when an entity somehow injects itself into the personal decision making process of another person, perhaps to influence that person's private decisions but in any case doing so in a way that disrupts the private personal thoughts that a person has. Privacy uses the theory of natural rights, and generally responds to new information and communication technologies. In North America, Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis wrote that privacy is the \"right to be let alone\" (Warren & Brandeis, 1890)"}, {"context": "focuses on protecting individuals. This citation was a response to recent technological developments, such as photography, and sensationalist journalism, also known as yellow journalism. Privacy rights are inherently intertwined with information technology. In his widely cited dissenting opinion in \"Olmstead v. United States\" (1928), Brandeis relied on thoughts he developed in his \"Harvard Law Review\" article in 1890. But in his dissent, he now changed the focus whereby he urged making personal privacy matters more relevant to constitutional law, going so far as saying \"the government [was] identified ... as a potential privacy invader.\" He writes, \"Discovery and invention have"}, {"context": "made it possible for the Government, by means far more effective than stretching upon the rack, to obtain disclosure in court of what is whispered in the closet.\" At that time, telephones were often community assets, with shared party lines and the potentially nosey human operators. By the time of Katz, in 1967, telephones had become personal devices with lines not shared across homes and switching was electro-mechanical. In the 1970s, new computing and recording technologies began to raise concerns about privacy, resulting in the Fair Information Practice Principles. In recent years there have been only few attempts to clearly"}, {"context": "and precisely define a \"right to privacy.\" Some experts assert that in fact the right to privacy \"should not be defined as a separate legal right\" at all. By their reasoning, existing laws relating to privacy in general should be sufficient. Other experts, such as Dean Prosser, have attempted, but failed, to find a \"common ground\" between the leading kinds of privacy cases in the court system, at least to formulate a definition. One law school treatise from Israel, however, on the subject of \"privacy in the digital environment\", suggests that the \"right to privacy should be seen as an"}, {"context": "independent right that deserves legal protection in itself.\" It has therefore proposed a working definition for a \"right to privacy\": \"The right to privacy is our right to keep a domain around us, which includes all those things that are part of us, such as our body, home, property, thoughts, feelings, secrets and identity. The right to privacy gives us the ability to choose which parts in this domain can be accessed by others, and to control the extent, manner and timing of the use of those parts we choose to disclose.\" Alan Westin believes that new technologies alter the"}, {"context": "balance between privacy and disclosure, and that privacy rights may limit government surveillance to protect democratic processes. Westin defines privacy as \"the claim of individuals, groups, or institutions to determine for themselves when, how, and to what extent information about them is communicated to others\". Westin describes four states of privacy: solitude, intimacy, anonymity, and reserve. These states must balance participation against norms: Each individual is continually engaged in a personal adjustment process in which he balances the desire for privacy with the desire for disclosure and communication of himself to others, in light of the environmental conditions and social"}, {"context": "norms set by the society in which he lives. \u2014 Alan Westin, Privacy and Freedom, 1968 Under liberal democratic systems, privacy creates a space separate from political life, and allows personal autonomy, while ensuring democratic freedoms of association and expression. David Flaherty believes networked computer databases pose threats to privacy. He develops 'data protection' as an aspect of privacy, which involves \"the collection, use, and dissemination of personal information\". This concept forms the foundation for fair information practices used by governments globally. Flaherty forwards an idea of privacy as information control, \"[i]ndividuals want to be left alone and to exercise"}, {"context": "some control over how information about them is used\". Richard Posner and Lawrence Lessig focus on the economic aspects of personal information control. Posner criticizes privacy for concealing information, which reduces market efficiency. For Posner, employment is selling oneself in the labour market, which he believes is like selling a product. Any 'defect' in the 'product' that is not reported is fraud. For Lessig, privacy breaches online can be regulated through code and law. Lessig claims \"the protection of privacy would be stronger if people conceived of the right as a property right\", and that \"individuals should be able to"}, {"context": "control information about themselves\". Economic approaches to privacy make communal conceptions of privacy difficult to maintain. There have been attempts to reframe privacy as a fundamental human right, whose social value is an essential component in the functioning of democratic societies. Amitai Etzioni suggests a communitarian approach to privacy. This requires a shared moral culture for establishing social order. Etzioni believes that \"[p]rivacy is merely one good among many others\", and that technological effects depend on community accountability and oversight (ibid). He claims that privacy laws only increase government surveillance by weakening informal social controls. Furthermore, the government is no"}, {"context": "longer the only or even principle threat to people's privacy. Etzioni notes that corporate data miners, or \"Privacy Merchants,\" stand to profit by selling massive dossiers personal information, including purchasing decisions and Internet traffic, to the highest bidder. And while some might not find collection of private information objectionable when it is only used commercially by the private sector, the information these corporations amass and process is also available to the government, so that it is no longer possible to protect privacy by only curbing the State. Priscilla Regan believes that individual concepts of privacy have failed philosophically and in"}, {"context": "policy. She supports a social value of privacy with three dimensions: shared perceptions, public values, and collective components. Shared ideas about privacy allows freedom of conscience and diversity in thought. Public values guarantee democratic participation, including freedoms of speech and association, and limits government power. Collective elements describe privacy as collective good that cannot be divided. Regan's goal is to strengthen privacy claims in policy making: \"if we did recognize the collective or public-good value of privacy, as well as the common and public value of privacy, those advocating privacy protections would have a stronger basis upon which to argue"}, {"context": "for its protection\". Leslie Regan Shade argues that the human right to privacy is necessary for meaningful democratic participation, and ensures human dignity and autonomy. Privacy depends on norms for how information is distributed, and if this is appropriate. Violations of privacy depend on context. The human right to privacy has precedent in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights: \"Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.\" Shade believes that privacy must"}, {"context": "be approached from a people-centered perspective, and not through the marketplace. Most countries give citizen rights to privacy in their constitutions. Representative examples of this include the \"Constitution of Brazil\", which says \"the privacy, private life, honor and image of people are inviolable\"; the \"Constitution of South Africa\" says that \"everyone has a right to privacy\"; and the \"Constitution of the Republic of Korea\" says \"the privacy of no citizen shall be infringed.\" Among most countries whose constitutions do not explicitly describe privacy rights, court decisions have interpreted their constitutions to intend to give privacy rights. Many countries have broad"}, {"context": "privacy laws outside their constitutions, including Australia's Privacy Act 1988, Argentina's Law for the Protection of Personal Data of 2000, Canada's 2000 Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, and Japan's 2003 Personal Information Protection Law. Beyond national privacy laws, there are international privacy agreements. The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights says \"No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation.\" The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development published its Privacy Guidelines in 1980. The European Union's 1995 Data Protection Directive guides privacy protection"}, {"context": "in Europe. The 2004 Privacy Framework by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation is a privacy protection agreement for the members of that organization. In the 1960s people began to consider how changes in technology were bringing changes in the concept of privacy. Vance Packard\u2019s \"The Naked Society\" was a popular book on privacy from that era and led discourse on privacy at that time. Approaches to privacy can, broadly, be divided into two categories: free market, and consumer protection. In a free market approach, commercial entities are largely allowed to do what they wish, with the expectation that consumers will choose"}, {"context": "to do business with corporations that respect their privacy to a desired degree. If some companies are not sufficiently respectful of privacy, they will lose market share. Such an approach may be limited by lack of competition in a market, by enterprises not offering privacy options favorable to the user, or by lack of information about actual privacy practices. Claims of privacy protection made by companies may be difficult for consumers to verify, except when they have already been violated. In a consumer protection approach, in contrast, it is claimed that individuals may not have the time or knowledge to"}, {"context": "make informed choices, or may not have reasonable alternatives available. In support of this view, Jensen and Potts showed that most privacy policies are above the reading level of the average person. Therefore, this approach advocates greater government definition and enforcement of privacy standards. Privacy law is the area of law concerning the protecting and preserving of privacy rights of individuals. While there is no universally accepted privacy law among all countries, some organizations promote certain concepts be enforced by individual countries. For example, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 12, states: The \"Privacy Act 1988\" is administered by"}, {"context": "the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner. Privacy law has been evolving in Australia for a number of years. The initial introduction of privacy law in 1998 extended to the public sector, specifically to Federal government departments, under the Information Privacy Principles. State government agencies can also be subject to state based privacy legislation. This built upon the already existing privacy requirements that applied to telecommunications providers (under Part 13 of the \"Telecommunications Act 1997\"), and confidentiality requirements that already applied to banking, legal and patient / doctor relationships. The \"Privacy Act 1988\" was then extended to include the private"}, {"context": "sector in 2000 with the introduction of the National Privacy Principles. These took effect in 2001. Small businesses with an annual turnover of $3 million were excluded from meeting the obligations specified in the National Privacy Principles with some exceptions such as those whose primary business was dealing in personal information. In 2008 the Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC) conducted a review of Australian Privacy Law. The resulting report \"For Your Information\". was one of the largest reports ever released by the ALRC. Amongst its many recommendations were the consolidation of both the Information Privacy Principles and the National Privacy"}, {"context": "Principles to form what is now known as the Australian Privacy Principles. This recommendation, and many others, were taken up and implemented by the Australian Government via the Privacy Amendment (Enhancing Privacy Protection) Bill 2012 The Australian Privacy Principles, along with other key changes to the overall Act, took effect on 12 March 2014. The new structure of the privacy principles follow the information cycle and incorporate key emerging privacy concepts including privacy by design. There are currently 14 Australian Privacy Principles: As of 22 February 2018, the Privacy Amendment (Notifiable Data Breaches) Act 2017 will introduce a mandatory data"}, {"context": "breach notification obligations for all organisations that are subject to Australia's Privacy Act 1988 (Cth). This includes all Australian-registered companies and foreign-registered companies that carry on business in Australia or that interact with Australian data subjects. There are a range of other laws that provide privacy protection in Australia. These include, but are not limited to, the \"Telecommunications Act 1997\", \"Spam Act 2006\", the \"Do Not Call Register Act 2009\", general confidentiality obligations arising from certain professional relationships including with doctors, lawyers and other health providers, state based legislation including NSW workplace surveillance laws, state based laws that apply in"}, {"context": "NSW, Queensland and other states for the handling of health information and the handling of information by state government agencies. The Constitution of Brazil sets privacy as a major fundamental right. Even the State is not allowed to violate personal data, intimacy, private life, honor and image (article 5, incise X). In extreme situations, a judicial order can authorize some level of disclosure. But some data, such as correspondence, are absolutely inviolable, and not even judicial order can authorize the disclosure. Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China Article 245 Whoever unlawfully subjects another person to a body search"}, {"context": "or a search of his residence or unlawfully intrudes into another person's residence shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention. Any judicial officer who abuses his power and commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be given a heavier punishment. Article 246 Whoever, by violence or other methods, publicly humiliates another person or invent stories to defame him, if the circumstances are serious, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights. The crime mentioned in the preceding"}, {"context": "paragraph shall be handled only upon complaint, except where serious harm is done to public order or to the interests of the State. Article 252 Whoever conceals, destroys or unlawfully opens another person's letter, thereby infringing upon the citizen's right to freedom of correspondence, if the circumstances are serious, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than one year or criminal detention. Article 253 Any postal worker who opens without authorization or conceals or destroys mail or telegrams shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than two years or criminal detention. Whoever steals money or property"}, {"context": "by committing the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be convicted and given a heavier punishment in accordance with the provisions of Article 264 of this Law. Canadian privacy law is governed federally by multiple acts, including the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and the Privacy Act (Canada). Mostly this legislation concerns privacy infringement by government organizations. Data privacy was first addressed with the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, and provincial-level legislation also exists to account for more specific cases personal privacy protection against commercial organizations. For Europe, Article 8 of the European Convention on Human"}, {"context": "Rights guarantees the right to respect for private and family life, one's home and correspondence. The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg has developed a large body of jurisprudence defining this fundamental right to privacy. The European Union requires all member states to legislate to ensure that citizens have a right to privacy, through directives such as the 1995 Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of personal data. It is regulated in the United Kingdom by the Data Protection Act 1998 and in France data protection is also monitored by the CNIL, a governmental body which must authorize legislation concerning"}, {"context": "privacy before it can be enacted. In civil law jurisdictions, the right to privacy fell within the ambit of the right to a private life (droit a la vie privee) from which the tort could be claimed. Personality rights and the broader tort based interpretation of the right to privacy protected correspondence, personal information and dignity. These rights gave rise to causes for damages in most civil law jurisdictions and common law jurisdictions prior to the sui generis development of Data Protection. Although there are comprehensive regulations for data protection, some studies show that despite the laws, there is a"}, {"context": "lack of enforcement in that no institution feels responsible to control the parties involved and enforce their laws. The European Union is also championing for the 'Right to be Forgotten' concept (which allows individuals to ask that links leading to information about themselves be removed from internet search engine results) to be adopted by other countries. India Due to the introduction of the Aadhaar project inhabitants of India were afraid that their privacy could be invaded. The project was also met with mistrust regarding the safety of the social protection infrastructures. To tackle the fear amongst the people, India's supreme"}, {"context": "court put a new ruling into action that stated that privacy from then on was seen as a fundamental right. On 24 August 2017 this new law was established. In Italy the right to privacy is enshrined in Article 15 of the Constitution, which states: \"Freedom and confidentiality of correspondence and of every other form of communication is inviolable. Limitations may only be imposed by judicial decision stating the reasons and in accordance with the guarantees provided by the law.\" In the United Kingdom, it is not possible to bring an action for invasion of privacy. An action may be"}, {"context": "brought under another tort (usually breach of confidence) and privacy must then be considered under EC law. In the UK, it is sometimes a defence that disclosure of private information was in the public interest. There is, however, the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO), an independent public body set up to promote access to official information and protect personal information. They do this by promoting good practice, ruling on eligible complaints, giving information to individuals and organisations, and taking action when the law is broken. The relevant UK laws include: Data Protection Act 1998; Freedom of Information Act 2000; Environmental Information"}, {"context": "Regulations 2004; Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003. The ICO has also provided a \"Personal Information Toolkit\" online which explains in more detail the various ways of protecting privacy online. Although the US Constitution does not explicitly include the right to privacy, individual as well as locational privacy are implicitly granted by the Constitution under the 4th Amendment. The Supreme Court of the United States has found that other guarantees have \"penumbras\" that implicitly grant a right to privacy against government intrusion, for example in \"Griswold v. Connecticut\" (1965). In the United States, the right of freedom of speech granted"}, {"context": "in the First Amendment has limited the effects of lawsuits for breach of privacy. Privacy is regulated in the US by the Privacy Act of 1974, and various state laws. The Privacy Act of 1974 only applies to Federal agencies in the executive branch of the Federal government. Certain privacy rights have been established in the United States via legislation such as the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), the Gramm\u2013Leach\u2013Bliley Act (GLB), and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). The Electronic Privacy Information Center's Privacy Index puts Brazil, Australia, Japan and South Africa in the higher level"}, {"context": "of privacy (around 2.2). On the bottom of the list are the United States and United Kingdom (around 1.4). There are many means to protect one's privacy on the internet. For example, e-mails can be encrypted (via S/MIME or PGP) and anonymizing proxies or anonymizing networks like I2P and Tor can be used to prevent the internet service providers from knowing which sites one visits and with whom one communicates. Covert collection of personally identifiable information has been identified as a primary concern by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission. Although some privacy advocates recommend the deletion of original and third-party"}, {"context": "HTTP cookies, Anthony Miyazaki, marketing professor at Florida International University and privacy scholar, warns that the \"elimination of third-party cookie use by Web sites can be circumvented by cooperative strategies with third parties in which information is transferred after the Web site's use of original domain cookies.\" As of December 2010, the Federal Trade Commission is reviewing policy regarding this issue as it relates to behavioral advertising. Another aspect of privacy on the Internet relates to online social networking. Several online social network sites (OSNs) are among the top 10 most visited websites globally. A review and evaluation of scholarly"}, {"context": "work regarding the current state of the value of individuals' privacy of online social networking show the following results: \"first, adults seem to be more concerned about potential privacy threats than younger users; second, policy makers should be alarmed by a large part of users who underestimate risks of their information privacy on OSNs; third, in the case of using OSNs and its services, traditional one-dimensional privacy approaches fall short\". This is exacerbated by the research indicating that personal traits such as sexual orientation, race, religious and political views, personality, or intelligence can be inferred based on the wide variety"}, {"context": "of digital footprint, such as samples of text, browsing logs, or Facebook Likes. Increasingly, mobile devices facilitate location tracking. This creates user privacy problems. A user's location and preferences constitute personal information. Their improper use violates that user's privacy. A recent MIT study by de Montjoye et al. showed that 4 spatio-temporal points, approximate places and times, are enough to uniquely identify 95% of 1.5M people in a mobility database. The study further shows that these constraints hold even when the resolution of the dataset is low. Therefore, even coarse or blurred datasets provide little anonymity. Several methods to protect"}, {"context": "user privacy in location-based services have been proposed, including the use of anonymizing servers, blurring of information e.a. Methods to quantify privacy have also been proposed, to calculate the equilibrium between the benefit of providing accurate location information and the drawbacks of risking personal privacy. Users of such services may also choose to display more generic location information (i.e. \"In the City\" or \"Philadelphia\" or \"Work\") to some of their more casual acquaintances while only displaying specific location information, such as their exact address, to closer contacts like spouse, relatives, and good friends. In recent years, seen with the increasing"}, {"context": "importance of mobile devices and paired with the \"National Do Not Call Registry\", telemarketers have turned attention to mobiles. The efforts of telemarketers to use mobile devices have been met with both \"Federal Trade Commission\" and companies like PrivacyStar. Each year, thousands of complaints are filed to the FTC database with the help of companies and consumers. The principle of privacy by design states that privacy and data protection are embedded throughout the entire life cycle of technologies, from the early design stage to their deployment, use and ultimate disposal. The practice of constructing, ostensibly, software or information systems that"}, {"context": "adhere to given privacy policies and relevant compliances is a developing area and is known as Privacy engineering Privacy self-synchronization is the mode by which the stakeholders of an enterprise privacy program spontaneously contribute collaboratively to the program's maximum success. The stakeholders may be customers, employees, managers, executives, suppliers, partners or investors. When self-synchronization is reached, the model states that the personal interests of individuals toward their privacy is in balance with the business interests of enterprises who collect and use the personal information of those individuals. The privacy paradox is a phenomenon in which online users state that they"}, {"context": "are concerned about their privacy but behave as if they were not. While this term was coined as early as 1998, it wasn't used in its current popular sense until the year 2000. In his article titled \"'Opting In': A Privacy Paradox,\" John Schwartz wrote that \"It's one of the more puzzling conundrums of online life. While companies that capitalize on the Internet's powerful potential to invade privacy are denounced as villains of the information age, millions of people type out highly personal data and send it off to Web sites they've barely heard of, with no strong legal protection"}, {"context": "against misuse of the information. \u2026The paradox helps illustrate the complexity of the debate over privacy.\" Susan B. Barnes similarly used the term \u201cprivacy paradox\u201d to refer to the ambiguous boundary between private and public space on social media. When compared to adults, young people tend to disclose more information on social media. However, this does not mean that they are not concerned about their privacy. Susan B. Barnes gave a case in her article: in a television interview about Facebook, a student addressed her concerns about disclosing personal information online. However, when the reporter asked to see her Facebook"}, {"context": "page, she put her home address, phone numbers, and pictures of her young son on the page. Privacy paradox has been studied and scripted in different research settings. Although several studies have shown this inconsistency between privacy attitudes and behavior among online users, the reason for the paradox still remains unclear. A main explanation for the privacy paradox is that users lack awareness of the risks and the degree of protection. Users may underestimate the harm of disclosing information online. On the other hand, some researchers argue the privacy paradox comes from lack of technology literacy and from the design"}, {"context": "of sites. For example, users may not know how to change their default settings even though they care about their privacy. Psychologists particularly pointed out that the privacy paradox occurs because users must trade-off between their privacy concerns and impression management. Other individual factors such as gender, age, trust and personality, may also account for the paradox. The 1993 film \"The Pelican Brief\", based on the novel of the same name, touches on privacy. In one scene, a law professor discusses the Constitutional right to privacy. One of his students, played by Julia Roberts, argues that the majority opinion in"}, {"context": "Bowers v Hardwick was wrongly decided. In \"Short List\", 1999 episode of the TV series \"The West Wing\", the right to privacy arises during the appointment of a Supreme Court judge. Sam Seabourne ventures the opinion that Internet privacy will be a major social issue in the next two decades. Selfies are popular today. A search for photos with the hashtag #selfie retrieves over 23 million results on Instagram and \"a whopping 51 million with the hashtag #me\" However, due to modern corporate and governmental surveillance, this may pose a risk to privacy. In a research which takes a sample"}, {"context": "size of 3763, researchers found that for selfies, females generally have greater concerns than male social media users. Users who have greater concerns inversely predict their selfie behavior and activity. Privacy Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves, or information about themselves, and thereby express themselves selectively. The boundaries and content of what is considered private differ among cultures and individuals, but share common themes. When something is private to a \"person\", it usually means that something is inherently special or sensitive to them. The domain of privacy partially overlaps with security (confidentiality), which can"}]}, {"title": "Common starling", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Common starling The common starling (\"Sturnus vulgaris\"), also known as the European starling, or in the British Isles just the starling, is a medium-sized passerine bird in the starling family, Sturnidae. It is about long and has glossy black plumage with a metallic sheen, which is speckled with white at some times of year. The legs are pink and the bill is black in winter and yellow in summer; young birds have browner plumage than the adults. It is a noisy bird, especially in communal roosts and other gregarious situations, with an unmusical but varied song. Its gift for mimicry"}, {"context": "has been noted in literature including the \"Mabinogion\" and the works of Pliny the Elder and William Shakespeare. The common starling has about a dozen subspecies breeding in open habitats across its native range in temperate Europe and western Asia, and it has been introduced to Australia, New Zealand, Canada, United States, Mexico, Peru, Argentina, the Falkland Islands, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, South Africa and Fiji. This bird is resident in southern and western Europe and southwestern Asia, while northeastern populations migrate south and west in winter within the breeding range and also further south to Iberia and North Africa. The"}, {"context": "common starling builds an untidy nest in a natural or artificial cavity in which four or five glossy, pale blue eggs are laid. These take two weeks to hatch and the young remain in the nest for another three weeks. There are normally one or two breeding attempts each year. This species is omnivorous, taking a wide range of invertebrates, as well as seeds and fruit. It is hunted by various mammals and birds of prey, and is host to a range of external and internal parasites. Large flocks typical of this species can be beneficial to agriculture by controlling"}, {"context": "invertebrate pests; however, starlings can also be pests themselves when they feed on fruit and sprouting crops. Common starlings may also be a nuisance through the noise and mess caused by their large urban roosts. Introduced populations in particular have been subjected to a range of controls, including culling, but these have had limited success except in preventing the colonisation of Western Australia. The species has declined in numbers in parts of northern and western Europe since the 1980s due to fewer grassland invertebrates being available as food for growing chicks. Despite this, its huge global population is not thought"}, {"context": "to be declining significantly, so the common starling is classified as being of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The common starling was first described by Linnaeus in his \"Systema Naturae\" in 1758 under its current binomial name. \"Sturnus\" and \"vulgaris\" are derived from the Latin for \"starling\" and \"common\" respectively. The Old English \"staer\", later \"stare\", and the Latin \"sturnus\" are both derived from an unknown Indo-European root dating back to the second millennium BC. \"Starling\" was first recorded in the 11th century, when it referred to the juvenile of the species, but by the"}, {"context": "16th century it had already largely supplanted \"stare\" to refer to birds of all ages. The older name is referenced in William Butler Yeats' poem \"The Stare's Nest by My Window\". The International Ornithological Congress' preferred English vernacular name is common starling. The starling family, Sturnidae, is an entirely Old World group apart from introductions elsewhere, with the greatest numbers of species in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The genus \"Sturnus\" is polyphyletic and relationships between its members are not fully resolved. The closest relation of the common starling is the spotless starling. The non-migratory spotless starling may be descended"}, {"context": "from a population of ancestral \"S. vulgaris\" that survived in an Iberian refugium during an ice age retreat, and mitochondrial gene studies suggest that it could be considered as a subspecies of the common starling. There is more genetic variation between common starling populations than between the nominate common starling and the spotless starling. Although common starling remains are known from the Middle Pleistocene, part of the problem in resolving relationships in the Sturnidae is the paucity of the fossil record for the family as a whole. There are several subspecies of the common starling, which vary clinally in size"}, {"context": "and the colour tone of the adult plumage. The gradual variation over geographic range and extensive intergradation means that acceptance of the various subspecies varies between authorities. Birds from Fair Isle, St Kilda and the Outer Hebrides are intermediate in size between \"S. v. zetlandicus\" and the nominate form, and their subspecies placement varies according to the authority. The dark juveniles typical of these island forms are occasionally found in mainland Scotland and elsewhere, indicating some gene flow from \"faroensis\" or \"zetlandicus\", subspecies formerly considered to be isolated. Several other subspecies have been named, but are generally no longer considered"}, {"context": "valid. Most are intergrades that occur where the ranges of various subspecies meet. These include: \"S. v. ruthenus\" Menzbier, 1891 and \"S. v. jitkowi\" Buturlin, 1904, which are intergrades between \"vulgaris\" and \"poltaratskyi\" from western Russia; \"S. v. graecus\" Tschusi, 1905 and \"S. v. balcanicus\" Buturlin and Harms, 1909, intergrades between \"vulgaris\" and \"tauricus\" from the southern Balkans to central Ukraine and throughout Greece to the Bosporus; and \"S. v. heinrichi\" Stresemann, 1928, an intergrade between \"caucasicus\" and \"nobilior\" in northern Iran. \"S. v. persepolis\" Ticehurst, 1928 from southern Iran's (Fars Province) is very similar to \"S. v. vulgaris\", and"}, {"context": "it is not clear whether it is a distinct resident population or simply migrants from southeastern Europe. The common starling is long, with a wingspan of and a weight of . Among standard measurements, the wing chord is , the tail is , the culmen is and the tarsus is . The plumage is iridescent black, glossed purple or green, and spangled with white, especially in winter. The underparts of adult male common starlings are less spotted than those of adult females at a given time of year. The throat feathers of males are long and loose and are used"}, {"context": "in display while those of females are smaller and more pointed. The legs are stout and pinkish- or greyish-red. The bill is narrow and conical with a sharp tip; in the winter it is brownish-black but in summer, females have lemon yellow beaks while males have yellow bills with blue-grey bases. Moulting occurs once a year- in late summer after the breeding season has finished; the fresh feathers are prominently tipped white (breast feathers) or buff (wing and back feathers), which gives the bird a speckled appearance. The reduction in the spotting in the breeding season is achieved through the"}, {"context": "white feather tips largely wearing off. Juveniles are grey-brown and by their first winter resemble adults though often retaining some brown juvenile feathering, especially on the head. They can usually be sexed by the colour of the irises, rich brown in males, mouse-brown or grey in females. Estimating the contrast between an iris and the central always-dark pupil is 97% accurate in determining sex, rising to 98% if the length of the throat feathers is also considered. The common starling is mid-sized by both starling standards and passerine standards. It is readily distinguished from other mid-sized passerines, such as thrushes,"}, {"context": "icterids or small corvids, by its relatively short tail, sharp, blade-like bill, round-bellied shape and strong, sizeable (and rufous-coloured) legs. In flight, its strongly pointed wings and dark colouration are distinctive, while on the ground its strange, somewhat waddling gait is also characteristic. The colouring and build usually distinguish this bird from other starlings, although the closely related spotless starling may be physically distinguished by the lack of iridescent spots in adult breeding plumage. Like most terrestrial starlings the common starling moves by walking or running, rather than hopping. Their flight is quite strong and direct; their triangular-shaped wings beat"}, {"context": "very rapidly, and periodically the birds glide for a short way without losing much height before resuming powered flight. When in a flock, the birds take off almost simultaneously, wheel and turn in unison, form a compact mass or trail off into a wispy stream, bunch up again and land in a coordinated fashion. Common starling on migration can fly at and cover up to . Several terrestrial starlings, including those in the genus \"Sturnus\", have adaptations of the skull and muscles that help with feeding by probing. This adaptation is most strongly developed in the common starling (along with"}, {"context": "the spotless and white-cheeked starlings), where the protractor muscles responsible for opening the jaw are enlarged and the skull is narrow, allowing the eye to be moved forward to peer down the length of the bill. This technique involves inserting the bill into the ground and opening it as a way of searching for hidden food items. Common starlings have the physical traits that enable them to use this feeding technique, which has undoubtedly helped the species spread far and wide. In Iberia, the western Mediterranean and northwest Africa, the common starling may be confused with the closely related spotless"}, {"context": "starling, the plumage of which, as its name implies, has a more uniform colour. At close range it can be seen that the latter has longer throat feathers, a fact particularly noticeable when it sings. The common starling is a noisy bird. Its song consists of a wide variety of both melodic and mechanical-sounding noises as part of a ritual succession of sounds. The male is the main songster and engages in bouts of song lasting for a minute or more. Each of these typically includes four varieties of song type, which follow each other in a regular order without"}, {"context": "pause. The bout starts with a series of pure-tone whistles and these are followed by the main part of the song, a number of variable sequences that often incorporate snatches of song mimicked from other species of bird and various naturally occurring or man-made noises. The structure and simplicity of the sound mimicked is of greater importance than the frequency with which it occurs. In some instances, a wild starling has been observed to mimic a sound it has heard only once. Each sound clip is repeated several times before the bird moves on to the next. After this variable"}, {"context": "section comes a number of types of repeated clicks followed by a final burst of high-frequency song, again formed of several types. Each bird has its own repertoire with more proficient birds having a range of up to 35 variable song types and as many as 14 types of clicks. Males sing constantly as the breeding period approaches and perform less often once pairs have bonded. In the presence of a female, a male sometimes flies to his nest and sings from the entrance, apparently attempting to entice the female in. Older birds tend to have a wider repertoire than"}, {"context": "younger ones. Those males that engage in longer bouts of singing and that have wider repertoires attract mates earlier and have greater reproductive success than others. Females appear to prefer mates with more complex songs, perhaps because this indicates greater experience or longevity. Having a complex song is also useful in defending a territory and deterring less experienced males from encroaching. Singing also occurs outside the breeding season, taking place throughout the year apart from the moulting period. The songsters are more commonly male although females also sing on occasion. The function of such out-of-season song is poorly understood. Eleven"}, {"context": "other types of call have been described including a flock call, threat call, attack call, snarl call and copulation call. The alarm call is a harsh scream, and while foraging together common starlings squabble incessantly. They chatter while roosting and bathing, making a great deal of noise that can cause irritation to people living nearby. When a flock of common starlings is flying together, the synchronised movements of the birds' wings make a distinctive whooshing sound that can be heard hundreds of metres (yards) away. The common starling is a highly gregarious species, especially in autumn and winter. Although flock"}, {"context": "size is highly variable, huge, noisy flocks - murmurations - may form near roosts. These dense concentrations of birds are thought to be a defence against attacks by birds of prey such as peregrine falcons or Eurasian sparrowhawks. Flocks form a tight sphere-like formation in flight, frequently expanding and contracting and changing shape, seemingly without any sort of leader. Each common starling changes its course and speed as a result of the movement of its closest neighbours. Very large roosts, exceptionally up to 1.5 million birds, can form in city centres, woodlands or reedbeds, causing problems with their droppings. These"}, {"context": "may accumulate up to deep, killing trees by their concentration of chemicals. In smaller amounts, the droppings act as a fertiliser, and therefore woodland managers may try to move roosts from one area of a wood to another to benefit from the soil enhancement and avoid large toxic deposits. Huge flocks of more than a million common starlings may be observed just before sunset in spring in southwestern Jutland, Denmark over the seaward marshlands of T\u00f8nder and Esbjerg municipalities between T\u00f8nder and Ribe. They gather in March until northern Scandinavian birds leave for their breeding ranges by mid-April. Their swarm"}, {"context": "behaviour creates complex shapes silhouetted against the sky, a phenomenon known locally as \"sort sol\" (\"black sun\"). Flocks of anything from five to fifty thousand common starlings form in areas of the UK just before sundown during mid-winter. These flocks are commonly called murmurations. The common starling is largely insectivorous and feeds on both pest and other arthropods. The food range includes spiders, crane flies, moths, mayflies, dragonflies, damsel flies, grasshoppers, earwigs, lacewings, caddisflies, flies, beetles, sawflies, bees, wasps and ants. Prey are consumed in both adult and larvae stages of development, and common starlings will also feed on earthworms,"}, {"context": "snails, small amphibians and lizards. While the consumption of invertebrates is necessary for successful breeding, common starlings are omnivorous and can also eat grains, seeds, fruits, nectar and food waste if the opportunity arises. The Sturnidae differ from most birds in that they cannot easily metabolise foods containing high levels of sucrose, although they can cope with other fruits such as grapes and cherries. The isolated Azores subspecies of the common starling eats the eggs of the endangered roseate tern. Measures are being introduced to reduce common starling populations by culling before the terns return to their breeding colonies in"}, {"context": "spring. There are several methods by which common starlings obtain their food but for the most part, they forage close to the ground, taking insects from the surface or just underneath. Generally, common starlings prefer foraging amongst short-cropped grasses and are often found among grazing animals or perched on their backs, where they will also feed on the mammal's external parasites. Large flocks may engage in a practice known as \"roller-feeding\", where the birds at the back of the flock continually fly to the front where the feeding opportunities are best. The larger the flock, the nearer individuals are to"}, {"context": "one another while foraging. Flocks often feed in one place for some time, and return to previous successfully foraged sites. There are three types of foraging behaviour observed in the common starling. \"Probing\" involves the bird plunging its beak into the ground randomly and repetitively until an insect has been found, and is often accompanied by bill gaping where the bird opens its beak in the soil to enlarge a hole. This behaviour, first described by Konrad Lorenz and given the German term \"zirkeln\", is also used to create and widen holes in plastic garbage bags. It takes time for"}, {"context": "young common starlings to perfect this technique, and because of this the diet of young birds will often contain fewer insects. \"Hawking\" is the capture of flying insects directly from the air, and \"lunging\" is the less common technique of striking forward to catch a moving invertebrate on the ground. Earthworms are caught by pulling from soil. Common starlings that have periods without access to food, or have a reduction in the hours of light available for feeding, compensate by increasing their body mass by the deposition of fat. Unpaired males find a suitable cavity and begin to build nests"}, {"context": "in order to attract single females, often decorating the nest with ornaments such as flowers and fresh green material, which the female later disassembles upon accepting him as a mate. The amount of green material is not important, as long as some is present, but the presence of herbs in the decorative material appears to be significant in attracting a mate. The scent of plants such as yarrow acts as an olfactory attractant to females. The males sing throughout much of the construction and even more so when a female approaches his nest. Following copulation, the male and female continue"}, {"context": "to build the nest. Nests may be in any type of hole, common locations include inside hollowed trees, buildings, tree stumps and man-made nest-boxes. \"S. v. zetlandicus\" typically breeds in crevices and holes in cliffs, a habitat only rarely used by the nominate form. Nests are typically made out of straw, dry grass and twigs with an inner lining made up of feathers, wool and soft leaves. Construction usually takes four or five days and may continue through incubation. Common starlings are both monogamous and polygamous; although broods are generally brought up by one male and one female, occasionally the"}, {"context": "pair may have an extra helper. Pairs may be part of a colony, in which case several other nests may occupy the same or nearby trees. Males may mate with a second female while the first is still on the nest. The reproductive success of the bird is poorer in the second nest than it is in the primary nest and is better when the male remains monogamous. Breeding takes place during the spring and summer. Following copulation, the female lays eggs on a daily basis over a period of several days. If an egg is lost during this time,"}, {"context": "she will lay another to replace it. There are normally four or five eggs that are ovoid in shape and pale blue or occasionally white, and they commonly have a glossy appearance. The colour of the eggs seems to have evolved through the relatively good visibility of blue at low light levels. The egg size is in length and in maximum diameter. Incubation lasts thirteen days, although the last egg laid may take 24 hours longer than the first to hatch. Both parents share the responsibility of brooding the eggs, but the female spends more time incubating them than does"}, {"context": "the male, and is the only parent to do so at night when the male returns to the communal roost. The young are born blind and naked. They develop light fluffy down within seven days of hatching and can see within nine days. Once the chicks are able to regulate their body temperature, about six days after hatching, the adults largely cease removing droppings from the nest. Prior to that, the fouling would wet both the chicks' plumage and the nest material, thereby reducing their effectiveness as insulation and increasing the risk of chilling the hatchlings. Nestlings remain in the"}, {"context": "nest for three weeks, where they are fed continuously by both parents. Fledglings continue to be fed by their parents for another one or two weeks. A pair can raise up to three broods per year, frequently reusing and relining the same nest, although two broods is typical, or just one north of 48\u00b0N. Within two months, most juveniles will have moulted and gained their first basic plumage. They acquire their adult plumage the following year. As with other passerines, the nest is kept clean and the chicks' faecal sacs are removed by the adults. Intraspecific brood parasites are common"}, {"context": "in common starling nests. Female \"floaters\" (unpaired females during the breeding season) present in colonies often lay eggs in another pair's nest. Fledglings have also been reported to invade their own or neighbouring nests and evict a new brood. Common starling nests have a 48% to 79% rate of successful fledging, although only 20% of nestlings survive to breeding age; the adult survival rate is closer to 60%. The average life span is about 2\u20133 years, with a longevity record of 22 yr 11 m. A majority of starling predators are avian. The typical response of starling groups is to"}, {"context": "take flight, with a common sight being undulating flocks of starling flying high in quick and agile patterns. Their abilities in flight are seldom matched by birds of prey. Adult common starlings are hunted by hawks such as the northern goshawk (\"Accipiter gentilis\") and Eurasian sparrowhawk (\"Accipiter nisus\"), and falcons including the peregrine falcon (\"Falco peregrinus\"), Eurasian hobby (\"Falco subbuteo\") and common kestrel (\"Falco tinnunculus\"). Slower raptors like black and red kites (\"Milvus migrans & milvus\"), eastern imperial eagle (\"Aquila heliaca\"), common buzzard (\"Buteo buteo\") and Australasian harrier (\"Circus approximans\") tend to take the more easily caught fledglings or juveniles."}, {"context": "While perched in groups by night, they can be vulnerable to owls, including the little owl (\"Athene noctua\"), long-eared owl (\"Asio otus\"), short-eared owl (\"Asio flammeus\"), barn owl (\"Tyto alba\"), tawny owl (\"Strix aluco\") and Eurasian eagle-owl (\"Bubo bubo\"). More than twenty species of hawk, owl and falcon are known to occasionally predate feral starlings in North America, though the most regular predators of adults are likely to be urban-living peregrine falcons or merlins (\"Falco columbarius\"). Common mynas (\"Acridotheres tristis\") sometimes evict eggs, nestlings and adult common starlings from their nests, and the lesser honeyguide (\"Indicator minor\"), a brood parasite,"}, {"context": "uses the common starling as a host. Starlings are more commonly the culprits rather than victims of nest eviction however, especially towards other starlings and woodpeckers. Nests can be raided by mammals capable of climbing to them, such as stoats (\"Mustela erminea\"), raccoons (\"Procyon lotor\") and squirrels (\"Sciurus\" spp.), and cats may catch the unwary. Common starlings are hosts to a wide range of parasites. A survey of three hundred common starlings from six US states found that all had at least one type of parasite; 99% had external fleas, mites or ticks, and 95% carried internal parasites, mostly various"}, {"context": "types of worm. Blood-sucking species leave their host when it dies, but other external parasites stay on the corpse. A bird with a deformed bill was heavily infested with \"Mallophaga\" lice, presumably due to its inability to remove vermin. The hen flea (\"Ceratophyllus gallinae\") is the most common flea in their nests. The small, pale house-sparrow flea \"C. fringillae\", is also occasionally found there and probably arises from the habit of its main host of taking over the nests of other species. This flea does not occur in the US, even on house sparrows. Lice include \"Menacanthus eurystemus\", \"Brueelia nebulosa\""}, {"context": "and \"Stumidoecus sturni\". Other arthropod parasites include \"Ixodes\" ticks and mites such as \"Analgopsis passerinus\", \"Boydaia stumi\", \"Dermanyssus gallinae\", \"Ornithonyssus bursa\", \"O. sylviarum\", \"Proctophyllodes\" species, \"Pteronyssoides truncatus\" and \"Trouessartia rosteri\". The hen mite \"D. gallinae\" is itself preyed upon by the predatory mite \"Androlaelaps casalis\". The presence of this control on numbers of the parasitic species may explain why birds are prepared to reuse old nests. Flying insects that parasitise common starlings include the louse-fly \"Omithomya nigricornis\" and the saprophagous fly \"Camus hemapterus\". The latter species breaks off the feathers of its host and lives on the fats produced by"}, {"context": "growing plumage. Larvae of the moth \"Hofmannophila pseudospretella\" are nest scavengers, which feed on animal material such as faeces or dead nestlings. Protozoan blood parasites of the genus \"Haemoproteus\" have been found in common starlings, but a better known pest is the brilliant scarlet nematode \"Syngamus trachea\". This worm moves from the lungs to the trachea and may cause its host to suffocate. In Britain, the rook and the common starling are the most infested wild birds. Other recorded internal parasites include the spiny-headed worm \"Prosthorhynchus transverses\". Common starlings may contract avian tuberculosis, avian malaria and retrovirus-induced lymphomas. Captive starlings"}, {"context": "often accumulate excess iron in the liver, a condition that can be prevented by adding black tea-leaves to the food. The global population of common starlings was estimated to be 310 million individuals in 2004, occupying a total area of . Widespread throughout the Northern Hemisphere, the bird is native to Eurasia and is found throughout Europe, northern Africa (from Morocco to Egypt), India (mainly in the north but regularly extending further south and extending into the Maldives) Nepal, the Middle East including Syria, Iran, and Iraq and north-western China. Common starlings in the south and west of Europe and"}, {"context": "south of latitude 40\u00b0N are mainly resident, although other populations migrate from regions where the winter is harsh, the ground frozen and food scarce. Large numbers of birds from northern Europe, Russia and Ukraine migrate south westwards or south eastwards. In the autumn, when immigrants are arriving from eastern Europe, many of Britain's common starlings are setting off for Iberia and North Africa. Other groups of birds are in passage across the country and the pathways of these different streams of bird may cross. Of the 15,000 birds ringed as nestlings in Merseyside, England, individuals have been recovered at various"}, {"context": "times of year as far afield as Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Germany and the Low Countries. Small numbers of common starling have sporadically been observed in Japan and Hong Kong but it is unclear from where these birds originated. In North America, northern populations have developed a migration pattern, vacating much of Canada in winter. Birds in the east of the country move southwards, and those from further west winter in the southwest of the US. Common starlings prefer urban or suburban areas where artificial structures and trees provide adequate nesting and roosting sites. Reedbeds are also favoured"}, {"context": "for roosting and the birds commonly feed in grassy areas such as farmland, grazing pastures, playing fields, golf courses and airfields where short grass makes foraging easy. They occasionally inhabit open forests and woodlands and are sometimes found in shrubby areas such as Australian heathland. Common starlings rarely inhabit dense, wet forests (i.e. rainforests or wet sclerophyll forests) but are found in coastal areas, where they nest and roost on cliffs and forage amongst seaweed. Their ability to adapt to a large variety of habitats has allowed them to disperse and establish themselves in diverse locations around the world resulting"}, {"context": "in a habitat range from coastal wetlands to alpine forests, from sea cliffs to mountain ranges above sea level. The common starling has been introduced to and has successfully established itself in New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, North America, Fiji and several Caribbean islands. As a result, it has also been able to migrate to Thailand, Southeast Asia and New Guinea. Five individuals conveyed on a ship from England alighted near Lago de Maracaibo in Venezuela in November 1949, but subsequently vanished. In 1987, a small population of common starlings was observed nesting in gardens in the city of Buenos"}, {"context": "Aires. Since then, despite some initial attempts at eradication, the bird has been expanding its breeding range at an average rate of per year, keeping within of the Atlantic coast. In Argentina, the species makes use of a variety of natural and man-made nesting sites, particularly woodpecker holes. The common starling was introduced to Australia to consume insect pests of farm crops. Early settlers looked forward to their arrival, believing that common starlings were also important for the pollination of flax, a major agricultural product. Nest-boxes for the newly released birds were placed on farms and near crops. The common"}, {"context": "starling was introduced to Melbourne in 1857 and Sydney two decades later. By the 1880s, established populations were present in the southeast of the country thanks to the work of acclimatisation committees. By the 1920s, common starlings were widespread throughout Victoria, Queensland and New South Wales, but by then they were considered to be pests. Although common starlings were first sighted in Albany, Western Australia in 1917, they have been largely prevented from spreading to the state. The wide and arid Nullarbor Plain provides a natural barrier and control measures have been adopted that have killed 55,000 birds over three"}, {"context": "decades. The common starling has also colonised Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island. The early settlers in New Zealand cleared the bush and found their newly planted crops were invaded by hordes of caterpillars and other insects deprived of their previous food sources. Native birds were not habituated to living in close proximity to man so the common starling was introduced from Europe along with the House Sparrow to control the pests. It was first brought over in 1862 by the Nelson Acclimatisation Society and other introductions followed. The birds soon became established and are now found all over the"}, {"context": "country including the subtropical Kermadec Islands to the north and the equally distant Macquarie Island far to the south. After two failed attempts, about 60 common starlings were released in 1890 into New York's Central Park by Eugene Schieffelin. He was president of the American Acclimatization Society, which reportedly tried to introduce every bird species mentioned in the works of William Shakespeare into North America, although this has been disputed. About the same date, the Portland Song Bird Club released 35 pairs of common starlings in Portland, Oregon. These birds became established but disappeared around 1902. Common starlings reappeared in"}, {"context": "the Pacific Northwest in the mid-1940s and these birds were probably descendants of the 1890 Central Park introduction. The original 60 birds have since swelled in number to 150 million, occupying an area extending from southern Canada and Alaska to Central America. The common starling appears to have arrived in Fiji in 1925 on Ono-i-lau and Vatoa islands. It may have colonised from New Zealand via Raoul in the Kermadec Islands where it is abundant, that group being roughly equidistant between New Zealand and Fiji. Its spread in Fiji has been limited, and there are doubts about the population's viability."}, {"context": "Tonga was colonised at about the same date and the birds there have been slowly spreading north through the group. In South Africa, the common starling was introduced in 1897 by Cecil Rhodes. It spread slowly, and by 1954, had reached Clanwilliam and Port Elizabeth. It is now common in the southern Cape region, thinning out northwards to the Johannesburg area. It is present in the Western Cape, the Eastern Cape and the Free State provinces of South Africa and lowland Lesotho, with occasional sightings in KwaZulu-Natal, Gauteng and around the town of Oranjemund in Namibia. In Southern Africa populations"}, {"context": "appear to be resident and the bird is strongly associated with man and anthropogenic habitats. It favours irrigated land and is absent from regions where the ground is baked so dry that it cannot probe for insects. It may compete with native birds for crevice nesting sites but the indigenous species are probably more disadvantaged by destruction of their natural habitat than they are by inter-specific competition. It breeds from September to December and outside the breeding season may congregate in large flocks, often roosting in reedbeds. It is the most common bird species in urban and agricultural areas. The"}, {"context": "inhabitants of Saint Kitts petitioned the Colonial Secretary for a \u2033 ... government grant of starlings to exterminate ... \u2033 an outbreak of grasshoppers with was causing enormous damage to their crops in 1901. The common starling was introduced to Jamaica in 1903, and the Bahamas and Cuba were colonised naturally from the US. This bird is fairly common but local in Jamaica, Grand Bahama and Bimini, and is rare in the rest of the Bahamas, eastern Cuba, the Cayman Islands, Puerto Rico and St. Croix. The global population of the common starling is estimated to be more than 310"}, {"context": "million individuals and its numbers are not thought to be declining significantly, so the bird is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being of least concern. It had shown a marked increase in numbers throughout Europe from the 19th century to around the 1950s and 60s. In about 1830, \"S. v. vulgaris\" expanded its range in the British Isles, spreading into Ireland and areas of Scotland where it had formerly been absent, although \"S. v. zetlandicus\" was already present in Shetland and the Outer Hebrides. The common starling has bred in northern Sweden from 1850 and"}, {"context": "in Iceland from 1935. The breeding range spread through southern France to northeastern Spain, and there were other range expansions particularly in Italy, Austria and Finland. It started breeding in Iberia in 1960, while the spotless starling's range had been expanding northward since the 1950s. The low rate of advance, about per year for both species, is due to the suboptimal mountain and woodland terrain. Expansion has since slowed even further due to direct competition between the two similar species where they overlap in southwestern France and northwestern Spain. Major declines in populations have been observed from 1980 onward in"}, {"context": "Sweden, Finland, northern Russia (Karelia) and the Baltic States, and smaller declines in much of the rest of northern and central Europe. The bird has been adversely affected in these areas by intensive agriculture, and in several countries it has been red-listed due to population declines of more than 50%. Numbers dwindled in the United Kingdom by more than 80% between 1966 and 2004; although populations in some areas such as Northern Ireland were stable or even increased, those in other areas, mainly England, declined even more sharply. The overall decline seems to be due to the low survival rate"}, {"context": "of young birds, which may be caused by changes in agricultural practices. The intensive farming methods used in northern Europe mean there is less pasture and meadow habitat available, and the supply of grassland invertebrates needed for the nestlings to thrive is correspondingly reduced. Since common starlings eat insect pests such as wireworms, they are considered beneficial in northern Eurasia, and this was one of the reasons given for introducing the birds elsewhere. Around 25 million nest boxes were erected for this species in the former Soviet Union, and common starlings were found to be effective in controlling the grass"}, {"context": "grub \"Costelytra zelandica\" in New Zealand. The original Australian introduction was facilitated by the provision of nest boxes to help this mainly insectivorous bird to breed successfully, and even in the US, where this is a pest species, the Department of Agriculture acknowledges that vast numbers of insects are consumed by common starlings. Common starlings introduced to areas such as Australia or North America, where other members of the genus are absent, may affect native species through competition for nest holes. In North America, chickadees, nuthatches, woodpeckers, purple martins and other swallows may be affected. In Australia, competitors for nesting"}, {"context": "sites include the crimson and eastern rosellas. For its role in the decline of local native species and the damages to agriculture, the common starling has been included in the IUCN List of the world's 100 worst invasive species. Common starlings can eat and damage fruit in orchards such as grapes, peaches, olives, currants and tomatoes or dig up newly sown grain and sprouting crops. They may also eat animal feed and distribute seeds through their droppings. In eastern Australia, weeds like bridal creeper, blackberry and boneseed are thought to have been spread by common starlings. Agricultural damage in the"}, {"context": "US is estimated as costing about US$800 million annually. This bird is not considered to be as damaging to agriculture in South Africa as it is in the United States. The large size of flocks can also cause problems. Common starlings may be sucked into aircraft jet engines, one of the worst instances of this being an incident in Boston in 1960, when sixty-two people died after a turboprop airliner flew into a flock and plummeted into the sea at Winthrop Harbor. Starlings' droppings can contain the fungus \"Histoplasma capsulatum\", the cause of histoplasmosis in humans. At roosting sites this"}, {"context": "fungus can thrive in accumulated droppings. There are a number of other infectious diseases that can potentially be transmitted by common starlings to humans, although the potential for the birds to spread infections may have been exaggerated. Because of the damage they do, there have been attempts to control the numbers of both native and introduced populations of common starlings. Within the natural breeding range, this may be affected by legislation. For example, in Spain, this is a species hunted commercially as a food item, and has a closed season, whereas in France, it is classed as a pest, and"}, {"context": "the season in which it may be killed covers the greater part of the year. In Great Britain Starlings are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, which makes it \"illegal to intentionally kill, injure or take a starling, or to take, damage or destroy an active nest or its contents\". The Wildlife Order in Northern Ireland allows, with a general licence, \"an authorised person to control starlings to prevent serious damage to agriculture or preserve public health and safety\". This species is migratory, so birds involved in control measures may have come from a wide area and breeding"}, {"context": "populations may not be greatly affected. In Europe, the varying legislation and mobile populations mean that control attempts may have limited long-term results. Non-lethal techniques such as scaring with visual or auditory devices have only a temporary effect in any case. Huge urban roosts in cities can create problems due to the noise and mess made and the smell of the droppings. In 1949, so many birds landed on the clock hands of London's Big Ben that it stopped, leading to unsuccessful attempts to disrupt the roosts with netting, repellent chemical on the ledges and broadcasts of common starling alarm"}, {"context": "calls. An entire episode of \"The Goon Show\" in 1954 was a parody of the futile efforts to disrupt the large common starling roosts in central London. Where it is introduced, the common starling is unprotected by legislation, and extensive control plans may be initiated. Common starlings can be prevented from using nest boxes by ensuring that the access holes are smaller than the diameter they need, and the removal of perches discourages them from visiting bird feeders. Western Australia banned the import of common starlings in 1895. New flocks arriving from the east are routinely shot, while the less"}, {"context": "cautious juveniles are trapped and netted. New methods are being developed, such as tagging one bird and tracking it back to establish where other members of the flock roost. Another technique is to analyse the DNA of Australian common starling populations to track where the migration from eastern to western Australia is occurring so that better preventive strategies can be used. By 2009, only 300 common starlings were left in Western Australia, and the state committed a further A$400,000 in that year to continue the eradication programme. In the United States, common starlings are exempt from the Migratory Bird Treaty"}, {"context": "Act, which prohibits the taking or killing of migratory birds. No permit is required to remove nests and eggs or kill juveniles or adults. Research was undertaken in 1966 to identify a suitable avicide that would both kill common starlings and would readily be eaten by them. It also needed to be of low toxicity to mammals and not likely to cause the death of pets that ate dead birds. The chemical that best fitted these criteria was DRC-1339, now marketed as Starlicide. In 2008, the United States government poisoned, shot or trapped 1.7 million birds, the largest number of"}, {"context": "any nuisance species to be destroyed. In 2005, the population in the United States was estimated at 140 million birds, around 45% of the global total of 310 million. Common starlings may be kept as pets or as laboratory animals. Austrian ethologist Konrad Lorenz wrote of them in his book \"King Solomon's Ring\" as \"the poor man's dog\" and \"something to love\", because nestlings are easily obtained from the wild and after careful hand rearing they are straightforward to look after. They adapt well to captivity, and thrive on a diet of standard bird feed and mealworms. Several birds may"}, {"context": "be kept in the same cage, and their inquisitiveness makes them easy to train or study. The only disadvantages are their messy and indiscriminate defecation habits and the need to take precautions against diseases that may be transmitted to humans. As a laboratory bird, the common starling is second in numbers only to the domestic pigeon. The common starling's gift for mimicry has long been recognised. In the medieval Welsh \"Mabinogion\", Branwen tamed a common starling, \"taught it words\", and sent it across the Irish Sea with a message to her brothers, Bran and Manawydan, who then sailed from Wales"}, {"context": "to Ireland to rescue her. Pliny the Elder claimed that these birds could be taught to speak whole sentences in Latin and Greek, and in \"Henry IV\", William Shakespeare had Hotspur declare \"The king forbade my tongue to speak of Mortimer. But I will find him when he is asleep, and in his ear I'll holler 'Mortimer!' Nay I'll have a starling shall be taught to speak nothing but Mortimer, and give it to him to keep his anger still in motion.\" Mozart had a pet common starling which could sing part of his Piano Concerto in G Major (KV."}, {"context": "453). He had bought it from a shop after hearing it sing a phrase from a work he wrote six weeks previously, which had not yet been performed in public. He became very attached to the bird and arranged an elaborate funeral for it when it died three years later. It has been suggested that his \"A Musical Joke\" (K. 522) might be written in the comical, inconsequential style of a starling's vocalisation. Other people who have owned common starlings report how adept they are at picking up phrases and expressions. The words have no meaning for the starling, so"}, {"context": "they often mix them up or use them on what to humans are inappropriate occasions in their songs. Their ability at mimicry is so great that strangers have looked in vain for the human they think they have just heard speak. Common starlings are trapped for food in some Mediterranean countries. The meat is tough and of low quality, so it is casseroled or made into p\u00e2t\u00e9. One recipe said it should be stewed \"until tender, however long that may be\". Even when correctly prepared, it may still be seen as an acquired taste. The introduction of European starlings to"}, {"context": "the United States in 1890 by New York pharmaceutical manufacturer Eugene Schieffelin was featured in the plotline of the Netflix original series, Ozark in season 1, episode 7, \"Nest Box.\" Common starling The common starling (\"Sturnus vulgaris\"), also known as the European starling, or in the British Isles just the starling, is a medium-sized passerine bird in the starling family, Sturnidae. It is about long and has glossy black plumage with a metallic sheen, which is speckled with white at some times of year. The legs are pink and the bill is black in winter and yellow in summer; young"}]}, {"title": "Bob van Asperen", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bob van Asperen Bob van Asperen (born 8 October 1947 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch harpsichordist and early keyboard instrument performer, as well as a conductor. He graduated in 1971 from the Amsterdam Conservatory, where he studied the harpsichord with Gustav Leonhardt and the pipe organ with Albert de Klerk. Since then he has been performing extensively in Europe and the rest of the world, both as a soloist and as an accompanist/conductor. In addition to his live performances, he has recorded repeatedly for several labels, including Sony, EMI, Teldec, Virgin, and Deutsche Harmonia Mundi, specialising in the keyboard repertoire"}, {"context": "of the 16th - 18th centuries, such as the harpsichord works of Froberger, J. S. Bach and Handel. One of the most important discography projects he has undertaken is the complete keyboard works of C.P.E. Bach and also the complete sonatas of Catalan composer Antonio Soler (Astr\u00e9e, 1992). Various other projects are under way, while many of his recordings have been awarded with prestigious prizes, such as the Preis der Deutschen Schallplattenkritik and the Diapason d'Or. Bob van Asperen has taught at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague and the Sweelinck Conservatory in Amsterdam, while for the past thirty years"}, {"context": "he has been giving master-classes in Europe, USA and elsewhere. In addition to his teaching activities, he has also contributed as a musicologist and editor of several modern editions of works by J. S. Bach and Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, as well as other early Dutch composers. Bob van Asperen Bob van Asperen (born 8 October 1947 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch harpsichordist and early keyboard instrument performer, as well as a conductor. He graduated in 1971 from the Amsterdam Conservatory, where he studied the harpsichord with Gustav Leonhardt and the pipe organ with Albert de Klerk. Since then he has"}]}, {"title": "KFXB-TV", "paragraphs": [{"context": "KFXB-TV KFXB-TV is a CTN owned-and-operated television station licensed to Dubuque, Iowa, United States and serving the Eastern Iowa television market (Cedar Rapids\u2013Waterloo\u2013Iowa City\u2013Dubuque). It broadcasts a standard definition digital signal on UHF channel 14 (or virtual channel 40 via PSIP) from a transmitter in extreme southwestern Grant County, Wisconsin (in the Madison television market). Owned by the Christian Television Network, the station maintains studios on Main Street in downtown Dubuque. The station signed on as KDUB-TV on June 1, 1970, on channel 40 as an ABC affiliate. The KDUB call letters was originally used by CBS affiliate KLBK-TV in"}, {"context": "Lubbock, Texas from its 1952 sign-on until 1961. In 1972, station president and general manager Gerald Green was embroiled in a controversy with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) over whether $19,000 he paid to an ABC network representative was a bribe. Green testified that he thought the money was a legitimate expense in obtaining the network affiliation. Green was later exonerated, but the ABC executive was found guilty of extorting payoffs. After encountering financial difficulties, the station went off the air on October 3, 1974. The dormant station was purchased by Lloyd Hearing Aid Corp. of Rockford, Illinois, and returned"}, {"context": "to the air on September 12, 1976. The first and only television station to be based out of Dubuque, KDUB was originally based in an office building just south of Dubuque, near Key West, Iowa. The station eventually moved into offices on the ninth floor of the former Roshek's Department Store building in downtown Dubuque, and later moved to its current location on Main Street. For a number of years, KDUB and KCRG-TV (channel 9) were in conflict with each other. KDUB eventually won a decision in which the Dubuque cable company was required to black out KCRG when the"}, {"context": "same shows were shown at the same time on both stations. At one point, KDUB sued claiming that KCRG's interference caused a proposed deal to sell the station to fall through. Finally, in 1995, the station entered into a management agreement with Second Generation of Iowa, owner of Cedar Rapids Fox affiliate KFXA (channel 28). It was then decided to discontinue the ABC affiliation and convert KDUB to a semi-satellite of KFXA, under the call letters KFXB (the call letter change took place on August 13); most programming was simulcast from KFXA, but KFXB would continue its news operation (at"}, {"context": "that time, KFXA had no newscast at all). Prior to this, the Fox network feed was retransmitted on the Dubuque cable system on channel 13. After a few years, it was decided to close down the Dubuque news operation, rendering KFXB a full satellite of KFXA. During this time the stations identified themselves as \"KFXA-KFXB Fox 28/40.\" In 2004, KFXB's owners, Dubuque TV Limited Partnership sold the station to the Christian Television Network, who switched the station to its primarily-religious programming. Fox programming would continue to be transmitted on KFXA\u2014which would operate as the sole Fox affiliate for northeast Iowa."}, {"context": "At that time, KFXB lost its longstanding channel 4 assignment on the Dubuque cable system to KFXA, with KFXB being moved to channel 14. KFXB added cable coverage of the Cedar Rapids and Iowa City areas on Mediacom cable in 2005. KFXB has been digital-only since February 17, 2009. KFXB-TV KFXB-TV is a CTN owned-and-operated television station licensed to Dubuque, Iowa, United States and serving the Eastern Iowa television market (Cedar Rapids\u2013Waterloo\u2013Iowa City\u2013Dubuque). It broadcasts a standard definition digital signal on UHF channel 14 (or virtual channel 40 via PSIP) from a transmitter in extreme southwestern Grant County, Wisconsin (in"}]}, {"title": "Great Wheal Charlotte", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Great Wheal Charlotte Great Wheal Charlotte, also known as Wheal Charlotte, is an abandoned copper and tin mine near St Agnes in Cornwall, England. All that is left of the mine now is the wall and door arch of the engine house and an adjacent fenced-off mine shaft. Great Wheal Charlotte opened in 1806. It was originally called North Towan. After operating profitably for a period, it was renamed Wheal Towan; however, the mine closed shortly afterwards. It opened again in the late 1820s, and was renamed New Charlotte and after that Great Wheal Charlotte. In 1877 it was renamed"}, {"context": "Charlotte United. The engine house held a 60 inch pump and was built in 1828. It would have also contained two boilers and would have had a chimney. The main shaft at Great Wheal Charlotte is engine shaft which is 82 fathoms and is located next to the remnant of the engine house. Other shafts can be seen in the surrounding area of the mine. Great Wheal Charlotte is on the South West Coast Path and was purchased by the National Trust in 1956. Great Wheal Charlotte Great Wheal Charlotte, also known as Wheal Charlotte, is an abandoned copper and"}]}, {"title": "Western Region (Ghana)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Western Region (Ghana) The Western Region is located in south Ghana, spreads from the Ivory Coast border in the west to the Central region in the east, includes the capital and large twin city of Sekondi-Takoradi on the coast, coastal Axim, and a hilly inland area including Elubo. It includes Ghana's southernmost location, Cape Three Points, where crude oil was discovered in commercial quantities in June 2007. The Western Region enjoys a long coastline that stretches from South Ghana's border with Ivory Coast to the Western region's boundary with the Central Region on the east. The Western Region has the"}, {"context": "highest rainfall in Ghana, lush green hills, and fertile soils. There are numerous small and large-scale gold mines along with offshore oil platforms dominate the Western Region economy. The culture is dominated by the Akans; the main languages are Akan, French and English. The largest rivers are the Ankobra River, the Bia River, and the Pra River in the east, with the Tano River partly forming the western national border. The area is known for the UNESCO World Heritage Site and village of Nzulezo, built entirely on stilts and platforms over water, and the Ankasa Protected Area. There is a"}, {"context": "series of imposing Portuguese, Dutch, British, and Brandenburgian forts along the coast, built from 1512 on. The Western region has many post-secondary schools, including teachers' and nursing colleges, and two universities one at Tarkwa, UMaT and Takoradi Technical University formerly known as Takoradi Polythecnic. The Western Region of Ghana contains 22 districts made up of 1 metropolitan, 2 municipal and 19 ordinary districts as follows: Western Region (Ghana) The Western Region is located in south Ghana, spreads from the Ivory Coast border in the west to the Central region in the east, includes the capital and large twin city of"}]}, {"title": "Document 5", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Document 5 Document #5 is the first full length album by hardcore punk band Pg. 99, released in 2000 through Reptilian Records. The album was released on vinyl and CD formats, the vinyl version was released in limited quantities, with 666 copies made. 200 copies were on grey marble vinyl, while the rest were standard black vinyl. Reptillian Records announced that the album would be reissued on LP format in the summer of 2015, however, its release date was pushed back to October 27, 2017 to coincide with the band's reunion tour. The reissue was released on compact disc, vinyl,"}, {"context": "and digital formats. The artwork to the CD edition was made by Carlos Batts, who's known for working with bands such as Danzig and Mastodon. The cover to the vinyl edition was drawn by Chris Taylor, one of the vocalists of Pg. 99. It features a short comic, showing a young man walking through a wall. The same comic was also used on the inside sleeve to the vinyl version of their discography compilation \"Document #14: The Singles\". Document 5 Document #5 is the first full length album by hardcore punk band Pg. 99, released in 2000 through Reptilian Records."}]}, {"title": "Paula Buscher", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Paula Buscher Paula Jean Buscher (born April 4, 1963) is an American college basketball coach and the current women's head coach at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville in Edwardsville, Illinois. The SIU Edwardsville Cougars are members of the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) and compete in the NCAA's Division I. A native of Peoria, Illinois, Buscher played basketball and softball at Peoria's Richwoods High School, with her basketball team finishing second at the 1981 IHSA Class AA state Tournament. She then played both sports at Illinois Central College (ICC) under the legendary coach Lorene Ramsey, a member of both the National Softball"}, {"context": "Hall of Fame and the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame. At ICC, Buscher's teams finished fifth and third in the NJCAA national tournament, and won the 1982 NJCAA softball national championship. She was inducted into the Greater Peoria Sports Hall of Fame in 1987 as a member of that championship softball team; she was additionally inducted as an individual in 2015. Buscher then attended Missouri State University, once more playing both basketball and softball for the Missouri State Bears. She earned her bachelor's degree from Missouri State in 1986. She then moved on to Illinois State University, spending two seasons"}, {"context": "as graduate assistant coach of the Illinois State Redbirds women's basketball team and earning her Master's degree in athletic administration in 1988. After earning her Master's degree, Buscher served as women's basketball assistant coach at the NCAA Division II University of Nebraska at Omaha (Omaha) from 1988 to 1997. After leaving Omaha, Buscher took her first job as head coach at Mankato State. Following the previous season's 7-29 record, Mankato State under Buscher improved to 17-10, remaining one of the greatest turnarounds in NCAA Division II history. After only one season at Mankato State, Buscher returned to Omaha in 1998"}, {"context": "as the schools women's basketball head coach. Following a successful second season at Omaha, she was hired as women's basketball head coach at Division I Bradley University in her hometown of Peoria. In twelve seasons at Bradley, Buscher raised the Braves women's program from their previous status as perennial doormats in the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) into a contender in the MVC. Her 2006-10 squad got the program's first win in the MVC tournament. The 2008-09 team set the school women's record for most wins with 21. The 2009-10 received the program's first bid to a post-season tournament and won"}, {"context": "the first post-season victory in the Women's Basketball Invitational (MBI). The 2011-12 team also advanced to the second round of the MBI. Her 167 wins is the most for any Bradley women's coach. In June 2012, Buscher was named the fifth head coach of the SIU Edwardsville Cougars women's basketball team. Paula Buscher Paula Jean Buscher (born April 4, 1963) is an American college basketball coach and the current women's head coach at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville in Edwardsville, Illinois. The SIU Edwardsville Cougars are members of the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) and compete in the NCAA's Division I. A"}]}, {"title": "Bala RFC", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bala RFC Bala Rugby Football Club () is a rugby union team from the market town of Bala, North Wales. Bala RFC is a member of the Welsh Rugby Union and is a feeder club for the Scarlets. In 2009, Bala became the first team from the SWALEC Division Four North, also known as Division 1 North, to enter a play-off with the champions of Division Five North to decide the club's league place the next season. Due to league restructuring the bottom two clubs were automatically relegated, but Bala who lay in third from bottom place faced Bro Ffestiniog"}, {"context": "RFC who were champions of Division Five. Bala lost the game, which saw them relegated. Bala RFC Bala Rugby Football Club () is a rugby union team from the market town of Bala, North Wales. Bala RFC is a member of the Welsh Rugby Union and is a feeder club for the Scarlets. In 2009, Bala became the first team from the SWALEC Division Four North, also known as Division 1 North, to enter a play-off with the champions of Division Five North to decide the club's league place the next season. Due to league restructuring the bottom two clubs"}]}, {"title": "Ocellaris clownfish", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ocellaris clownfish The ocellaris clownfish (\"Amphiprion ocellaris\"), also known as the false percula clownfish or common clownfish, is a marine fish belonging to the family Pomacentridae, which includes clownfishes and damselfishes. \"Amphiprion ocellaris\" are found in different colors, depending on where they are located. For example, black \"Amphiprion ocellaris \" with white bands can be found near northern Australia, Southeast Asia, and Japan. Orange or red-brown \"Amphiprion ocellaris \"also exist with three similar white bands on the body and head. \"Amphiprion ocellaris \"can be distinguished from other \"Amphriphon\" species based on the number of pectoral rays and dorsal spines. \"Amphiprion"}, {"context": "ocellaris \"are known to grow about 110 mm long. Like many other fish species, females are, however, larger than males. The life cycle of \"Amphiprion ocellaris \"varies in whether they reside at the surface or bottom of the ocean. When they initially hatch, they reside near the surface. However, when \"Amphiprion ocellaris\" enter into the juvenile stage of life, they travel down to the bottom to find shelter in a host anemone. Once they find their anemone, they form a symbiotic relationship with them. The species \"Amphiprion ocellaris\" belongs to the class Actinopterygii which contains bony Teleost fish and other"}, {"context": "ray-finned fish. \"A. ocellaris\" is the most basal species in the genus \"Amphiprion\" which is closely related to the genus \"Premnas\". The species' most closely related ancestor is \"Amphiprion percula\", the Orange clownfish. It is thought that \"A. ocellaris\" specialized after diverging from the genus \"Premnas\", and scientific evidence confirms that all clownfish belonging to the genus \"Amphiprion\" initially could withstand the stings of only one type of anemone; after further speciation the 28 different species of clownfish including \"A. ocellaris\" have specialized to be able to resist the poisonous stings of many different anemone species. The common clownfish is"}, {"context": "a small fish which grows up to 11 cm (4.3 inches). Its body has a stocky appearance and oval shape. It is compressed laterally, with a round profile. The coloration of its body is orange to reddish-brown, but it can also be black in some particular areas such as the Northern Territory in Australia. It has three vertical white stripes outlined with a fine black line. The first passes just behind the eye, the second in the middle of the body widens forward to the head centrally and the third one circles the caudal peduncle. All the fins are also"}, {"context": "outlined with a fine black line. \"A. ocellaris\" is often confused with \"Amphiprion percula\", which possesses exactly the same colours and patterns at first sight but distinguishes itself by the thickness of the black outlines. Additionally, \"A. ocellaris\" has a taller dorsal fin, and typically possesses 11 dorsal-fin spines vs. 10 spines in \"Amphiprion percula\". This species is found in the Eastern Indian Ocean and in the western Pacific Ocean. As mentioned earlier, they can also be found in Northern Australia, Southeast Asia and Japan. \"Amphiprion ocellaris\" typically lives in small groups on outer reef slopes or in sheltered lagoons"}, {"context": "at a maximal depth of 15 meters. It inhabits three different species of sea anemones: \"Heteractis magnifica\", \"Stichodactyla gigantea\" and \"Stichodactyla mertensii \"and have symbiotic relationships with the anemone. \"A. ocellaris\" is a diurnal fish. It is a protandrous hermaphrodite, which means the male can change its gender to female during its life, and lives in a harem in which an established dominance hierarchy manages the group and keeps individuals at a specific social rank. It is aggressively territorial and is completely dependent on its sea anemone. \"A. ocellaris\" are reliant on sea anemone for shelter (they have a symbiotic"}, {"context": "relationship with the sea anemone). Sea anemone are protection for the fish and their nests. This is because when \"A. ocellaris\" are in the open waters, they have a higher risk of predation. It is postulated that the fanning behavior of the fish and removal of parasites promotes the health of sea anemones which contain \"A. ocellaris\" fish. In addition, the anemone provides protection for the fish with its tentacles, however, the fish\u2019s mucus protection prevents it from being stung by the tentacles. The presence of the clownfish can be interpreted as a lure to attract potential anemone's preys close"}, {"context": "to the tentacles. And the clownfish can also defend the anemone against some reef fishes which could eat the tentacles. Social systems can be defined as society considered as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships.\"A. ocellaris\" form specific social hierarchies within their societies. These social hierarchies result in competition to travel between the different levels of society, which is seen between various ages as well. Queues is the term for social groups of \"A. ocellaris\". This is because these fish form social hierarchies, or social rank, by \u201coutliving\u201d the more dominant members of the group. The dominant"}, {"context": "pair of each queue reproduces more compared to the subordinate fishes. This is the reason for why these individuals should adopt various tactics in which they increase their probability of attaining social dominance. There are two types of \"A. ocellaris\", settlers and switchers. Settlers prefer shorter queues, while switchers will usually move after settlement. However, studies show that there is no difference in the characteristics between switchers and non-switchers, and there is no data demonstrating that \"A. ocellaris\" utilize the switching tactic for dominance. Although settlement preferences increase the likelihood of gaining social dominance, switching could have the function of"}, {"context": "increasing social dominance benefits after social dominance has been acquired. Juvenile \"A. ocellaris\" have difficulty finding an anemone to live in (since they need anemone for survival and shelter). The difficulty also arises in the fact that there exists a hierarchy in each anemone. Thus, when a new juvenile enters an anemone, it begins at the bottom of the social ladder where it is often the victim of aggression by other clownfish. This aggression from other \"A. ocellaris\" in the anemone can cause the juvenile to be chased out of the anemone, and left to search for another anemone Studies"}, {"context": "have shown that there is a correlation between the size of the group and the size of the patch; however this correlation provides no implication that subordinate group members have less resources. More likely, it is the effects of the patch size on the group member that dominates interactions. An experiment was performed to study the mechanism responsible for the positive correlation between the group size and patch size. The scientists argued that the correlation between the group size and patch size is because of the indirect consequence of the positive relationship between the dominant group member\u2019s length and the"}, {"context": "anemone size. The length of the dominant group member limits the group size because the length of the dominant group member prevents the group of the subordinate group members. This data shows that the patch size and group size correlation does not necessarily imply the decrease in resources of group members subordinate to the dominant group member. \"A. ocellaris\" feed on plankton and algae, thus they are considered omnivores. Feeding is also affected by the hierarchy in \"A. ocellaris\" groups. Since the smaller, less dominant fish face aggression from the more aggressive fish, they have less energy to forage for"}, {"context": "food. Thus, they usually do not eat as much as the dominant fish do, because of reduced energy, but also because of the increased danger they face when they leave their anemone since they are smaller. In other words, the larger fish will usually travel farther than the smaller fish. Generally, the \"A. ocellaris\" feed on algae, copepods, and zooplankton. \"A. ocellaris \"have reproductive behaviors very similar to that of all anemonefish. They have monogamous mating systems, and in their spawning processes, they also have different levels of aggressiveness between males and females. In addition, there is a reproductive hierarchy"}, {"context": "that exists between age and sex. There is not much data on the reproduction of \"A. ocellaris\". However, similar behaviors throughout all anemone fishes have been recorded. These fish have monogamous mating systems, and are territorial of their anemone. Males become more aggressive during spawning. Male behavior also changes to attract females: biting, chasing, fin extension. Before spawning, the male prepares the nest near the anemone (so that the tentacles of the anemone can protect the nest). After the male chases the female to the nest, the female begins the spawning process. She lays eggs for about one to two"}, {"context": "hours, and then leave the nest for the male to fertilize the eggs. The eggs take approximately six to eight days to hatch (this time period can be affected by the temperature of water). Because of the external fertilization, males usually care for the eggs. They also have responsibilities for eating fungi-infected or infertile eggs, and fanning the eggs. All anemonefish are protandrous hermaphrodites, meaning they first develop into males and may become females later in life. Anemonefish exhibit phenotypic plasticity when males, females, and juveniles inhabit the same anemone. In an anemonefish social group, the female is the dominant"}, {"context": "and largest member, followed by the dominant male, while other anemonefish remain non-reproductive. One experiment placed three juvenile anemonefish in a tank and observed their behaviors over the course of a month. The researchers drew conclusions about the fish's social hierarchy based on signs of dominance such as aggressive or appeasing behaviors, occupation of territory in the tank, and body mass increase. The dominant fish grew larger compared to lower-ranked fish, suggesting the lower-ranked fish experienced growth suppression. In addition, a difference in the fish's levels of certain steroids suggested that lower-ranked individuals also experienced reproductive suppression. Another experiment demonstrated"}, {"context": "that when a female anemonefish is removed from the anemone, then the dominant male becomes the female and the next-highest-ranked male moves up the dominance hierarchy to become the dominant male. Females use aggressive dominance behavior to control the males, preventing the formation of other females, and dominant males prevent juvenile males from mating. In nature, the false percula clownfish is hosted by \"Heteractis magnifica\" and \"Stichodactyla gigantea\". However, in captivity in a reef aquarium, the false percula is hosted by other species of anemone, including \"Entacmaea quadricolor\". In addition, clownfish may adopt a surrogate host as opposed to an"}, {"context": "anemone, such as \"Euphyllia divisa\", xenia coral, etc. \"A. ocellaris\" are utilized as part of the tropical fish aquarium trade. However, only certain colors are in demand. In addition, \"A. ocellaris\" are used in research since they can be bred easily. This high demand in trade has been dangerous for \"A. ocellaris\" population due to overexploitation. The characters Marlin and his son Nemo from the animated film \"Finding Nemo\", and its sequel \"Finding Dory\", are Ocellaris clownfish. Ocellaris clownfish The ocellaris clownfish (\"Amphiprion ocellaris\"), also known as the false percula clownfish or common clownfish, is a marine fish belonging to"}]}, {"title": "2012\u201313 Slovak First Football League", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2012\u201313 Slovak First Football League The 2012\u201313 Slovak First Football League (known as the Slovak Corgo\u0148 Liga for sponsorship reasons) is the 20th season of first-tier football league in Slovakia, since its establishment in 1993. This season was started on 14 July 2012 and ended on 26 May 2013. M\u0160K \u017dilina are the defending champions. A total of 12 teams will contest the league, including 11 sides from the 2011\u201312 season and one promoted from the 2. liga. Relegation for DAC Dunajsk\u00e1 Streda to the 2012\u201313 Slovak Second Football League was confirmed on 5 May 2012, ending a four-season Corgo\u0148"}, {"context": "Liga tenure. The one relegated team will be replaced by Spartak Myjava. Spartak Myjava will make their Corgo\u0148 Liga debut. Adidas is the official ball supplier for Corgo\u0148 Liga. The schedule consisted of three rounds. The two first rounds consisted of a conventional home and away round-robin schedule. The pairings of the third round were set according to the 2010\u201311 final standings. Every team played each opponent once for a total of 11 games per team. Manager of the season Samuel Slov\u00e1k (\u0160K Slovan) Player of the Year Tom\u00e1\u0161 \u010eubek (M\u0160K Ru\u017eomberok) Young player of the Year Stanislav Lobotka (AS"}, {"context": "Tren\u010d\u00edn) 2012\u201313 Slovak First Football League The 2012\u201313 Slovak First Football League (known as the Slovak Corgo\u0148 Liga for sponsorship reasons) is the 20th season of first-tier football league in Slovakia, since its establishment in 1993. This season was started on 14 July 2012 and ended on 26 May 2013. M\u0160K \u017dilina are the defending champions. A total of 12 teams will contest the league, including 11 sides from the 2011\u201312 season and one promoted from the 2. liga. Relegation for DAC Dunajsk\u00e1 Streda to the 2012\u201313 Slovak Second Football League was confirmed on 5 May 2012, ending a four-season"}]}, {"title": "Cine\u0301franco", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Cin\u00e9franco Cin\u00e9franco is an annual film festival in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, which presents a weeklong program of both Canadian and international French language films. The festival was established in 1997 by Marcelle Lean, a former chair of the Ontario Film Development Corporation, and was staged for the first time in February 1998. Lean remained the event's executive director as of 2015. Unlike larger events such as the Toronto International Film Festival, all films throughout the week were screened in a single theatre venue. To establish broader audience appeal beyond the city's francophone community alone, all films were screened with English"}, {"context": "language subtitles. Separately from the main festival, an annual youth program of films for children and teenagers was also staged. The separate youth program was launched for the first time in 2007. The festival presented an annual award, the Radio-Canada Audience Award, to the film voted by festival attendees as the best film in that year's program. TFO also formerly sponsored an award for the most popular film in the youth program. In 2015, Lean told \"L'Express de Toronto\" that the festival was in financial trouble and may be forced to cease operations if it could not renegotiate its operational"}, {"context": "support and sponsorship agreements. The main festival was initially cancelled in 2016, although the youth program was still staged; instead, La Tourn\u00e9e du cin\u00e9ma qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois, a program of Qu\u00e9bec Cin\u00e9ma which presents a touring minifestival of Quebec films in various locations across Canada, added an event in Toronto to its schedule. The event was later revived, however, with a smaller-scale Cin\u00e9franco presented in October 2016 at the Alliance fran\u00e7aise de Toronto. Cin\u00e9franco Cin\u00e9franco is an annual film festival in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, which presents a weeklong program of both Canadian and international French language films. The festival was established in"}]}, {"title": "Peroneal retinacula", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Peroneal retinacula The peroneal retinacula (singular: peroneal retinaculum) are fibrous retaining bands which bind down the tendons of the peroneus longus and brevis as they run across the side of the ankle. (\"Retinaculum\" is Latin for \"retainer\"). These bands consist of superior and inferior fibres. The superior fibres are attached above to the lateral malleolus and below to the lateral surface of the calcaneus. The inferior fibres are continuous in front with those of the inferior extensor retinaculum of the foot; behind they are attached to the lateral surface of the calcaneus; some of the fibers are fixed to the"}, {"context": "calcaneal tubercle, forming a septum between the tendons of the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis muscles. Peroneal retinacula The peroneal retinacula (singular: peroneal retinaculum) are fibrous retaining bands which bind down the tendons of the peroneus longus and brevis as they run across the side of the ankle. (\"Retinaculum\" is Latin for \"retainer\"). These bands consist of superior and inferior fibres. The superior fibres are attached above to the lateral malleolus and below to the lateral surface of the calcaneus. The inferior fibres are continuous in front with those of the inferior extensor retinaculum of the foot; behind they are"}]}, {"title": "Canterbury Quadrangle", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Canterbury Quadrangle The Canterbury Quadrangle is one of the quadrangles of Christ Church, Oxford, England. It stands on the site of the former Canterbury College. On the west side is Christ Church Library, whose north fa\u00e7ade completes the four sides of Peckwater Quadrangle. On the east side is Canterbury Gate with access to Oriel Square and Merton Street. The Christ Church Picture Gallery is accessed through staircase 4 in the south range, originally designed to house the college's most noble undergraduates. Designed by Philip Powell & Hidalgo Moya in 1968, the exterior of the Picture Gallery cannot be seen from"}, {"context": "within Canterbury Quadrangle, as it is partially sunk into the Deanery garden behind. Canterbury Quadrangle was designed by the architect James Wyatt (1746\u20131813), in a style similar to the neighbouring Peckwater Quadrangle, and was completed in 1783. The money needed to build the quadrangle was donated to the college by Richard Robinson, 1st Baron Rokeby, Archbishop of Armagh. The quad is Grade I listed. As an undergraduate at Christ Church from 1828, future Prime Minister, William Gladstone lived in a \"leisured set\" in Canterbury Quadrangle Canterbury Quadrangle The Canterbury Quadrangle is one of the quadrangles of Christ Church, Oxford, England."}]}, {"title": "Tra\u0302\u0300n Va\u0306n Quang", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Quang Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Quang (1917 - 3 November 2013) was a colonel general (three-star general) of the People's Army of Vietnam. He was a deputy chief of staff of PAV and a vice minister of Vietnam's Ministry of Defence. During the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, Quang was the head of Department of Operations. Born in 1917 in Nghi L\u1ed9c, Ngh\u1ec7 An Province, North Central Coast region of Vietnam, Quang is a son of Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n N\u0103ng - a Confucianist who was jailed by French colonial government for six months. His elder brother is Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n T\u0103ng -"}, {"context": "a teacher and revolutionist and member of New Revolutionary Party of Vietnam who was also jailed by the French and died in prison. His second elder brother is Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Cung, who was a Vietnamese revolutionary and was the secretary of the first communist cell in Vietnam. His young brother is Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n B\u00e0nh, who was an Colonel of PAV. Quang joined the Communist Party of Indochina in 1936. Between 1938 and 1939, he was one of communist leaders in Sai Gon\u2013Cho Lon. He was jailed by French in 1939, but he escaped in October 1940 and went to Nghe"}, {"context": "An. In April 1941, he was caught again and was life sentenced. In June 1945, he was freed. During November 1946 and July 1947, Quang was the Commissar of Interregion IV (including 11 provinces of North Central Coast). During 1948 and 1949, Quang was the military commander and the commissar of B\u00ecnh\u2013Tr\u1ecb\u2013Thi\u00ean region. In May 1950 when the 304 Division was established, Quang became the political commissar of this Division. In 1958, he became a major general and the deputy chief of staff. In 1961, he went to Southern of Vietnam and became a member of Central Executive Committee of"}, {"context": "the People's Revolutionary Party who was in charge of military affairs. In 1965, he became the Commander of 4th Military Region. During 1965 and 1973, Quang was the Commander and the Commissar of Tri-Thien Military Region. In 1974, he was promoted to lieutenant general. He became a deputy chief of staff for the second time. During 1978 and 1981, Quang was the commander of 678 Corps and the commissar of Vietnamese Voluntary Force in Laos. He became a Vice Minister of Defense during 1981 and 1982 and a colonel general in 1984. Quang died on 3 November 2013 in Hanoi."}, {"context": "Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Quang Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Quang (1917 - 3 November 2013) was a colonel general (three-star general) of the People's Army of Vietnam. He was a deputy chief of staff of PAV and a vice minister of Vietnam's Ministry of Defence. During the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, Quang was the head of Department of Operations. Born in 1917 in Nghi L\u1ed9c, Ngh\u1ec7 An Province, North Central Coast region of Vietnam, Quang is a son of Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n N\u0103ng - a Confucianist who was jailed by French colonial government for six months. His elder brother is Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n T\u0103ng -"}]}, {"title": "Concurrent List", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Concurrent List The Concurrent List or List-III(Seventh Schedule) is a list of 52 items (though the last item is numbered 47) given in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India. It includes the power to be considered by both the central and state government. The legislative section is divided into three lists: Union List, State List and Concurrent List. Unlike the federal governments of the United States, Switzerland or Australia, residual powers remain with the Union Government, as with the Canadian federal government. Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items in the concurrent list. If any provision of"}, {"context": "a law made by the Legislature of a State is repugnant to any provision of a law made by Parliament which Parliament is competent to enact, or to any provision of an existing law with respect to one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List, then, the law made by Parliament, whether passed before or after the law made by the Legislature of such State, or, as the case may be, the existing law, shall prevail and the law made by the Legislature of the State shall, to the extent of the repugnancy, be void. There is an exception"}, {"context": "to this in cases \"where a law made by the Legislature of a State with respect to one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List contains any provision repugnant to the provisions of an earlier law made by Parliament or an existing law with respect to that matter, then, the law so made by the Legislature of such State shall, if it has been reserved for the consideration of the President and has received his assent, prevail in that State. Provided that nothing in this clause shall prevent Parliament from enacting at any time any law with respect to"}, {"context": "the same matter including a law adding to, amending, varying or repealing the law so made by the Legislature of the State.\" The 52 items currently on the list are: Through the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 Five subjects were transferred from State to Concurrent List. They are: Concurrent List The Concurrent List or List-III(Seventh Schedule) is a list of 52 items (though the last item is numbered 47) given in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India. It includes the power to be considered by both the central and state government. The legislative section is divided into three"}]}, {"title": "The Beasts Are on the Streets", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Beasts Are on the Streets The Beasts Are on the Streets is a 1978 American made-for-television thriller film produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions (although known as an animation studio, this was one of several live-action Hanna-Barbera productions), directed by Peter R. Hunt and starring Carol Lynley, Billy Green Bush and Philip Michael Thomas. It was filmed on location in Grand Prairie, Texas and Arlington, Texas and originally broadcast on NBC on May 18, 1978. A careening tanker truck rips through the fence of a Texas wildlife preserve, unleashing an untamed force of wild animals on an unsuspecting community which includes"}, {"context": "bison, zebras, camels, antelopes, ostriches, elephants, lions, rhinos, tigers and bears. Carol Lynley and Dale Robinette co-star as, respectively, a dedicated veterinarian and the head ranger of the park for wild animals. They are both joined by park rangers and local police officers as they desperately scramble to recapture the escaped animals while two trigger-happy hunters (Billy Green Bush and Burton Gilliam) decide to go big-game hunting amid this community chaos. On July 22, 2013, Warner Bros. released \"The Beasts Are on the Streets\" on DVD in Region 1 for the first time via their Warner Archive Collection. This is"}, {"context": "a Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) release, available through Warner's online store and Amazon.com. The Beasts Are on the Streets The Beasts Are on the Streets is a 1978 American made-for-television thriller film produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions (although known as an animation studio, this was one of several live-action Hanna-Barbera productions), directed by Peter R. Hunt and starring Carol Lynley, Billy Green Bush and Philip Michael Thomas. It was filmed on location in Grand Prairie, Texas and Arlington, Texas and originally broadcast on NBC on May 18, 1978. A careening tanker truck rips through the fence of a Texas wildlife preserve, unleashing an"}]}, {"title": "Eddy Gordo", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Eddy Gordo Eddy's storyline from his debut through \"Tekken 5\" revolved around his quest for revenge for the murder of his parents, culminating in the defeat of Kazuya Mishima during the events of \"Tekken 5\". From \"Tekken 5\" onward, Eddy's plot focused on his and Christie Monteiro's search for a cure to an unknown illness that Christie's grandfather, Eddy's Capoeira master, was suffering from. Eddy was the first capoeira practitioner to appear in the \"Tekken\" franchise; followed by Tiger Jackson, a palette swap of Eddy in \"Tekken 3\" and \"Tekken Tag Tournament\"; and Christie Monteiro, Eddy's replacement in \"Tekken 4\"."}, {"context": "Eddy has received heavy criticism in the fighting video game community for the simplicity associated with Eddy's play style; however, the character, along with Christie, has been credited with popularizing the art of capoeira to a new audience within the larger gamer and martial arts community and has influenced popular culture. The \"Tekken 3\" development team wanted to include a Capoeira practitioner for \"Tekken 3\" and turned to the development artists to create the character. It was desired by Masahiro Kimoto, one of the game designers of \"Tekken 3\", that the Capoeira character be female but the artist that was"}, {"context": "tasked with the character's design deemed the female character too difficult to create and instead created Eddy. Kimoto later stated that his favorite character from \"Tekken 3\" was Eddy, because of the challenges in his development. Mestre Marcelo Pereira, a Brazilian capoeira master, was the motion capture artist for Eddy Gordo in \"Tekken 3\". Pereira stated that Namco had heard of him as a result of his 1995 International Capoeira Seminar held in San Francisco, and that he felt honored in being chosen by Namco to represent Capoeira in \"Tekken 3\". Marcelo Pereira reported that during the development of \"Tekken"}, {"context": "3\" he had been injured, as a result the acrobatic movements he performed were restricted. He also claimed that he performed \"about 20%\" of what he was capable of performing because it was necessary to have \"another skillful capoeirista to spar with\" to perform some movements in Capoeira. Additionally, Pereira criticized Namco's naming choices for Eddy Gordo and his moves, noting that Eddy is not a Brazilian name and that \"Gordo\" in Portuguese meant \"fat\" and the movements' names were not \"traditional\" like the names he had called them during development. Eddy Gordo first appeared in \"Tekken 3\" and appeared"}, {"context": "in the following title, \"Tekken Tag Tournament\". In \"Tekken 4\", Eddy Gordo was omitted from the roster and was replaced with Christie Monteiro, another Capoeira practitioner, but appeared as an alternate costume for Christie and without serving any purpose in the storyline. Masahiro Kimoto stated that Eddy was replaced because initially they had intended to create a female Capoeira character in \"Tekken 3\" but instead changed to a male character due to artistic limitations. In \"Tekken 4\", the team was able to successfully create \"an attractive female character\" who practiced Capoeira, so they chose to replace Eddy with her. Eddy"}, {"context": "Gordo later served as a character costume swap for Christie in \"Tekken 5\", and became a separate character once again in the \"Tekken 5\" update, \"Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection\"; however, while he did have his own character customizations, his moveset remained identical to Christie's. Eddy Gordo appeared again in \"Tekken 6\", and its update, \"Tekken 6: Bloodline Rebellion\", but his moveset has remained similar to Christie's, only differing in move properties such as speed and distance. Additionally, in \"Bloodline Rebellion\", Eddy serves as the boss for the 28th level of the Scenario Campaign Mode, the \"Tekken Force 4th Special Forces"}, {"context": "Operational Group Compound\". Eddy was born into one of the richest families in Brazil. When Eddy was 19 years old, his father was killed while trying to destroy a Brazilian drug cartel known as the \"Organization\". In his last breaths, Eddy's father asked his son to take responsibility for his death. Eddy went along with his father's last wish and served eight years in prison, during which he met an old man who taught him Capoeira. For his eight years of prison, Eddy practiced until he became a master. Upon his release, Eddy heard about the King of Iron Fist"}, {"context": "Tournament 3 and the Mishima Financial Empire (MFE), the sponsor of the tournament and a conglomerate compared to a \"large slice of the world\" which is owned by Heihachi Mishima. He decided to enter the tournament, believing he could either convince the MFE or take control of it and force it to help him get revenge on his father's killers. As shown in his Tekken 3 ending, Eddy tracked down the gang who killed his father; the gang members confessed that the killing had been ordered by Kazuya Mishima. In \"Tekken 4\", it is learned that while Eddy was in"}, {"context": "prison he learned of his master's granddaughter, Christie Monteiro, and made a promise to his master to teach her Capoeira when Eddy got out of prison. After the King of Iron Fist Tournament 3, Eddy found and taught Christie Capoeira, who became impressive at the martial art after two years of training. Soon after Christie's training, Eddy left, saying, \"Those responsible for my father's death will pay.\" Christie Monteiro entered The King of Iron Fist Tournament 4 to find Eddy, as this was the only clue that could lead her to him. Prior to \"Tekken 5\", Eddy learns that the"}, {"context": "master who taught him capoeira in prison is about to be freed. Eddy goes to his release but discovers that his master has become a weak and frail old man, not the great Capoeira master he had studied under. After he takes his master to a hospital, Eddy learns that he is dying from an incurable disease that will give him less than six months to live. There is hope, however, if the Mishima Zaibatsu's technology and resources could be put to use. Knowing this and hearing the announcement of the fifth King of Iron Fist tournament, Eddy and Christie"}, {"context": "enter with the hopes of saving Christie's grandfather. At the conclusion of The King of Iron Fist Tournament 5, Eddy spoke alone with Jin Kazama. Jin offered to lend him his money and resources to save his master's life in exchange for his allegiance with the Mishima Zaibatsu. Knowing that this could be the opportunity he had been looking for to save his master's life, Eddy complies. As the King of Iron Fist Tournament 6 approaches, Eddy himself has become involved in a number of criminal activities in the name of the Mishima Zaibatsu. In his ending and \"Tekken 7\""}, {"context": "however, even Mishima Zaibatsu's technology is also far from saving his master and eventually his death. Eddy attends the master's funeral with a grieving Christie, then angrily throws his Mishima Zaibatsu badge to the ground, signifying his end of service to the company and his failure. However, he still have his personal task to get revenge on Kazuya for ruining his life and involved his master and Christie along with it. Eddy appears in the non-canon sequel of Tekken Tag Tournament, \"Tekken Tag Tournament 2\" where he speaks his native language Portuguese, alongside Christie. Eddy makes a series of brief"}, {"context": "cameos in \"Street Fighter X Tekken\" and its associated \"Episode\" trailers, as Christie, accompanied by Lei Wulong, seeks out Pandora in the hopes it will lead her to Eddy. \"BradyGames\", in 2009, attributed the \"button masher\" stigma to Eddy's \"constantly shifting stances and unpredictable nature\" in regards to casual gameplay of \"Tekken 6\", while in competition the random actions of button mashing\" lead to heavy punishment more often than not.\" In the 1997 original video animation \"\", Eddy is seen during the opening introduction. In the 2011 CGI film \"\", Eddy's dossier is briefly seen when Anna Williams opens a"}, {"context": "file containing dossiers on various persons of interest. In the 2009 live-action film \"Tekken\", Eddy is portrayed by Brazilian capoeira fighter/stuntman Lateef Crowder. He participates in the Iron Fist tournament and is pitted against Raven, who defeats Eddy. Critics praised the accurate portrayal of Eddy toward the games, but criticized the brevity of Eddy's role in the film. Unlike the games, he has no relation to Christie Monteiro. In 2003, Epoch Co. released an Eddy Gordo action figure as part of their \"Tekken Tag Tournament\" toyline; the toy featured interchangeable hands and a display stand. is a palette swap of"}, {"context": "Eddy Gordo, first appearing in \"Tekken 3\" and returned in the non-canonical \"Tekken Tag Tournament\" and in the console version of its sequel, \"Tekken Tag Tournament 2\", now with his own character slot. Tiger Jackson was initially one of the unused names and concepts of Eddy Gordo from during the development of \"Tekken 3\". (Gordo was also named \"Rally Jackson\" during development.) The character's identity is unknown, although many originally interpreted him as an alter ego of Eddy. The Wii U version of \"Tekken Tag Tournament 2\", which comes with a biography for each character, implies that they are different"}, {"context": "individuals as the two are \"...not at all related.\" Tiger also appears in the background of the Pool Party stage of \"\". He is also a character in the game \"Pac-Man Fever\". \"Complex\" ranked Eddy as the seventeenth-\"Most Dominant Fighting Game Character\", commenting \"You either think this dancing brawler is the greatest thing to happen to \"Tekken\" or you think he's the cheesiest character in the entire series\". In the official poll by Namco Bandai Games, Eddy is currently ranked as the ninth most requested \"Tekken\" character to be playable in \"Tekken X Street Fighter\", at 10.05% of votes. In"}, {"context": "2014, What Culture ranked him as the 14th greatest character in fighting games, calling him \"the easiest, most intuitive character to get to grips with in any fighting game.\" In 2015, WatchMojo ranked Eddy as the \"10th top Tekken character\", adding \"Eddy has been shunned by pro\u2019s for being a bit too easy to use, but we think they\u2019re mostly just jealous, since his capoeira skills are certainly to be feared.\" The character has been criticized for his perceived simplistic playability. MTV.com nicknamed him \"Eddy 'Button-Masher's Savior' Gordo.\" Luke McKinney of \"GameSpy\" lambasted Eddy as \"the worst thing to happen"}, {"context": "to fighting gamers since repetitive strain injury\" and likened him to \"Jar-Jar Binks, a floppy-limbed aberration staining a beloved classic.\" Dave Cook of \"NowGamer\" rated Eddy among his \"10 most hated game characters ever\" at tenth in 2010: \"Eddy shouldn\u2019t even have a command list, just pictures of both kick buttons, because if you hammer both endlessly, you will win every round.\" Pete Dreyer of RedBull.com included Eddy in his selection of the \"10 Cheapest Fighting Game Characters of All Time\" for similar reasons in 2016: \"Just start mashing those kick buttons until his legs start capoeira-ing all over the"}, {"context": "place and rake in the glory.\" In his 2014 article \"In Defense of Button Mashing\", Kevin Wong of \"Kotaku\" explained his success at \"Tekken 3\" with Eddy after having struggled playing as other characters: \"I won't gild the lily by claiming any sort of thought out strategy. It was definitely button mashing, but I had never had so much fun.\" Kofi Kingston stated, \"...guys like Eddy Gordo are very unique characters. When he was introduced into the Tekken series he was the guy everybody was talking about. People knew about Capoeira but they didn't really know what it was all"}, {"context": "about as far as moves and stuff.\" He also stated, \"I watch a character like Eddy Gordo in 'Tekken' and his capoeira style, and its characters like that that I like to take from because of how they stand out.\" Professional wrestler MVP attributed one of his moves called \"Malicious Intent\" to Eddy Gordo, calling it \"a variation of one of [Eddy's] spinning kicks.\" MVP also considers Eddy Gordo as one of his favorite video game characters. Dane Cook referred to Eddy Gordo in the track \"Struck by a Vehicle\" from his second album \"Retaliation\", joking that when someone gets"}, {"context": "struck by a car it \"sends you flipping through the air like Eddy Gordo from \"Tekken\" when someone doesn't know how to do combos and they're just hitting the buttons randomly.\" Eddy Gordo Eddy's storyline from his debut through \"Tekken 5\" revolved around his quest for revenge for the murder of his parents, culminating in the defeat of Kazuya Mishima during the events of \"Tekken 5\". From \"Tekken 5\" onward, Eddy's plot focused on his and Christie Monteiro's search for a cure to an unknown illness that Christie's grandfather, Eddy's Capoeira master, was suffering from. Eddy was the first capoeira"}]}, {"title": "Harvey Shield", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Harvey Shield Harvey Shield (born Harvey Schildkraut, 6 September 1946) is an English musician and songwriter. He was born in Twickenham, London, England, and grew up in Wembley. He was a drummer in the Cadet Pipe Band at Harrow County School, where he met Roger Glover. They formed a beat group, the Madisons, in which Harvey played drums and sang. In 1963 the Madisons merged with another school group, the Lightnings, and in 1964 the group became known as Episode Six. Ian Gillan joined the group as lead singer following a residency at the Acadia Club in Frankfurt, Germany in"}, {"context": "April,1965. While with Episode Six, Shield recorded six singles for Pye Records, appeared on \"Ready Steady Go!\", and toured with Alan Price and Dusty Springfield. In 1966, Episode Six performed at the Casino du Liban in Beirut, Lebanon where he met Greek dancer and singer, Natasha Koumianou. In September 1967, he left the band to pursue a career with her. Later, Glover and Gillan left the band to join Deep Purple. Koumianou and Shield's cabaret career began in Paris where they recorded a single for Disques Vogue. They toured throughout Europe, the Middle East and Africa until 1974 and performed"}, {"context": "aboard the ill-fated cruise ship, Achille Lauro. In 1975, Shield moved to Los Angeles, California and wrote and recorded the song \"The Way I Feel Tonight\". In 1976, he signed as a recording artist with Atlantic Records and the song was released on the Atco Records label, credited to Shields, in 1977. The recording failed to make an impact commercially, but the song went on to become a worldwide hit for the Scottish group, The Bay City Rollers in 1978. In 1985, his musical \"Hamelin: A Musical Tale from Rats to Riches\" written with Richard Jarboe, was produced off-Broadway at"}, {"context": "the Circle in the Square Theatre in Greenwich Village, New York following initial productions at the Olio, Los Angeles and Musical Theater Works, New York. In 1986, he formed The Mighty Echoes, an a cappella doo wop quartet, which has recorded five albums and continues to perform. They have been seen on stage, film and television in shows such as \"Who's The Boss?\", \"Murphy Brown\", \"Family Matters\", 'The Suite Life of Zack & Cody\" and \"It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia\". As a movie actor he serenaded Debra Winger in \"Wilder Napalm\" (1993), negotiated with Pamela Anderson in \"Barb Wire\" (1996),"}, {"context": "and played a coke-snorting Brit in \"Crazy Eyes\" (2012). In 2015, he was cast as the rock drummer, Keith Edwards, in the Disney TV series \"I Didn't Do It.\" Harvey Shield Harvey Shield (born Harvey Schildkraut, 6 September 1946) is an English musician and songwriter. He was born in Twickenham, London, England, and grew up in Wembley. He was a drummer in the Cadet Pipe Band at Harrow County School, where he met Roger Glover. They formed a beat group, the Madisons, in which Harvey played drums and sang. In 1963 the Madisons merged with another school group, the Lightnings,"}]}, {"title": "SCAFCO", "paragraphs": [{"context": "SCAFCO Founded in 1954 by Ben G. Stone, SCAFCO Corporation (now the Stone Group of Companies) is a privately held company headquartered in Spokane, Washington. Initially producing steel culvert for the construction industry as Spokane Culvert And Fabrication Company, SCAFCO expanded in 1961 to manufacture grain storage systems and again in 1994 to produce steel framing products. The original culvert product division was sold in 1986, and the name was changed to simply SCAFCO. Both divisions currently operate out of two manufacturing facilities in Spokane, Washington. SCAFCO manufactures many types of steel products including grain storage bins and silos, water"}, {"context": "tanks, steel studs, steel framing equipment, curved and slotted track, and resilient sound channel. SCAFCO's grain storage systems have been installed in over 80 countries worldwide. As of 2017, the President and CEO is Lawrence Stone. SCAFCO Corporation began manufacturing corrugated galvanized steel silos in 1961, producing silos with capacities ranging from 3 metric tons to over 16,000 metric tons and hopper bottom silo capacities ranging from 4 tons to several hundred tons. As stated on its website, SCAFCO is an advocate of the development of ethanol and biofuels as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Since its inception in"}, {"context": "1994, SCAFCO's Steel Stud Division has grown to include 15 sales branches located throughout the Pacific Northwest and the West Coast in states such as Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Alaska, and California. In June 2009, SCAFCO purchased 48 acres of the former Playfair race track from the City of Spokane for $2.1 million. The site is now home to Playfair Commerce Park, which serves as the headquarters of SCAFCO Steel Stud Company and the Stone Group. SCAFCO Founded in 1954 by Ben G. Stone, SCAFCO Corporation (now the Stone Group of Companies) is a privately held company headquartered in Spokane,"}]}, {"title": "Farmer John (song)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Farmer John (song) \"Farmer John\" is a song written by Don \"Sugarcane\" Harris and Dewey Terry, and first recorded by the two as the American R&B duo Don and Dewey, in 1959. Although the original version of the composition did not receive much attention, it was reinvigorated by the garage rock band the Premiers, whose raving cover version was released in 1964. The song's raw and partying atmosphere was immensely popular, reaching number 19 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Following the group's national success, several additional interpretations of \"Farmer John\" were released, making the tune a classic of garage rock."}, {"context": "Don and Dewey penned \"Farmer John\", a simplistic tune about marrying a farmer's daughter, in early 1959, and first recorded their original rendition in January 1959. The duo's R&B song was much more subdued than the Premiers' later interpretation, with hushed trumpet instrumentals providing backdrop to Don and Dewey's vocal harmonies. It was released as a single in February 1959 on Specialty Records; however, the song did not receive much attention and failed to chart. \"Farmer John\", along with a number of the pair's material including \"I'm Leaving It Up to You\" and \"Big Boy Pete\", was recognized only when"}, {"context": "another artist covered the song. Featuring brothers Lawrence Perez on lead guitar and John Perez on drums, the Premiers were established as many garage rock bands were, practicing in their garage. The group had the opportunity to record \"Farmer John\" when the mother of the brothers arranged an audition with record producer Billy Cardenas, who was instrumental in promoting several Chicano groups. As Lawrence Perez recalled, Cardenas recommended to the Premiers to cover \"Farmer John\", saying \"He wanted to do it more East L.A.-style, or 'Louie Louie'-type. At the time, the 'Louie Louie'-type rhythm and sound was happening, so we"}, {"context": "tried to base the beat and sound towards that\". As it so happens, \"Louie Louie\", had like \"Farmer John\" begun as a single released by a Los Angeles-based African-American R&B musical act (in this case Richard Berry), before the Kingsmen's classic rendition propelled to number two on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. For that reason, the Premiers' cover was marked by the same kind of unpolished adolescence that garnered the Kingsmen national success. Although the band is credited with recording the song live at the Rhythm Room in Fullerton, California on the single's label, the Premiers actually entered Stereo Masters Studios"}, {"context": "in Hollywood to record \"Farmer John\". Cardenas delivers the unusual spoken word intro asking if anyone has seen \"Kosher Pickle Harry\", before the song breaks into a simplistic, but catchy, three-chord melody. The key to closely resembling a live performance of \"Farmer John\" was supplied by members of the all-girl Chevelles Car Club, who provided the majority of the vibrant audience noise. Co-producer Eddie Davis, quoted in \"The West Coast East Side Sound, Volume 3\" compilation album, recollected \"We had a party at the studio and had all the kids come down. Everybody was having a good time and we"}, {"context": "put the record on -- in those days they had three-track recording -- and while everybody was having a party we recorded the crowd on top of it\". This live party sound was employed by Cardenas and Davis on an earlier recording, the Blendells cover of Little Stevie Wonder's \"La La La La La,\" which reached number 62 on the national charts in 1964. \"Farmer John\" was originally released on Davis's independent record label, Faro Records, but was soon licensed by Warner Bros. Records, and distributed nationally in September 1964. It became the Premiers one and only Top 40 single,"}, {"context": "as it charted at number 19 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. In the following month, the band appeared on the television program \"American Bandstand\", where Dick Clark announced that the group would be featured on his Caravan of Stars national tour. An alternate version of the song, which appears on the Premiers only album, \"Farmer John Live!\", features crowd sounds that nearly drown out the vocals. Though further success eluded the group, \"Farmer John\" had become a staple in the repertoire of numerous garage rock bands, inspiring cover versions of the tune over the years. In 1972, the composition was"}, {"context": "included on the well-known compilation \"\". Farmer John (song) \"Farmer John\" is a song written by Don \"Sugarcane\" Harris and Dewey Terry, and first recorded by the two as the American R&B duo Don and Dewey, in 1959. Although the original version of the composition did not receive much attention, it was reinvigorated by the garage rock band the Premiers, whose raving cover version was released in 1964. The song's raw and partying atmosphere was immensely popular, reaching number 19 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Following the group's national success, several additional interpretations of \"Farmer John\" were released, making the"}]}, {"title": "Bhubaneswari Mishra", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bhubaneswari Mishra Bhubaneswari Mishra (25 January 1950 \u2014 19th February 2016) was an Odia classical singer and playback singer. She began her career singing \"Tiki Mora Naa\" for the film \"Krushna Sudama\". She contributed several playback songs for films, inlcuding \"Itikili Mitikili\" in the film \"Sakhi Gopinath\", \"Jahna Ra Sindura Gaara\" in \"Belabhumi\", and \"Dayamayee Mahamayee Maa Mangala\" in \"Maa Mangala.\" Mishra was awarded the Odisha State Film Award for best female singer in 1979 and 1980 for the films \"Srikrushna Rasalila\" and \"Jay Ma Mangala\" respectively. The Chief Minister of Odisha, Narveen Patnaik, described her as a \"very talented"}, {"context": "artist\u201d and her death as \"a great loss in the field of music and culture.\u201d A photograph of Mishra is displayed in the new film gallery of the Bhubaneswar State Museum, opened in May 2018, along with other notable playback singers such as Prafulla Kar and Sikander Alam. Mishra died on 19th February 2016 in New Delhi following a cardiac arrest. Bhubaneswari Mishra Bhubaneswari Mishra (25 January 1950 \u2014 19th February 2016) was an Odia classical singer and playback singer. She began her career singing \"Tiki Mora Naa\" for the film \"Krushna Sudama\". She contributed several playback songs for films,"}]}, {"title": "2016 DFL-Supercup", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2016 DFL-Supercup The 2016 DFL-Supercup was the seventh edition of the German Super Cup under the name DFL-Supercup, an annual football match contested by the winners of the previous season's Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal competitions. The match was played on 14 August 2016 at the Signal Iduna Park in Dortmund. It featured Bayern Munich, the winners of the 2015\u201316 Bundesliga (and the 2015\u201316 DFB-Pokal), who had lost the three previous super cups and last won in 2012, and 2015\u201316 Bundesliga runners-up Borussia Dortmund, who last won in 2014. Dortmund qualified as league runners-up by virtue of Bayern winning the league and"}, {"context": "cup double. Bayern Munich won the DFL-Supercup 2\u20130 for their fifth title. It was Dortmund's eighth DFL-Supercup, with a record of five wins and two losses prior. It was Bayern's fifth consecutive and tenth overall DFL-Supercup, with a record of four wins and five losses prior. This was the fifth DFL-Supercup between Dortmund and Bayern, having previously met in 1989, 2012, 2013, and 2014. Of these, Dortmund have won three (in 1989, 2013, and 2014), while Bayern have won once (2012). This was the first official match for Carlo Ancelotti as head coach of Bayern. Arturo Vidal scored the opening"}, {"context": "goal for Bayern Munich in the 58th minute with a low right foot finish from six yards out after his initial shot from just outside the penalty box was parried by goalkeeper Roman B\u00fcrki back into his path. Thomas M\u00fcller got the second in the 79th minute with a close range finish from inside the six yard box after a knock down header from Mats Hummels following a corner. 2016 DFL-Supercup The 2016 DFL-Supercup was the seventh edition of the German Super Cup under the name DFL-Supercup, an annual football match contested by the winners of the previous season's Bundesliga"}]}, {"title": "Canadian Snowbird Association", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Canadian Snowbird Association The Canadian Snowbird Association (CSA; ) is a national, not-for-profit organization dedicated to defending and improving the rights and privileges of travelling Canadians. Founded in 1992, in Lakeland, Florida, the CSA was formed when one-thousand and ninety-two Canadians staged a rally opposing the reduction of payments, by several Canadian provinces, for out-of-country emergency medical care; a right enshrined in the portability section of the \"Canada Health Act\" ( Sec. 11(1)(b)(ii)). Since its founding, the CSA has actively engaged with all levels of government in both Canada and the United States, on behalf of its membership, on an"}, {"context": "array of health-related and other issues. Today, the Canadian Snowbird Association has approximately 110,000 members across Canada. The advocacy efforts of the Canadian Snowbird Association are informed by the following principles: The lobbying initiatives of the CSA are financed by the generous donations made by the membership. Since its inception, the Canadian Snowbird Association has been involved in working with governments across Canada on issues of importance to travelling Canadians. In 1993, the government of New Brunswick proposed reducing the amount of time that residents could spend outside of the province, while maintaining their provincial health coverage from six months"}, {"context": "to 90 days. As a result of the advocacy work of the CSA, the New Brunswick government eventually shelved the proposal and maintained the existing six-month residency requirement. Two years later, in 1995, the CSA worked with the Ontario government in order to restore the out-of-country emergency care in-patient rate of $400 per day. Under Premier Bob Rae, the Ontario government had reduced the reimbursement rate for emergency in-patient care from $400 per day to $100 per day. Similarly, in 1999, the CSA again worked with the Ontario government to increase the length of time that residents could be outside"}, {"context": "of the province, from six to seven months, and still retain health coverage under the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP). This increase was made in conjunction with another policy change which allowed beneficiaries of the Ontario Drug Benefit Program (ODB) to receive up to a 200-day supply of prescription medication for travel purposes. In 2007, in an attempt to put pressure on the provincial and territorial governments to begin complying with the portability section of the Canada Health Act, then federal Minister of Health Tony Clement wrote a letter to every Minister of Health, reminding them of their obligations under"}, {"context": "the Canada Health Act. The Canadian Snowbird Association also worked to introduce mail-in ballots, in Ontario, for eligible electors who are outside of the province during a provincial election. Since 2002, the CSA had recommended to the Ontario government that the Election Act be amended to include an absentee ballot option for temporarily absent residents. In 2010, \"An Act to Amend the Election Act and the Election Finances\" Act was passed in the Ontario legislature, which made the necessary changes to allow Ontario residents to vote by mail-in ballot during a general election. The CSA has also worked with governments"}, {"context": "in Western Canada in order to secure more travel-friendly policies for long-term vacationing residents. In 2012, the CSA was instrumental in urging the Saskatchewan government to allow residents to get up to six months of prescription drugs processed at one time through the Saskatchewan Drug Plan. Prior to this change, drug plan beneficiaries had to submit two separate receipts for two three-month supplies. This reduction in red tape has resulted in less upfront costs and hassle for travelling residents of Saskatchewan. At the federal level, the CSA recommended that the Canadian government introduce a Canadian passport with a 10-year validity"}, {"context": "period. In 2013, Ottawa implemented this recommendation. Also in 2013, the Canadian Snowbird Association worked in partnership with the government of British Columbia to increase the amount of time that permanent residents can be out-of-country from six to seven months, while still maintaining their provincial health coverage. Later in the same year, the CSA effectively petitioned both the Manitoba and Alberta governments to extend the length of time that residents could temporarily reside outside of Canada to a maximum of 7 months in a 12-month period. During the following year (2014), both the province of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia"}, {"context": "made similar changes to their travel-health policies. In May 2014, due to the efforts of the CSA, the New Brunswick government increased the amount of time that Medicare beneficiaries could temporarily remain outside of the province, from six to seven months, while retaining their eligibility for continued health coverage. Months later, the government of Nova Scotia announced a similar change which was made effective on August 1, 2014. In conjunction with the increase in out-of-province health coverage, the Nova Scotia Family and Seniors' Pharmacare Programs was also amended to allow for a 270-day prescription medication supply maximum for vacation purposes."}, {"context": "Under previous policy, beneficiaries could obtain up to a 180-day supply of medication at the discretion of their physician and pharmacist. This amendment to policy was also implemented on August 1, 2014. The government relations work of the Canadian Snowbird Association also extends to all levels of government in the United States. In 2003, a proposed rule which sought to reduce the amount of time that Canadian tourists could spend physically present in the United States, from six months to 30 days, was rescinded after the CSA appeared before the U.S. House Small Business Committee on Capitol Hill. Florida Governor"}, {"context": "Jeb Bush mentioned the CSA in his press release, recognizing the efforts of the association in the successful withdrawal of the planned legislative changes. At the state level, the CSA has engaged with the Florida government on the issue of property tax. The state of Florida employs a two-tier tax system which treats residents and non-residents differently. In 2006, the Canadian Snowbird Association appeared before the Florida Property Tax Reform Committee to present the association's position on proposed property tax reform. In 2013, the state of Florida passed legislation which required foreign drivers to obtain an International Driving Permit in"}, {"context": "order to operate a motor vehicle. The CSA worked with government representatives at the state level, and the Florida Legislature soon repealed the requirement when it reconvened. In response to member feedback, in 2012 and 2013, the CSA lobbied the U.S. Congress to increase the amount of time that Canadian retirees could spend in the United States from six to eight months. As a result of CSA lobbying efforts, the \"Canadian Retiree Visa\" or \"Snowbird Visa\" was included in multiple bills in both the Senate and House of Representatives. One of the bills, the JOLT Act, was attached to the"}, {"context": "comprehensive immigration reform bill which was approved by the Senate on June 27, 2013 with a final vote of 68 to 32. The JOLT Act has been referred to the Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security in the U.S. House of Representatives. In addition to the advocacy work of the association, the CSA also provides a number of value-added programs and services which cater to the snowbird lifestyle. CSANews is the official news magazine of the Canadian Snowbird Association. Available in both English and French (Nouvelles \u00ab CSA \u00bb), \"CSANews\" is published quarterly and features timely articles related to the"}, {"context": "snowbird lifestyle as well as updates on recent advocacy initiatives and accomplishments of the association. The regular columns which appear in CSANews cover a range of topics such as travel, health, finance and technology. The \"Snowbird Currency Exchange Program\" lets clients transfer funds automatically and / or continuously from any Canadian bank to any U.S. bank every month whether you are in the U.S. or back in Canada. The program works by pooling the funds of all participants, providing bulk purchase exchange rates. Savings are passed on to members and to other participants. Services of a leading Canadian bank are"}, {"context": "utilized and security is assured. And, no international transfer recipient fees will be charged by your U.S. bank, guaranteed. The CSA Auto Club is a pure reimbursement emergency roadside assistance auto club program. When a vehicle breakdown occurs, enrolees simply pay for the service and send \"CSA Auto Club\" the dated receipt within 30 days of the service call date. Since the restrictions on out-of-country emergency medical care were put in place in 1992, a mission of the Canadian Snowbird Association has been to evaluate Canadian travel medical insurance plans on the basis of affordability and comprehensive coverage. \"Medipac Travel"}, {"context": "Insurance\" has received the exclusive endorsement of the Canadian Snowbird Association as the preferred travel medical insurance plan for its membership. The \"CSA Auto and Home Insurance Plan\" has been specifically designed and implemented for the members of the Canadian Snowbird Association. With Group Services Insurance, you capitalize on the benefits of the CSA's purchasing power, with highly competitive rates and enhanced coverages to match the snowbird lifestyle. Clients can choose an interest free payment plan that makes the most sense for them. A Personal Health Record is a document that contains personal information about you and your medical history."}, {"context": "Health Records vary greatly, though the objective remains to communicate a medical history to attending doctors and nurses during a medical emergency, when a patient is not able to or is incapacitated. A Health Record should be complete in its review of a User's medical history, and it should be current. The \"CSA Medipac Personal Health Record\" is a free service (\"Service\") for members of the Canadian Snowbird Association (CSA), as a member benefit, and registered Users of the www.snowbirds.org website. Canadian Snowbird Association The Canadian Snowbird Association (CSA; ) is a national, not-for-profit organization dedicated to defending and improving"}]}, {"title": "Stephen Victor Wilson", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Stephen Victor Wilson Stephen Victor Wilson (born March 26, 1941) is a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California. Born in New York City, New York, Wilson received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Lehigh University in 1963. He received a Juris Doctor from Brooklyn Law School in 1967. He received a Master of Laws from George Washington University Law School in 1973. He was a trial attorney of the Tax Division of the United States Department of Justice from 1968 to 1971. He was an Assistant United States Attorney of"}, {"context": "Los Angeles, California from 1971 to 1977. He was the Chief of the Fraud and Special Prosecutions Section from 1973 to 1977. He was in private practice of law in Beverly Hills, California from 1977 to 1985. He was an adjunct professor of law at Loyola Law School from 1975 to 1979. He was the Chairman of the Federal Indigent Defense Panel Committee of the District Court in Los Angeles from 1979 to 1980. He was an adjunct professor of law at the University of San Diego School of Law in 1984. Wilson was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on"}, {"context": "September 9, 1985, to the United States District Court for the Central District of California, to a new seat created by 98 Stat. 333. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 16, 1985, and received his commission on October 17, 1985. Stephen Victor Wilson Stephen Victor Wilson (born March 26, 1941) is a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California. Born in New York City, New York, Wilson received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Lehigh University in 1963. He received a Juris Doctor from Brooklyn Law School"}]}, {"title": "NWA Shockwave", "paragraphs": [{"context": "NWA Shockwave NWA Shockwave (NWA-SW, formerly known as CyberSpace Wrestling Federation and NWA: Cyberspace) was a professional wrestling promotion that was founded by Billy Firehawk in Staten Island, New York in 2001, and later relocated to Wayne, New Jersey. It was the earliest promotion to bring in major stars to Central New Jersey, many being seen in live events for the first time, and attracted a loyal following for its traditional \"family friendly\" style of wrestling. It was the single major promotion of this type to run New Jersey, other rival promotions favoring hardcore-style wrestling, and was at one time"}, {"context": "considered the top promotion in the region along with Jersey All Pro Wrestling. The company was known for its early use of the internet to promote itself, and was the earliest known wrestling organization to broadcast its events on a regular webcast; their show, \"Shockwave TV\", aired on ITV until 2005. After Firehawk's death in 2006, control of the company fell to Derek Gordon, who ran the company until its close the following year. The promotion had a working relationship with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, helped by Firehawk's friendship with Mike Tenay, which allowed it to feature TNA stars, storylines"}, {"context": "and sanction title defenses of the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Among the number of then current and future stars who spent time in the promotion included Abyss, Amazing Red, A.J. Styles, Michael Shane, Christopher Daniels, C.M. Punk, D'Lo Brown, Julio Dinero, Sonjay Dutt, Kip James, Frankie Kazarian, Jeff Jarrett, Ron Killings, Jay Lethal, Bobby Roode, Shark Boy, Elix Skipper, Petey Williams, America's Most Wanted (Chris Harris & James Storm), The Naturals (Andy Douglas & Chase Stevens) and The S.A.T. (Jose & Joel Maximo). Many former stars from Extreme Championship Wrestling and World Championship Wrestling also appeared for the promotion; Chris"}, {"context": "Candido and Tammy Lynn Sytch, Danny Doring, Chris Hamrick, E.Z. Money, Jerry Lynn, Rodney Mack and Rhino from ECW and Crowbar, Kanyon, Diamond Dallas Page, Lex Luger and Vince Russo from WCW. Both Tammy Lynn Sytch and Vince Russo \"retired\" at NWA Cyberspace shows. Several independent wrestlers also competed in the promotion during their early careers such as Gran Akuma, Slyck Wagner Brown, Mike Kruel, The Smoke, \"The Alpha Male\" Justin Powers, Rob Eckos and Xavier. Chikara's Mike Quackenbush and World Xtreme Wrestling's The Hungarian Barbarian and Mana the Polynesian Warrior were also regulars. Brown has claimed that NWA Cyberspace/Shockwave"}, {"context": "was his favorite promotion to work for. Upon joining the National Wrestling Alliance in 2005, the promotion became known as NWA: Cyberspace and then NWA Shockwave. It was affiliated with several other regional NWA promotions in the Northeastern United States, specifically NWA New Jersey/New York, NWA North Jersey and NWA Upstate, as well as having a working relationship with Mikey Whipwreck's New York Wrestling Connection. Several of his students wrestled in the promotion Ken Scampi, Mike Spinelli, Mason Raige, Quiet Storm, Tara Charisma and Trinity. The promotion boasted an impressive roster of female wrestlers as well. Among them included Alexis"}, {"context": "Laree, April Hunter, Tracy Brooks, Cindy Rogers, Jazz, Lacey, Nikki Roxx, O.D.B, Serena, Sumie Sakai, Talia Madison and managers Alere Little Feather and Jade Chung. Jasmin St. Claire, former co-owner of Pro Pain Pro Wrestling (3PW) with then boyfriend The Blue Meanie, also served as its commissioner until its close. Billy Firehawk, a semi-retired Canadian-born wrestler, founded the CyberSpace Wrestling Federation in Staten Island, New York in 2001. His wife Daisy was the principal owner of the promotion while Firehawk took care of the general running of the company. Booking duties and talent scouting went to David Levy, who was"}, {"context": "also a wrestler on the roster. Firehawk and David Levy put together the foundation & groundwork for what the CSWF & NWA Cyberspace would become. In October 2002, Firehawk began promoting wrestling shows in Central New Jersey and, on October 19, the promotion crowned its first heavyweight champion when Smokey M defeated Danny Doring, Kidd USA and Sinister X in a 4 Way Dance at its at \"Halloween Horror '02\" show in Flemington, New Jersey; also appearing on the show were independent wrestlers Brian Fury, Don Montoya, Mike Quackenbush and Gran Akuma. Three months later at \"Legendary Breakout\", the heavyweight"}, {"context": "title was unified with the USWF Heavyweight Championship after the New York-based United States Wrestling Federation folded. Firehawk and many other mainstays had previously competed in the USWF during the last decade. Firehawk was able to bring in stars from World Championship Wrestling following its close the previous year, due in part to his friendship with WCW announcer Mike Tenay, as well as from Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. David Levy scouted and brought in top indy taent to mix with the established veterans. Some would even go on to WWE careers like Matt Striker, Antonio Thomas, Mickie James, and others."}, {"context": "During its five-year existence, TNA's Ron Killings, Jeff Jarrett, Chris Harris, Abyss and Bobby Roode would all hold the heavyweight title while America's Most Wanted (Chris Harris & James Storm), the United Nations (Prince Nana & Sonjay Dutt) and The S.A.T. (Jose & Joel Maximo) held the tag team titles. For many of these wrestlers, it was the first time they would appear in live events in New Jersey. The promotion's skillful utilization of the internet to promote itself soon made the CSWF one of the most visible on the East Coast. In early-2003, the promotion established a women's division"}, {"context": "and brought in many of the top female wrestlers on the indy circuit at the time. On January 25, Alexis Laree defeated Serena and April Hunter in a 3 Way Dance at Flemington's HealthQuest of Hunterdon to become the first CSWF Women's Champion. Also on the card included former Extreme Championship Wrestling wrestlers Chris Hamrick and EZ Money, and independent wrestlers Mike Quackenbush, Crowbar and Slyk Wagner Brown. These were eventually followed by Ariel, Tracy Brooks, Cindy Rogers, Lacey, Nikki Roxx, O.D.B, Sumie Sakai and Talia Madison. On July 12, Laree walked out during a CSWF show in Rahway before"}, {"context": "a match against Simply Luscious. She subsequently left the promotion over a contract dispute and the title remained vacant for two months before being won by Trinity on September 13. Like Laree, Trinity also left the promotion and publicly criticized Firehawk while a guest on the Masked Maniac Hotline. Following the debut of Jazz, a former WWE Women's Champion, she and April Hunter would feud over the promotion's women's title over a year later. Firehawk's relationship with TNA allowed the promotion to not only use TNA wrestlers but also have some of its storylines be played out in the CSWF"}, {"context": "such as the continuation of the feud between Triple X and America's Most Wanted. It also sanctioned title defences of the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. On the July 12th show in Rahway, Mike Tenay and Crowbar were in Ron Killings' corner when he took on Homicide. Tenay would eventually become a \"heel\" manager and de facto leader of the growing TNA faction within the promotion. By the end of the year, Larry Zbyszko, D-Lo Brown, Shark Boy, Michael Shane and America's Most Wanted (Chris Harris & James Storm) were also competing for the CSWF. The high costs of running shows"}, {"context": "with such high-profile stars, however, took its toll on the company during its first year. Among the more serious issues were that the small crowds they were bringing in were not enough to justify running highly expensive shows as was Firehawk's tendency to overpay its talent. On April 24, 2004, the CSWF ran against rival promotions Jersey All Pro and Jersey City Wrestling in Wayne, New Jersey. The main event was a rare interpromotional match between TNA's Ron Killings and WWE's Al Snow for the CSWF Heavyweight Championship as well as appearances by Mike Tenay and Roddy Piper. JAPW's show"}, {"context": "featured Vader and Mike Awesome while JCW had Kamala, Chris Candido and Bam Bam Bigelow. Diamond Dallas Page and Kanyon, both ex-WCW stars, headlined another show in Wayne on August 28. On October 30, 2004, Vince Russo appeared as leader of \"Team TNA\" and fired Julio Dinero and Miss Michelle from the group. He also threatened to fire Crowbar if he lost his match against Abyss which he did. Lex Luger also wrestled on the show, defeating Danny Jaxx, and later brawled with Ron Killings following his match with Matt Striker. Luger cut a bizarre promo on \"Shockwave TV\" in"}, {"context": "which he delivered a rant against both Killings and Firehawk prior to his appearance at the upcoming \"Superbrawl Saturday\" show. This interview has become widely popular on YouTube and social networking sites such as Facebook and MySpace. Luger was scheduled wrestle in a 6-man tag team match with The Youngbludz (Matt Striker and Nick Berk) against Ron Killings & America\u2019s Most Wanted at CSWF's \"Fatal Attraction\" on January 8, 2005, however, he suffered a back injury in preparation for his match and was instead replaced by then NWA World Heavyweight Champion Jeff Jarrett. Sonjay Dutt won the NWA Cyberspace Cruiser-X"}, {"context": "Championship from Grim Reefer via forfeit. The event also marked the final appearance of Vince Russo who announced his retirement from the wrestling industry. Jarrett also filled in for Luger in his bout against Ron Killings at \"Superbrawl Saturday III\" a month later. On that same day, during \"Superbrawl Saturday III\", Billy Firehawk announced that the promotion had officially joined the National Wrestling Alliance and was being renamed NWA: Cyberspace. The previous year, Firehawk had been approached by NWA President Bill Behrens about becoming an NWA affiliate. Although they ran shows in New Jersey, the promotion was still officially based"}, {"context": "in New York and were not allowed to join under the organization's rules. Behrens then helped Firehawk acquire the rights to use the NWA New Jersey name from promoter Fred Rubenstein. This caused some controversy with Gino Moore and Joe Panzarino, two other promoters who also claimed ownership of NWA New Jersey, and resulted in Moore suing Rubenstein in court. Rubenstein would eventually join the promotion, appearing on camera as a referee, and later became its chief operating officer. By this time, the promotion was arguably considered one of the two top promotions in the New Jersey area, the other"}, {"context": "being Jersey All Pro Wrestling. In March, Josh Daniels defeated Mike Tobin to win the NWA Cyberspace Internet Title in Wayne, New Jersey. Frankie Kazarian wrestled his final match in NWA Cyberspace before going to World Wrestling Entertainment. After a near lengthy revamping of their website, the CSWF began broadcasting full events via its \"Shockwave TV\" webcast on March 25, 2005. A day later, it held another major show which saw Slyck Wagner Brown defended the NWA CyberSpace Championship against the former champion Ron Killings, Abyss and Mana the Polynesian Warrior in a dog collar match and a match between"}, {"context": "Triple X and America's Most Wanted. Jarrett would continue to defend his NWA title in the promotion, including \"champion vs. champion\" bouts against then CSWF Heavyweight Champion Slyk Wagner Brown, until losing the title in TNA to A.J. Styles on April 21. Nine days later, Jarrett defeated Slyk Wagner Brown for the CSWF Heavyweight title at \"Retribution\" on April 30. Despite losing the title, Brown continued to be one of the top stars in the promotion over the next year. Other stars who wrestled for NWA Cyberspace that year included Mike Kruel, Rodney Mack, Abyss and Petey Williams. However, the"}, {"context": "promotion was a subject of controversy throughout much of 2005 and early-2006. Many of these originated with Frank Goodman, a rival New Jersey promoter, and his Masked Maniac Hotline. Firehawk's on-screen role in the company was openly criticized as were his promotion's questionable business decisions and practices. Former Women's Champion Talia had criticized the promotion as a guest the previous year, and a falling out with former employees Dave Levy and Eric Nyenhuis resulted in them speaking out against the company as well. As a guest on the Masked Maniac Hotline, Nyenhuis claimed that Firehawk had physically threatened him and,"}, {"context": "on one occasion, told him he was \"going to cut his fucking legs off\" prior to his firing. NWA Cyberspace's relationship with TNA was supposedly threatened due to difficulties with Jeff Jarrett and Jeremy Borash after booker Derek Gordon was alleged to have written storylines conflicting with TNA angles. Jarrett supposedly received a bounced check from Firehawk as well. There were also claims of \"scaling back\" on big name talent and that the promotion was losing around $10,000 a show. In spite of this, the promotion held its most successful show that year when over 400 fans attended \"Superbrawl Saturday"}, {"context": "IV\" in Kearny, New Jersey on January 21, 2006. A minor disturbance occurred at the show when Wayne Ploghofft, an employee of National Wrestling Superstars, was accused of attempting to take away objects he deemed as \"weapons\" from fans waiting to enter the building and forcibly eject others from attending the show. When Firehawk and other officials heard what was happening, Ploghofft having no authorization to act on behalf of NWA Cyberspace, he left the building with security members to confront Ploghofft but found he had left before their arrival. In early-2006, the promotion also began to co-promote events with"}, {"context": "Mikey Whipwreck's New York City Wrestling Connection. In March, Bobby Roode won the NWA Cyberspace Internet Championship from Josh Daniels at one of these shows in Deer Park, New York. Several of Whipwreck's students, including Ken Scampi, Mike Spinelli, Mason Raige, Quiet Storm, Tara Charisma and Trinity, had been regulars in the promotion since its early years. On March 26, 2006, the promotion held its \"Disturbing The Peace\" supercard at the former home arena of Jersey City Wrestling, the Boys & Girls Club, in Garfield, New Jersey. The May 21st edition of \"Shockwave TV\" in Flemington saw Tammy Lynn Sytch"}, {"context": "forced to leave the promotion when Kip James lost a \"Loser's Manager Retires\" match to Rhino with manager John Shane. NWA Cyberspace changed its name to NWA Shockwave on June 6, 2006, to reflect its Internet show, the aforementioned \"Shockwave TV.\" Less than six weeks later, Billy Firehawk died on July 17, 2006 due to complications stemming from diabetes. He was 40 years old. Following the death of Firehawk, principle management of the federation was given to Derek Gordon, the former WCW producer and Director of Operations of NWA Shockwave. Gordon had been usually credited for the content driven plotlines"}, {"context": "of the federation over the last three years, during which the federation enjoyed an increasing fan base and better profits. The promotion went on a brief hiatus that summer. Upon its return, it promised new and unique storylines as well as bringing in fresh talent from other NWA affiliates in the United States and the United Kingdom. At the end of the year, The S.A.T.'s left the promotion and took the titles with them to Tod Gordon's Pro Wrestling Unplugged. Stripped of the championship, the belts were discontinued when the promotion when on a brief hiatus starting on December 1,"}, {"context": "2006. The Cruiser X and Women's titles were similarly scrapped. On January 13, 2007, Gordon held \"NWA Shockwave: A New Beginning\" at the sold-out Elks Lodge in Boonton, New Jersey. Serving as a memorial show Firehawk, the show brought back regulars such as Mike Tobin, Bobby Fish, Rob Eckos, Ken Scampi, Cindy Rogers and others. Havok won a Gauntlet Match defeating Devon Storm, Sinister X, Paul E. Normous, Boogalu Washington, Cindy Rogers and Slyk Wagner Brown to win the vacant NWA Shockwave Heavyweight Championship. Papadon beat Grim Reefer, Mike Tobin and Josh Daniels in a 4 Way Dance for the"}, {"context": "NWA Shockwave Internet title. The show also served as a memorial show Firehawk. Four months later, it was announced that NWA Shockwave and NWA Pro East would co-promote the NWA\u2019s first national television taping on the East Coast to be held at the Italian-American Family Association in Clifton, New Jersey on April 28. The show featured Crowbar, Damian Dragon, the Devil\u2019s Rejects (Paul E Normus & Sinister X) and NWA Shockwave Heavyweight Champion Havoc. Havoc and NWA Shockwave Internet Champion Pappadon defended their titles a May 5 NWA Pro East-Bodyslam Wrestling Organization show at the Knights of Columbus Hall in"}, {"context": "Lodi. The promotion also signed an exclusive contract with the American Legion Hall to tour the Jersey Shore and included holding its inaugural \u201cBeach Blanket Bodyslam\u201d supercard. Havoc defended his heavyweight title on NWA Pro East cards for two months until losing the belt to Papadon in Clifton on June 2, 2007. The match was a 3 Way Dance involving then Internet Champion Josh Daniels and saw Papadon defeat each man in a best of three falls to win both titles. This was the last recorded title defence of the heavyweight championship and the promotion quietly closed down shortly afterwards."}, {"context": "NWA Shockwave NWA Shockwave (NWA-SW, formerly known as CyberSpace Wrestling Federation and NWA: Cyberspace) was a professional wrestling promotion that was founded by Billy Firehawk in Staten Island, New York in 2001, and later relocated to Wayne, New Jersey. It was the earliest promotion to bring in major stars to Central New Jersey, many being seen in live events for the first time, and attracted a loyal following for its traditional \"family friendly\" style of wrestling. It was the single major promotion of this type to run New Jersey, other rival promotions favoring hardcore-style wrestling, and was at one time"}]}, {"title": "Yvan Craipeau", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Yvan Craipeau Yvan Craipeau (24 September 1911, La Roche-sur-Yon, Vend\u00e9e \u2013 13 December 2001) was a French Trotskyist activist. Born in La Roche-sur-Yon, he helped found a local independent Marxist organisation while still in his teens. Expelled from school, he moved to Paris and became associated with the Trotskyist group around \"La Verit\u00e9\". In 1930 this group founded the Communist League. This considered itself an external faction of the Communist Party of France, and as such it only admitted current and former PCF members. However, this rule was relaxed and Craipeau was allowed to join in 1931. He joined the"}, {"context": "League's executive committee with responsibility for developing a youth wing. By 1933, he was able to organise a meeting attended by one thousand members of the youth wings of the Communist Party and the Section fran\u00e7aise de l'Internationale ouvri\u00e8re. During 1933, he was Trotsky's personal secretary. In 1936, Craipeau became a leading member of the new Internationalist Workers Party (POI). The following year, in reaction to Trotsky's \"The Revolution Betrayed\", he began a re-analysis of the nature of the Soviet Union. He concluded that it could not be defended, as Trotsky held, as a degenerated workers' state, but that it"}, {"context": "was a bureaucratic collectivist system - an idea he introduced to Trotskyism. During World War II, he was pronounced unfit for duty, and attempted, with Marcel Hic, to publish \"La Verit\u00e9\" secretly. This was difficult, and following a series of setbacks, he turned instead to work influencing the German Army. He wrote an account of this activity in his books \"Contre vents et mar\u00e9es\" and \"La Lib\u00e9ration Confisqu\u00e9e.\" The former work, on the Occupation period itself, was published in English in 2013. In 1944, Craipeau was the architect of unity between three of France's four Trotskyist groups: the POI itself,the"}, {"context": "Comit\u00e9s Communistes Internationalistes and the Octobre group. They formed the PCI Internationalist Communist Party, and in 1946, he was elected its General Secretary. In the same year, he was also elevated to the International Secretariat of the Fourth International. However, he could not agree with the International's perspective that a crisis in capitalism was imminent, and soon after the POI sided with the International, he was expelled. Craipeau temporarily withdrew from politics, and in 1951, he moved to Basse-Terre in Guadeloupe, where he became a school teacher and soon secretary of the National Education Federation trade union. In 1954, Craipeau"}, {"context": "returned to mainland France, where he participated in the creation of the New Left. This fused with the Movement for the Liberation of the City to form the Socialist Left Union and, in 1960 with several groups to form the Unified Socialist Party. He remained a leading member of this party for many years, during which he wrote numerous books on left-wing politics and revolution. Yvan Craipeau Yvan Craipeau (24 September 1911, La Roche-sur-Yon, Vend\u00e9e \u2013 13 December 2001) was a French Trotskyist activist. Born in La Roche-sur-Yon, he helped found a local independent Marxist organisation while still in his"}]}, {"title": "John Martin (Irish footballer)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "John Martin (Irish footballer) John Martin (born 24 December 1979) is an Irish football coach and former player who is currently assistant manager of Shelbourne. His brother Robbie played for Dundalk and Drogheda United. He played with his brother Robert for UCD between 1999\u20132003 and in Longford Town between 2006\u20132007. His father Paul played for Rovers in the early 1970s and was part of the famous Athlone Town team that drew with AC Milan in St Mel's Park 1975. He signed for University College Dublin from Crumlin United in June 1997. He scored on his debut for UCD against Bohemians"}, {"context": "in August 1997, scoring with a header as college came from 2 goals down in a League Cup tie at Belfield. He scored his 2nd goal in an FAI Cup tie against Home Farm Everton in January 1998 in a 1\u20131 draw. After a successful debut season he did not feature in the 1998\u201399 season due to a loss of form and injury. 1999\u20132000 season saw Martin return to the team as College finished in 4th place in the league to secure a spot in the Inter-Toto Cup. College lost to Bulgarian side FC Velbazhd on away goals after a"}, {"context": "3\u20133 draw in Belfield and a 0\u20130 away from home. Upon returning from the Inter-Toto cup he helped college secure the FAI Super Cup after a penalty shoot out victory against Bohemians. He scored the opening goal of the 2001 season for College away to Dundalk. He captained UCD in the 2003 season in the absence of regular club captain Tony McDonnell. He departed UCD at the end of the 2003 season after the club's relegation to the first division despite the team losing only 2 of their final 11 games. He signed for Longford Town for the 2004 season."}, {"context": "He scored on his 2nd appearance for Longford Town against Shamrock Rovers, scoring with a 25-yard volley moments after coming on to equalise for 10-man Town in a 1\u20131 draw. The following month he scored 2 goals for Longford in a 4\u20130 win against local rivals Athlone Town in a league cup tie in St Mels Park. After suffering from a severe bout of tonsillitis he spent numerous weeks out of the team but did return for a league cup semi final win against Finn Harps that Longford won 2\u20131 thanks to goals from Sean Francis and Dessie Baker. He"}, {"context": "won his first trophy for Longford after a 2\u20131 league cup final win against Bohemians in Flancare Park. He scored the first goal in the 2\u20131 FAI Cup semi final victory against Drogheda United in October 2004 with the winner coming from Se\u00e1n Dillon in the last minute of extra time. He won his 2nd trophy for Longford in 2004 after another 2\u20131 victory against Waterford United in the FAI Cup final at Lansdowne Road. He scored twice to relegate Dublin City from the Premier League in the final weeks of the 2004 season. He only missed 3 games in"}, {"context": "the 2005 season, all through suspension, as Longford failed to hit the heights of 2004 but he did manage to hit winning goals against Waterford and former club UCD as Longford finished the season strongly. A fractured ankle suffered away to Waterford United disrupted most of the 2006 season although he did return from injury to score another goal against Waterford United in the FAI Cup. The loss of several of the FAI cup winning squad saw Town struggle in the 2007 as did a 6-point deduction for licensing issues and Martin left the club in the summer transfer window"}, {"context": "to sign for Shamrock Rovers in exchange for Jamie Duffy and Ian Ryan. He was previously sent off against Shamrock Rovers when Longford played them earlier in the 2007 season. He signed for Shamrock Rovers in July 2007 and made his debut in a 2\u20130 victory against Waterford United. Persistent hip and groin injuries saw his performances curtailed for the remainder of the 2007 although he did play a starring role in a 2\u20130 win against local rivals Bohemians which saw Rovers climb to 2nd in the table. Rovers challenge eventually faded away after a successful return to the Premier"}, {"context": "League of Ireland under Pat Scully. Numerous injury concerns in 2008 resulted in serious hip surgery in May 2008. Despite being ruled out for the remainder of the season he managed to return for the final 8 games of the season. He claimed his first goal for Rovers against St Patrick's Athletic courtesy of a big deflection from Damian Lynch. A recurrence of the injury in training in November 2008 resulted in additional hip surgery in January 2009 and his retirement on medical grounds. John Martin (Irish footballer) John Martin (born 24 December 1979) is an Irish football coach and"}]}, {"title": "Abraham Boulger", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Abraham Boulger Lieutenant Colonel Abraham Boulger VC (4 September 1835, Kilcullen, County Kildare \u2013 23 January 1900) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Boulger was 21 years old, and a Lance-Corporal in the 84th Regiment of Foot (later 2nd Bn, The York and Lancaster Regiment), British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deeds took place for which he was awarded the VC: Lance-Corporal Abraham BoulgerDate of Acts of Bravery, from 12th July to"}, {"context": "25th September, 1857For distinguished bravery and forwardness; a skirmisher, in all the twelve action's fought between 12th July, and 25th September, 1857. (Extract from Field Force Orders of the late Major-General Havelock, dated 17 October 1857.) He served as a quartermaster during the 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War and later achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel. He died in Moate, County Westmeath, Ireland, on 23 January 1900, aged 64. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the York & Lancaster Regiment Museum in Rotherham, England. Abraham Boulger Lieutenant Colonel Abraham Boulger VC (4 September 1835, Kilcullen, County Kildare \u2013 23 January 1900) was"}]}, {"title": "Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of So\u0308dermanland", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of S\u00f6dermanland Prince Carl Oscar of Sweden, Duke of S\u00f6dermanland (Carl Oscar Vilhelm Frederik; 14 December 1852 \u2013 13 March 1854) was a prince of Sweden and Norway. Born in Stockholm, Carl Oscar was the only son and younger child in the marriage of Crown Prince Charles (later King Charles XV and IV) of the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (1826\u20131872) and Princess Louise of the Netherlands (1828\u20131871). He had one elder sibling, Louise of Sweden who would become Queen of Denmark. In February 1854 the young prince suffered from the measles, and was prescribed"}, {"context": "a cold bath. This led to pneumonia, and the prince died when he was little over a year old. He is interred in Riddarholmskyrkan in Stockholm. Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of S\u00f6dermanland Prince Carl Oscar of Sweden, Duke of S\u00f6dermanland (Carl Oscar Vilhelm Frederik; 14 December 1852 \u2013 13 March 1854) was a prince of Sweden and Norway. Born in Stockholm, Carl Oscar was the only son and younger child in the marriage of Crown Prince Charles (later King Charles XV and IV) of the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (1826\u20131872) and Princess Louise of the Netherlands (1828\u20131871). He"}]}, {"title": "Digital synthesizer", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Digital synthesizer A digital synthesizer is a synthesizer that uses digital signal processing (DSP) techniques to make musical sounds. This in contrast to older analog synthesizers, which produce music using analog electronics, and samplers, which play back digital recordings of acoustic, electric, or electronic instruments. Some digital synthesizers emulate analog synthesizers; others include sampling capability in addition to digital synthesis. The very earliest digital synthesis experiments were made with computers, as part of academic research into sound generation. In 1973, the Japanese company Yamaha licensed the algorithms for frequency modulation synthesis (FM synthesis) from John Chowning, who had experimented with"}, {"context": "it at Stanford University since 1971. Yamaha's engineers began adapting Chowning's algorithm for use in a commercial digital synthesizer, adding improvements such as the \"key scaling\" method to avoid the introduction of distortion that normally occurred in analog systems during frequency modulation, though it would take several years before Yamaha were to release their FM digital synthesizers. In the 1970s, Yamaha were granted a number of patents, under the company's former name \"Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha\", evolving Chowning's early work on FM synthesis technology. Yamaha built the first prototype digital synthesizer in 1974. Released in 1979, the Casio VL-1"}, {"context": "was the first commercial digital synthesizer, selling for $69.95. Yamaha eventually commercialized their FM synthesis technology and released the first FM digital synthesizer in 1980, the Yamaha GS-1, but at an expensive retail price of $16,000. Early commercial digital synthesizers used simple hard-wired digital circuitry to implement techniques such as additive synthesis and FM synthesis. Other techniques, such as wavetable synthesis and physical modeling, only became possible with the advent of high-speed microprocessor and digital signal processing technology. Two other early commercial digital synthesizers were the Fairlight CMI, introduced in 1979, and the New England Digital Synclavier II, introduced in"}, {"context": "1980. The Fairlight CMI was a sampling synthesizer, while the Synclavier originally used FM synthesis technology licensed from Yamaha, before adding sampling synthesis later in the 1980s. The Fairlight CMI and the Synclavier were both expensive systems, retailing for more than $20,000 in the early 1980s. The cost of digital synthesizers began falling rapidly in the early 1980s. E-mu Systems introduced the Emulator sampling synthesizer in 1982 at a retail price of $7,900. Although not as flexible or powerful as either the Fairlight CMI or the Synclavier, its lower cost and portability made it popular. Introduced in 1983, the Yamaha"}, {"context": "DX7 was the breakthrough digital synthesizer to have a major impact, both innovative and affordable, and thus spelling the decline of analog synthesizers. It used FM synthesis and, although it was incapable of the sampling synthesis of the Fairlight CMI, its price was around $2,000, putting it within range of a much larger number of musicians. The DX-7 was also known for its \"key scaling\" method to avoid distortion and for its recognizabley bright tonality that was partly due to its high sampling rate of 57 kHz. It became indispensable to many music artists of the 1980s, and would become"}, {"context": "one of the best-selling synthesizers of all time. In 1987, Roland released its own influential synthesizer of the time, the D-50. This popular synth broke new ground in affordably combining short samples and digital oscillators, as well as the innovation of built-in digital effects (reverb., chorus, equalizer). Roland called this Linear Arithmetic (LA) synthesis. This instrument is responsible for some of the very recognisable preset synthesizer sounds of the late 1980s, such as the Pizzagogo sound used on Enya's \"Orinoco Flow.\" It gradually became feasible to include high quality samples of existing instruments as opposed to synthesizing them. In 1988,"}, {"context": "Korg introduced the last of the hugely popular trio of digital synthesizers of the 1980s after the DX7 and D50, the M1. This heralded both the increasing popularisation of digital sample-based synthesis, and the rise of 'workstation' synthesizers. After this time, many popular modern digital synthesizers have been described as not being full synthesizers in the most precise sense, as they play back samples stored in their memory. However, they still include options to shape the sounds through use of envelopes, LFOs, filters and effects such as reverb. The Yamaha Motif and Roland Fantom series of keyboards are typical examples"}, {"context": "of this type, described as 'ROMplers' ; at the same time, they are also examples of \"workstation\" synthesizers. With the addition of sophisticated sequencers on board, now added to built-in effects and other features, the 'workstation' synthesizer had been born. These always include a multi-track sequencer, and can often record and playback samples, and in later years full audio tracks, to be used to record an entire song. These are usually also ROMplers, playing back samples, to give a wide variety of realistic instrument and other sounds such as drums, string instruments and wind instruments to sequence and compose songs,"}, {"context": "along with popular keyboard instrument sounds such as electric pianos and organs. As there was still interest in analog synthesizers, and with the increase of computing power, over the 1990s another type of synthesizer arose : the analog modeling, or \"virtual analog\" synthesizer. These use computing power to simulate traditional analog waveforms and circuitry such as envelopes and filters, with the most popular examples of this type of instrument including the Nord Lead and Access Virus. As the cost of processing power and memory fell, new types of synthesizers emerged, offering a variety of novel sound synthesis options. The Korg"}, {"context": "Oasys was one such example, packaging multiple digital synthesizers into a single unit. Digital synthesizers can now be completely emulated in software (\"softsynth\"), and run on conventional PC hardware. Such soft implementations require careful programming and a fast CPU to get the same latency response as their dedicated equivalents. To reduce latency, some professional sound card manufacturers have developed specialized Digital Signal Processing ([DSP]) hardware. Dedicated digital synthesizers have the advantage of a performance-friendly user interface (physical controls like buttons for selecting features and enabling functionality, and knobs for setting variable parameters). On the other hand, software synthesizers have the"}, {"context": "advantages afforded by a rich graphical display. With focus on performance-oriented keyboards and digital computer technology, manufacturers of commercial electronic instruments created some of the earliest digital synthesizers for studio and experimental use with computers being able to handle built-in sound synthesis algorithms. The main difference is that a digital synthesizer uses digital processors and analog synthesizers use analog circuitry. A digital synthesizer is in essence a computer with (often) a piano-keyboard and an LCD as an interface. An analog synthesizer is made up of sound-generating circuitry and modulators. Because computer technology is rapidly advancing, it is often possible to"}, {"context": "offer more features in a digital synthesizer than in an analog synthesizer at a given price. However, both technologies have their own merit. Some forms of synthesis, such as, for instance, sampling and additive synthesis are not feasible in analog synthesizers, while on the other hand, many musicians prefer the character of analog synthesizers over their digital equivalent. The New wave era of the 1980s first brought the digital synthesizer to the public ear. Bands like Talking Heads and Duran Duran used the digitally made sounds on some of their most popular albums. Other more pop-inspired bands like Hall &"}, {"context": "Oates began incorporating the digital synthesizer into their sound in the 1980s. Through breakthroughs in technology in the 1990s many modern synthesizers use DSP. Working in more or less the same way, every digital synthesizer appears similar to a computer. At a steady sample rate, digital synthesis produces a stream of numbers. Sound from speakers is then produced by a conversion to analog form. Through signal generation, voice and instrument-level processing, a signal flow is created and controlled either by MIDI capabilities or voice and instrument-level controls. Digital synthesizer A digital synthesizer is a synthesizer that uses digital signal processing"}]}, {"title": "Campbell-Christie House", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Campbell-Christie House The Campbell-Christie House is a historic home that has been relocated to New Bridge Landing in River Edge, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. Jacob Campbell, a stonemason, constructed a store southeast of the intersection of River Road and the highway leading from Old Bridge to South Church, now Henley Avenue, in New Milford, New Jersey, about the time of his marriage to Altche Westervelt in 1774. It stood on land owned by his father, William Campbell, who kept a tavern on the north side of the road. Private Jacob Campbell served with the Bergen Militia during the"}, {"context": "American Revolution. His property was damaged during the war, but tax records for 1780 list him as a merchant. After his father's death in 1793, Jacob sold to Abraham Brower, whose brother, John, a blacksmith, operated a roadside smithy until his death a year later. Blacksmith John D. Christie purchased the house for \u00a3250 in 1795 and operated a tavern. When he died in 1836, he bequeathed his residence to son John J. Christie, a farmer. It next passed to Jacob Brinkerhoff Christie, manager of the \"Comfort Coal & Lumber Company\". J. Walter Christie, born here on May 6, 1865,"}, {"context": "achieved fame as a mechanical genius and inventor. At 16 years of age, he worked on pioneer submarines and developed turret tracks and gun mounts for battleships. He built and raced cars, holding American and world speed records before being severely injured in a crash in 1907. He later invented automotive front-wheel drive, used in the manufacture of fire trucks. but is best known as the \u201cfather of the modern tank.\u201d He died at Falls Church, Virginia, in 1944. The Brookchester Land Company made extensive alterations to the house in 1908. To save it from demolition, the Bergen County Historical"}, {"context": "Society, a non-profit volunteer organization, offered the County of Bergen a 50-year ground lease to move the Campbell-Christie House from New Milford onto its lands in River Edge in 1977 on condition that the Historical Society not only have occupancy of the structure in keeping with its mission, but also the exclusive right to determine its use and historic restoration; in exchange, the County of Bergen agreed to pay utilities and to maintain the house and its mechanical systems in sound condition. Bergen County Freeholder D. Bennett Mazur led efforts to save the Campbell-Christie House, after it had been slated"}, {"context": "for demolition. With a $150,000 grant, the 200-year-old home was moved two miles from New Milford to BCHS land in River Edge, the area now known as Historic New Bridge Landing, in September 1977. The Bergen County Historical Society furnishes and interprets the Campbell-Christie House as an 18th-century tavern. In 1992, a working replica of a Jersey Dutch Out Kitchen was built behind the house. The Bergen County Historical Society regularly opens all the buildings, including the Campbell-Christie House, at Historic New Bridge Landing for special events in cooperation with the Historic New Bridge Landing Park Commission. The Bergen County"}, {"context": "Historical Society receives no public operating grants from any public agency (including the County of Bergen or the State of New Jersey), instead relying on membership and donations. Campbell-Christie House The Campbell-Christie House is a historic home that has been relocated to New Bridge Landing in River Edge, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. Jacob Campbell, a stonemason, constructed a store southeast of the intersection of River Road and the highway leading from Old Bridge to South Church, now Henley Avenue, in New Milford, New Jersey, about the time of his marriage to Altche Westervelt in 1774. It stood on"}]}, {"title": "Dom (Domenico) Serafini", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Dom (Domenico) Serafini Dom Serafini (born 1949) is an Italian journalist and author, based in New York City. He is the editor-in-chief of \"VideoAge International\", a premier television trade publication. Dom (Domenico) Serafini was born in 1949 in the Italian fishing village and resort town of Giulianova. At age 18 he moved to New York City to study color television, which had fascinated him since age 14. In New York, Serafini first lived with his aunt Yole on Long Island. He worked as a correspondent for JCE Publications for Milan, Italy, while attending Empire State College at night. In 1971"}, {"context": "he expanded his contributions as a freelance writer to a local newspaper, and eventually started working with large, international journals, including \"RadioWorld\" and \"Videography\", always writing on the subject of television. In 1976, Serafini helped co-found \"Millecanali\", Italy's first professional television magazine, for JCE Publications. In 1977, he became the Italian coordinator of the American magazine \"Consumer Electronics\". In 1978, he was appointed international editor of \"Television/Radio Age\". In 1981, with the support of the American, Italian, French and Brazilian TV industries, Serafini launched a professional TV trade magazine called \"VideoAge International\". In 1982, Serafini he to the television industry"}, {"context": "the concept of \"market dailies\" (daily publications published only during TV trade shows). Subsequently, he launched publications such as \"GameShow Magazine\", for U.S. consumers; \"TV Pro\", France's first TV trade publication; \"TV Era\", Latin America's first TV trade publication, and, in Italy, \"Baseball Magazine\", none of which succeeded. In 1983, he opened \"VideoAge\"s editorial office in Los Angeles. In 1988, \"VideoAge\"s New York City editorial offices moved from their original East 51st Street location to the present East 75th Street location, which happened to be Andy Warhol's former residence. \"VideoAge\" is the only professional TV trade publication that does not"}, {"context": "require the use of salespeople. It takes pride in its editorial staff. From 2001 to 2005, Serafini was an official advisor to the Italian Ministry of Communication. In 2006 and again in 2013 Serafini ran to represent Italian expatriates in North America in the Italian Senate (2006) and Italian Chamber of Deputies (2013). He continues to write about politics and television for several Italian, Canadian and American weekly and daily publications. Dom (Domenico) Serafini Dom Serafini (born 1949) is an Italian journalist and author, based in New York City. He is the editor-in-chief of \"VideoAge International\", a premier television trade"}]}, {"title": "Audience (band)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Audience (band) Audience is a cult British art rock band which existed from 1969 until 1972 and then from 2004 until 2013. The original band consisted of Howard Werth (born Howard Alexander Werth, 26 March 1947, The Mother's Hospital, Clapton, East London) on nylon-strung electric acoustic guitar and vocals; Keith Gemmell (born Keith William Gemmell, 15 February 1948, Hackney Hospital, Hackney, East London - died 24 July 2016, Beltinge, Kent) on alto and tenor saxophone, flute and clarinet; Trevor Williams (born Trevor Leslie Williams, 19 January 1945, Hereford General Hospital, Hereford, Herefordshire) on bass guitar and vocals; and Tony Connor"}, {"context": "(born Anthony John Connor, 6 April 1947, Romford, Havering) on drums and vocals. Audience rose from the ashes of a semi-professional soul band named 'Lloyd Alexander Real Estate', which had included all the Audience members except Connor, who had unsuccessfully auditioned for the earlier band when John Richardson left to form The Rubettes. However, when Werth, Williams, and Gemmell decided to form their new band, they thought of Connor. The 'Lloyd Alexander Real Estate' issued one 45rpm single on President PT157 in 1967 \"Gonna Live Again\"/\"Watcha' Gonna Do (When Your Baby Leaves You)\", a Mod R&B record. Within weeks of"}, {"context": "starting rehearsals, Audience had acquired management, a publishing contract, a residency at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club, and a recording contract with Polydor, with whom they recorded their first album \"Audience\", an acoustic guitar-driven album featuring Gemmell's saxophone often electrically altered to resemble an electric lead guitar and with string and horn arrangements by Andrew Pryce Jackman. But the band was dissatisfied with the record company's promotional approach (a single, \"Too Late I'm Gone\" from the album had been planned and was canceled), and temporarily moved to Switzerland to avoid involvement in proposed publicity stunts. By the end of the year,"}, {"context": "the band was drawing public and journalistic acclaim for their songs, arrangements, and stage act. They had also been commissioned to write the score for \"Bronco Bullfrog\", an East End skinhead film directed by Barney Platts-Mills, which established a genre subsequently taken up by Mike Leigh. After the debut album issued on Polydor, Tony Stratton-Smith, Director of Charisma Records, spotted the band supporting Led Zeppelin and signed them up to his label immediately. Audience recorded three albums with Charisma. The first, \"Friend's Friend's Friend\", was entirely produced and designed by the band. Their subsequent releases \"House on the Hill\" and"}, {"context": "\"Lunch\" were produced by Gus Dudgeon, with arrangements by Robert Kirby and cover art by record sleeve designers Hipgnosis. Their first two albums were not issued in the U.S. Elektra signed them (around the time Elektra signed Lindisfarne, another Charisma group), and their final two albums were issued in the U.S. Dudgeon's first 45 rpm production for the band, \"Indian Summer\", took the band into the lower reaches of the U.S. charts, but by this time they were exhausted and fractious, having worked virtually non-stop for three years. A U.S. tour with Rod Stewart and The Faces and Cactus, although"}, {"context": "successful, brought things to a head, resulting in Gemmell leaving the band in January 1972. The unfinished \"Lunch\" album was completed with the help of The Rolling Stones and Mad Dogs and Englishmen brass section, Jim Price and Bobby Keys, following which they went straight back on the road with new members Nick Judd on keyboards and Pat Charles Neuberg on alto and soprano saxophone. The band never recovered from Gemmell's departure; and Williams, the band's main lyricist, resigned eight months later. When Judd received an offer to join Juicy Lucy shortly thereafter, the band folded. Judd later went on"}, {"context": "to join Alan Bown, The Andy Fraser Band, Brian Eno, Frankie Miller and Sharks, most recently emerging in a Madness spin-off band. By this time, Keith Gemmell had joined Stackridge, later to join Sammy, whose sole album was produced by Ian Gillan of Deep Purple, then on to The Roy Young Band. During this time he was also doing session work and arranging, often together with film soundtrack writer John Altman, before joining the Pasadena Roof Orchestra for fourteen years. Howard Werth was working on his first solo album at this time, still with Charisma and produced by Dudgeon. Called"}, {"context": "King Brilliant, his band, containing members of Hookfoot and with Mike Moran on keyboards, was dubbed Howard Werth and The Moonbeams, and came close to having a major hit with \"Lucinda\". However, it wasn't to be, and when he was headhunted by The Doors (Audience stable-mates on the U.S. Elektra record label) to replace Jim Morrison, Werth left for the USA. The Doors did not reform, and Werth found himself engaged in numerous short term projects with Doors' keyboard man Ray Manzarek and musicians from Captain Beefheart and The Magic Band before returning to the UK in the early 1980s."}, {"context": "Although appearing live only occasionally, Werth later recorded two more solo albums, \"6 of 1 and Half a Dozen of the Other\" on Demon Records and \"The Evolution Myth Explodes\" for his own Luminous Music label. Trevor Williams joined 1960s hitmakers The Nashville Teens, a version driven by Len Tuckey, who left shortly after to help his girlfriend Suzi Quatro launch a career with Mickie Most. Williams moved on to Jonathan Kelly's Outside, recording one single, \"Outside\", and an album \"Waiting On You\" with a band fronted by the twin guitars of Snowy White and Chaz Jankel plus ex-Graham Bond"}, {"context": "drummer Dave Sheen and percussionist Jeff Whittaker, formerly with Peter Green and Crosby, Stills and Nash. But tiring of the music business, he drifted back to The Nashville Teens, this time with his friend Rob Hendry \u2013 ex-Renaissance guitarist, and later with The Motors and Alan Price \u2013 in a misconceived project to revitalise the band's image and fortunes. When this foundered, Williams left the business entirely. Tony Connor also ended up with Most. After a stint with Jackson Heights, a spin-off from The Nice, he joined one of Most's stable, Hot Chocolate, with whom he has remained. Despite a"}, {"context": "few minor projects together, the original Audience band members were not to re-emerge as a working entity until 32 years after their dissolution. In 2004, Howard Werth, Keith Gemmell and Trevor Williams performed in Germany, Italy, Canada and the UK, replacing Tony Connor (who remained committed to Hot Chocolate) with drummer/vocalist John Fisher (born 8 December 1960, Buxton, Derbyshire - died 27 September 2008) and recording a live album \"alive&kickin'&screamin'&shoutin\"' for Eclectic Records. During this period, Gemmell released two solo albums, \"The Windhover\", inspired by a poem by Gerard Manley Hopkins, and \"Unsafe Sax\", a tribute to his early '60s"}, {"context": "soul roots. Following the death of John Fisher from pancreatic cancer on 27 September 2008, Audience recruited drummer Simon Jeffrey, who also worked with Bernie Torme, Led Zeppelin tribute band Letz Zep and Blue Pulse, which Trevor Williams joined in 2009. Audience played its final gig at London's 100 Club in 2013 shortly after which Keith Gemmell, already fighting cancer, became too unwell to play. Williams subsequently announced he did not wish to continue without Gemmell but continues to work with Blue Pulse, with whom he released an album entitled \"Trams\" in 2012, with Howard Werth also performing on several"}, {"context": "tracks. Keith Gemmell died from tongue cancer on 24 July 2016. Audience (band) Audience is a cult British art rock band which existed from 1969 until 1972 and then from 2004 until 2013. The original band consisted of Howard Werth (born Howard Alexander Werth, 26 March 1947, The Mother's Hospital, Clapton, East London) on nylon-strung electric acoustic guitar and vocals; Keith Gemmell (born Keith William Gemmell, 15 February 1948, Hackney Hospital, Hackney, East London - died 24 July 2016, Beltinge, Kent) on alto and tenor saxophone, flute and clarinet; Trevor Williams (born Trevor Leslie Williams, 19 January 1945, Hereford General"}]}, {"title": "James Edward Smith (politician)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "James Edward Smith (politician) James Edward Smith (December 25, 1831 \u2013 March 9, 1892) was the mayor of Toronto in 1867. Born in London, England, Smith came to Toronto with his family in 1841. He was a manager of the British Empire Life Insurance Company. He was elected to the Toronto City Council in 1857 for the St. John's ward and served until appointed mayor by his fellow Councillors in 1867. He was mayor until 1869 when he was re-elected to the City Council. He remained in Council until 1870 when he retired. He was also a member of the"}, {"context": "Orange Order in Canada. James Edward Smith (politician) James Edward Smith (December 25, 1831 \u2013 March 9, 1892) was the mayor of Toronto in 1867. Born in London, England, Smith came to Toronto with his family in 1841. He was a manager of the British Empire Life Insurance Company. He was elected to the Toronto City Council in 1857 for the St. John's ward and served until appointed mayor by his fellow Councillors in 1867. He was mayor until 1869 when he was re-elected to the City Council. He remained in Council until 1870 when he retired. He was also"}]}, {"title": "Rancho La Sierra (Yorba)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) Rancho La Sierra (also called La Sierra de Santa Ana) was a Mexican land grant in present-day Riverside County, California, United States. In 1846 governor Pio Pico issued the grant to Bernardo Yorba. The grant lay between Rancho Jurupa and Rancho El Rincon, and included the present-day city of Corona. Bernardo Yorba's father, Jos\u00e9 Antonio Yorba, was the grantee of Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana in present-day Orange County. For years Bernardo (1800\u20131858) and his brothers pastured animals on lands east of their father's rancho, and in 1834 Bernardo requested, and was granted, Rancho Ca\u00f1\u00f3n de"}, {"context": "Santa Ana. Bernardo and his brother Tomas (1787\u20131845) continued to pasture heards even further east, in an area they had named \"La Sierra\". In 1845, after his brother Tomas had died, Bernardo applied for four square leagues of the La Sierra lands. Nine days later Maria Vicenta Sepulveda, the widow of Bernardo's brother Tomas, also applied for some of the same La Sierra lands. On June 15, 1846 Governor Pio Pico granted the west half of the lands, Rancho La Sierra (Yorba), to Bernado Yorba, and the east half, Rancho La Sierra (Sepulveda), to Vicente Sepulveda. With the cession of"}, {"context": "California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852, and the grant was patented to Bernardo Yorba in 1875. When the state of California was admitted into the Union in 1850 Rancho La Sierra became part of Los Angeles County, but by the time the US patent was filed, Rancho La Sierra was a part of San Bernardino County. In 1893 the"}, {"context": "Rancho became part of Riverside County when the California Legislature authorized the formation of Riverside County taking lands from both San Bernardino County and San Diego County. R.B. Taylor, George L. Joy, Samuel Merrill, A.S. Garretson, and Adolph Rimpau, a citrus growers' organization, purchased Rancho La Sierra of Bernardo Yorba, and the Rancho Temescal grant of Leandro Serrano in 1886. The colony was laid out as South Riverside, and in 1896 renamed Corona (Spanish: \"Crown\") for a 3-mile (5-km) circular drive that is now around the central city and was the site of international automobile races from 1913 to 1916."}, {"context": "Bernardo Yorba expanded his lands further when he purchased Rancho El Rincon from Juan Bandini. Translated from Spanish into English, \"\"La Sierra de Santa Ana\"\" means \"\"The mountains of Santa Ana\"\". According to Bernardo's petition for the La Sierra lands, the Yorba brothers had used this name as early as 1825. The name distinguished the higher elevation \"La Sierra de Santa Ana\" lands from Bernardo's \"Ca\u00f1\u00f3n de Santa Ana\" lands, both positioned beside the Santa Ana River. Rancho La Sierra (Yorba) Rancho La Sierra (also called La Sierra de Santa Ana) was a Mexican land grant in present-day Riverside County,"}]}, {"title": "Roger Garaudy", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Roger Garaudy Roger Garaudy, later Ragaa Garaudy (; 17 July 1913 \u2013 13 June 2012) was a French philosopher, French resistance fighter and a prominent communist author. He converted to Islam in 1982. In 1998, he was prosecuted for Holocaust denial under French law for claiming that the death of six million Jews was a \"myth.\" Roger Garaudy was born in Marseille. During World War II, Garaudy joined the French Resistance, for which he was imprisoned in Djelfa, Algeria, as a prisoner of war of Vichy France. Garaudy converted to Islam in 1982 after marrying a Palestinian woman, later writing"}, {"context": "that \"The Christ of Paul is not the Jesus of the Bible,\" and also forming other critical scholarly conclusions regarding the Old and New Testaments. As a Muslim he adopted the name \"Ragaa\" and became a prominent Islamic commentator and supporter of the Palestinian cause. Following the war, Garaudy joined the French Communist Party. As a political candidate he succeeded in being elected to the National Assembly and eventually rose to the position of deputy speaker, and later senator. Garaudy lectured in the faculty of arts department of the University of Clermont-Ferrand from 1962-1965. Due to controversies between Garaudy and"}, {"context": "Michel Foucault, Garaudy left. He later taught in Poitiers from 1969-1972. Garaudy remained a Christian and eventually re-converted to Catholicism during his political career. He was befriended by one of France's most prominent clerics of the time, the Abb\u00e9 Pierre, who in later years supported Garaudy, even regarding the latter's most controversial views. In 1970, Garaudy was expelled from the Communist Party following his outspoken criticism of the 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. Garaudy wrote more than 50 books, mainly on political philosophy and Marxism. In 1996 Garaudy published, with his editor Pierre Guillaume, the work \"Les Mythes fondateurs de"}, {"context": "la politique israelienne\" (literally, \"The Founding Myths of Israeli Politics\"), later translated into English as \"The Founding Myths of Modern Israel\". In the book he wrote of \"the myth of the six million\" Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Because of this breach of French law concerning Holocaust denial, the courts banned any further publication and on 27 February 1998 fined him 240,000 French francs. He was sentenced to a suspended jail sentence of several years. Garaudy appealed this decision to the European Court of Human Rights, but his appeal was rejected as inadmissible. At his hearing, Garaudy stated that his"}, {"context": "book in no way condoned National Socialist methods, and that book was an attack on the mythologizing and use of \"the holocaust\" by Israeli government as policy. He argued that his book dealt with the Israeli government's use of \"the holocaust\" as a \"justifying dogma\" for its actions, mainly in Palestine and toward Palestinians. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, 160 members of the parliament signed a petition in Garaudy's support. Senior Iranian officials invited him to Tehran and received him warmly. Iranian leaders condemned Israel and the West for bringing Garaudy to trial. Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei cited"}, {"context": "Garaudy for his work in exposing the Zionists\u2019 \"Nazi-like behavior.\" Iranian President Mohammad Khatami described Garaudy as \"a thinker\" and \"a believer\" who was brought to trial merely for publishing research which was \"displeasing to the West.\". Garaudy has been praised throughout the Islamic World: In later interviews, Garaudy stated that the attacks of 11 September 2001 were organized by the United States government. He also repeated his claim on the Holocaust, stating that it was \"invented as a myth by Churchill, Eisenhower and De Gaulle\" to justify the destruction and occupation of Germany. In December 2006, Garaudy was unable"}, {"context": "to attend the International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust in Tehran, Iran due to health reasons. He reportedly sent a videotaped message supporting Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's view that Israel should cease to exist. Roger Garaudy died in Paris on 13 June 2012, aged 98. Following his death in June 2012, Garaudy subsequently received praise from a number of sources (as translated by MEMRI): Roger Garaudy Roger Garaudy, later Ragaa Garaudy (; 17 July 1913 \u2013 13 June 2012) was a French philosopher, French resistance fighter and a prominent communist author. He converted to Islam in"}]}, {"title": "Delray Rawlins", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Delray Rawlins Delray Millard Wendell Rawlins (born 14 September 1997) is a Bermudian international cricketer currently listed with Sussex in English county cricket. He made his senior debut for Bermuda's national team at the age of 15 (in February 2013), and has since made regular appearances for the team in international competitions. Rawlins has also played for the England under-19s, qualifying by attending an English boarding school. On 14 April 2017, he made his first-class cricket debut for Sussex in the 2017 County Championship. On 19 May 2017, he made his List A debut for Sussex against the South Africans"}, {"context": "team, during South Africa's tour of England. Rawlins was born in Bermuda, attending Warwick Academy and playing his junior cricket for Warwick Workmen's Club and Pembroke Hamilton Club. He was inducted into the national youth programme at a young age, where he was coached by former national captain Clay Smith. In 2014, as part of a programme organised by the Bermuda Cricket Board, Rawlins won a scholarship to attend boarding school in England. He subsequently began studying at St Bede's School in East Sussex. Rawlins was inducted into the Sussex Cricket Academy in April 2015, and made his Second XI"}, {"context": "Championship debut in July 2015. He signed a one-year professional contract in October 2016. He made his Twenty20 debut for Sussex in the 2018 t20 Blast on 2 August 2018. Rawlins made his senior debut for the Bermudian national team in February 2013 (aged 15), on a tour of Barbados. He was selected for a tour of the United States the following month, and then in May played two matches in the 2013 World Cricket League Division Three tournament (which Bermuda hosted). Later in 2013, Rawlins also represented the Bermuda under-19s at the ICC Americas Under-19 Championship in Canada and"}, {"context": "the ICC Americas under-20s at a WICB tournament. He returned to the senior team for the 2014 WCL Division Four tournament in Malaysia, playing in all seven of Bermuda's matches. Rawlins has since represented Bermuda at the 2015 ICC Americas Twenty20 and 2016 WCL Division Four events. In May 2016, Rawlins was included in England's under-19 development programme. He participated in a training camp in Dubai later in the year and in December 2016 was selected in the England under-19s squad for a tour of India in early 2017. In the first international of the tour, against the India under-19s,"}, {"context": "Rawlins came in sixth in the batting order and scored 107 not out from 88 balls, including eight fours and five sixes. He followed up with 2/46 from ten overs in India's innings. Two games later, Rawlins scored 96 from 106 balls and took 2/30 from eight overs. Delray Rawlins Delray Millard Wendell Rawlins (born 14 September 1997) is a Bermudian international cricketer currently listed with Sussex in English county cricket. He made his senior debut for Bermuda's national team at the age of 15 (in February 2013), and has since made regular appearances for the team in international competitions."}]}, {"title": "Unsinkable Seven", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Unsinkable Seven Unsinkable Seven was a nickname given to the seven drivers and co-drivers who managed to survive to finish the notoriously difficult East African Safari Rally that began and ended in Kenya, in the unusually difficult rallies of 1963 and 1968. Inaugurated in 1953, the rally's notoriously tough conditions required cars to be adapted to cope; despite this, it made it popular with factory teams. From the 1960s onward, they travelled from as far as Japan and Europe to compete. Courses lasting 3,100 miles to the finish line made the rally a challenge to complete, sometimes made worse by"}, {"context": "adverse weather conditions. The \"Unsinkable Seven\" nickname was awarded on two occasions, in 1963 and 1968, when a number of mishaps were caused by heavy rainfall, both before and during the rally. Also exclusion for a number of reasons including lateness and disqualification, meant that a large number of competitors had to retire. So only 8% finished, making it the lowest rate ever. Alternatively, the competitors are nicknamed \"The Magnificent Seven\". The idea of the rally began in 1950 when a pair of Nairobi businessmen, Neil and Donald Vincent, who recently had set a new record at the Nairobi \u2013"}, {"context": "Cape Town \u2013 Nairobi run, were approached by their cousin Eric Cecil, who was a chairman of the motorsport committee of the REAAA, to race at the 3.3 mile Langa Langa (now known as Gilgil) circuit that was made up of perimeter roads of a World War II military camp. The Vincents were unenthusiastic at the idea as they had grown tired of circuit racing but were interested in the idea of a long-distance driving event similar to the one in which they had competed for the previous year. Cecil considered a road race around Lake Victoria but shelved the"}, {"context": "idea when he realised that parts of northern Tanzania, where the race would be likely to take place, was prone to seasonal flooding, making that idea impractical. Eventually various ideas began to gel together forming the basis of the rally that was to be run over roads in the three African Great Lakes nations of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. This idea became a reality in 1953 when it was staged over the holidays as the East African Coronation Safari, a celebration of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Overseas interest grew from the 1959 rally, with entrants from the British"}, {"context": "motoring press. By the following year, the Safari was filmed for British television stations; by then over one hundred overseas journalists covered the event. Factory teams and drivers soon began to arrive, and the likes of the future husband and wife Pat Moss and Erik Carlsson competing in the event. With a course of 3,100 miles of bush road varying in elevation from sea level to 7,000 feet over a short period of days, that tested the limits of drivers and co-drivers and their machines with very little chance of a rest in between stages. The rally has sometimes been"}, {"context": "marred by flooding during a thunderstorm period, meaning route changes were necessary even before the start. Flooding also made the rally far more difficult with normally treacherous roads becoming booby traps with unseen and terrifying hazards. Each stage gave either large or small cars a disadvantage. High altitude of up to 9,000 feet above sea level gave a disadvantage to small cars as it robbed them of power, requiring altitude correctors to the carburettor main jet to maintain the correct air/fuel mixture to the engine. With flooding on the course, roads turned to mud, giving a disadvantage to larger cars"}, {"context": "as they slipped, slithered and ground to a halt on tracks where the rain and dust had combined to turn the roads into a sea of bottomless mud that saw cars bogged down to ground level. Many of the competitors resorted to using snow chains on their tyres, some of those stuck to their normal tyres instead of the snow tyres favoured by competitors. The deep treads of snow tyres offered more grip in the mud, but required more power. Many of the Volkswagen Beetle drivers favoured normal tyres as the car offered better traction in the mud. As a"}, {"context": "result, for those who were less fortunate, competitors got themselves trapped in the Mau Escarpment along the western rim of the Great Rift Valley. In 1960, it was renamed the East African Safari; in 1965 the \"Rally\" tag was added and kept that name until 1974, when it became the Safari Rally; by that time it was awarded a World Rally Championship status. Until 1970, Nairobi was the rally's start and finish point. The 1963 running of the rally, taking place between 11 and April 15, was significant as it was included for the first time as a qualifying round"}, {"context": "for the RAC World Rally Championship. It was also significant as Japanese factory teams (Nissan and Hino) made their debut there, which in the forthcoming years played a significant part in the rally; it also had the strongest contingents of factory teams at the time. With the demise of the Li\u00e8ge\u2013Sofia\u2013Li\u00e8ge Rally the previous year, the Safari was beginning to establish itself as the toughest rally on the calendar. Eighty-four cars of ninety-one registered entrants started the rally that ran on a 3,100 mile route through Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika over three days and four nights. With dry parts of"}, {"context": "the road earlier in the rally, Erik Carlsson comfortably led the rally earlier, leading the local Nick Nowicki in a Peugeot 404 by three minutes at Kampala and extending it over another local, Beau Younghusband, by half an hour at Nairobi until he ran into an ant bear at Mbulu, requiring repairs but retaining a fifteen-minute lead over Younghusband at Dar es Salaam. Carlsson's Saab 96 later succumbed to those damages, breaking a driveshaft. Younghusband's Ford Cortina began to lose oil and retired with a seized engine. By then the rally was marred by torrential downpours and floods causing chaos"}, {"context": "for competitors. The factory Ford team lost all their Cortinas \u2013 Moss, Anne Hall and Bert Shankland \u2013 as soon they entered Tanganyika. The Ford Anglia of Peter Hughes was to take the lead, but got stuck in the mud for 50 minutes and had to be helped out by eventual winner Nowicki, leaving himself to finish second. Amongst the factory drivers, Rauno Aaltonen participated in his second Safari with Tony Ambrose in a Morris 1100. They were amongst the top finishers until mud filled up the wheel arches of their car, effectively eliminating them. The factory Nissan Bluebird of"}, {"context": "Takashi Wakabayashi (who later managed the factory rally team, instrumental for its successes in the 1970s) and Yasuharu Nanba (who became the first president of the newly merged Nismo in 1984) were also casualties of the rally. The pairing of Bill Bengry and Gordon Goby was the only non-African team to finish. Only seven of the 84 starters who struggled back to the finish line lasted until the end and were awarded the nickname \"Unsinkable Seven\"; only 8% of those who started completed the rally, making it the record lowest rate ever. After a dry rally the previous year, the"}, {"context": "rally began as usual at Nairobi, then to Uganda before returning to Nairobi around Mount Elgon, then to Mount Kenya. The southern loop went through Mombasa, then south of Dar es Salaam, then back to Nairobi. Like it was five years earlier, it was chaos again with a thunderstorm anticipated; also the rains broke out six weeks earlier than expected and turned the route into one of the toughest and most hazardous ever, leading the organisers to extend the maximum lateness from four to eight hours. President Jomo Kenyatta came to flag away the first cars of the rally. Pat"}, {"context": "Moss in her Renault 16 retired when she crashed into a stone barrier erected by locals in Uganda. Timo M\u00e4kinen rolled his BMC 1800 before he reached Uganda; teammate Aaltonen, although he placed third at Kampala, failed to reach Nairobi. Rally leader Vic Preston in a semi-factory Ford Cortina Mk. II was excluded for missing passage control. Meanwhile, Joginder Singh in a factory Datsun Cedric led the twenty-one survivors but fell to fifth after engine problems slowed him down. Howard Lawrence-Brown in his Triumph 2000 regained the lead at Mombasa but by the time he reached Dar es Salaam, German"}, {"context": "born local Peter Huth in his Cortina overtook him. By the time the competitors reached Kiroka Pass, the chaos of previous years began when one of these sections was a path that was messed up by lorries, making crossing difficult, meaning that the rally leader Huth required an hour and a half to cover 20 miles and all others required more time for the same section. By the time he came to a flooded river to wait for the water to subside, he lost his lead as all others caught up with him. Nick Nowicki in his Peugeot 404 took"}, {"context": "the lead with Bert Shankland in the same car behind, but his car suffered from a split sump, sustained from a damaged steering earlier on with the crew topping up oil; this meant with just three controls to go, the engine gave up. Hugh Lionet in his Peugeot 204 was excluded for fixing a mud flap at the parc ferm\u00e9. Shekhar Mehta in his debut Safari driving in the same car also retired. As seven of those finished, the nickname was given to the group again; amongst those, only Nowicki and Singh were awarded it twice. Joginder Singh's co-driver, Briton"}, {"context": "Richard Bensted-Smith, was the only non-African to finish in this edition. Lucille Cardwell and Geraldine Davies' seventh and last place finish in this edition made them both the only women and the only all-female team to earn the Unsinkable Seven nickname. At that rate of those who finished, only 8% completed the rally, matching the 1963 record for the highest attrition rate of finishers. Until 1972, no foreign drivers won the rally until Hannu Mikkola broke through the African stranglehold. With the exceptions of Shekhar Mehta and Joginder Singh who dominated the 1970s and early 1980s, no other Africans managed"}, {"context": "to win the rally, with the exception of Ian Duncan in 1994, until the rally lost its WRC status in 2003 due to lack of funding and organisation but became part of the FIA organised African Rally Championship. Following the 1968 rally, no other editions could match the record of attrition rate of finishers with the fewest being ten cars (17%) in 1990, amongst fifty-nine starters. The 1968 rally was the last to be held in Tanzania due to political problems with the local government later in the year when they ruled that the rally was not permitted to enter"}, {"context": "into their territory. Unsinkable Seven Unsinkable Seven was a nickname given to the seven drivers and co-drivers who managed to survive to finish the notoriously difficult East African Safari Rally that began and ended in Kenya, in the unusually difficult rallies of 1963 and 1968. Inaugurated in 1953, the rally's notoriously tough conditions required cars to be adapted to cope; despite this, it made it popular with factory teams. From the 1960s onward, they travelled from as far as Japan and Europe to compete. Courses lasting 3,100 miles to the finish line made the rally a challenge to complete, sometimes"}]}, {"title": "College Valley", "paragraphs": [{"context": "College Valley The College Valley is one of five cuttings into the Cheviot Hills. The valley is owned by College Valley Estates which in turn is funded by a trust created by Sir James Knott MP. The valley is spectacularly beautiful and affords a serenely satisfying ascent of the Cheviot - 815 metres (2674 ft) - the highest peak in the area. The Estate covers approximately and is now managed by a Board of Directors whose duty is to manage it in a way that increases its value as an environmental, social and economic place of excellence. From north to"}, {"context": "south the estate is approximately 10 km and at its widest 7 km. There are over 105 km of roads and pathways criss crossing the College Valley. The valley is open to the public, but access by car is restricted to permit holders only and these are limited on a daily basis. There is one road into the valley. This starts at Kirknewton on the road between Wooler and Kirk Yetholm. On entering the valley itself the road splits into two, the right hand turn to Trowup burn. The left hand fork goes to the estate office and farm there"}, {"context": "up the main valley to the Cheviot itself. The valley is ringed by Bronze Age forts along the hill tops. There is evidence of habitation from very early times. More recently the estate was owned by Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood, then the Grey family of Howick Hall followed by Arthur Sutherland. The estate office is at Hethpool House, Kirknewton. After this there are a number of estate cottages designed in the arts and crafts style. Hethpool Mill is now converted into self-catering accommodation. There is evidence of habitation here back into the 13th century. As the valley approaches the"}, {"context": "Cheviot itself it splits into two. The right hand fork going to Mounthooly which is now a YHA hostel.The left hand fork going up to Goldsceugh by way of Coldburn cottage and Dunsdale house. The Cheviot. 815m The Schil. 600m. Black Hag.549m. Scald Hill. 546m Newton Tors. 537m Preston Hill.520m. Broadhope Hill.516m Saughieside Hill.487m Coldburn Hill. 484m Whitelaw Nick. 430m. Loft Hill.410 m. Madam Law.397m Eccles cairn.350m. Sinkside Hill. Great Hetha. White hill. 226m. College Valley The College Valley is one of five cuttings into the Cheviot Hills. The valley is owned by College Valley Estates which in turn is"}]}, {"title": "The Point Reyes Light", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Point Reyes Light The Point Reyes Light is a weekly newspaper published since 1948 in western Marin County, California. It is generally considered the newspaper of record for the region. The \"Light\" gained national attention in 1979 due to its reporting on a cult, Synanon, and the Pulitzer Prize awarded to the paper for this coverage. The paper is owned by Tess Elliott and David Briggs. In the late 2000s, the paper was itself the subject of local controversy and national coverage, based on a dispute between the then publishers (owners from 2005 to 2010) and their predecessors, over"}, {"context": "perceived changes in both style and content. The current editor, Tess Elliott, has restored the paper's original style, while continuing to improve content and upholding a standard of rigorous reporting and engaging prose. She and her partner David Briggs also created the \"North Coaster\", a quarterly guide to the northern California coast, featuring local artists, writers and poets. The \"Light\" covers regional issues in and near West Marin, including the communities of Point Reyes Station, Inverness, Olema, Bolinas, Inverness Park, Nicasio, Stinson Beach, the San Geronimo Valley, Tomales, and the nearby Point Reyes National Seashore, as well as Fairfax and"}, {"context": "Bodega Bay. Other media outlets serving this region include the community FM radio station KWMR. The Light purchased its years long competitor, the West Marin Citizen in 2015. Dave and Wilma Rogers on March 1, 1948, founded the paper as The Baywood Press, a name it retained for its first 18 years. At first, the paper was published in neighboring Inverness but moved to Point Reyes Station (present pop. 750) within a year. Its coverage area, which consisted of 14 small towns spread over , is known as West Marin. It was renamed the \"Point Reyes Light\" by publishers Don"}, {"context": "and Clara Mae DeWolfe in 1966 after the Point Reyes Lighthouse. For many years the logo in the newspaper's banner and masthead has been an image of the lens and upper structure of the Lighthouse. In 1951, Al and Madonna Bartlett, both experienced newspeople, bought the newspaper. Although they were one of the paper\u2019s few owners to ever make a profit, they sold it in 1956 to George and Nancy Sherman. In 1958, the Shermans sold The Baywood Press to Don and Clara Mae DeWolfe, who on September 8, 1966, renamed it The Point Reyes Light. Don DeWolfe later explained"}, {"context": "that he grew tired of out-of-town advertisers asking, \u201cWhere the hell is Baywood?\u201d DeWolfe owned the newspaper 13 years, counting on a commercial print shop to help keep the business profitable. In 1970, however, the DeWolfes sold The Point Reyes Light to Michael and Annabelle Gahagan. The Light in those days was still printed in-house on a 1910 flatbed, web Goss press. Production was laborious and expensive, and after six years of financial frustration, the Gahagans sold the newspaper to David and Cathy Mitchell, who had both previously worked for other newspapers. With their first issue in August 1975, the"}, {"context": "Mitchells converted The Light from hot-type to offset reproduction, farmed out the printing, and sold the old Goss press for $1. By using modern production techniques and a central printing plant, The Light eventually was able to make a small profit. When the Mitchells divorced in 1981, they sold The Light to Rosalie Laird and her short-term partner Ace Ramos. Laird owned The Light from October 1, 1981, to December 31, 1983, when David Mitchell reacquired it through a default action. Dave and Cathy Mitchell bought the \"Light\" in 1975 for $47,000, when its circulation was 1,700. Dave Mitchell became"}, {"context": "the editor and they were co-publishers. In 1979 under the Mitchells, the \"Light\" earned the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for reporting on a cult, Synanon, which had a major presence in the area and had attempted to murder an attorney who won a lawsuit against the cult. The \"San Francisco Examiner\" dropped their coverage of Synanon after libel threats. The Light won the Meritorious Public Service gold medal for an expos\u00e9 of Synanon Incorporated, a onetime drug-rehabilitation program that changed its name to the Church of Synanon and evolved into a violent cult. Mitchell began reporting on Synanon, which"}, {"context": "was headquartered in the nearby town of Marshall, in early 1978 as violent incidents involving its followers began coming to his newspaper\u2019s attention. At the height of its violence, Synanon members on October 10, 1978, tried to kill Los Angeles attorney Paul Morantz by planting a rattlesnake in his mailbox. Morantz survived being bitten, and in an October 19, 1978, article, Mitchell revealed that Synanon founder Charles Dederich had been calling for an attack on Morantz, who three weeks earlier had won a $300,000 judgment against the cult. Dederich and followers Lance Kenton and Joe Musico were later arrested and"}, {"context": "in July 1980 pleaded no contest to charges of conspiracy to commit murder. Working with his wife and University of California at Berkeley sociologist Richard Ofshe (an unpaid consultant for the Synanon investigation), Mitchell subsequently wrote The Light on Synanon: How a Country Weekly Exposed a Corporate Cult and Won the Pulitzer Prize. The book was published in 1980 by Seaview Books, then a wholly owned division of Playboy, and was made into a two-hour movie for CBS, \"Attack on Fear\". Lawyers for Synanon responded to the expos\u00e9 by filing six libel suits against the Mitchells. The Mitchells received a"}, {"context": "pro bono defense from Heller Ehrman White and McAuliffe, which in representing them won a significant victory for the state\u2019s press. In its 1984 decision Mitchell v. (Marin) Superior Court, the California Supreme Court ruled that reporters could often keep confidential sources secret in libel and other civil cases without forfeiting their defense. The cult settled the litigation it had instigated by paying the Mitchells $100,000, and Mitchell published a photo of the check on The Light\u2019s front page. The Mitchells sold the \"Light\" to Ace Ramos and Rosalee Laird in 1981. Dave Mitchell returned as editor and publisher in"}, {"context": "1984 after working for the \"San Francisco Examiner\" as a general assignment reporter and covering the wars in El Salvador and Guatemala. After Mitchell\u2019s return, the paper\u2019s longest-running story was a series on five historic waves of immigration to Point Reyes in the previous 150 years. Despite being a small-town weekly with only about 4,000 circulation, The Light sent reporters abroad four times in 13 years to interview relatives of Point Reyes\u2019 immigrant families to learn why some members left the old country and some did not. One purpose of the series was to defuse the term immigrant and put"}, {"context": "in perspective an ongoing immigration from Jalostotitl\u00e1n, Mexico. In 1988 and 1991, The Light sent reporters to Jalostotitl\u00e1n. It also hired 11-year-old Alicia Hernandez to write a weekly Spanish-language column describing West Marin from a young Latina\u2019s perspective, and in 1986, a special issue of Newsweek magazine named her one of \u201c100 New American Heroes.\u201d Highlights of all of those reports are featured in Mitchell's book, \"The Light On The Coast\", Despite its small size, the paper began sending reporters and photographers on overseas assignments to report on five waves of historic immigration to West Marin. In 1988 and 1991,"}, {"context": "The Light sent reporters to Jalostotitl\u00e1n in southern Mexico to report on immigration then underway. It also hired 11-year-old Alicia Hernandez to write a weekly column describing West Marin from a young Latina\u2019s perspective, and in 1986, a special issue of Newsweek magazine named her one of \u201c100 New American Heroes.\u201d In 1995, the paper sent reporters to Ticino, the Italian-speaking canton of Switzerland, and to war-torn Croatia. In 1997, a Light reporter went to Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, and Portugal\u2019s Azores to research historic immigrations from those islands. The immigration reports won both journalism awards and attention"}, {"context": "from other news media. In a special report on America\u2019s First Amendment, German\u2019s ARD television network in 1989 observed, \u201cAmerica\u2019s small newspapers top the list of things US citizens can take pride in, and among America\u2019s best small papers is The Point Reyes Light.\u201d In late 2005, Dave Mitchell sold the \"Light\" to Bolinas resident Robert Plotkin for $500,000. The two men soon had a falling out, culminating in an angry encounter outside the newspaper's office the following February. In May 2006, a Marin Superior Court commissioner issued an injunction that temporarily prohibited Mitchell from visiting the paper, as well"}, {"context": "as a three-year injunction (later dismissed in Marin Superior Court case no. CV 063456) barring him from contacting Plotkin and his family. The following August, Plotkin obtained a court injunction forbidding Mitchell from posting his column on the Bodega Bay Navigator website. The ruling was based on a non-competition clause signed by Mitchell at the time of the \"Light's\" sale. In January 2008, Mitchell and Plotkin said they had reached out-of-court settlements on \"...a pair of lawsuits and countersuits, which involved financial and non-financial matters.\" The terms were not disclosed. Plotkin initially relied on a succession of interns recruited from"}, {"context": "journalism schools for much of the paper's reporting. \"The only way to get the right esprit de corps \u2014 the people directed to a higher calling \u2014 is to invite [journalism students] to join the Round Table and go on a quest for the chalice,\" Plotkin told a \"Los Angeles Times\" reporter. \"I fashion myself as sort of a Che Guevara. This paper is the Dunkirk of literary journalism. Our backs are against the wall. The Huns are upon us. It's time to fight.\" In his first months, Plotkin published a sprinkling of edgier stories, which both stirred controversy while"}, {"context": "helping garner attention far beyond West Marin. Subjects included a local rapist, a body found by a mushroomer, and a satanic gathering near Point Reyes with a picture of a young woman biting into a severed goat head. Such stories, and the editorial sensibility behind them, led to angry letters from some readers, but also to profiles in the \"San Francisco Chronicle\", \"Los Angeles Times\" and \"New York Times\". In June 2006, Plotkin wrote editorial apologies for two items: a photo of young teens dancing in a manner that some saw as suggestive and for coverage that seemed to dismiss"}, {"context": "efforts by local merchants to encourage local shopping. The latter resulted in several merchants refusing to sell the next issue. During his first year, Plotkin wrote fewer editorials than Mitchell and less about the community. He sometimes took an unorthodox approach, such as publishing pictures of and by his children, as well as a 1920s essay by T. E. Lawrence. But a one-year anniversary issue composed largely of material reprinted from the previous 12 months displayed wide and varied local coverage with an emphasis on feature stories and profiles. Plotkin took the occasion to note that while circulation has increased,"}, {"context": "income was down due to more readers purchasing the newspaper from merchants, who take a 25% cut. As would later be revealed, income was also reduced by a bookkeeper's $62,000 embezzlement scheme. In April 2007, Plotkin converted production from manual paste-up to electronic publishing, while instituting a redesign by the Tampa firm Garcia Media that employed color pages and a more contemporary style. Plotkin also announced expanded coverage to Fairfax, a town bordering but outside West Marin. These changes further galvanized the newspaper's critics, who complained that the \"Light\" had lost its regional focus, local voice, and historical roots. A"}, {"context": "competing newspaper, the \"West Marin Citizen\", debuted on July 5, 2007 (following a pilot edition in June) \u2013 published by \"Bodega Bay Navigator\" publisher Joel Hack, edited by former \"Light\" managing editor Jim Kravets, and staffed by several of his former colleagues. The \"Citizen\"'s backers said the paper would place more emphasis on community reporting. In response, Plotkin noted that the \"Light\" had already become more community focused through the addition of a weekly calendar section, an expanded letters section, and a page marking noteworthy achievements. He predicted that reader interest in the new paper would be fleeting. The ensuing"}, {"context": "newspaper war would give West Marin two print newspapers at a time when many small communities had none. In \"Business Week\", Bodega Bay resident Peter Laufer wrote that, as a journalist, he missed a local newspaper more than a main square or a saloon. He wrote that the \"Navigator\" had become a \"minimal Internet presence\" due to scarce advertising dollars, driving Hack to compete instead \"...with the now infamous \"Point Reyes Light\".\" The \"Light\" and the \"Citizen\" were the subject of a critique in the January 2008 Columbia Journalism Review. Author Jonathan Rowe, a station host at KWMR, described the"}, {"context": "struggles of the \"Light\" under Plotkin, including Plotkin's reliance on unpaid interns, perceived lack of coverage of local civic matters, and house style that, Rowe argued, appears written more for an outside audience than for the community. In 2008, the \"Light\"'s income dropped 37 percent, resulting in a loss of between $5,000 and $15,000 a month. In a January 2009 editorial, Plotkin wrote that the \"Light\" had been hit by some of the same factors affecting the entire sector, including the economic downturn, a loss of retail and real estate advertising, as well as classified advertising that had shifted to"}, {"context": "Craigslist. With credit difficult to obtain, Robert Plotkin and his wife, Lys Plotkin, sought a buyer and considered two offers: from a local newspaper chain, Marinscope, and a locally owned limited liability company called Mount Vision Associates, which proposed merging the \"Light\" and the \"Citizen\". Neither deal panned out. While the numbers under negotiation were not disclosed, Plotkin wrote that in 2005, he had purchased the \"Light\" and a sister publication, \"The Coastal Traveler\", for $500,000. By 2008, he estimated that the value of the \"Light\" alone was $274,000. The potential sale to Mount Vision was also hampered by the"}, {"context": "terms of the proposed deal. Plotkin wrote that the LLC only offered to buy the \"Light\"\u2019s name, website and files, \u201c...leaving me with all the liabilities, including cyclical bills and taxes.\u201d He wrote that the deal would have also involved firing the entire staff without severance pay. The three members of Mount Vision, including author Philip Fradkin, responded in a \"Citizen\" guest column that their offer was based on an appraisal conducted by the former publisher of a regional weekly newspaper who had studied the \"Light\"'s books. The group wrote that their offer was for the newspaper's assets, not its"}, {"context": "liabilities, \"...which would have economically sunk any succeeding publication,\" and that the while the merged paper could not guarantee employment, that decision would have been made by a different organizational structure than their own. In an effort to restore the paper to financial health, the Plotkins announced price raises for both newsstand copies and subscriptions, as well as Lys taking over as the \"Light\"'s publisher, leaving Robert to work full time on \"The Coastal Traveler\". He noted that with this new regime, the \"Light\" would be markedly different than the one he first published, with a different publisher, editor, and"}, {"context": "advertising manager. The paper \"...has tempered its provocation but never its investigatory zeal. It has grown gentler and kinder but not lost its strength, much like the three women who lead it now.\" On May 21, 2010, the \"Light\" was sold to the Marin Media Institute, and now operates as a low-profit limited liability company. Art Rogers has provided photographs published in the feature \"Point Reyes Family Album' since 1975. The Album's pages include portraits of babies and newlyweds, panoramic photos of multi-generation familily gatherings, and then-and-now pairings showing the passage of time in local families and places. One of"}, {"context": "Rogers' 1980 photos for the Album, of a local couple holding eight puppies, was used by Jeff Koons as the basis for a sculpture called \"String of Puppies,\" After Koons put several of the sculptures on sale at a New York gallery, Rogers sued for copyright infringement, winning at the District Court in 1990 and winning an appeal in 1992. (See Rogers v. Koons.) The case was eventually settled out of court and is frequently referred to in articles on the appropriation or \"transformative reinterpretation\" of one artist's work by another. Dewey Livingston is a celebrated historian and the author"}, {"context": "of \"Nicasio: The Historic Valley at the Center of Marin\", \"Tamalpais Trails and Point Reyes Peninsula: Olema, Point Reyes Station, and Inverness\". In addition to the 1979 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service, the \"Point Reyes Light\" consistently wins awards from the California Newspaper Publishers Association and National Newspaper Association, including nine awards for work done in 2006. The Point Reyes Light The Point Reyes Light is a weekly newspaper published since 1948 in western Marin County, California. It is generally considered the newspaper of record for the region. The \"Light\" gained national attention in 1979 due to its reporting on"}]}, {"title": "Chief Ngwenyathi Dumalisile", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Chief Ngwenyathi Dumalisile Ngwenyathi Dumalisile was enthroned in 2010 as a Xhosa chief of the AmaJingqi, in the Nkonkobe Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape. The chief is fondly known as Tshawe to his followers. AmaJinngqi is a rural village situated in the former Transkei\u2019s Willowvale area. The Amajingqi Traditional Council has cluster of 22 villages under its jurisdiction, an area covering 161.57 km\u00b2 with a population of 11441 (70.81 per km\u00b2). The Chief was born to Chief Mandlenkosi Dumalisile and Nkosikazi Nobantu Dumalisile. His father ruled the area for 45 years before stepping down, when he turned 80 years"}, {"context": "old. Chief Ngwenyathi Dumalisile married Princess Nomathamsanqa Dumalisile of AmaBhaca in January 1992. She was a trained teacher and managed the education-centred projects. This included supervising the building of a community library facility in which children could read, play and study. She resigned from her teaching job in 2013 to work with her husband to realise the 30-year development programme of AmaJingqi. The princess died unexpectedly in St George\u2019s Hospital in Port Elizabeth in the early hours of 19 May 2016 from an aneurysm. Chief Ngwenyathi Dumalisile and his princess had three children, Ngcwelekazi, Nkosendalo and Thina. The chief\u2019s homestead,"}, {"context": "known as the Shixini Great Place, contains a mobile charging bank and an information centre where community members can access the internet and print documents. Chief Ngwenyathi Dumalisile obtained a B.A. in Law from the University of the Transkei (now Walter Sisulu University), where he studied legal theory and politics. He also holds diplomas in Business Management and Retail Marketing from the University of Witwatersrand. While in India receiving his diplomatic training, he abandoned his political career and decided against being a foreign diplomat before returning home to the Transkei. Upon returning home from India, he could not find a"}, {"context": "job so he started his own business selling medical equipment bought in Germany. He was enthroned in 2010 when his father Chief Mandlenkosi Dumalisile stepped down. Dumalisile was involved in the struggle against South African Apartheid government then worked in the government\u2019s Public Service Commission and Department of Foreign Affairs. \"Towards 30-Year Rural-Based Industrialisation: AmaJingqi Community Development Path\", written by Chief Ngwenyathi Dumalisile documented the vision to transform AmaJingqi from a poor, remote area to a successful model for rural development. The chief has partnered with stakeholders such as government, parastatals, non-governmental organizations and the province\u2019s Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University."}, {"context": "His rural industrialisation plan was launched in the hope that it would encourage a return to traditional values and help attach a high value to education. He approached South Africa\u2019s Department of Energy to identify and make use of the area\u2019s natural resources for development purposes. Together they identified macadamia as a low-volume, high income crop which would be suitable for the area\u2019s physiography. He launched the Eastern Cape\u2019s second macadamia farming project in 2015. Between August and December 2015, 50 people had been trained and started working full-time planting the seed, tilling the land and erecting fences. 142 more"}, {"context": "jobs were created in his collaboration with the Department of Water Affairs and Environmental Affairs to treat water and eradicate invasive alien plants. The project, which already generates income and upskills members of the community was projected to cover 3km2 of land and create an additional 300 jobs, boosting the area\u2019s poor economy. In his efforts to improve AmaJingqi\u2019s underserved education, nine educare centres were established and registered, giving 217 children access to early learning. AmaJingqi\u2019s eight public schools all now have libraries with iPad stations. Youth-run extramural activities include reading, soccer and computer literacy programmes for which the co-ordinators"}, {"context": "were trained. His partnership with The Services SETA resulted in R20 million of funding to use towards training people in various fields such as enterprise development. He sits on the boards of Indibano to Harvest & Shekinah Developmental Networks and is a member of Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa. In 2015, he approached the South African Police Service (SAPS) about the rapid spread of stores in Willowvale that were suspected of selling liquor without valid licenses. Dumalisile believed that the mushrooming of illegal taverns would result in more crime in the area. During the operation, in collaboration with"}, {"context": "the SAPS and the Eastern Cape Liquor Board, 428 litres of liquor was confiscated, nine cases of illegal trade were opened, with fines were issued to the accused. Chief Ngwenyathi Dumalisile Ngwenyathi Dumalisile was enthroned in 2010 as a Xhosa chief of the AmaJingqi, in the Nkonkobe Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape. The chief is fondly known as Tshawe to his followers. AmaJinngqi is a rural village situated in the former Transkei\u2019s Willowvale area. The Amajingqi Traditional Council has cluster of 22 villages under its jurisdiction, an area covering 161.57 km\u00b2 with a population of 11441 (70.81 per km\u00b2)."}]}, {"title": "Lyubomir Hranov", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Lyubomir Hranov Lyubomir Hranov (; 2 July 1923 \u2013 27 August 2011) was a Bulgarian international footballer who played as a midfielder for clubs in Bulgaria. Hranov began playing football for local clubs ZhSK Sofia and PFC Levski Sofia. He won the Bulgarian league five times and won the Bulgarian Cup three times. He was the league top-scorer in 1950 with 11 goals. He made two appearances for the Bulgaria national football team. After he retired from playing football, Hranov managed several clubs, including FC Cherveno Zname Kyustendil, FC Arda, FC Bdin, FC Dorostol and FC Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa. Hranov"}, {"context": "died at age 88 on 28 August 2011. Lyubomir Hranov Lyubomir Hranov (; 2 July 1923 \u2013 27 August 2011) was a Bulgarian international footballer who played as a midfielder for clubs in Bulgaria. Hranov began playing football for local clubs ZhSK Sofia and PFC Levski Sofia. He won the Bulgarian league five times and won the Bulgarian Cup three times. He was the league top-scorer in 1950 with 11 goals. He made two appearances for the Bulgaria national football team. After he retired from playing football, Hranov managed several clubs, including FC Cherveno Zname Kyustendil, FC Arda, FC Bdin,"}]}, {"title": "Geoffrey the Monk", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Geoffrey the Monk Geoffrey the Monk was the count of Marash in the Principality of Antioch (now Kahramanmara\u015f, Turkey) from around 1114 to 1124. The first reference to Geoffrey was connected to his participation in the Battle of the \"Field of Blood\". In this battle, Ilghazi, the Artuqid ruler of Mardin almost annihilated the army of Roger of Salerno, the ruler of Antioch on 28 June, 1119. According to the 12th-century historian William of Tyre, Geoffrey and Guy Fresnel jointly commanded a battle-line. Geoffrey managed to escape from the battlefield after Ilghazi's victory. William of Tyre described Geoffrey as a"}, {"context": "\"magnate of the region\", without specifying his title. Geoffrey the Monk Geoffrey the Monk was the count of Marash in the Principality of Antioch (now Kahramanmara\u015f, Turkey) from around 1114 to 1124. The first reference to Geoffrey was connected to his participation in the Battle of the \"Field of Blood\". In this battle, Ilghazi, the Artuqid ruler of Mardin almost annihilated the army of Roger of Salerno, the ruler of Antioch on 28 June, 1119. According to the 12th-century historian William of Tyre, Geoffrey and Guy Fresnel jointly commanded a battle-line. Geoffrey managed to escape from the battlefield after Ilghazi's"}]}, {"title": "Mexican Federal Highway 145D", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mexican Federal Highway 145D Federal Highway 145D is a toll highway in the state of Veracruz. It connects southern Veracruz to Mexican Federal Highway 150D, continuing the other road's east-west trajectory. The road is operated by Caminos y Puentes Federales, who charges a toll of 183 pesos per car to travel Highway 145D. Highway 145D begins at an interchange with Highway 150D at La Tinaja, facilitating access to the port of Veracruz or further down Highway 150D toward Puebla and Mexico City. From there, the road heads southeast. At an interchange in Cosamaloapan, travelers encounter one of the highway's two"}, {"context": "toll plazas; the other is located at Acayucan, where it meets Highway 185. The route designation ends at the interchange with Mexican Federal Highway 185 serving Cosoleacaque and Minatitl\u00e1n. The Cosoleacaque-Nuevo Teapa stretch of Highway 180D continues the west-east routing past Minatitl\u00e1n and the Coatzacoalcos River toward Nuevo Teapa. Grupo Mexicano de Desarrollo built the highway and operated it until 1998. Mexican Federal Highway 145D Federal Highway 145D is a toll highway in the state of Veracruz. It connects southern Veracruz to Mexican Federal Highway 150D, continuing the other road's east-west trajectory. The road is operated by Caminos y Puentes"}]}, {"title": "Katie Eder", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Katie Eder Katie Eder is a 19-year-old activist and social entrepreneur who founded and has lead three social impact ventures: 50 Miles More, Kids Tales, and The Future Coalition where she is currently the Executive Director. Katie Eder was born and raised in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Katie graduated from Shorewood High School in 2018 and will attend Stanford University in the fall of 2019. She is the youngest of five children. When Katie was 13 years old, she founded a nonprofit organization, Kids Tales, to bring creative writing workshops, taught by teens, to kids who do not have access to writing"}, {"context": "experiences outside of school. During a Kids Tales workshop, kids write a short story that is published in an anthology, a real book. Fifteen hundred kids in nine countries have participated in Kids Tales workshops. Kids Tales has engaged over 400 teen teachers and published 90 anthologies. The International Literacy Association, the National Writing Project, Ashoka\u2019s Youth Venture, AFS-USA, and Youth Service America have recognized Katie and Kids Tales for \u201cturning ideas for change into real action.\u201d After the 2018 March For Our Lives events ended on March 24th, Katie and other students from her high school organized a 50"}, {"context": "mile march from Madison, WI to Janesville, WI the hometown of U.S. Speaker of the House Paul Ryan\u2019s to call him out for his role in blocking and burying gun legislation. This 50 Miles More march lead Katie and her team to launch a nationwide campaign called #50more in #50states to challenge the other 49 states to hold 50 Mile Marches to the hometown or office of one of their NRA-backed elected officials to demand they take action to end gun violence. 50 Miles More also innovated a nationwide youth-led voter engagement initiative targeting these newly engaged marchers to get"}, {"context": "them to the polls to vote in November. Katie led 50 Miles More to forge alliances with other youth-led organizations across the country to form the Future Coalition, a national network and community for young people and youth-led organizations with the goal of making the future a better, safer, and more just place for everyone. The Future Coalition connects youth-led organizations and youth leaders across the United States to share resources and ideas. The Future Coalition just completed their launching initiative, Walkout to Vote, for the November midterm elections. Katie Eder Katie Eder is a 19-year-old activist and social entrepreneur"}]}, {"title": "Mickleton, New Jersey", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mickleton, New Jersey Mickleton is an unincorporated community located within East Greenwich Township in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. The area is served as United States Postal Service ZIP Code 08056. As of the 2000 United States Census, the population for ZIP Code Tabulation Area 08056 was 2,469. However, in recent years with major suburban housing development, Mickleton along with the rest of East Greenwich has experienced a major population boom. Mickleton's Quaker roots can still be seen in its \"Friend's Meeting House\", a Quaker church, and in the \"Little Red School House\", a schoolhouse building from the 17th"}, {"context": "and 18th centuries. People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Mickleton include: Mickleton, New Jersey Mickleton is an unincorporated community located within East Greenwich Township in Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. The area is served as United States Postal Service ZIP Code 08056. As of the 2000 United States Census, the population for ZIP Code Tabulation Area 08056 was 2,469. However, in recent years with major suburban housing development, Mickleton along with the rest of East Greenwich has experienced a major population boom. Mickleton's Quaker roots can still be seen in its \"Friend's Meeting"}]}, {"title": "Newton Cannon", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Newton Cannon Newton Cannon (May 22, 1781 \u2013 September 16, 1841) was an American politician who served as Governor of Tennessee from 1835 to 1839. He also served several terms in the United States House of Representatives, from 1814 to 1817, and from 1819 to 1823. Cannon was a long-time foe of Andrew Jackson, and spent much of his political career opposing Jacksonite policies. Born in Guilford County, North Carolina, Cannon was the son of Minos Cannon, who served as a soldier in the Continental Army. The family moved to the area that later became Williamson County, Tennessee, around 1790."}, {"context": "Cannon received a common school education and tried several occupations as a young man, working as a saddler, merchant and surveyor, and undertaking the study of law, before eventually becoming a planter in Williamson County. Cannon entered political office in 1811, representing Williamson, Rutherford, Maury, Bedford, Lincoln, and Giles counties in the state senate in the 9th Tennessee General Assembly (1811\u20131812). He served in the Creek War of 1813 as a colonel in the Tennessee Mounted Rifles. In 1813, he was a candidate for United States House of Representatives, losing the election to Felix Grundy. He won election to the"}, {"context": "seat as a Democratic- Republican the following year, however, in a special election held after Grundy resigned. Cannon was later reelected to a full term in the House, serving from September 16, 1814, to March 3, 1817. In 1819, he accepted an assignment from President James Monroe to negotiate a treaty with the Chickasaw. He was again elected to the U.S. House for the 16th Congress and won re-election to the 17th Congress, serving from March 4, 1819, to March 3, 1823. Cannon first sought the Tennessee governorship in 1827 in a field that initially included Sam Houston, former governor"}, {"context": "Willie Blount, Felix Grundy, and aging frontiersman John Rhea. Cannon lost the election to Houston by a vote of 44,426 to 33,410. He subsequently returned to the General Assembly as a state senator, representing Rutherford and Williamson counties in the 18th General Assembly (1829\u20131830), and aligned himself with Andrew Erwin, John Williams and Davy Crockett, to oppose the policies of Jackson and his allies. He was elected as a delegate to the Tennessee Constitutional Convention of 1834, at which he served as chairman of the Committee of the Whole. Cannon again ran for governor in 1835, defeating incumbent William Carroll"}, {"context": "by a vote of 41,970 to 31,205. Carroll had been a popular governor, but he was seeking a fourth consecutive two-year term in spite of a provision of the state constitution that limited a governor to three terms. Carroll maintained that the gubernatorial term limit in the state's original constitution no longer applied because it was replaced by a new constitution in 1834. Cannon, however, argued that the 1834 constitution was a revision rather than a replacement for the original constitution. Cannon's view apparently prevailed with the voters. Cannon's election was also aided by division among Tennessee Democrat-Republicans over the"}, {"context": "U.S. Presidential candidacy of Tennessean Hugh Lawson White in opposition to the national party's choice of Martin Van Buren. Cannon was the first member of the Whig Party to be elected governor of Tennessee. He became the first governor to benefit from increased powers given to the office by the state constitution of 1834. As governor, in 1836 he convened the first special session of the legislature in state history. Cannon was re-elected to a second term as governor in 1837, defeating General Robert Armstrong. In his second term as governor, both houses of the General Assembly were controlled by"}, {"context": "Whigs, and the legislature approved proposals to create a new state bank and to expand state support for internal improvements such as roads, railroads, and canals. An advocate for public education, Cannon designated some revenues from the state bank to pay for schools. Cannon was publicly criticized for his implementation of the new laws, especially in East Tennessee, where voters grew impatient over his lack of support for the Hiwassee Railroad. In 1839, state Democrats, determined to defeat Cannon, convinced rising politician and Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives James K. Polk to run against him. The two candidates"}, {"context": "toured the state together to give a series of public debates, the first of which took place at Murfreesboro on April 11, 1839. Cannon typically delivered slower, more methodical arguments, and was outshone in the debates by the quicker and wittier Polk. In the election, Polk narrowly defeated Cannon by a vote of 54,680 to 52,114. Cannon wanted to run against Polk in 1841, but Whig leaders instead nominated James C. Jones, thinking that Cannon would not be able to defeat Polk. Cannon died in Nashville at the age of sixty, just two years after his last candidacy for governor."}, {"context": "He is interred in a cemetery on the grounds of his estate in Williamson County near Allisona. Throughout his political career, Newton Cannon was known for his personal and political antagonism toward Andrew Jackson, whose policies he consistently opposed. Three different supposed interactions between the two men all have been suggested as explanations for the origin of Cannon's antipathy to Jackson. The earliest of these interactions involved a horse track known as Clover Bottom that Jackson owned together with a pair of brothers, William and Patten Anderson. Cannon is purported to have lost substantial amounts of money and other possessions"}, {"context": "from gambling at Clover Bottom, and is said to have blamed Jackson and the Andersons for his losses, suspecting them of fixing races. The second encounter occurred in 1812 when Cannon served on a jury in a trial of Jonathan Magness who, with his two sons David and Perry Green, had been accused of murder in the death of Patten Anderson. After the jury returned a verdict of not guilty, Jackson is said to have shaken his fist at Cannon, saying \"I'll mark you, young man.\" Perhaps the most compelling explanation is Cannon's disapproval of Jackson's military leadership when he"}, {"context": "served as a detachment leader under Jackson's command during the Creek War. Cannon is said to have believed that Jackson had deliberately exposed Cannon and his men to unnecessary dangers. Cannon was married twice. In 1813, he married Leah Pryor Perkins. She died in 1816. In 1818, he married Rachel Starnes Willborn. He was the father of ten children. A daughter, Rachel Adeline Cannon Maney, was for many years an owner of the Oaklands estate in Murfreesboro. The Civil War journals of a grandson, also named Newton Cannon, were published in 1963 as \"The Reminiscences of Newton Cannon: First Sergeant,"}, {"context": "11th Tennessee Cavalry, C.S.A.\" Cannon County, Tennessee, which was established during Cannon's governorship, is named in his honor. Newton Cannon Newton Cannon (May 22, 1781 \u2013 September 16, 1841) was an American politician who served as Governor of Tennessee from 1835 to 1839. He also served several terms in the United States House of Representatives, from 1814 to 1817, and from 1819 to 1823. Cannon was a long-time foe of Andrew Jackson, and spent much of his political career opposing Jacksonite policies. Born in Guilford County, North Carolina, Cannon was the son of Minos Cannon, who served as a soldier"}]}, {"title": "Duckens Nazon", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Duckens Nazon Duckens Moses Nazon (born 7 April 1994) is a French-born Haitian footballer who plays as a striker for Belgian club Sint-Truiden. After going through the youth system at Vannes, the forward joined FC Lorient's reserve team in 2013. Later that year, he joined French fourth-tier side US Roye. After brief stints at Olympique Saint-Quentin and Stade Lavallois, he joined Kerala Blasters in the Indian Super League on September 2016. Three months later, on 13 January 2017, he signed a six-month deal with English Championship side Wolverhampton Wanderers, becoming part of their under-23 team. On 4 August 2017 he"}, {"context": "went out on loan to League Two side Coventry City until January 2018. He made his English league debut for the club the following day as a substitute in a 3\u20130 win against Notts County. On 8 August 2017 he scored his first goal in English football, scoring in the Sky Blues' 1\u20133 League Cup defeat to Blackburn. He scored 8 goals in 24 appearances in all competitions in his six-month loan spell. The club later gained promotion to League One via the play-offs. Nazon was then loaned out to League One side Oldham Athletic until the end of the"}, {"context": "season. He scored 6 goals in 16 appearances for the club as they saw relegation to League Two. On 14 June 2018, Nazon joined Belgian First Division A club Sint-Truiden on a three-year-deal for an undisclosed fee. He earned his first cap for the Haiti team on 5 March 2014 against Kosovo (draw 0\u20130). In the 2015 Gold Cup, Duckens Nazon was Haiti's hero. Without his help, Haiti would not have qualified for the knock-out stage, even though they were eliminated in the quarterfinal against Jamaica. Nazon scored the only two goals for Haiti in the 2015 Gold Cup group"}, {"context": "stage, helping his team get second place and advancing to the knockout stages. On September 10, 2018 in a competitive game against Sint Maarten, he scored five goals, a record for Haiti. Duckens Nazon Duckens Moses Nazon (born 7 April 1994) is a French-born Haitian footballer who plays as a striker for Belgian club Sint-Truiden. After going through the youth system at Vannes, the forward joined FC Lorient's reserve team in 2013. Later that year, he joined French fourth-tier side US Roye. After brief stints at Olympique Saint-Quentin and Stade Lavallois, he joined Kerala Blasters in the Indian Super League"}]}, {"title": "Second Wind Fund", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Second Wind Fund The Second Wind Fund is a youth suicide prevention program located in the Denver, Colorado Metro area, United States. Second Wind Fund provides access to professional counseling services for youth 19 and under who are uninsured or underinsured and at-risk for suicide. Over 5,000 youth have been referred from approximately 400 schools and other agencies and organizations throughout 30 different counties in Colorado. While other suicide prevention organizations offer broad suicide prevention education and awareness, Second Wind Fund offers actual treatment services to at-risk children and youth. Second Wind Fund has built an innovative program to match"}, {"context": "children and youth ages 19 and younger, who are at risk of suicide, with a licensed therapist in their local community. Referrals are typically made by school mental health staff (School Counselors, Social Workers or Psychologists) and sometimes by other mental health professionals. Home schooled youth or those no longer attending school are also eligible. If the referred youth is at risk for suicide and does not have adequate insurance or the means to pay for the necessary mental health treatment, the cost of therapy for up to 12 individual sessions is paid for by Second Wind Fund. Second Wind"}, {"context": "Fund believes that all communities and people are affected by suicide and that open, honest communication about the pervasiveness of suicide is critical to reducing its incidence. Second Wind Fund The Second Wind Fund is a youth suicide prevention program located in the Denver, Colorado Metro area, United States. Second Wind Fund provides access to professional counseling services for youth 19 and under who are uninsured or underinsured and at-risk for suicide. Over 5,000 youth have been referred from approximately 400 schools and other agencies and organizations throughout 30 different counties in Colorado. While other suicide prevention organizations offer broad"}]}, {"title": "Trade guilds of South India", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Trade guilds of South India Southern Indian trade guilds were formed by merchants in order to organise and expand their trading activities. Trade guilds became channels through which Indian culture was exported to other lands. From the 11th century to the 13th century, South Indian trade in Southeast-Asia was dominated by the Cholas; and it replaced the Pallava influence of the previous centuries. Before the rise of the Cholas, inscriptions from Java, Indonesia, mention only the Kalingas as foreign visitors from the eastern coast of India. In 1021 AD an inscription added Dravidas to the list of maritime powers, and"}, {"context": "they were then replaced by the Colikas (Cholas), in the year 1053 AD. The Kalinga traders (of modern Orissa) brought red colored stone decorative objects for trade. Kalinga was also an important source of cotton textiles to Southeast Asia at an early date. In the Tamil Sangam classic, \"Chirupanattuppadai\" (line 96), there is a mention of blue \"Kalingam\". Fine garments of high quality cotton imported from Kalinga country into the Tamil country were called \"Kalingam\", which shows that Kalinga was an exporter of cotton at an early date. Several trade guilds operated in medieval Southern India such as the Gatrigas,"}, {"context": "Nakaras, Mummuridandas, Ayyavole-500, Ubhayananadesigal, Settis, Settiguttas, Birudas, Biravaniges, Gavares, etc. Temples were the pivot around which socio-economic activities of the land revolved. Some trade guilds, such as the Nakaras and Gavares, met only in the temple premises. Some trade guilds were very powerful and decided the fortunes of the kingdom. One example is the trade guild of Nanadeshis who not only financed local development projects and temple-constructions but also lent money to the kings. The rulers did their best to accommodate the guilds because of the benefit they derived from them. Trade guilds employed troops, enjoyed immunities, and had international"}, {"context": "connections and thus constituted a state within a state. Trade guilds were often independent bodies over which kings tried to exercise control; and sometimes failed. One such example relates to the bankers and money-changers of the Bahmani Kingdom who ignored all warnings and melted all new coins that fell into their hands and supplied the metal to the mints of Warangal and Vijayanagar. Some trade guilds are listed below. Trade guilds of South India Southern Indian trade guilds were formed by merchants in order to organise and expand their trading activities. Trade guilds became channels through which Indian culture was"}]}, {"title": "Old Man Logan", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Old Man Logan Old Man Logan is an alternative version of the Marvel Comics character Wolverine. This character is an aged Wolverine set in an alternate future universe designated Earth-807128, where the supervillains overthrew the superheroes. Introduced as a self-contained story arc within the \"Wolverine\" ongoing series by writer Mark Millar and artist Steve McNiven, the character became popular with fans. After the Death of Wolverine, X-23 took the mantle of Wolverine, but Old Man Logan was brought in to serve as an X-Man and featured in his own ongoing series. Old Man Logan actually debuted as a character in"}, {"context": "Mark Millar's run on \"Fantastic Four\", which featured characters who are heavily implied to be the aged Wolverine and Bruce Banner Jr. as an adult. \"Wolverine: Old Man Logan\" started as an eight-issue storyline from the \"Wolverine\" ongoing series by writer Mark Millar and artist Steve McNiven, published by Marvel Comics in June 2008. The series ran through \"Wolverine\" #66\u201372 and ended in \"Wolverine Giant-Size Old Man Logan\" #1 on September 9, 2009. Old Man Logan debuted in his solo series during the 2015 \"Secret Wars\" storyline, written by Brian Michael Bendis with art by Andrea Sorrentino. This story is"}, {"context": "continued in an ongoing series with the same name beginning in January 2016, written by Jeff Lemire with Sorrentino returning as artist. The United States of Earth-807128 has been conquered and divided among supervillains, with territories belonging to the Abomination (later conquered by the Hulk), Magneto (later conquered by a new Kingpin), Doctor Doom, and the Red Skull, who has named himself President of the United States. Superheroes have been wiped out of existence, with the few survivors in hiding. Logan lives with his wife Maureen and young children Scotty and Jade on a barren plot of land in Sacramento,"}, {"context": "California, now part of the territory known as Hulkland. Needing money to pay rent to his landlords the Hulk Gang (the incestuous hillbilly grandchildren of the Hulk and his first cousin She-Hulk), Logan accepts a job from a now-blind Hawkeye to help him travel east to the capital of New Babylon and deliver a secret package (which Logan assumes to be drugs). Logan and Hawkeye encounter several diversions on their journey. They rescue Hawkeye's daughter Ashley Barton (who seems to be an aspiring Spider-Girl) from the clutches of the new Kingpin. She murders Kingpin and reveals her intention to seize"}, {"context": "his territory of Hammer Falls (formerly Las Vegas). They escape a cluster of Moloids who are destroying cities by sinking them from beneath the surface. They then get chased by a Venom symbiote-infused dinosaur (imported from the Savage Land), but they are rescued and teleported by the White Queen and Black Bolt. Throughout the story it is reiterated that the \"Wolverine\" persona died the day the villains attacked and that since then, Logan has refused to use his claws (however, in \"Old Man Logan\" #14 (2016) Logan used his claws once after this event, albeit briefly, to destroy the Silent"}, {"context": "Order's leadership). Flashbacks reveal that on the night the attack happened, a group of 40 supervillains attacked the X-Mansion. Unable to locate his teammates, Logan slaughtered the attackers to ensure the safety of the mutant children. As the last \"attacker\", Bullseye, was killed, Logan realized that the entire assault was an illusion created by Mysterio and his perceived enemies were actually his fellow X-Men. This destroyed Wolverine emotionally and mentally, and he fled the mansion and wandered away to a train track in shock and shame. Though he made a subsequent suicide attempt by allowing a freight train to run"}, {"context": "him over, Logan could not actually kill himself, but had effectively killed \"Wolverine\". When they arrive at the capital, Hawkeye delivers his package to an underground resistance group hoping to begin a new team like the Avengers. The package contains Super-Soldier Formula, enough to form an army, but Hawkeye's clients expose themselves as undercover S.H.I.E.L.D. agents. They shoot and kill Logan and Hawkeye. Logan's body heals, and he awakens in Red Skull's trophy room amongst the armaments and costumes of fallen superheroes. Without using his claws, he kills Red Skull's men and engages Red Skull himself, eventually decapitating him with"}, {"context": "Captain America's shield. He grabs a briefcase of money (their intended reward for the delivery) and uses pieces of Iron Man's armor to fly back home. Upon arriving, Logan discovers that, in his absence, the Hulk Gang murdered his family and left the bodies unburied. His neighbor, Abraham Donovan, states that Logan's family was killed when the Hulk Gang got tired of waiting for their payment. This results in Logan finally unleashing his claws. He seeks out and slaughters the Hulk's grandchildren Beau, Bobbie-Jo, Charlie, Elrod, Eustace, Luke, Otis, Rufus and Woody before encountering Old Man Banner himself who displays"}, {"context": "monstrous strength, even in his human form. It is implied that the gamma poisoning in his body had begun to deteriorate his sanity in his old age. Banner reveals that while the murder of Logan's family was intended as a message to others, he really just wanted to get Logan angry enough to fight him because he had gotten bored with being a \"super-villain landlord\", like the others. In his Hulk form, Banner is enormous, bigger than the Hulk has ever been shown before, and easily defeats Logan and then consumes him. Logan recuperates within Banner's stomach and bursts out,"}, {"context": "killing the Hulk. Afterward, he discovers a baby Hulk named Bruce Banner, Jr. A month later, Logan and his neighbors hold a small memorial for Logan's family. With nothing left of his old home, Logan then says he plans to defeat all the new world villains and bring peace to the land\u2014with himself and Bruce Banner, Jr. being the first members of a new group of superheroes\u2014before riding off into the sunset. When the Multiverse was destroyed and Battleworld was created, a different version from another universe of \"Old Man Logan\" is reborn on the Battleworld domain called the Wastelands,"}, {"context": "a re-creation of his native reality with his memories still intact, although he does not know how he arrived in Battleworld. After having declared to set his world right, Logan disrupts a poker game between the Gladiator and his Flying Devils, and he ends their human trafficking ring by killing them, freeing those imprisoned. While on the way back to meet with Danielle Cage, Logan witnesses the head of an Ultron Sentinel fall from above. Wishing to investigate further, he brings it along with him back home, where Bruce Jr. and Danielle also reside. After explaining this new development, he"}, {"context": "investigates the head's origins. He visits Hammer Falls and meets with the dying Emma Frost, and he learns that the head is from beyond the Wastelands, so he begins traveling beyond his domain. When Logan trespasses upon its borders, he is approached by an unidentified Thor of the Thor Corps. She attacks Logan with a lightning bolt for breaking Doctor Doom's laws, falling into the Domain of Apocalypse in the process. Already healed from the burns caused by the Thor's attack, Logan is attacked by Creed (who is one of the Horsemen of Apocalypse) and his soldiers, but Logan is"}, {"context": "rescued by the X-Men and taken to their hideout, where they are attacked by Apocalypse and his other Horsemen. The battle that ensues is intervened by the Thor who attacked Logan earlier and as she argues with Apocalypse, Logan flees and hides. The Thor then demands to know to where he had run, but no one answers. Angry, she attacks both the X-Men and the Horsemen with a lightning bolt and then looks for Logan through the domain. When she is near the domain's walls, Logan climbs it and attacks her from behind. Enraged, the Thor attacks him with another"}, {"context": "lightning bolt and lets him fall into the neighboring domain of Technopolis, as she is attacked by Apocalypse's Infinite Soldiers. Logan is taken to Stark Tower by Baron Stark and Grand Marshal Rhodes, the Thor of that domain. After healing from his injuries, Logan awakens only to find himself in a totally different domain from the one where he was. He ends up fighting Rhodes, but is defeated and sent to the Deadlands as punishment for breaking Doom's laws. Due to his healing factor, Logan succeeds in fighting through hordes of zombies in the Deadlands. He takes shelter inside a"}, {"context": "cave where he finds an uninfected She-Hulk who has been there for a long time. He tries to convince her to throw him out of the Deadlands when the zombies find them. In a desperate attempt to save Logan's life, She-Hulk grabs him and jumps as high as she can to throw him out of the Deadlands as he had suggested, ultimately sacrificing her own life to do so. Afterwards, Logan finds himself in the Battleworld domain called the Kingdom of Manhattan. While wandering the city he has not seen in years, Logan meets this domain's Jean Grey and Emma"}, {"context": "Frost. They take him to meet the rest of the X-Men, as well as \"his\" son Jimmy Hudson. Logan later leads the superhero population of the Kingdom of Manhattan in a rebellion against God Emperor Doom. Subsequently, Logan finds himself in a new world. Logan awakens on Earth-616 in New York City. He is not sure how he has been relocated, but he knows he is in the past. He decides to prevent his post-apocalyptic future. His first target is a minor villain named Black Butcher who, in his future, stole Scotty Logan's baseball cap. Logan easily kills him. Logan"}, {"context": "uses Black Butcher's workshop to prepare. He hears on the radio that the Hulk is in Manhattan. Logan confronts Hulk and after a brief fight, learns that the Hulk in question is actually Amadeus Cho and not Bruce Banner. After evading the police, Logan goes to Hawkeye's apartment in Brooklyn to ask for his help, but he finds Kate Bishop. He explains his situation and drops exhausted on Hawkeye's couch, awakening 33 hours later. Knowing that Logan is seeking Mysterio, Kate accesses the villain's last known whereabouts on S.H.I.E.L.D.'s database. She demands to join Logan on his search. When they"}, {"context": "arrive, they find a man named Eddie and his unnamed partner there. Logan immediately attacks them, cutting off one man's hand despite them denying that they knew who Mysterio is. A horrified Kate tries to stop him, but Logan quickly neutralizes her as the two men escape. Logan chases them, but he is stopped by the arrival of Commander Steve Rogers. After gaining Logan's trust and bringing him to Alberta, Canada, Rogers reassures Logan that this is not his past by showing him the adamantium-coated corpse of his younger self. The sight reminds Logan to enjoy life, rather than brood"}, {"context": "over his own past ghosts. Although he tells Rogers what he had experienced in his timeline, Logan declines Rogers' offer of help. Logan later appears in \"Extraordinary X-Men\" where he decides to remain under the radar, believing his destiny was to kill the X-Men and determined to try anything to avoid it. He also vows to take out those who would orchestrate the villain uprising. Logan catches the X-Men's attention when confronted by Cerebra. The X-Men believe Logan to be their late Wolverine. Storm wants Logan to rejoin the team, but he declines. The time-displaced Jean Grey of the past"}, {"context": "convinces Logan to change his mind and promises to stop him from killing the X-Men again. After taking a momentary leave, Logan decides to head to the old Weapon X facility where he initially met Maureen. He finds her, but she is still a child. The Reavers arrive at Killhorn Falls with Lady Deathstrike and attempt to hunt down Logan. When Logan searches for Maureen's missing dog, he discovers its corpse which was killed by the Reavers. As the Reavers massacre the town, Logan singlehandedly kills them all and confronts Lady Deathstrike before saving Maureen. He is wounded multiple times,"}, {"context": "but Logan defeats Deathstrike. As she leaves, limping, Logan falls unconscious. Realizing that he failed to protect Maureen from the chaos, Logan decides to hunt down Lady Deathstrike. Logan returns to X-Haven where he has a nightmare about the villain uprising which quickly alerts Jean. In order to calm Logan, Jean assists Logan's travels to Manhattan where in his timeline, Daredevil, She-Hulk, and Moon Knight had been killed by Enchantress and Electro. While Punisher managed to kill Electro, he was stabbed by Kraven the Hunter. Cerebra then teleports Logan and Jean to Connecticut where Pym Falls would be established in"}, {"context": "Logan's timeline. It is here where Crossbones, and the rest of the villains with him, killed Wonder Man before Crossbones was stepped on by Giant-Man who also crushes Vulture with his hand. When Wasp was killed after shooting down Hobgoblin, Giant-Man was devoured by the Moloids that emerged from the ground when Avalanche shook the area around Giant-Man. Again not assured, Jean and Cerebra teleport Logan to Westchester County, New York where Logan was tricked by Mysterio into killing the X-Men. As Jean manages to assure Logan of no invasion, she takes Logan to Madripoor where he is greeted by"}, {"context": "Puck, Hawkeye, Steve Rogers, and Jubilee. Logan realizes that if and when the villain uprising comes, he will not need to face it alone. Logan goes to a bar in Tokyo as Patch, where he meets Eito, a minor crimelord. Logan attempts to bribe him for information on Lady Deathstrike's whereabouts, but the meeting turns out to be a ruse. He is gunned down by Eito's henchmen, but he heals and then slaughters them all. Before he kills Eito, Logan interrogates him and learns that Lady Deathstrike is in a remote village. Logan travels there, noting that it is where"}, {"context": "he and Maureen had attempted to find refuge in his past. The village is seemingly abandoned, but he finds Yuriko chained to a wall, begging for his help. He is then ambushed by a ninja clan, the Silent Order. Four days later, he awakens in a well and attempts to climb out, but he is shot down by Sohei, the Order's leader. Once Logan succeeds in climbing out of the well, he sees he is in a temple and Lady Deathstrike is in a cage. He is attacked by Sohei and the rest of the Silent Order. Logan is overwhelmed"}, {"context": "by the horde of ninjas, so he has no choice but to free Lady Deathstrike. After Logan and Yuriko manage to kill all of the ninjas, she attempts to kill Sohei, but is cut down by him, causing her to stumble back into the well. Just as Logan attempts to confront Sohei, he is telekinetically assaulted by his unwitting enforcer, a mutant child called the Silent Monk, whose older self Logan had killed in his timeline. The Monk has had a vision of his death and tries to kill Logan by throwing him into the well over and over again."}, {"context": "Lady Deathstrike throws an arrow into the Silent Monk's thigh, causing him to fall in. Logan then threatens to kill the young mutant unless Sohei releases he and Yuriko. Sohei calls Logan's bluff, but knows that Yuriko is more than willing to murder a helpless child. Sohei agrees to their demands, just as the Silent Monk regains consciousness and lashes out. The Monk transforms into a giant creature as his powers run wild. Logan convinces the young boy to read his mind, assuring the Monk that Logan's future will never likely come true. The young boy then realizes that Sohei"}, {"context": "has been manipulating him and subdues Sohei and the remaining Silent Order ninjas. Logan offers to take the Silent Monk to X-Haven, to which he accepts. One day at X-Haven, Logan is approached by Cerebra, who informs him of Jubilee's disappearance. Logan begins his search by going to Jubilee's apartment, only to find her infant son, Shogo, by himself. Logan leaves the baby in Cerebra's care before telling her to teleport him to wherever Jubilee was last located, which is Romania. Soon after arriving, Logan encounters the Howling Commandos who mistake him for a vampire and attack him. After the"}, {"context": "misunderstanding is cleared, their leader Warwolf informs Logan of their war with Dracula. Dracula has been psychically calling all vampires to his castle which, Logan deduces, must include Jubilee. The Commandos attack Dracula's castle while Logan sneaks in, but are subdued by his army, led by Vampire by Night, who is under Dracula's control. Logan finds Jubilee who, also under Dracula's control, begs him to save her. Just as he lets his guard down, Dracula attacks Logan from behind, biting him. Logan fights Dracula as his healing factor fights off the vampirism. The Vampire King easily beats the weakened Logan,"}, {"context": "who then passes out. Logan wakes up in the dungeon, along with the Howling Cammandos. As Dracula taunts them, Jubilee begins resisting his control. Logan encourages her to fight back just before Man-Thing and Orrgo break in to free everyone. Dracula threatens to kill Jubilee as Logan approaches him. Now free from his control, Jubilee throws Dracula towards Logan, who then impales him. After a brief scuffle, Orrgo grabs Dracula and exposes him to the sun. Logan then proceeds to decapitate Dracula, freeing his thralls. Logan instructs Cerebra to throw Dracula's head into the sun in order to prevent or"}, {"context": "at the very least, delay his resurrection. Later, Logan spends time with Jubilee and Shogo over dinner. Logan awakens in a desert, his memory hazy. Logan realizes that he is somehow back in the Wastelands, as he is attacked by the Venom \"T-rex\". After killing the beast, Logan retraces his steps and remembers receiving a distress call from Puck, who he and the rest of Alpha Flight were trapped in an abandoned space station formerly owned by Reed Richards. After going into space and entering said space station via X-Shuttle, Logan found it infested with the Brood. He managed to"}, {"context": "kill the Brood drones that attacked him and proceeded to look for Alpha Flight, only to find most of them encased in cocoons. Logan was then attacked by Sasquatch and Abigail Brand, who had been converted into Brood drones. He was saved by Puck at the last minute and the two escaped through an air vent. After finding a safe place to regroup, the hull was ripped open, causing Logan to be pulled into space. Logan regained consciousness aboard the Alpha Flight Squadron Jet, piloted by Puck, who had saved him. The two then snuck back onto the station. Logan"}, {"context": "and Puck were discovered by the Brood, forcing them to fight. The Brood then inexplicably disappeared. Logan goes back to his old house looking for Dani Cage and Bruce Banner Jr. only to find it seemingly abandoned. Logan then hears a noise and finds Dani bound and gagged in the closet. She tells him that Bruce has been kidnapped by Kang the Conqueror. Logan then sets out to hunt down Kang down and rescue the baby. Logan's search leads him to Niagara Falls, where he is assaulted by some thugs and kicked down a cliff. Logan regains consciousness and soon"}, {"context": "encounters a hysterical Puck, surrounded by the corpses of Alpha Flight. Puck warns Logan about the \"Warlord of the Wastelands\" just before Kang reveals himself. Kang claims to have taken the baby in order to prevent the Warlord's rise to power, confusing Logan. They are confronted by the Warlord, who is revealed to be a fully grown Bruce Banner Jr. As the Warlord beats Logan, Puck urges him to remember what has happened. It is revealed that the X-Men came to help, but were converted by the Brood and that Logan's experiences in the Wastelands were an illusion created by"}, {"context": "Jean Grey. Jean telepathically assaults Logan by forcing him to relive his greatest crimes and failures. He resists the attack and kills the parasite controlling Jean. Jean shuts down the Brood hive mind, freeing everyone from its control. In the aftermath, Logan resolves to go back to the Wastelands to save baby Bruce. Logan seeks help from the foremost experts on time travel and sorcery, including Magik, Beast, Shaman, Cable, Wiccan, Doctor Doom, Scarlet Witch, Black Panther, and Doctor Strange, who all refuse to help him, due to how his plan might affect the timestream. Desperate and left with no"}, {"context": "options, Logan breaks into the Cellar: a maximum-security super-prison. After subduing the guards, Logan is confronted by Spider-Man, whom he distracts by freeing some of the inmates. Logan then enters the cell of Asmodeus, a servant of Satannish and makes him an offer. Asmodeus states to Logan that he would help him in his mission if he picked up some of his things. Afterwards, Asmodeus begins to help Logan in his mission to rescue Bruce Banner Jr. After reliving each moment, Logan finally arrives in the current time, where he finds that the remainder of the Hulk Gang are now"}, {"context": "working for an unidentified version of Maestro. Logan discovers that Maestro has rounded up the remaining members of the Hulk Gang in his plan to make a paradise for all Hulks on Earth-616. Hearing about what Logan did, Hawkeye followed Logan to his timeline and helped to fight the Hulk Gang. With help from the Cambria Banner, Logan and Hawkeye of Earth-616 were able to defeat Maestro and the surviving members of the Hulk Gang went their separate ways. Afterwards, Logan and Hawkeye returned to Earth-616. During the \"Civil War II\" storyline, Ulysses Cain's latest vision has him in the"}, {"context": "Wastelands where he meets Logan after he saves Ulysses from a Hulk. Ulysses learns that the Inhumans left Earth when Tony Stark \"pushed her too far\". During the \"Inhumans vs. X-Men\" storyline, Inferno and Iso escape through Eldrac to get away from Wolverine (X-23), only to end up running into Logan. While Inferno distracts Logan, Iso discovers Forge nearby with a device that the X-Men are planning to use to destroy the Terrigen Cloud. Iso and Inferno manage to defeat Logan and Forge, then flee as they take Forge prisoner. During the \"Monsters Unleashed\" storyline, Logan is seen fighting Leviathons"}, {"context": "in Louisiana and receives help from Monstrom. During the \"RessurXion\" event, Logan is seen as a member of Kitty Pryde's new Gold Team of X-Men. While spending some alone time in the woods as part of the \"Weapons of Mutant Destruction\" storyline, Logan is attacked by Weapon X cyborgs, forcing him to team up with Sabretooth to confront the current iteration of the organization, whose goal is to hunt mutantkind to extinction. This experiment led to the creation of Weapon H. Recently, Old Man Logan, Lady Deathstrike, and Sabretooth were captured by a group of anti-mutant terrorists called the Orphans"}, {"context": "Of X and were all killed, having all their heads blown off by bullets covered in Muramasa metal and their healing factors nullified temporarily, until being rescued by X-23 Wolverine. They were later revived. Old Man Logan and Bruce Banner Jr. are briefly featured during a scene when the new Defenders, led by an older Susan Storm, travels back in time to use cosmic energy to restore their world. In the \"Venomverse\" crossover, this version of Old Man Logan raises Bruce Jr. for 15 years before telling him of his true parentage. Bruce Jr. leaves his adoptive father in anger"}, {"context": "as Logan is eventually found by Archangel, who evaded being killed by the villains. Old Man Logan Old Man Logan is an alternative version of the Marvel Comics character Wolverine. This character is an aged Wolverine set in an alternate future universe designated Earth-807128, where the supervillains overthrew the superheroes. Introduced as a self-contained story arc within the \"Wolverine\" ongoing series by writer Mark Millar and artist Steve McNiven, the character became popular with fans. After the Death of Wolverine, X-23 took the mantle of Wolverine, but Old Man Logan was brought in to serve as an X-Man and featured"}]}, {"title": "Reggie Sanders", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Reggie Sanders Reginald Laverne Sanders (born December 1, 1967) is a former right fielder in Major League Baseball. He batted and threw right-handed. Sanders was 23 years old when he made his major league debut on August 22, , after being selected in the seventh round of the amateur draft by the Cincinnati Reds. He attended Spartanburg Methodist College before beginning his pro career with the Rookie-level Billings Mustangs of the Pioneer League in . He also played professionally with the St. Louis Cardinals, Pittsburgh Pirates, Atlanta Braves, San Francisco Giants, San Diego Padres and Kansas City Royals, and was"}, {"context": "a member of the Arizona Diamondbacks' 2001 World Series championship over the New York Yankees. With the Cardinals, Sanders had a breakout of sorts during the 2005 National League Division Series against the San Diego Padres. In a three-game sweep of the Padres, Sanders had 10 runs batted in, a new record for a division series. Sanders gained some notoriety during the 1994 season when Pedro Mart\u00ednez hit him with a pitch to end his bid for a perfect game with one out in the eighth inning. Sanders responded by charging the mound and igniting a bench-clearing brawl. He was"}, {"context": "ridiculed by some in the press for believing that a pitcher would abandon an attempt at a perfect game to intentionally hit a batter. In Game 1 of the 2005 NLCS Sanders hit a two run home run to give the Cardinals a two run lead, making it his seventh career postseason home run. However, the Cardinals would lose the series in six games, giving the Houston Astros their first NL pennant and trip to the World Series. On June 10, , as a member of the Royals, Reggie hit his 300th home run. This made him the fifth member"}, {"context": "of Major League Baseball's 300-300 club, as he had stolen the 300th base of his career on May 1, and had gotten his 302nd career stolen base just a day earlier. He became the first player in history to join the club at his home stadium. Steve Finley of the San Francisco Giants joined the 300-300 club as its sixth member on June 14, four days after Sanders achieved the feat. Sanders hit 20 or more home runs in one season for five different National League teams. He hit at least 10 home runs in a season for every major"}, {"context": "league team he played for (seven in all). Sanders missed the majority of the 2007 season due to an injury and became a free agent after the season. Baseball Digest 2005 Reggie Sanders Reginald Laverne Sanders (born December 1, 1967) is a former right fielder in Major League Baseball. He batted and threw right-handed. Sanders was 23 years old when he made his major league debut on August 22, , after being selected in the seventh round of the amateur draft by the Cincinnati Reds. He attended Spartanburg Methodist College before beginning his pro career with the Rookie-level Billings Mustangs"}]}, {"title": "Minuscule 177", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Minuscule 177 Minuscule 177 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), \u03b1 106 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century. Formerly it was labelled by 179, 128, and 82. It has marginalia. The codex contains the text of the Acts of the Apostles, Pauline epistles, and Book of Revelation on 225 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, in 25 lines per page. The text is divided according to the (\"chapters\"), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their (\"titles of chapters\")"}, {"context": "at the top of the pages. It contains prolegomena, fragments of the Eusebian Canon tables, numbers of \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9 at the end of each book, and marginal notes to the Pauline epistles. It has also a treatise of Pseudo-Dorotheus on the Seventy disciples and twelve apostles (as codices 82, 93, 459, 613, 617, 699). The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category V. The text is very close to the Textus Receptus. It contains the Comma Johanneum (in 1 John 5:7) at the margin added in the 17th or 18th century."}, {"context": "The manuscript once belonged to Zomozerab, the Bohemian. The portion of the manuscript which contains the text of the Apocalypse was collated by Franz Delitzsch. C. R. Gregory saw the manuscript in 1887. It was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz. Formerly it was labelled by 179, 128, and 82. In 1908 Gregory gave the number 177 to it. It is currently housed at the Bavarian State Library (Gr. 211), at Munich. Minuscule 177 Minuscule 177 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), \u03b1 106 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it"}]}, {"title": "A Christmas Celebration of Hope", "paragraphs": [{"context": "A Christmas Celebration of Hope A Christmas Celebration of Hope is the thirty ninth studio album by American blues guitarist and singer-songwriter B.B. King released in November 2001 through MCA Records. It is a holiday album. In the United States, \"A Christmas Celebration of Hope\" reached peak positions of number 151 on the \"Billboard\" 200, number one on \"Billboard\" Top Blues Albums chart and number 21 on the Top Holiday Albums chart. The album earned King two Grammy Awards at the 45th Grammy Awards (2003): he, Anthony Daigle and John Holbrook were presented the award for Best Traditional Blues Album"}, {"context": "and the track \"Auld Lang Syne\" earned King the award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance. \"A Christmas Celebration of Hope\" contains 13 tracks totaling approximately 48 minutes in length. Produced by B.B. King himself and recorded in Lafayette, Louisiana at Dockside Recording Studios in June 2001. Some of the songs, including \"Merry Christmas, Baby\" have roots in blues or rhythm and blues. Nashville String Machine contribute strings to three tracks. King had originally recorded \"Christmas Celebration\" in 1960. The instrumental \"Christmas Love\" marks King's only original track on the album (credited as Riley King). The album's closing track, an instrumental"}, {"context": "version of \"Auld Lang Syne\", was described by Richie Unterberger as \"funky\". In his review for Allmusic, Richie Unterberger awarded the album 2.5 out of 5 stars and called the collection an \"adequate, good-humored reprisal\". Unterberger thought only \"Please Come Home for Christmas\" was overproduced and concluded his review with the statement: \"It's hardly the first King you'll pull off your shelf, and not the first R&B Christmas album you'll turn to either, but you could do worse in the holiday season.\" \"A Christmas Celebration of Hope\" earned King the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album at the 45th"}, {"context": "Grammy Awards (2003); awards were also presented to Anthony Daigle and John Holbrook. The track \"Auld Lang Syne\" earned King the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance. Track listing adapted from Allmusic. Credits adapted from Allmusic. In the United States, \"A Christmas Celebration of Hope\" reached peak positions of number 151 on the \"Billboard\" 200, number one on \"Billboard\" Top Blues Albums chart and number 21 on the Top Holiday Albums chart. The album marked King's fourth to reach the Top Blues Albums chart's number one position. \"A Christmas Celebration of Hope\" remained on the \"Billboard\" 200 and Top"}, {"context": "Holiday Albums charts for three weeks; the album remained on the Top Blues Albums chart for ten weeks, including five at the number one position. A Christmas Celebration of Hope A Christmas Celebration of Hope is the thirty ninth studio album by American blues guitarist and singer-songwriter B.B. King released in November 2001 through MCA Records. It is a holiday album. In the United States, \"A Christmas Celebration of Hope\" reached peak positions of number 151 on the \"Billboard\" 200, number one on \"Billboard\" Top Blues Albums chart and number 21 on the Top Holiday Albums chart. The album earned"}]}, {"title": "Filipinos in Singapore", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Filipinos in Singapore Filipinos in Singapore consists of citizens from the Philippines residing in Singapore. In 2004 most Filipinos in Singapore were domestic workers. By 2009, there were 163,090 citizens of the Philippines living in Singapore. Between 2010 and 2012, about 45,450 Filipinos were newly hired into Singapore. The number of Singaporean citizens of Filipino origin is difficult to determine, since they are officially counted as members of the \"Others\" race by the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority. As of 2007, an estimated 80,000 work as domestic helpers, with another 12,000 in the information technology industry. This marks a slight rise"}, {"context": "from 1995, when roughly 75,000 domestic helpers from the Philippines were estimated to be working in Singapore. In recent years they have seen professional diversification, with others working as nurses, bank clerks, sales assistants in department stores, or entertainers. However, of those, only 27,000 were registered to vote in Filipino elections. The number of Filipino victims of human trafficking jumped by 70% in 2007 to 212 cases. By 2013, over 167,000 Filipinos resided in Singapore. That year, a Google Blogger account appeared, giving suggestions on how to harass Filipinos in Singapore. This account was deleted by Google. Aside from residents,"}, {"context": "roughly 460,000 Filipino tourists came to Singapore in 2008. In May 2014, plans to hold celebrations for the Philippines Independence Day were cancelled due to online criticism of holding it in Orchard Road, Singapore's main shopping district. In January 2015, Ello Ed Mundsel Bello (also known as Edz Ello), a Filipino nurse working for Tan Tock Seng Hospital was sacked. He was then charged for posting anti-Singaporean remarks on his social media accounts in April in the same year. His comments immediately went viral, leading to \"netizens\" lodging police reports against him. Right after his comments went viral, his employer"}, {"context": "Tan Tock Seng Hospital, conducted internal investigations. He was also required to assist in police investigations. However, he only admitted to posting some of the offensive comments to both the hospital investigation team and the police force, he then claimed that his social media accounts were \"hacked\", with the \"hackers\" posting the offensive comments using his social media accounts. Police investigations showed that all the comments were made by Edz Ello, and his account wasn't hacked as what he had told the police previously. Netizens also proved that this was not the first time that he had made such a"}, {"context": "post before this incident. On April 7, 2015, Ello Ed Mundsel Bello was arrested and charged for 3 counts of subsequently lying to the police, and 2 counts of publishing seditious statements. This resulted in an online petition on Facebook to deport the nurse. On 21 Sept 2015, Bello was sentenced to 4 months' jail. Filipinos in Singapore Filipinos in Singapore consists of citizens from the Philippines residing in Singapore. In 2004 most Filipinos in Singapore were domestic workers. By 2009, there were 163,090 citizens of the Philippines living in Singapore. Between 2010 and 2012, about 45,450 Filipinos were newly"}]}, {"title": "Raimundo Orsi", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Raimundo Orsi Raimundo Bibiani \"Mumo\" Orsi (2 December 1901 \u2013 6 April 1986) was an Italian Argentine footballer who played as a winger or as a forward. At international level, he represented both countries, winning the 1927 Copa Am\u00e9rica and the silver medal at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, Netherlands, with Argentina, as well as two editions of the Central European International Cup and the 1934 FIFA World Cup, with Italy. His career began in Argentina with Club Atl\u00e9tico Independiente (1920\u20131928; 1935), but it was with Juventus that Orsi would have the most success in his club career. He"}, {"context": "joined the club in time for the 1928\u201329 season and would stay at Juventus until 1935, winning five consecutive league titles between 1931 and 1935. After leaving Italy, Orsi played the rest of his career in South America. He returned to Independiente before moving on to Boca Juniors (1936), Club Atl\u00e9tico Platense (1937\u201338), and Almagro (1939\u201340); he also played for Flamengo in Brazil (1939; 1940), Pe\u00f1arol in Uruguay (1941\u201342), and Santiago National in Chile (1943). His international debut for Argentina on August 10, 1924 was against Uruguay. Over the next 12 years, he played 13 times for Argentina and scored"}, {"context": "3 goals, winning the 1927 Copa Am\u00e9rica and the silver medal at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Orsi's career is strange by modern standards, however, in that he played for Italy as well as Argentina, allowing him to gain 35 caps and score 13 goals for his second country between December 1, 1929 and March 24, 1935. This also allowed him to win two editions of the Central European International Cup, and to be a part of the side that won the 1934 FIFA World Cup, in the final of which he scored. He died in 1986 aged"}, {"context": "84. One of the greatest players of his time, and one of the best ever Italian players in his position, Orsi was a quick left-footed winger, who usually played on the left flank, due to his crossing ability. A prolific goalscorer, he was an accurate finisher, both with his head and his feet, and he excelled in the air and acrobatically; because of this he was also capable of playing as a striker, and on the right flank, a position in which he was able to make diagonal attacking runs or cut into the centre to shoot with his stronger"}, {"context": "foot. Nicknamed \"Mumo\", despite his lack of shooting power and physical strength, he was an extremely quick player, with excellent technical ability, who was renowned for his dribbling skills and his use of feints to beat opponents. He was also an accurate penalty kick taker. Independiente Juventus Flamengo Argentina Italy Raimundo Orsi Raimundo Bibiani \"Mumo\" Orsi (2 December 1901 \u2013 6 April 1986) was an Italian Argentine footballer who played as a winger or as a forward. At international level, he represented both countries, winning the 1927 Copa Am\u00e9rica and the silver medal at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam,"}]}, {"title": "Edward Platt (author)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Edward Platt (author) Edward Platt (born 1968) is a British writer. Platt won the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize and a Somerset Maugham Award for his 2000 book \"Leadville\", about the Western Avenue section of the A40 road in London. Platt was born in Chelmsford, Essex, and grew up in Hampshire, Northumberland and the Wirral. Since 1992 he has lived in London. His second book, \"The City of Abraham\", published in 2012, is about the Israeli city of Hebron. He was a book reviewer and feature writer between 1995 and 2007 for several national newspapers including \"The Daily Telegraph\", \"The Daily"}, {"context": "Express\", \"The Sunday Times\" and \"The Guardian\", \"Evening Standard\", \"Financial Times\", and \"Independent on Sunday\". He was contributor to the \"Big Issue\" magazine between 1993 and 2000. Edward Platt (author) Edward Platt (born 1968) is a British writer. Platt won the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize and a Somerset Maugham Award for his 2000 book \"Leadville\", about the Western Avenue section of the A40 road in London. Platt was born in Chelmsford, Essex, and grew up in Hampshire, Northumberland and the Wirral. Since 1992 he has lived in London. His second book, \"The City of Abraham\", published in 2012, is about"}]}, {"title": "Ne\u0301stor Guille\u0301n", "paragraphs": [{"context": "N\u00e9stor Guill\u00e9n N\u00e9stor Guill\u00e9n Olmos (January 28, 1890 \u2013 March 12, 1966) as 47th President of Bolivia. Born in La Paz, Guill\u00e9n studied law and rose to become the dean of the La Paz Court of Appeals of Bolivia's Superior Court. N\u00e9stor Guill\u00e9n served as President of Bolivia for 27 days between July and August 1946, following the overthrow and assassination of President Gualberto Villarroel (1943\u201346). Upon the death of Villarroel, the alliance of forces that had toppled him needed a reliable and impartial caretaker (given the mood of the citizenry, which had just shown what it was capable of"}, {"context": "during the revolt) to guide the country to elections. They settled on the head of the La Paz Court of Appeals, Tom\u00e1s Monje Guti\u00e9rrez, who was ill at the time. Thus, Guill\u00e9n filled in for him for fewer than four weeks, whereupon Monje was sworn-in as President. N\u00e9stor Guill\u00e9n then returned to his judgeship and died in 1966. N\u00e9stor Guill\u00e9n N\u00e9stor Guill\u00e9n Olmos (January 28, 1890 \u2013 March 12, 1966) as 47th President of Bolivia. Born in La Paz, Guill\u00e9n studied law and rose to become the dean of the La Paz Court of Appeals of Bolivia's Superior Court. N\u00e9stor"}]}, {"title": "Battle of Markada", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Battle of Markada The Battle of Markada (also spelled \"Markadah\" or \"Markadahin\") was a military confrontation between two jihadist groups, al Qaeda's al-Nusra Front and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), over the town of Markada in the Al-Hasakah Governorate, in March 2014 during the Syrian civil war. The strategic importance of the town to the ISIL lay in its position on the group's weapons supply route from Iraq, the road linking Al-Hasakah with Deir ez-Zor and a hill that dominates the surrounding area. On the ISIL side there were many Sunni Iranians, including Kurds, who played"}, {"context": "an important role in the battle. The battle started on 21 March 2014, with fighting near Markada's grain silos that left 27 al-Nusra Front fighters dead and others missing. On the morning of 27 March, ISIL attacked the town, which was being held by the al-Nusra Front. ISIL managed to force al-Nusra to withdraw to the town's hospital and the mountain overlooking Markada. Before dawn on 29 March, clashes erupted in the town as ISIL attacked the hospital and al-Nusra positions in the mountain. After heavy fighting that left 43 al-Nusra and 13 ISIL fighters dead, ISIL took full control"}, {"context": "of the town as al-Nusra forces retreated towards the town of al-Sour in the eastern rural area of Deir ez-Zor province. Many al-Nusra fighters were also captured. Among those killed was also the top provincial ISIL commander, Omar al-Farouk al-Turki. On 31 March, al-Nusra launched a counterattack in an attempt to recapture the town. By this time, the number of those killed since the start of the fighting had risen to 120. Battle of Markada The Battle of Markada (also spelled \"Markadah\" or \"Markadahin\") was a military confrontation between two jihadist groups, al Qaeda's al-Nusra Front and the Islamic State"}]}, {"title": "Evopod", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Evopod Evopod is a unique tidal energy device being developed by a UK-based company Oceanflow Energy Ltd for generating electricity from tidal streams and ocean currents. It can operate in exposed deep water sites where severe wind and waves also make up the environment. The device differentiates itself from other tidal turbines in that the turbine is mounted on a floating, semi-submerged body that is tethered to the seabed. The power generation equipment is similar to that of a wind turbine and is housed in the cylindrical shaped watertight lower hull, which is deeply submerged below the water line and"}, {"context": "supported by small waterplane area surface piercing struts. One variant of this patented hull concept has three vertical struts that pierce the water surface, much like a multi-hull SWATH design. The two transversely separated aft struts provide the stability that is needed to resist the torque reacted by the single turbine/generator unit. The configuration of the struts also ensure that the device weathervanes about its midwater mooring buoy such that it always points into the direction of the current. The device is moored by a mid-water buoy, which is fixed to the seabed by four spread mooring lines which are"}, {"context": "anchored to the sea-bed by pile or gravity anchors. The buoy design is also unique in that it encompasses a geo-fixed part that is anchored to the seabed and a rotating part that is linked to Evopod by a rigid yoke. The turbine drag forces are therefore transmitted through a bearing system linking the fixed and rotating parts of the buoy. A slip ring power export swivel is located in the buoy so that twist is not imparted into the umbilical cable that takes the power from the midwater buoy to the seabed. A subsea power export cable links the"}, {"context": "umbilical\u2019s seabed connection point to the shore. With the weather-vaning hull design and rotational midwater buoy, Evopod generates electricity with both the ebb and flood tides by always pointing into the tide\u2019s direction of flow. This gives it a generating time of roughly 20 hours per/lunar day (approx 24hrs 50 minutes). In comparison to other marine bodies that float on the surface of the ocean, Evopod\u2019s semi-submerged hull form is hardly affected by the passing waves. It is also designed to be readily detachable from the mid-water buoy for recovery operations. Developing safe installation, maintenance and recovery operations in the"}, {"context": "hazardous environment of fast flowing currents is one of the biggest challenges facing tidal energy device developers. The device is designed for deep water sites, such as the Pentland Firth (Up to 60meters water depth, flow speed 6 m/s). Deep water sites in UK waters have the fastest flow speeds and have the greatest potential for electricity generation. A 1/40th scale model of Evopod was initially tested in the test tank of Newcastle University during a proof of concept phase. The 1/10 scale device was initially used to demonstrate the tidal test facilities at the Tees Barrage in Thornaby-on-Tees near"}, {"context": "Middlesbrough, UK by Narec (National Renewable Energy Centre). In 2008 a 1/10 scale Evopod device was installed and tested in the tidal flow through Strangford Narrows near Portaferry, Northern Ireland. Over a period of two years the device collected data but was not connected to the grid under the Supergen Marine Energy Research Programme in collaboration with Queen's University Belfast, amongst others. In 2011 the device was upgraded to include a power export solution which feeds Evopod's generated power onshore to the Queen's University Marine Laboratory. The power is currently fed into the mains circuit of the Marine Laboratory, with"}, {"context": "plans to be fully grid connected in the near future. In 2010 Oceanflow Energy were awarded a Scottish WATERS grant to \"Build and deploy the \u2018Evopod\u2019, a 35 kilowatt floating grid connected tidal energy turbine at Sanda Sound in South Kintyre\". Oceanflow Energy and Evopod have won several awards, the most recent being the Shell Springboard Regional award in February 2009. It has also won awards for \u201cinnovation of the year\u201d and \u201cgreen business of the year\u201d in the North East of England. Evopod Evopod is a unique tidal energy device being developed by a UK-based company Oceanflow Energy Ltd"}]}, {"title": "Judicial Conference of the State of New York", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Judicial Conference of the State of New York The Judicial Conference of the State of New York is an institution of the New York State Unified Court System responsible for surveying current practice in the administration of the state's courts, compiling statistics, and suggesting legislation and regulations. Its members include the Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals and judges from the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division. It was created by Laws of 1955, ch. 869, and codified at New York Judiciary Law article 7-A (\u00a7\u00a7 214, 214-A). It is the successor body of the Judicial Council"}, {"context": "of the State of New York, which was abolished with the repeal of article 2-A of the Judiciary Law in Laws of 1955, ch. 869. That body was formed for the purpose of surveying current practice in the administration of the State's courts, compiling statistics, and suggesting legislation. Judicial Conference of the State of New York The Judicial Conference of the State of New York is an institution of the New York State Unified Court System responsible for surveying current practice in the administration of the state's courts, compiling statistics, and suggesting legislation and regulations. Its members include the Chief"}]}, {"title": "Poppo (archbishop of Trier)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Poppo (archbishop of Trier) Poppo von Babenberg (c. 986 \u2013 16 June 1047) was the Archbishop of Trier from 1016 to his death. Poppo was a son of Leopold I of Austria and his wife, Richardis of Sualafeldgau. He was educated in Regensburg and appointed by the Emperor Henry II in 1007 to be the first provost of his new cathedral at Bamberg. When the Archbishop Megingod died in 1015, Henry selected Poppo to be his successor in Trier. He was consecrated by Erkanbald, Archbishop of Mainz, later in 1016 he was confirmed by Pope Benedict VIII. Between 1028 and"}, {"context": "1030, he travelled with the monk Symeon of Trier to the Holy Land. Later, Poppo had the monk buried in the Porta Nigra and on his word Pope Benedict IX canonised him. From 1037 to his death, Poppo was occupied extending Trier Cathedral westward. While inspecting construction on 16 June 1047, Poppo died. He was buried in the church of Saint Symeon in Trier, which he had founded. During the Second World War, his grave was completely destroyed. Poppo (archbishop of Trier) Poppo von Babenberg (c. 986 \u2013 16 June 1047) was the Archbishop of Trier from 1016 to his"}]}, {"title": "Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company mill", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company mill Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company mill is a heritage-listed mill at 42 & 42B The Terrace, North Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as Australian Fabric Manufacturers Ltd and Boral Hancock Plywood. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 19 September 2008. The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company is situated in North Ipswich on level land overlooking the Bremer River. It was established in 1875 and the factory was the first woollen manufacturing plant in Queensland. Ipswich commenced as a convict outstation known as \"Limestone\" in 1827. After free settlement began"}, {"context": "in 1842, the township developed as an important commercial centre because of its location at the head of navigation of the Brisbane and Bremer Rivers and at the junction of routes to the Brisbane Valley and the Darling Downs. Goods from these regions were channelled through Ipswich en route to the coast and this trade contributed significantly to Ipswich's rapid growth and prosperity. By 1875 an efficient railway had been constructed in Ipswich, increasing Ipswich's value as a commercial centre in Queensland. In 1875 The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company established a woollen mill in Ipswich due to the existence of"}, {"context": "an efficient wool delivery system. The company bought and of land at the bend of the north bank of the Bremer River. The position of the mill was imperative to its future success; the mill was built meters from \"The Basin\" on the Bremer River. \"The Basin\" is a man made bight in the Bremer River to allow large ships to turn around. This facilitated the loading and unloading process of shipped goods. Being situated beside the river, the mill had a reliable water source for its steam engines. The railway was also close by. The timber factory was built"}, {"context": "and production of woollen tweed commenced in 1877. To highlight the importance of the mill for Queensland at that time the factory was officially opened in 1877 by the Governor of Queensland, Sir Arthur Kennedy. Queensland's manufacturing and industrial base was expanding at this time; the woollen industry was at the forefront of this. The pastoral sector of the industry was succeeding and more and more land in Australia was opened up and utilised by sheep graziers. Larger numbers of sheep were grazing, successful breeding programs were ensuring better quality wool, and ovine diseases were being eradicated due to strict"}, {"context": "quarantine measures and improved veterinarian and environmental knowledge by farmers. The establishment of the woollen mill in Ipswich provided a centrally located processing plant for the raw wool produced on the Darling Downs. Prior to the building of the woollen mill the raw wool was sent for processing to Melbourne, Sydney or Adelaide (all of which already had well established wool processing plants), but this was costly and inefficient. The Ipswich mill allowed raw wool to be processed locally, benefiting the Darling Downs' sheep graziers. It was also an important indicator that the Queensland economy was developing beyond the supply"}, {"context": "of raw materials, and vertical integration was occurring, in this case for the sheep industry. In an effort to encourage successful industry in Queensland, the Government offered the Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company a bonus of for the first of cloth produced. The mill initially produced only unfinished cloth, this, however, changed as a lack of demand for unfinished cloth forced the company into establishing its own clothing works. The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company produced good quality wool products. Tweeds, flannels, worsteds, blankets, rugs, and apparel were the advertised products of the factory. In an advertisement in the Queensland Times from"}, {"context": "1879, the directors of the company advertised the purity of their cloths, \"\"they are manufactured from Queensland Merino Wool. Free from shoddy mixtures of cloths gathered from prisons, hospitals, lunatic and other asylums\"\". Many woollen manufacturers in this period followed a practice known as using \"shoddy\". This entailed pulling apart and recycling discarded woollen products such as knitted goods which would then by woven with newly spun wool. There was demand for this product as it was inexpensive, but The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company did not want to be associated with such a means of woollen production, as their advertisement"}, {"context": "suggests. In 1881 additions were made to the mill. These were designed by influential Ipswich architect and businessman, Samuel Shenton, who was at the time a director of the mill - a position he held for many years (1875 to 1891). He was also Ipswich mayor for several years (1871, 1872 and 1889). It was not only Shenton who was involved with the mill, as other prominent business and political leaders in Ipswich played a large role in the direction of the mill including several Ipswich mayors. The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company was regarded by many of the most prominent"}, {"context": "members of Ipswich as an important industry to be associated with, as well as a sound financial investment. By 1887 The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company was mentioned in the official Tender for Public Service to the Queensland Government. An entry in the Queensland Government Gazette dated 20 January 1887, stated the supply of serge, tweed, blankets and rugs was to be supplied by The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company at an annual fee of for the requested amount of goods. In a subsequent letter from the mill's management to the Government it was stated the products that the Government would receive"}, {"context": "from the mill would be of a far higher quality than those that they received previously from other manufacturers. This may be a reflection on the poor quality of wool products available to many Queenslanders prior to the establishment of The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company. In 1890, the wooden factory was replaced by spacious brick and iron buildings. These buildings were designed by eminent Ipswich architect, George Brockwell Gill. Gill designed many of the grand residences and public buildings in Ipswich from the 1880s to the 1930s. Some of his works include Ipswich Girls' Grammar School , \"Brynhyfryd\" for Lewis"}, {"context": "Thomas, St Paul's Rectory, Ipswich Club House, the Ipswich Technical College, and supervision of the construction of the Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator in 1936. The newly built brick factory was a very large addition to the North Ipswich landscape. In early photographs the mill dominates The Terrace beside the Bremer River. The high west wall was built with arched, light brick \"built in\" window facades that ran down the length of the side of the building to create an attractive feature in the brick work. A tall, brick, industrial chimney rose from the south east corner of the mill. Within"}, {"context": "the tall walls various types of industrial equipment processed the wool. The mill was designed to admit maximum possible daylight and ventilation inside the building, before the use of electric light. To do this, large panelled windows were included within the vertical segment of the sawtooth roof. Along the east, west and south walls large windows were built in. Within the woollen mill buildings the wool was cleaned, spun, and woven on large industrial machines into various forms of cloth. Much of this was then manufactured as garments such as shirts, trousers and suits. Unfinished fabric was also sold. These"}, {"context": "machines were steam driven. The mill had its own steam engines and boiler for power generation. The steam engine was located beside the large brick chimney in the south east corner of the mill. The machines were secured to great wooden supporting beams that ran below the ceiling. The wool processing within the mill consisted of various stages: sorting and grading, scouring, drying and dying, carding, combing, spinning, weaving, brushing, and sewing. Each stage was carried out in a separate area of the mill, with each process flowing onto the next in a hierarchical structure; this was a design feature"}, {"context": "to facilitate efficiency in the mill. In the two smaller south rooms the wool was sorted and graded to determine how it would be processed; the scouring vats were located in the south west room, and here the wool was cleaned of impurities and steam dried and dyed if required. The remainder of the process was carried out in the main area of the mill. The mill contained ten carding machines; these large machines broke up the wool and removed impurities. The combing process further organised the woollen fibres. The largest machines in the mill were the spinning mules on"}, {"context": "which the wool was spun. The wool was then woven into fabrics on the weaving looms. The woven fabric then went through shaving machines to give the cloth a fine finish. Finally, the fabric would be sewn into various products. By the end of the nineteenth century Ipswich was experiencing a boom in industry, employment, and wealth. Major manufacturing and industrial plants such as the North Ipswich Railway Workshops), coal mines, Australia's first cotton mill, and Ipswich Town Wharves were major contributors to this success. By 1891 Ipswich's population had reached 13,059, making it the fourth largest town in Queensland"}, {"context": "at that time. Whilst most industry in Ipswich provided employment opportunities for the adult males, the cloth industry employed hundreds of women. The largest single employer of female labour in Ipswich was The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company; in 1891 the firm employed 152 women of a total of 226 employees. Those living in Ipswich at this time patronised local industry; the flannel made by The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company was a favourite cloth used by the women for making work clothes for men. The garments made within the mill were also popular with the industrial workers and miners in Ipswich."}, {"context": "Known as \"Ipswich Grey Flannels\", these were woollen shirts and a standard item of dress for Ipswich men. The woollen mill held a contract with Queensland Railways for the supply of serge for their employee uniforms, as well as with the Queensland Police for the manufacture of serge uniforms. The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company played an important role in the war effort during the First World War. Many of the industries in Ipswich suffered during the war due to reduced numbers of employees and minimised profits, but the Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company was an exception; the high number of female"}, {"context": "employees ensured minimal staff reductions caused by the war. The factory was extremely busy throughout the war making army blankets and cloth for military uniforms. By 1919, as a reflection of the success of the woollen mill in North Ipswich, it was the very first factory to have electric light installed. This meant that the mill could remain productive for longer each day, thus increasing productivity and ultimate profits, as well as benefiting the employees. 80% of the mills products were sold in Queensland. The flannels and blankets, named Ipswich Flannel and Poinsettia Blankets, were renowned throughout Australia for their"}, {"context": "high quality. During the 1930s Depression the woollen mill was still in production, acting as an important employer at a time of extreme unemployment throughout much of the world. A reflection of this can be seen in an advertisement in The Queensland Times from 1935 when Australia was still feeling the effects of financial recession. The advertisement claimed the Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company was tripling its output; the directors had decided to sell the garments at a lower price for the benefit of the consumer. Special lines included coat and trousers, and full suits, worsted suits, either custom made or"}, {"context": "ready made. It was claimed the customer was purchasing \"Pure Wool and No Rubbish\". Statistics reveal the cloth and clothing manufacturing industry in Queensland actually increased its employment numbers over the Depression years rather than being forced to decrease them as so many other industries had to do. The Second World War saw the woollen mill playing a similar role to that of the First, making blankets and cloth for the armed services. During the war years the Federal Government declared dismissals forbidden from vital or \"protected industries\" such as the cloth manufacturing industry; prices and wages were pegged. For"}, {"context": "the workers this was a favourable climate to demand improvements. A larger number of females were employed in the mill during the war due to decreased male employment. Ipswich was an important centre for the union movement in this period, especially in the several textile mills scattered in the area. The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company was involved in this movement. In 1942 employee displeasure brimmed over into a major worker's strike in the woollen mill. To strike in the midst of a world war that enveloped all Australia was not seen in a favourable light by the general public, and"}, {"context": "the media sentiment at the time regarding the strike at the Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company reflects this; rhetoric such as \"War work held up\" and \"a most unfortunate stoppage in the supplies for the army\" was used. The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company continued to have industrial disputes in 1943 and 1945. Many of the windows in the building were changed in the mid twentieth century from timber framed sash windows to louvers. The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company was still in production up until 1968 when the company changed hands to the Australian Fabric Manufacturers Ltd. Further construction was undertaken with"}, {"context": "modern steel framed buildings designed for wool scouring being erected in the 1970s or early 1980s. In 1984 Hancock Bros Pty Ltd purchased the older part of the woollen mills, designating it \"the top mill\" and the newest parts of the mill complex were purchased first by Prunda Pty Ltd and then Terrace Furniture. The industrial machinery once used within the mill has long been removed. The factory now produces plywood and the machinery used for this production is vastly different to that once used for woollen cloth manufacture. The steam engine was removed to the North Ipswich Railway Workshops"}, {"context": "Museum (North Ipswich Railway Workshops) when the mill was taken over by the plywood company. The manager's house, once situated north east of the site, was recently moved to the Mining Museum at Kholo for display as \"The Queenslander\". The mill is now manufacturing plywood for Boral Hancocks. The chimney was removed by the Boral Hancock Company as it had become unstable and unsafe. The buildings are situated above the northern bank of the Bremer River within a large industrial area that follows the river down a slight hill. Called \"the Top Mill\" by the current occupiers, the former buildings"}, {"context": "of The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company are situated on the highest part of the industrial area. The mill is a large, high walled, rectangular brick building with several extensions and subsidiary buildings added, adjoining the main building. The main entrance to the mill lies to the north west, and is accessible from the corner of Lamington Parade and The Terrace. The wrought iron entrance gates display The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company insignia. The brick wall adjacent to The Terrace has been painted and is a substantial feature in the streetscape of this small industrial area. To the left of entrance"}, {"context": "is the main mill building. This structure is a large rectangular building constructed of light red common bricks laid in English bond. It has a sawtooth roof of sixteen sections. On the western side of the main mill building the wall is exposed and four inlaid brick features in cream brick made to resemble arched windows. Two smaller, single story, brick extensions have been added to the west wall of the main mill, and lead into the main building internally. These buildings have corrugated iron roofs and clerestory windows. These two buildings are aligned north-south, in contrast to the rest"}, {"context": "of the factory that is east-west. There is evidence of the demolished brick chimney on the south east corner of the mill. There is a remaining furnace at the base of the chimney; this has been bricked up and is inaccessible due to the storage of plywood surrounding it. There are concrete blocks on which machinery was mounted outside of the steam room. The brick exterior walls contain rows of large sash windows. On the eastern wall these windows have been built approximately three meters off the ground. They now contain glass louvers. On the north and south walls the"}, {"context": "windows are placed closer to the ground, approximately one meter from the ground; these windows were once timber framed sash windows but are now either louvers or have been bordered up by timber panels. The interior of the factory is made up of a large open area with several smaller rooms leading from it. The walls throughout are painted brick. Internally, the spaces lead into one another. The main part of the mill is a large open hall, formerly housing machinery. Timber trusses support the roof, which is unlined. In places the timber beams have been replaced by steel. The"}, {"context": "floor is concrete. In the south east corner room a boiler and industrial steam engine were once housed here and were used to power the factory's machines. The large brick chimney and furnace were situated next to this boiler room in the south east corner of the factory. The roof in this room is high to accommodate the steam power machinery. Beside this room was the wool grading room. Originally it had a timber floor, raised one meter from the existing cement floor. The room is now used as a storage room by the plywood company. Beside this room to"}, {"context": "the west was the scouring room. Initially this room contained large cast-iron vats for the scouring process. These were sunk into the floor and were two meters in depth, but have been floored over with cement. The factory offices still remain intact at the north east corner of the main factory building. Within these brick offices is an original walk-in safe with original iron frame. The walls are plastered. The plastered ceiling of the first office has a small vent; this has a wrought iron cover displaying The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company's insignia. Above all the interior doors in the"}, {"context": "office are louvered panelled windows. The former Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company mill was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 19 September 2008 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. As the first woollen mill in Queensland, and an early example of large scale manufacturing, the mill played an important role in the development of the Queensland textile industry and is important in illustrating early vertical integration for the sheep industry in Queensland. The textile industry was traditionally a major employer of women and The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company"}, {"context": "continued this tradition as it was the largest employer of women in Ipswich in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The mill's placement in Ipswich demonstrates the importance of Ipswich as a trading centre, receiving raw wool from the Darling Downs and passing the manufactured product on to Brisbane for distribution. As a producer of uniform fabric and blankets for the armed forces in both the First and Second World Wars, The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company made an important contribution to Australia's war effort. It has also been important as a supplier of Railway and Police uniforms. The place"}, {"context": "demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage. The practice of woollen manufacturing in major textile centres such as Northern England was to have key processes carried out in separate manufactories. The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company is the first manufactory of its type in Queensland which processed the fibre from raw wool to textiles and garments. The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company is rare as it was the first woollen mill in Queensland. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company is important as an early"}, {"context": "and substantially intact example of a woollen mill in Queensland. The mill is sitting on the bank of a river for both transport and water for steam driven machinery, and its layout provides evidence of its operations. Within the mill are components that allow the reading of the hierarchical movement that occurred within the plant; the large steam engine room with furnace, the wool grading room, the scouring, drying and dying room, the large open halls in which the carding machines, spinning mules, weaving looms, shaving machines were once held, the sewing area and storage rooms all follow a purpose"}, {"context": "designed floor plan that was not changed for the duration of the woollen mill's existence. The mill is an example of the work by prominent Ipswich architect George Brockwell Gill. Other notable work by Gill includes the Ipswich Girls' Grammar School, the Ipswich Technical College, the Ipswich Club House, the Hotel Metropole, and \"Brynhyfryd\" House. The place is important because of its aesthetic significance. Built on the elevated corner of a bend in the Bremer River the large brick exterior walls of the mill are a landmark in North Ipswich and have been since the brick structure was built in"}, {"context": "1890. Due to the mill's distinctive size, setting and compositional qualities it is clearly visible from many areas around Ipswich. Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company mill Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company mill is a heritage-listed mill at 42 & 42B The Terrace, North Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as Australian Fabric Manufacturers Ltd and Boral Hancock Plywood. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 19 September 2008. The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company is situated in North Ipswich on level land overlooking the Bremer River. It was established in 1875 and the factory was the first"}]}, {"title": "Mladec\u030c caves", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mlade\u010d caves The Mlade\u010d caves () are a cave complex in the Czech Republic situated to the west of the village of Mlade\u010d in the Litovelsk\u00e9 Pomorav\u00ed Protected Landscape Area. The complex labyrinth of fissure corridors and caves can be found inside the calcite hill of T\u0159es\u00edn. The underground spaces are decorated with stalactites, stalagmites and sinters. Its highlights include \"Nature\u2019s Temple\" and the \"Virgin Cave\". The islets of limestones in Mlade\u010d Karst belong geologically to one of the belts of the Devonian rocks in the Central Moravian part of the Bohemian Massif (the Konice-Mlade\u010d Devonian). These caves represent a"}, {"context": "predominantly horizontal and very broken labyrinth of corridors, domes and high chimneys with remarkable modelling of walls and ceilings, with stalactite and stalagmite decoration and with numerous block cave-ins, with some steep corridors which extend even below the level of the underground water. They are also famous for archaeological findings. The archaeologists claim that these caves have world meaning. Except for the entrance, the caves are not accessible to the public. However, the management of Mlade\u010d caves frequently open for the visitors. They have a total of 1,250 metres of corridors and halls with denivelation of 30 metres. It takes"}, {"context": "visitors about 40 minutes to go through the 380 metre-long path. The minimum for the visit is a group of six visitors and there is an exhibition of photos and interesting information about the caves. These caves can be visited from April to October. They are an important archaeological site and probably even the oldest, largest and most northern settlements of the Cro-Magnon people in Europe (Cro-Magnon lived here as long as 31 thousands years ago). Mlade\u010d caves are a significant paleontological and archaeological locality. There are findings of bones of extinct Pleistocene vertebrates, a number of skeletons of people"}, {"context": "of the Early Stone Age, together with multiple objects evidencing their activities (stone instruments, fireplaces). The existence of the caves was known as early as 1826. The main cave, Mlade\u010d Cave I, was first excavated by Josef Szombathy, who recorded his visits and excavations to the cave in his diary, a diary which is the sole source of information on the early excavations at the site. Szombathy first excavated the cave on June 7, 1881. The initial excavation ended on June 12. The first human fossil, the skull of \"Mlade\u010d 1\", was discovered during this excavation. Other fossils discovered during"}, {"context": "this excavation include \"Mlade\u010d 2\", \"Mlade\u010d 3\", \"Mlade\u010d 7\", \"Mlade\u010d 12-20\" and \"Mlade\u010d 27\". Szombathy's second excavation at the cave started on July 13, 1882 and ended on July 18. He returned again and excavated the cave from August 7\u201312, 1882. \"Mlade\u010d 8\", \"Mlade\u010d 9\" and \"Mlade\u010d 10\" were discovered during this excavation. Szombathy named the cave \"F\u00fcrst Johann\u2019s H\u00f6hle\" in honor of Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein, who owned the land where the cave was located. While the cave lay in the domain of the Prince of Liechtenstein, the cave also partially lay in the fields of a local"}, {"context": "villager, A. Nevrl\u00fd. Thus, the parts that lay in A. Nevrl\u00fd's fields were ceded to him. In 1902, A. Nevrl\u00fd built a wall to separate the Liechtenstein entrance from the cave and began to excavate a new entrance to the cave. Along with Jan Knies, a local schoolteacher and amateur archaeologist, the two began to excavate the cave. \"Mlade\u010d 39-41\" and \"Mlade\u010d 88-91\" were discovered by Knies. On March 22, 1904, a second cave, the \"Quarry Cave\" (Mlade\u010d Cave II) was discovered near the main site by quarry workers and subsequently destroyed. The workers found three human skulls, which were"}, {"context": "likely to have been \"Mlade\u010d 5\", \"Mlade\u010d 6\" and \"Mlade\u010d 46\". The discovery of human fossils was big news at the time in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and thus attracted a lot of attention. The mayor of nearby Litovel, Jan Smy\u010dka, arrived soon after. Szombathy returned to the site on August 25, where he was presented with the new fossil finds. In 1911, the Museum Society in Litovel took over ownership of the caves. Szombathy's next visit to the site occurred in 1925. In the intervening years, the Museum Society in Litovel, under the supervision of Jan Smy\u010dka, ordered the removal"}, {"context": "of large amounts of sediment from the Mlade\u010d caves without the guidance of archaeologists, destroying a lot of valuable potential information on the cave. This was done in order to make the caves accessible for public viewing; the removal of large amounts of sediment allowed for the building of stairs and paved floors for visitors to the caves. The last significant fossil finds were discovered in 1922. Many of the discoveries at Mlade\u010d have been lost or destroyed over time, due to unauthorized looting and excavations, disappearances into private collections, and the large destruction of artefacts stored at Mikulov Castle,"}, {"context": "which was set on fire by the Germans at the end of World War II. Ironically, the anthropological collection from the Moravsk\u00e9 zemsk\u00e9 muzeum, which included a large collection of fossil artefacts from Mlade\u010d, had been moved to Mikulov Castle during the war for safekeeping purposes. Out of the 60 human fossils from Mlade\u010d stored at Mikulov Castle, only 5 could be recovered following the fire. Osteological and lithic artefacts were discovered at Mlade\u010d. 40 bone points were discovered, while only a few stone artefacts were discovered. The bone points at Mlade\u010d have been found at other Central European sites"}, {"context": "in an Aurignacian context. None of the bone points from Mlade\u010d have a split base, and in fact have a massive base. These artefacts are referred to as Mlade\u010d-type bone points or bone projectiles. When found at other sites with split base bone points occurring in a separate layer, the layer with Mlade\u010d-type bone points is always found above the layer with split base bone points. The Mlade\u010d-type bone points appear in an Aurignacian context after 40,000 BP. 22 perforated mammalian teeth were also discovered; these teeth were likely used as pendants. Perforated animal teeth used as pendants are frequently"}, {"context": "found at Aurignacian sites. The perforated teeth from Mlade\u010d came from wolves, bears, and uncommonly, beavers and moose. Out of the limited lithic artefacts from Mlade\u010d, only one can clearly be ascribed as Aurignacian. The remains of carbonized rope were also discovered in 1882 by Szombathy. In 1981, archaeologists discovered ochre-colored marks on some of the walls at Mlade\u010d. Today, the assemblage of fossils from Mlade\u010d is split among several museums. Szombathy's collection is stored in the Vienna Museum of Natural History, while Jan Knies' collection is stored in the Moravsk\u00e9 zemsk\u00e9 muzeum. 632 bones from large mammals remain from"}, {"context": "the fossil assemblage discovered at Mlade\u010d. The large mammal remains at Mlade\u010d come primarily from bovids (primarily steppe bison, but a few from aurochs), bears (primarily \"Ursus deningeri\", but a few from \"Ursus spelaeus\"), reindeer, horses and wolves. More than 100 human fossil fragments were discovered at Mlade\u010d. Researchers failed to extract usable DNA from the Mlade\u010d human fossils for the purposes of aDNA analysis. However, two (out of twelve) of the Mlade\u010d specimens, \"Mlade\u010d 2\" and \"Mlade\u010d 25c\", yielded a limited amount of mtDNA, which did not contain Neanderthal mtDNA sequences. Direct AMS dating of the human fossils from"}, {"context": "Mlade\u010d yielded uncalibrated dates of around 31,190 BP for \"Mlade\u010d 1\", 31,320 BP for \"Mlade\u010d 2\", 30,680 BP for \"Mlade\u010d 8\" and 26,330 BP for \"Mlade\u010d 25c\". Mlade\u010d caves The Mlade\u010d caves () are a cave complex in the Czech Republic situated to the west of the village of Mlade\u010d in the Litovelsk\u00e9 Pomorav\u00ed Protected Landscape Area. The complex labyrinth of fissure corridors and caves can be found inside the calcite hill of T\u0159es\u00edn. The underground spaces are decorated with stalactites, stalagmites and sinters. Its highlights include \"Nature\u2019s Temple\" and the \"Virgin Cave\". The islets of limestones in Mlade\u010d Karst"}]}, {"title": "Weston Green", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Weston Green Weston Green is a small suburban village and a ward in the Elmbridge borough of Surrey. This area was, until 1901, a part of Thames Ditton with which it remains contiguous and associated. Weston Green is also contiguous with Esher, which provides the village's closest railway station. The village forms a rough triangle of land along the west side of the midsection of the Hampton Court Branch Line next to Thames Ditton railway station and down to Esher railway station (which is on the South Western Main Line), with the split between the two being the part dual-carriageway,"}, {"context": "the A309. The name is derived from Westun, a farmstead covering land in the west of Thames Ditton. Weston Green appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as \"Westone\" held by Barking Abbey (a nunnery). Its domesday assets were: 3 ploughs. It rendered \u00a32 per year to its feudal system overlords. The village occupies part of the lands of two manors of medieval Thames Ditton: According to the Chancery Rolls of 1212, King John was entertained at a residence of some size in Ditton belonging to Geoffrey Fitz Pierre, the Chief Justice, during a royal journey from Chertsey to London. It"}, {"context": "was likely the house of one of these two manors. A curious reminder of the ancient lordship of Weston is given by a notice board, which used to stand on the common, headed\" 'Manor of Weston otherwise Barking'. \" The alternative name of Barking Manor appears in surveys before the 20th century of Imber Court. The manor of Weston was annexed by Act of Parliament in 1539 and leased in the following year to John Baker. In later times, the Crown usually demised it upon lease to the owner of Imber Court. In the great Onslow sale of Imber Court"}, {"context": "in 1778, William Speer (who had acquired property in Westminster and Fulham on marrying heiress Katherine Wilson) bought the largest parcel of land, Manor Farm. In 1801 his son William bought the remains of the manor of Weston from the Crown. This comprised waste (infertile land) that was common land and also came with the Lordship of the Manor of Weston \"alias Barking\". William passed on the title of Lord of the Manor of Weston to his son Wilfred Speer, and later it was inherited by Wilfred's son Wilfred Dakins Speer and then Hannibal son of Cecilia Speer and Hannibal"}, {"context": "Sandys, who took the name of Speer to conform with William's will. At about the same time that Speer bought the manor of Weston, he bought extensive 'wastes' or common lands belonging to the manors of Claygate and Imber Court, which has since been treated as part of the manor of Weston. The barn of Weston Manor Farm, built to Henry VIII's order, was said to be a 'huge and splendid building'. During the reign of his younger daughter Elizabeth I the farm belonged to Thomas Fanshawe. It was demolished in 1962. Towards the end of the 18th century, an"}, {"context": "amateur police force of about 80 men was formed at Weston Green. In 1792, a group of vigilantes was formed and based at the Harrow Inn. Their backers included William Speer of Weston Grange, Thomas Bracey and William Chauncey. From 1901 until 1939 a plain, red brick, chapel of ease here existed to the church of Thames Ditton. Weston Green was the birthplace of Felicia Browne (1904\u20131936). A green buffer, including the Esher and Thames Ditton Golf Course, separate it from the Littleworth Common part of Claygate that was also once a manor of Thames Ditton. East Molesey and Esher's"}, {"context": "part of the Imber Court and Sandown Park neighbourhoods directly adjoin. Its relatively small green is adjoined by the larger Old Cranleighan (Sports) Club, see Cranleigh School. Weston Green has an Anglican church, All Saints, built in 1939 having been designed by Edward Maufe who designed Guildford Cathedral. and an unusually rounded Catholic church. Hampton Court Way was built 1928\u201332. It bisects the village and became the division between the Esher and Thames Ditton post towns. The three pub-restaurants are joined by a restaurant forming a cluster, indeed a small number of shops (such a motor outlet and an estate"}, {"context": "agents) form the only non-residential cluster here, all facing or almost facing Hampton Court Way. The cluster comprises: The average level of accommodation in the region composed of detached houses was 28%, the average that was apartments was 22.6%. The proportion of households in the settlement who owned their home outright compares to the regional average of 35.1%. The proportion who owned their home with a loan compares to the regional average of 32.5%. The remaining % is made up of rented dwellings (plus a negligible % of households living rent-free). At Surrey County Council, one of the 81 representatives"}, {"context": "represents the area, that for \"The Dittons\" division. At the two tiers levels of local government, to date representatives have been from the Conservative more often lately a usually allied to the others Thames Ditton & Weston Green Residents' Association but sometimes acting independently from the other residents associations, as currently professed at the county level by Nick Darby. At Elmbridge Borough Council the ward is a smaller one than its average and elects two councillors. Weston Green Weston Green is a small suburban village and a ward in the Elmbridge borough of Surrey. This area was, until 1901, a"}]}, {"title": "Richard H. Weisberg", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Richard H. Weisberg Richard H. Weisberg is a professor of constitutional law at the Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University in New York City, a leading scholar on law and literature. Weisberg received his B.A. degree from Brandeis University in 1965, Ph.D. degree from Cornell University in 1970, and J.D. degree from Columbia University in 1974. He has written many articles and books on the law and literature movement, including \"The Failure of the Word\", \"When Lawyers Write\", and \"Poethics: and Other Strategies of Law and Literature.\" He was a Guggenheim Fellow and a recipient of the France's Legion"}, {"context": "of Honor in 2008. Richard H. Weisberg Richard H. Weisberg is a professor of constitutional law at the Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University in New York City, a leading scholar on law and literature. Weisberg received his B.A. degree from Brandeis University in 1965, Ph.D. degree from Cornell University in 1970, and J.D. degree from Columbia University in 1974. He has written many articles and books on the law and literature movement, including \"The Failure of the Word\", \"When Lawyers Write\", and \"Poethics: and Other Strategies of Law and Literature.\" He was a Guggenheim Fellow and a recipient"}]}, {"title": "Frank Steunenberg", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Frank Steunenberg Frank Steunenberg (August 8, 1861December 30, 1905) was the fourth Governor of the State of Idaho, serving from 1897 until 1901. He is perhaps best known for his 1905 assassination by one-time union member Harry Orchard, who was also a paid informant for the Cripple Creek Mine Owners' Association. Orchard attempted to implicate leaders of the radical Western Federation of Miners in the assassination. The labor leaders were found not guilty in two trials, but Orchard spent the rest of his life in prison. Born in Keokuk, Iowa, and raised in Knoxville, Steunenberg was the fourth of ten"}, {"context": "children of Bernardus and Cornelia (Keppel) Steunenberg, with five brothers and four sisters. He attended Iowa State College at Ames and then went on to become a printer's apprentice and publisher. In 1881 he was hired by the \"Des Moines Register\" in Des Moines. Steunenberg later published a newspaper in Knoxville until 1886, when he moved west and settled in Caldwell, Idaho Territory, where he joined his younger brother Albert K. Steunenberg (1863\u20131907) in taking over the \"Caldwell Tribune\" for six years. Steunenberg became active in politics in Caldwell and Idaho gained statehood in 1890. He was elected to the"}, {"context": "first state legislature that fall at age 29 as a fusion candidate, endorsed by both the Democratic and Populist Parties. With labor union support, in 1896 Steunenberg was nominated as both the Democratic and Populist candidate for governor. He won the November election at age 35 and became the first non-Republican elected to that office and was re-elected to a second two-year term in 1898. (Four-year terms began with 1946 election.) Steunenberg served during a period of considerable labor unrest, particularly in the mining industry in northern Idaho. As a result, many corporations, fearing that Steunenberg's government would not support"}, {"context": "them if there was a strike, increased their wages for workers. The Bunker Hill Mining Company, however, hired only non-union labor, and kept wages lower than unionized mines in the area. In April 1899, members of the Western Federation of Miners destroyed the company's mill at Wardner in the Silver Valley. In response, Steunenberg declared martial law and because the national guard was deployed to the Philippines due to the Spanish\u2013American War of the preceding year, Steunenberg asked President William McKinley to send federal troops to quell the unrest. This action was seen as a betrayal by Steunenberg's union supporters."}, {"context": "Martial law remained in place through the end of his term, and Steunenberg did not seek a third term in 1900. Nearly five years after he left office, Steunenberg was killed outside his house in Caldwell at 1602 Dearborn Street () by a bomb rigged to the side Harry Orchard, a former miner from the Western Federation of Miners (WFM), was arrested in Caldwell shortly after for the assassination, and the investigation was conducted by Pinkerton agent James McParland. Orchard at first claimed innocence, but after solitary confinement and intense interrogation by McParland, Orchard signed a 64-page type-written confession detailing"}, {"context": "years of being a paid assassin and dynamiter for the WFM. Orchard claimed he was hired to kill Steunenberg by leadership of the WFM, and he had been in previous jobs that resulted in at least 17 other deaths. Orchard said his orders for the killing of Steunenberg came from \"Big Bill\" Haywood, general secretary of the WFM, Charles Moyer, president of the WFM, and George Pettibone, a labor activist who had a prior conviction related to an 1892 labor dispute in Coeur d'Alene. At McParland's urging, the three were arrested in Denver in February 1908, and hurriedly extradited to"}, {"context": "Idaho for trial. The nationally publicized trial took place in Boise over several months in mid-1907 and included new U.S. Senator William Borah for the prosecution and Clarence Darrow for the defense. On the witness stand, Orchard repeated his written confession, admitting to years of setting bombs for the WFM. He was then cross-examined by defense lawyers for 26 hours, spread out over a week's time. In addition to Orchard, the prosecution presented 80 more witnesses to corroborate Orchard's description of numerous attacks. Darrow and the defense team called over 100 witnesses of their own. Closing arguments lasted two weeks,"}, {"context": "the most talked about of which was by Darrow. Modern commentators have praised Darrow's closing argument, which used powerful emotional rhetoric focused on the moral superiority of the unions' position. However contemporary reaction was universally negative. The \"Chicago Tribune\" called it \"the most unseemly, abusive, inflammatory speech ever delivered in an American courtroom.\" Despite most observers' opinions that the verdict would be guilty, the jury returned an acquittal for Haywood in late July. Pettibone was defended in a separate trial by Judge Orrin N. Hilton of Denver, Colorado and was also acquitted, and charges were dropped against Moyer. Orchard pled"}, {"context": "guilty and received a death sentence in a separate trial, but the sentence was commuted to life in prison. In 1952, at 86 years of age and 45 years after the Haywood trial, Orchard wrote in his autobiography that all of his confession and his trial testimony were true. At the request of the Steunenberg family, attorney Borah gave a brief oration at the funeral in Caldwell on January 2, 1906. A monument to Steunenberg was dedicated in December 1927 in Boise; the outdoor bronze statue faces the front steps of the Idaho State Capitol from across Jefferson Street. Its"}, {"context": "inscription is as follows: Frank Steunenberg<br> Governor of Idaho<br> 1897 - 1900<br> <br> When in 1899 organized lawlessness challenged the power of Idaho, he upheld the dignity of the state, enforced its authority and restored LAW AND ORDER within its boundaries, for which he was assassinated in 1905.<br>\"Rugged in body, resolute in mind, massive in the strength of his convictions, he was of the granite hewn.\" In grateful memory of his courageous devotion to public duty, the people of Idaho have erected this monument. The quote is from Borah's oration at the funeral in 1906. Frank Steunenberg Frank Steunenberg (August"}]}, {"title": "UFA Sports", "paragraphs": [{"context": "UFA Sports U! Sports (formerly UFA Sports GmbH) is an internationally active sports marketing agency. Its main sphere of activity includes the distribution of media, sponsorship, corporate hospitality and testimonial rights as well as traditional sports marketing consultancy services. The agency's portfolio comprises a wide range of cooperations in several different sports and with different institutions such as confederations, federations, leagues, clubs and athletes. These cooperations include inter alia long-term partnerships with the German Bundesliga clubs FC St. Pauli, 1. FC Union Berlin and FC Ingolstadt 04 as well as with the boxer and current WBA Middleweight Super Champion Felix"}, {"context": "Sturm. The history of the UFA Sports brand goes back to 1988 when the UFA Film- und Fernseh GmbH, a subsidiary of Bertelsmann, signed the first ever private television broadcast right contract with the German Football League and moreover acquired the television rights of the Wimbledon tennis tournament, the same year \u2013 two revolutionary deals in the German media landscape at that time. In 1994, UFA Sports successfully invested in the rehabilitation of the football club Hertha BSC Berlin and thereby laid the foundation for the first ever general marketing agreement with a Bundesliga Club. Seven years later, UFA Sports"}, {"context": "underwent several mergers and acquisitions, among others with the two French sport rights agencies Sport+ and GJCD 2000, and was renamed into Sportfive. In 2008, UFA Sports was re-established under the roof of its original shareholders the RTL Group and Bertelsmann and is now led by several former Sportfive managers with the headquarters of the agency based in Hamburg. In May 2015, Lagard\u00e8re Unlimited, the dedicated Sports and Entertainment branch of the French media Company Lagard\u00e8re Group, acquired the agency. As a result of this connection, a 2-brand-strategy has been adopted, in which both of the agencies operate individually and"}, {"context": "independently within the market and consequently represent their respective objectives and needs of their rights holders and sponsors. From August 2016, UFA Sports is renamed as U! Sports. UFA Sports U! Sports (formerly UFA Sports GmbH) is an internationally active sports marketing agency. Its main sphere of activity includes the distribution of media, sponsorship, corporate hospitality and testimonial rights as well as traditional sports marketing consultancy services. The agency's portfolio comprises a wide range of cooperations in several different sports and with different institutions such as confederations, federations, leagues, clubs and athletes. These cooperations include inter alia long-term partnerships with"}]}, {"title": "Ben Garrison", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ben Garrison Ben Garrison is an American political cartoonist and artist. He is a self-described libertarian, and his cartoons often portray conservative figures and right wing politicians such as President Donald Trump. In a 2015 interview with Breitbart News, he said he did not support any presidential candidate in the 2016 election, but said he admires Trump for \"shaking up the neocon-controlled Republican Party.\"He lives in Lakeside, Montana. Garrison attended Angelo State University in the 1970s. He graduated \"magna cum laude\" from Angelo State in 1979, where he majored in art. Garrison originally wanted to pursue a career in the"}, {"context": "fine arts, but later began working as a graphic artist at the \"San Angelo Standard-Times\" instead, where his first editorial cartoon was published in 1980. He only began making political cartoons after the financial crisis of 2007\u20132008, which prompted him to resume drawing after a 20-year hiatus. In 2010, Garrison uploaded a cartoon to the Internet depicting the Eye of Providence kicking members of the public with its legs, which correspond to both the Democratic and Republican parties. Subsequently, an internet troll on 4chan posted an edited version of the cartoon in which the Eye of Providence has been replaced"}, {"context": "by an antisemitic caricature of a Jewish man (\"Happy Merchant\" by A. Wyatt Mann). Many other Internet trolls later edited some of Garrison's other cartoons in a similar fashion, and he has since been called the \"most trolled cartoonist in the world.\" Garrison's name and identity are often linked to white supremacy and anti-Semitism, leading to his inclusion in a list of alleged Ku Klux Klan members leaked by Anonymous, from which he has since been removed. In May 2016, a cartoon of Garrison's comparing Michelle Obama and Melania Trump drew national attention. The cartoon showed a \"scowling, masculine and"}, {"context": "dowdy\" Obama contrasted against a smiling and feminine Trump, with the caption \"Make The First Lady Great Again!\". The Anti-Defamation League found Garrison's 2017 cartoon depicting a withered green hand, coming out of a coat sleeve labeled \"Rothschilds\" with a yellow-triangle cufflink, as puppet master to George Soros who in turn controls puppets H. R. McMaster and David Petraeus, to be anti-Semitic. In July 2018, former Texas congressman and presidential candidate, Ron Paul, tweeted a comic incorrectly attributed to Ben Garrison that depicted racial stereotypes assaulting Uncle Sam. Ben Garrison Ben Garrison is an American political cartoonist and artist. He"}]}, {"title": "Ben Zubiri", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ben Zubiri Wenceslao \"Ben\" Zubiri (September 28, 1911 \u2013 November 9, 1969), who was also known as Iyo Karpo was a Cebuano composer, actor, and media personality in the Philippines. His most famous composition, for which he wrote both the lyrics and music, is the song \"Matud Nila\" (in English \"They Say\"). Zubiri was born on the island of Cebu in 1911 and started his schooling in San Nicolas Elementary School. From an early age, he was said to have displayed an ability in singing and music. He had a role in the movie \"Bertoldo-Balodoy\", which was the first Cebuano"}, {"context": "film that was ever released. Ben Zubiri also wrote Cebuano songs. In 1941 he wrote his most famous song, \"Matud Nila\". This song has been labeled by some as the cultural anthem of the Cebuanos. He also was a comedian in radio dramas as well as offering advice on the program \"Purico Amateur Hour\". Ben Zubiri died in 1969. He was married to Luz Butalid, a Boholana, whom he met while he was in Bohol as a guerilla fighter during the Second World War. A street in Barangay Labangon in Cebu City was later named in Zubiri's honor. Ben Zubiri"}]}, {"title": "Montclair-Boonton Line", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Montclair-Boonton Line The Montclair-Boonton Line is a commuter rail line of New Jersey Transit Rail Operations in the United States. It is part of the Hoboken Division. The line is a consolidation of three individual lines: the former Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad's Montclair Branch, which ran from Hoboken Terminal to Bay Street, Montclair; the Erie Railroad's Greenwood Lake Division (segment from Montclair to Mountain View-Wayne), which originally ran from the Erie's Jersey City Terminal to Greenwood Lake, NY; and the former Lackawanna Boonton Line, which ran from Hoboken to Hackettstown, New Jersey. The Montclair-Boonton line was formed when the"}, {"context": "Montclair Connection opened on September 30, 2002. The line serves 28 active rail stations in New Jersey along with New York Pennsylvania Station. It crosses through six counties, serving six stations in the township of Montclair, two in the town of Bloomfield, and one in the city of Newark. Trains along the Montclair-Boonton Line heading eastward usually originate at Hackettstown, Mount Olive, Lake Hopatcong, Dover, or Montclair State University, bound for either Hoboken Terminal or New York Penn Station. For 2010, of 31 inbound and 34 outbound daily weekday trains, 21 inbound and 22 outbound Midtown Direct trains (about 66%)"}, {"context": "use the Kearny Connection to Secaucus Junction and New York Penn Station; the rest go to Hoboken Terminal. Trains to Hoboken run only at rush hour. Passengers can transfer at Secaucus Junction, Newark Broad Street Station, Montclair State University, or Dover to reach other destinations if necessary. Truncated weekend service on the Montclair-Boonton Line began on November 8, 2009, with service every two hours between Bay Street station in Montclair and Hoboken terminal, with the train making all local stops. This was an extension of existing Hoboken-to-Newark service, previously listed on the Morris & Essex timetables. Plans for connecting the"}, {"context": "two lines (the New York & Greenwood Lake Railroad (later the Boonton Line) and the Montclair Branch) dated back to 1929, when a rail connection through Montclair was proposed. Despite years of debate over the connection, nothing came to fruition until 1991. Lackawanna Terminal in Montclair closed in 1981, replaced by the new Bay Street station on the alignment that eventually would extend to the connection. In 1991, studies were conducted by New Jersey Transit regarding the creation of the Montclair Connection, and in 2002, after construction was completed, the Boonton Line from east of Walnut Street station to Arlington"}, {"context": "was abandoned and all trains took the new alignment via the Montclair Branch between a newly rebuilt Bay Street station and Walnut Street. Service began on September 30, 2002 and three stations on the old Boonton Line were closed, Benson Street in Glen Ridge, Rowe Street in Bloomfield, and Arlington station in Kearny. Besides the Montclair Connection, service was extended in 1994 from Netcong station to Hackettstown via tracks owned by Conrail (now Norfolk Southern). Stations at Roseville Avenue in Newark, Ampere in East Orange, and Great Notch in Little Falls were closed in 1984, 1991, and 2010 respectively. Two"}, {"context": "service expansions have been proposed using the under-construction branch to Andover via the Lackawanna Cut-Off (NJ Transit) project, an extension on old New York and Greenwood Lake tracks to Pompton Junction, and the New York, Susquehanna and Western. There is also a proposal to extend service along the Washington Secondary as a rapid transit improvement to the New Jersey Route 57 corridor via Washington Borough to Phillipsburg. The Montclair Branch was chartered in 1852 as the Newark and Bloomfield Railroad, running through Bloomfield and nearby West Bloomfield (present-day Montclair). However, tracks were not constructed along the owned right-of-way until 1856;"}, {"context": "in June of that year trains began running between Newark, Bloomfield, and West Bloomfield. The railroad had a large deficit to start; the ticket agent at West Bloomfield was also the brakeman for the one-car train. On April 1, 1868, the Morris & Essex Railroad bought out the alignment of the Newark and Bloomfield Railroad. The Morris & Essex began running services on the line, which was renamed the \"Montclair Branch\" when West Bloomfield was similarly renamed to \"Montclair\" shortly after. The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad soon gained trackage rights, and by the turn of the 20th century, the"}, {"context": "railroad had begun constructing track depressions and raises to eliminate grade-level crossings on city streets. In 1912, the Montclair Branch was depressed, elevated, and double tracked, and grade crossings were eliminated. The stations at Watsessing Avenue and Glen Ridge were constructed below street level, while Ampere and Bloomfield stations were constructed above street level. Roseville Avenue station was already depressed, below street level, in 1903. In June 1913, the new Lackawanna Terminal (named after the Delaware, \"Lackawanna\", and Western) opened in Montclair. William H. Botsford designed it, but did not live to see it open as he died in the"}, {"context": "sinking of the \"Titanic\" in 1912. The brick station building followed a Grecian-Doric style of architecture, which included creative uses of concrete for the arches and dentils. Lackawanna Terminal had six tracks and three concrete platforms, with a large bridge which carried Grove Street in Montclair over the tracks. The Montclair Branch was the first fully electrified suburban railroad, wired in 1930. The inaugural train was driven by Thomas Edison, who had helped develop the line. On July 26, 1945, the Morris & Essex Railroad Company was officially dissolved, and the company became part of the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western."}, {"context": "The lines were then maintained as the Morris & Essex Division. The New York & Greenwood Lake Railway originated as the New York and Montclair Railroad, granted a state charter in 1867 to construct a railroad from Jersey City to the New York state line at Greenwood Lake. The railroad caused the secession of West Bloomfield from Bloomfield, and West Bloomfield renamed itself Montclair. The railroad was completed in 1872 with four stations in Montclair: Montclair, Watchung Avenue, Upper Montclair, and Montclair Heights. The New York & Greenwood Lake Railway became a subsidiary of the Erie Railroad by 1884 and"}, {"context": "what was once its track is now the Walnut Street \u2013 Mountain View stretch of the Montclair-Boonton Line. The original railroad extended farther, via the former alignment through Montclair, Glen Ridge, Bloomfield, Newark and reaching into Kearny, where it crossed the Hackensack River and the meadowlands into Jersey City. It had two stations in the Arlington section of Kearny: Arlington and West Arlington; Forest Hill and North Newark in Newark; Belwood Park, Rowe Street, Orchard Street, and Walnut Street in Bloomfield, and Benson Street in Glen Ridge. At Forest Hill in Newark the Orange Branch split at OJ Tower, constructed"}, {"context": "in 1897. Orange Branch passenger service was discontinued on May 20, 1955, but freight service lingered until 1994 when the track was removed from White Street in West Orange to the Watsessing section of Bloomfield. A portion of track was used until 2010 by Norfolk Southern to serve the Hartz Mountain plant, which was shuttered that year. At one time the Orange Branch served many industries along its right of way. Some track remains today for the Newark Light Rail, including Silver Lake Station, which was a station on the branch. The station, today known as Walnut Street, was then"}, {"context": "known as Montclair-Erie Plaza to differentiate it from the nearby Montclair Lackawanna Terminal. The line also had an extension to Sterling Forest and Ringwood near the state line with New York. On October 1, 1960, the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad (DL&W) and Erie Railroad merged to form the Erie-Lackawanna Railroad. In 1963, the old DL&W Boonton Branch was abandoned between Mountain View and Paterson and its right of way was sold for the new Interstate 80 and the current-day New Jersey Route 19. (At the time, NJ 19 was designated New Jersey Route 20; the westernmost segment of NJ"}, {"context": "20 connected eastward with what is now New Jersey Route 120, replicating Paterson Plank Road from Jersey City through the Meadowlands, Rutherford, and Clifton to Paterson) A single track could have been retained along the new highways, but the Erie-Lackawanna decided to sell the entire right-of-way as it was strapped for cash. To allow the western end of the Boonton Line access into Hoboken, the east end of the Erie's former Greenwood Lake Branch, between Bergen Junction at Croxton and Mountain View in Wayne, was joined to the west end of the DL&W's former Boonton Line between Wayne and Denville."}, {"context": "The line was renamed the Greenwood Lake-Boonton Line in recognition of its two predecessors. The original DL&W east of Clifton was joined with the Erie's Main Line as part of a project to remove tracks through Passaic. In 1983, the maintenance of the Montclair Branch and the Boonton Line were taken over entirely by New Jersey Transit. The Boonton Line at that point began out of Hoboken Terminal, heading westward through the Jersey Meadows and into Kearny, crossing the Passaic river at West Arlington and going through North Newark, Bloomfield, and Glen Ridge before entering Montclair and continuing on from"}, {"context": "the current Walnut Street station to Netcong station. The Montclair Branch, designated part of the Morris & Essex Lines, which consisted of the Montclair Branch, Morristown Line, and Gladstone Branch, had six stations: Roseville Avenue in Newark, Ampere in East Orange, Watsessing Avenue in Bloomfield, Bloomfield station, Glen Ridge station, and Bay Street in Montclair. The Montclair Branch was an electrified service; however, the Boonton Line was a diesel line. Over the next decade, New Jersey Transit closed several stations over the length of the Montclair Branch. The Harrison and Roseville Avenue stations were closed on September 16, 1984; the"}, {"context": "Ampere station in East Orange was closed less than seven years later, on April 7, 1991. Plans to extend the Morristown Line and Boonton Line westward from Netcong station to Hackettstown were proposed in June 1992 as part of proposed service extension. On November 6, 1994, service was ceremonially extended along Norfolk Southern's Washington Secondary from Netcong Station with the creation of the stops in Mount Olive and Hackettstown. Trackage along those two stations is still Norfolk Southern's, though anything beyond Netcong remains New Jersey Transit's. In 2002, New Jersey Transit finished construction of the Montclair Connection, a small set"}, {"context": "of tracks along Pine Street in Montclair that connected the Boonton Line and the Montclair Branch. The concept of the Montclair Connection had been originated in 1929 by the Regional Plan Association, to connect the New York & Greenwood Lake with the Montclair Branch. However, the Great Depression, which began in 1929, shelved plans for the connection. Three decades after the Erie's Main Line was realigned out of Passaic (in 1963), New Jersey Transit returned to the plan for the Montclair Connection. The original plan was for a one-track diesel connection, but this grew into a two-track electric connection with"}, {"context": "extension of catenary wires. After negotiations with the township of Montclair, detailed plans and design began in 1998, and construction began just a year later. When the Montclair Connection was completed in 2002, the names of the Montclair Branch and Boonton Line were eliminated in favor of the labeling the new whole \"the Montclair-Boonton Line\". Although no stations along the Montclair Branch (Watsessing, Bloomfield, Glen Ridge, and Bay Street) were closed, three stations along the old Greenwood Lake alignment had service end on September 20, 2002: Arlington station, in Kearny, Rowe Street, in Bloomfield, and Benson Street, in Glen Ridge."}, {"context": "This alignment was turned over to Norfolk Southern for maintenance. The station building at Benson Street was damaged by a fire in the 1980s and had fallen into disrepair; in May 2009, it was sold to a private developer and entirely rebuilt. During the Montclair Connection's construction, Bay Street station, which was a single platform with only one track, was rebuilt entirely, with two high-level platforms and new tracks. The new connection also introduced service to New York Penn Station for commuters along the line; trains previously went only to Hoboken Terminal. The new services included diesel service and express"}, {"context": "trains to Montclair Heights, making stops from Great Notch to Hackettstown, and new Midtown Direct service trains from Montclair Heights to New York, with transfers between them at Great Notch. There was also additional Morristown line Midtown Direct service to New York, available only at Denville and Dover stations. Other upgrades along the line included a revamping of Great Notch Yard for state-of-the-art service. However, no weekend service was implemented on the line. 11 miles of rail line from Montclair to Jersey City were shut down following the completion of the Montclair Connection and the DB and WR drawbridges were"}, {"context": "abandoned in the open position. Shortly thereafter a coalition of walking, biking and trails group began to advocate for the railway to be converted into a trail and greenway known as the \"Essex-Hudson Greenway.\" On June 10, 2002, Governor of New Jersey James E. McGreevey announced a partnership with Montclair State University (MSU) as part of the Midtown Direct service. On July 18, 2002, partnership announced plans for a new train station and parking facility for commuters in Little Falls. Before the Construction of Montclair State University Station, students at Montclair State University could only use Montclair Heights station to"}, {"context": "access the campus. Construction of the station was delayed by lawsuits from the township of Montclair because of residential displacement and parking issues. The station was proposed with a 1300-space parking deck and a cost of $36 million (2002 USD). The $36 million came entirely from the New Jersey Economic Development Authority in bonds to Montclair State University. On October 20, 2004, the new Montclair State University Station at Little Falls opened in a ceremony led by executive director George Warrington and MSU president Susan Cole. The new station had a parking deck with 1500 spaces, reducing road congestion. This"}, {"context": "differed from the original proposal, which had called for 1,300 parking spaces. Electrified service was then extended from Montclair Heights station north a mile to Montclair State University, although catenary wires continue westward to the former Great Notch station. Prior to 2008, the only station in Wayne was the downtown Mountain View station. The only station in the area around Lake Hopatcong was Lake Hopatcong station in Landing (this station has been referred to on timetables as Lake Hopatcong-Mount Arlington). In 2008, both the Wayne-Route 23 Transit Center and Mount Arlington Intermodal Train Station and Park & Ride opened. Wayne-Route"}, {"context": "23 is located in Wayne, near the Westbelt Mall at the U.S. Route 46, Interstate 80, Route 23 interchange; this was also the site of the Singac station, which closed four decades before the new transit center opened. On September 13, 2006, construction of the $16.3 million project was announced; the general contractor was J.H. Reid of South Plainfield. The new station was built to reduce traffic on nearby highways, by diverting commuters to trains or buses. Construction on Mount Arlington Station, which was already a parking lot with 228 spaces for Lakeland Bus, began on April 12, 2006. The"}, {"context": "new train station was built to relieve traffic on Interstate 80, and 57 new parking spaces were added to the lot. The project was slated to cost $12.1 million, and the contract was given to Terminal Construction Corporation of Wood-Ridge. Both stations were completed within nine days of each other: the Wayne-Route 23 Transit Center opened on January 12, 2008, with train service beginning two days later; Mount Arlington Station opened on January 21, 2008, and is the newest station on the line. In 2002, after construction on the Montclair Connection was completed, there was no weekend service on the"}, {"context": "new Montclair-Boonton Line. Over the ensuing six years, officials from Montclair urged New Jersey Transit to offer weekend service on the Montclair-Boonton Line, which was the only NJT line without it. Montclair Township's proposal cited the benefits of weekend service to the communities along the line, including reduced traffic congestion and carbon footprint. The agency repeatedly declined to expand the service because Montclair limited the use of train horns between 7 pm and 7 am. New Jersey Transit had received requests for weekend service since 2007, and denied them citing capacity issues and turning off electric power for bridge replacement."}, {"context": "Advocates have dismissed these reasons as \"excuses\" and locals said it would improve their quality of life. On September 30, 2009, New Jersey Transit announced service every two hours between Bay Street station and Hoboken Terminal, an approximately 35-minute trip. The service started on November 8, 2009 with a ceremony at Bay Street station in Montclair. Great Notch was a small station on the south side of Long Hill Road (Passaic County Route 631) in Great Notch. The station dated back to 1905 as a transfer point between the New York & Greenwood Lake and its Caldwell Branch to Essex"}, {"context": "Fells, New Jersey. The station was important in its heyday, but after the opening of Montclair State University station in 2004, about a mile away, ridership at the old station, which had only 69 parking spaces, began to dwindle. By January 2008, only one train inbound to Hoboken and two trains outbound towards Hackettstown/Dover stopped at Great Notch. In August 2008, New Jersey Transit approached the community of Great Notch, part of Little Falls, saying that the 103-year-old station would be closed by October. After a few days, there was public protest against the possible closure, and on September 3,"}, {"context": "a public meeting was held to strike a deal with residents. On April 1, 2009, after negotiations with Michael DeFrancisci, the mayor of Little Falls, the station and town were given a \"one-year test\" to attract ridership at the small station. The quota to keep the station open was 67 people using the station by December 31, 2009 and 100+ by April 1, 2010. On December 18, 2009, the test was canceled when Little Falls was informed by New Jersey Transit that the Great Notch Station would be closed on January 17, 2010 due to the anemic ridership at the"}, {"context": "station. New Jersey Transit cited in a press release that the station only was receiving an average of nine boardings daily. The remaining passengers were directed to use either Montclair State University station or Little Falls station. The Montclair-Boonton Line received serious damage from Hurricane Sandy on October 29\u201330, 2012, due to fallen trees blocking the tracks and bringing down catenary and signal wires. The line was completely shut down until November 14, when limited electric Midtown Direct and Hackettstown-Hoboken diesel service was restored. According to the \"2020 Transit: Possibilities For The Future\" report produced by New Jersey Transit in"}, {"context": "October 2000, the Montclair-Boonton Line is a candidate for further rail expansion beyond the Montclair Connection. The Lackawanna Cut-Off, a project from Lake Hopatcong to Scranton, Pennsylvania, is to start off as the Andover Branch off Montclair-Boonton Line trains. The Lackawanna Cut-Off was the former Delaware, Lackawanna and Western relocated mainline, which saw passenger service from 1911 to 1970. As part of the Minimal Operable Segment (MOS), only a stretch to Andover, New Jersey is to be active. Passenger trains will use an upgraded alignment from the Montclair-Boonton/Morristown mainline at Port Morris Junction with several Montclair-Boonton trains taking the junction"}, {"context": "to Andover. The report also cited the study of extending service on the Montclair-Boonton from the current Hackettstown station, a single-sided platform in downtown Hackettstown along the current Washington Secondary, maintained by Norfolk Southern to Phillipsburg, New Jersey via Washington. One of two extensions proposed to Phillipsburg, the line would follow New Jersey Route 57 through Port Murray, Rockport, Washington, Stewartsville, and into Phillipsburg, where it would meet an extended Raritan Valley Line. Locals have expressed support for the extensions on the active Class I freight line, and would use automobiles to get to the stations' newly designed park and"}, {"context": "rides. The expansion of passenger service on the Washington Secondary is a small part of new public transport on the Route 57 corridor, an attempt to attract service past Hackettstown from the northern New Jersey and New York corridors. However, the candidate project has not yet been funded by New Jersey Transit. The third and final extension relates to the possibility of using the New York and Greenwood Lake trackage from Mountain View station northward to the old Pompton Junction station. The project, called the Pompton Extension, is part of an effort to connect service from the Montclair-Boonton to the"}, {"context": "candidate rail service to Sparta, New Jersey on the New York, Susquehanna and Western Railroad. This service would connect the stations at Pequannock, Pompton Plains, Bloomingdale and connect at the site of the former Pompton Junction station. However, unlike the other projects, the Pompton Extension is still in study and not a candidate for funding. A location for a yard in Sparta could not be agreed on. Train service on the Montclair-Boonton Line begins at either Hoboken Terminal, which includes all weekend service, or New York Penn Station. From there, trains use the alignment of the Morristown Line west through"}, {"context": "the Bergen Tunnels from Hoboken, over the Lower Hack Lift bridge across the Hackensack River. After crossing the Hackensack, the lines pass through Kearny and Harrison. Harrison was the site of a passenger station built in 1904 during the track-raising project by William Truesdale, which started in 1901. From Harrison, the lines cross over the Passaic River and along Bridge 7.48, a swing drawbridge built in 1901, where they enter the city of Newark and stop at Newark Broad Street Station. Broad Street Station is the first station in active service after Secaucus Junction. Continuing through Newark, the station enters"}, {"context": "the Roseville district of Newark, where the former Roseville Avenue station was located. Roseville Avenue was constructed in 1905, in the track depression through Roseville along the Morris & Essex Lines. Roseville Avenue Station had two separate sets of platforms (one for the Montclair Branch and one for the Morris & Essex Lines). Although the station was closed on September 16, 1984, the Roseville Tower remained until it was demolished in 2002 to make way for the Montclair Connection. At Roseville Avenue station, the Montclair-Boonton Line and Morris & Essex Lines diverge, with the Morris & Essex continuing west to"}, {"context": "Summit and points west, while the Montclair-Boonton turns to the north through Roseville and into the community of East Orange, where it crosses through the Ampere district. Near the intersection of Springdale Avenue and Ampere Parkway, trains pass through the site of the former Ampere Station. Ampere was built around 1909 and remained in use during New Jersey Transit days until April 7, 1991, when along with Grove Street, the station was closed. From here, the lines continue into Bloomfield. After crossing from East Orange into Bloomfield, the Montclair-Boonton Line almost immediately enters its next station (and its first past"}, {"context": "Newark Broad Street), the Watsessing Avenue station. The station is on an open cut, and is one of two stations that were built underground during the grade crossing elimination in 1912. After crossing under Watsessing Avenue (and Dodd Street), the lines continue northward, crossing under the Garden State Parkway between the northbound and southbound toll plazas of Exit 148. After traversing Watsessing Park, the tracks return to being above-ground and enter Bloomfield Station. The current Bloomfield station was constructed in 1912 during grade crossing elimination, when tracks were raised above street-level. From here, the station continues northwestward, paralleling Toney's Brook"}, {"context": "through Bloomfield (to the southeast of Bloomfield Avenue). After a short distance, the tracks enter the community of Glen Ridge and head back below street level. At the overpass with Ridgewood Avenue (Essex County Route 653), the line enters the namesake Glen Ridge station. Glen Ridge contains two platforms, and its station building, built in 1912, is above track level, similar to Watsessing Avenue. After Glen Ridge station, the Montclair-Boonton Line continues west before crossing under Bloomfield Avenue (County Route 506) and entering Montclair. After crossing under Bloomfield Avenue the Montclair-Boonton Line enters the namesake community of Montclair. It leaves"}, {"context": "the DL&W alignment and curves rightward into Bay Street station just after Bloomfield Avenue. Bay Street is the newest station on the Montclair Branch portion of the Montclair-Boonton Line, built in 1981 to replace the nearby Lackawanna Terminal, which was becoming a \"white elephant\". This station is the north end of service on weekends. After Bay Street the line parallels Pine Street on new track to join the Erie (NY&GL) alignment. After the merge near the intersection of Pine Street and Grant Street the line continues north and enters Walnut Street station near Erie Park (named after the Erie Railroad"}, {"context": "that once used the rails). The current Walnut Street station was built in 1952 as Montclair station after the larger structure was demolished. This station is the first of the five along the New York & Greenwood Lake portion of the Montclair-Boonton Line and has two low side platforms at grade. The lines parallel Erie Street, once again named after the predecessor railroad, continuing north through several parks in Montclair. After Woodman Field the line enters the Watchung Avenue station, the third of six stations in Montclair. Watchung Avenue Station was built in 1901 as an Erie Railroad Type V"}, {"context": "station (according to the 1920 Interstate Commerce Report for the Erie), separated by less than a mile from the nearby stations. Watchung Avenue station has two low platforms on embankments and sits next to a bridge over the namesake Watchung Avenue. The tracks continue northward across the bridge and Valley Road where they enter the Upper Montclair district. The tracks parallel Anderson Park before crossing Bellevue Avenue and entering the Upper Montclair station. Upper Montclair is the fourth station in Montclair, also having two low platforms. The old Type V station building, built in 1898, suffered a fire on February"}, {"context": "5, 2006. The station building is being rebuilt, although larger than the original. Although a planned re-opening was set for the weekend of February 14, 2010, the new Upper Montclair station was ceremoniously reopened by New Jersey Transit and state officials, along with Montclair mayor Jerry Fried on June 18, 2010. After Upper Montclair station the tracks turn northeast, crossing under Lorraine Avenue, and paralleling Valley Road. The line continues northward paralleling Upper Mountain Avenue through the Upper Montclair district. A short distance later, the tracks enter Mountain Avenue, the next to last station in Montclair. Mountain Avenue has two"}, {"context": "low platforms, and the nearby station building, which is rented by New Jersey Transit as a private residence. The building was constructed in 1889 by the New York & Greenwood Lake as an irregular shape, similar to Benson Street station on the former Boonton Line alignment east of Montclair. After Mountain Avenue the tracks continue northward through Upper Montclair, passing through Mountainside Park and crossing Mount Hebron Road. After Mount Hebron Road, the tracks pass a bird sanctuary and enter the Montclair Heights station. The final station in Montclair, Montclair Heights has a mini-high ADA ramp and low platforms. The"}, {"context": "original station building was constructed in 1905 under an Erie Type V design, until closure in 1959 by the Erie Railroad for economic reasons. The station is also signed as the \"Home of Montclair State University\". The station itself is at the south end of the campus and was the transfer station until the namesake station for the college opened in 2004. After Montclair Heights, the trains cross town lines, leaving Montclair in favor of Little Falls, New Jersey. Along the southern end of Montclair State University, the Montclair-Boonton Line crosses out of Montclair north of Montclair Heights station and"}, {"context": "into the town Little Falls. The tracks head northward, paralleling Long Hill Road (Passaic County Route 631) through the university campus. From there, the road begins a parallel along Clove Road and soon enters the final active electrified station along the Montclair-Boonton Line until Denville, Montclair State University station (officially known as the Montclair State University Station at Little Falls). The station is the set transfer between electric and diesel service, as people heading westward to Dover or Hackettstown need to transfer for further service. The station has a large island platform and also has a 1530-space parking garage on"}, {"context": "campus. A short distance after Montclair State University, the tracks turn to the northwest, leave campus grounds and cross over Clove Road. The tracks loop around campus and pass Great Notch Yard and the site of the now-closed Great Notch station. Great Notch was a one platform station in the Great Notch district of Little Falls. The station consisted of a shelter (which replaced a building built in 1905 and burned down in 1988) and benches. After ridership at the station became \"anemic\", Great Notch was shut down on January 17, 2010, with the last train departing two days prior."}, {"context": "Great Notch and its Yard serve as the end of the electrified catenary wires above on the Montclair-Boonton Line. This station was also the site of the transfer to the Erie's Caldwell Branch to Essex Fells, New Jersey, torn up in 1979. After Great Notch, the tracks continued southwestward through Little Falls, crossing under Long Hill Road (CR 631) and Francisco Road (CR 612) before making a curve back to the northwest at a siding on Cedar Grove Road. The tracks then go over a curved bridge over the Peckman River. The northwestern-bound tracks enter downtown Little Falls, paralleling New"}, {"context": "Jersey Route 23 into the namesake Little Falls station at Union Boulevard (CR 646). Little Falls is a one low platform station, with the original building, constructed in 1915, standing on the single platform. The station has a 194-spot parking lot and the brick building is used as a waiting room. After the station, the tracks continue northwestward, approaching the Passaic River once again at the community of Singac. The community of Singac is the former site of the namesake Singac Station, which has been out of service for quite a while. After the Passaic, the tracks enter the town"}, {"context": "of Wayne. After crossing County Route 631 for yet a third time in Singac, the tracks cross over the Passaic River and enter Wayne, New Jersey. There, the tracks parallel Route 23 near Willowbrook Mall and through the interchange between Route 23, U.S. Route 46, and Interstate 80. After crossing under Interstate 80, the tracks parallel Route 23 and into Westbelt, where the tracks enter the second-newest station on the line, the Wayne-Route 23 Inter-modal Transit Center. Wayne-Route 23 opened on January 12, 2008 with a single high platform and the nearby bus terminal. Wayne-Route 23 Transit Center also contains"}, {"context": "1,000 parking spaces for use by travelers. After leaving Wayne-Route 23, the tracks continue to parallel Route 23 and enter downtown Wayne. The tracks cross Fayette Avenue Park and parallel the Pequannock River into the U.S. Route 202 and Route 23 in the downtown portion. After paralleling Fayette Avenue, the tracks enter Mountain View station. Mountain View station has one low platform and serves as the station for downtown Wayne. The station building at Mountain View was built in 1910 as an Erie Type 4 station (according to the ICC reports), but by 1965 had been replaced by a simple"}, {"context": "Armco shelter. Mountain View was also the site of the New York & Greenwood Lake's extension to Pequannock, the New York Susquehanna & Western in Pompton Lakes, and eventually Wanaque, New Jersey. Today, Norfolk Southern Local H-02 uses it twice a week to reach the Totowa Industrial Spur. From this point, the Montclair-Boonton Line follows the alignment of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad's Boonton Branch. West-northwest of the curve, the present line is back on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western's Boonton Branch original alignment. This parallels U.S. Route 202 (the Boonton Turnpike) through Wayne. The alignment crosses the Pequannock"}, {"context": "River once again, entering Lincoln Park, New Jersey. After crossing under Ryerson Road, the alignment heads westward through an empty portion of Lincoln Park until entering the namesake Lincoln Park station. Lincoln Park station has a low platform and the station building, a Type W-103 station built in 1904. The tracks continue westward, paralleling U.S. Route 202 through Lincoln Park and making a curve into Montville, New Jersey. In Montville, the tracks head to the southwest through the Towaco district. The tracks continue, paralleling and crossing under Route 202 before entering the Towaco station. Towaco's station building was constructed in"}, {"context": "1911 and serves as the only station in Montville, with one low platform for the single track. The tracks continue westward through Montville, paralleling and crossing U.S. Route 202 once again. Just before the overpass of Interstate 287, the tracks pass the site of the original Montville station. Montville was constructed in 1903 as a Type W-1 frame station and cost only $2400. The tracks cross over Interstate 287 and make a gradual turn to the southwest. There, the line parallels U.S. Route 202 and Interstate 287 south of the Taylortown district until entering Boonton. After crossing Wooton Street, the"}, {"context": "tracks enter the Boonton station. Boonton station was originally much longer, with the brick and slate station constructed in 1905 as the largest community on the Boonton Line since Paterson. The station currently has a relatively short low platform, brick head-house shelter and a mini-high ADA ramp. After leaving the Boonton station, the tracks continue to the southeast, paralleling Interstate 287 and U.S. Route 202. Just after crossing the Rockaway River the tracks pass the still existing DL&W Freight House and the West Boonton Yard, home of The United Railroad Historical Society of New Jersey. There many antique train cars"}, {"context": "and locomotives that once ran on these tracks are being restored. The tracks continue out of Boonton and into the Intervale placename. At Intervale, Interstate 287 and U.S. Route 202 turn to the southeast and away from the rail line, which continues southwestward into Mountain Lakes. At the intersection of Midvale Road and Elm Road, the tracks enter the namesake Mountain Lakes station. Mountain Lakes has a single low platform used for train service, while its station building, built in 1912 sits nearby as a restaurant. After Mountain Lakes station, the Montclair-Boonton Line continues westward through Mountain Lakes and parallels"}, {"context": "Pollard Road. The alignment crosses U.S. Route 46 and heads to the northwest along Route 46 through the Rainbow Lakes. The line crosses under Interstate 80 and intersecting with the former Delaware, Lackawanna and Western's Rockaway Branch (discontinued in 1948), where the station enters the one platform on the north end of Denville station. The Denville station is built for two lines and has two separate platforms, including one for the Morristown Line, which merges nearby. Denville station had a Type W-3 Delaware, Lackawanna and Western-style wooden frame station built in 1904, which has since been razed. The shell of"}, {"context": "Denville Tower still stands, and is used as a communications center for New Jersey Transit. After Denville, electrified service begins once again, heading westward across Estling Lake and Franklin Lake before continuing along the Route 46 corridor and into Dover. After Mountain Park, the line crosses through Dover Yard, which is a six storage track station. A short distance after the park and yard, the tracks enter the Dover station. Dover was constructed from 1899 to 1901, opening on November 1, 1901 and was a two side platform station. Current Dover Station still has its building from the Delaware, Lackawanna"}, {"context": "and Western, but the station's two side platforms have been replaced by a high-level island platform. After departing the Dover station, the Morristown Line catenary wires end about a half-mile west, near the US Route 46 overpass. Afterwards, the tracks parallel Dickerson Street before turning to the northwest through Dover until Morris Duffy School before turning westward into Wharton. The tracks then cross the site of the former Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad station in Wharton, built in 1900. The station was a Type W-101A Delaware, Lackawanna and Western-style, back when the town was named Port Oram, but the station"}, {"context": "was out of service by 1962. After Wharton station, the tracks continue westward, crossing over Berkshire Valley Road (Morris County Route 699) and parallel Interstate 80 through Morris County, entering the Mount Arlington station at Interchange 30. Mount Arlington station is the newest station along the Montclair-Boonton Line, opening on January 21, 2008, nine days after opening of Wayne-Route 23. Mount Arlington has two high-level platforms serving two tracks. The station is also a park & ride, serving bus service from Lakeland Bus and 285 parking spaces. After paralleling Interstate 80 out of Mount Arlington station, the line heads southwestward"}, {"context": "until turning northeastward through the community of Landing. From there, the line goes northward along Morris County Route 631 heading into downtown Landing, where the tracks turn northeastward. The tracks soon enter the Lake Hopatcong station. Lake Hopatcong has two low platforms with a shelter on the westbound side. The original Delaware, Lackawanna and Western station was much larger, built in 1911 to replace the original Hopatcong stop. The original station had two large towers and two long concrete platforms to access from the original 1911 station on Landing Road. A short distance later, the tracks cross under the Landing"}, {"context": "Masonry Bridge (which contains Landing Road/CR 631) and continue westward into Port Morris Junction. At Port Morris Junction, the Montclair-Boonton Line turns to the southwest, while the right-of-way continues westward along as the Lackawanna Cut-Off. The line also passes Port Morris Yard, where the shell of the former junction tower, built in 1909, stands. Continuing to the southwest, the tracks parallel Lake Musconetcong and enter the community of Netcong. After crossing under New Jersey Route 183, the tracks enter downtown Netcong and into the Netcong station. Netcong has a brick house on its one low platform. The station building, built"}, {"context": "in 1903, used bricks from a location in nearby Port Murray. Netcong Station was also site of the junction to the former Sussex Branch built by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, discontinued from Branchville in 1966. Until late 1994, this was the endpoint of the line, until tracks were rehabilitated to Hackettstown along Norfolk Southern's Washington Secondary. Continuing westward, the tracks continue, paralleling Interstate 80, U.S. Route 206 and Waterloo Valley Road. The tracks soon enter the International Trade Center in Mount Olive. After crossing Waterloo Valley Road the tracks enter Mount Olive station. Mount Olive has one low-level platform"}, {"context": "and shelter that is a terminus and beginning for a few weekday trains. Mount Olive is near the site of the former Waterloo station, built in 1854 when the connection to the Sussex Railroad was created. The station was canned in 1939, and the shelter that replaced burned in a grass fire in 1946. After Mount Olive, the line follows Waterloo Valley Road through Allamuchy State Park and passing Saxton Lake before turning to the west through Stephens State Park. The line then enters Hackettstown, passing the medical center and the rail spur to the Mars and M&Ms plant. The"}, {"context": "tracks then cross County Route 517 and U.S. Route 46. After paralleling Valentine Street, the tracks enter Hackettstown station, with one low platform and a mini-high ADA ramp. Hackettstown Station had a station building, built in 1868 as a Type W-2 Delaware, Lackawanna and Western-style frame building; it was demolished in the late 1960s. Trackage south of Hackettstown is owned and operated by Norfolk Southern as part of the Washington Secondary to Phillipsburg. There is service on weekdays between 5:00 a.m. and 11:15 p.m. Between Hackettstown and Denville there is also service that after Denville, goes onto Hoboken via the"}, {"context": "Morristown Line. Frequency of service reflects the times commuters travel. Inbound trains are more frequent in the Morning, and outbound trains are more frequent in the Afternoon and evening. From Denville to Montclair, only diesel-hauled trains can provide service, as the territory is not electrified. Therefore, there is no direct service to/from New York between Mountain Lakes and Little Falls stations. The same is true for all stations between and including Hackettstown and Mount Arlington, as New York Penn Station normally does not allow diesel trains to enter. Other electrified service is existing at Denville and Dover stations, along with"}, {"context": "the stretches in between. On weekends 9.5 round trips between Hoboken and Bay street operate every two hours. The original 1930 Lackawanna 3 kV DC electrification was converted in 1984 to 25 kV 60 Hz, as part of the re-electrification of the Morris & Essex Lines which the then-Montclair Branch was grouped with at the time. The 2002 extension of electrification to Great Notch together with the Montclair Connection is similar in construction, except that hot-dip galvanized steel poles are used; many of these poles are painted dark green for esthetic reasons, in contrast with the old Lackawanna poles which"}, {"context": "are painted dark red. Catenary construction is uniform throughout; compound (3-wire) with a zigzag horizontal profile, but without self-tensioning, just like on most sections of the M&E lines. The line features a single autotransformer substation at Montclair, close to Bay Street station, dating from the 1984 re-electrification. Its power is normally supplied from NJT's Meadows Substation on the M&E (Morristown) mainline. Montclair-Boonton Line The Montclair-Boonton Line is a commuter rail line of New Jersey Transit Rail Operations in the United States. It is part of the Hoboken Division. The line is a consolidation of three individual lines: the former Delaware,"}]}, {"title": "Liverpool Road", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Liverpool Road Liverpool Road is located in the London Borough of Islington of inner north London. Liverpool Road runs parallel to Upper Street and is largely made up of Georgian architecture. It starts at Upper Street and passes through the area of Barnsbury before finally joining Holloway Road. A Hospital was once situated next to the Business Design Centre. First known as Institution for the cure and prevention of contagious fevers 1802 - 1849, London Fever Hospital 1849 - 1948 and finally as The Royal Free Hospital, Liverpool road branch. The hospital joined Royal Free Hospital Group in 1948 to"}, {"context": "become its Liverpool Road branch. Used during World War Two as spare beds for hospital which had been bombed out. These included The Royal Free and The City of London Maternity Hospital. Records survive from this period. The hospital closed in 1974. A housing estate is now located on the site and is now known as old royal free square. St Mary Magdalene Academy is located on the road. There are a number of pubs and small businesses along this route, as well as some secluded garden squares. At the Angel end is located both the N1 Centre and Chapel"}, {"context": "Market. Liverpool Road Liverpool Road is located in the London Borough of Islington of inner north London. Liverpool Road runs parallel to Upper Street and is largely made up of Georgian architecture. It starts at Upper Street and passes through the area of Barnsbury before finally joining Holloway Road. A Hospital was once situated next to the Business Design Centre. First known as Institution for the cure and prevention of contagious fevers 1802 - 1849, London Fever Hospital 1849 - 1948 and finally as The Royal Free Hospital, Liverpool road branch. The hospital joined Royal Free Hospital Group in 1948"}]}, {"title": "Sepik Coast exchange", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sepik Coast exchange Sepik Coast exchange is the method of social networking and alliance in the Sepik Coast area of Papua New Guinea. Families living along the Sepik Coast in northern Papua New Guinea form alliances with families in other communities. Depending on the importance and status of the family, it can have anywhere between 5 and 75 contacts in its social network. In each surrounding town, the family knows another. When they travel to another town, they bring gifts to their contact family, and that family will house and care for them. Gifts are reciprocated when given or later"}, {"context": "when families return the visit. Common gifts are sago, tobacco, baskets, wooden bowls, and other similar items. The recipient does not specify which type of gift they would like to receive, but as a result of the vast quantity of exchanges taking place, the needs of participants are generally met. A social field is one in which all the members have similar expectations of each other. In the social networks of the Sepik Coast, the significant expectations are hospitality, gift giving and reciprocation from friends in different villages. Alliances are passed along and preserved through many generations, because fathers bring"}, {"context": "their sons on their trips and families honor an association, no matter how long it has been since the last gift exchange. Sepik Coast exchange Sepik Coast exchange is the method of social networking and alliance in the Sepik Coast area of Papua New Guinea. Families living along the Sepik Coast in northern Papua New Guinea form alliances with families in other communities. Depending on the importance and status of the family, it can have anywhere between 5 and 75 contacts in its social network. In each surrounding town, the family knows another. When they travel to another town, they"}]}, {"title": "Donato Manduzio", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Donato Manduzio Donato Manduzio (24 July 1885 in San Nicandro Garganico \u2013 15 March 1948 in San Nicandro Garganico) was a self-taught Italian mystic. Donato was the son of Giuseppe Manduzio and Concetta Frascaria, poor peasants from San Nicandro. He did not go to school but he learned reading and writing during his military service in World War I. After the war, he started to read extensively on religion and by 1930, he claimed to have had a vision, starting to spread his Judaizer message among the folk of his native town. Later, he contacted the Jewish authorities and organised"}, {"context": "the formal conversion of his followers known as San Nicandro Jews. The community gradually migrated to Israel after Manduzio's death. Donato Manduzio Donato Manduzio (24 July 1885 in San Nicandro Garganico \u2013 15 March 1948 in San Nicandro Garganico) was a self-taught Italian mystic. Donato was the son of Giuseppe Manduzio and Concetta Frascaria, poor peasants from San Nicandro. He did not go to school but he learned reading and writing during his military service in World War I. After the war, he started to read extensively on religion and by 1930, he claimed to have had a vision, starting"}]}, {"title": "Little Joe McLerran", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Little Joe McLerran Joseph R. McLerran, better known as Little Joe McLerran, (born July 16, 1983) is an American blues singer and guitarist living in Sapulpa, Oklahoma, United States, a small community located near Tulsa. In 2009, representing the Blues Society of Tulsa, Little Joe won the International Blues Challenge Solo/Duo competition hosted by the Blues Foundation and held each year in Memphis. In 2010 Little Joe teamed up with Jazz at Lincoln Center and joined the Rhythm Road taking a quartet featuring David Bernston on harmonica, Robbie Mack on bass and drummer Ron McRorey on a tour of the"}, {"context": "Middle East visiting Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Oman just weeks before the onset of the Arab Spring later that same year. Little Joe McLerran was born in Boulder, Colorado. Joe started playing the guitar and studying the Piedmont Blues style the age of 8 and by the age of 10 he was busking on Boulder's fabled Pearl Street Mall with his younger brother Jesse on drums. They played Beatles songs, Bob Marley tunes and blues songs from the masters; Big Bill Broonzy, Skip James, Tampa Red, Mississippi John Hurt and a whole lot of others. The McLerran family moved"}, {"context": "to Tulsa in 1998 where Joe and Jesse continued to play those old blues songs, Joey playing the guitar and Jesse scratching a washboard now. Not old enough to play the bars they continued to busk the streets of Tulsa and soon caught the attention of the Blues Society of Tulsa. This led to a few restaurant and private party gigs. Tulsa legend Jimmy \u201cJunior\u201d Markham invited them to play the Oklahoma Blues Festival and gave them a lot of encouragement. Enlisting their father, aka Robbie Mack, on bass they began working on a CD. For several months they worked"}, {"context": "on the CD inviting their friend Dexter Payne, a multi-instrumentalist from Boulder, to join them. During the final stages of mixing the CD Jesse died in an accident. As a memorial and tribute to Jesse, the \u201cPearly Gates\u201d CD was released in 2004 as Son Piedmont and the Blues Krewe on the Roots Blues Reborn label. In 2009, Little Joe took first place at the International Blues Challenge held each year in Memphis, Tennessee by the Blues Foundation. Little Joe was representing the Blues Society of Tulsa. With this sudden notoriety Little Joe took his bassist father, Robbie Mack, on"}, {"context": "a festival tour to Europe where they played the Rootsway Roots'n'Blues Festival in Parma, Italy. In 2010 Little Joe was selected by Jazz at Lincoln Center and the US State Department to take part in the Rhythm Road: American Music Abroad, a U.S. State Department cultural exchange program to help put a more friendly face on the United States. The project began in the 1960s, during the cold war, as the Jazz ambassadors featuring jazz musicians including Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington and Dizzy Gillespie, among others. In early 2010, Little Joe traveled to the Persian Gulf region of the Middle"}, {"context": "East with his band, the Little Joe McLerran Quartet. The band visited Bahrain then crossed the 100 mile causeway to Saudi Arabia where they made history performing the first public concert ever held there in that nation's history. Public concerts, school workshops and concerts and private diplomatic parties at the embassies and consulates across the nation. The band then traveled to Kuwait and finished the 5-week tour in Muscat, Oman with a concert at the Crown Plaza Hotel. The tour ended just weeks before the onset of the Arab Spring as it began that year in Tunisia and Bahrain. Little"}, {"context": "Joe continues to travel for the State Department as a musical ambassador presenting educational and cultural exchange missions to the masses. On behalf of the Department of State he took his trio to the South American embassies in the countries of Paraguay in 2011 and Colombia in 2012. He took the band to the Dominican Republic in 2014. Aside from State Department missions Little Joe travels internationally as in 2015 when he traveled to S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil with bandmate David Berntson to participate in the Brazilian International Harmonica Festival known in Brazilian Portuguese as Encontro Internacional de Harmonica. In 2013"}, {"context": "Little Joe McLerran was inducted into the Oklahoma Jazz Hall of Fame and presented with the Legacy Tribute Award. Little Joe continues to perform at festivals, concerts and clubs across the country and around the world as a solo act and with his band. Little Joe is married to Casey Geiser McLerran. They have two sons; Julian and John Lee. Little Joe McLerran Joseph R. McLerran, better known as Little Joe McLerran, (born July 16, 1983) is an American blues singer and guitarist living in Sapulpa, Oklahoma, United States, a small community located near Tulsa. In 2009, representing the Blues"}]}, {"title": "Julien Gorius", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Julien Gorius Julien Gorius (born 17 March 1985) is a French footballer who plays for OH Leuven in the Belgian First Division B. Born in Metz, France, Gorius started his career at FC Metz since he was five and progressed through the youth team and reserve side. Gorius then made his Metz debut on 23 May 2004, where he played 20 minutes after coming on as a substitute in the second half, in a 3\u20131 loss against Ajaccio on the last game of the season. Following this, Gorius signed his first professional contract with the club. However, Gorius struggled to"}, {"context": "make a breakthrough in the first team, as well as, facing his own injury concerns. At the end of the 2004\u201305 season, with just made three appearance in all competitions, the club decided against extending his contract. Following this, Gorius, along with Jean-Philippe Caillet, went on trial at FC Saarbr\u00fccken and played a match. In July 2005, Gorius moved to Belgium when he was signed for Brussels by Manager Albert Cartier and was a replacement for Bj\u00f8rn Helge Riise, who moved back to his native country. Gorius made his Brussels debut, in the opening game of the season, where he"}, {"context": "played the whole game, in a 2\u20130 win over Beveren. Gorius then scored his first goal for Brussels on 19 November 2005, in a 3\u20131 win over Standard Li\u00e8ge. In his first season at the club, Gorius made thirty\u2013two appearances and scoring once in all competitions. In his second season at Brussels, Gorius started the season well when he scored, as well as, setting up a goal on 19 August 2006, in a 2\u20132 draw against Sint-Truidense and scored a brace on 28 October 2006, in a 3\u20133 draw against Gent. It wasn\u2019t until on 17 March 2007 when he"}, {"context": "scored again, in a 4\u20131 loss against Club Brugge. After scoring two more league goals against Roeselare and Genk., Gorius went on to score eight goals in thirty\u2013four appearances in all competitions. Following this, Gorius extended a contract with the club for another three years. In the 2007\u201308 season, Gorius started the season well when he scored his first goal of the season, in a 2\u20130 win over Sint-Truidense on 22 September 2007. By the end of 2007, Gorius went on to score two more goals against Dender and Cercle Brugge. Gorius then scored a brace on 19 January 2008,"}, {"context": "in a 7\u20132 loss against Westerlo and later added two more goals later in the season against Mons and Mechelen Despite the club\u2019s struggles in the top\u2013flight league, ultimately resulted in their relegation, Gorius went on to score seven times (in which he was the club\u2019s top\u2013scorer in the 2007\u201308 season) in thirty\u2013two appearances in all competitions, although he suffered setback, due to injury and suspension. In the summer transfer of 2008, Gorius invoked a clause that can allowed him to leave the club, as he expressed not to play in the Second Division. On 18 July 2008, Gorius returned"}, {"context": "to top\u2013flight football when he joined KV Mechelen, signing a four\u2013year contract with the club. Previously, he hinted that he would stay in Belgium, although he was linked with a move back in his homeland. Gorius made his Mechelen debut, in the opening game of the season, where he made his first start and played 80 minutes, in a 3\u20131 loss against Mouscron. It wasn\u2019t until on 20 September 2008 when he scored his first goal, as well as, setting up a goal, in a 2\u20131 win over Gent. Despite suffering from injury, Gorius continued to remain in the first"}, {"context": "team and it wasn\u2019t until on 7 February 2009 when he scored again, in a 5\u20131 win over Tubize. Gorius scored again on 27 February 2009, in a 2\u20131 win over Genk, followed up by scoring in a 1\u20130 win over Westerlo on 7 March 2009. Gorius\u2019 fifth goal later came on 4 April 2009, in a 1\u20131 draw against Kortrijk and finished his first season at Mechelen, making thirty\u2013four appearance and scoring five times in all competitions. In the 2009\u201310 season, Gorius started the season when he scored in the opening game of the season, in a 4\u20131 win"}, {"context": "over Westerlo and scored two more goals by the end of August. By the first half of the season, Gorius made twenty appearance and scoring five times in all competitions. Gorius then scored on 16 January 2010, in a 2\u20131 win over Roeselare, followed up by scoring twice, in a 3\u20132 win over Westerlo in the quarter\u2013final of the Beker van Belgi\u00eb first leg. Later in the 2009\u201310 season, Gorius went on to score five more goals in all competitions. By the end of the season, he made thirty\u2013eight appearance and scoring fourteen times in all competitions, making him the"}, {"context": "club\u2019s top scorer this season. For his performance, Gorius was awarded the Most Deserving Player of the Year by the club\u2019s supporters. In the 2010\u201311 season, Gorius continued to impress at the start of the season for the club when he scored in the opening game of the season, in a 2\u20130 win over Lokeren. Despite suffering an injury that resulted him wearing a mask, Gorius then scored seven goals by the first half of the season in all competitions against Club Brugge, Cercle Brugge, Westerlo, Germinal Beerschot (twice) and Racing Waregem (twice). For his performance with the club in"}, {"context": "the first half of the season, Gorius signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him until 2014. Following this, Gorius scored six goals in five appearance in all competitions throughout February against Kortrijk, Cercle Brugge and Lierse. Later in the 2010\u201311 season, Gorius scored against Standard Li\u00e8ge, Eupen, Cercle Brugge and Lierse At the end of the 2010\u201311 season, Gorius scored sixteen times (where he was top scorer for the second time) in thirty\u2013eight appearances in all competitions. Ahead of the 2011\u201312 season, Gorius was linked with a move return to France throughout the summer from such clubs as"}, {"context": "Lens, Metz and two unnamed Belgium clubs. Gorius ended up staying at the club when he signed a new contract, keeping him until 2016. At the start of the 2011\u201312 season, Gorius started the season well when he scored three goals against Sint-Truiden, Lierse and OH Leuven. However, after weeks on the sidelined with an injury, Gorius went on to score five goals by the end of the year against Cercle Brugge, Beerschot, Gent, Zulte Waregem and Lierse. During the season in which, Gorius was captain throughout the 2011\u201312 season. Later in the 2011\u201312 season, Gorius scored eight goals against"}, {"context": "Mons, Genk, Beerschot, Westerlo, Standard Liege and OH Leuven (twice). At the end of the 2011\u201312 season, Gorius finished the season, scoring fifteen times (where he was top scorer for the third time) in thirty\u2013five appearances in all competitions. On 1 May 2012, it was announced that Gorius was transferred to league rivals side Genk for an undisclosed fee, signing a four\u2013year contract with a one\u2013year option. Gorius was previously in a transfer subject from Genk when they made a move for him in January, but Mechelen rejected a move from Genk for him. Gorius made his Genk debut, in"}, {"context": "the opening game of the season against Cercle Brugge and played the whole game, in a 3\u20133 draw. Three days later, Gorius made his UEFA Europa League debut, in a 2\u20131 win over Aktobe in the first leg, followed up by helping the club win 2\u20131 in the second leg, where he set up one of the two goals. It wasn\u2019t until on 26 August 2012 when he scored his first Genk goal, in a 2\u20130 win over Zulte Waregem. Gorius then scored his second goal for the club on 23 September 2012, in a 2\u20131 win over Charleroi, followed"}, {"context": "up in the next match by assisting twice, in a 2\u20131 win against his former club, Mechelen. By the end of 2012, Gorius later scored against RAEC Mons, Lierse and Zulte Waregem. Gorius struggled to score in the past few months and then ended his ten match goal drought on 9 March 2013, in a 3\u20132 win over Gent, followed up, with a 5\u20131 win over RAEC Mons. After scoring against Standard Liege on 16 May 2013, Gorius finished his first season, making fifty\u2013four appearances and scoring eight times in all competitions. During the season, Gorius also helped the club"}, {"context": "win the Belgium Cup final after beating Cercle Brugge 2\u20130. In the 2013\u201314 season, Gorius started the season well when he provided two assists in the first two matches of the season against Oostende and OH Leuven. Gorius then scored seven goals in all competitions against Zulte Waregem, Dynamo Kyiv, Mechelen, Thun, Rapid Wien, RAEC Mons and OH Leuven (twice). Despite suffering from an injury during a match against Oostende, Gorius returned to the first team and then scored three more goals against RAEC Mons and Kortrijk (twice) and finished the 2013\u201314 season, scoring twelve times in forty\u2013nine appearances in"}, {"context": "all competitions. In the 2014\u201315 season, Gorius continued to remain in the first team at the club and then assisted a goal on 16 August 2014, in a 1\u20131 draw against Kortrijk. It wasn\u2019t until on 19 October 2014 when he scored his first goal of the season, in a 3\u20131 win over Westerlo. However, in a match against Mechelen on 23 November 2014, Gorius suffered an injury and was substituted in the first half, which saw him sidelined throughout the whole year. Despite being sidelined twice later in the 2014\u201315 season, due to injuries, Gorius remained in the first"}, {"context": "team and then scored again on 2 May 2015, as well as, setting up one of the goals, in a 7\u20131 win over Waasland-Beveren. At the end of the 2014\u201315 season, Gorius finished the season, making thirty\u2013one appearance and scoring two times in all competitions. In the 2015\u201316 season, Gorius started the season well when he scored the opening game of the season, with a 3\u20131 win over OH Leuven. After missing one game, Gorius then returned to the first team and scored again on 28 August 2015, as well as, setting up a goal, in a 2\u20130 win over"}, {"context": "Charleroi. However, Gorius\u2019 first team opportunities was limited under the new management of Peter Maes and was reduced to the substitute bench for the first half of the season, as well as, his own injury concern. After spending 10 years in Belgium, Gorius moved to China on 23 February 2016 when he joined Chinese Super League side Changchun Yatai for an undisclosed fee. Gorius was previously linked with a move to Turkish side Bursaspor before moving to China. Gorius made his debut for Changchun Yatai, in the opening game of the season, in a 2\u20131 loss against Hangzhou Greentown, where"}, {"context": "he played 33 minutes after coming on as a substitute in the second half. Gorius then scored his first Changchun Yatai goal to score the only goal in the game, in a 1\u20130 win over Shijiazhuang Ever Bright on 29 May 2016. However, with twelve appearance and scoring once, Gorius was sent to the reserve to keep himself fit for the rest of the season following the arrivals of new foreigner players, Mislav Or\u0161i\u0107 and Bruno Meneghel in the summer. At the end of the season, Gorius was released by the club after spending one season there. After leaving China,"}, {"context": "Gorius later reflecting his time at China, stating that it was difficult to do well there. Following this, Gorius was linked a return move to Belgium when both of his former clubs, Mechelen and Genk, were keen on signing him. On 13 June 2017 Oud-Heverlee Leuven, playing in the Belgian First Division B, announced they had signed Gorius on a two year deal. Gorius has a daughter, Lena, (born in 2014). Julien Gorius Julien Gorius (born 17 March 1985) is a French footballer who plays for OH Leuven in the Belgian First Division B. Born in Metz, France, Gorius started"}]}, {"title": "Performance Channel", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Performance Channel Performance Channel was an arts and entertainment television channel that broadcast in the United Kingdom, on the Sky Digital platform. Performance Channel launched in 1985 and was an evening cable-only service for many years. The channel started broadcasting on Sky Digital in 2003 and its broadcast hours expanded. The channel was dropped from cable networks shortly afterwards. The channel broadcast concerts, performances, master classes and star profiles from noted composers and musicians. Music featured included jazz and easy listening, as well as opera and classical. The channel also featured dance performances as well as interviews with noted actors"}, {"context": "and performers. Performance Channel tended to offer more high culture in its schedules, rather than its sister channel Performance MainStreet which concentrated more on rock and pop music programming. The Performance Channel was closed down at 6.00am on 1 July 2008 after nearly 25 years of broadcasting. As of 1 July 2008, some of the Performance Channel programmes had moved to its sister channel, Performance MainStreet, until it closed down on 10 September 2008 and was replaced with Rock On TV on 1 October 2008. Performance Channel Performance Channel was an arts and entertainment television channel that broadcast in the"}]}, {"title": "The Seasons (TV series)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Seasons (TV series) The Seasons (Chinese: \u5b63\u7bc0) was a 389 episode drama series that was shown during Enjoy Yourself Tonight on Hong Kong TV station TVB from 1987 to 1988. The show, being a section of the main program, Enjoy Yourself Tonight (EYT), meant that it was only 15 minutes long, a rarity in Hong Kong television drama programs. Another rarity is that each episode ends in the same shot: a flower being tossed into the water. First Generation Second Generation Other cast In the 1980s. EYT was steadily losing viewers as other modes of entertainment becomes available. The"}, {"context": "program was conceived by EYT producers to counter the loss of viewership. The show, along with two other short-form programs (one was a mystery program, the other a comedy), did much to revive EYT, and allowed it to return to viewership supremacy. Due to the immense popularity of the show, the show was referenced in the movie \"It's a Mad Mad Mad World 2\", starring fellow EYT alum Lydia Shum. In a section of the film, Shum's character, along with her husband (portrayed by Bill Tung, desperately needed money to return to Canada. They returned to the Public Housing estate"}, {"context": "where they used to live, and try to find their old mahjong playing neighbors for emergency cash. When they arrived, they found these neighbors children playing mahjong, who said that their parents are watching \"The Seasons\", and will not move or go anywhere unless a fire has started. This led to the couple screaming fire, resulting in everyone from the estate streaming out of their homes. The Seasons (TV series) The Seasons (Chinese: \u5b63\u7bc0) was a 389 episode drama series that was shown during Enjoy Yourself Tonight on Hong Kong TV station TVB from 1987 to 1988. The show, being"}]}, {"title": "Carlin, Nevada", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Carlin, Nevada Carlin is a small city located near the western border of Elko County in northeast Nevada, west of the city of Elko. It is part of the Elko Micropolitan Statistical Area. Carlin sits along Interstate 80 at an elevation of approximately . As of the 2010 census, its population was 2,368, up from 2,161 at the 2000 census. The city was named for Civil War general William Passmore Carlin. Its slogan is \"Where the Train Stops...And the Gold Rush Begins\". Carlin is located at . To the northwest is the Carlin Trend, one of the most productive gold"}, {"context": "mining areas in the United States. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,161 people, 792 households, and 579 families residing in the city. The population density was 234.6 people per square mile (90.6/km\u00b2). There were 1,014 housing units at an average density of 110.1 per square mile (42.5/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 91.90% White, 0.05% African American, 1.76% Native American, 0.60% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 3.79% from other races, and 1.85% from two or more races."}, {"context": "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.38% of the population. There were 792 households out of which 39.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.6% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.8% were non-families. 21.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.17. In the city, the population was spread out with 30.8% under the age of 18, 7.4%"}, {"context": "from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 114.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $49,571, and the median income for a family was $51,716. Males had a median income of $47,396 versus $21,813 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,377. About 4.1% of families and 7.8% of the population were"}, {"context": "below the poverty line, including 10.2% of those under age 18 and 3.0% of those age 65 or over. On August 12, 1939, the \"City of San Francisco\" train derailed while crossing a bridge near Carlin, killing 24 and injuring 121. The wreck appeared to have been caused by sabotage but remains unsolved to this day. The train was operated by a joint partnership of the Chicago and North Western Railway, the Southern Pacific Railroad, and the Union Pacific Railroad. Carlin was the home of the Native American medicine man John \"Rolling Thunder\" Pope (1916-1997), who had worked as a"}, {"context": "brakeman on the railway. Carlin, Nevada Carlin is a small city located near the western border of Elko County in northeast Nevada, west of the city of Elko. It is part of the Elko Micropolitan Statistical Area. Carlin sits along Interstate 80 at an elevation of approximately . As of the 2010 census, its population was 2,368, up from 2,161 at the 2000 census. The city was named for Civil War general William Passmore Carlin. Its slogan is \"Where the Train Stops...And the Gold Rush Begins\". Carlin is located at . To the northwest is the Carlin Trend, one of"}]}, {"title": "Labasa (Indian Communal Constituency, Fiji)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Labasa (Indian Communal Constituency, Fiji) Labasa Indian Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 19 communal constituencies reserved for Indo-Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 52 seats, 27 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate covered the Town of Labasa, the largest urban centre on the northern island of Vanua Levu. The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established"}, {"context": "a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate. In the following tables, the \"primary vote\" refers to first-preference votes cast. The \"final vote\" refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see \"electoral fusion\"), which may be customized by the voters (see \"instant run-off voting\"). Labasa (Indian Communal Constituency, Fiji) Labasa Indian Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 19 communal constituencies reserved for Indo-Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and"}]}, {"title": "Gigglesnort Hotel", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Gigglesnort Hotel Gigglesnort Hotel is a syndicated children's television program which aired starting in 1975 and ran for 78 episodes, until about 1978. It was hosted by Bill Jackson, previously the host of several Chicago-based children's programs, including \"Clown Alley\" and \"The BJ and Dirty Dragon Show\". The program was set, as the title implies, at an old hotel, where Jackson's role was a desk clerk. The program featured many of the characters from the previous show, including Dirty Dragon, the Old Professor, Weird, Old Mother Plumtree, and several others, such as the hotel's owner, Old Man Gigglesnort, who were"}, {"context": "created just for the program. The show was widely praised by critics, and became one of the highest rated children's shows in WLS-TV history. It was syndicated in 1978, airing in several markets nationwide as well as Canada, Italy, and Saudi Arabia. Jackson made a final appearance for a presentation for the Museum of Broadcast Communications, \"Saturday Morning with B.J. and Dirty Dragon: Bill Jackson, Live in Person\u2014One Last Time\", in December 2009, saying this would be his last time appearing as a performer. In 1995, he donated all his original puppets to Chicago's Museum of Broadcast Communications. Gigglesnort Hotel"}]}, {"title": "Werner Ru\u0308gemer", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Werner R\u00fcgemer Werner R\u00fcgemer (born 1941 in Amberg) is a German commentator, lecturer and writer. He is considered to be a leading \"intervening philosopher\". R\u00fcgemer was born in Amberg. Originally from the Upper Palatinate region of Germany, he attended primary and secondary school in Brendlorenzen / Rh\u00f6n, Bad Neustadt an der Saale and Berchtesgaden. He studied Literature, Philosophy and Economics at University of Munich, University of T\u00fcbingen and at universities in Berlin and Paris. In 1979 he published his doctoral thesis about the argument \"Philosophical anthropology and epoch crisis\" at University of Bremen, a study on the relationship between the"}, {"context": "general crisis of capitalism and the anthropological basis of philosophy as exemplified by Arnold Gehlen. He was co-founder of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1999. After gaining some experience in journalism, he was appointed by the editor of the monthly publication\" Demokratische Erziehung\" between 1974 and 1989. Werner R\u00fcgemer has been collaborating with the world of printed papers since the 1980s and on various radio and television programmes (especially with WDR). His principal area of interest is corporate and bank crime in areas such as issues involving corruption. Werner R\u00fcgemer's work covers \"Kl\u00fcngel\", corruption and corporate crime in his hometown"}, {"context": "of Cologne, in European municipalities and in the global economy. R\u00fcgemer criticises a tendency to pervert democracy in Germany and the \"Western values community\". It is his view that public debt, corruption and enrichment of elected and unelected elites have reached a level that was attributed only to \"developing countries\". In his publications on the 2008 financial crisis, he proposed that bad debts used for speculation should be written off and that banks should be led into an orderly insolvency. He supports the dismantling of the three major rating agencies Standard & Poor's, Fitch Ratings and Moody's, as well as"}, {"context": "the dismissal of the big four accounting firms KPMG, PwC, Ernst & Young and Deloitte from their proprietary tasks. In his 1984 book, Werner R\u00fcgemer described \"the dark side of high tech\" - a field study from California, where the digital revolution began. It contains a reflection on the history of inventions, illegal work in sweat shops, working conditions of chip workers, groundwater poisoning, interviews with Stanford scientists, trade unionists, armament engineers, firefighters and a portrait of Steve Jobs. The book was translated in Russian and Hungarian. The \"\"Staatsgeheimnis Abwasser\"\" (German: \"\"State Secret - Discharge Water\"\") is a book by"}, {"context": "Werner R\u00fcgemer from 1994, in which he wrote about the cycle of drinking water and corruption in the processing of industrial wastewater - as exemplified by the city of Cologne. \"\"Economies without Corruption?\"\" (German: \"\"Wirtschaften ohne Korruption?\"\") is a 1996 novel by Werner R\u00fcgemer. The book is about the history of corruption in the Federal Republic of Germany and international practice of the USA, France, Great Britain. \"\"Colonia Corrupta - Privatization, Globalization and Corruption in Cologne\"\" was published in 2002. In this book he published an article about the Cologne waste incineration plant. In 2006, R\u00fcgmer's book \"\"Der Bankier -Ungebetener"}, {"context": "Nachruf auf Alfred Freiherr von Oppenheim\"\" was released. In addition he added some aspects of the political system under Helmut Kohl. His book reveals that Kohl was secretly funded by Sal. Oppenheim in the early eighties with at least DM 1.3 million. He talks about the disadvantages of Cross-Border-Leasing (CBL) and Public-Private Partnership (PPP). In his work, R\u00fcgmer criticized the CBL practice of selling public properties to US private investors. The treaty was largely secrecy. In 2006, his book \"\"Privatization in Germany - A Financial Statement\"\" was published. In it he investigated a balance of privatisation projects launched and implemented"}, {"context": "since 1984, and their impact on public budgets, public services and democracy. The reviewing economist of the S\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung, Rudolf Hickel, recommends the book capitalism critics and supporters alike. R\u00fcgemer openly disclosed the \"systematically well-maintained intransparency as well as the lack of liability for incorrect decisions\" of the agencies. The book \"\"Die Fertigmacher - Arbeitsunrecht und professionelle Gewerkschaftsbek\u00e4mpfung\"\" (English: \"\"Work Abuse and Fight Against the labour union\"\") was published in 2014. The author portrays with examples from the USA and the state support from formerly German governments under Kohl, Lambsdorff and Schr\u00f6der. This is an anthology from a variety of"}, {"context": "his publications. This is not only about the great questions of the transatlantic relationship, but also about what is happening in cities, churches, businesses, financial oases, streets, courtrooms, administrations, editorial offices - or in the arts, music and literature business. Werner R\u00fcgemer was co-founder of the initiative \"\"Gemeingut die B\u00fcrgerinnenhand\"\". He served as the President of Business Crime Control. However, after serving two years, he resign as President for personal reasons. He is a member of Transparency International, the International Gramsci Society, the Association of German Writers (VS) in ver.di, the PEN Center of Germany, the attac scientific committee, and"}, {"context": "is co-founder of the \"\"Verein Aktion gegen Arbeitsunrecht\"\". R\u00fcgemer has won many awards throughout his career including \"Friedrich-and-Isabel-Vogel-Prize\" of the Association for German Science. In 2002, R\u00fcgemer received the Journalists' Prize of the Federation of Taxpayers. R\u00fcgemer received the Journalists' Prize of Association Enterprises (VKU) for a radio broadcast in 2003. In November 2008, R\u00fcgemer received the accolade of \"Karls-Preis\" from NRhZ-Online \u2013 Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Werner R\u00fcgemer Werner R\u00fcgemer (born 1941 in Amberg) is a German commentator, lecturer and writer. He is considered to be a leading \"intervening philosopher\". R\u00fcgemer was born in Amberg. Originally from the Upper Palatinate"}]}, {"title": "Annette Beck-Sickinger", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Annette Beck-Sickinger Annette Gabriele Beck-Sickinger (born 28 October 1960) is a German chemist and biologist. She has been a full professor of Biochemistry and Bioorganic Chemistry at the University of Leipzig since 1999. Her major research fields are structure-activity-relationships of peptide hormones and G protein coupled receptors and protein modification to study function and interaction. A tight connection of chemical methods, bioorganic synthesis and molecular biology tools, including cloning, receptor mutagenesis, protein expression and cell biochemistry is applied. Whereas in the first field, her interests go towards medicinal chemistry, identification of novel targets and novel therapeutic concepts e. g. in"}, {"context": "the field of cancer and obesity, the second field is related to biomaterials, novel approaches to modify proteins and concepts for improved enzyme catalysis. Annette G. Beck-Sickinger studied chemistry (diploma in 1986) and biology (diploma in 1990) at the University of T\u00fcbingen (Germany) and received her Ph. D. under the supervision of G. Jung (Organic Chemistry, University of T\u00fcbingen). She was working as research fellow with R. A. Houghten (Scripps Clinic & Research Foundation, La Jolla, USA 1988) and T. W. Schwartz (Rigshospitalet Kopenhagen, Denmark 1992) and performed a post-doctorate with E. Carafoli (Laboratory of Biochemistry, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 1990-1991). She"}, {"context": "was appointed as assistant professor of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry at ETH Z\u00fcrich (1997-1999). Since October 1999, she is full professor of Biochemistry and Bioorganic Chemistry at the University of Leipzig. In 2009 she spent a sabbatical at Vanderbilt University (Nashville, TN) as visiting professor. Annette Beck-Sickinger was a member of the Board of the German Chemical Society (Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker, 2004-2012; Vice-President 2006-2008) and of the DFG panel \u201eBiochemistry\u201c (2004-2012). Since 2017 she is member of the Board of the German Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (gbm) and Vice-President. She was a member of the German Council of Science and"}, {"context": "Humanities (Wissenschaftsrat) from 2012-2018, and has been awarded with many prices including the Leonidas Zervas Award of the European Peptide Society, the gold medal of the Max-Bergmann-Kreis, the Leipzig Science Award (2016) and the Albrecht Kossel Price of the German Chemical Society (2018). She was honoured with the membership of the Saxonian Academy of Science in 2009 and in 2012, she became an elected member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. In 2017, she was awarded with the Saxonian Order of Merit. She is a member of the German Chemical Society, the Saxonian Academy of Sciences and the"}, {"context": "German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. She is known for her work on peptide signaling; she has coauthored reference works on combinatorial chemistry as applied to peptides and has participated in International Union of Pharmacology projects on standardization of nomenclature for G protein-coupled receptor peptide ligands. In March 2015, Beck-Sickinger was at the center of a controversy related to comments made during correspondence with an internship applicant in which she stated she would not accept any male students from India. The University declined to publish e-mails between Prof. Dr. Annette Beck-Sickinger and the student from India. However, the rector of the"}, {"context": "university, Prof. Dr. Beate Sch\u00fccking as well as the students council of the university had the opportunity to review all relevant e-mails. Wtwo independent statements have been published saying that the mail published by the Indian student was faked end that the student was declined for formal reasons. Germany's ambassador to India wrote a letter condemning Beck-Sickinger and, stating: \u201cYour oversimplifying and discriminating generalisation is an offence to women and men ardently committed to furthering women's empowerment in India; and is an offence to millions of law-abiding, tolerant, open-minded and hard-working Indians. Let's be clear: India is not a country"}, {"context": "of rapists,\u201d he wrote. \u201cI would encourage you to learn more about the diverse, dynamic and fascinating country and the many welcoming and open-minded people of India so that you could correct a simplistic image, which \u2013 in my opinion \u2013 is particularly unsuitable for a professor and teacher.\u201d Annette Beck-Sickinger Annette Gabriele Beck-Sickinger (born 28 October 1960) is a German chemist and biologist. She has been a full professor of Biochemistry and Bioorganic Chemistry at the University of Leipzig since 1999. Her major research fields are structure-activity-relationships of peptide hormones and G protein coupled receptors and protein modification to"}]}, {"title": "Infini", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Infini Infini is a 2015 Australian science fiction film directed by Shane Abbess and starring Daniel MacPherson, Grace Huang, and Luke Hemsworth. In the early 23rd century, an emergency is declared on a mining station \"O.I. Infini\" and a search and rescue (SAR) team is sent in using Slipstream, a form of teleportation that allows near instantaneous travel. The location of \"O.I. Infini\" is proximal to a number of black holes meaning the mission operatives will experience severe time dilation. A team sent returns 30 seconds later in a berserk rage. Whit Carmichael, a new member of West Coast SAR,"}, {"context": "on his first day, teleports to \"Infini\" using an illegal teleporter after West Coast HQ activates a lethal lock down to contain the crisis. Before leaving for work that day, his wife tells him to do whatever it takes to return safely. Less than a relative hour later, East Coast SAR is informed about the outbreak and the destruction of the West Coast SAR. They are informed a payload of something from the station has been programmed by a deranged survivor to teleport soon to Earth, which will destroy the planet. The SAR is ordered to halt the payload and"}, {"context": "recover the one surviving member of the West Coast SAR, Whit. Arriving, they find a frozen slaughterhouse, eventually reuniting with Whit, who has had a week to figure out how the station operates. Whit explains that the mining staff slaughtered each other, tearing off their skin and killing one another. Whit is able to shut down the payload, but the deranged survivor suddenly attacks. Everyone is sprayed with the survivor's blood after he is shot and becomes violently enraged. Whit hides from the others, then searches the station for remaining SAR personnel and anything he can learn about the infection."}, {"context": "Finding a lab, he discovers a medical log that reveals the planet is entirely composed of alien organic material that when thawed forms a so-called \"primordial ooze\". It is capable of infecting, mimicking, and finally dominating any biological tissue. He further discovers the ooze is aggressive, predatory in nature, and driven by self-preservation. Suffering mentally from infection, Whit attempts to solicit help from the remaining members of the team, but they are suffering through advanced stages of the infection, which he is resisting better. They either attack each other, kill themselves, or attack Whit. This leaves Whit the last surviving"}, {"context": "human on the station. He records a message to the ooze which plays on a loop over the loudspeakers, criticizing it for harnessing only the violent instincts of humanity, instead of working with humans. He tells it that it failed and commits suicide. The ooze moves onto the bodies, and they awaken unharmed and no longer crazed, but clearly disturbed by what has happened. They agree to teleport back and keep their story simple. As they begin to teleport, Whit sees several humanoid forms made of ooze, silently watching them go. One of them holds the picture of Whit's wife"}, {"context": "he carried with him. Returning to Earth, the team is scanned and asked if they are free from biological contaminants. They answer in the affirmative, and the scan clears them all. Whit returns home to his wife, who had been told he was not coming back. Shooting began in Sydney in October 2013. \"Infini\" had its international premiere on 11 April 2015 at the Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival. It was released simultaneously in the US and Australia. The film was not released theatrically in Australia, due to fears of piracy. Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 36% of"}, {"context": "fourteen surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 4.9/10. Dov Kornits of the Australian magazine \"Filmink\" wrote, \"\"Infini\" is leading the charge in genre filmmaking in this country, proving that we have the chops to compete on the world stage.\" Commenting on the film's similarity to \"Aliens\", David Stratton of \"The Australian\" wrote, \"Resourcefulness is all very well, but a fresh approach to the familiar cliches would also be appreciated.\" Harry Windsor of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" called it \"a genre retread in search of a plot\". Andrew Marshall of \"Starburst\" rated it 6/10 stars and"}, {"context": "wrote that the film \"lacks the follow through to capitalise on its ideas or required sense of humanity to make you actually care\". Simon Abrams of \"The Village Voice\" wrote, \"\"Infini\" doesn't go anywhere that superior science fiction films haven't already, but for a while, it's exciting enough to feel brand-new.\" Oliver Pfeiffer of SciFiNow rated it 4/5 stars and called it \"bold, gut-wrenching\" with the \"real masterstroke at play...the menacingly immersive production design and deeply atmospheric soundtrack\". Christopher Webster of Quiet Earth wrote that it \"feels like an R-rated \"Twilight Zone\" episode more than a feature film\". Infini Infini"}]}, {"title": "Text-based (computing)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Text-based (computing) Usually used in reference to a computer application, a text-based application is one whose primary input and output are based on text rather than graphics or sound. This does not mean that text-based applications do not have graphics or sound, just that the graphics or sound are secondary to the text. Before the 1980s, most computers were text-based. The operator used the keyboard as the main input device to type in necessary commands into the terminal that could only display text on a low-resolution monochrome video monitor. The majority of end-user software was also written in text-based mode"}, {"context": "during this time. During this era, operating a computer was considered to be a challenging task because of the complexity of the text-based environment. However, with the development of the graphical user interface and the improvement in hardware, many software engineers started adding graphics for their applications. As a result, the pointing device that controls the coordination of the cursor on the screen became a primary input source (such as a mouse), and the graphics displayed with some text on the screen became a primary output source. There is a lot of text-based software in modern operating systems, particularly in"}, {"context": "Unix and Unix-like, which can usually be accessed through the shell running in a system (or virtual) console or a terminal emulator. In these operating systems text-based programs continue to be the primary software for system administration, programming and scripting. On the contrary, Microsoft Windows contains far less text-based software, which is essentially the remnants due to the MS-DOS ancestry, even though there are still several programs for system administration and critical maintenance. When the method used to access the operating system itself is text-based, the interface is usually referred to as a Command Line Interface (CLI). This function is"}, {"context": "carried out by various shells in Unix and Unix-like operating systems, and CMD and PowerShell in Microsoft Windows. Text-based applications typically run faster than software involving graphics does. Text-based applications run faster because the machine does not expend resources on processing the graphics, which generally requires more system resources than text does. For the same reason, text-based applications use memory more efficiently. Command line interfaces often provide the user more control on the software than a graphical user interface, by taking all the details of a command as parameters and/or by redirecting the outputs between commands. Since the available parameters"}, {"context": "are not explicitly enumerated, the application can accept many more options than an equivalent GUI-based software: a high number of options in a GUI would make it too complex and impractical, but that does not happen in a CLI. Thus the text-based input can provide more flexibility at the cost of learnability and a burden on user's memory. As a result, text-based software can offer more powerful features than graphic-based software, such as combining the command using a pipeline that allows output of the first command to be used as the input of the next command. Using this, a complex"}, {"context": "operation can be accomplished in a single command line using a sequence of commands connected together in a pipeline. In certain circumstances, text-based application offers faster user interaction than the graphic-based software does. Assuming that the user is fluent with typing, the user can enter commands faster than when using the graphical interface, because the users do not have to move their hands from the keyboard to enter different commands. Many users may not find an application with a text-based interface very user-friendly. This is especially true for beginning computer users. While the user may learn how to operate the"}, {"context": "software by simply playing around or navigating through given options, a text-based system usually requires users to have a more detailed understanding of the commands. Many text-based applications have a menu or help system that shows the user some (or all) of the available options of the software. Text-based software also has limitations on its output as well. Text-based output may not be considered very attractive to many users, and may be difficult to understand (compared to an output involving graphics). Therefore, certain operations cannot be implemented using text-based software, due to its limitation of range in its input and"}, {"context": "output. Text-based (computing) Usually used in reference to a computer application, a text-based application is one whose primary input and output are based on text rather than graphics or sound. This does not mean that text-based applications do not have graphics or sound, just that the graphics or sound are secondary to the text. Before the 1980s, most computers were text-based. The operator used the keyboard as the main input device to type in necessary commands into the terminal that could only display text on a low-resolution monochrome video monitor. The majority of end-user software was also written in text-based"}]}, {"title": "Requirement prioritization", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Requirement prioritization Requirement prioritization is used in Software product management for determining which candidate requirements of a software product should be included in a certain release. Requirements are also prioritized to minimize risk during development so that the most important or high risk requirements are implemented first. Several methods for assessing a prioritization of software requirements exist. In Software product management there exist several sub processes. First of all there is portfolio management where a product development strategy is defined based on information from the market and partner companies. In product roadmapping (or technology roadmapping), themes and core assets of"}, {"context": "products in the portfolio are identified and roadmap constructions are created. In requirements management candidate software requirements for a product are gathered and organized. Finally, in the release planning activity, these requirements are prioritized and selected for a release, after which the launch of the software product can be prepared. Thus, one of the key steps in release planning is requirements prioritization. A good and relatively easy to use method for prioritizing software product requirements is the cost-value approach. This approach was created by Joachim Karlsson and Kevin Ryan. The approach was then further developed and commercialized in the company"}, {"context": "Focal Point (that was acquired by Telelogic in 2005). Their basic idea was to determine for each individual candidate requirement what the cost of implementing the requirement would be and how much value the requirement has. The assessment of values and costs for the requirements was performed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). This method was created by Thomas Saaty. Its basic idea is that for all pairs of (candidate) requirements a person assesses a value or a cost comparing the one requirement of a pair with the other. For example, a value of 3 for (Req1, Req2) indicates that"}, {"context": "requirement 1 is valued three times as high as requirement 2. Trivially, this indicates that (Req2, Req1) has value \u2153. In the approach of Karlsson and Ryan, five steps for reviewing candidate requirements and determining a priority among them are identified. These are summed up below. Now, the cost-value approach and the prioritizing of requirements in general can be placed in its context of Software product management. As mentioned earlier, release planning is part of this process. Prioritization of software requirements is a sub process of the release planning process. The release planning process consists of the sub processes: Requirement"}]}, {"title": "Angela Punch McGregor", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Angela Punch McGregor Angela Punch McGregor (born 21 January 1953, in Sydney) is an Australian stage and film actress. Her film credits include: \"The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith\" (1978), \"Newsfront\" (1978), \"The Island\" (1980), \"The Survivor\" (1981), \"We of the Never Never\" (1982), \"Double Deal\" (1983), \"Annie's Coming Out\" (1984), \"Double Sculls\" (1985), \"The Delinquents\" (1989), \"Spotswood\" (1992), \"Terra Nova\" (1998) and \"Tom White\" (2004). As \"Angela Punch\" she acted in television serial \"Class of '75\" and had a guest role in the situation comedy \"Alvin Purple\" (1976). In the 1980 ABC Television production \"The Timeless Land\", Angela played the"}, {"context": "role of the convict Ellen Prentice who eventually gains public respectability. Later television appearances include: \"Alterations\", \"Whose Baby?\", \"Home and Away\", \"Fire\", \"All Saints\" and \"White Collar Blue\". McGregor has taught young people getting into the Theatrical business at The Hub Studio in Sydney, Australia. One of her classes was titled \"Angela Punch McGregor Master Class - Series 1\". Angela Punch McGregor Angela Punch McGregor (born 21 January 1953, in Sydney) is an Australian stage and film actress. Her film credits include: \"The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith\" (1978), \"Newsfront\" (1978), \"The Island\" (1980), \"The Survivor\" (1981), \"We of the Never"}]}, {"title": "Hyogo 8th district", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hyogo 8th district , also referred to as , is a constituency of the House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan. It is located in southwestern Hy\u014dgo and consists of the city of Amagasaki. As of September 2015, 379,207 eligible voters were registered in the district. It is one of the 48 districts in the Kansai region that form the Kinki proportional representation block. The district was established as part of the electoral reform of 1994; the area was previously part of Hy\u014dgo 2nd district that elected five representatives by single non-transferable vote. Since the district's creation, it has"}, {"context": "been represented by three people: former Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Tetsuzo Fuyushiba, former governor of Nagano Prefecture Yasuo Tanaka, and the current representative Hiromasa Nakano, who worked under Fuyushiba in the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. Hyogo 8th district , also referred to as , is a constituency of the House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan. It is located in southwestern Hy\u014dgo and consists of the city of Amagasaki. As of September 2015, 379,207 eligible voters were registered in the district. It is one of the 48 districts in the Kansai region that form the"}]}, {"title": "Tasha Thomas", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tasha Thomas Tasha Thomas (c. 1945 \u2013 November 8, 1984) was an American singer-songwriter and actress, known for her role as Aunt Em in the original Broadway production of \"The Wiz\". Thomas also had a hit single, \"Shoot Me (With Your Love),\" from her 1979 album, \"Midnight Rendezvous\". Her birthplace is often cited as \"Jeutyn, Alaska,\" though no such town exists. Thomas' breakthrough came when she was cast in the original Broadway production of \"The Wiz\" in the role of Aunt Em. Her performance on the cast album, singing her soulful rendition of the ballad \"The Feeling We Once Had,\""}, {"context": "earned her wide critical acclaim. In 1972 Tasha sang backup vocals along with singer/songwriter & Song Writers Hall Of Famer Ellie Greenwich (1949-2009) for Jim Croce's debut album \"You Don't Mess Around With Jim\". She appears on Slade's 1976 \"Nobody's Fools\" LP providing backing vocals on several songs including the title track. Tasha also provided backup vocals on the 1977 Kiss album \"Love Gun\", as one of the \"KISSettes\". In 1978, on the basis of her growing popularity as a singer capable of performing in many different styles and genres, producers James R. Glaser (aka Jimmi Hood) and Peter Rugile"}, {"context": "signed Thomas to their company, Orbit Record Productions. Her first record release on the producer's independent label, Orbit Records, was the international dance smash \"Shoot Me (With Your Love),\" written by James R. Glaser. Unable to keep pace with the demand for the record, producers Glaser/Rugile took Thomas and their production company to Atlantic Records to complete Thomas's first solo album \"Midnight Rendezvous\". Recorded in 1979, \"Midnight Rendezvous\" included the track, \"Shoot Me (With Your Love)\", which was the biggest hit from the album. The \"New York Times\" music critic Robert Palmer, described the song as \"...one of the grittiest"}, {"context": "and most rousing disco records of the year destined to become a classic of erotic dance music.\" Following the success of \"Shoot Me (With Your Love)\", Thomas was frequently invited to guest star on television music and talk shows, including appearances on \"Don Kirschner\u2019s Rock Concert,\" \"Soul Train\" (Season 8, Episode 32 - Air Date: 03/24/79), \"The Merv Griffin Show\", (Season 11, Episode 2395) \"Burt Sugarman\u2019s Midnight Special\" (Season 7, Episode 25 - Air Date: 05/04/79) and \"Dance Fever\" (May 1979). Thomas died of cancer in 1984, at the age of 39. \"Shoot Me (With Your Love)\" was nominated for"}, {"context": "\u201cBest R&B Single of the Year\u201d at the 1979 BMA Awards. Tasha Thomas Tasha Thomas (c. 1945 \u2013 November 8, 1984) was an American singer-songwriter and actress, known for her role as Aunt Em in the original Broadway production of \"The Wiz\". Thomas also had a hit single, \"Shoot Me (With Your Love),\" from her 1979 album, \"Midnight Rendezvous\". Her birthplace is often cited as \"Jeutyn, Alaska,\" though no such town exists. Thomas' breakthrough came when she was cast in the original Broadway production of \"The Wiz\" in the role of Aunt Em. Her performance on the cast album, singing"}]}, {"title": "Sport in Kazakhstan", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sport in Kazakhstan Kazakhstan consistently performs in Olympic competitions. It is especially successful in boxing. This has brought some attention to the Central Asian nation, and increased world awareness of its athletes. Kazakhstan's city of Almaty submitted twice bid for the Winter Olympics: In 2014 and again for the 2022 Winter Olympics. Astana and Almaty hosted the 2011 Asian Winter Games. Dmitry Karpov is a distinguished decathlete, taking bronze in both the 2004 Summer Olympics, and the 2003 and 2007 World Athletics Championships. Olga Rypakova is an athlete, specialized in triple jump (women's), taking silver in the 2011 World Championships"}, {"context": "in Athletics and Gold in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Kazakhstan's most famous basketball player was Alzhan Zharmukhamedov, who played for CSKA Moscow and the Soviet Union's national basketball team in the 1960s and 1970s. Throughout his career, he won multiple titles and medals at some of the world's most prestigious basketball competitions, including the Summer Olympics, the Basketball World Cup, the EuroBasket (the European Basketball Championship), and the EuroLeague. In 1971 he earned the title Master of Sports of the USSR, International Class and a year later he was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor. Kazakhstan's national basketball"}, {"context": "team was established in 1992, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Since its foundation, it has been competitive at the continental level. Its greatest accomplishment was at the 2002 Asian Games, where it defeated the Philippines in its last game to win the bronze medal. At the official Asian Basketball Championship, now called \"FIBA Asia Cup\", the Kazakhs' best finish was 4th place in 2007. Kazakh boxers are generally well known in the world. In the last three Olympic Games, their performance was assessed as one of the best and they had more medals than any country in the"}, {"context": "world, except Cuba and Russia (in all three games). In 1996 and 2004, three Kazakhstani boxers (Vassiliy Jirov in 1996, Bakhtiyar Artayev in 2004 and Serik Sapiyev in 2012)) were recognized as the best boxers for their techniques with the Val Barker Trophy, awarded to the best boxer of the tournament. In boxing, Kazakhstan performed well in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. Two boxers, Bekzat Sattarkhanov and Yermakhan Ibraimov, earned gold medals. Another two boxers, Bulat Zhumadilov and Mukhtarkhan Dildabekov, earned silver medals. It should also be noted that Oleg Maskaev, born in Zhambyl, representing Russia, was the"}, {"context": "WBC Heavyweight Champion after knocking out Hasim Rahman on 12 August 2006. The reigning WBA,WBC, IBF and IBO middleweight champion is Kazakh boxer Gennady Golovkin. Natascha Ragosina, representing Russia, but from Karaganda held seven versions of the women's super middleweight title, and two heavyweight titles during her boxing career. She holds the record as the longest-reigning WBA female super middleweight champion, and the longest-reigning WBC female super middleweight champion. Skier Vladimir Smirnov won seven medals in total in the 1988, 1994 and 1998 Winter Olympics, including a gold in the 50 km competition in 1994. He also won 11 medals"}, {"context": "in total in the World Championships from 1987 to 1995, including four gold medals. During the first part of his active career, he represented the Soviet Union, in the later part Kazakhstan. Cycling is Kazakhstan's most successful sport. Alexander Vinokourov represented Kazakhstan in his cycling career for the team. Vinokourov had an impressive cycling record finishing third overall in the 2003 Tour de France. Vinokourov finished 5th in the 2005 Tour de France, while two other young Kazakhstanis, Andrey Kashechkin, who later finished 3rd in the 2006 Vuelta a Espa\u00f1a, and Maxim Iglinsky, winner of 2012 Liege\u2013Bastogne\u2013Liege and now one"}, {"context": "of the world's best punchers, finished 19th and 37th, respectively. In 2006, Vinokourov's team became known as , after a drug doping scandal forced his team Liberty Seguros from the 2006 Tour de France. Vinokourov helped form a new team funded by a conglomeration of Kazakhstan businesses and adopted the color of the Kazakhstani flag for its uniforms. That same year, Vinokourov and Kashechkin took first and third places in general classification at Vuelta a Espa\u00f1a in Spain. Vinokourov won the gold medal in the Cycling Road Race at the 2012 London Olympic Games. In September 2006, Vinokourov won the"}, {"context": "61st Vuelta a Espa\u00f1a by attacking Alejandro Valverde in dramatic fashion with 23 km to go in Stage 17. He then held on to his lead over the next four stages, including the final individual time trial to win the Vuelta. Vinokourov and Kashechkin would go on in 2007 to form a new team, backed by the same sponsors as their team from 2006, but with its own lineage. This team is also known as . Another famous professional cyclist, Andrey Kivilev, died after a crash in the 2003 edition of the Paris\u2013Nice race. Football is the most popular sport"}, {"context": "in Kazakhstan. The Football Federation of Kazakhstan () is the sport's national governing body. The FFK organises the men's, women's, and futsal national teams. The Kazakh national ice hockey team have competed in ice hockey in the 1998 and 2006 Winter Olympics, as well as in the 2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships. The Kazakhstan Hockey Championship is held since 1992. Barys Astana is the main domestic Kazakhstani ice hockey professional team, and having played in the Kazakhstani national league until the 2008\u201309 season, when they were transferred to play in the Kontinental Hockey League. Meanwhile, the Kazzinc-Torpedo and play"}, {"context": "in the Supreme Hockey League since 1996 and the Saryarka Karagandy since 2012. Top Kazakhstani ice hockey players include Nik Antropov, Ivan Kulshov and Evgeni Nabokov. Aliya Yussupova was placed 4th in the Summer Olympic Games in Athens. She has been among the medalist winners in several previous tournaments. Currently, she is considered to be one of the top rhythmic gymnasts in the world. After the retiring of Aliya Yussupova in the end of 2009, Kazakhstan maintained its top place in the world thanks to the emerge of Anna Alyabyeva who now represents the nation at the international tournaments, grand"}, {"context": "prix, and world championship. As of 2015 Sabina Ashirbayeva started her senior career and is growing and achieving good results, she is following the footsteps of former fellow rhythmic gymnast Aliya Yussupova. Rugby union is a popular sport in Kazakhstan. The Kazakhstan Rugby Union was founded in 1993. It develops traditions of rugby existing in Kazakhstan since 1966, when the first men's national rugby team of Kazakhstani Soviet Republic was formed. In 2002, the national women's team became the Asian Champions for the third time. The men's team is becoming stronger and participating in major international tournaments. It is now"}, {"context": "ranked 32nd (out of 95) position in the IRB World Rankings. Since 2012 there is the Polo Federation of Kazakhstan, which in 2014 has been a full member of the Federation of International Polo in the General Assembly, which took place in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The country has a national polo team. The high altitude speed skating rink Medeu near Almaty is one of the foremost outdoor arenas in the world and has seen many world records in all speed skating distances before the era of indoor arenas. Alau Ice Palace in Astana was built for the Asian Winter Games"}, {"context": "in 2011. Kazakhstan competed in the 2014 World Nomad Games, winning gold and silver in the \"Kynan Chabysh\", silver in the \"Alaman Baige\", and two bronze medals in the \"Er Enish\". The traditional sport of \"Kyz Kuu\" (\"chase the girl\") features horse riders chasing each other. Sport in Kazakhstan Kazakhstan consistently performs in Olympic competitions. It is especially successful in boxing. This has brought some attention to the Central Asian nation, and increased world awareness of its athletes. Kazakhstan's city of Almaty submitted twice bid for the Winter Olympics: In 2014 and again for the 2022 Winter Olympics. Astana and"}]}, {"title": "Do\u0302n", "paragraphs": [{"context": "D\u00f4n D\u00f4n () is an ancestor figure in Welsh legend and literature. She is typically given as the mother of a group known as the \"Children of D\u00f4n\", including Gwydion, Arianrhod, and Gilfaethwy, among many others. However, antiquarians of the early modern era generally considered D\u00f4n a male figure. Llys D\u00f4n (literally \"The Court of D\u00f4n\") is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia. At least three of D\u00f4n's children also have astronomical associations: Caer Gwydion (\"The fortress of Gwydion\") is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way, and Caer Arianrhod (\"The Fortress of Arianrhod\") being the constellation"}, {"context": "of Corona Borealis. D\u00f4n D\u00f4n () is an ancestor figure in Welsh legend and literature. She is typically given as the mother of a group known as the \"Children of D\u00f4n\", including Gwydion, Arianrhod, and Gilfaethwy, among many others. However, antiquarians of the early modern era generally considered D\u00f4n a male figure. Llys D\u00f4n (literally \"The Court of D\u00f4n\") is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia. At least three of D\u00f4n's children also have astronomical associations: Caer Gwydion (\"The fortress of Gwydion\") is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way, and Caer Arianrhod (\"The Fortress of Arianrhod\")"}]}, {"title": "Blanche Lyon Pursuivant", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Blanche Lyon Pursuivant Blanche Lyon Pursuivant of Arms in Ordinary (sometimes Blanch Lyon) was a British office of arms created during the reign of King Edward IV. In 1602, the office was made \"extraordinary\" for the appointment of Francis Thynne, before his promotion to Lancaster Herald of Arms in Ordinary that same year. Nicholas Charles held the post. John Philipot was created Blanche Lyon Pursuivant of Arms Extraordinary in 1613, and William Dugdale followed in 1638. In 1784, Sir Isaac Heard had his step-son, Alexander Ochterlony, appointed Blanche Lyon. Ochterlony was the first of only two known American-born officers of"}, {"context": "arms in British history. The other was York Herald of Arms John von Sonnentag de Havilland Blanche Lyon Pursuivant Blanche Lyon Pursuivant of Arms in Ordinary (sometimes Blanch Lyon) was a British office of arms created during the reign of King Edward IV. In 1602, the office was made \"extraordinary\" for the appointment of Francis Thynne, before his promotion to Lancaster Herald of Arms in Ordinary that same year. Nicholas Charles held the post. John Philipot was created Blanche Lyon Pursuivant of Arms Extraordinary in 1613, and William Dugdale followed in 1638. In 1784, Sir Isaac Heard had his step-son,"}]}, {"title": "21 Guns (song)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "21 Guns (song) \"21 Guns\" is a song by American punk rock band Green Day. It was released as the second single from their eighth album, \"21st Century Breakdown\". The single was released through Reprise Records on May 25, 2009 as a digital download and July 14, 2009 as a CD single. The song has been a success on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 22, which has become their highest charting single since 2005. It was nominated for a Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Rock Song in 2010."}, {"context": "\"21 Guns\" addresses the topic of patriotism. Frontman and chief songwriter Billie Joe Armstrong told Q magazine, in May 2009: \"It brings up 21st Century Breakdown in a lot of ways, and the 21-gun salute for someone that's fallen, but done in an arena rock 'n' roll sort of way.\" According to \"Q\", the song is \"a mammoth power ballad with a chorus like Mott the Hoople's All the Young Dudes.\" William Goodman from \"Spin\" agreed, also comparing the song to All The Young Dudes. \"Entertainment Weekly\"s Simon Vozick-Levinson described it as a \"sensitive arena rock cut that made us"}, {"context": "think of Toto's 'Africa'. While the chorus sounded more like ELO's 'Telephone Line.' A \"Rolling Stone\" article commented that it \"has a dash of 'Boulevard of Broken Dreams' to it.\" \"Spin\"s Goodman agreed, writing: \"This track covers a lot of territory in its five minutes, from a solo acoustic guitar (reminiscent of \"Boulevard of Broken Dreams\") to Brian May-worthy electric riffage. But the chorus holds the killer hook, as Armstrong hits highs with his voice in a thrilling moment.\" The song is written in the key of F Major or D minor. John Phillips has a writing credit due to"}, {"context": "the similarity of the verse melody to the 1967 song San_Francisco_(Be_Sure_to_Wear_Flowers_in_Your_Hair). The song has received critical acclaim. Chris Fallon writing for AbsolutePunk commented that \"it is arguably the album's highlight, presenting an anti-war ballad that is both monumentally enduring and also sophisticated protest.\" James Montgomery of MTV News described it as \"a cell-phones-in-the-air anthem, starting with more sharply strummed acoustic guitars.\" Colin Moriarty from IGN wrote that the track is \"perhaps the best song on the album as a whole, is a multi-faceted song with a pretty poignant message to boot.\" Jordan Richardson of Blogcritics commented: \"It's the album\u2019s anti-war"}, {"context": "hymn, reaching heroic heights with a sleek sort of sappiness that fits flawlessly. The range and sentiment may dishearten those looking for a little more \"Dookie\" from their Green Day, but I\u2019ve never heard Billie Joe sound so good and so earnest as he pulls his frail voice upwards to knock out some stunning high notes.\" Mayer Nissim gave the song 3 out of 5 stars, writing: \"It combines verses reminiscent of Neil Young's 'Heart of Gold' with big power-pop chord changes and choruses that soar in all the right places. The jerky charm of the band's earlier work may"}, {"context": "be missing, but there's still lots to enjoy here.\" However, Adam Downer from Sputnikmusic gave a negative review, commenting that \"it sounds like a terrible rewrite of something John Lennon never released.\" The song debuted at No. 55 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, peaking at No. 22 (becoming their highest peaking song since the 2005 hit \"Wake Me Up When September Ends\"), and No. 81 on the Canadian Hot 100, reaching #15. It reached No. 3 on the Alternative Songs chart and No. 17 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. Also, on the \"Billboard\" Pop Songs\" it reached #7."}, {"context": "On the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, the song peaked at #4. On the UK Singles Chart, it debuted at No. 100 and rose to #36. In New Zealand, the song debuted at No. 23 and peaked at No. 3 in its seventh week on the chart. In New Zealand, it was certified Platinum after 13 weeks on the chart, selling over 15,000 copies. It was certified Platinum by the RIAA. The single was also certified Platinum in Italy. \"21 Guns\" was released to modern punk radio stations on May 25, 2009, although it had already been played on some radio"}, {"context": "stations, such as KROQ in Los Angeles and 101.9 in New York City. In the radio edit, the song is over forty seconds shorter than the album version due to the bridge being shortened and the intro being taken out. The CD single and clear 7\" single were released on July 14, 2009. The song is featured heavily in \"\" and appears on the , which was released on June 12, 2009. It became available for download on the music video game series \"Rock Band\" on July 7, 2009, along with the songs \"East Jesus Nowhere\" and \"Know Your Enemy."}, {"context": "The song was featured in episode 6 of \"The Vampire Diaries\". The song is featured in the video game \"\" and is downloadable content for the \"Rock Band\" series. A live version was also released on \"21 Guns Live EP\" in September 2009. A music video was directed by Marc Webb and filmed in Los Angeles on June 6, 2009. It premiered on MySpace on Monday, June 22, 2009 at midnight EDT. A shorter version of the video also exists, which is set to the radio edit of the song. It is the third Green Day video to feature touring"}, {"context": "guitarist Jason White performing with the band, following \"Wake Me Up When September Ends\" and \"Working Class Hero\". He is also seen briefly in the music videos for \"When I Come Around\" and \"Jesus of Suburbia\" but he is not performing with the band. After spending the previous week at number 3, the video peaked at number one on VH1 Top 20 Countdown on August 22, 2009 and again on September 19, 2009. It also won Best Rock Video (Green Day), Best Direction (Marc Webb) and Best Cinematography (Jonathan Sela) for the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. The video takes"}, {"context": "place with the band and the album's two protagonists Christian (Josh Boswell) and Gloria (Lisa Stelly) taking refuge in a white room after robbing a bank. The police arrive outside the room and open fire through the window, to the couple's terror. As bullets rain through the room, the band continues playing. Gloria picks up the phone and throws it into a fish tank. As the bullets continue to fly and tear apart the room, Christian and Gloria become calm and walk toward each other, unharmed by the bullets. They embrace and kiss as the room goes dark, recreating the"}, {"context": "\"21st Century Breakdown\" cover art. As the song ends, the room lights up again, and they are still uninjured. After the room lights up, there are various shots of destruction in the room, including a shot of some of the writing on the walls. The writing includes an excerpt of the lyrics to \"21 Guns\", as well as those of the song \"See The Light\" which also appears on \"21st Century Breakdown\". The video may represent the meaning of the song in the 21st Century Breakdown story. Green Day has recorded two versions of \"21 Guns\" with the cast of"}, {"context": "\"American Idiot\". The recording was produced by Billie Joe Armstrong. The recording with Armstrong singing the male solo parts was released on December 3 to Spinner.com and also released for digital download on December 22. The video was released February 1. The second version of the song with the cast of American Idiot features Stark Sands, John Gallagher Jr., and Michael Esper singing their respective solos instead of Armstrong. It was performed with Armstrong singing lead male vocals at the 52nd Grammy Awards. Green Day released a live EP for the song including live performances of \"Welcome to Paradise\", \"Brain"}, {"context": "Stew/Jaded\" and \"F.O.D.\" recorded live in Albany, New York and Madison Square Garden. This EP was released on the Australian iTunes store, Amazon UK, and Napster. 21 Guns (song) \"21 Guns\" is a song by American punk rock band Green Day. It was released as the second single from their eighth album, \"21st Century Breakdown\". The single was released through Reprise Records on May 25, 2009 as a digital download and July 14, 2009 as a CD single. The song has been a success on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 22, which has become their highest charting"}]}, {"title": "George Washington High School (Chicago)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "George Washington High School (Chicago) George Washington High School is a public 4\u2013year high school located in the East Side neighborhood on the far southeast side of Chicago, Illinois, United States. Washington is operated by the Chicago Public Schools district. Washington serves the students of nearby neighborhoods: Hegewisch, South Deering. The school is named for the first President of the United States, George Washington. Washington competes in the Chicago Public League (CPL) and is a member of the Illinois High School Association (IHSA). Washington sport teams are nicknamed Patriots. The boys' basketball team were regional champions in 2005\u201306 and 2006\u201307."}, {"context": "The boys' soccer team won regional championships in 2009\u201310, 2010\u201311, 2011\u201312, 2012\u201313, 2013\u201314, 2014\u201315, 2016-17. Sectional Championship 2012-13, 2014\u201315, 2016-17. Supersectionals Champions 2012-13, 2014-15. The girls' basketball team were Public League champions in 1990\u201391 and 1999\u20132000. The boys soccer team won state championship in 2012\u201313. The Boys soccer team won 4th place in state 2015-16. The Boys soccer team were the Chicago Public League Champions for the first time in the schools history in 2017-18. George Washington High School (Chicago) George Washington High School is a public 4\u2013year high school located in the East Side neighborhood on the far southeast"}]}, {"title": "GWR 1661 Class", "paragraphs": [{"context": "GWR 1661 Class The 1661 Class was William Dean's second design of tank locomotive for England's Great Western Railway. Like the 1813 Class which preceded them, there were 40 1661s, turned out of Swindon Works in two batches. Unlike the 1813s, the 1661s had larger wheels (), double frames with a longer wheelbase (), and saddle, not side tanks. Their frames had originally been ordered for the tender engines of the 2361 Class; however, more 2361s turned out not to be needed, after tank engines (of Joseph Armstrong's 1076 Class) had been found to be successful hauling the heavy coal"}, {"context": "trains from Aberdare. Like the 2361s, the 1661s carried long boilers ( barrel) when new, but shorter boilers were fitted on overhaul. As usual with GWR saddle tanks, pannier tanks were later fitted to most of them, between 1910 and 1926. In 1904, locomotive No. 1674 was one of two locomotives hauling an express passenger train that was derailed at Loughor, Glamorgan due to excessive speed. Surging of water in the saddle tanks of No. 1674 was considered a contributory factor. Five people were killed and eighteen were injured. Following the accident, eight of the class were sold to South"}, {"context": "Wales railways in 1906, duly returning into GWR stock at the Grouping in 1922. The last in service was No. 1685, which ran until 1934. Along with the 1076 class, they were initially used on long distance mineral traffic in the Southern Division of the GWR. To quote le Fleming, \"they were always rather misfits\", but \"...their distinctive features were welcomed by enthusiasts if not by the Running Dept.\" GWR 1661 Class The 1661 Class was William Dean's second design of tank locomotive for England's Great Western Railway. Like the 1813 Class which preceded them, there were 40 1661s, turned"}]}, {"title": "S. Daniel Abraham", "paragraphs": [{"context": "S. Daniel Abraham Sim Daniel Abraham (born August 15, 1924) is an American businessman, investor, and philanthropist. He is the founder of Thompson Medical, whose main product is Slim-Fast, a diet program. He has endowed the S. Daniel Abraham Center for Middle East Peace, and he supports Jewish causes in Florida and Israel. Abraham was born on August 15, 1924, the son of Stella K. and Dr. Samuel Abraham. He was raised to an Orthodox Jewish family in Long Beach, New York. Abraham founded Thompson Medical, which introduced the Slim-Fast line of diet products in the late 1970s. Abraham made"}, {"context": "Thompson Medical private in 1988; Unilever acquired Slim-Fast for $2.3 billion in 2000. As of October 2016, he had an estimated wealth of US$2.1 billion. Abraham is the author of the book \"Peace is Possible\", with a foreword by President Bill Clinton. Abraham also published his memoirs in 2010, entitled \"Everything is Possible: Life and Business Lessons from a Self-Made Billionaire and the Founder of Slim Fast\". Abraham founded the Center for Middle East Peace in Washington, D.C. Through personal friendship with leaders in the United States, Israel, and throughout the Middle East, he has worked over the past two"}, {"context": "decades to help bring an end to the Arab/Israeli conflict. He is a major sponsor of the Washington-based United States Institute of Peace. Abraham endowed an S. Daniel Abraham Chair in Middle East Policy Studies at Princeton University and a Chair in Nutritional Medicine at Harvard University Medical School. He funded the Dan Abraham School for Business Administration and Economics at Bar-Ilan University in Israel, and the S. Daniel Abraham Israel Program at Yeshiva University, and Honors Program at Stern College for Women. He holds honorary doctorates from the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Bar-Ilan University and Yeshiva University. He"}, {"context": "is also the founder of the New Synagogue of Palm Beach. His gift to the Mayo Clinic served to create the Dan Abraham Healthy Living Center, whose opening in 2007 received national media coverage. The Stella K. Abraham High School for Girls was dedicated in honor of his mother. Abraham is a long-time donor to the Democratic Party and the Clinton Foundation. He gave $1.5 million to the party and ranked as the number one contributor of soft money to the national parties in 2000. Abraham donated $3 million to Priorities USA Action, a super PAC which supported Hillary Clinton's"}, {"context": "2016 presidential campaign. Abraham is divorced from his first wife, Estanne Weiner; they had four daughters: Rebecca, Simmi, Leah, and Tammy. He is remarried to Ewa Sebzda with whom he has two children: Sarah and Sam. He resides in Palm Beach, Florida. S. Daniel Abraham Sim Daniel Abraham (born August 15, 1924) is an American businessman, investor, and philanthropist. He is the founder of Thompson Medical, whose main product is Slim-Fast, a diet program. He has endowed the S. Daniel Abraham Center for Middle East Peace, and he supports Jewish causes in Florida and Israel. Abraham was born on August"}]}, {"title": "1963 New York Jets season", "paragraphs": [{"context": "1963 New York Jets season The 1963 New York Jets season was the fourth season for the team in the American Football League (AFL) and the first under the moniker Jets. The season began with the team trying to improve on their 5\u20139 record from 1962 under new head coach Weeb Ewbank. The Jets finished the season 5\u20138\u20131, while playing their final season of home games at the Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan, before relocating to Shea Stadium in the borough of Queens the following season. In rebranding itself as the Jets, the club abandoned its navy-blue and gold uniforms"}, {"context": "in favor of kelly green and white. The jerseys had opposite-colored sleeves with thick stripes on the shoulders and cuffs, above and below the TV numerals. The pants were white with two parallel green stripes on each side. The new helmets were white with a single green stripe down the center; the logo on each side was a silhouette of a jet airplane in green, with the word \"JETS\" in thick white sans-serif italics along the fuselage. 1963 New York Jets season The 1963 New York Jets season was the fourth season for the team in the American Football League"}]}, {"title": "Department of Computer Engineering, University of Peradeniya", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Department of Computer Engineering, University of Peradeniya Department of Computer Engineering is the youngest department of the Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya established in 2001 with 20 undergraduate students. At present there are approximately 60 students in each batch. The Department of Computer Engineering was established in the Faculty of Engineering in Peradeniya in 1985. Although it is the youngest department in the Faculty, it is the oldest Computer Engineering Department to be established in the University system of the country. The main function of the department initially was to conduct programming courses to the students in all disciplines"}, {"context": "of the Faculty. Over the years the department has developed into a fully-fledged department and it now offers several courses in Computer Engineering to the students. The demand from the students for Computer Engineering has been high and a limited number is admitted to follow it. The graduates who have specialized in Computer Engineering are highly sought after by local as well as foreign employers. In view of the good employment prospects for Computer Engineering graduates and the large demand from the students, the department has initiated a degree programme leading to the B.Sc. Eng. degree in Computer Engineering from"}, {"context": "year 2001. The Department has also been building up its resources and now has state of the art technology in networking, degital design, embedded systems and computer interfacing. To be a competitive teaching entity in computer engineering in the country and the region and to produce graduates with international recognition for their knowledge and skills, who are capable of taking a leadership position in the board aspect of computer engineering. The mission of the Department is to keep the academic and research programmes on a par with internationally recognized programmes in the discipline incorporating the rapid changes taking place in"}, {"context": "the industry, train the students to acquire the required scientific and technological knowledge and skills, and to develop their soft skills, thus enhancing their professional recognition, career prospects and career mobility, nationally and internationally. The department intends to achieve these by making sure that the graduates: Department of Computer Engineering, University of Peradeniya Department of Computer Engineering is the youngest department of the Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya established in 2001 with 20 undergraduate students. At present there are approximately 60 students in each batch. The Department of Computer Engineering was established in the Faculty of Engineering in Peradeniya"}]}, {"title": "Langenburg", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Langenburg Langenburg is a town in the district of Schw\u00e4bisch Hall, in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany. It is located on a hill above the river Jagst, 18 km northeast of Schw\u00e4bisch Hall. It is also the place where the Wibele - small, sweet, biscuit-like pastries - were invented and are still baked today. The history of Langenburg begins with the building of a castle on the western hill crag. Prehistoric settling is likely, but not proven. Langenburg is first documented in 1226. The free Lords of Langenburg, which stepped into history in 1201, were closely related to the Lords of Hohenlohe. Maybe"}, {"context": "they even held family bonds. After the Langenburgs had died out, the Hohenlohe family inherited the possessions. Langenburg thus came under the rule of Hohenlohe and remained part of the Principality for the next centuries. Since 1568 Langenburg was the residency of the county and latter principality Hohenlohe-Langenburg. In the 17th Century, Langenburg was the site of witch trials. The last victims, Anna Schmieg and Barbara Schleicher, were executed in 1672. Langenburg has a vintage car museum and the large Langenburg Castle, the seat of the family of Hohenlohe-Langenburg. Langenburg Langenburg is a town in the district of Schw\u00e4bisch Hall,"}]}, {"title": "Satellite navigation", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Satellite navigation A satellite navigation or satnav system is a system that uses satellites to provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning. It allows small electronic receivers to determine their location (longitude, latitude, and altitude/elevation) to high precision (within a few metres) using time signals transmitted along a line of sight by radio from satellites. The system can be used for providing position, navigation or for tracking the position of something fitted with a receiver (satellite tracking). The signals also allow the electronic receiver to calculate the current local time to high precision, which allows time synchronisation. Satnav systems operate independently of any"}, {"context": "telephonic or internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the positioning information generated. A satellite navigation system with global coverage may be termed a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). , the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS) and Russia's GLONASS are fully operational GNSSs, with China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and the European Union's Galileo scheduled to be fully operational by 2020. India, France and Japan are in the process of developing regional navigation and augmentation systems as well. Global coverage for each system is generally achieved by a satellite constellation of 18\u201330 medium Earth orbit"}, {"context": "(MEO) satellites spread between several orbital planes. The actual systems vary, but use orbital inclinations of >50\u00b0 and orbital periods of roughly twelve hours (at an altitude of about ). Satellite navigation systems that provide enhanced accuracy and integrity monitoring usable for civil navigation are classified as follows: Ground based radio navigation has long been practiced. The DECCA, LORAN, GEE and Omega systems used terrestrial longwave radio transmitters which broadcast a radio pulse from a known \"master\" location, followed by a pulse repeated from a number of \"slave\" stations. The delay between the reception of the master signal and the"}, {"context": "slave signals allowed the receiver to deduce the distance to each of the slaves, providing a fix. The first satellite navigation system was Transit, a system deployed by the US military in the 1960s. Transit's operation was based on the Doppler effect: the satellites travelled on well-known paths and broadcast their signals on a well-known radio frequency. The received frequency will differ slightly from the broadcast frequency because of the movement of the satellite with respect to the receiver. By monitoring this frequency shift over a short time interval, the receiver can determine its location to one side or the"}, {"context": "other of the satellite, and several such measurements combined with a precise knowledge of the satellite's orbit can fix a particular position. Satellite orbital position errors are induced by variations in the gravity field and radar refraction, among others. These were resolved by a team led by Harold L Jury of Pan Am Aerospace Division in Florida from 1970-1973. Using real-time data assimilation and recursive estimation, the systematic and residual errors were narrowed down to a manageable level to permit accurate navigation. Part of an orbiting satellite's broadcast included its precise orbital data. In order to ensure accuracy, the US"}, {"context": "Naval Observatory (USNO) continuously observed the precise orbits of these satellites. As a satellite's orbit deviated, the USNO would send the updated information to the satellite. Subsequent broadcasts from an updated satellite would contain its most recent ephemeris. Modern systems are more direct. The satellite broadcasts a signal that contains orbital data (from which the position of the satellite can be calculated) and the precise time the signal was transmitted. The orbital ephemeris is transmitted in a data message that is superimposed on a code that serves as a timing reference. The satellite uses an atomic clock to maintain synchronization"}, {"context": "of all the satellites in the constellation. The receiver compares the time of broadcast encoded in the transmission of three (at sea level) or four different satellites, thereby measuring the time-of-flight to each satellite. Several such measurements can be made at the same time to different satellites, allowing a continual fix to be generated in real time using an adapted version of trilateration: see GNSS positioning calculation for details. Each distance measurement, regardless of the system being used, places the receiver on a spherical shell at the measured distance from the broadcaster. By taking several such measurements and then looking"}, {"context": "for a point where they meet, a fix is generated. However, in the case of fast-moving receivers, the position of the signal moves as signals are received from several satellites. In addition, the radio signals slow slightly as they pass through the ionosphere, and this slowing varies with the receiver's angle to the satellite, because that changes the distance through the ionosphere. The basic computation thus attempts to find the shortest directed line tangent to four oblate spherical shells centred on four satellites. Satellite navigation receivers reduce errors by using combinations of signals from multiple satellites and multiple correlators, and"}, {"context": "then using techniques such as Kalman filtering to combine the noisy, partial, and constantly changing data into a single estimate for position, time, and velocity. The original motivation for satellite navigation was for military applications. Satellite navigation allows precision in the delivery of weapons to targets, greatly increasing their lethality whilst reducing inadvertent casualties from mis-directed weapons. (See Guided bomb). Satellite navigation also allows forces to be directed and to locate themselves more easily, reducing the fog of war. The ability to supply satellite navigation signals is also the ability to deny their availability. The operator of a satellite navigation"}, {"context": "system potentially has the ability to degrade or eliminate satellite navigation services over any territory it desires. The United States' Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of up to 32 medium Earth orbit satellites in six different orbital planes, with the exact number of satellites varying as older satellites are retired and replaced. Operational since 1978 and globally available since 1994, GPS is the world's most utilized satellite navigation system. The formerly Soviet, and now Russian, \"Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema\", (GLObal NAvigation Satellite System or GLONASS), is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides a civilian radionavigation-satellite service and is also"}, {"context": "used by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces. GLONASS has full global coverage with 24 satellites. The European Union and European Space Agency agreed in March 2002 to introduce their own alternative to GPS, called the Galileo positioning system. Galileo became operational on 15 December 2016 (global Early Operational Capability (EOC)) At an estimated cost of \u20ac3 billion, the system of 30 MEO satellites was originally scheduled to be operational in 2010. The original year to become operational was 2014. The first experimental satellite was launched on 28 December 2005. Galileo is expected to be compatible with the modernized GPS system."}, {"context": "The receivers will be able to combine the signals from both Galileo and GPS satellites to greatly increase the accuracy. Galileo is expected to be in full service in 2020 and at a substantially higher cost. The main modulation used in Galileo Open Service signal is the Composite Binary Offset Carrier (CBOC) modulation. China has indicated their plan to complete the entire second generation Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS or BeiDou-2, formerly known as COMPASS), by expanding current regional (Asia-Pacific) service into global coverage by 2020. The BeiDou-2 system is proposed to consist of 30 MEO satellites and five geostationary"}, {"context": "satellites. A 16-satellite regional version (covering Asia and Pacific area) was completed by December 2012. Chinese regional (Asia-Pacific, 16 satellites) network to be expanded into the whole BeiDou-2 global system which consists of all 35 satellites by 2020. The NAVIC or NAVigation with Indian Constellation is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system developed by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) which would be under the total control of Indian government. The government approved the project in May 2006, with the intention of the system completed and implemented on 28 April 2016. It will consist of a constellation of 7 navigational satellites."}, {"context": "3 of the satellites will be placed in the Geostationary orbit (GEO) and the remaining 4 in the Geosynchronous orbit(GSO) to have a larger signal footprint and lower number of satellites to map the region. It is intended to provide an all-weather absolute position accuracy of better than 7.6 meters throughout India and within a region extending approximately 1,500 km around it. A goal of complete Indian control has been stated, with the space segment, ground segment and user receivers all being built in India. All seven satellites, IRNSS-1A, IRNSS-1B, IRNSS-1C, IRNSS-1D, IRNSS-1E, IRNSS-1F, and IRNSS-1G, of the proposed constellation"}, {"context": "were precisely launched on 1 July 2013, 4 April 2014, 16 October 2014, 28 March 2015, 20 January 2016, 10 March 2016 and 28 April 2016 respectively from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. The system is expected to be fully operational by August 2016. The Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is a proposed four-satellite regional time transfer system and enhancement for GPS covering Japan and the Asia-Oceania regions. QZSS services are available on a trial basis as of January 12, 2018, and are scheduled to be launched in November 2018. The first satellite was launched in September 2010. Sources: GNSS augmentation is"}, {"context": "a method of improving a navigation system's attributes, such as accuracy, reliability, and availability, through the integration of external information into the calculation process, for example, the Wide Area Augmentation System, the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service, the Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System, Differential GPS, GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) and inertial navigation systems. Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) is a French precision navigation system. Unlike other GNSS systems, it is based on static emitting stations around the world, the receivers being on satellites, in order to precisely determine their orbital position. The system may be used"}, {"context": "also for mobile receivers on land with more limited usage and coverage. Used with traditional GNSS systems, it pushes the accuracy of positions to centimetric precision (and to millimetric precision for altimetric application and also allows monitoring very tiny seasonal changes of Earth rotation and deformations), in order to build a much more precise geodesic reference system. The two current operational low Earth orbit satellite phone networks are able to track transceiver units with accuracy of a few kilometers using doppler shift calculations from the satellite. The coordinates are sent back to the transceiver unit where they can be read"}, {"context": "using AT commands or a graphical user interface. This can also be used by the gateway to enforce restrictions on geographically bound calling plans. Satellite navigation A satellite navigation or satnav system is a system that uses satellites to provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning. It allows small electronic receivers to determine their location (longitude, latitude, and altitude/elevation) to high precision (within a few metres) using time signals transmitted along a line of sight by radio from satellites. The system can be used for providing position, navigation or for tracking the position of something fitted with a receiver (satellite tracking). The signals"}]}, {"title": "Expedition of Umar ibn al-Khatab", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Expedition of Umar ibn al-Khatab Expedition of Umar ibn al-Khatab to Turbah took place in July 628 AD,3rd Month 7AH, of the Islamic Calendar. The expedition was led by Umar, at the order of Muhammad. After returning to Medina from the Campaign of Wadi al-Qura, Muhammad sent Umar ibn al-Khattab with 30 men, against a branch of the tribes of Hawazin at Turbah, a distance of 4 nights march from Medina. Turbah was on the way to Sana and Najjran. Umar\u2019s troop travelled by night and hid by day. By the time the Muslim army arrived at the habitation, Hawazin"}, {"context": "already got news of the impending Muslim attack and they fled for their lives, according to the Muslim scholar \"Saifur Rahman al Mubarakpuri\". Expedition of Umar ibn al-Khatab Expedition of Umar ibn al-Khatab to Turbah took place in July 628 AD,3rd Month 7AH, of the Islamic Calendar. The expedition was led by Umar, at the order of Muhammad. After returning to Medina from the Campaign of Wadi al-Qura, Muhammad sent Umar ibn al-Khattab with 30 men, against a branch of the tribes of Hawazin at Turbah, a distance of 4 nights march from Medina. Turbah was on the way to"}]}, {"title": "Geert De Vlieger", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Geert De Vlieger Geert De Vlieger (; born 16 October 1971 in Dendermonde) is a retired Belgian football goalkeeper. He started his career in his home country playing for Anderlecht and Beveren before moving to the Netherlands and playing for Willem II for four years between 2000 and 2004. He played in his first international for Belgium in 1999 (first selection in 1998) and has won 43 caps (55 selections) for his country. He was the second choice goalkeeper in Euro 2000 (the first choice was Filip De Wilde) but then became the number 1 in World Cup 2002 replacing"}, {"context": "the latter after De Wilde's bad performances during the European Championship. He signed for Manchester City in June 2004, but due to an Achilles tendon injury he sustained, he missed the whole of season 2004/05 and didn't play a single game in two seasons in England. In June 2006 he signed for Zulte-Waregem to make a comeback in the Jupiler League. Geert De Vlieger Geert De Vlieger (; born 16 October 1971 in Dendermonde) is a retired Belgian football goalkeeper. He started his career in his home country playing for Anderlecht and Beveren before moving to the Netherlands and playing"}]}, {"title": "Ballyfinboy River", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ballyfinboy River The Ballyfinboy River rises close to Moneygall in County Offaly, Ireland and flows in a generally northwesterly direction into Lough Derg at Drominagh. It forms part of the boundary between County Tipperary and County Offaly. The river flows through the towns of Cloughjordan and Borrisokane west of which it flows past Ballyfinboy Castle, a ruined tower house with a Sheela na gig in the townland of Ballyfinboy. Knockearl Bridge carries the R491 road from County Offaly on the south bank across the river to Cloughjordan on the north bank in County Tipperary An ornate stone bridge with cast"}, {"context": "iron railings carries the avenue leading to Modreeny across the Ballyfinboy. Modern pedestrian bridges in Borrisokane Town Park link the two sections of the park, north and south of the river. Ballinderry bridge carries the R493 road across the river. It is an elegant five arch bridge with low arches. The three arched Drominagh Demesne Toll Bridge was built by the land owner in 1776 the now disused shelter for the toll collector is still visible. An electric fishing survey of the river at Ballinderry was conducted in September 2012 by Inland Fisheries Ireland. Species noted here were Brown trout"}, {"context": "(26) and Salmon (15). Ballyfinboy River The Ballyfinboy River rises close to Moneygall in County Offaly, Ireland and flows in a generally northwesterly direction into Lough Derg at Drominagh. It forms part of the boundary between County Tipperary and County Offaly. The river flows through the towns of Cloughjordan and Borrisokane west of which it flows past Ballyfinboy Castle, a ruined tower house with a Sheela na gig in the townland of Ballyfinboy. Knockearl Bridge carries the R491 road from County Offaly on the south bank across the river to Cloughjordan on the north bank in County Tipperary An ornate"}]}, {"title": "Michael Wolters", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Michael Wolters Michael Wolters is a British composer of German origin. He was born in 1971 in M\u00f6nchengladbach, Germany, grew up in Niederkr\u00fcchten, a small German village on the Dutch border and now lives in Birmingham, UK. After working as a care worker in a children's home and a runner at several theatres in Germany and Scarborough he studied Applied Theatre Studies at Justus-Liebig-Universit\u00e4t Giessen, Germany and Composition and Theatre Studies at the University of Huddersfield (BA, MA) and finally received his PhD in Composition from the University of Birmingham in 2003. His composition teachers include Christopher Fox, Heiner Goebbels,"}, {"context": "Patric Standford and Vic Hoyland. Since 2009 he has been Deputy Head of Composition at Birmingham Conservatoire. He is a founder member of the artists' collective New Guide to Opera. Wolters has maintained an outsider position in the world of contemporary music with works which deconstruct and question the traditional concert situation or which are designed for performance outside the concert hall. He has written music for traditional ensembles like Birmingham Contemporary Music Group (\"Journal\", \"Neighbours for a Night\" and \"I see with my eyes closed\") but prefers not to be confined by conventional set-ups and concert rituals. This has"}, {"context": "resulted in pieces with unusual instrumentations (His 2012 twelve-minute-long opera \"The Voyage\" in collaboration with Birmingham-based theatre company Stan's Cafe, for example, is written for mezzo-soprano, eleven recorders and double bass ), performances in unusual places (\"wahnsinnig wichtig on ice\" [with New Guide to Opera] took place on and around an ice rink) or projects of unusual duration (his \"Spring Symphony: The Joy of Life\" is the shortest symphony in the world and lasts around 17 seconds and the performance of \"Wir sehen uns morgen wieder\" [with New Guide to Opera] lasted for one month). He strongly believes that the"}, {"context": "idea and the concept of a work are the crucial elements to create a successful piece of art. There is no place for musical or other material that doesn't serve the idea. His work focuses on many of the principles highlighted in Sol Lewitt's Sentences on Conceptual Art. One of the major influences on his music was the work of American performance artist Laurie Anderson in the 1980s. He especially admires Anderson's ability to use multiple artistic genres to create highly effective and moving performance situations, where \u2013 in her typical postmodern way \u2013 she tells stories while highlighting the"}, {"context": "fact that she is telling stories. Wolters' constant refusal to conform to conventional concert practice has led to mixed receptions in the international press. The Telegraph called his \"Neighbours for a Night\" \"a piece that stood all the norms of 'new music' on their head\". In the performance \"the audience was invited to sing a deathless melody\", which left the Guardian reviewer Andrew Clements baffled. Clements' unfavourable review of this piece highlights how Wolters' work sits purposefully uncomfortably within the Western concert tradition. In contrast, Charlotte Higgins, the Guardian's chief arts writer called \"I see with my eyes closed\", his"}, {"context": "first collaboration with Theatre Company Stan's Cafe, \"fascinating, oddly moving territory\". American Recorder called his radio play \"Kathryn und Peter durchqueren die Antarktis\" an \"impressive achievement in the world of music/theater/performance\" while Stephen Graham's acknowledges the absurdity of Wolters' \"postmodern folk theatre\" \"German Folk Tunes\", but also finds it \"a little too self-conscious and obvious in its satire\". Wolters works have been performed in Europe, Russia, New Zealand, USA and Canada. His music for \"Danserye\", a dance project in collaboration with the German choreographer Sebastian Matthias, toured Germany, Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands in 2013. His opera \"The Voyage\" was"}, {"context": "commission by the PRS Foundation for the 2012 Cultural Olympiad. Michael Wolters Michael Wolters is a British composer of German origin. He was born in 1971 in M\u00f6nchengladbach, Germany, grew up in Niederkr\u00fcchten, a small German village on the Dutch border and now lives in Birmingham, UK. After working as a care worker in a children's home and a runner at several theatres in Germany and Scarborough he studied Applied Theatre Studies at Justus-Liebig-Universit\u00e4t Giessen, Germany and Composition and Theatre Studies at the University of Huddersfield (BA, MA) and finally received his PhD in Composition from the University of Birmingham"}]}, {"title": "Positivity offset", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Positivity offset In psychology, the positivity offset is a phenomenon where people tend to interpret neutral situations as mildly positive, and rate their lives as good, most of the time. The positivity offset stands in notable asymmetry to the negativity bias. Social neuroscience researcher John Cacioppo has assembled evidence that people typically see their surroundings as positive, whenever a clear threat is not present. Because of the positivity offset, people are motivated to explore and engage with their surroundings, instead of being balanced inactive between approach and avoidance. Across most cultures, nations, and groups of people, the average and median"}, {"context": "ratings of life satisfaction are not neutral, as one might expect, but mildly positive. Groups of people who do not show a positivity offset include people with depression, people in severe poverty, and people who live in perpetually threatening situations. However, many groups of people that outsiders would not expect to show the positivity offset do, such as people with paraplegia and spinal injury, very elderly people, and people with many chronic illnesses. In some cases these individuals never become as satisfied or happy with their lives as before their illness or injury, but over time (generally approximately two years),"}, {"context": "they still stabilize at a level substantially above neutral. That is, they judge themselves overall as satisfied or happy and not dissatisfied or unhappy. Many of the major psychological publications on life satisfaction ratings have come from Ed Diener and colleagues. This empirical work gathered life-satisfaction judgments from many modern and traditional cultures worldwide. Positivity offset In psychology, the positivity offset is a phenomenon where people tend to interpret neutral situations as mildly positive, and rate their lives as good, most of the time. The positivity offset stands in notable asymmetry to the negativity bias. Social neuroscience researcher John Cacioppo"}]}, {"title": "Attila Horva\u0301th (footballer, born 1971)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Attila Horv\u00e1th (footballer, born 1971) Attila Horv\u00e1th (born 23 January 1971) is a retired Hungarian international football player. During his career he used to play as a midfielder. On club level has played for Zalaegerszegi TE in his home country, Hungary until 1996. That summer he moved to Austrian FK Austria Wien but played only one Austrian Bundesliga match in early part of the 1996-97 season. Still that season he returned to Hungary signing this time with Videoton FC where he will play until 1999. In summer 2000 he signed with Slovenian NK Mura, playing in the 2000-01 Slovenian PrvaLiga"}, {"context": "season. He has played two matches for the Hungarian national team, both in April 1996, one against Croatia and another against Austria. Attila Horv\u00e1th (footballer, born 1971) Attila Horv\u00e1th (born 23 January 1971) is a retired Hungarian international football player. During his career he used to play as a midfielder. On club level has played for Zalaegerszegi TE in his home country, Hungary until 1996. That summer he moved to Austrian FK Austria Wien but played only one Austrian Bundesliga match in early part of the 1996-97 season. Still that season he returned to Hungary signing this time with Videoton"}]}, {"title": "Cheese pudding", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Cheese pudding Cheese pudding is a pudding made with cheese, which unlike cheesecake can be served at room temperature or frozen. A dish known as a cheese pudding was mentioned in \"The Carolina Housewife\" in 1874. However this was a savoury pudding which resembled a souffl\u00e9. Another savoury dish adds cheese to a bread pudding. In 1934 the sweet version was mentioned as a new addition to menus. One version is considered a Latin dish and is intensely sweet. One version involves boiling cottage cheese, paneer or goats cheese, (rather than a cheesecake, which is based on cream cheese) with"}, {"context": "a sugar syrup, then adding extra ingredients such as pistachios or soft fruits such as cherries or cranberries, and freezing. Unlike a cheesecake, it is frozen or served at room temperature rather than chilled. Paneer Kheer is an Indian cheese pudding, made with sugar and milk. It is inexpensive and in the past was recommended to families wanting three meals a day for a week, for $3, if they ate this and as another meal, stewed tripe. Cheese pudding Cheese pudding is a pudding made with cheese, which unlike cheesecake can be served at room temperature or frozen. A dish"}]}, {"title": "Fall Brawl (1996)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Fall Brawl (1996) Fall Brawl 1996: War Games was the fourth Fall Brawl professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Championship Wrestling (WCW). It took place on September 15, 1996 from the Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The WarGames match was created when Dusty Rhodes was inspired by a viewing of \"Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome\". It was originally used as a specialty match for the Four Horsemen. The first WarGames match took place at The Omni in Atlanta during the NWA's Great American Bash '87 tour, where it was known as War Games: The Match"}, {"context": "Beyond. It became a traditional Fall Brawl event from 1993 to 1998. The event featured professional wrestling matches that involve different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Professional wrestlers portray villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that build tension and culminate in a wrestling match or series of matches. Hollywood Hogan came to ringside late in the match between Randy Savage and the Giant, right after Savage had hit a flying elbow on Giant. Savage left the ring to chase Hogan, then was attacked by Scott Hall and Kevin Nash, who knocked Savage out with"}, {"context": "a chair. Referee Nick Patrick was arguing with Giant while this all was going on and didn't see anything, and Giant pinned the fallen Savage after the rest of the nWo carried him back to the ring. Due to the tension caused by the nWo's presence in WCW, a modification to the traditional WarGames Match rules was made. Instead of both teams coming to ringside before the match, each side stayed backstage and the participants entered from there one at a time. nWo Sting and Hollywood Hogan forced Lex Luger to submit as nWo Sting had the Scorpion Deathlock locked"}, {"context": "in and Hogan held him down with a front facelock. Due to Team WCW doubting his allegiance, Sting abandoned Luger, Ric Flair and Arn Anderson shortly after entering and the match became a 4-on-3 handicap match. After the match Randy Savage came out to attack Hogan, only to be beaten down by the entire nWo. Miss Elizabeth was also attacked after she came down to plead with Hogan to stop. Fall Brawl (1996) Fall Brawl 1996: War Games was the fourth Fall Brawl professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Championship Wrestling (WCW). It took place on September 15,"}]}, {"title": "Silhouettes (The Rays song)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Silhouettes (The Rays song) \"Silhouettes\" is a song made famous by the doo-wop group The Rays in 1957. A competing version by The Diamonds was also successful. In 1965 it was a number 5 hit in the US for Herman's Hermits, and in 1990 it was a number 10 hit in the UK for Cliff Richard. In May 1957, songwriter Bob Crewe saw a couple embracing through a windowshade as he passed on a train. He quickly set about turning the image into a song. Frank Slay, who owned the small Philadelphia record label XYZ with Crewe, added lyrics, and"}, {"context": "they soon had a complete song ready to record. The story has frequently been reported that Slay heard The Rays audition for Cameo-Parkway Records, for which he worked, and immediately decided that they were the perfect group for \"Silhouettes\". However, Slay and Crewe were actually already familiar with the group, as \"Silhouettes\" was their third single with them. The song received a break when popular local disc jockey Hy Lit fell asleep with a stack of newly released records on his record player. \"Silhouettes\" happened to be the last to play, and so it repeated until he woke up. He"}, {"context": "began to play the song on his show. It became popular enough that Cameo-Parkway picked it up for national distribution, and it eventually reached number 3 on both the R&B Best Sellers chart and Billboard Top 100, while also hitting the top five on both the sales and airplay charts. It was the group's only top 40 hit. The Canadian pop group The Diamonds, who had experienced success with cover versions of other doo-wop records, quickly put out their own version of the song. They even used the same song, \"Daddy Cool\", on the b-side of their record as The"}, {"context": "Rays had. Their version received widespread radio play, also reaching the top ten of the Billboard airplay chart. However, it did not reach Billboard's sales chart, and only hit number 60 on the Top 100. In 1963, The Four Seasons also recorded this song on the album titled \"Ain't That A Shame And Twelve Others\". Herman's Hermits recorded the song in 1965 after hearing the song on American Armed Forces Radio. It reached number 1 in Canada's RPM charts. It became their third hit in the \"British Invasion\" of the US, reaching number 5 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and"}, {"context": "also reached number 3 in the UK. Information from Peter Noone and others indicates that guitarist Vic Flick played on the track, and not Jimmy Page as previously thought. Cliff Richard released a live version as a single in 1990, reaching number 10 on the UK Singles Chart. It was the first single culled from his 1990 live album \"From a Distance: The Event\". The single and album were live recordings of two special concerts celebrating Richard's 30th anniversary of his recording career. Titled \"The Event\", the concerts were held at the Original Wembley Stadium with an audience of 72,000"}, {"context": "each evening over the 16 and 17 June 1989. Other artists who have recorded \"Silhouettes\" include: Andy Griffith did a recorded comedy skit on that song, where a studio group sings a line from the song \"Silhouettes\", and then repeatedly stops, where Griffith makes his comic remark on the lyrical line before the song resumes. Only 2 verses of the song were used. This was recorded in 1957. A rock and roll revival act, Sha Na Na, performed the song at the Woodstock Festival in mid-1969. The Ronettes released a version of the song on their 1965 Colpix Records release,"}, {"context": "\"The Ronettes featuring Veronica.\" Doo-wop group The Silhouettes (known for their hit \"Get A Job\") were named after the song. According to John Lennon, The Beatles' song \"No Reply\" (1964) was inspired by \"Silhouettes\". The song also appears in the Broadway musical Jersey Boys. Silhouettes (The Rays song) \"Silhouettes\" is a song made famous by the doo-wop group The Rays in 1957. A competing version by The Diamonds was also successful. In 1965 it was a number 5 hit in the US for Herman's Hermits, and in 1990 it was a number 10 hit in the UK for Cliff Richard."}]}, {"title": "Organa (crater)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Organa (crater) Organa is the informal name given to a crater on Pluto's largest moon, Charon. The crater was discovered by NASA's \"New Horizons\" space probe on its flyby of Pluto. The name was chosen as a reference to Leia Organa from the \"Star Wars\" media franchise in the theme of naming Charon's craters after science fiction characters. Organa crater is rich in frozen ammonia, which suggests it was created very recently. The location of Organa crater is in the northern Pluto-facing hemisphere of Charon. Organa crater is the only known crater on Charon that contains abundant ammonia. The ammonia"}, {"context": "was detected using the \"New Horizons\" LEISA instrument, by observing an absorption of infrared light in the band, which is associated with ammonia. The source of the ammonia has not been confirmed, but it is associated with the impact process that created Organa crater, perhaps by removing the overlaying layer of water of ice and regolith. If this is confirmed, the detection could indicate that Charon has experienced cyrovolcanic activity, with ammonia as magma. This interpretation is puzzling, since cryovolcanism isn't known to occur on such small bodies. In this scenario, the ammonia may have precipitated from an atmosphere, or"}, {"context": "soaked the ground from a subsurface source, or diffused out of the existing tholin. An alternate explanation suggests the deposit of ammonia was delivered by the impactor that created Organa crater. In either case, it is believed that Organa crater is the result of a recent impact, less than 10 million years ago. The impact that created Organa crater may have been so recent that the ammonia hasn't yet been destroyed by radiation from space. Organa (crater) Organa is the informal name given to a crater on Pluto's largest moon, Charon. The crater was discovered by NASA's \"New Horizons\" space"}]}, {"title": "New7Wonders Cities", "paragraphs": [{"context": "New7Wonders Cities New7Wonders Cities is the third in a series of Internet-based polls operated by the New7Wonders Foundation. Founder-President, Bernard Weber, is a Swiss-born Canadian filmmaker, museum curator, aviator, and explorer. Based in San Francisco, United States, Weber\u2019s latest campaign to find the best cities in the world aimed to showcase the \"cities that best represent the achievements and aspirations of our global urban civilization\". The global competition began with more than 1200 nominees from 220 countries. That list was reduced to 77, since there was a limit of one city per country. Then the 77 remaining cities were narrowed"}, {"context": "down by a panel of experts headed by Federico Mayor Zaragoza, former director-general of UNESCO, to 28 suggestions. Following the announcement of the 28 finalists, the winning seven cities were chosen by voters from around the world. Announced in 2011, it culminated in 2014 with the choice of the following 7 winning cities: Beirut, Doha, Durban, Havana, Kuala Lumpur, La Paz and Vigan. It follows New7Wonders of the World and New7Wonders of Nature. New7Wonders Cities New7Wonders Cities is the third in a series of Internet-based polls operated by the New7Wonders Foundation. Founder-President, Bernard Weber, is a Swiss-born Canadian filmmaker, museum"}]}, {"title": "Brachyglottis greyi", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Brachyglottis greyi Brachyglottis greyi, also called Senecio greyi, with the common name daisy bush is a member of the large Asteraceae family and belongs to the genus \"Brachyglottis\" or the genus \"Senecio\" depending on which authority is being followed, an endemic native of New Zealand and lately getting positive attention from gardeners. Often seen in gardens and suitable for warm and maritime districts and tolerant of hot sun, poor soils, wind and coastal exposure, New Zealand native broadleaf evergreen shrub \"Brachyglottis greyi\" can be found sprawled in the hot sun, poor soils and coastal breezes; maturing into mounds to tall"}, {"context": "and wide. Stems and leaves: Somewhat curving stems, covered in white down. Leaves alternate, simple, oblong to ovate-oblong, to long and to wide with wavy margins. Green above, white down underneath, giving silver-grey appearance. Flowers: Panicles of bright yellow daisy flowers in abundance. Dunedin Hybrids: A group of hybrids, from New Zealand, between \"Brachyglottis greyi\", \"Brachyglottis laxifolia\", and \"Brachyglottis compacta\" and misidentified in gardens as \"Senecio greyi\" or \"Senecio laxifolius\". These hybrids are hardy where it is warm and dry, they do well in coastal areas similar to where their parents live and mature into sprawling bushes of highly attractive"}, {"context": "foliage usually wider than high. Greyish foliage, the undersides of the leaves and stems are covered in white down and spectacular when in bloom with branching heads of brilliant yellow daisy-flowers. The best known is \"Sunshine\" originally from New Zealand. \"Moria Read\" is a variation of \"Sunshine\" whose leaves have a central, variously shaped areas of cream and pale green. It originated at Liskeard, Cornwall. Primarily a coastal species of rock outcrops and bluffs but may extend inland up river gorges and in suitably exposed bluff habitats. Confined to the southern North Island from near Flat Point south to the"}, {"context": "mouth of the Orongorongo River. Native & Current: Brachyglottis greyi Brachyglottis greyi, also called Senecio greyi, with the common name daisy bush is a member of the large Asteraceae family and belongs to the genus \"Brachyglottis\" or the genus \"Senecio\" depending on which authority is being followed, an endemic native of New Zealand and lately getting positive attention from gardeners. Often seen in gardens and suitable for warm and maritime districts and tolerant of hot sun, poor soils, wind and coastal exposure, New Zealand native broadleaf evergreen shrub \"Brachyglottis greyi\" can be found sprawled in the hot sun, poor soils"}]}, {"title": "The Legend of Drizzt", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Legend of Drizzt The Legend of Drizzt is a series of fantasy novels by R. A. Salvatore, with the first title released in 1988 that consists of 34 books as of September 2018. They are based in the \"Forgotten Realms\" setting in the dimension of Abeir-Toril on the continent Faer\u00fbn in the popular D&D universe currently published/owned by Wizards of the Coast. It combines the series \"The Dark Elf Trilogy\", \"The Icewind Dale Trilogy\", \"Legacy of the Drow\", \"Paths of Darkness\", \"The Hunter's Blades Trilogy\", and other sets into an abridged compilation. Drizzt Do'Urden is the main character of"}, {"context": "most of the books. This series includes re-issues of novels (with new cover art) that had previously been published under different series titles. In this list, they are numbered not in the order of their original publication, but rather in their chronological order in Drizzt's life. The first six novels in this series had never previously been released in a hardcover edition. Note: \"The Hunter's Blades Trilogy\" has not been re-issued as part of the Legend of Drizzt series, but later releases have been considered as such. Also released was a set of classic short stories that expanded the character's"}, {"context": "legacy, entitled \"\". Furthermore, several portions of the entire series have been reprinted in boxed sets: Portions of the entire series have been reprinted in single-book collector's edition: The Legend of Drizzt The Legend of Drizzt is a series of fantasy novels by R. A. Salvatore, with the first title released in 1988 that consists of 34 books as of September 2018. They are based in the \"Forgotten Realms\" setting in the dimension of Abeir-Toril on the continent Faer\u00fbn in the popular D&D universe currently published/owned by Wizards of the Coast. It combines the series \"The Dark Elf Trilogy\", \"The"}]}, {"title": "Old Churchyard Cemetery", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Old Churchyard Cemetery The Old Churchyard Cemetery (also known locally as the Stafford Hill Cemetery and the Jenks Road Cemetery) is a historic cemetery on Jenks Road in Cheshire. It is one of Cheshire's oldest cemeteries, and is located near the site of the first Baptist meetinghouse in the town. Cheshire, Massachusetts was settled as \"New Providence\" in the 1760s by a group of Baptists from Rhode Island. The main settlement was on what is now called Stafford Hill, in honor of Joab Stafford, one of the settlement's leaders. In 1786 a deed transferring the cemetery plot to Joab Stafford"}, {"context": "was recorded, \"for a burying place\" for the local Baptist church. This deed may have been a formalization of a situation existing since at least 1779. Although ownership of the land seems to have remained with the church, it was constructively abandoned by the mid-20th century, and acquired by the town in 2006. The property was the original site of the first Baptist meetinghouse in the area. That building was moved c. 1820 to a lot on Stafford Hill Road, and was repurposed as a house; it has been much altered since. The cemetery is the burial site of many"}, {"context": "of Cheshire's earliest settlers, although it was not where Joab Stafford was buried. The names of 21 families are recorded on its gravestones, and three first settlers of the town are known to be interred there. Most of the early gravestones are plain marble, without any significant decoration. The iconography of the willow and urn came into fashion during the early 19th century, and appears on stones that date to that time. A small number of stones show Greek Revival features. Unlike later cemeteries of the rural cemetery movement, this cemetery was never formally organized, with lanes and formalized rows"}, {"context": "of graves. Old Churchyard Cemetery The Old Churchyard Cemetery (also known locally as the Stafford Hill Cemetery and the Jenks Road Cemetery) is a historic cemetery on Jenks Road in Cheshire. It is one of Cheshire's oldest cemeteries, and is located near the site of the first Baptist meetinghouse in the town. Cheshire, Massachusetts was settled as \"New Providence\" in the 1760s by a group of Baptists from Rhode Island. The main settlement was on what is now called Stafford Hill, in honor of Joab Stafford, one of the settlement's leaders. In 1786 a deed transferring the cemetery plot to"}]}, {"title": "Umney's Last Case", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Umney's Last Case Umney's Last Case is a short story by American author Stephen King, first published in King's collection \"Nightmares & Dreamscapes\" (1993). In July 1995, it was published as a separate paperback as part of Penguin's 60th anniversary. \"Umney's Last Case\" is an example of metalepsis in narratology. Prior to the story's original appearance in the \"Nightmares & Dreamscapes\" collection, Viking Press made the text available online three weeks prior to the book's publication in September 1993 via OBS (The Online Bookstore) for $5. The story begins as a Raymond Chandler pastiche, and follows a private investigator named"}, {"context": "Clyde Umney as he goes about what he thinks is just another morning in 1930s Los Angeles. He soon discovers that his life as he knows it is falling apart. All of his lifelong friends and associates are abruptly departing in one fashion or other, for reasons ranging from winning the lottery to terminal cancer, and many of them express disdain towards Umney in place of farewells. He is brooding alone in his office when he receives his final client: Landry, the crime-fiction author who created him. Having suffered the loss of his wife and child as well as a"}, {"context": "severe case of shingles, Landry took an overdose of medication and found himself in the world of his creation. He demonstrates that his will is law in this world, and explains to a helpless Umney that he intends to take Umney's place to live a life of eternal adventure and excitement. Umney is cast into oblivion\u2014or so it seems. Instead, Umney finds himself in the year 1994, occupying the vacated body of his creator. Although he realizes his previous existence was a sham, he also despises the ugly, bland, and generally inadequate nature of the \"real\" world. He announces that"}, {"context": "he has begun to practice the craft of writing so that he might return to his fictional home in order to take back his world and his life, and end Landry's. \"Umney's Last Case\" was included as the third installment of TNT's \"\", starring William H. Macy in a dual role as both Umney and the author. It originally aired on July 19, 2006. Macy was nominated for an Emmy for his performance. Jon Condit of DreadCentral rated the episode two out of five stars. Condit said that the episode deviates too highly from King's original story, and the changes"}, {"context": "only make the story worse. Brian Pope of DVD Verdict rated it a B+ and said that Macy's performance was worthy of an Emmy. Christopher Noseck of DVD Talk said that the episode is \"not completely satisfying\" but is the best of the episodes on that disc. Virginia Heffernan of \"The New York Times\" called it \"a gonzo noir special with some postmodern curlicues\" that emphasizes class issues common to King's work. Umney's Last Case Umney's Last Case is a short story by American author Stephen King, first published in King's collection \"Nightmares & Dreamscapes\" (1993). In July 1995, it"}]}, {"title": "This Is Me (Keala Settle song)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "This Is Me (Keala Settle song) \"This Is Me\" is a song performed by Keala Settle for the film \"The Greatest Showman\". It was released on October 26, 2017, by Atlantic Records as a promotional single from \"\" and the official lead single on December 8, 2017. It won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 75th Golden Globe Awards and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards but lost to \"Remember Me\" from the film \"Coco\". It was later nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Song Written"}, {"context": "for Visual Media at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards. Following the film's global release, the song charted within the top five in the United Kingdom, the top ten in Australia, Malaysia, and South Korea and the top twenty in Ireland, Belgium (Flanders) and New Zealand. Keala Settle performed 'This is Me' live at Vision Australia's Carols by Candlelight at the Sidney Myer Music Bowl in Melbourne, Australia on the 24th December 2017. She also performed at the Carols by Candlelight Rehearsal on the 23rd December 2017 and followed up with an encore performance. Settle performed the song live on \"The"}, {"context": "Graham Norton Show\" on February 9, 2018. Later she performed on \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\" on February 21, 2018. She also performed the song at the 90th Academy Awards ceremony on March 4, 2018. This Is Me (Keala Settle song) \"This Is Me\" is a song performed by Keala Settle for the film \"The Greatest Showman\". It was released on October 26, 2017, by Atlantic Records as a promotional single from \"\" and the official lead single on December 8, 2017. It won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 75th Golden Globe Awards and was nominated"}]}, {"title": "Tarshish", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tarshish Tarshish () occurs in the Hebrew Bible with several uncertain meanings, most frequently as a place (probably a large city or region) far across the sea from the Land of Israel and Phoenicia (Tarshish is currently the name of a village in Mount Lebanon District in Lebanon). Tarshish was said to have supplied vast quantities of important metals to Israel and Phoenicia. The same place-name occurs in the Akkadian inscriptions of Esarhaddon (the Assyrian king, d. 669 BC) and also on the Phoenician inscription on the Nora Stone; its precise location was never commonly known, and was eventually lost"}, {"context": "in antiquity. Legends grew up around it over time so that its identity has been the subject of scholarly research and commentary for more than two thousand years. Its importance stems in part from the fact that Hebrew biblical passages tend to understand Tarshish as a source of King Solomon's great wealth in metals - especially silver, but also gold, tin and iron (Ezekiel 27). The metals were reportedly obtained in partnership with King Hiram of Phoenician Tyre (Isaiah 23), and the fleets of Tarshish-ships. However, Solomon's Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians, thus archaeological evidence has been difficult to"}, {"context": "uncover. The existence of Tarshish in the western Mediterranean, along with any Phoenician presence in the western Mediterranean before circa 800 BC, has been questioned by some scholars in modern times, because there is no direct evidence. Instead, the lack of evidence for wealth in Israel and Phoenicia during the reigns of Solomon and Hiram, respectively, prompted a few scholars to opine that the archaeological period in Mediterranean prehistory between 1200 and 800 BC was a 'Dark Age' (Muhly 1998). The Septuagint, the Vulgate, and the Targum of Jonathan render Tarshish as Carthage, but other biblical commentators as early as"}, {"context": "1646 (Samuel Bochart) read it as Tartessos in ancient Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula), near Huelva and Sevilla today. The Jewish-Portuguese scholar, politician, statesman and financier Isaac Abarbanel (A.D. 1437\u20131508) described Tarshish as \u201cthe city known in earlier times as Carthage and today called Tunis.\" One possible identification for many centuries preceding the French scholar Bochart (d. 1667), and following the Roman historian Flavius Josephus (d. 100 A.D.), had been with inland town of Tarsus in Cilicia (south-central Turkey). American scholars William F. Albright (1891-1971) and Frank Moore Cross (1921-2012) suggested Tarshish was Sardinia because of the discovery of the Nora"}, {"context": "Stone, whose Phoenician inscription mentions Tarshish. Cross read the inscription to understand that it was referring to Tarshish as Sardinia. Recent research into hacksilber hoards has also suggested Sardinia. Tarshish also occurs 24 times in the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible with various meanings: Tarshish is placed on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea by several biblical passages (, , , ), and more precisely: west of Palestine (, ); erroneously situates it on the Red Sea. It is described as a source of various metals: \"beaten silver is brought from Tarshish\" (Jeremiah 10:9), and the Phoenicians of Tyre"}, {"context": "brought from there silver, iron, tin and lead (Ezekiel 27:12). The context in Isaiah 23:6 and 66:19 seems to indicate that it is an island, and from Palestine it could be reached by ship, as attempted by Jonah (Jonah 1:3) and performed by Solomon's fleet (2 Chronicles 9:21). Some modern scholars identify Tarshish with Tartessos, a port in southern Spain, described by classical authors as a source of metals for the Phoenicians, while Josephus' identification of Tarshish with the Cilician city of Tarsus is even more widely accepted. However, a clear identification of Tarshish is not possible, since a whole"}, {"context": "array of Mediterranean sites with similar names are connected to the mining of various metals. Thompson and Skaggs argue that the Akkadian inscriptions of Esarhaddon (AsBbE) indicate that Tarshish was an island (not a coastland) far to the west of the Levant. In 2003, Christine Marie Thompson identified the Cisjordan Corpus, a concentration of hacksilber hoards in Israel and Palestine (Cisjordan). This Corpus dates between 1200 and 586 BC, and the hoards in it are all silver-dominant. The largest hoard was found at Eshtemo'a, present-day as-Samu, and contained 26 kg of silver. Within it, and specifically in the geographical region"}, {"context": "that was part of Phoenicia, is a concentration of hoards dated between 1200 and 800 BC. There is no other known such concentration of silver hoards in contemporary Mediterranean, and its date-range overlaps with the reigns of King Solomon (990 - 931 BC) and Hiram of Tyre (980 - 947 BC). Hacksilber objects in these Phoenician hoards have lead isotope ratios that match ores in the silver-producing regions of Sardinia and Spain, only one of which is a large island rich in silver. Contrary to translations that have been rendering Assyrian \"tar-si-si\" as 'Tarsus' up to the present time, Thompson"}, {"context": "argues that the Assyrian tablets inscribed in Akkadian indicate \"tar-si-si\" (Tarshish) was a large island in the western Mediterranean, and that the poetic construction of Psalm 72.10 also shows that it was a large island to the very distant west of Phoenicia. The island of Sardinia was always known as a hub of the metals trade in antiquity. The same evidence from hacksilber is said to fit with what the ancient Greek and Roman authors recorded about the Phoenicians exploiting many sources of silver in the western Mediterranean to feed developing economies back in Israel and Phoenicia soon after the"}, {"context": "fall of Troy and other palace centers in the eastern Mediterranean around 1200 BC. Classical sources starting with Homer (8th century BC), and the Greek historians Herodotus (484-425 BC) and Diodorus Siculus (d. 30 BC) said the Phoenicians were exploiting the metals of the west for these purposes before they set up the permanent colonies in the metal-rich regions of the Mediterranean and Atlantic. The editors of the \"New Oxford Annotated Bible\", first published in 1962, suggest that Tarshish is either Tartessos or Sardinia. Rufus Festus Avienus the Latin writer of the 4th century AD, identified Tarshish as Cadiz. Bochart,"}, {"context": "the 17th-century French Protestant pastor, suggested in his \"Phaleg\" (1646) that Tarshish was the city of Tartessos in southern Spain. He was followed by others, including Hertz (1936). In the Oracle against Tyre, the prophet Ezekiel () mentions that silver, iron, lead and tin came to Tyre from Tarshish (Trsys). They were stored in Tyre and resold, probably to Mesopotamia. In Herman Melville's novel \"Moby-Dick\", Father Mapple gives a sermon on the story of Jonah. Father Mapple identifies the Tarshish to which Jonah flees with the port of C\u00e1diz in Spain, \"as far by water, from Joppa, as Jonah could"}, {"context": "possibly have sailed in those ancient days, when the Atlantic was an almost unknown sea\" (Chapter 9, \"The Sermon\"). Sir Peter le Page Renouf (1822\u20131897) thought that \"Tarshish\" meant a coast, and, as the word occurs frequently in connection with Tyre, the Phoenician coast is to be understood. In Isaiah 23, however, the inhabitants of the Phoenician coast are exhorted to 'cross over' to Tarshish; it also identifies Tyre as a daughter of Tarshish (see 'Hebrew Bible' above). T. K. Cheyne (1841\u20131915) thought that \"Tarshish\" of and \"Tiras\" of are really two names of one nation derived from two different"}, {"context": "sources, and might indicate the Tyrsenians or Etruscans. Some 19th-century commentators believed that Tarshish was Britain, including Alfred John Dunkin who claimed \"Tarshish demonstrated to be Britain\" (1844), George Smith (1850), James Wallis and David King's \"The British Millennial Harbinger\" (1861), John Algernon Clarke (1862), and Jonathan Perkins Weethee of Ohio (1887). This idea stems from the fact that Tarshish is recorded to have been a trader in tin, silver, gold and lead which were all mined in Cornwall. This is still reputed to be the \"Merchants of Tarshish\" today by some Christian sects. Augustus Henry Keane (1833\u20131912) believed that"}, {"context": "Tarshish was Sofala, and that the Biblical land of Havilah was centered on the nearby Great Zimbabwe. Bochart, apart from Spain (see there), also suggested eastern localities for the ports of Ophir and Tarshish during King Solomon's reign, specifically the Tamilakkam continent (present day South India and Northern Ceylon) where the Dravidians were well known for their gold, pearls, ivory and peacock trade. He fixed on \"Tarshish\" being the site of Kudiramalai, a possible corruption of Thiruketheeswaram. Irish politician and traveller James Emerson Tennent suggested that Galle, a southern city in Sri Lanka, was the ancient seaport of Tarshish from"}, {"context": "which King Solomon is said to have drawn ivory, peacocks and other valuables. Around 1665, the followers of Shabbatai Zvi in \u0130zmir interpreted the \"ships of Tarshish\" as Dutch ships that would transport them to the Holy Land. Tarshish Tarshish () occurs in the Hebrew Bible with several uncertain meanings, most frequently as a place (probably a large city or region) far across the sea from the Land of Israel and Phoenicia (Tarshish is currently the name of a village in Mount Lebanon District in Lebanon). Tarshish was said to have supplied vast quantities of important metals to Israel and"}]}, {"title": "Depot River", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Depot River The Depot River () is a tributary of the Big Black River (Saint John River), flowing in the townships T12 R17 Wels, T13 R16 Wels and T14 R15 Wels, in the Aroostook County in North Maine Woods in Maine, in United States. Its course runs entirely through forested region in an isolated mountain valley. The watershed of the river Depot is accessible by some forest roads of Maine. The source of the River Depot begins at the mouth of the \"Little Lake Presley\" () (length: ; altitude: ), in townships T12 R17 WELS, in North Maine Woods, in"}, {"context": "Maine. This lake is located in a small valley between two mountains (the one on West reached above sea level and that on the East reached ). This source is located at: From the mouth of the \"Little Presley Lake\", the \"River Depot\" flows over as follows: Upper river courses Depot (segment of ) Note: Lake Depot get their water from the top of the Depot river and a stream (from the South) which is the discharge of a series of lakes and \"Mary L Pond\". Lower courses of river Depot (segment of ) This confluence is located: The \"River"}, {"context": "Depot\" pours on the South bank of the Big Black River (Saint John River) () in the township T14 R15 Wels, in the Aroostook County. The latter flows Northeast zigzagging up to a river bend of Saint John River where it pours on the west bank. The latest flows to the East, then Southeast through all the New Brunswick and pours on the North bank of the Bay of Fundy which opens to the Southwest on the Atlantic Ocean. The term \"Depot\" is associated with the Depot River in Lake Depot and Mont Depot. Depot River The Depot River ()"}]}, {"title": "Astragalus scaphoides", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Astragalus scaphoides Astragalus scaphoides, the Bitterroot milkvetch, is a flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, found only in a small area of southwest Montana and adjacent parts of Idaho. It grows on shallow, south-facing slopes, in semi-arid sage scrub. \"Astragalus scaphoides\" is a perennial herbaceous plant, with pinnate leaves. The pale yellow flowers open in May and are visited by several species of bumblebees and solitary bees, including species from the genera \"Osmia\" and \"Anthophora\". Plants can be found near Lemhi Pass on the Montana-Idaho border, and near Bannack State Park in Montana. Plants tend to flower in alternate years,"}, {"context": "similarly to mast years in grasses and trees. Astragalus scaphoides Astragalus scaphoides, the Bitterroot milkvetch, is a flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, found only in a small area of southwest Montana and adjacent parts of Idaho. It grows on shallow, south-facing slopes, in semi-arid sage scrub. \"Astragalus scaphoides\" is a perennial herbaceous plant, with pinnate leaves. The pale yellow flowers open in May and are visited by several species of bumblebees and solitary bees, including species from the genera \"Osmia\" and \"Anthophora\". Plants can be found near Lemhi Pass on the Montana-Idaho border, and near Bannack State Park in"}]}, {"title": "Bekasi Regency", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bekasi Regency Bekasi Regency () is a Regency \"(kabupaten)\" of West Java Province, Indonesia. The administrative centre is the district of Central Cikarang. It is bordered by Jakarta and Bekasi City (which is a separate administration from the Regency) to the west, by Bogor Regency to the south, and by Karawang Regency to the east. It has an area of 1,224.88 km and contained 2,630,401 people at the 2010 Census; the latest official estimate (as at January 2014) is 2,828,767, with a density of 2,309 people/km. During the colonial era, Bekasi was dominated by private estates (Dutch: \"particuliere landen\"; Indonesian:"}, {"context": "\"tanah partikelir\") which came under the rule of landlords (Dutch: \"landheeren\"; Indonesian: \"juragan\" or \"tuan tanah\"). The landlords could impose taxation (\"cuke\"), tribute (\"upeti\") and force labor (\"rodi\") on the inhabitants of their private estates. Among the most powerful gentry families in Bekasi was the Khouw family of Tamboen (Indonesian: \"keluarga Khouw van Tamboen\"). They ruled their extensive landholdings from their country house, landhuis Tamboen (now ). Bekasi Regency is divided into 23 districts (\"kecamatan\"), tabulated below with their 2010 Census areas and populations: Bekasi Regency Bekasi Regency () is a Regency \"(kabupaten)\" of West Java Province, Indonesia. The administrative"}]}, {"title": "TalentEgg", "paragraphs": [{"context": "TalentEgg TalentEgg.ca is a career resource that caters to Canadian students and recent graduates. The site specializes in entry-level jobs, internships, and co-op programs and is based on Milkround.com, a UK-site that also caters to students and new graduates. The company was created in April 2008 by Lauren Friese and is based in Toronto. It is meant to replace traditional forms of on-campus recruitment. The target demographic of the website is 18- to 25-year-olds. The site includes job opportunities, company profiles, career resource articles, an employer directory, email notifications, and more. It currently boasts traffic of 250,000 visitors per month"}, {"context": "from across Canada, with a projected audience of 3 million in 2013. TalentEgg TalentEgg.ca is a career resource that caters to Canadian students and recent graduates. The site specializes in entry-level jobs, internships, and co-op programs and is based on Milkround.com, a UK-site that also caters to students and new graduates. The company was created in April 2008 by Lauren Friese and is based in Toronto. It is meant to replace traditional forms of on-campus recruitment. The target demographic of the website is 18- to 25-year-olds. The site includes job opportunities, company profiles, career resource articles, an employer directory, email"}]}, {"title": "Carl Sugianto", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Carl Sugianto Giam Djie Kwie \"Carl\" Sugianto (October 28, 1923 \u2013 November 5, 2001) was a five time Indonesian weightlifting champion. He participated in the first Indonesian National Games, Pekan Olahraga Nasional of 1948 in Surakarta where he achieved his first gold medal for the first national weightlifting event of Indonesia. His next four gold medals came consecutively of the first, which made him winner of the first five gold medals of the Indonesian national weightlifting championship. Carl was born in Bandung, West Java, Dutch East Indies the thirteenth child of Giam Lian Tie and Tang Hok Tjoe, a prominent"}, {"context": "local businessman. During his teenage days, he joined a local, but well known sporting club called Aurora Bandung; later to be renamed Health & Strength Association Bandung. He is to live in Bandung for his entire life. During the 1930s, weightlifting as a sport Indonesia was still at its preliminary stages. No set rules were existent, and it was a show of strength more than techniques. Different methods were allowed as opposed to the modern clean and jerk. Athletes trained at home with their own equipment, and techniques were learned by the exchange of ideas between the athletic community instead"}, {"context": "of a coach. H&S Bandung, the club he joined revolutionized sporting clubs in Indonesia with creation of a system, similar to that of modern athletic clubs. Coaches were employed and a regulated training schedule was established. As for this reason, he trained consistently using the clean and jerk method and had an advantage over his opponents. During the first PON games, weightlifting was standardized using a score system, and employed judges. Carl won due to his perfection of technique that he consistently trained during his early years as an amateur weightlifter. No classification system was established at the time, so"}, {"context": "that there would be one ultimate medal for this event. He would then win the next four gold medals at the next four PON games. Carl was a family man as much as he was an athlete. He is married to Kwie Kim Hwie, a woman he had met and gotten to know through a friend he met at a championship event. They remained married for 52 years until Carl's death in 2001. Carl had four children whom he raised as devout Christians. His eldest daughter is Mayke Tedjasaputra, a prominent psychologist in Indonesia. For the duration of his life,"}, {"context": "Carl had been and remained a devout Christian. He attended the local Indonesia Christian Church, Kebon Jati, Bandung. Upon his death, his favourite passage of Psalm 23 was used in his funeral mass. Carl Sugianto Giam Djie Kwie \"Carl\" Sugianto (October 28, 1923 \u2013 November 5, 2001) was a five time Indonesian weightlifting champion. He participated in the first Indonesian National Games, Pekan Olahraga Nasional of 1948 in Surakarta where he achieved his first gold medal for the first national weightlifting event of Indonesia. His next four gold medals came consecutively of the first, which made him winner of the"}]}, {"title": "Krytron", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Krytron The krytron is a cold-cathode gas-filled tube intended for use as a very high-speed switch, somewhat similar to the thyratron. It consists of a sealed glass tube with four electrodes. A small triggering pulse on the grid electrode switches the tube on, allowing a large current to flow between the cathode and anode electrodes. The vacuum version is called a vacuum krytron, or sprytron. The krytron was one of the earliest developments of the EG&G Corporation. Unlike most other gas switching tubes, the krytron conducts by means of an arc discharge, to handle very high voltages and currents (reaching"}, {"context": "several kilovolts and several kiloamperes), rather than the low-current glow discharge used in other thyratrons. The krytron is a development of the triggered spark gaps and thyratrons originally developed for radar transmitters during World War II. The gas used in krytrons is hydrogen; noble gases (usually krypton), or a Penning mixture can also be used. A krytron has four electrodes. Two are a conventional anode and cathode. One is a keep-alive electrode, arranged to be close to the cathode. The keep-alive has a low positive voltage applied, which causes a small area of gas to ionize near the cathode. High"}, {"context": "voltage is applied to the anode, but primary conduction does not occur until a positive pulse is applied to the trigger electrode (\"Grid\" in the image above). Once started, arc conduction carries a considerable current. The fourth is a control grid, usually wrapped around the anode, except for a small opening on its top. In place of or in addition to the keep-alive electrode some krytrons may contain a very tiny amount of radioactive material (usually less than of nickel-63), which emits beta particles (high-speed electrons) to make ionization easier. The radiation source serves to increase the reliability of ignition"}, {"context": "and formation of the keep-alive electrode discharge. The gas filling provides ions for neutralizing the space charge and allowing high currents at lower voltage. The keep-alive discharge populates the gas with ions, forming a preionized plasma; this can shorten the arc formation time by 3\u20134 orders of magnitude in comparison with non-preionized tubes, as time does not have to be spent on ionizing the medium during formation of the arc path. The electric arc is self-sustaining; once the tube is triggered, it conducts until the arc is interrupted by the current falling too low for too long (under 10 milliamperes"}, {"context": "for more than 100 microseconds for the KN22 krytrons). Krytrons and sprytrons are triggered by a high voltage from a capacitor discharge via a trigger transformer, in a similar way flashtubes for e.g. photoflash applications are triggered. Devices integrating a krytron with a trigger transformer are available. A sprytron, also known as vacuum krytron or triggered vacuum switch (TVS), is a vacuum, rather than gas-filled, version. It is designed for use in environments with high levels of ionizing radiation, which might trigger a gas-filled krytron spuriously. It is also more immune to electromagnetic interference than gas filled tubes. Sprytrons lack"}, {"context": "the keepalive electrode and the preionization radioactive source. The trigger pulse must be stronger than for a krytron. Sprytrons are able to handle higher currents; krytrons tend to be used for triggering a secondary switch, e.g., a triggered spark gap, while sprytrons are usually connected directly to the load. The trigger pulse has to be much more intense, as there is no preionized gas path for the electric current, and a vacuum arc must form between the cathode and anode. An arc first forms between the cathode and the grid, then a breakdown occurs between the cathode\u2013grid conductive region and"}, {"context": "the anode. Sprytrons are evacuated to hard vacuum, typically 0.001 Pa. As kovar and other metals are somewhat permeable for hydrogen, especially during the 600 \u00b0C bake-out before evacuation and sealing, all external metal surfaces have to be plated with thick (25 micrometers or more) layer of soft gold. The same metallization is used for other switch tubes as well. Sprytrons are often designed similar to trigatrons, with the trigger electrode coaxial to the cathode. In one design the trigger electrode is formed as metallization on the inner surface of an alumina tube. The trigger pulse causes surface flashover, which"}, {"context": "liberates electrons and vaporized surface discharge material into the inter-electrode gap, which facilitates formation of a vacuum arc, closing the switch. The short switching time suggests electrons from the trigger discharge and the corresponding secondary electrons knocked from the anode as the initiation of the switching operation; the vaporized material travels too slowly through the gap to play significant role. The repeatability of the triggering can be improved by special coating of the surface between the trigger electrode and the cathode, and the jitter can be improved by doping the trigger substrate and modifying the trigger probe structures. Sprytrons can"}, {"context": "degrade in storage, by outgassing from their components, diffusion of gases (especially hydrogen) through the metal components, and gas leaks through the hermetic seals; an example tube manufactured with internal pressure of 0.001 Pa will exhibit spontaneous gap breakdowns when the pressure inside rises to 1 Pa. Accelerated testing of storage life can be done by storing in increased ambient pressure, optionally with added helium, for leak testing, and increased temperature storage (150 \u00b0C) for outgassing testing. Sprytrons can be made miniaturized and rugged. Sprytrons can be also triggered by a laser pulse. In 1999 the laser pulse energy needed"}, {"context": "to trigger a sprytron was reduced to 10 microjoules. Sprytrons are usually manufactured as rugged metal/ceramic parts. They typically have low inductance (10 nanohenries) and low electrical resistance when switched on (10\u201330 milliohms). After triggering, just before the sprytron switches fully on in avalanche mode, it briefly becomes slightly conductive (100\u2013200 amperes); high-power MOSFET transistors operating in avalanche mode show similar behavior. SPICE models for sprytrons are available. This design, dating from the late 1940s, is still capable of pulse-power performance that even the most advanced semiconductors (even IGBTs) cannot match easily. Krytrons and sprytrons are capable of handling high-current"}, {"context": "high-voltage pulses, with very fast switching times, and constant, low jitter time delay between application of the trigger pulse and switching on. Krytrons can switch currents of up to about 3000 amperes and voltages up to about 5000 volts. Commutation time of less than 1 nanosecond can be achieved, with a delay between the application of the trigger pulse and switching as low as about 30 nanoseconds. The achievable jitter may be below 5 nanoseconds. The required trigger pulse voltage is about 200\u20132000 volts; higher voltages decrease the switching delay to some degree. Commutation time can be somewhat shortened by"}, {"context": "increasing the trigger pulse rise time. A given krytron tube will give very consistent performance to identical trigger pulses (low jitter). The keep-alive current ranges from tens to hundreds of microamperes. The pulse repetition rate can range from one per minute to tens of thousands per minute. Switching performance is largely independent of the environment (temperature, acceleration, vibration, etc.). However, the formation of the keep-alive glow discharge is more sensitive, which necessitates the use of a radioactive source to aid its ignition. Krytrons have a limited lifetime, ranging, according to type, typically from tens of thousands to tens of millions"}, {"context": "of switching operations, and sometimes only a few hundreds. Sprytrons have somewhat faster switching times than krytrons. Hydrogen-filled thyratrons may be used as a replacement in some applications. Krytrons and their variations are manufactured by Perkin-Elmer Components and used in a variety of industrial and military devices. They are best known for their use in igniting exploding-bridgewire and slapper detonators in nuclear weapons, their original application, either directly (sprytrons are usually used for this) or by triggering higher-power spark gap switches. They are also used to trigger thyratrons, large flashlamps in photocopiers, lasers and scientific apparatus, and for firing ignitors"}, {"context": "for industrial explosives. Because of their potential for use as triggers of nuclear weapons, the export of krytrons is tightly regulated in the United States. A number of cases involving the smuggling or attempted smuggling of krytrons have been reported, as countries seeking to develop nuclear weapons have attempted to procure supplies of krytrons for igniting their weapons. One prominent case was that of , who allegedly helped Arnon Milchan smuggle 15 orders of 810 krytrons total to Israel. 469 of these were returned to America, with Israel claiming the remaining 341 were \"destroyed in testing\". Krytrons and sprytrons handling"}, {"context": "voltages of 2,500 V and above, currents of 100 A and above, and switching delays of under 10 microseconds are typically suitable for nuclear weapon triggers. A krytron was the \"MacGuffin\" in Roman Polanski's 1988 film \"Frantic\". The device in the film was either a high-tech updated version or simply a fictionalized version made up for the story. The krytron, incorrectly called a \"kryton\", also appeared in the Tom Clancy nuclear terrorism novel \"The Sum of All Fears\". The plot of Larry Collins' book \"The Road to Armageddon\" revolved heavily around American-made krytrons that Iranian mullahs wanted for three Russian"}, {"context": "nuclear artillery shells they had hoped to upgrade to full nuclear weapons. The term \"krytron\" appeared in the season 3, episode 14 of the television drama \"Person of Interest\". In Season 3 of NCIS episode \"Kill Ari, Part 2\", it was revealed that Ari Haswari, a rogue Mossad operative, had been tasked with acquiring a krytron trigger. Along with stolen plutonium from Dimona, these were key components for an Israeli sting operation. The krytron was also incorrectly called a \"kryton\". Optically triggered solid-state switches based on diamond are a potential candidate for krytron replacement. CBS/Hytron second source documentation: Krytron The"}]}, {"title": "J. Grant Anderson", "paragraphs": [{"context": "J. Grant Anderson James Grant Anderson (20 April 1897 \u2013 ?) was a Scottish actor, writer, and theatre director, usually credited as J. Grant Anderson or Grant Anderson. He served in both World War I and World War II. He founded the Indian National Theatre in 1932. Anderson was born in Glenlivet, Banffshire, Scotland on 20 April 1897, to parents James Anderson and Helen Christina Grant. His father was a vet who later practised in Mortlake. Anderson was trained for the stage at the Richmond Theatre and the Surrey Theatre. In World War I, Anderson served with the London Scottish"}, {"context": "Regiment starting in 1915. He was wounded in 1917 and discharged the following year. Anderson served with the London Scottish Regiment again in 1939 at the outbreak of World War II. He later served on the Entertainments National Service Association. Anderson made his first stage appearance in June 1914 in a production of \"When Knights Were Bold\" at the Apollo Theatre. In the summer of 1915, Anderson appeared in a series of plays at the New Theatre Oxford with Sir John Martin-Harvey. In 1923, Anderson started his own repertory company in Gosport. From 1929 through 1939, Anderson toured with his"}, {"context": "company through India, Burma, Ceylon, China, Japan, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Java, and Sumatra. In 1932, he founded the Indian National Theatre in Bombay, in which English and Indian classics would be presented by all-Indian casts. While in Burma and what was then knowGn as Siam, Anderson appeared as a clown in Hagenbeck's Circus. After serving in World War II, Anderson served as resident director at the Intimate Theatre from 1947 through 1950. Anderson wrote the play \"The Wisest Fool\" in 1946. He also wrote an autobiography titled \"Diamond Jubilee Hangover\". J. Grant Anderson James Grant Anderson (20 April 1897 \u2013 ?)"}]}, {"title": "Trifluoroacetic acid", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is an organofluorine compound with the chemical formula CFCOH. It is a structural analogue of acetic acid with all three of the acetyl group\u2019s hydrogen atoms replaced by fluorine atoms and is a colorless liquid with a vinegar like odor. TFA is a stronger acid than acetic acid, having an acid ionisation constant that is approximately 34,000 times higher, as the highly electronegative fluorine atoms and consequent electron-withdrawing nature of the trifluoromethyl group weakens the oxygen-hydrogen bond (allowing for greater acidity) and stabilises the anionic conjugate base. TFA is widely used in organic chemistry for"}, {"context": "various purposes. TFA is prepared industrially by the electrofluorination of acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride, followed by hydrolysis of the resulting trifluoroacetyl fluoride: Where desired, this compound may be dried by addition of trifluoroacetic anhydride. An older route to TFA proceeds via the oxidation of 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,3,3-trichloropropene with potassium permanganate. The trifluorotrichloropropene can be prepared by Swarts fluorination of hexachloropropene. TFA occurs naturally in sea water, but only in small concentrations (<200 ng/L). TFA is the precursor to many other fluorinated compounds such as trifluoroacetic anhydride, trifluoroperacetic acid, and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol. It is a reagent used in organic synthesis because of a"}, {"context": "combination of convenient properties: volatility, solubility in organic solvents, and its strength as an acid. TFA is also less oxidizing than sulfuric acid but more readily available in anhydrous form than many other acids. One complication to its use is that TFA forms an azeotrope with water (b. p. 105 \u00b0C). TFA is popularly used as a strong acid to remove t-butyl derived side-chain protecting groups in Fmoc peptide synthesis, and in other organic syntheses to remove the t-butoxycarbonyl protecting group. At a low concentration, TFA is used as an ion pairing agent in liquid chromatography (HPLC) of organic compounds,"}, {"context": "particularly peptides and small proteins. TFA is a versatile solvent for NMR spectroscopy (for materials stable in acid). It is also used as a calibrant in mass spectrometry. TFA is used to produce trifluoroacetate salts. TFA is a metabolic breakdown product of the volatile anaesthetic agent Halothane. It is thought to be responsible for halothane induced hepatitis. Trifluoroacetic acid is a corrosive acid but it does not pose the hazards associated with hydrofluoric acid because the carbon-fluorine bond is not labile. Only if heated or treated with ultrasonic waves will it decompose into hydrofluoric acid. TFA is harmful when inhaled,"}, {"context": "causes severe skin burns and is toxic for aquatic organisms even at low concentrations. TFA's reaction with bases and metals, especially light metals, is strongly exothermic. The reaction with lithium aluminium hydride (LAH) results in an explosion. TFA is not biodegradable and is somewhat toxic to aquatic life - although it does not bioaccumulate, prevention of release into waterways is of extreme importance when using TFA Trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is an organofluorine compound with the chemical formula CFCOH. It is a structural analogue of acetic acid with all three of the acetyl group\u2019s hydrogen atoms replaced by fluorine"}]}, {"title": "Leilah Assunc\u0327a\u0303o", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Leilah Assun\u00e7\u00e3o Leilah Assun\u00e7\u00e3o, or Leilah Assump\u00e7\u00e3o (born Maria de Lourdes Torres de Assun\u00e7\u00e3o), is a Brazilian dramatist, actress and writer. She was born June 18, 1943 in Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. She graduated from the University of S\u00e3o Paulo in 1964 with a degree in English and also completed extra courses in theater and literary criticism in Brazil and England. Although she is known as a playwright, she began her career working as an actress and a model, performing in \"Vereda de Salvacao\" by Jorge de Enrade in 1963 and \"The Three-penny opera\" by Bertolt Brecht in 1964. From"}, {"context": "there, she transitioned into writing stories for magazines and soap operas, eventually leading into her work as a playwright. Assun\u00e7\u00e3o has been classed as among the two major women playwrights of Brazil, the other being Maria Adelaide Amaral. Her first play, \"Fala Baixo Sen\u00e3o Eu Grito\" (Speak Quietly or I\u2019ll Scream), won the Moli\u00e8re Award from the theatre critics of S\u00e3o Paulo when it was staged in 1969. She aimed to shock the audience by her choice of topic: depicting a middle-aged woman meeting an intruder. She was one of the leaders of New Theatre in the 1960s and several"}, {"context": "of her early plays were banned by censors. \"Fala Baixo Sen\u00e3o Eu Grito\" along with her two preceding plays, \"Jorginho, o mach\u00e3o\" and \"Roda cor de Roda\" focus majorly on the stereotypes of the middle class and emphasize that conformity to these stereotypes is required. She openly depicts the majority of her characters as stuck in their current lifestyles, unable to break away from the status quo. One commodity of her first three works is that one or more of the characters eventually break free, but not in the traditional way one would think. They break free in regards to"}, {"context": "their imaginations/fantasies. For a short time period, they are able to fantasize and imagine themselves living in a world outside of the social norms. Overall, she wrights these plays to target the repressions society\u2019s moral standards place on people and the dissatisfaction of life that is likely to come with these repressions. \"Fala Baixo Sen\u00e3o Eu Grito\" (1969) focuses on a middle-aged woman with a very boring, standard lifestyle. One night, an intruder breaks into her house with a gun and proceeds to insult her and destroy her apartment. He forces the woman to come with him on a fantasy"}, {"context": "adventure in which the woman breaks away from her dull life and creates an ideal one. She enjoys the experience up until she remembers she has responsibilities to attend to at a local department store. This results in her screaming for help, unable to ignore the obligations of her daily life. \"Jorginho, o mach\u00e3o\" (1973) describes the dilemma of a young man who is pressured by his family to marry and join the family business. He rebels by fleeing to study at the University of S\u00e3o Paulo and then by continuing to fantasize there about what he wants his life"}, {"context": "to be like. This behavior does not help the conflict with his parents, resulting in attempted suicide. \"Roda cor de Roda\" (1973) entails the story of a housewife rebelling against her husband after she has found out he has been cheating. The results in the fantasies of role reversals, where all three of them take turns being the breadwinner, the prostitute, and the homemaker. These role changes result in many opportunities and freedoms for the characters, but also the realizations of the limitations of each role. Leilah Assun\u00e7\u00e3o Leilah Assun\u00e7\u00e3o, or Leilah Assump\u00e7\u00e3o (born Maria de Lourdes Torres de Assun\u00e7\u00e3o),"}]}, {"title": "Spermophilus", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Spermophilus Spermophilus is a genus of ground squirrels in the family Sciuridae (rodents). The genus has been found to be paraphyletic to the certainly distinct prairie dogs, marmots, and antelope squirrels, so it has been split into several genera by Kristofer Helgen and colleagues. Some Eurasian species are sometimes called susliks (or sousliks). This name comes from Russian , \"suslik\". In some languages, a derivative of the name is in common usage, for example \"suse\u0142\" in Polish. The scientific name of this genus means \"seed-lovers\" (gr. \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \"sperma\", genitive \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \"spermatos\" \u2013 seed; \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \"philos\" \u2013 friend, lover). Ground squirrels"}, {"context": "may carry fleas that transmit diseases to humans (see Black Death), and have been destructive in tunneling underneath human habitation. Though capable of climbing, most species of ground squirrel live in open, treeless habitats. A generic revision was undertaken in 2007 by means of phylogenetic analyses using the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b. This resulted in the splitting of \"Spermophilus\" into eight genera, which with the prairie dogs, marmots, and antelope squirrels are each given as numbered clades. The exact relations between the clades are slightly unclear. Among these, these exclusively Palearctic species are retained as the genus \"Spermophilus sensu stricto\""}, {"context": "(in the strictest sense). Spermophilus Spermophilus is a genus of ground squirrels in the family Sciuridae (rodents). The genus has been found to be paraphyletic to the certainly distinct prairie dogs, marmots, and antelope squirrels, so it has been split into several genera by Kristofer Helgen and colleagues. Some Eurasian species are sometimes called susliks (or sousliks). This name comes from Russian , \"suslik\". In some languages, a derivative of the name is in common usage, for example \"suse\u0142\" in Polish. The scientific name of this genus means \"seed-lovers\" (gr. \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \"sperma\", genitive \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \"spermatos\" \u2013 seed; \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \"philos\" \u2013"}]}, {"title": "Gheorghe Bibescu", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Gheorghe Bibescu Gheorghe Bibescu (; 1804\u20131873) was a \"hospodar\" (Prince) of Wallachia between 1843 and 1848. His rule coincided with the revolutionary tide that culminated in the 1848 Wallachian revolution. Born in Craiova as the first son of Dimitrie Bibescu, a member of the Bibescu boyar family, he studied Law in Paris. After his return to Wallachia, he was elected deputy in the Extraordinary Public Assembly, the legislative forum established by the Imperial Russian overseers at the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1828\u20131829, representing the Dolj County during the Pavel Kiseleff administration. He subsequently took on different offices, including"}, {"context": "that of secretary of state. Before his election as hospodar, he was seen as an opponent of his predecessor, Alexandru II Ghica. On January 1, 1843, the first (and only) elections carried out in accordance with the \"Organic Statute\" took place in Wallachia; these were carried out by a representative assembly, and had been prompted by Ghica's abuse. Of many candidates, Bibescu and his older brother, Barbu \u015etirbei, were the most popular choices with Imperial Russia. Bibescu was elected hospodar, supported by both the conservative boyars and the younger liberals. One of his first gestures in office was to grant"}, {"context": "pardon to radicals who had conspired against Ghica (including Mitic\u0103 Filipescu and Nicolae B\u0103lcescu). Bibescu did not change the government immediately after the election, as it was made up mostly of Ghica's political adversaries. However, his relations with the Public Assembly started to deteriorate due to disagreements on several legislative projects. In the spring of 1844, the Wallachian government approved the request of the Russian engineer Alexander Trandafiloff, to be allowed to administer the country's mines (which were subject to private ownership). Moreover, if any mine owner did not begin extracting from their mines within 18 months, the Russian company"}, {"context": "was to take over the administration of the mines for 12 years, by paying 10% of the income to the owner and 10% to the Wallachian state. Bibescu approved the contract, but the Public Assembly protested against it: the deputies saw it as an intervention of the protecting power in local politics. The contract was eventually cancelled, but, caught between the Assembly's position and the Russian authorities, on March 4, 1844, Bibescu dissolved the Public Assembly with the approval of Russian Emperor Nicholas I. When elections for the body were convened in November 1846, he used several means to silence"}, {"context": "opposition, thus awarding himself a subservient legislature. A clear separation between him and Romantic nationalists occurred when he ordered the refoundation of the Saint Sava College as a French-language school \u2014 based on his view that Romanian was incompatible with modernization. Two and a half years after that, Bibescu passed laws for public works and public administration. In the summer of 1844, he took a long trip through the country in order to inspect the public institutions and local authorities in the major cities. In December 1846, he was advised by Kiseleff to call for new Public Assembly elections. The"}, {"context": "elections brought a new Assembly dominated by politicians loyal to the hospodar. With this legislature, Bibescu passed several important laws, such as a new law on the Eastern Orthodox clergy, one that allowed the hospodar to approve the church budget, and a law freeing all the Gypsy slaves who belonged to the church and to the public authorities. Gheorghe Bibescu worked for better relations with Moldavia (the other Danubian Principality under Russian supervision), and, starting 1847, the two countries established a customs union, after an agreement with Mihail Sturdza, the Moldavian hospodar. This was the culmination of his attempt to"}, {"context": "remove Wallachia's traders and guilds from foreign competition (\"see Sudi\u0163i\"), first manifested in his project to increase taxes on foreign goods. Bibescu also convinced the Russian government to allow him to impose some taxes on those monasteries that had been dedicated to various Orthodox centers of worship outside the Danubian Principalities' territories (the ownership issue, stringent ever since the end of the Phanariote epoch, implied that church property eluded state intervention, channelling income towards places such as Mount Athos; it was to be settled through secularization under the rule of Alexandru Ioan Cuza). In the summer of 1848, the revolution"}, {"context": "broke out. Initially, Wallachian radicals had unsuccessfully attempted to attract Bibescu to their side. They then issued the \"Islaz Proclamation\" of June 9, 1848. On June 11, Gheorghe Bibescu accepted the proclamation and two days later, abdicated and left the country, leaving it to be ruled by a Provisoral Government which succumbed to Ottoman intervention in September. In 1859, Bibescu was presented as candidate to the throne by the conservatives who opposed Wallachia's union with Moldavia. He died in Paris. Gheorghe Bibescu was married to Zoe Br\u00e2ncoveanu, the last of the Br\u00e2ncoveanu family, therefore inheriting all the titles and wealth."}, {"context": "The marriage was unsuccessful, as Zoe became mentally ill. Bibescu entered into a conflict with the Orthodox Church, as he wanted to divorce Zoe. He eventually managed to obtain the divorce in 1845 and in September of the same year, he married Maria V\u0103c\u0103rescu, in Foc\u015fani. The Br\u00e2ncoveanu patrimony passed on to Zoe and Gheorghe Bibescu's son, Gr\u00e9goire Bibesco-Bassaraba (the father of Anna de Noailles). Gheorghe Bibescu Gheorghe Bibescu (; 1804\u20131873) was a \"hospodar\" (Prince) of Wallachia between 1843 and 1848. His rule coincided with the revolutionary tide that culminated in the 1848 Wallachian revolution. Born in Craiova as the"}]}, {"title": "Dalene Matthee", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Dalene Matthee Dalene Matthee (13 October 1938 \u2013 20 February 2005) was a South African author best known for her four \"Forest Novels\", written in and around the Knysna Forest. Her books have been translated into fourteen languages, including English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Hebrew and Icelandic, and over a million copies have been sold worldwide. She was born Dalene Scott in Riversdale in the then Cape Province in 1938. After matriculating from the local high school in 1957, she studied music at a conservatory in Oudtshoorn as well as at the Holy Cross Covent in Graaff-Reinet. Her first book"}, {"context": "was a children's story, \"Die Twaalfuurstokkie\" (The Twelve-o'-clock Stick), published in 1970. In 1982 a collection of short stories called \"Die Judasbok\" (The Judas Goat) was also published. Before gaining fame and wide acclaim for her first \"forest novel\", she also wrote stories for magazines as well as two popular novels - \"\u2019n Huis vir Nadia\" (A House for Nadia) (1982) and \"Petronella van Aarde, Burgemeester\" (Petronella van Aarde, Mayor) (1983). \"Kringe in \u2019n Bos\" (\"Circles in a Forest\") (1984), a novel about the extermination of the Knysna elephants and the exploitation of the woodcutters of the Knysna Forest, was"}, {"context": "an international success. Two other highly successful \"forest novels\" followed: \"Fiela se Kind\" (Fiela's Child) in 1985 and \"Moerbeibos\" (The Mulberry Forest) in 1987. \"Brug van die Esels\" (Bridge of the Mules) was published in 1993, followed by \"Susters van Eva\" (Sisters of Eve) in 1995, \"Pieternella van die Kaap\" (Pieternella from the Cape) in 2000 and the fourth \"forest novel\" \"Toorbos\" (Dream Forest) in 2003. She won numerous literary prizes for her works, and \"Fiela's Child\" and \"Circles in a Forest\" were made into films. After a short sickbed caused by heart failure, she died in Mossel Bay, South"}, {"context": "Africa, survived by her three daughters. Her husband, Larius, died in 2003. Matthee's ashes are scattered at Krisjan-se-Nek, one of her favourite places in the Knysna Forest. In 2008, a memorial was erected here in her memory and the 800-year-old Yellowwood tree standing at that location was renamed Dalene Matthee Big Tree. The name of the hiking trail starting at Krisjan-se-Nek is now called the Circles in a Forest Trail. Dalene Matthee Dalene Matthee (13 October 1938 \u2013 20 February 2005) was a South African author best known for her four \"Forest Novels\", written in and around the Knysna Forest."}]}, {"title": "Major soil deposits of India", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Major soil deposits of India There are about five soil deposits in India. These soils are formed by the sediments brought down by the rivers. They are also rich in chemical ingredients. The rivers deposit very fine particles of soil called alluvium in their plains during their long course of journey. Alluvial soil is also known as riverine soil because it is mainly found in the river basin.Alluvial soils are very fertile.They contains potash,phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane,paddy,wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline and can"}, {"context": "be productive after proper treatment and irrigation. These soils are found in Thar desert in the Indian state of Rajasthan. This soil is formed from arid conditions with practically negligible rainfall. This type of soil is highly pervious and has a low density. It requires densification to increase its bearing capacity and shearing strength. Commonly recognised plants that grow in these soils are cacti. These soils are also called as regur soils. Central India and Deccan plateau mainly constitutes this type of soil. The soil is suitable for growing cottons. It is believed that the climatic conditions along with the"}, {"context": "parent rock material are the important factors for the formation of black soil. This type of soil is typically of the Deccan trap region spread over Northwest Deccan plateau and is made from lava flows. They cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and extend in South-East direction along Godavari and Krishna valleys. These soils contain essential clay minerals as montmorillonite. These soils cover an extensive area of 300,000 km. The engineering properties of such soils are as follows: They are made up of clayey materials.They are well known for their capacity to hold moisture.They are rich"}, {"context": "in calcium carbonate,magnesium,potash and lime. Laterite soil\"s are formed from chemical decomposition of rocks. These soils mainly contain iron oxide which gives them characteristic pink or red color. These soils are found in Central, Eastern and South India. These are residual soils formed from basalt and have high specific gravity. These soils are mostly composed as calcite depositions. These soils are found in narrow belt near the south-west coast of India. These soils have low shearing strength and high compressibility. The marine clays are soft and highly plastic.They contain large amount of organic matter and are not suitable for construction"}, {"context": "of megastructures like buildings, cranes etc. Major soil deposits of India There are about five soil deposits in India. These soils are formed by the sediments brought down by the rivers. They are also rich in chemical ingredients. The rivers deposit very fine particles of soil called alluvium in their plains during their long course of journey. Alluvial soil is also known as riverine soil because it is mainly found in the river basin.Alluvial soils are very fertile.They contains potash,phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane,paddy,wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.Soils in the drier"}]}, {"title": "Vlatko Stefanovski", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Vlatko Stefanovski Vladimir \"Vlatko\" Stefanovski (, ) is a Macedonian ethno-rock jazz fusion guitar player. Born in Prilep on 24 January 1957, he started playing guitar at the age of 13. Stefanovski was one of the founding members of Leb i sol with whom he recorded 13 albums between 1978 and 1991. He currently splits his time playing with his VS Trio, in an acoustic partnership with Miroslav Tadi\u0107 or composing for film and theatre. Dramatist Goran Stefanovski is his brother. Stefanovski has played a wide variety of guitars, including a Gibson SG, a Fender Stratocaster - heavily modified with"}, {"context": "Schecter and Radulovi\u0107 parts, a Telecaster, a Radulovi\u0107 super-strat and a Pensa-Suhr super-strat. The influence of ethnic and folk music of Southeastern Europe and more specifically of the music of the Republic of Macedonia are recognizable in his occasional use of odd meters (5/4, 7/8) and non-traditional scales (e.g. the Phrygian dominant scale). He played the guitar solo in the song \"Za Milion Godina\" by YU Rock misija, the former Yugoslav contribution to Bob Geldof's Band Aid. Stefanovski began to achieve fame in the Yugoslavian rock scene during his time with Leb i Sol, his third band. The band's first"}, {"context": "1977 single Devetka/Nie Cetvoricata already showcased his guitar prowess, while Vlatko was still only 19 years old. They played their first major concert as an opening act for Bijelo Dugme, commonly regarded as Yugoslavia's most popular band. While the band was then virtually unknown, legend has it that the audience and Bijelo Dugme were both blown away by their performance of 'Koko\u0161ka' (Eng: 'Hen'). In his early years, Stefanovski was credited for inventing a style of music known as 'ethno-rock'. This style is characterized by a fusion of classic rock and roll with folk elements, in his case from his"}, {"context": "native Macedonia. This style dominates the first two albums, Leb i Sol 1 and Leb i Sol 2. Their third album, Ru\u010dni Rad (Eng: 'Hand-made') was a departure from this style into more of a jazz-rock fusion. After the departure of keyboardist Kokan Dimu\u0161evski from Leb i Sol, the band began to develop a new wave style more in line with Azra, Haustor, and other popular bands in Yugoslavia at the time. They maintained some elements of their earlier ethno style, as evidenced for example in their rendition of Macedonian folk son 'Ajde Sonce Zajde' on the album Beskona\u010dno (Eng:"}, {"context": "'Infinite'). In the late 80s Stefanovski began to take more artistic control over Leb i Sol, writing nearly all of their songs. These later albums used vocals on all songs, as opposed to their earlier albums, in which nearly every song was instrumental. During this period, Stefanovski began working more on side projects, including composing scores for movies and plays, and collaborating with other musicians. During this time he toured with Leb i Sol, but the band did not release any new albums. The only new material they released was their rendition of Macedonian folk classic 'U\u010di me majko, karaj"}, {"context": "me' (Eng: teach me mother, scold me). During this time, Stefanovski also released his first solo album, Cowboys & Indians. It received moderate critical acclaim. Some songs off the album still make regular appearances in his set lists today, including the title track and the ballad 'Kandilce'. Since leaving Leb i Sol, Stefanovski has used his newfound freedom to pursue a myriad of other musical projects. Since 1998, he has toured and played Macedonian folk songs exclusively with fellow guitarist Miroslav Tadi\u0107. Unlike his previous works, these have been played mostly on acoustic guitar. Stefanovski went back to his early"}, {"context": "ethno-rock roots from Leb i Sol with his VS Trio. Their debut album in 1998 received great critical acclaim and helped define the new Vlatko Stefanovski sound. Stefanovski recorded several solo albums under his own name during this time period. The sound on these albums ranged from pop on 'Kula od Karti' (Eng: 'Tower of Cards') to pure blues on 'Thunder From the Blue Sky'. In 2006, he did a reunion tour with Leb i Sol, touring the former Yugoslavian countries. After the tour, the band resumed without Stefanovski. In 2012, Tommy Emmanuel, Stochelo Rosenberg and himself have formed a"}, {"context": "band called Kings of Strings, and have embarked on tour in mid-March. Vlatko Stefanovski has used a variety of guitars and amps. His favourite guitars include a Gibson Les Paul Custom 1959, a Gibson SG, the Fender Stratocaster, Telecaster, Pensa Suhr, Gibson L-5, and Radulovic guitars, Yamaha, Hamer, MK guitars signature and his main guitar, a Leo Scala Signature VS. The amps which he uses at concerts are: DV Mark Bad Boy, Vox AC30, Fender '57 Twin, MK signature VS Overdrive special, Fender Deluxe Reverb 57', Fender Hot Road Deville, and Marshall JCM800. He doesn't use much in the way"}, {"context": "of effects but some of his main pedals are the Fulltone Full-Drive Mosfet 2 10th Anniversary, the Dunlop Crybaby, the Boss DD-7, the Boss CH-1, the Boss CS-3 and the Turbo Rat. Vlatko Stefanovski Vladimir \"Vlatko\" Stefanovski (, ) is a Macedonian ethno-rock jazz fusion guitar player. Born in Prilep on 24 January 1957, he started playing guitar at the age of 13. Stefanovski was one of the founding members of Leb i sol with whom he recorded 13 albums between 1978 and 1991. He currently splits his time playing with his VS Trio, in an acoustic partnership with Miroslav"}]}, {"title": "Mike Palagyi", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mike Palagyi Michael Raymond Palagyi (July 4, 1917 \u2013 November 21, 2013) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who pitched for the Washington Senators. He is in a group of nearly 1,500 players who have appeared in exactly one Major League game. At the time of his death, he was the oldest of those one-game players. Palagyi was one of ten children born to Joseph and Anna Palagyi. His seven brothers were Jim (Jenny), John, George (Hazel), Lewis (Pauline), Andrew (Margret), Peter (Jane), and Joseph (Pauline). Mike's sisters included Anna Yosko, Ethel (Frank) Vento, and Helen who died at birth"}, {"context": "and twin to brother Andrew. Mike was not the only member to play professional baseball in the family. His brother George Palagyi played minor league ball for the Cleveland Indians as a pitcher. Mike would later go on to marry his wife Margret. They had one child Michael, who died in a plan crash in the 1970s. Mike was a devote catholic and belonged to Corpus Christi Parish in Conneaut. At his time of death he was the only male still alive out of the original seven brothers. Mike's youngest sister Ethel was the only Palagyi sibling left til she"}, {"context": "died in 2014. Mike was also surrounded by his nephews, nieces, great nieces and nephews and caretaker Carol Harris at the time of death. Standing and weighing , Palagyi made his major league pitching debut August 18, for the Washington Senators as a relief pitcher in a game against the Boston Red Sox. During the game, he faced three future Hall of Fame members: Ted Williams, Joe Cronin and Jimmy Foxx. He hit Foxx with a pitch and walked Williams, Cronin and a fourth batter (Doc Cramer). Three of those runners would score. The Senators would change pitchers before Palagyi"}, {"context": "was able to retire a batter. The Senators would lose the game, but Palagyi did not receive credit for the loss in that game. He would never play in another major league game. In an interview for Richard Tellis's book, \"Once Around the Bases\", Palagyi said that he \"threw but 2 strikes out of 15 pitches \u2014 a very short big league career\". After leaving baseball, Palagyi served during World War II. Palagyi lived in Conneaut until his death in 2013. Since Palagyi allowed three earned runs without retiring a batter, his career earned run average (ERA) is infinite. He"}, {"context": "is one of at least 19 pitchers with an infinite ERA. Palagyi and Mark Wagner are the only major-league players born in Conneaut. Both players pitched in exactly one game in relief. Wagner, however, appeared in other games as a shortstop. Mike Palagyi Michael Raymond Palagyi (July 4, 1917 \u2013 November 21, 2013) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who pitched for the Washington Senators. He is in a group of nearly 1,500 players who have appeared in exactly one Major League game. At the time of his death, he was the oldest of those one-game players. Palagyi was one"}]}, {"title": "GEAR (theatre show)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "GEAR (theatre show) GEAR (Japanese: \u30ae\u30a2) is a Japanese long-run non-verbal theatre show that originates in Kyoto and incorporates elements of technology, skilled performance arts. It is the first long-run show with original content in Japan. GEAR was first created by Art Complex in Osaka as a project of the Osaka Regional Arts and Cultural Promotion Project Plan. After several successful runs promoted by different cultural affairs agencies in the Kansai region, it opened as a long run show in a specially designated theatre in downtown Kyoto in April 2012. It is currently in its fifth year of performances. GEAR"}, {"context": "follows four robots who work in a falling-apart toy factory in the distant future. An electrical accident brings one of the dolls they manufacture to life, and Doll and Robots learn together the value of play and humanity. Each robot discovers a special skill they have, and so the show gradually incorporates mime, juggling, breakdance, and magic. Much of the design for GEAR, costumes and visual style is by Kyoto-based Manga artist Akihiro Yamada, which lends an idiosyncratic look to the show. Another distinguishing mark of GEAR is the extensive use of stage technology. Projection mapping is used extensively, as"}, {"context": "are lasers, an LED dress, and moving lighting. In the words of Japan Times reviewer Andrew Eglinton: In contrast, the production was lent a particularly powerful dimension through projection-mapping technology that allowed the crew to project light and video designs onto isolated parts of the Modernist factory to create the impression of a futuristic, automated world. In \u201cGear,\u201d though, projection-mapping animates the space and enables fast-paced scene changes, and is also used to turn audience members into mapping surfaces to conjure a remarkable holistic experience. The long-term theatre for GEAR is a building in downtown Kyoto called 1928. The building"}, {"context": "was built in 1928, and used to house the Kyoto branch of the Osaka Mainichi Newspaper. The building has many Art Deco embellishments and is a good example of Taisho Era Japanese architecture. It is designated a Kyoto City Tangible Cultural Property. \u30fbGEAR official website GEAR (theatre show) GEAR (Japanese: \u30ae\u30a2) is a Japanese long-run non-verbal theatre show that originates in Kyoto and incorporates elements of technology, skilled performance arts. It is the first long-run show with original content in Japan. GEAR was first created by Art Complex in Osaka as a project of the Osaka Regional Arts and Cultural"}]}, {"title": "Hercules Graphics Card", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hercules Graphics Card The Hercules Graphics Card (HGC) is a computer graphics controller made by Hercules Computer Technology, Inc. that combines IBM's text-only MDA display standard with a bitmapped graphics mode. This allows the HGC to offer both high quality text and graphics from a single card. The HGC was very popular, and became a widely supported de facto display standard on IBM PC compatibles connected to a monochrome monitor. The HGC standard was used long after more technically capable systems had entered the market, especially on dual-monitor setups. The IBM Personal Computer was launched in 1981 with the Color"}, {"context": "Graphics Adapter (CGA) expansion card and the Monochrome Display And Printer Adapter. The CGA offered two basic operating modes: 320\u00d7200 pixel (or 40\u00d725 character) low resolution or a 640\u00d7200 (or 80\u00d725 characters) pixels high resolution mode. While the low-resolution mode was very comparable to 8-bit home computers of the era, the higher-resolution mode offered a fair advance, used with a suitable RGBI (or RGB) monitor (such as the IBM 5153 Personal Computer Color Display). Still, since by design CGA was able to be connected to cheap composite monitors and even to home TVs (via RF modulator), CGA was limited in"}, {"context": "resolution; its text modes has a character box size of 8\u00d78 pixels, which made text fairly rough-looking, especially in the vertical direction, which had only one pixel row for descenders. Simultaneously announced, The Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter (MDPA), often shortened to Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA), which did not support pixel-addressable graphics of any sort, offered a high-quality 80\u00d725 character mode, having a relatively high pixel-resolution of 720\u00d7350 (character box size 9\u00d714), that could be used on a monochrome monitor (originally, specifically the IBM 5151 Personal Computer Display). Due to a continuous single-color phosphor, a digital connection with separate video"}, {"context": "and sync, and a signal format making no compromises for compatibility with lower resolution (e.g. composite NTSC) displays, monochrome monitors were sharper than CGA color. The MDPA also included a Centronics compatible parallel port for printers, which the CGA did not. Furthermore, a similar printer port was not originally available from IBM on any other card for the IBM PC. Many imitations were available, but many of them did not include the parallel port, so the video standard became known as \"MDA\", for \"Monochrome Display Adapter\", since MDPA was not applicable. An internal IBM publication described MDA's text output as"}, {"context": "\"beautiful\" and CGA's text output as \"rough\". For graphics and highest-quality text on one PC, it needed both video cards with two monitors. Most games only supported CGA, while a few extremely rare business applications only supported MDA. Since business software at the time was text based, most of it could run on either. Most software that used any specific capabilities of either would simply check the system settings for monitor type (via Int 11h), or check the current video mode (via Int 10h), to configure itself appropriately. The Hercules Graphics Card was developed in 1982 by Van Suwannukul, founder"}, {"context": "of Hercules Computer Technology. The system was created by Suwannukul initially so that he could work on his doctoral thesis on an IBM PC using the Thai alphabet, as Thai was his native language. In 1984, its list price was US$499 (), although it was often sold for less than the manufacturer's suggested price. The Hercules card was essentially an MDA-compatible monochrome card with an added all-points-addressable graphics mode. The card connected to IBM's monochrome 5151 monitor or a third-party monitor compatible with the 5151, and it displayed text and graphics in the same 720\u00d7350 pixel resolution format, in the"}, {"context": "same raster format, and at the same horizontal and vertical scan frequencies as the MDA. In the text mode, which the Hercules card reverted to when the PC was reset, it was almost exactly like the IBM MDA and could be treated by software as if it was an MDA. For full MDA compatibility, the HGC used a 6845 CRT controller (CRTC) chip like the one found on the MDA. The HGC was so compatible with the MDA in this regard that it did not provide its own BIOS ROM and was recognized and operated by the standard PC system"}, {"context": "board BIOS as an MDA. The graphics mode of the Hercules card used the same raster format and timing as the MDA text mode, as stated above, but unlike the text mode, it made all pixels addressable. To support this mode, the MDA had a full 64 KB of video RAM\u201416 times the RAM of an MDA (4 KB) and four times the RAM of a CGA card (16 KB). The Hercules graphics mode had a lot in common with the CGA high-resolution (640\u00d7200) two-color mode: the video buffer contained a packed-pixel bitmap (eight pixels per byte, one bit per"}, {"context": "pixel) with the same byte format, including the pixel-to-bit mapping and byte order, as the CGA two-color graphics mode, and the video buffer was split into interleaved banks, each 8 KB in size, as in the CGA graphics modes. However, because in the Hercules graphics mode there were more than 256 scanlines and the display buffer size was nearly 32 KB (instead of 16,000 bytes as in all CGA graphics modes), four interleaved banks were used in the Hercules mode instead of two as in the CGA modes. Also, to represent 720 pixels per line instead of 640 as on"}, {"context": "the CGA, each scanline had 90 bytes of pixel data instead of 80. The 64 KB RAM of the HGC could hold two graphics display pages. Either page could be selected for display by setting or resetting a single bit in the Mode Control Register. Another bit, in a configuration register exclusive to the HGC, determined whether the second 32 KB of RAM on the HGC was accessible to the CPU at the base address B8000h. This bit was reset at system reset (e.g. power-on) so that the card would not conflict with a CGA or other color card at"}, {"context": "address B8000h. Programming for the Hercules card's native graphics mode was somewhat hindered by a lack of BIOS support and standardization from IBM\u2014after all, the HGC was a competing technology. As stated, the Hercules card was supported as an MDA by the IBM PC BIOS and did not provide its own BIOS ROM (unlike most other video adapters after the MDA and CGA). Therefore, there was no BIOS support for the Hercules graphics mode, unlike all standard CGA, EGA, and VGA graphics modes. At least by December 1983, Hercules cards came with a \"GRAPH X\" installable program which enhanced the"}, {"context": "BIOS by adding Hercules graphics-mode support and even geometric drawing primitives. Popular IBM PC programs at the time (such as Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet, AutoCAD computer-aided drafting, Pagemaker and Xerox Ventura desktop publishing, and Microsoft Flight Simulator) came with their own drivers to use the Hercules graphics mode. Though the graphics mode of the Hercules card was not CGA-compatible, it was technically similar enough to the two CGA graphics modes that eventually through the use of third-party drivers (TSRs) it could also work (suboptimally) with most programs written for the CGA card's standard graphics modes. As the Hercules card did not"}, {"context": "actually have color-generating circuitry, nor could it connect to a color monitor, color appeared as simulated greyscale in varying patterns (in essence, a primitive form of half-toning or dithering.) Very large numbers of imitations of the Hercules appeared, including generic clones at very low prices, usually without the printer port. Hercules briefly ran ads implying that use of generic clones of the Hercules card could damage the computer. Long after its prime, the Hercules card continued to be popular for dual-monitor setups alongside another (color) graphics adapter. Certain software detected the presence of both video systems, and used the monochrome"}, {"context": "display for extra data display, while running the application on the other screen\u2014for example, a CAD work area would be displayed on the main (non-Hercules driven) screen, and a list of drawing commands would be shown on the HGC-driven monochrome screen. Some software debuggers could take advantage of an HGC to run the main program on the color monitor and the debugger on the HGC. Later on, the multi-monitor trick became obsolete with OS-related improvements such as the introduction of GUIs for debug commands as a software analogy for debug command modules. The dual-monitor capability of the original Hercules card"}, {"context": "and its imitations (and some successors) came from its emulation of an MDA rather than a CGA. When IBM designed the original two cards for the PC, the MDA and the CGA, it assigned them different I/O and memory address ranges. This made it possible for both cards to be installed and operated in the same computer at the same time. Subsequent video hardware standards from IBM\u2014the EGA and VGA\u2014used the same I/O and memory address ranges as the CGA (optionally emulating an MDA in its address ranges or using additional I/O and memory addresses not used by earlier cards)."}, {"context": "Therefore, an EGA or a VGA could replace a CGA and operate in color modes, but either could only replace an MDA, and operate alongside another color graphics card, if it was put into MDA-compatible mode, which gave no more display capability than the Hercules graphics card. Two color cards could not operate in color modes at the same time in a PC, PC XT, or PC AT. Therefore, the Hercules card (or, later, a much more expensive EGA operating in a configuration to essentially emulate the Hercules card) was the only way to produce two graphics displays on two"}, {"context": "monitors at the same time. The monitor is connected to the Hercules card through a DE9F connector using 5V TTL electrical signaling; the same as for an MDA card. Nominally, the Hercules card provides a horizontal scanning frequency of 18.425 \u00b10.500 kHz, and 50 Hz vertical. However, the Hercules actually ran at two slightly different frequencies depending on whether it was running in Text or Graphics mode. This is a side effect of the CRT controller using 9-pixel, 14-line character cells when impersonating the MDA, but having to use 8-by-4 pixel blocks to turn memory bytes into 1-bit pixels in"}, {"context": "graphics mode, with neither the total pixel count in a horizontal period nor total number of scanlines matching up completely. As the card's onboard clock crystal was also slightly different, at 16.000 MHz vs the MDA's (and later, EGA's) actual 16.257 MHz, \"neither\" mode was an exact match for the original sync structure, with the exact figures being 18.141 kHz and 49.84 Hz in text mode, plus 18.519 kHz and 50.32 Hz in graphics. However both are close enough to MDA's own 18.432 kHz and 49.82 Hz timings to fit within the sync tolerance of and work reliably on a"}, {"context": "typical IBM monochrome monitor or compatible. This tolerance was taken advantage of by the various Hercules clone cards, which themselves often exhibited less than accurate timings versus the original. Like the IBM Monochrome Display Adapter it improved on, the \"Hercules Graphics Card\" had both a parallel printer port and a video output port. Its text mode could display 80\u00d725 text characters and was MDA-compatible. As such, it rendered characters in a box of 9\u00d714 pixels, of which 7\u00d711 made out the character itself (the other pixels being used for space between character columns and lines). This amounted to markedly clearer"}, {"context": "text display than the competing CGA adapter could offer. The total theoretical resolution of this text mode was 720\u00d7350 pixels. This number is arrived at through multiplying the character width of 9 pixels by the number of text columns possible on screen (80) as well as multiplying the character height of 14 pixels by the number of text lines (25). In the MDA-compatible text mode, however, these pixels were not individually addressable. The graphics mode simply made all pixels directly addressable. This translated to a resolution of not 720\u00d7350, but only 720\u00d7348 pixels (at 1 bit per pixel) because, for"}, {"context": "technical reasons (see Programming below), the screen height had to be a multiple of four. On a , which was the most common back then, the pixel ratio was 1:1.55. The Hercules card supported two graphic pages, one at address B0000h and one at address B8000h. The second page could be enabled or disabled by software. When it was disabled, the addresses used by the card did not overlap with those used by color adapters such as CGA or VGA. This made dual-screen operation possible simply through installation of a Hercules card next to, for instance, a VGA adapter. The"}, {"context": "HGC standard was extended by two later cards. Hercules also sold the \"Hercules Color Card\" (not to be confused with the InColor Card), a CGA-compatible video board. This board could coexist with the HGC and still allow both graphics pages to be used. It would detect when the second graphics page was selected and disable access to its own memory, which would otherwise have been at the same addresses. Other boards offered Hercules compatibility. Certain later models of the Tandy 1000 (such as the 1000 TL and SL) and the Epson Equity contained circuitry built into their CPU boards that"}, {"context": "supported Hercules display modes in addition to their standard CGA modes. As part of its commercial packaging, the Hercules Graphics Card included a diskette with HBASIC, an interpreted version of the BASIC computer language that enabled programming graphics on a monochrome monitor. In text modes, the memory appears just like an MDA card. The screen has 80\u00d725 chars, so there are 80 ASCII code/attribute pairs per line (160 bytes per line, 2 bytes per symbol). The address of a given screen location in memory is given by the formula: Video timing on the HGC is provided by the Motorola 6845"}, {"context": "video controller. This integrated circuit was originally designed only for character-based alphanumeric (text) displays and can only address a maximum of 128 character rows. To realize a graphics mode with 348 scanlines on the HGC, the MC6845 is programmed with 87 character rows per picture and four scanlines per character row. Because the video memory address output by the MC6845 is identical for each row within a character, the HGC must use the MC6845's \"row address\" output (i.e. the scanline within the character row) as additional address bits to fetch raster data from video memory. This implies that unless the"}, {"context": "size of a single scanline's raster data is a power of two, raster data cannot be laid out continuously in video memory. Instead, the lines are interleaved and thus addressing is slightly more complicated. There are 8 pixels per byte, 90 bytes per line. Consecutive lines on the screen are interleaved by 4 lines in memory, so in memory it looks like this: The memory address that contains a given pixel is given by: This code would set the correct pixel in that byte: The lack of preset BIOS modes for graphics meant the card was quite reprogrammable, within the"}, {"context": "limits of monitor sync tolerance. A somewhat popular modified driver called HERKULES was able to produce 720x360 graphics or 90x45 text (8x8 font) on a standard display, just short of the maximum 720x364 that would fit within a 32kb memory page, by careful adjustment of the sync parameters and coercing the card into using the CGA character set still present within the MDA ROM. Other drivers were able to produce different effects, for example a squarer 640x400 \"double CGA\" mode (similar to that offered by certain more upgraded and customised PC clones made by e.g. AT&T) within the same memory"}, {"context": "space; either by narrowing each scanline (increasing the scan frequency) and adding additional lines to the raster (thus also keeping the Vsync rate about the same), which required a multisync, EGA-class or unusually tolerant MDA-class monitor; or (for less tolerant monitors) by keeping the scan layout the same but turning on interlace which, in contrast to IBM's own CGA card, usually worked as intended with Hercules and suffered less flicker than might otherwise be expected thanks to the monochrome monitors' generally quite long-persistence phosphors. CGA emulation on a Hercules card could be done almost entirely via hardware, or through software"}, {"context": "(such as \"SIMCGA\" PC program) via \"brute force\" copying of data on a regular interrupt. Hardware emulation was normally something done by programmers of an application, such as a game, as a \"quick and dirty\" way to add Hercules support. Software emulation was performed by third-party utilities as a way to get graphics programs with only CGA support working on a Hercules. Hardware emulation was achieved by enabling the second Hercules video page, which would appear at segment B800h just like CGA, and then making it the visible page. The HGC onboard Motorola 6845 would then be reprogrammed to display"}, {"context": "80 \"columns\" of data (640 pixels where each character is 8 pixels wide) instead of the usual 90 used in graphics mode (720 pixels with a character box of 8\u00d74 pixels). Data was then written just as it would on a real CGA (i.e. the video display was updated by writing to segment 0xB800) with only minor changes due to the different memory interlacing structure. The advantage of this method was no loss of speed during the emulation: Data did not need to be significantly reformatted from the original CGA data while written, only interlaced differently. The disadvantage was that"}, {"context": "the image appeared vertically \"squashed\", as CGA data only used 200 lines of the 350 available. Software emulation would copy from the CGA video memory location to the Hercules memory location. It would reformat the CGA data (320\u00d7200 or 640\u00d7200 pixels) to the higher resolution (720\u00d7348) Hercules. Because of the reformatting of data while copying to completely fill the 720\u00d7348 graphics space, and the speed penalty introduced via that method, this introduced an interlacing type of display artifact since the copying could not complete before the beginning of the next display cycle. Although it cited flaws in the hardware and"}, {"context": "software, \"BYTE\" called the Hercules Graphics Card \"a fine product\" that gave owners of monochrome monitors graphics capability. \"PC Magazine\" reported successfully running CGA-compatible games on a monochrome display, and using the card with a Columbia MPC. Hercules Graphics Card The Hercules Graphics Card (HGC) is a computer graphics controller made by Hercules Computer Technology, Inc. that combines IBM's text-only MDA display standard with a bitmapped graphics mode. This allows the HGC to offer both high quality text and graphics from a single card. The HGC was very popular, and became a widely supported de facto display standard on IBM"}]}, {"title": "Robert DeProspero", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Robert DeProspero Robert Lee \"Bob\" DeProspero was a United States Secret Service agent who served from 1965 to 1986. DeProspero attended West Virginia University, where he earned a bachelor's degree in physical education in 1959 and a master's degree in education in 1960. After serving in the United States Air Force from 1960 to 1963, he was employed by James Madison High School in Vienna, Virginia, where he taught biological sciences and coached football and wrestling. In 1965, DeProspero joined the Secret Service where he moved up the ranks and held many positions. In 1981 after the attempted assassination of"}, {"context": "Ronald Reagan, he took charge of Reagan's security detail. The following year, DeProspero was appointed to head the Presidential Protective Division. DeProspero devised several very important and innovative security measures during his time in the Secret Service that are used today: the \"hospital agent\" (stationing an agent at the nearest primary trauma hospital on a presidential movement), as well as the creation of metal detector checkpoints to screen every individual who could get a view of the president. Robert DeProspero Robert Lee \"Bob\" DeProspero was a United States Secret Service agent who served from 1965 to 1986. DeProspero attended West"}]}, {"title": "Charkop", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Charkop Charkop is a locality in the suburb of Kandivali (West), North Mumbai. It was originally intended as a housing project by MHADA, around the existing village with the same name but now covers residential areas and businesses. Charkop's original name is 'Char Khop'( \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u092a ) meaning a place of 4 huts or a small village with four houses in Marathi. Koli people or the fishermen are considered to be the indigenous residents of Charkop. Charkop was originally a marshy land surrounded by mangroves, drained by the MHADA to provide low-cost housing to people. The project was originally intended"}, {"context": "to provide society-based plots around to every owner. This ownership was established by having a lottery and allotting lottery numbers. The next step was to provide all necessary civil amenities, which MHADA has provided to full effect. After the year 2000, Charkop had gradually established itself in the metropolitan fold of Mumbai due to its close proximity to both Kandivali and Borivali suburbs. Charkop has been divided into 9 sectors. The area is well connected to the Kandivali, Borivali and Malad suburbs by a number of BEST buses and private transport. Nearest local railway station is Kandivali railway station. Nearest"}, {"context": "railway station for long distance trains is Borivali railway station. Ferry ride to the opposite side of Gorai Creek is available from nearby Gorai. Most frequently used BEST transport routes are: The original inhabitants of Charkop, the Koli people are Hindus. The present demographic of Charkop is a reflection of the cosmopolitan makeup of Mumbai. The region is predominantly Hindu, but there are also tiny pockets of Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists, Parsis and Muslims. Most residents belong to the lower middle-class or middle class. The majority of populace is Marathi-speaking although a tiny amount of other people speak their respective"}, {"context": "languages. Metro connecting Charkop to Mankhurd is next to follow, after Mumbai Metro One is complete. However, with the operator MMTPL and MMRDA sparring on right of way, the proposed Charkop-Mankhurd metro faces a stillborn fate. There is also a popular citizen's movement in favour of an underground metro and same views have been echoed by the current Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Prithviraj Chauhan, after inspecting the condition of Mumbai Metro One, whose overground bridges kiss residential buildings and commercial establishments. MCGM has planned to create a bird sanctuary to preserve and exhibit the various types of birds that frequent"}, {"context": "the mangrove areas of Sector 8. However,there are no updates on this project, after this was announced in 2007-08. This area is developed Charkop Charkop is a locality in the suburb of Kandivali (West), North Mumbai. It was originally intended as a housing project by MHADA, around the existing village with the same name but now covers residential areas and businesses. Charkop's original name is 'Char Khop'( \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u092a ) meaning a place of 4 huts or a small village with four houses in Marathi. Koli people or the fishermen are considered to be the indigenous residents of Charkop. Charkop"}]}, {"title": "Seven Periods with Mr Gormsby", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Seven Periods with Mr Gormsby Seven Periods with Mr Gormsby is a satirical New Zealand television series, created and written by Danny Mulheron (who also directs and co-produces), Dave Armstrong and Tom Scott. It stars David McPhail as the titular Mr Gormsby, whose politically incorrect attitudes and \"old school\" teaching style clash and contrast with the environment at the fictional Tepapawai High School. The show pokes fun at the New Zealand education system but also at modern New Zealand social attitudes more generally. The series ran for two seasons; the first was broadcast in 2005 on TV ONE in New"}, {"context": "Zealand and the ABC TV in Australia. The second series was shown in New Zealand in 2006 and in Australia, on ABC2, April 2008. DVDs of the series are sold in Australia through the ABC Shop. The series was nominated for Best Script and Best Comedy in the 2006 NZ Screen Awards. The program was filmed at two disused schools in the suburbs of Lower Hutt: the first season at Wainuiomata College and the second at Petone College. The first season's school's original location is now occupied by Wainuiomata Little Theatre. Address 106 Moohan St, Wainuiomata, Lower Hutt 5014, New"}, {"context": "Zealand ( Google map location) Seven Periods with Mr Gormsby Seven Periods with Mr Gormsby is a satirical New Zealand television series, created and written by Danny Mulheron (who also directs and co-produces), Dave Armstrong and Tom Scott. It stars David McPhail as the titular Mr Gormsby, whose politically incorrect attitudes and \"old school\" teaching style clash and contrast with the environment at the fictional Tepapawai High School. The show pokes fun at the New Zealand education system but also at modern New Zealand social attitudes more generally. The series ran for two seasons; the first was broadcast in 2005"}]}, {"title": "Mario Matt", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mario Matt Mario Matt (born 9 April 1979) is an Austrian former World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist. Born in Zams, Tyrol, Matt made his World Cup debut in December 1999. He claimed 15 World Cup victories: 14 in slalom and one super combined. Matt is also a two-time world champion in slalom, with titles in 2001 and 2007. With a remarkably long career as a top slalom racer, he is the second oldest (after Andr\u00e9 Myhrer, who won gold in 2018) to win an Olympic gold medal in slalom skiing (in Sochi at the 2014 Winter"}, {"context": "olympics) and the oldest to win a (regular) World Cup slalom race. Matt also has the third longest time interval between first and last World Cup victories (13 years, 10 months, and 22 days), after Ingemar Stenmark and Didier Cuche. Matt announced his retirement from ski racing on March 12, 2015. Matt is the brother of skicross competitor Andreas Matt and fellow alpine skier Michael Matt. Mario Matt Mario Matt (born 9 April 1979) is an Austrian former World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist. Born in Zams, Tyrol, Matt made his World Cup debut in December 1999."}]}, {"title": "Barry Stroud", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Barry Stroud Barry Stroud (; born 1935) is a Canadian philosopher known for his work on philosophical skepticism, David Hume, and Ludwig Wittgenstein, among other topics. Stroud received a B.A. in philosophy from the University of Toronto, followed by a Ph.D. in philosophy from Harvard University, under the direction of Morton White. Since 1961, Stroud has worked at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1987, he gave the John Locke Lectures at Oxford. In 2007 he was named Willis S. and Marion Slusser Professor of Philosophy in the Berkeley Philosophy Department. He is an elected Fellow of the American Academy"}, {"context": "of Arts & Sciences and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy. Barry Stroud Barry Stroud (; born 1935) is a Canadian philosopher known for his work on philosophical skepticism, David Hume, and Ludwig Wittgenstein, among other topics. Stroud received a B.A. in philosophy from the University of Toronto, followed by a Ph.D. in philosophy from Harvard University, under the direction of Morton White. Since 1961, Stroud has worked at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1987, he gave the John Locke Lectures at Oxford. In 2007 he was named Willis S. and Marion Slusser Professor of Philosophy in the"}]}, {"title": "Sir (album)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sir (album) Sir is the fourth studio album by American electroclash duo Fischerspooner, and their first since 2009's \"Entertainment\". It was released digitally and via streaming platforms on 16 February 2018 through Ultra Music, although no release dates have been announced for CDs. A very limited run of 500 vinyl versions with alternative cover-artwork will be released in conjunction with NAK Neuer Aachener Kunstverein, in Germany due to mid-June 2018. All copies will be signed, while the first 100 come with a signed art-print. The album has received a Metacritic score of 67 based on 11 critics, indicating generally favorable"}, {"context": "reviews. Notes Sir (album) Sir is the fourth studio album by American electroclash duo Fischerspooner, and their first since 2009's \"Entertainment\". It was released digitally and via streaming platforms on 16 February 2018 through Ultra Music, although no release dates have been announced for CDs. A very limited run of 500 vinyl versions with alternative cover-artwork will be released in conjunction with NAK Neuer Aachener Kunstverein, in Germany due to mid-June 2018. All copies will be signed, while the first 100 come with a signed art-print. The album has received a Metacritic score of 67 based on 11 critics, indicating"}]}, {"title": "Hank Lauricella", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hank Lauricella Francis Edward Lauricella, known as Hank Lauricella (October 9, 1930 \u2013 March 25, 2014), was a real estate developer from suburban New Orleans, Louisiana, a college football legend, and a member of both houses of the Louisiana State Legislature. Lauricella was a Hall of Fame player for the Tennessee Volunteers football team. He represented Jefferson Parish as a Democrat in the state House from 1964 to 1972 and then in the state Senate from 1972 to 1996. On his retirement, he was succeeded in the state Senate by the Republican Art Lentini. Born in Harahan in Jefferson Parish,"}, {"context": "Lauricella was one of three children of John L. Lauricella Sr. and the former Theresa Sherling. He was a star player at Holy Cross High School in New Orleans, which he had entered as a boarding student in the fifth grade. His team there won the city championship in 1947 with use of the single wing offense. After Holy Cross, Lauricella attended the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, where he earned in 1952 a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration. He played under Coach Robert Neyland from 1949 to 1951 as a member of the 1950 and the 1951 National"}, {"context": "Championship teams. Lauricella gained national attention as the running back in the single wing offense, at the time that most schools had switched to the T-formation. At that position, Lauricella was responsible for the majority of the rushing and passing. Because of his skill at both aspects, Lauricella was dubbed \"Mr. Everything\". The led the Volunteers to a 10-1 season in his junior year and victory in the 1951 Cotton Bowl. Tennessee went undefeated during the regular season of his senior year, won the SEC title, and was named national champion before losing to the University of Maryland at College"}, {"context": "Park in the 1952 Sugar Bowl. During his senior year, Lauricella was a repeat all-SEC player, was named an All-American, and was the first runner-up in the Heisman Trophy voting to Dick Kazmaier of Princeton University. He played one year of professional football, for the Dallas Texans in 1953. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1981, the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame in 1982, the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1983, the Cotton Bowl Hall of Fame in 2005, and the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2013. From 1953 to 1955,"}, {"context": "Lauricella was a first lieutenant in the United States Army Corps of Engineers, with a year of commitment to South Korea. He returned to Harahan in 1955 to join his father and his brother, the late John Lauricella Jr., in the family business, John L. Lauricella and Sons, which focused first on residential real estate and subsequently on commercial enterprises. The business is now known as the Lauricella Land Company. His son Louis Lauricella of New Orleans joined the firm in the late 1980s and worked with his father in recent years. Lauricella first served in the state House in"}, {"context": "1964 as a Democrat, when there were only two Republicans in the legislature, and then in the state Senate in 1972, when all thirty-nine members were Democrats. He later became a Republican, whose party ranks soared to majorities in both houses after 2012. His obituary describes his legislative service as \"diligent, low-keyed, consistent in his views, and trustworthy. A voice of moderation, he instinctively sought consensus.\" Lauricella was particularly interested as a legislator in economic development and transportation. He supported the interests of the Greater New Orleans area, including the now Mercedes-Benz Superdome, The Ernest N. Morial Convention Center, Louis"}, {"context": "Armstrong International Airport, and the Port of New Orleans. He served on the boards of the original Dome Stadium Commission, the Port of New Orleans, the World Trade Center New Orleans, and the Jefferson Business Council. He was the first chairman of the board of the Jefferson Community Foundation. Lauricella married his college sweetheart, the former Betty Valker, who survives him. In addition to Louis Lauricella and wife Connie Jo, the couple has four other children, Francis Lauricella Jr., and wife Mary of San Francisco, California, Elizabeth Lauricella McStravick and husband Peter of Katy, Texas, Marc and wife Kyle Lauricella"}, {"context": "of Wilton, Connecticut, and Christopher Lauricella and wife Ellen of Los Angeles. A funeral mass for Lauricella was held on April 2, 2014 at St. Rita's Catholic Church, 7100 Jefferson Highway in Harahan. The obituary does not list a place of interment. One of Lauricella's nephews, John L. \"Jay\" Lauricella, III (1953-2017), a general partner in the family-owned Lauricella Land Company, died at the age of sixty-three aboard his boat, \"DUKE,\" while on vacation in Destin, Florida. He is inurned at Lake Lawn Cemetery in New Orleans. Hank Lauricella Francis Edward Lauricella, known as Hank Lauricella (October 9, 1930 \u2013"}]}, {"title": "Infratrochlear nerve", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Infratrochlear nerve The infratrochlear nerve is given off from the nasociliary nerve just before it enters the anterior ethmoidal foramen. It runs forward along the upper border of the medial rectus, and is joined, near the pulley of the superior oblique, by a filament from the supratrochlear nerve. It then passes to the medial commissure of the eye, and supplies the skin of the upper eyelids and bridge of the nose, the conjunctiva, lacrimal sac and caruncle. \"Infratrochlear\" means \"below the trochlea\". The term \"trochlea\" means \"pulley\" in Latin. Specifically, the trochlea referred to is a bony loop at the"}, {"context": "inner and upper corner of the eye socket (trochlea of superior oblique), through which the tendon of the superior oblique muscle passes. Infratrochlear nerve The infratrochlear nerve is given off from the nasociliary nerve just before it enters the anterior ethmoidal foramen. It runs forward along the upper border of the medial rectus, and is joined, near the pulley of the superior oblique, by a filament from the supratrochlear nerve. It then passes to the medial commissure of the eye, and supplies the skin of the upper eyelids and bridge of the nose, the conjunctiva, lacrimal sac and caruncle. \"Infratrochlear\""}]}, {"title": "In-situ processing", "paragraphs": [{"context": "In-situ processing In-situ processing is the aspects of managing data that is collected in place. \"In situ\" means \"situated in the original, natural, or existing place or position\" To create an In-Situ process, one must operate on the chosen data where it resides in a storage device like a solid-state drive (SSD) or in memory with products like NVDIMM. Other examples of in-situ processing can be seen in fields like visualization efforts, biology and chemistry. This showcases how this technology allows for actions and results to be seen more efficiently than through data movement, regardless of the data being moved."}, {"context": "In the storage industry, implementations from several companies are now available, including from NGD Systems. ScaleFlux, and Eideticom. Other companies have tried to do similar work in the past, including Micron Technology, and Samsung. The approach from all of these are the same direction, managing or 'processing' data where it resided. NGD Systems was the first to create in-situ processing storage and has produced two versions of the device since 2013. The Catalina-1 was a standalone SSD that offered 24TB of flash along with processing. A second product was released in 2018 that offered up to 32TB of flash memory."}, {"context": "ScaleFlux uses a CSS-1000 NVMe device that uses host resourcing and kernel changes to address the device and use Host resources to manage up to 6.4TB flash on the device, or base SSD. Eideticom utilizes a device called a No-Load DRAM-only NVMe device as an accelerator with no actual flash storage for persistent data. Micron called their version \u2018Scale In\u2019 at an Flash Memory Summit (FMS) event in 2013 but was never able to productize it and was based on a SATA SSD in production. Samsung has worked on various versions of devices from KV Store and others. In-situ processing"}]}, {"title": "Arika", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Arika Arika is known for the \"\" series, \"Cardcaptor Sakura\" series, and \"Endless Ocean\", a scuba diving game for the Wii. Arika was founded in November 1995. During the first month of its existence the company was focused strictly on research. In July 2011, a video from an Arika 3DS test project, called \"Fighting Sample\", was released, featuring Hokuto and Kairi from the \"Street Fighter EX\" series. Further screenshots were released, showing characters Blair, Doctrine Dark and Shadow Geist, but the project was later cancelled. Later in May 2016, another video showcasing Nanase, Allen, Darun and Skullomania was released as"}, {"context": "a sample test video, with no plans for a future release. In April 2017, \"Fighting EX Layer\", which seems to be the \"evolution\" of \"Fighting Sample\" was announced as a video for April Fools, and later confirmed to be actually a game in development. \"Fighting EX Layer\" will be a spiritual successor to both \"Street Fighter EX\" series and \"Fighting Layer\", an arcade-only fighting game by Arika. \"Tetris: The Grand Master 4: Masters of Round\" has been shown to be in development multiple times since as early as 2009. However, it was cancelled later on due to various reasons, including"}, {"context": "copyright infringements with regards to emulation and various fan-developed clones of \"TGM\", most notably \"Texmaster2009\". \"TGM4\" has been uncancelled again recently; \"The Grand Master 2015\" was announced and playtested in both Japan and the United States in June 2015. This playtest was not licensed by The Tetris Company. Not long after completion, a \"Tetris the Absolute: The Grand Master 2 PLUS\" port to the PlayStation 2 was shown to be in development. Due to unknown reasons, the port was not licensed and was never released. Arika Arika is known for the \"\" series, \"Cardcaptor Sakura\" series, and \"Endless Ocean\", a"}]}, {"title": "William Bradshaw, Baron Bradshaw", "paragraphs": [{"context": "William Bradshaw, Baron Bradshaw William Peter Bradshaw, Baron Bradshaw (born 9 Sept 1936), commonly known as Bill Bradshaw, is a British academic and politician. A Liberal Democrat member of the House of Lords, where he is currently his party's spokesperson on transport, he was formerly also a County Councillor in Oxfordshire from 1993 until his resignation in January 2008. The son of Leonard and Ivy Bradshaw, he was educated at Slough Grammar School and the University of Reading. He married Jill Hayward in 1957, by whom he has two offspring. After Jill's death in 2002, he married Diana Ayris in"}, {"context": "2003. After National Service from 1957 to 1959, he worked for British Rail from 1959 to 1985, starting as a management trainee in the Western Region and rising to the post of Director Policy Unit in 1980, and General Manager of British Rail Western Region 1983. After leaving British Rail, he was Professor of Transport Management in the University of Salford from 1986\u201392, a fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford, and Chairman of Ulsterbus and Citybus Ltd in Belfast from 1987-93. He was a special adviser to the House of Commons Transport Select Committee from 1992-97. He was created a Life"}, {"context": "peer as Baron Bradshaw, of Wallingford in the County of Oxfordshire in 1999. William Bradshaw, Baron Bradshaw William Peter Bradshaw, Baron Bradshaw (born 9 Sept 1936), commonly known as Bill Bradshaw, is a British academic and politician. A Liberal Democrat member of the House of Lords, where he is currently his party's spokesperson on transport, he was formerly also a County Councillor in Oxfordshire from 1993 until his resignation in January 2008. The son of Leonard and Ivy Bradshaw, he was educated at Slough Grammar School and the University of Reading. He married Jill Hayward in 1957, by whom he"}]}, {"title": "Norkring", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Norkring Norkring AS is a provider of digital terrestrial television and radio transmitting in Norway and Belgium. In Norway, Norkring operates a Digital Video Broadcasting \u2013 Terrestrial (DVB-T) network for Norges Televisjon, as well as a FM and Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) radio. In Belgium, Norkring operates a DVB-T, DVB-T2, FM, DAB and DAB+ network. It operated a DVB-T network in Slovenia between 2010 and 2012. Norkring is owned by Telenor; Norkring Belgi\u00eb is owned 75 percent by Norkring and 25 percent by Participatiemaatschappij Vlaanderen. The Norwegian Telegraphy Administration stated working on a radio broadcasting in 1922. After consulting other"}, {"context": "countries, it recommended that the government own and operate the transmission infrastructure. Norway abolished the ban on listening to foreign radio without a permit in 1923. At the same time a permit became necessary to operate a transmitter. Financing of broadcasting was based on a combination of advertisements, license fees for owning a radio and fee on purchasing a radio. Several companies allied in 1922 for permits to operate radio channels. To avoid similar problems as had occurred in the United States, the administration tried to limited manufacturers of radios from also owning the channels. Kringkastingsselskapet (\"The Broadcasting Company\") was"}, {"context": "granted the first permit in 1924. It had more than 2000 shareholders, with major parts owned by Marconi Company, Telefunken and Western Electric. It had a permit to operate a transmitter in Oslo with a reach of . It was owned by Kringkastingsselskapet, but operated by the Telegraphy Administration. An additional five transmitters were built in Eastern Norway during the 1920s. These included Rjukan in 1925, Notodden and Porsgrunn in 1926 and Hamar and Fredrikstad in 1927. Norway was allocated three AM broadcasting frequencies in 1926. Other radio channels were established in Bergen in 1925, Troms\u00f8 in 1926 and \u00c5lesund"}, {"context": "in 1927. Kringkastingselskapet received permissions to operate in most of the country from 1928. A scandal hit the broadcasting company in 1929, in which a new transmitter at Lambertseter in Oslo had too little effect, and secondly following the discovery of management was enriching themselves. The former was caused by the Telegraphy Administration's not fully understanding the effects of radio transmission during design, and under-dimensioning the transmitter. The issue was resolved when the manufacturer, Telefunken, took the cost of converting it from medium wave to shortwave. New transmitters were installed in Kristiansand, Stavanger, Trondheim in 1930, Bod\u00f8 in 1931, Narvik"}, {"context": "in 1934 and Vigra in 1935. The scandal resulted in a proposal for a new organization of the broadcasting. At first Minister of Trade and Industry Lars Oftedal proposed a model whereby the transmission would be the responsibility of the Telegraphy Administration, and a new, private program company would be established, owned by the Oslo newspapers. This was opposed by Minister of Education and Church Affairs Sigvald Hasund did not want the sensation-oriented capital press from controlling the radio and wanted the government to have control. Mowinckel's Second Cabinet's successor in 1931, Kolstad's Cabinet, supported Hasund's line and proposed in"}, {"context": "1932 that the government take responsibility for content. By the time the issue was being voted over by Parliament, Mowinckel's Third Cabinet was in place, proposing that the budgetary responsibility lie with the broadcasting company, not the Telegraphy Administration. The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation was established in 1933 as a government-owned, national broadcaster. NRK received the ownership of transmitter and studios, while the Telegraphy Administration was to be responsible for technical operations. The latter took over all responsibility for technical equipment at NRK from 1936, in an attempt to rationalize operations. However, it resulted in a reduced holistic control over NRK,"}, {"context": "and the arrangement was abandoned in 1950, when all technical aspects except transmission were transferred to NRK. A plan from 1930 called for a national network of 43 transmitter, which would be installed in three phases. The plans were by 1935 reduced to 19 transmitters. From 1933 to 1940, NRK invested 5 million Norwegian krone in transmitters. Only one additional major transmitter, in Narvik, was completed. The strategy was in part caused by low growth estimates and prioritizing constructing a broadcasting center at Marienlyst in Oslo. Estimates from 1939 indicated that 1.5 million Norwegian had stable reception of radio, about"}, {"context": "half the population. As a countermeasure against what was at the time characterized as the \"Finnish danger\", and to reach out to the Sami and Kven population with Norwegian language and culture, a transmitter was established in Vard\u00f8 in 1934. Until 1935, programs from Oslo to other transmitters was conducted through a regular telephone line. Pre-made programs were tested distributed using gramophone records in 1934, but the quality proved too low. Shortwave radio transmission were tested the same year, but proved no higher quality. The following year the Telegraphy Administration introduced high frequency transmission lines between Oslo and the radio"}, {"context": "transmitters. This was in part financed through a NOK 2-million grant from the state and NOK 230,000 in annual subscription fees. NRK protested the decision, citing that the Telegraphy Administration was dictating the conditions. The initial line, which ran northwards to Vads\u00f8, opened in 1934. Then lines were built to \u00c5lesund, Bergen and via Kristiansand to Stavanger, the last opening three years later. The transmission lines were completed in 1937 and remained in use for 30 years. Their main downside was that they could not transmit in both directions simultaneously, which contributed to Oslo becoming the center of production. If"}, {"context": "content was to be transmitted from other locations, technicians would have to \"turn\" the line receivers. This was keyed by the radio operators announcing \"the national program will continue from...\" and from the 1950s \"over to...\", in which the program would pause for ten seconds for the technicians to reconfigure. During the German occupation of Norway during World War II (1940\u201345), Nasjonal Samling (NS) and the German authorities took control over NRK. An independent part of NRK was set up in London and offered an alternative broadcasting. Both NRK London and the British Broadcasting Corporation became important radio channels. From"}, {"context": "August 1941 the occupational forces demanded that all NS members surrender their radios. Only 110,000 of 538,000 confiscated radios were returned to their owners, resulting is a massive production of new radios. This and increased penetration resulted in NRK having very high income in the late 1940s and 1950s, allowing them to take high risk. This was in contrast to the Telegraphy Administration, which was highly restricted on funding and wished to minimize risk. By the early 1950s, 93 percent of the population had access to radio\u2014twice the penetration of telephones. This was due to a higher political support in"}, {"context": "building broadcasting infrastructure combined with lower investment costs. In the late 1940s NRK used large resources in building a shortwave sender in Fredrikstad which could reach Norwegian abroad and especially seamen. The period between 1945 and 1970 was dominated by a strategic disagreement between NRK and the Telegraphy Administration. In 1941, NS moved the responsibility for the technical part of programming to NRK. After the war there was initially consensus to reverse the decision, but NRK and Minister Kaare Fostervoll decided to support the new arrangement. A government committee agreed with Fostervoll, as did Parliament, and the transition was completed"}, {"context": "in 1950. NRK captured many of the Telegraphy Administration's younger engineers, which reinforced the tendencies for an innovative NRK and a conservative Telegraphy Administration. NRK started planning television broadcasts in 1950. It selected the internationally recommended 625 lines. A commission led by considered three transmission techniques: physical distribution of film, coaxial cables and microwave radio relay. Coaxial was tested with the construction of a line from Oslo which from completed to Gj\u00f8vik in 1953 and to Bergen in 1957. The military opened a relay between Eastern Norway and Bergen in 1954 with 24 telephone lines. However, the Telegraphy Administration initially"}, {"context": "remained skeptical to the technology. In the end relays were regarded as the only realistic approach, although it would still incur large investments. A joint network, which could support television in the evenings and telephones during the day, was proposed, but disregarded by the Telegraphy Administration, stating the high costs. Parliament approved trial broadcasting in 1953 for two year, despite protests from the Telegraphy Administration. Starting on 12 January 1954, these were only sent from a transmitter in Oslo and were not announced. They were terminated in 1956. The Copenhagen Frequency Plan of 1948 resulted in Norway only being allocated"}, {"context": "one medium wave and one long wave frequency. The audio quality diminished as Norwegian transmitters were forced to share frequencies with foreign channels. This could be overcome by installing a network of FM broadcasting transmitters. The Telegraphy Administration rejected FM, stating that this would require the entire country to buy new radios. A 1949 plan proposed a new long wave transmitter at Kl\u00f8fta and a national network of medium wave transmitters. NRK accepted the transmitter at Kl\u00f8fta, but rejected the medium wave transmitters. As twenty percent of the population lacked acceptable radio coverage, NRK decided in 1953 to build FM"}, {"context": "transmitters in Western Norway and Agder to reach these areas. An advantage of building FM transmitters was that they could be co-located with television transmitters, reducing the roll-out costs. NRK therefore proposed moving the long wave transmitter from Kl\u00f8fta to Western Norway and build an FM network in Eastern Norway. Telegraphy Director Sverre Rynning-T\u00f8nnesen stated that it was imperative to \"cling to the past\" and rejected this. By 1955 the Telegraphy proposed that the radio network be established using 26 FM transmitters. One on top of Gaustatoppen would cover central Eastern Norway while the rest would be built in areas"}, {"context": "without acceptable AM coverage. Transmission to the FM transmitters would be carried out using telephone lines. Construction of the FM and television transmission network was estimated to take ten to fifteen years. NRK rejected the plan, both because of the long time frame and because they wanted to prioritize Eastern Norway and Tr\u00f8ndelag, which had the most concentrated populations. The Telegraphy Administration also proposed that cable radio be installed, in part because it would accelerate the construction of the telephone network. Cable radio was installed in Setesdal, Rana and Sulitjelma. Parliament decided in 1957 that a national television network should"}, {"context": "be built. The main concern was transmission lines to the terrestrial transmitters. Using telephone lines required 300 lines. The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment and Nera developed technology which made this possible. NATO had financed a radio link network for the military, which the latter had offered NRK to use. This was largely used as a bargaining chip to either crate acceptance for the plan within the Telegraphy Administration, or allow NRK to take control over the construction of the transmission system. The tactics worked and the Telegraphy Administration accepted in February 1957 the construction of a television network. Construction of"}, {"context": "a television network started with a microwave radio relay in the super high frequency band. The backbone of the system was a two-way 960 telephone channel, a one-way television channel network and additional communications lines in a third channel in Southern Norway. These lines could be rerouted if one of the relay stations fell out. It was supplemented with a redundant 300 telephone channel network. The relay network largely used the same masts as were used for television transmission, which was why the Telegraphy Administration was chosen instead of NRK. The 1957 plan called for seventy to eighty percent of"}, {"context": "the population having television coverage within twelve years. This was budgeted to cost NOK 70 million, consisting of 28 transmitters and 19 frequency converters. The FM network would be built in parallel, with 37 transmitters and 10 frequency converters. The relay network opened between 1960 and 1968 and covered the segments Oslo\u2013Bergen, the coast from Oslo via Kristiansund, Bergen, Stavanger and \u00c5lesund to Trondheim, and from Oslo via Trondheim north to Kirkenes. NRK had to its disposition four 15-kHz mono analog program channels. The government accelerated construction of transmitters in 1966, and by 1971 seventy-nine percent of the population had"}, {"context": "access to television coverage. In 1970 the network consisted of 39 main television transmitters and 266 smaller transmitters and frequency converters. The FM network consisted of 36 main transmitters and 126 smaller transmitters and frequency converters. The investments cost NOK 200 million\u2014the increase caused by a combination of inflation and under-budgeting. The operational costs remained at the budgeted levels. During the 1960s, NRK actively removed the color information on programs sent via the European Broadcasting Union. This was abolished after order of the Ministry of Education and Church Affairs ahead of the 1968 Winter Olympics. The decision to start color"}, {"context": "broadcasting was taken by Parliament on 9 December 1970. The 1971 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony was filmed in color, and while it sent to Eurovision in color, it was broadcast domestically in monochrome. The first domestic color broadcast took place on 1 January 1972. The addition of regional offices and resulted in the microwave radio relay being upgraded in the 1970s. The Telecommunications Administration insisted on continuing using analog transmission, while NRK instead wanted to implement a digital transmission. NRK got its way, and a transistor-based system with a capacity corresponding to 960 telephone lines was installed. The resulting system"}, {"context": "had two radio channels, one for transmitting radio from Oslo to the regional offices and one for transmission between the regional offices. The FM transmitters were fed their programs from the regional offices. The system had a two-way television channel, which could feed the television programs to the transmitters and allow for transfer of program content from the regional offices to Oslo. The sound transfer system had four 2-megabit channels; the one was used for 30 telephone lines and the other was used for 5 program channels. These had a sampling rate of 32 kHz and a 14-bit bit rate,"}, {"context": "which was reduced to 11 through compression. No other available systems could produce this quality of audio. Telenor announced in 2004 that it was considering selling its broadcasting division, which in addition to Norkring consists of Canal Digital, Conex and Telenor Satellite Broadcasting. The division was valued at NOK 9.7 billion. F\u00f8rde Municipality claimed property taxes for the transmitter on Hafstadfjellet. The case ended in Fjordane District Court, which found in 2005 that Norkring was not liable to pay property tax. Norway was allocated DAB frequencies in 1995, allowing digital radio broadcasting to start. The frequencies were divided between a"}, {"context": "national multiplex, regional multiplexes and local multiplexes. Test broadcasting by NRK and P4 was carried out and NRK launched the world's first DAB-only radio channel, NRK Alltid Klassisk. The following year the government stated that it was not the government's responsibility to build a digital radio broadcasting network and stated that this would have to be carried out by the radio channels. NRK, the TV 2 Group and Telenor started in 2001 negotiating establishing a digital terrestrial television network. Telenor withdrew and NRK and TV 2 established Norges Televisjon in 2002. The government invited to a tender for a concession"}, {"context": "for a DVB-T network in 2002. Norkring estimated in 2003 that it would cost NOK 1 billion in investments over a period of 15 years to keep the analog television network running, which would limit transmission to four channels. NTV was the only applicant for the concession, but the tender was re-issued in 2005, after NTV wanted to extend its duration from 12 to 15 years. In the second tender, Telenor also applied. Thus the two companies agreed to collaborate and Telenor was invited as a joint owner of NTV, which in the end was the only applicant. Political support"}, {"context": "of the terrestrial digital television network was controversial. Opponents stated that the frequencies would be better applied to providing wireless broadband; however as most other countries use these frequencies for television, little consumer equipment would have support for such use. Proponents stated that a digital television network would be the easiest way to carry out the digital television transition and that it would allow the population to receive NRK without having go have an agreement with a commercial company. The long political precessing time resulted in that MPEG-4 could be used for compression, allowing for more channels and better quality,"}, {"context": "and that all home boxes can support high definition. The first areas received DVB-T coverage in 2007. When the analog shut-down took place in late 2009, these frequencies were freed up and used for two additional multiplexes for digital television. At the same time TV 2 went from being a free-to-air to an encrypted pay television channel. Because of late implementation, RiksTV received a significantly lower penetration than estimated, as cable and satellite television had largely captured the market for viewers willing to pay for television. Installation of the network cost NOK 2 billion. As the digitization of television in"}, {"context": "Norway reached completion, Norkring started looking for international work. Norkring bought the Belgian Flemish national broadcaster Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie (VRT)'s terrestrial broadcasting network in 2008. The purchase included one multiplex, which was used to transmit VRT's channels. The following year Norkring Belgi\u00eb was awarded the right for four additional multiplexes, of which one is for mobile television, and a digital radio license. The license was awarded following a beauty contest at the . The authority's main concern was to avoid vertical integration which could hamper competition and it did not want an existing program company or operator of a"}, {"context": "cable or satellite distribution company to operate the terrestrial network. The other contender in the contest was the French TDF Group. Norkring was awarded a ten-year concession to operate Multiplex B (Mux B) in Slovenia by the Agency for Post and Electronic Communications on 19 December 2008. Radiotelevizija Slovenija (RTV) operated Multiplex A (Mux A). The permit stipulated that Mux A would only be used for RTV's own channels and that commercial operators would have to use Mux B. Because Mux A became operational before Mux B, RTV was permitted to temporarily provide channels in their multiplex. Regular operations with"}, {"context": "Mux B started on 1 September 2010 and the analog turn-off took place on 1 December. Initially Pink SI was the only channel to switch to Mux B, although TV3 followed in October. Pink SI switched back to Mux A in 2011, which also hosted the commercial channels Pop TV and Kanal A. Norkring issued a criminal complaint to the Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia, claiming RTV was violating regulatory decisions through hosting commercial channels, arguing that European Union law prohibits commercial channels from being broadcast on national multiplexes. RTV stated that they were"}, {"context": "obliged to charge the commercial channels for the use of their multiplex. As of 2010 Norkring stated that they were interested in entering the market in Wallonia, Belgium, and Poland. The Vigra Transmitter was closed in 2011 and R\u00f8st followed the following year, leaving Ing\u00f8y as the only AM transmitter in Norway. The Parliament of Norway decided in 2011 that the FM network would be closed in 2017 or 2019, with full coverage being ready in 2014. The only parliamentary party to oppose the transition was the Progress Party. The decision resulted in a large-scale expansion of the DAB network"}, {"context": "in Norway. NRK stated that the longer overlap period, compared to that of television, would give significantly higher broadcasting costs. Following the closure of TV3 in February 2012 and as all other channels were being broadcast on Multiplex A, Norkring decided to close its Slovenian network. Norkring was awarded the second DAB multiplex in an auction held by the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority in 2012, where the company bid NOK 4 million. The multiplex has a capacity for fifteen DAB+ channels. Norkring AS is a wholly owned subsidiary of Telenor. Except for local radio stations, the company is the"}, {"context": "only terrestrial broadcaster of television in Norway. Norkring's Norwegian technical center and offices are located at Fornebu. The broadcasting services are under the regulation of the Norwegian Media Authority and the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority. The DVB-T network is owned by Norges Televisjon, who also hold the concession from 2007 to 2022. They have subcontracted the construction and operation of the network to Norkring. The network is based on DVB-T transmission with MPEG-4 encoding, using five multiplexes. Each multiplex gives a capacity of 20 megabits of content distribution. The television network covers 95 percent of the population; the rest"}, {"context": "must have access to satellite television. It is transmitted using 430 transmitters, of which there are 42 main transmitters. NTV is required to cover 5,200 homes (0.25 percent) which are in the satellite shadow\u2014meaning they do not have access to cable or satellite because of typographical hindrances. Six hundred repeaters are installed to serve the shadow areas, many of which only relay NRK's channels. All channels are assembled in Oslo and then sent by fiber to the transmitters, possibly with the addition of local channels. Replays receive their signals from transmitters within range. FM and DAB transmitters are operated by"}, {"context": "Norkring throughout the country. The concession for two national DAB multiplexes are held by Norkring, while the regional blocks are owned by NRK, but the infrastructure is owned and operated by Norkring. The FM network is created through 1,700 transmitters, which give a 99.5-percent coverage for P1 and significantly less for all other stations. The FM network includes support for Radio Data System. The only AM transmitter still in use is at Ing\u00f8y, which broadcasts NRK P1 to the fishing fleet in the Barents Sea. Kvits\u00f8y remains the only shortwave transmitter, broadcasting Polish Radio External Service and Radio Romania International."}, {"context": "As of 2010, NRK broadcasts P1, P2, P3, mP3, Alltid Nyheter, Alltid Klassisk and S\u00e1pmi on both DAB and FM. Super, Gull, Jazz, Klassisk, Folkemusikk, is broadcast only on DAB. The commercial national stations P4 and Radio Norge and the local stations P5, Radio Norge, NRJ, The Voice are broadcast on both DAB and FM. The regional DAB block is scheduled to have a 99.89-percent population penetration by 2014, corresponding to FM coverage of P1. The high penetration is required because P1 acts as an emergency broadcast station. The commercial National Block I will by then have a 90-percent penetration."}, {"context": "This will require a network of between 650 and 1000 transmitters and relays, including 42 main transmitters. When all allocated multiplexes have been built out, there can be offered seventy national radio channels, presuming a mix of music and voice channels and all using DAB+. Parliament has decided to close the FM network in 2017 or 2019, depending on the penetration of digital radio use in 2015. This will make Norway the first country to have an all-digital distribution network for national, terrestrial radio. Local radio channels will be permitted to continue broadcasting on FM. The issue of which stations"}, {"context": "may continue to use FM and which may broadcast in DAB will be decided in 2015. Norkring Belgi\u00eb is owned 75 percent by Norkring and 25 percent by Participatiemaatschappij Vlaanderen (PMV), which is again owned by the Flemish Government. Norkring Belgi\u00eb operates 24 transmitter sites for FM, DAB, DAB+, DVB-T and DVB-T2 in Flanders and Brussels, of which ten are located on their own masts. These consist of self-supporting masts in Schoten, and Genk, guyed masts in Egem and , a mast on an office building in Brussels and concrete masts in Sint-Pieters-Leeuw, Attenrode Wever and Brussegem. In addition to"}, {"context": "the DVB-T network, Norkring offers co-location of other antennas on eight masts. The company's technical headquarters are located at Sint-Pieters-Leeuw. The services are under the regulation of the Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications. DVB-T and DVB-T2 Broadcasting consists of three free-to-air channels: E\u00e9n, Canvas and Ketnet, all provided by the public VRT. In addition, DVB-T broadcasting is provided as pay television on an agreement with Telenet. The later also broadcasts Vijf, Vier, Acht, National Geographic Channel, MTV, , Nickelodeon, , Studio 100 and . VRT and Telenet each pay \u20ac10 million per year for the broadcasting. Between 1"}, {"context": "September 2010 and March 2012, Norkring d.o.o, a wholly owned subsidiary of Norkring AS, operated one of two multiplexes in Slovenia. The network consisted of 26 transmitters and covered 90 percent of the population. It was one of two multiplexes operating in the market and saw two channels chose them: Pink SI and TV 3. The network was under the regulation of the Agency for Post and Electronic Communications. Norkring Norkring AS is a provider of digital terrestrial television and radio transmitting in Norway and Belgium. In Norway, Norkring operates a Digital Video Broadcasting \u2013 Terrestrial (DVB-T) network for Norges"}]}, {"title": "Carrier Aces", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Carrier Aces Players control an aircraft pilot of either the United States or the Japanese air forces during World War II. Based aboard an aircraft carrier, players can do numerous missions in an effort to help the war effort. Campaign modes allow for all aircraft to have their own statistics and allow players to carry certain types of aircraft into the combat zone. All aircraft come equipped with a throttle, a speedometer, an altimeter, a compass, and a fuel tank. On release, \"Famicom Ts\u016bshin\" scored the game an 18 out of 40. \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\" gave it a 6.4 out"}, {"context": "of 10, commenting that \"\"Carrier Aces\" does a great job of putting you in the cockpit of a classic fighter, and the strategy and two-player elements are a nice touch.\" \"GamePro\" praised the game for its variety of missions, well-balanced split screen, and engaging sounds, though they complained that the dogfighting is too difficult. Carrier Aces Players control an aircraft pilot of either the United States or the Japanese air forces during World War II. Based aboard an aircraft carrier, players can do numerous missions in an effort to help the war effort. Campaign modes allow for all aircraft to"}]}, {"title": "Biosolarization", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Biosolarization Biosolarization is an alternative technology to soil fumigation used in agriculture. It is closely related to biofumigation and soil solarization, or the use of solar power to control nematodes, bacteria, fungi and other pests that damage crops. In solarization, the soil is mulched and covered with a tarp to trap solar radiation and heat the soil to a temperature that kills pests. Biosolarization adds the use of organic amendments or compost to the soil before it is covered with plastic, which speeds up the solarization process by decreasing the soil treatment time through increased microbial activity. Research conducted in"}, {"context": "Spain on the use of biosolarization in strawberry fruit production has shown it to be a sustainable and cost effective option. The practice of biosolarization is being used among small agricultural operations in California. Biosolarization is a growing practice in response to the need for methods for organic soil solarization. The option for more widespread use of biosolarization is being studied by researchers at the Western Center for Agricultural Health and Safety at the University of California at Davis in order to validate the effectiveness of biosolarization in commercial agriculture in California, where it has the potential to greatly reduce"}, {"context": "the use of conventional fumigants. Biosolarization can also use as organic waste management practice. Recent studies showed the potential of food industrial residues as soil amendments that can improve the efficiency of biosolarization. Biosolarization Biosolarization is an alternative technology to soil fumigation used in agriculture. It is closely related to biofumigation and soil solarization, or the use of solar power to control nematodes, bacteria, fungi and other pests that damage crops. In solarization, the soil is mulched and covered with a tarp to trap solar radiation and heat the soil to a temperature that kills pests. Biosolarization adds the use"}]}, {"title": "Cummins Unit", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Cummins Unit The Cummins Unit (formerly known as \"Cummins State Farm\") is an Arkansas Department of Correction prison in unincorporated Lincoln County, Arkansas, United States, in the Arkansas Delta region. It is located along U.S. Route 65, near Grady, Gould, and Varner, south of Pine Bluff, and southeast of Little Rock. This prison farm is a correctional facility. The prison first opened in 1902 and has a capacity of 1,725 inmates. Cummins housed Arkansas's male death row until 1986, when it was transferred first to the Tucker Maximum Security Unit. The State of Arkansas execution chamber is located in the"}, {"context": "Cummins Unit, adjacent to the location of the male death row, the Varner Unit. The female death row is located at the McPherson Unit. Cummins is one of the state of Arkansas's \"parent units\" for male prisoners; it serves as one of several units of initial assignment for processed male prisoners. In 1902 the State of Arkansas purchased about of land for $140,000 ($ when adjusted for inflation) to build the Cummins Unit. The prison was established during that year, and prisoners began occupying the site in December. The prison occupied the former Cummins and Maple Grove plantations. Then-Governor of"}, {"context": "Arkansas Jeff Davis wanted the state to buy a farm in Jefferson County owned by Louis Altheimer, a Republican Party leader who was Davis's friend. When the legislature instead purchased the land for Cummins, Davis put up political opposition, trying to force the state to cancel the purchase. In 1933 Governor Junius Marion Futrell closed the Arkansas State Penitentiary (\"The Walls\"), and some prisoners moved to Cummins from the former penitentiary. Since the establishment of the prison, it had housed African-American men and women. Beginning in 1936, White male prisoners with disciplinary problems were housed at Cummins. As of 1958,"}, {"context": "most prisoners worked in farming, producing cotton, livestock, and vegetables. The prison, during that year, housed clothing and lumber manufacturing facilities. In 1951 White female prisoners were moved from the Arkansas State Farm for Women to Cummins. On September 5, 1966, riots occurred at Cummins. 144 prisoners attempted a strike, and Arkansas State Police ended the strike with tear gas. In 1970 some prisoners asking for segregated housing started a riot, leading to the intervention of state police. In 1969 Johnny Cash performed at a concert in Cummins Unit. He donated his own money so a chapel could be built"}, {"context": "there. In 1972 Arkansas's first prison rodeo was held at the Cummins Unit. In 1974 death row inmates, previously at the Tucker Unit, were moved to the Cummins Unit. In 1976 female inmates were moved from the Cummins Unit to the Pine Bluff Unit. In 1978 a new execution chamber opened at Cummins Unit. In 1983 the Cummins Modular Unit opened. In 1986 death row inmates were moved to the Maximum Security Unit. In 1991 the vocational technology program moved from the Cummins Unit to the Varner Unit. In 2000 Arkansas's first lethal electrified fence, built with inmate labor, opened"}, {"context": "at the Cummins Unit. A tornado affected the Cummins Unit facility in May 2011. It damaged the dairy facility, the chicken and swine houses, and the employee housing in the Free Line area. The tornado destroyed the prison's three green houses. It also turned over a center pivot irrigation system. In 1968, Tom Murton alleged that three human skeletons found on the farm were the remains of inmates who had been subjected to torture, prompting a publicized investigation which found \"a prison hospital served as torture chamber and a doctor as chief tormentor.\" The revelations included allegations of electrical devices"}, {"context": "connected to the genitalia of inmates. The Arkansas State Penitentiary System at that time had already been found to have held inmates at the Cummins Unit under conditions rising to the level of unconstitutionally cruel and unusual punishment, in cases tried by the US District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas, among others. \"Certain characteristics of the Arkansas prison system serve to distinguish it from most other penal institutions in this country. First, it has very few paid employees; armed trusties [\"trusted\" inmates, according to the source] guard rank and file inmates and trusties perform other tasks usually and"}, {"context": "more properly performed by civilian or \"free world\" personnel. Second, convicts not in isolation are confined when not working, and are required to sleep at night in open dormitory type barracks in which rows of beds are arranged side by side; there are large numbers of men in each barracks. Third, there is no meaningful program of rehabilitation whatever at Cummins; while there is a promising and helpful program at Tucker, it is still minimal.\" Cummins has about of land. A white building is and has been referred to the past as the prison's \"barracks.\" The \"telephone-pole\" style structure serves"}, {"context": "as a housing unit for prisoners. The building had eight units. In the past, one was reserved for White trustees, one for Black trustees, and others for other prisoners. The housing units were racially segregated. The prison includes the \"Free Line,\" the prison residences for free world employees, including the warden, several prison officials, and their families; prisoners work as house servants in the Free Line. Children living on the prison property are zoned to the Dumas School District. In the past the main entrance to the prison was at the terminus of a road off of the main highway."}, {"context": "The main gate consisted of a wooden structure behind a chicken wire fence, which had barbed wire on top. A trusty shooter manned the main entrance. In past eras, the prison housed a commissary and did not house educational facilities, prison factories, or medical and dental clinics. The Cummins Unit has an electric fence. The Cummins/Varner Volunteer Fire Department provides fire services to the Cummins Unit property. The station is inside the Cummins Unit property, along Arkansas Highway 388. In the financial year 2010 the Arkansas Department of Correction spent $81,691 on the fire station. As of 2006, the Cummins"}, {"context": "Unit has the largest farming operation in the Arkansas Department of Correction system. At Cummins, over of land is devoted to production of crops and farm goods, including cash crops, hay, livestock, and vegetables. As of 2001 prisoners harvest corn, cotton, and rice from the fields and are supervised by prison guards mounted on horses. Cummins previously housed the Special Management Barracks, a unit for prisoners with counseling and mental health requirements. In 2008 it moved to the Randall L. Williams Correctional Facility. Prisoners at Cummins attend the correctional school system. In the past, each prisoner worked for 10 hours"}, {"context": "per day, six days per week in the fields. Prisoners were only excused if the outside temperature was below freezing. Some prisoners who were sent to the fields lacked shoes. Prisoners did not have fixed quotas. Instead they were told to do as much work as possible. Prisoners deemed to be not doing enough work were beaten. Trustee prisoners had authority over other prisoners. At night, all except for two of the free world prison guards left, so trustees kept the order during the night. Prisoners who were not trustees were sub-ranked as \"do-pops\" and \"rankers.\" In past eras, trustee"}, {"context": "prisoners were responsible for the institution's perimeter security. During the day, the prison barracks were empty since most prisoners worked on the fields. At night, the two free world employees patrolled the central corridor but did not venture into the barrack units. The trustees, armed with knives, kept the order at night. Some inmates, referred to as \"crawlers\" and \"creepers,\" stabbed sleeping prisoners. Male on male rape frequently occurred in the housing units. The prison did not ask trustees to intervene in case of rape, and prison guards rarely intervened. Prisoners did not receive payment for working in the fields."}, {"context": "In order to buy items from the commissary, some prisoners worked there. Other prisoners sold their blood; a healthy prisoner was permitted to sell his blood once weekly. Trustees were allowed to leave and re-enter the prison without undergoing searches, so trustees smuggled in alcohol, illegal drugs, and weapons; they then sold those items within the prison. Trustees usually bought these items from one another, since they had large amounts of money. Non-trustees, including \"do-pops\" and \"rankers,\" had to pay trustees in order to get food, medicine, access to medical staff, access to outsiders, and protection from arbitrary prison punishments."}, {"context": "Therefore non-trustees did not have large reserves of extra money. Education in the Cummins Unit began in 1968, when the Gould School District started a night program. In the 1960s, ethnographer Bruce Jackson began taking photographs of prisoners for his research on African American work songs in prison. Jackson had become friends with the assistant warden at the time, T. Don Hutto, and their friendship provided Jackson with access to prisoners resulting in numerous publications. In 2010, Jackson's photo collection from the Cummins Unit was exhibited at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery and at the Center for Documentary Studies at Duke"}, {"context": "University. Cummins Unit The Cummins Unit (formerly known as \"Cummins State Farm\") is an Arkansas Department of Correction prison in unincorporated Lincoln County, Arkansas, United States, in the Arkansas Delta region. It is located along U.S. Route 65, near Grady, Gould, and Varner, south of Pine Bluff, and southeast of Little Rock. This prison farm is a correctional facility. The prison first opened in 1902 and has a capacity of 1,725 inmates. Cummins housed Arkansas's male death row until 1986, when it was transferred first to the Tucker Maximum Security Unit. The State of Arkansas execution chamber is located in"}]}, {"title": "San Roque, Saipan", "paragraphs": [{"context": "San Roque, Saipan San Roque is a settlement in Saipan, in the Northern Mariana Islands. It is located to the north of Tanapag on the island's northwest coast, close to the point where the barrier reef protecting the Tanapag Harbor joins to the island. It is connected to Tanapag by the Marpi Road (Highway 30), which runs the length of the northwestern coast. Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Public School System operates local public schools. Gregorio T. Camacho Elementary School is located in San Roque. It opened as the San Roque Elementary School in 1951 and was renamed after"}, {"context": "the first commissioner of San Roque, Gregorio T. Camacho. Camacho served as the president of the school's parent-teacher association. San Roque, Saipan San Roque is a settlement in Saipan, in the Northern Mariana Islands. It is located to the north of Tanapag on the island's northwest coast, close to the point where the barrier reef protecting the Tanapag Harbor joins to the island. It is connected to Tanapag by the Marpi Road (Highway 30), which runs the length of the northwestern coast. Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Public School System operates local public schools. Gregorio T. Camacho Elementary School"}]}, {"title": "Adair, Missouri", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Adair, Missouri Adair, Missouri is an unincorporated community in eastern Adair County, Missouri, United States. It is located approximately 12 miles northeast of Kirksville, on Missouri Route 11. Adair is notable as the location of St. Mary's Church, which is on the National Register of Historic Places. The first settlers in Adair County, Missouri arrived in 1828 but it was only in the 1830s that they began to branch out to other areas of the county from their original settlement along the Chariton River. By the early 1840s new residents, primarily Irish Catholics by way of Ohio, began to arrive"}, {"context": "in northeastern Adair County. Their number increased as the Irish Potato Famine worsened, causing more Irish to leave their native land for a better future in America. By 1860 the populace was enough to support a rough-hewn log church and assignment of a priest. Following the end of the Civil War an attorney from Adair, a Mr. Clancy, wrote glowing editorials to newspapers back in Ohio praising the fine farmland and urging more Irish migration. Among the early settlers was Michael C. Cody, who had previously been involved in the steamboat trade. He arrived in Adair in 1855 and in"}, {"context": "the late 1860s donated a large tract of land for the village cemetery. Although Adair had yet to be incorporated or even platted, the populace was such that in January, 1878 a United States Post Office was established. Finally in April, 1879 the village of Adair was platted by Mr. Thomas Dockery at the behest of Mr. Cody and his wife Mary. By the 1880s Adair's list of business and manufacturing enterprises included a druggist/physician, saw mill, flour mill, hotel, millinery, shoe maker, wagon maker, hoop factory, general store, a livery, and stock dealer. Adair continued to see growth through"}, {"context": "the remainder of the late 19th and early 20th century, with a population estimated at over 400 by 1905 when the new St. Mary's Catholic Church was completed. One blemish, inexplicable considering the village's growth, was the closing of the Adair Post Office on October 31, 1905. The years after World War I and the Great Depression witnessed large migrations from rural farming to urban industrial areas across America\u2014especially among young adults\u2014and this caused a rapid decline in Adair's population and business offerings. Additionally, much-improved roads meant easier travel to area towns and cities like Baring and Kirksville for supplies."}, {"context": "The possibility of an oil boom caused some excitement around Adair, and the region as a whole, in the 1940s. Oil wildcatters drilled a test well near Adair and oil was struck. However it was determined to not be of sufficient quality or quantity to interest major oil companies in further development. By the 1970s, little remained of Adair. All the businesses had long since closed and perhaps a dozen occupied homes remained. St. Mary's Catholic Church long the backbone of the community, held its final mass in December, 1972. A non-profit group, the Friends of St. Mary's, assumed possession"}, {"context": "of the church in 1976 and have worked to maintain and restore it as funds allow. Adair today has an estimated six residences and population of less than thirty. Only one vacant building of the former business district remains. Law enforcement is provided by the Adair County Sheriff's Department and fire protection by the Eastern Adair Rural Volunteer Fire Department. Adair, Missouri Adair, Missouri is an unincorporated community in eastern Adair County, Missouri, United States. It is located approximately 12 miles northeast of Kirksville, on Missouri Route 11. Adair is notable as the location of St. Mary's Church, which is"}]}, {"title": "Perfect round", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Perfect round In golf, a perfect round is a round of eighteen holes where all holes were played on average at one under par (average of birdie on every hole) resulting in a score of 55 on a par 73 course, 54 on a par 72 course, 53 on a par 71 course, and 52 on a par 70 course. The term 'perfect round' is used for a 54 as the lowest score generally accepted as being in the realm of possibility among professional golfers on a par 72 course. This has remained the standard and has never been achieved"}, {"context": "by a professional golfer in a professional event. The lowest officially recorded score is 55 by Rhein Gibson (12 birdies and 2 eagles on a par 71) and this score is recognized by the Guinness World Records. Four other rounds of 55 are documented, but these are commonly discounted due to the quality of the course or the nature of the round (e.g., a non-competitive round). In official golf tournaments on major tours: In unofficial tournaments or on minor tours: Notes: Annika S\u00f6renstam has commented on many occasions about her desire to shoot the perfect round saying, \"I believe I"}, {"context": "can hit 18 greens, hit every fairway, you know\u2014Vision 54, which means you birdie every hole, that's in the back of my mind. I want to putt better, chip better. That day when I hit 18 greens and one putt, I'll know I'm a complete golfer. Will that ever happen? I'm not sure, but it's possible. The 54 vision is always in the back of my mind.\" In another interview she said, \"How do you shoot a 54? Hit one fairway. Hit one green. Make one putt. Do that 18 times and you have achieved golf perfection.\" She even has"}, {"context": "a knitted blue and yellow head cover in her bag with the number 54 on it. Cecilia Ekelundh, of the Ladies European Tour keeps the perfect round on her mind by drawing a 54 on the ball she plays in competition. \"There is no reason why you can't birdie every hole,\" Ekelundh said. \"I got the idea when Swedish speed skater Tomas Gustafson came and spoke at one of our national team days. He said he wrote his ultimate lap time on his shoe so that every time he put his shoes on he visualised making that time. Now every"}, {"context": "time I pick up a ball I have that vision.\" There is an emerging philosophy among top rated golf schools popularized by Pia Nilsson's Vision 54 that concentrates on achieving the perfect round, the basic ideology being that striving for perfection results in better scores even if the goal is not met. Perfect round In golf, a perfect round is a round of eighteen holes where all holes were played on average at one under par (average of birdie on every hole) resulting in a score of 55 on a par 73 course, 54 on a par 72 course, 53"}]}, {"title": "D. S. Senanayake Central College", "paragraphs": [{"context": "D. S. Senanayake Central College D. S. Senanayake Central College (Sinhala: \u0da9\u0dd3.\u0d87\u0dc3\u0dca. \u0dc3\u0dda\u0db1\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dcf\u0dba\u0d9a \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dca\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dbd\u0dba - \u0db8\u0dd3\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0d9c\u0db8) is located in Mirigama. On 19 February 1951 Hon. Minister D.S. Senanayake laid the foundation stone for the school on a site, near the Mirigama railway station. The venerable Weweldeniye Medhalankara Thero took the initiative to establish this school and provide higher education for the students in the area. The school was established with a two storey building and other facilities, with an enrolment of 600 students and 25 teachers. The first principal was F. D. Wijesinghe and the new school was called as"}, {"context": "\"Mirigama College\". In 1955 the school was further developed by the principal H. Welikanna. Under his guidance the school became all island volleyball champions and athletes, G.C.E A/L classes were commenced and the number of students increased gradually. In 1958 the first students from the school obtained their university entrance. In 1959 the name of the school was changed to \"Mirigama Maha Vidyalaya\" and Hubert Karunarathna was appointed as the principal. In 1964 Minister D. A. Jayathilaka assumed the position as the school's principal. A number of new buildings were constructed and A/L classes were commenced in science and commerce"}, {"context": "streams. In 1969 the school was expanded with an additional of playing fields, which were opened by then Prime Minister Hon.Dudley Senanayake. W. R. Karunarathna became the principal in 1978. The school was promoted to a central college in June 1979 and was renamed the \"D.S Senanayaka Central College\" as a tribute to the country's first Prime Minister, the Hon. D.S. Senanayake. In January 1868 the school was converted into a Cluster - Core School. Currently D. S. Senanayaka Central College has close to 1,800 students enrolled from grade 6 to G.C.E A/L and an academic staff of 125. Students"}, {"context": "are placed in one of four houses according to their admission number. They compete in annual inter-house competitions. D. S. Senanayake Central College D. S. Senanayake Central College (Sinhala: \u0da9\u0dd3.\u0d87\u0dc3\u0dca. \u0dc3\u0dda\u0db1\u0dcf\u0db1\u0dcf\u0dba\u0d9a \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dca\u0dba\u0dcf\u0dbd\u0dba - \u0db8\u0dd3\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0d9c\u0db8) is located in Mirigama. On 19 February 1951 Hon. Minister D.S. Senanayake laid the foundation stone for the school on a site, near the Mirigama railway station. The venerable Weweldeniye Medhalankara Thero took the initiative to establish this school and provide higher education for the students in the area. The school was established with a two storey building and other facilities, with an enrolment of 600"}]}, {"title": "Neon Future II", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Neon Future II Neon Future II is the third studio album by American DJ and producer Steve Aoki. It was released on May 12, 2015 through Ultra Records and Dim Mak Records, serving as the sequel to \"Neon Future I\". The second installment was finished around the same as the first. While \"Neon Future I\" contains more party-themed/club-styled songs, \"Neon Future II\" is supposed to show a \"darker\", more \"emotional\" side of the \"Neon Future\" theme. It was announced to feature collaborations such as Linkin Park, Harrison, Matthew Koma, Tony Junior, Snoop Lion, and many more on the album. The"}, {"context": "songs with DJ Fresh and Tinie Tempah did not make the final cut of the album. The album debuted at No. 2 on Dance/Electronic Albums, and No. 66 on \"Billboard\" 200, selling 7,000 copies in its first week. The lead single with Moxie Raia, \"I Love It When You Cry (Moxoki)\", was released January 23, 2015. Ten days after Aoki had already uploaded the radio edit to YouTube, the music video for the single was released on February 24, 2015. The second single \"Darker Than Blood\", which features American rock band Linkin Park, was released on April 14, 2015. The"}, {"context": "song is their second collaboration after \"A Light That Never Comes\", which was featured on the band's second remix album \"Recharged\". The single was first revealed in an interview with \"Billboard\". It can also be heard on Steve Aoki's official SoundCloud page. The third single \"Lightning Strikes\", with NERVO and Tony Junior, was released on May 4, 2015. Steve Aoki released this song early for streaming on his SoundCloud page. Neon Future II Neon Future II is the third studio album by American DJ and producer Steve Aoki. It was released on May 12, 2015 through Ultra Records and Dim"}]}, {"title": "Arthur Trousdell", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Arthur Trousdell Arthur Trousdell (born 21 April 1981) is a New Zealand-British professional basketball player who last played for the Wellington Saints of the National Basketball League (NBL). In 2005, he was a member of the New Zealand men's national basketball team. Born in Lower Hutt, New Zealand, Trousdell attended Hastings Boys' High School and was a member of the New Zealand Under-18 and Under-20 national teams. He attended Southwest Baptist University playing in the MIAA from August 2002 until May 2004. He transferred to Cameron University for his junior year in August 2004 and competed in the Lone Star"}, {"context": "Conference for two seasons. He graduated with a BSc in Physical Education in May 2006. Prior to attending college in the United States, Trousdell played in the National Basketball League for the Hawke's Bay Hawks and Canterbury Rams, winning the league's Rookie of the Year award in 2000. Between October and December 2006, Trousdell played in Europe for BC Boncourt (Switzerland) and CD Villa de Los Barrios (Spain). Prior to his Europe stint, he helped the Hawke's Bay Hawks win the 2006 NBL championship. He continued on with the Hawks in 2007, before joining the Wellington Saints the following year."}, {"context": "He played for the Saints in 2008 and 2009 while studying to become a teacher. In May 2010, Trousdell signed with the Southland Sharks for the rest of the 2010 New Zealand NBL season. He returned to Hawke's Bay for the 2011 season, before returning to Wellington for the 2012 and 2013 seasons. In December 2013, Trousdell signed with the Manawatu Jets for the 2014 New Zealand NBL season. On 1 February 2016, Trousdell signed with the Hawke's Bay Hawks for the 2016 New Zealand NBL season, returning to the club for a fifth stint. In March 2017, Trousdell joined"}, {"context": "the Wellington Saints for one game. Trousdell has a British father and holds a British passport as a result. When not playing basketball, Trousdell is a PE teacher at Raphael House Rudolf Steiner School in Hutt Valley. Arthur Trousdell Arthur Trousdell (born 21 April 1981) is a New Zealand-British professional basketball player who last played for the Wellington Saints of the National Basketball League (NBL). In 2005, he was a member of the New Zealand men's national basketball team. Born in Lower Hutt, New Zealand, Trousdell attended Hastings Boys' High School and was a member of the New Zealand Under-18"}]}, {"title": "Bhagwati Temple", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bhagwati Temple Bhagwati Temple (Nepali language: \u092d\u0917\u0935\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0930) is a famous Hindu temple situated in the heart of Rajbiraj, Saptari. This temple, whose major deity goddess is Bhagwati is a main attraction for Nepal and Indian Pilgrims. People are likely to come here during Bada Dashain. Some thousands of goats are sacrificed here during Dashain. The temple complex holds many Hindu god and goddess temples like Hanuman Temple, Shiva Temple and Bishwakarma Temple. A small pond Bhagwati Pokhari is located backside of the temple, where Chhath is performed every year. The temple holds great historical, cultural and religious significance in"}, {"context": "locale and neighbors area. The temple was built in 1925 and redesigned in different era. Every year, thousands of pilgrims from Nepal, India and other countries visit this sacred temple to worship the Bhagawati. During the festivals of Dashain and Tihar, there is presence of even more worshipers. Bhagwati Temple Bhagwati Temple (Nepali language: \u092d\u0917\u0935\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0930) is a famous Hindu temple situated in the heart of Rajbiraj, Saptari. This temple, whose major deity goddess is Bhagwati is a main attraction for Nepal and Indian Pilgrims. People are likely to come here during Bada Dashain. Some thousands of goats are sacrificed"}]}, {"title": "Contardo Ferrini", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Contardo Ferrini Blessed Contardo Ferrini, T.O.S.F., was a noted Italian jurist and legal scholar. He was also a fervent Roman Catholic, who lived a devout life of prayer and service to the poor. He has been beatified by the Catholic Church. He was born on 5 April 1859 in Milan, Italy, to Rinaldo Ferrini and Luigia Buccellati. He was baptized at the same baptismal font where the Blessed Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Ozanam, also a native of Milan, had been baptized 46 years prior. After receiving his First Holy Communion at the age of twelve, he joined the Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament."}, {"context": "Rinaldo Ferrini, a professor of mathematics and science, taught his son at an early age. Contardo learned to speak several languages. His love for the Catholic faith caused friends to nickname him \"Saint Aloysius\" (after St. Aloysius Gonzaga). He entered the University of Pavia at age seventeen and, two years later, he was appointed Dean of Students. At age twenty-one he became a doctor of the law at the University. His doctoral thesis, which related Penal Law to Homeric poetry, was the basis of his being awarded a scholarship to the University of Berlin, where he specialized in Roman-Byzantine law,"}, {"context": "a field in which he became internationally recognized as an expert. During Ferrini's stay in Berlin, he wrote of his excitement at receiving the Sacrament of Penance for the first time in a foreign land. The experience brought home to him, he wrote, the universality of the Roman Catholic Church. Upon his return to Italy, Ferrini was a lecturer in the universities at Messina, Modena, and Pavia. He received his first professorship at the young age of twenty-six. Contardo attempted to discern a vocation as a secular priest, a member of a religious order, or as a married person. Ultimately,"}, {"context": "he fulfilled his vocation as an unmarried layperson. He vowed himself to God, became a member of the Third Order of St. Francis in 1886, and was also a member of the Saint Vincent de Paul Society, to which he had been introduced by his father, a member of the Society. As a faculty member at University of Pavia, Ferrini was considered an expert in Roman Law. Over the course of his career he published books, articles and reviews. He taught for a time at the University of Paris. He later became a canon lawyer in addition to being a"}, {"context": "civil lawyer. An unconfirmed anecdote about Ferrini is that he was asked to attend a dinner party and, once there, found it tedious. His resort was to invite all the guests to join him in praying the rosary. In 1900 Ferrini developed a heart lesion. In autumn 1902, in order to rest, he went to his country home in the village of Suna, Novara, (now part of the commune of Verbania, Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola), on the shores of Lake Maggiore. While there, he became ill with typhus. He died at age forty-three on 17 October 1902. Residents of Suna immediately"}, {"context": "declared him a saint. His colleagues at the University of Pavia wrote letters in which he was described as a saint. In 1909 Pope Pius X authorized Cardinal Andrea Carlo Ferrari, the Archbishop of Milan, to open a process to promote Ferrini's canonization. He was subsequently declared Venerable by Pope Pius XI and he was beatified by Pope Pius XII on 13 April 1947. His body is venerated in a chapel of Milan's Catholic University. Ferrini is the patron saint of universities, professors and Homeric scholarship. Contardo Ferrini Blessed Contardo Ferrini, T.O.S.F., was a noted Italian jurist and legal scholar."}]}, {"title": "Thaiyalkaran", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Thaiyalkaran Thaiyalkaran (English: Tailor) is a 1991 Tamil drama film directed by S. P. Muthuraman. The film features R. Parthiepan, Aishwarya, Saikumar Pudipeddi, Sreeja and Charmila in the lead roles, with Muralikumar, Chokkalinga Bhagavathar, Vasu Vikram, Dubbing Janaki and Ganeshkar playing supporting roles. The film, produced by S. Thanu, had musical score by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam and was released on 14 January 1991. Pandian (R. Parthiepan) is a poor tailor, he is a fearless and smart man. He is appreciated by most of the villagers for his bravery. The beautiful Kaveri (Aishwarya) is in love with Pandian but Pandian has"}, {"context": "no feelings for her. Kaveri is the sister of Jayabal (Saikumar Pudipeddi), a wealthy rowdy who controls the fish market. Later, Pandian saves many people. He first saves a woman (Dubbing Janaki) who has been beaten by her alcoholic son. He then saves the old man Chokkalinga Bhagavathar (Chokkalinga Bhagavathar), he was a famous singer in the past, now he suffers from poverty. He then rescues the young girl Lakshmi (Charmila) who was kidnapped by pimps. He then protects the jobless youngster Gopi (Vasu Vikram) from drug dealers. Pandian accommodates them in his house. To feed them, Pandian starts working"}, {"context": "day and night. What transpires next forms the rest of the story. The film score and the soundtrack were composed by film composer S. P. Balasubrahmanyam. The soundtrack, released in 1991, features 5 tracks with lyrics written by Vaali. Thaiyalkaran Thaiyalkaran (English: Tailor) is a 1991 Tamil drama film directed by S. P. Muthuraman. The film features R. Parthiepan, Aishwarya, Saikumar Pudipeddi, Sreeja and Charmila in the lead roles, with Muralikumar, Chokkalinga Bhagavathar, Vasu Vikram, Dubbing Janaki and Ganeshkar playing supporting roles. The film, produced by S. Thanu, had musical score by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam and was released on 14"}]}, {"title": "Dola de Jong", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Dola de Jong Dola de Jong (10 October 1911 - 19 November 2003) was a Dutch-American writer. De Jong was born Dorothea Rosalie de Jong in Arnhem as the daughter of Salomo Louis de Jong and Lotte Rosalie Benjamin. She became a reporter for the \"Nieuwe Arnhemsche Courant\", though she'd fancied becoming a ballet dancer. When that newspaper went bankrupt, she moved to Amsterdam where she combined ballet dancing with her work as a freelance writer and reporter, amongst others for \"De Telegraaf\". De Jong left in 1940 in fear of a Nazi invasion. Her father, stepmother, and one brother,"}, {"context": "whom she could not convince to leave with her, were killed by the Nazis. She went to Tanger, Morocco and got married, immigrating to the United States with her husband in 1941. She later divorced him and subsequently remarried. For her novel about war refugees \"En de akker is de wereld\" (\"And the Field Is the World\") (1946), inspired by her stay in Morocco, she won the City of Amsterdam Literature Prize. This novel was republished in 1979 as \"The Field.\" She became an American citizen in 1947. Her 1954 book \"De thuiswacht\" (English title \"The Tree and the Vine\")"}, {"context": "is about a lesbian couple during World War II and is likely her best-known work apart from her mystery novels. It was republished in 1996 by the Feminist Press. In 1963 she was a runner-up for the Edgar Allan Poe Award for \"The House on Charlton Street\". In 1970 she came back to the Netherlands, but returned in 1978 to New York. Five years later, she graduated in psychology and literature from Empire State College at age 72 and taught creative writing there. She died in Laguna Woods, California in 2003. Dola de Jong Dola de Jong (10 October 1911"}]}, {"title": "Stephen Garcia", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Stephen Garcia Stephen Glenn Garcia (born February 15, 1988) is an American football quarterback for the Birmingham Iron of the Alliance of American Football (AAF). He played college football for the University of South Carolina. Garcia had a 20\u201314 record as a starter for the Gamecocks. He completed 7,597 passing yards including 47 touchdowns and 41 interceptions. He also rushed for 777 yards and 15 touchdowns. Garcia was suspended five times during his college career and ultimately dismissed from the football program midway through his final season of eligibility. He currently works as an independent quarterback coach in Tampa. Although"}, {"context": "a highly touted recruit, during his first semester on campus in the Spring of 2007, Garcia was suspended twice from practice after being arrested for public intoxication and, later, keying a professor's car. These charges were dropped after Garcia made restitution to the professor and completed a pre-trial intervention program. The following Spring, in March 2008, Garcia and two teammates were arrested and cited for underage drinking. That same evening, Garcia pulled a fire alarm and discharged a fire extinguisher in his dormitory. No formal charges were filed but, as a result of these incidents, Garcia was suspended from the"}, {"context": "university. After his reinstatement, as a redshirt freshman in the Fall of 2008, Garcia started three games for the Gamecocks. He was named SEC Freshman of the Week for his performance in a 24\u201317 victory over Kentucky (169 passing yards and 1 touchdown in a half of play). Garcia finished the 2008 season with 832 passing yards, 6 touchdowns, and 8 interceptions. He also accounted for 198 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns. In 2009, with Garcia as their starting quarterback, the Gamecocks had a 7\u20136 record and made an appearance in the PapaJohns.com Bowl. Garcia posted four 300-yard passing"}, {"context": "games (Georgia, Vanderbilt, Tennessee, and Arkansas) with victories over two Top-25 opponents (Ole Miss and Clemson). The Gamecocks victory over the Rebels was the second defeat of a Top-5 opponent in program history. In the regular season finale against rival Clemson, Garcia passed for 126 yards (3 touchdowns, 1 interception) and rushed for 46 yards. For the 2009 season, he passed for 2,862 yards with 17 touchdowns and 10 interceptions, adding 186 rushing yards and four rushing touchdowns. In the 2010 season, the Gamecocks posted a 9\u20135 record (5\u20133 SEC), won the SEC East title, and finished #22 in both"}, {"context": "the AP and Coaches' Final Polls. South Carolina got its first-ever win over a #1-ranked opponent (Alabama) and beat division rivals Georgia, Florida, and Tennessee for the first time in the same season. The Gamecocks also defeated Clemson for the second consecutive year and faced the eventual BCS national champion Auburn Tigers in the SEC Championship Game (56\u201317 loss). The season concluded with an appearance in the Chick-fil-A Bowl against Florida State, who defeated Carolina 26\u201317. For the 2010 season, Garcia passed for 3,059 yards with 20 touchdowns and 14 interceptions (64.2 completion %), adding 222 rushing yards and six"}, {"context": "touchdowns on the ground. At the opening of 2011 spring practices, Garcia was suspended for one week for violating team rules during the bowl trip in December 2010. In April 2011, Garcia was suspended indefinitely for causing a disturbance at an SEC-mandated meeting designed to encourage good life choices beyond college. Garcia was allowed to return to the team for voluntary summer workouts in June. In August, he was officially reinstated for fall camp and played in the first five games of the 2011 season. But on October 11, South Carolina's athletic director, Eric Hyman announced Garcia had been dismissed"}, {"context": "from the program. Garcia failed to meet agreed-upon guidelines established by the team as a condition of his reinstatement, reportedly failing a substance screening for alcohol consumption. In his final five games as a Gamecock, Garcia completed 61-of-118 passes (51.7 percent) for 844 yards with four touchdowns and nine interceptions, as well as three rushing touchdowns. Garcia went undrafted in the 2012 NFL Draft. On June 27, 2012, he signed a three-year deal with the Montreal Alouettes. He spent the 2012 season on the injured list and did not play. On May 6, 2013, Garcia was released by Montreal. On"}, {"context": "January 6, 2014, he was assigned to the Tampa Bay Storm of the Arena Football League. On April 24, 2014, the Storm placed Garcia on reassignment. On May 14, 2014 the Storm placed Garcia on league suspension. Garcia was reassigned by the Storm on July 17, 2014. He currently works as an individual quarterback coach. He was signed by the Birmingham Iron as a quarterback in 2018. Stephen Garcia Stephen Glenn Garcia (born February 15, 1988) is an American football quarterback for the Birmingham Iron of the Alliance of American Football (AAF). He played college football for the University of"}]}, {"title": "Dortmund-Nette/Oestrich station", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Dortmund-Nette/Oestrich station Dortmund-Nette/Oestrich station is located in the city of Dortmund in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is on a link (line 2191) between the Welver\u2013Sterkrade railway and the Duisburg\u2013Dortmund railway built for the opening of the line S2 of the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn. The line and station opened on 2 June 1991. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 6 station. The station is served by line S 2 (running between Dortmund and Recklinghausen, Duisburg or Essen), operating every 20 minutes during the day. It is also served by three bus routes operated by \"DSW21\": 472"}, {"context": "(Mengede - Groppenbruch - Brambauer + Mengede - Brauck, at 30 or 60 minute intervals), 477 (Mengede Markt + Bodelschwingh, at 60 minute intervals) and 478 (Mengede Markt + Obernette, at 60 minute intervals). It is also served by route 361 (Mengede + Dingen - Deininghausen - Castrop - Ev.Krh), operated by \"Stra\u00dfenbahn Herne - Castrop-Rauxel GmbH\" at 60 minute intervals. Dortmund-Nette/Oestrich station Dortmund-Nette/Oestrich station is located in the city of Dortmund in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is on a link (line 2191) between the Welver\u2013Sterkrade railway and the Duisburg\u2013Dortmund railway built for the opening of the"}]}, {"title": "Antun Sorkoc\u030cevic\u0301", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Antun Sorko\u010devi\u0107 Antun Sorko\u010devi\u0107 (, ; 12 December 1775 \u2013 February 1841 in Paris, France), was a diplomat, writer, composer and member of Ragusan nobility (\"chevalier des odres de Saint Maurice et de Saint Lazare demeurant a Paris\"). He was Medo Puci\u0107's cousin, and a good friend of Marko Bruerovi\u0107. Sorko\u010devi\u0107 was born in Dubrovnik. His father was Luka Sorko\u010devi\u0107 and mother, Paula Bonda (1743-1811). Like his father, he was a composer. Antun studied in Rome, and after 1806 led the Republic of Ragusa's diplomatic representation in Paris where he was the last ambassador of the Republic in France, where"}, {"context": "he spent 35 years of his life. In Paris he wrote \"Postanak i propast Republike Dubrova\u010dke\" (The Rise and Fall of the Republic of Dubrovnik) in which he proposed that Dubrovnik should join Boka Kotorska, Montenegro and Serbia to make it one nation. The pamphlet was banned in Austria. He also put forth the idea of creating a separate region comprising the Republic and Boka Kotorska under the Austrian Empire after French occupation of these lands (Illyrian provinces). Antun first married Catterina Schneider in 1820 in Venice. His second wife was Paola Labbia from Venice. He had one daughter, Maria"}, {"context": "(b. 1812), whose mother remains unknown. Author of numerous publications, he became a member of \"Acad\u00e9mie Celtique\" in 1806 and the \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Antiquaries\" in 1828. Among other books he published such as \"M\u00e9moire sur la langue et les moeurs des peuples slaves\", \"Fragments sur l'histoire et la litt\u00e9rature de la R\u00e9publique de Raguse et sur la langue slave\", (in Croatian, \"Fragmenti o politi\u010dkoj i knji\u017eevnoj povijesti stare Dubrova\u010dke republike i o slavenskom jeziku\"). In 1838, he translated Ivan Gunduli\u0107's \"Osman\" into French and became the author of the earliest piano sonatas. He died in Paris. His collection also contains"}, {"context": "abundant information relevant to the two composers' life and work (\"Luka i Antun Sorko\u010devi\u0107\"). Antun wrote four symphonies and numerous pieces for chamber music. Antun Sorko\u010devi\u0107 Antun Sorko\u010devi\u0107 (, ; 12 December 1775 \u2013 February 1841 in Paris, France), was a diplomat, writer, composer and member of Ragusan nobility (\"chevalier des odres de Saint Maurice et de Saint Lazare demeurant a Paris\"). He was Medo Puci\u0107's cousin, and a good friend of Marko Bruerovi\u0107. Sorko\u010devi\u0107 was born in Dubrovnik. His father was Luka Sorko\u010devi\u0107 and mother, Paula Bonda (1743-1811). Like his father, he was a composer. Antun studied in Rome,"}]}, {"title": "Eight Easy Steps", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Eight Easy Steps \"Eight Easy Steps\" is a rock song written by Alanis Morissette for her sixth studio album, \"So-Called Chaos\". The album's opening track, it was released in 2004 as the \"So-Called Chaos\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s third single. The song may be seen as discussing self-help, with the message that it is the \"course of a lifetime\", but the help that is actually \"offered\" in the song is tongue-in-cheek, with lines like \"How to lie to yourself and thereby to everyone else\" and \"How to control someone to be a carbon copy of you.\" The song reached number nine on the \"Billboard\""}, {"context": "Hot Dance Music/Club Play and number 27 on the Adult Top 40. \"Eight Easy Steps\" is a song composed in the key of A\u266d major. It is written in common time and moves at a moderately fast 132 beats per minute. Its verses are set to a Middle Eastern beat. Morissette's vocal range spans nearly an octave and a half, from A\u266d to C. <br><br><br> \"Stylus Magazine\" gave the song a negative review, finding it a \"flaccid and innocuous\" attempt to recreate the hard rock sound of her 1995 single \"You Oughta Know\". PopMatters disagreed, commenting that the chorus's \"one"}, {"context": "shining moment of Alanis Anger\" was one of the album's few energetic moments. \"The New York Times\" called the song \"triumphant\", and \"The Guardian\" found the song's distortion effective, as well as its \"Nine Inch Nails-like metallic rage\". The song's music video was directed by Liz Friedlander. The video opens with a scene of Morissette performing with her backing band. It then presents sequences from Morissette's previous music videos, television appearances like \"You Can't Do That on TV\", and home videos in reverse chronological order. The scenes are digitally edited to create the appearance that Morissette had sung \"Eight Easy"}, {"context": "Steps\" in them. It took Morissette over 16 hours, to recreate her facial expressions from the clips. Friedlander commented that \"It was eerie to watch the footage of present day Alanis run side by side with the early footage\u2026Her ability to match her old actions was uncanny.\" The video peaked at #11 on the VH1 Top 20 Video Countdown. A second acoustic single was planned with more tracks from the Vancouver Sessions. However, it was scrapped before it was released. Eight Easy Steps \"Eight Easy Steps\" is a rock song written by Alanis Morissette for her sixth studio album, \"So-Called"}]}, {"title": "Edward Trobaugh", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Edward Trobaugh Edward L. Trobaugh (born 7 November 1932) was a United States Army Major General. Trobaugh graduated from Kokomo High School in 1950. Trobaugh attended West Point graduating in 1955 as a second lieutenant. He served with the 3rd Armored Division in West Germany from 1959-61. From 1967 to 1968 Trobaugh served in South Vietnam in the 1st Infantry Division. In April 1970 Trobaugh was appointed to command the 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment replacing Lt Col. Hannas who had been seriously wounded in a People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) attack on Firebase Jay on 29 March. 2/7 Cavalry"}, {"context": "moved to a new base, Firebase Atkinson after the attack on Jay and it too came under attack in the early hours of 16 April 1970 and Trobaugh was slightly wounded while leading the defense of the base. From 1971-3 he attended the United States Army War College. In 1975 he took command of the 2nd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division. In July 1980 BG Trobaugh became assistant commandant of the United States Army Infantry School. In 1981 Trobaugh was promoted to Major General and from August 1981 he served as Military Assistance Advisory Group, Spain. Trobaugh served as commander of"}, {"context": "the 82nd Airborne Division from 24 June 1983 to 19 June 1985 and during this time led the division in the US invasion of Grenada. During the operation the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General John Vessey, reportedly called MG Trobaugh and said \u201cWe have two companies of Marines running all over the island and thousands of Army troops doing nothing. What the hell is going on?\u201d His final assignment was as Deputy Commander, Fifth Army. Trobaugh retired from active service in 1987. After retiring from the U.S. Army in 1987, he returned to Kokomo Indiana. Edward Trobaugh"}]}, {"title": "Kite control systems", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Kite control systems Kite types, kite mooring, and kite applications result in a wide variety of kite control systems. Contemporary manufacturers, kite athletes, kite pilots, scientists, and engineers are expanding the possibilities. On-board angle-of-attack mechanisms were used in 2000 altitude record-making flight; the operators' designed adjuster limited kite line tension to not more than 100 pounds by altering the angle of attack of the kite's wing body. The kite's line had a control: line payout meter that did not function in the record-setting flight. However, some special tether line lower end used some bungee and pulley arrangements to lower the"}, {"context": "impact of gusts on the long tether. Control of a kite includes how other aircraft sees the kite system; the team placed a radio beacon (using two-meter frequency detectable for 50 miles) on the kite; for sight visibility, strobe lights were hung from the kite's nose. Control via use of reels and pulleys become critical when tension is high; the team had to repair and replace parts during the flight session. Auxiliary devices have been invented and used for controlling single-line kites. Devices on board the kite's wing can react to the kite-line's tension or to the kite's angle of"}, {"context": "attack with the ambient stream in which the kite is flying. Special reel devices allow kite-line length and tension control. Moving the kite's line lower end left or right or windward or anti-windward forms part of the control system of single-line kites. Devices at the kite's bridle can be set to alter the relative lengths of sub-bridle lines in order to set the attitude of the kite so that the kite flies at a certain position of the potential positions; this can be done for one setting while the kite is readied for flight; but Kenneth C. Howard invited a"}, {"context": "device that can be operated on single-line kites during the flight session for variable settings: The traditional fighter kiting with single-line control dominates kite fighting while multi-line kite fighting is yet a minor activity. The human operator of the single line aims to master movements (tugs, jerks, releases, directional movements) in order to have the unstable kite temporarily move in one direction or another. The intents of the controls are offensive and defensive; escape from an attack or position for an attack. The building of the kite so that motions by the kite's human operator or pilot allow a temporary"}, {"context": "limited stability takes special care. A piano-wire based kite control system. Power kites are controlled by 2 to 5 lines. The simplest systems provide steering by pulling either end of the kite. More lines can provide different functions. These are: The lines attach to different controllers: Human control of high altitude wind power systems is typically accomplished through servo mechanisms, as the tether tensions are too great for direct manual operation. There are a number of patents in this area: Other concepts include: \"See main article kite rigs.\" Kite rigs are systems for propelling a vehicle, such as a boat,"}, {"context": "buggy, or a vehicle with snow and ice runners. They may be as simple as a person flying a kite while standing on a specialized skateboard, or be complex systems fixed to the vehicle with powered and automated controls. They differ from conventional sails in that they are flown from lines, not supported by masts. Ship-pulling kites run to hundreds of square meters of area and require a special attachment points, a launch and recovery system, and fly-by-wire controls. The SkySails ship propulsion system consists of a large foil kite, an electronic control system for the kite, and an automatic"}, {"context": "system to retract the kite. The kite, while over ten times larger, bears similarities to the arc kites used in kitesurfing. However, the kite is an inflatable rather than a ram-air kite. Additionally, a control pod is used rather than direct tension on multiple kite control lines; only one line runs the full distance from kite to ship, with the bridle lines running from kite to control pod. Power to the pod is provided by cables embedded in the line; the same line also carries commands to the control pod from the ship. The kite is launched and recovered by"}, {"context": "an animated mast or arm, which grips the kite by its leading edge. The mast also inflates and deflates the kite. When not in use, mast and deflated kite fold away. The term \"target kite\" generally refers to the war-time kites used for shipboard anti-aircraft gunnery practice. These were the invention of Paul Garber, doing war work while on leave from the Smithsonian (where he was responsible for the acquisition of much of the Air and Space collection). The kites were ordinary two-spar Eddy style kites with a height of about five feet. The sail was sky blue with the"}, {"context": "profile of a Japanese Zero or German aircraft painted in black. Attached at the lower end of the vertical spar is a small rudder, much like a boat's rudder. The rudder is controlled by two kite lines, which are also used to fly the kite. The two lines come down to earth and terminate at an either a \"flying bar\" (a bar with spools at either end) or a special two-spool reel which incorporated a ratchet mechanism to assist in equalizing line length. The spool was in the center of a wooden bar which held the lines a fixed distance"}, {"context": "apart. A wand or pole with a string on the end is often used to lead indoor kites around. Unlike the long-lined power kites used in extreme kiting sport, the focus in this section is the short-lined framed large kite. The kite line or \"hang line\" for best controlling the flight of the hang glider kite needs to be carefully lengthed; then the line frequently splits to two, three, or four main tethers that connect to the hung kite operator's or pilot's harness. Mike Meier, respected kite glider author wrote How \"To Get The Right Hang Height\" NASA used mass-shifting"}, {"context": "in the Paresev hung-pilot aircraft with a stiffened-frame kite; the hang tether was also stiffened; differently, in sport hang gliding kite systems using the short hang line, the hang loop or first section of the hanging kite line is a flexible webbing; then the main lines to the harness are cords and sometimes webbing that are flexible. Control of the attitude of the kite's wing is achieved frequently by the pilot's grabbing the kite's stiffened airframe part called the control frame and pushing or pulling the kite's airframe left or right or forward and aft in various combinations; this control"}, {"context": "system is most commonly called \"weight-shifting\" although mechanically the situation is altering positions of mass to alter the center of gravity of the entire system relative to the aerodynamic center of pressure in order to effect leveraging moments to control the flight. The place on the kite airframe where the tether is tied is very important as in all kites; such connection or bridling takes into consideration the aerodynamic center of pressure and the system's center of gravity. A key article by Mike Meier \"Pitch Stability & Center of Mass\" Location by Mike Meier focuses on this concern of control."}, {"context": "While flying the kite hang glider, there are times during flight instruction that instructors will have the student fully release from holding the triangle control frame and simply and only hang. The hanging (gravity pulls the student's body downwards and results in a tensional tugging of the kite's wing) student experiences that the properly bridled and trimmed wing will fly stably. However, since gusts occur, the student learns that hands-off flying is not the normal status\u2014rather the kite pilot almost always is handling the control frame. Light bar pressure. Here the unpowered kite is tethered to a pilot who arranges"}, {"context": "to have a harness to which is attached a thrusting prime moving engine or motor; the total system is a [Powered hang glider|powered aircraft] while the kite itself remains unpowered (very differently is when an engine is mounted on a wing). The control system includes the control system of the similar system where the pilot is not thrusted by a harnessed prime moving engine or motor, however in controlling flight, adjustments for center of mass are respected. Further, while the pilot's thrust is on, the pilot positions so that the kite's kite line is angled so tugging of the wing"}, {"context": "is accomplished in the familiar kiting manner where the kite line begins upwind and angles upward downwind (relative wind is to be the wind in attention here). Here the tug kite line stays the same length during the kiting operation. Static Line Towing Here the ground vehicle driver has special control duties; the kited hang glider person controls the kite in some ways different from other tow methods; careful distinctions are learned in professional instruction. Controlling things when unexpected events occur is a large part of instructions. The complex control system includes the operator of the winch. The length of"}, {"context": "line starts long and then gets shorter as the winch reels the tug line; this alters the control decisions by the kited hang glider pilot. Instruction for controls is available for new winch operators and hang glider pilots who want to be so kited. Distinguish this method from static-line (tug line stays same length during the tow). The control system for the shortening-the-tug-line method of kiting is different. Bungee launch control systems for kited hang gliders has its own special details. The tug kite line is very elastic; when tensed, the line is long; during use for launch, the kite"}, {"context": "line shortens. Controlling the kite's wing attitudes is up to the piilot who frequently is hung from a short kite line while controlling a triangle control frame or other airframe part or even aerodynamic surface controls. Professional instruction is highly recommended. Inelastic portion of the bungee assembly is used to help guard against what can happen if the bungee breaks and snaps back toward the pilot; a tug-line parachute can be used to lower the speed that the released bungee will fall. Bungee launch is used most frequently for launch off slopes when free-foot-launch is not easy (site structure or"}, {"context": "pilots who have not the use of their legs), or for flatland short-flight demonstrations. Hang Gliding - Bungee Launch The non-stiffened Francis Rogallo parawing, the Domina Jalbert founded parafoil wing, or other modified fully flexible wings (Barish sailwing, KiteShip wing, parasails, modified conical parachutes) do not lend themselves to a mounting of a prime moving engine or motor to them; rather the kiting lines to the unpowered wing terminate below the wing to a static or mobile anchoring; that anchoring itself may be with its own active thrusting engine or motor or the anchor (which could be payload, pilot, or"}, {"context": "both payload and pilot) may simply fall by gravity force\u2014and thus by gravity tug the wing through the ktie lines. When the payload or pilot is simply falling without adding a prime moving engine or motor, then the kited flexible wing is a paragliding wing; when the payload or pilot is additionally arranged with a thrust engine or motor, then the kited unpowered flexible wing with such thrusted payload or pilot is a powered aircraft system or powered paragliding system. The control systems are varied for particular applications (ranging from lowering military payloads, autonomous powered paragliders or drones, sport paragliding,"}, {"context": "sport powered paragliding, scale-model paragliding, scale-model powered paragliding). All variations have in common the unpowered kite whether or not the payload and/or pilot is powered. These free-flight kites are governable parachutes and are used as payload delivery systems, sport gliding parachuting or skydiving, BASE jumping, scale-model parachuting. When used for delivery of sensitive payloads or carrying humans, the fast opening from packed format is damped by use of a slider. The wing remains unpowered and kited by bridle tethering lines; the lines attach to platforms or harnesses. The size and design of the kited wing is customized for the final"}, {"context": "type of use where packing, opening, and sink rate are important feature. Control systems are specialized for the specific use. Control systems sometimes include radio control from remote locations. Kites used in kite aerial photography (KAP) are typically controlled using the same reels and spools as non-KAP kite flyers. The best KAP work seems be done at lower altitudes than you might imagine (100\u2013200'), so no special equipment is required. The most problematic KAP flights are when the best camera shot requires the kite to be flown amongst tall trees or buildings, so quick haul-in can be a plus. The"}, {"context": "camera rig itself is attached to the kite line some distance beneath the kite, preferably with a pulley scheme that will permit the camera to float in a level attitude regardless of the kite's gyrations. The \"Picavet\" system is one such scheme. Further sophistication in kite photography comes with live video and radio control features to control where the camera is pointing. This is superior to the minimal rig which simply clicks the camera every few minutes and must be hauled down to earth to change the direction in which the camera points. The penalty of the radio control rigs"}, {"context": "is weight, which requires higher winds to do photography. So in addition to clear skies, you must also have high winds, which will limit opportunities for photography. Scientists on one type of solar kite take pride that there will be a minimum of moving parts to control the movement of the solar kite through space and around the earth, moon, comet, or other solar system body. ESA CONTRACT 17679/03/NL/SFe Solar Kite Mission Feasibility Study EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Authors: C. Jack and C. Welch A collection of scientists and engineers are expanding the definition of what is a kite; the solar kite"}, {"context": "described by authors C. Jack and C. Welch has the inertia of the mass of the kite providing resistance against photonic flow; also, the controlling of the kite to alter the kite's acceleration sets up a kiting scenario: cause the kite to deflect away from the pull of gravity to keep the kite flying intended path supports the inclusion of the solar sail as a kite in photonic flow. The kite is fed start data; the kite tracks the stars and operates three elements to control its attitude to effect its deflections to result in the flight path desired by"}, {"context": "the ground-directing kite operators. The position of the payload is changed to alter the relative positions of the kite's center of pressure and center of mass; this is done in part by piezoelectric actuators. Also, the struts that hold the centered payload are differentially heated; such causes one of the struts to become longer than the cooler struts and thereby changing the center of mass relative to the center of pressure of the kite. Further, to cause an attitude change, tiny photo thrusters (heated wire) tweak the attitude of the kite; such thrusters do not propel the kite, but are"}, {"context": "only used to change the attitude of the kite's sail. These mechanisms aim to give authoritative control at minimum power use for giving direction to the kite. Working solar kite groups are considering at least seventeen means of control of the solar kite/solar sail. West Group. Solar sail designing including a list of control options. Kite control systems Kite types, kite mooring, and kite applications result in a wide variety of kite control systems. Contemporary manufacturers, kite athletes, kite pilots, scientists, and engineers are expanding the possibilities. On-board angle-of-attack mechanisms were used in 2000 altitude record-making flight; the operators' designed"}]}, {"title": "Ford Iosis", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ford Iosis The Ford Iosis is a four-door, four-seat saloon concept car developed by Ford Europe. It first was shown to the public at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show. Along with the Ford SAV (shown earlier that year at the Geneva Auto Show), it was designed to showcase the dynamic new design, the Ford Kinetic Design, direction Ford intends to pursue for the European market. The shape of the concept car has been said to resemble an Aston Martin, featuring clean angles, a sharply sloped windscreen and large wheels. The third generation of Ford Mondeo, which went to production in"}, {"context": "2007, bore much resemblance to the Iosis. The Iosis-MAX is a concept car. It is a vision for Ford's next generation compact multi-activity vehicle (MAV), and hints at the design direction of Ford's next global C-cars. It features the Ford Kinetic Design using lightweight materials and advanced aerodynamics. Key aerodynamic features were the rear door pillars, the rear wing design, and active front cooling ducts in the main trapezoidal grille which are blanked off when not needed. The car was unveiled at the 2009 Geneva Auto Show to showcase the evolving states of Ford's Kinetic Design Ford Iosis The Ford"}]}, {"title": "Aristion", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Aristion Aristion (died 1 March 86 BC in Athens) was a philosopher and tyrant of Athens from 88 BC to 86 . Aristion joined forces with Mithridates against the Romans under Lucius Cornelius Sulla in the First Mithridatic War, but to no avail. On March 1, 86, Athens was conquered by Sulla and Aristion was executed following a long and destructive siege. He is called Athenion by Posidonius, although this is thought by modern scholars to have been the result of confusion between Athenion, an Athenian hoplite general elected to lead Athens in 88 BC, and Aristion, who became tyrant"}, {"context": "in 87 BC and continued the Athenian rebellion against the Romans. Aristion's early history is preserved by Athenaeus, on the authority of Posidonius. Posidonius calls him Athenion and makes him a Peripatetic philosopher, whereas others, Pausanias, Appian, and Plutarch, call him Aristion, and Appian calls him an Epicurean philosopher. There is no universally accepted resolution to this confusion, and it is possible that there were two separate tyrants who held power in Athens in quick succession during the First Mithridatic War whose stories became conflated together. This is the most commonly accepted explanation for the confusion between the two figures."}, {"context": "Athenion was likely an Athenian citizen and Peripatetic philosopher that was elected hoplite general in 88 BC. Aristion is a fellow Peripatetic philosopher who seized the reigns of Athenian government in 87 BC. Athenion (or Aristion) was the illegitimate son of a Peripatetic philosopher, also called Athenion, to whose party he succeeded, and so became an Athenian citizen. He married early, and began at the same time to teach philosophy, which he did with great success at Messene and Larissa, On returning to Athens with a considerable fortune, he was named ambassador to Mithridates, king of Pontus, then at war"}, {"context": "with Rome, and became one of his most intimate friends and counsellors. His letters to Athens represented the power of Mithridates in such glowing colours, that his countrymen began to conceive of hopes of throwing off Roman rule. Mithridates then sent him to Athens around 88 BC, where he soon contrived, through the king's patronage, to assume the tyranny. His government seems to have been of the most cruel character, so that he is spoken of with horror by Plutarch, and classed by him with Nabis and Catiline. He sent Apellicon of Teos to plunder the sacred treasury of Delos,"}, {"context": "though Appian says that this had already been done for him by Mithridates, and adds that it was by means of the money resulting from this robbery that Aristion was enabled to obtain supreme power. Meanwhile, Sulla landed in Greece, and immediately laid siege to Athens and Piraeus, the latter of which was occupied by Archelaus, the general of Mithridates. The sufferings within the city from famine were so dreadful that cannibalism was reported. Eventually Athens was stormed, and Sulla gave orders to spare neither age nor sex. Aristion fled to the Acropolis, having first burned the Odeon, in case"}, {"context": "Sulla should use the woodwork for battering rams and other instruments of attack. The Acropolis, however, was soon taken, and Aristion dragged to execution from the altar of Athena and poisoned. Pausanias attributes the unpleasant disease that later killed Sulla as divine vengeance for this impiety. Aristion Aristion (died 1 March 86 BC in Athens) was a philosopher and tyrant of Athens from 88 BC to 86 . Aristion joined forces with Mithridates against the Romans under Lucius Cornelius Sulla in the First Mithridatic War, but to no avail. On March 1, 86, Athens was conquered by Sulla and Aristion"}]}, {"title": "John J. Sullivan (diplomat)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "John J. Sullivan (diplomat) John Joseph Sullivan (born November 20, 1959) is an American lawyer and government official serving as the 19th and current United States Deputy Secretary of State since 2017. A member of the Republican Party, Sullivan served as Acting United States Secretary of State from April 1, 2018 to April 26, 2018, following President Donald Trump's dismissal of Secretary of State Rex Tillerson on March 13, 2018, until Tillerson's official successor, Mike Pompeo, was sworn in. Tillerson did not officially leave office until March 31, 2018. Sullivan, however, was delegated all responsibilities of the Secretary of State"}, {"context": "beginning March 13. Sullivan was born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts and graduated from Xaverian Brothers High School in 1977. He then received a Bachelor of Arts in history and political science from Brown University in 1981 and a Juris Doctor from Columbia Law School in 1985. At Columbia, he was a Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar and Book Reviews Editor of the \"Columbia Law Review\". He was a law clerk for Judge John Minor Wisdom of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and for United States Supreme Court Justice David H. Souter during the 1990 Term."}, {"context": "In 1991, Sullivan served as Counselor to Assistant Attorney General J. Michael Luttig in the Office of Legal Counsel of the United States Department of Justice. The next year, he served as Deputy General Counsel of President George H. W. Bush's 1992 re-election campaign. In 1993, Sullivan joined the Washington, D.C. law firm of Mayer, Brown, Rowe & Maw LLP, where he practiced Supreme Court law. He was a partner in Mayer Brown's Washington, D.C. office and \"co-chair of the firm's National Security practice\". His firm biography read: He also has served as a senior adviser to four presidential campaigns."}, {"context": "... [Sullivan] has focused his practice on the growing intersection of global trade and investment and U.S. national security and foreign policies. He advises CEOs, general counsels, and other senior executives on U.S. sanctions and export controls, international trade disputes and regulation, and foreign investment in the United States, the Middle East, Russia, and other countries. His clients include major oil and gas companies, consulting, accounting, and financial services firms, petrochemical companies, and manufacturers. He has represented these clients before executive departments and agencies of the U.S. and foreign governments, as well as in litigation in the United States, where"}, {"context": "he has filed briefs and presented oral argument in courts across the country. The biography also discussed work on client business in Russia, Iran, Cuba and Iraq and \"advising a multinational manufacturing company on security policies and risk issues in countries with a high threat of terrorism, violence, and political instability\". In the Obama Administration, Sullivan was chairman of the U.S.-Iraq Business Dialogue, \"an advisory committee on economic relations between the two countries\". In February, 2004, U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld appointed Sullivan as Deputy General Counsel of the United States Department of Defense. In this capacity, he was"}, {"context": "responsible for all litigation involving the department and for counsel on major criminal and congressional investigations. During his tenure, he was awarded the Secretary of Defense's Medal for Exceptional Public Service. Sullivan then moved to the U.S. Department of Commerce, where he served as General Counsel. As the department's chief legal officer and Designated Agency Ethics Official, Sullivan managed the work of over 400 lawyers in the 14 legal offices providing legal advice to all components of the department. Upon the resignation of Deputy Secretary of Commerce David Sampson, Sullivan was assigned as Acting Deputy Secretary of Commerce beginning on"}, {"context": "September 1, 2007. He was soon thereafter nominated by George W. Bush to serve in a permanent capacity and was sworn in on March 14, 2008, after confirmation by the United States Senate. As the department's chief operating officer, he managed a $6.8 billion budget and 38,000 employees in 13 operating units. He was also a member of President Bush's Management Council and a member of the Board of Directors of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation. President Donald Trump nominated Sullivan to serve as the United States Deputy Secretary of State on April 11, 2017. He was confirmed as U.S."}, {"context": "Deputy Secretary of State by the Senate on May 24, 2017 with a vote of 94\u20136. Sullivan and his wife, Grace Rodriguez, have three children and live in Maryland. He is the nephew of a former United States Ambassador to Iran, William H. Sullivan. From 2003 to 2008, Sullivan contributed to the campaigns of Republicans Chuck Floyd (MD-8) and Jack Ryan (IL-Senate). John J. Sullivan (diplomat) John Joseph Sullivan (born November 20, 1959) is an American lawyer and government official serving as the 19th and current United States Deputy Secretary of State since 2017. A member of the Republican Party,"}]}, {"title": "The Kidnap Murder Case", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Kidnap Murder Case The Kidnap Murder Case is a 1936 murder mystery novel by S. S. Van Dine, the tenth of twelve books featuring fictional detective Philo Vance. A member of the wealthy Kenting family is kidnapped, and Philo Vance's suspicions lead him to the victim's home, the \"Purple House\" on New York's 86th Street. A mysterious ransom note and the family collection of gems both play a part in the plot, which ends with the murderer's suicide with the connivance of Vance. \"To be sure, the motive for the crime, or, I should say, crimes, was the sordid"}, {"context": "one of monetary gain ... through Vance's determination and fearlessness, through his keen insight into human nature and his amazing flair for the ramifications of human psychology, he was able to penetrate beyond the seemingly conclusive manifestations of the case.\" Crime novelist and critic Julian Symons wrote, \"The decline in the last six Vance books is so steep that the critic who called the ninth of them one more stitch in his literary shroud was not overstating the case.\" The Kidnap Murder Case The Kidnap Murder Case is a 1936 murder mystery novel by S. S. Van Dine, the tenth"}]}, {"title": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery", "paragraphs": [{"context": "115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery The 115th (North Midland) Field Regiment was a part-time unit of Britain's Royal Artillery (RA), raised as part of the Territorial Army (TA) just before the outbreak of World War II. It served in the Battle of France and the Burma Campaign, and in the postwar TA. The TA was doubled in size after the Munich Crisis in 1938, with many existing units forming duplicates of themselves. The 60th (North Midland) Field Regiment, RA, achieved this by separating its 239th (Leicestershire) and 240th (Nottinghamshire RHA) Batteries to form a new 115th Field Regiment,"}, {"context": "RA. Prior to joining the 60th in 1921 these batteries had been the Leicestershire Royal Horse Artillery and Nottinghamshire Royal Horse Artillery respectively. The new unit established its Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) at Leicester on 5 May 1939 under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Maurice Simpson, who had previously been the commander of 239 Fd Bty. It took on the role of an Army Field Regiment in Northern Command. (For some reason the new regiment initially took the battery numbers 238 and 240, even though the original 238 had been a Lincolnshire battery based at Grimsby. The logical numbering was only restored"}, {"context": "by an order of the Adjutant-General's office on 11 August 1941.) The establishment of a field regiment at this time was two batteries each of three troops of four guns, giving a total of 24 guns. These were still World War I 18-pounders re-equipped with pneumatic tyres and towed by motor tractors. When the TA was mobilised in late August 1939, 115th Army Field Regiment was at its annual training camp at Bridlington; it returned to Leicester to mobilise, 238 Bty at the Brazil Street Garage and 240 Bty at Avenue Road School, shortly afterwards moving to the Leicestershire County"}, {"context": "Cricket Club ground at Aylestone Road. After six weeks the regiment had grown to a strength of 31 officers and around 620 other ranks (ORs), and on 13 October it moved to Quebec Barracks at Bordon Camp. On 2 March 1940 the regiment, with its Light Aid Detachment (LAD) of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC) and Signal Section of the Royal Corps of Signals, began moving by road to Southampton to embark for France to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). The guns and vehicles were loaded into the SS \"Clan MacAlister\", which sailed on 4 March while the"}, {"context": "advance party of personnel boarded the SS \"Ben-my-Chree\". The rear party went by train to Southampton to embark on the SS \"Ulster Prince\" on 8 March, and by 10 March the whole regiment was concentrated in billets at Yvetot. It then moved by stages to Mesnil-Martinsart where it joined the BEF and began intensive training, moving to Bapaume in mid-April. As an army regiment, 115th Fd Rgt was part of the General Headquarters (GHQ) Reserve, attached to 2nd Division in I Corps from 24 April. When the 'Phoney War' ended with the German invasion of the Low Countries on 10"}, {"context": "May, the regiment had just moved up to the Belgian frontier and been given an anti-tank (A/T) role, for which it was digging defences. The BEF abandoned the frontier defences and followed the pre-arranged Plan D, advancing into Belgium to take up positions along the Dyle. 115th Army Fd Rgt crossed into Belgium on 15 May with 48th (South Midland) Division, the reserve formation for I Corps, via Waterloo and Denderwindeke. By dawn on 18 May it was deployed alongside 18th Fd Rgt of 2nd Division to cover Enghien. However the collapse of the Dutch forces and the German Army's"}, {"context": "rapid breakthrough in the Ardennes soon threatened the BEF's positions and it began to withdraw to the Escaut. Early on 19 May the regiment crossed back across the Escaut and the guns were dug in near St Maur to support 48th (SM) Division, which had been working on the Escaut defences. The German Army Group B began its attacks on this position on 20 May. 115th Army Fd Rgt came under fire from 07.00, one gun position of A Troop quickly receiving a direct hit and suffering casualties, 240th Fd Bty replying in support of 7th and 8th Battalions Royal"}, {"context": "Warwickshire Regiment of 143 Bde from 11.00. The regiment established a joint Observation Post (OP) with 1st Heavy Regiment in the church steeple of St Maur. The guns of 48th Division and its neighbour, 2nd Division, were heavily engaged, breaking up several attempts to cross the river, though by nightfall the enemy had driven the Royal Warwicks out of Calonne. Enemy firing went on all day, by the end of which B and C Troops had each lost two guns, and F Trp one. During the night the area was taken over by troops of 2nd Division, though 8th Royal"}, {"context": "Warwicks remained in the line. 2nd Division grouped 115th Army Fd Rgt with its own 10th Fd Rgt. Next morning the full German attack began as they established small bridgeheads near Calonne. Lieutenant-Colonel Simpson gathered stragglers from the Royal Warwicks and sent them to join a company of 2nd Dorsetshire Regiment, the support battalion positioned next to his D Troop. The regiment received urgent messages from the infantry that all possible fire was needed to suppress the German mortars and machine guns. Despite the church tower coming under fire the OP successfully picked out specific targets: one machine gun position"}, {"context": "was destroyed by just four rounds, while an enemy OP in a chimney was engaged with Shrapnel shell by D Troop. The bridges between Calonne and Antoing were targeted, and enemy infantry concentrating for an attack were dispersed by shellfire. One infantry unit sent back a message to the gunners, 'Thank God for you', and the Commanding Officer (CO) was congratulated on the regiment's shooting by the CO of the 1st Royal Scots. However, by the end of the day the ammunition position was very bad, many vehicles had been put out of action by enemy fire, and F Troop"}, {"context": "had lost all its guns. The regiment was ordered to withdraw in the dark to previously-chosen positions in the rear. By now the German forces to the south had reached the coast and the BEF was cut off from the rest of France. On 22 May 2nd Division and 115th Army Fd Rgt were switched to the 'Canal Line' facing southwest. All the regiment's remaining vehicles were packed, many of the men riding on the roofs and trailers. Next day the regiment was established in A/T positions, with 238 Bty (6 serviceable guns) covering the La Bass\u00e9e Canal and 240"}, {"context": "Bty (7 serviceable guns, including 2 borrowed from 238 Bty) defending I Corps HQ at Armenti\u00e8res. On 24 May, 238 Bty was switched to Mont Kemmel, but two guns went missing in the confusion. The four remaining guns were deployed facing north and west to hold off enemy tanks; there were no infantry present, but that day and the next were quiet. The gunners dug their guns in, established motor patrols, manned infantry posts and prepared Molotov cocktails to use against enemy tanks, while the retreating BEF streamed past its positions. By now the decision had been made to evacuate"}, {"context": "the BEF through Dunkirk (Operation Dynamo) where a bridgehead was being organised, and the 'pocket' began to shrink as units were pulled back to the port. On 28 May RHQ and 238 Bty were ordered to abandon their guns after removing the sights and breech blocks and make their way to Dunkirk. Not being formally part of any formation, the army field regiments largely had to fend for themselves during the retreat. Once within the perimeter the men of 115th Fd Rgt immobilised their vehicles and joined the throngs awaiting evacuation. They were taken off the Dunkirk Mole early on"}, {"context": "29 May on various ships that landed at different ports in Southern England, one party even being taken to Cherbourg before crossing safely to England. On arrival in Dover, Lt-Col Simpson volunteered to return to Dunkirk to help organise the evacuation, but permission was refused. Meanwhile, the detached 240 Bty had taken over positions at Armenti\u00e8res from 115th Fd Rgt's parent 60th (NM) Fd Rgt. The town was being bombed and on 26 May the battery pulled back with I Corps HQ, reaching Uxem by the end of 27 May, where it took up A/T positions. On 29 May it"}, {"context": "was ordered to join 1st Division at Bray-Dunes. It drove through enormous traffic jams, having to leave two guns bogged down by floodwater at the Canal de Bergues. The remaining guns were dug in to defend the Dunkirk perimeter and all personnel not required at the guns were sent to the beach for embarkation. The battery positions were heavily shelled on 31 May. As the pocket shrank, three guns were ordered back to new positions, the other three were destroyed and the crews evacuated. Early on 1 June it was reported that 1st Division had withdrawn past the gun positions"}, {"context": "towards Dunkirk and the remaining men of 240 Bty were evacuated that morning, reaching Dover at 09.50. The two missing guns from C Trp, under 2nd Lieutenants E.B. Loveluck and John Caven, had found themselves at Merville bridge, north of B\u00e9thune, with 6th King's Own (a GHQ pioneer battalion). Cavan emplaced his 18-pounder in a garden covering the approach to the village. A column of tanks appeared, with crews dressed in French uniforms. But they were Germans who opened fire on the gun positions, setting fire to the gun tractors. However, the first shot from the 18-pounder in the garden"}, {"context": "destroyed the leading \"Panzer\". When two more appeared the gunners blew the turret off one and the second crashed into it and caught fire. In the smoke and confusion another two Panzers appeared, but the gun crew set the first of these on fire and achieved a hit on the second. Three men of the 18-pounder crew were wounded in the engagement and one died; Cavan was captured while evacuating them to a Casualty Clearing Station. Meanwhile Loveluck's gun was in a nearby woodyard, where he organised some of the King's Own to cover the guns. This gun prevented anyone"}, {"context": "crossing the canal. The Commander, RA, of 2nd Division believed that this section's action with the King's Own had saved the situation. Loveluck and Caven were awarded the Military Cross (MC). After evacuation the men were scattered at reception centres all over England and Wales \u2013 240 Battery HQ reached the Anti-Aircraft training camp at Aberporth \u2013 but by mid-June most of the regiment and its signal section had concentrated at the Showground Camp at Okehampton in Devon, from which it moved to Leicester and was billetted in the Highfields area. Equipment was very scarce, particularly field guns, so I"}, {"context": "Corps artillery was to be deployed as lorry-borne infantry to counter possible paratroop attacks, but the corps artillery was abolished shortly afterwards and 115th Fd Rgt was sent to North Cave in East Yorkshire to form an A/T battery and a static beach defence battery in Northern Command. Detachments were then sent to man old static and mobile guns in Eastern Command at London (A Trp at C1 Bty) and at Chatham (B Trp at C2 Bty), Ashford (C Trp at C4 Bty) and the Isle of Sheppey (E and F Trps at C6 Bty) in Kent while the rest"}, {"context": "of the regiment was reduced to a training cadre of 5 officers and 100 ORs to train reinforcement drafts. In mid-July this group was sent to form two infantry units based at Godinton Park in Kent and Gatwick Aerodrome in Sussex. As the regiment left North Cave the band was presented with new instruments by the CO's mother to replace those lost at Dunkirk. RHQ with the Signal Section and LAD were established at Godington Park, where C4 and C6 mobile batteries were also based, and the regiment sent a detachment to take over X Static Bty at Whitstable, Pegwell"}, {"context": "Bay and Kingsdown on the Kent coast. It came under the command of 1st London Division, holding the vital East and South-East corner of England in Eastern Command. The regiment had to exchange some of its BEF veterans with inexperienced men from 148th (Bedfordshire Yeomanry) Fd Rgt, and in September the Signal Section was posted away to 147th (Essex Yeomanry). Meanwhile, RHQ and the cadre moved to Horsmonden and Maidstone and continued training large intakes of recruits and constructing defences. The Battle of Britain was being fought overhead, and some casualties were suffered from bombing. In the beginning of November"}, {"context": "most of the recruits had completed at least four weeks' training, and large numbers were drafted to form 910, 911, 912 and 913 Home Defence Btys in a new 3rd Defence Rgt RA, others went to 1st and 2nd Defence Rgts, while drafts of 20\u201330 men went to each of 1st London Division's artillery regiments. 115th Fd Rgt took on two more large intakes of recruits, who were posted to the same regiments after a month. At the beginning of December, 115th Fd Rgt was able to begin reforming its original batteries and troops as men returned from detachment to"}, {"context": "the defence batteries. It moved to Seaford, East Sussex, and then to Great Yarmouth in Norfolk on 31 December, where it was attached to the newly-formed Norfolk County Division in II Corps, with the CO acting as Commander RA (CRA) for the division and establishing HQRA for the division at Norwich. The regiment took over from 148th Fd Rgt in beach defences and positions covering Royal Air Force airfields at Horsham St Faith and Swanton Morley. It finally received eight field guns, even though these were US-built French 75mm guns of World War I vintage with four Portee lorries and"}, {"context": "four 15-hundredweight towing trucks. RHQ was established at Loddon, 238 Bty at Gt Yarmouth and 240 Bty at Gorleston, later at Drayton. RHQ also had 902 Defence Bty and D Bty of 57th (Newfoundland) Heavy Rgt. Once in position, the regiment was ordered by HQRA to 'dig like badgers'. It had been planned for some time that field regiments would adopt an organisation of three eight-gun batteries, but shortages meant that in most units this reorganisation was not completed for many months. In February 1941, 115th Field Regiment organised itself into 238 (239 from August 1941), 240 and 480 Fd"}, {"context": "Btys, with 75 men drafted from 902 Defence Bty to make up the numbers required. Training continued throughout the spring and summer of 1941 as equipment slowly arrived. In October 1941 the regiment changed from a static role in the Norfolk Division to a mobile one in the Lincolnshire County Division in I Corps: in the event of invasion the batteries were to support the reserve battalion of each brigade in a counter-attack role. RHQ moved to Louth and later to Sleaford, and the batteries attended a practice camp at Redesdale Camp. When the county divisions were disbanded in December,"}, {"context": "115th Fd Rgt transferred to the command of 48th (SM) Division, supporting 143 Bde once more. Then on 22 February 1942, 115th Fd Rgt mobilised with its Signal Section and LAD as part of the War Office Reserve, preparatory to proceeding overseas It sailed for India shortly afterwards, and disembarked at Bombay on 19 May 1942. During 1942 the regiment gained the subtitle 'North Midland' held by its parent unit, 60th (NM) Fd Rgt. On arrival in India the regiment moved to Bangalore and joined 19th Indian Division, but within a month transferred to 20th Indian Division and moved with"}, {"context": "that formation to Ceylon, where it stayed in garrison for over a year. On 27 November 1943 the regiment returned to Bangalore in India, where it soon rejoined 19th Indian Division, which had been assigned to South East Asia Command (SEAC) for the forthcoming Burma Campaign 1944\u201345. It spent the early part of 1944 in divisional artillery practice shoots and combined operations exercises in preparation for planned amphibious landings (Operations Bullfrog and Culverin). These were scrapped, and 19th Indian Division was made available for the land campaign to reconquer Burma after the Battles of Imphal and Kohima. On 6 June"}, {"context": "1944 Lt-Col Simpson left the regiment to go to 50th RA Reserve Regiment (Field), and was succeeded by Lt-Col Ronald Nicholson, who had previously been chief instructor of the Officer Cadet Wing of the School of Artillery at Deolali. Nicholson had experience of jungle fighting in the Arakan Campaign 1942\u201343, and concentrated on training the regiment for close shooting at ranges of or so. It was not until 26 September 1944 that the regiment began the move to the Burma frontier, the vehicles and guns driving across India, with the remaining personnel going by train. It was concentrated at the"}, {"context": "Manipur Road by 26 October. Operation Capital to clear Japanese forces from Northern Burma began in November, and as 19th Indian Division marched towards Indaw it was supplied by air to reduce the reliance on inadequate lines of communication through the malarial jungles. The divisional artillery had to lend its vehicles to help the infantry forward. By mid-December the division's leading brigades had seized Pinlebu and crossed the Chindwin River, followed by the divisional artillery, who had to repair the track (renamed 'Artillery Way') before they could get their guns forward and then cross the river by a single heavy"}, {"context": "raft. From there Japanese resistance stiffened as the division advanced south towards Shwebo. On 26 December Lt-Col Nicholson reported that 239 Fd Bty had fired the regiment's first rounds in anger since leaving Dunkirk. The regiment then pushed on in support of 98th Indian Infantry Brigade, leapfrogging forward by batteries, constantly in action against Japanese rearguards, but having to conserve ammunition because it all had to be air-dropped. Often the OPs had to climb trees to get any view. On 3 January the CO was leading the OP parties forward when they got in front of the leading infantry and"}, {"context": "his jeep came under fire. Protected by an improvised armoured windscreen of teak and bricks, Nicholson and Driver Bennett returned fire with Sten guns (which both jammed) and grenades while Nicholson's batman, Gunner Francis Alderson, unhooked the trailer so that the jeep could reverse out of the ambush (for which Gnr Alderson was awarded the Military Medal (MM)). The OPs then called down a fire mission from 240 Field Battery that completely smashed the Japanese position before the infantry arrived. 19th Indian Division pushed on to seize the airfields round Shwebo and prepared to cross the Irrawaddy River. 98th Indian"}, {"context": "Bde, accompanied by 115th Fd Rgt and some anti-tank and light anti-aircraft guns and mortars, established its own bridgehead across the river at Thabeikkyin, with the gunners digging in and arranging booby-traps to defend the gun area perimeter while rafting a few guns across. The brigade then organised a striking force including 240 Fd Bty to destroy the Japanese bridgehead at Kabwet. Although restricted to eight rounds per gun per day, the 25-pounders were used effectively in a direct fire ('bunker-busting') role. The gunners also conducted deep patrols in an attempt to locate enemy gun positions. By the end of"}, {"context": "January the whole Japanese force was behind the Irrawaddy and its efforts to destroy the British bridgeheads were failing. On 25 February 19th Indian Division broke out of its bridgeheads with the task of advancing to Mandalay. It made rapid progress and by 5 March was deployed along the Chaungmagyi Chaung. Here the commander, Maj-Gen Thomas 'Pete' Rees, formed 'Stiletto Force' to strike across the chaung as soon as the engineers had bridged it; 240 Fd Bty formed part of this force. Stiletto Force made rapid progress, scattering surprised Japanese troops, and by 06.15 on 8 March 240 Fd Bty"}, {"context": "opened fire on Mandalay Hill. The rest of the regiment followed, fighting a 'spirited' infantry battle as it came into action from the city. The artillery reconnaissance parties attacked Japanese rearguards while RHQ engaged them with rifles and 25-pounder airburst shells as they fled. Stiletto Force soon captured the northern slopes of Mandalay Hill, while 98 Bde and 480 Fd Bty cleared Madaya and then moved fast to join Stiletto force. The Japanese on Mandalay Hill fought on until 13 March; the first British officer to reach the summit was Captain D. Hine of 480 Fd Bty. Meanwhile, the rest"}, {"context": "of the divisional artillery had been bombarding Fort Dufferin, and although the high wall was breached on 9 March the first assault was repulsed, as were repeated attempts over successive days, despite bombardment by guns and aircraft. Eventually, during the night of 19/20 March the surviving members of the garrison broke out into the town, where most were killed or captured, a FOO of 240 Bty being killed in the hand-to-hand fighting. 115th Field Rgt's Tactical HQ captured some abandoned Japanese tanks. Once Mandalay was secured, 19th Indian Division was released to reinforce the British forces fighting round Meiktila. Lieutenant-Colonel"}, {"context": "Nicholson left on 14 April under the 'Python' scheme of home leave for personnel who had been in the theatre for long periods, he was succeeded in command by Maj Denham Foxon, one of the regiment's original officers who had been second-in-command since July 1942. Nicholson was awarded an 'immediate' Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for his leadership at the ambush, the Irrawaddy bridgehead and the capture of Mandalay. 19th Indian Division began to clear the Toungoo\u2013Mawchi road, but the fighting was tough and it took seven days to capture of road. 115th Field Regiment was pulled out for rest from"}, {"context": "19th May to 3 June, when it was ordered back to the Mawchi road. It came into action alongside 62nd Indian Infantry Brigade in a very open position on a ridge, with the guns wheel to wheel. The exposed regiment came under enemy shellfire and an ammunition lorry was hit. Battery Sergeant Major Norman Brummell led a party to clear the ammunition, which they did despite being surrounded by bursting charges. Just as they completed the job, BSM Brummell and others were hit by a Japanese shell and were killed. Later, BSM Leonard Hayes dragged a blazing limber full of"}, {"context": "ammunition away from the tightly-packed gun position of 480 Bty. Both Hayes and (posthumously) Brummell were awarded the MM. The regiment was pulled back to Kywebwe on 8 July to take part in the final battle of the attempted Japanese break-out: the regiment's 'FOOs in Air OP aircraft did immense execution, which turned to slaughter'. When the Surrender of Japan occurred on 15 August, 115th (North Midland) Field Regiment was still at Kyebwe. Shortly afterwards 19th Indian Division was amalgamated with another division and disbanded. At the end of September, 115th (NM) Fd Rgt moved down to Rangoon. It was"}, {"context": "then placed in suspended animation and the men boarded the SS \"Jan de Witt\" for home. The following officers commanded 115th (North Midland) Field Regiment: When the TA was reconstituted in 1947, the regiment was reformed at Leicester as 315 (North Midland) Medium Regiment in 86 (Field) Army Group Royal Artillery. In 1950 it was amalgamated into 350 (South Notts Hussars Yeomanry) Heavy Rgt, RA. That unit in turn amalgamated in 1955 with 528 (West Nottinghamshire) Light Anti-Aircraft Rgt and 577 (The Robin Hoods, Sherwood Foresters) Light Anti-Aircraft/Searchlight Rgt to form 350 (The Robin Hoods, Sherwood Foresters) Light Rgt, RA."}, {"context": "When 350 Light Rgt was converted into Royal Engineers (RE) on 1 May 1961, the Leicester elements (R Bty) separated from the Nottinghamshire elements and regained their old number to become 115 (Leicestershire) Field Park Squadron, RE, in 140 Corps Engineer Regiment, RE. The TA was reduced into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR) on 1 April 1967, when 115 Fd Park Sqn was absorbed into The Royal Leicestershire Regiment (Territorials). 115th (North Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery The 115th (North Midland) Field Regiment was a part-time unit of Britain's Royal Artillery (RA), raised as part of the Territorial"}]}, {"title": "Sagatada", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sagatada Sagatada is a village located in Rajasthan province, Udaipur district, India. This village is near Chavand which was third capital of Mewar at the time of Maharana Pratap. Sagatada is about 300 years old village, which is situated at near the bank of \" Gadgal\" River. There are one lord Shiva temple \" shri Kamleshwarji mahadev\" about 200 years. Infort of shiva temple there are big banyan tree which cover shiva temple, at the shiva temple are many small Statue of Lord Hanuman, Ganesha and kartikay stutue. Approximately 70% population of Brahmins and 30% cast of other category like"}, {"context": "jain, blacksmith, suthar, kumbhar, Navi etc. At center of village \" LakshiNarayana\" temple. On the main bus stand \" shri Satimata\" temple Is situated. Village is divided into six regions in which \" Panchmuki Pariwar\" is largest region which cover 23% area of village. Village Divisional region name is as follows 1. Bhanawat Pariwar. 2. Panchmuki Pariwar. 3. Mandawat Parivar 4. Pasawat Pariwar. 5. Narbdot & Mehta Pariwar. 6. Dudawat Parivar 7. Magari. 8. Other areas. and Village also have an Official Web Portal Sagatada Sagatada is a village located in Rajasthan province, Udaipur district, India. This village is near"}]}, {"title": "Wrestling at the 2010 Asian Games \u2013 Men's freestyle 96 kg", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Wrestling at the 2010 Asian Games \u2013 Men's freestyle 96 kg The men's freestyle 96 kg wrestling competition at the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou was held on 25 November 2010 at the Huagong Gymnasium. This freestyle wrestling competition consisted of a single-elimination tournament, with a repechage used to determine the winner of two bronze medals. The two finalists faced off for gold and silver medals. Each wrestler who lost to one of the two finalists moved into the repechage, culminating in a pair of bronze medal matches featuring the semifinal losers each facing the remaining repechage opponent from their"}, {"context": "half of the bracket. Each bout consisted of up to three rounds, lasting two minutes apiece. The wrestler who scored more points in each round was the winner of that rounds; the bout finished when one wrestler had won two rounds (and thus the match). Wrestling at the 2010 Asian Games \u2013 Men's freestyle 96 kg The men's freestyle 96 kg wrestling competition at the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou was held on 25 November 2010 at the Huagong Gymnasium. This freestyle wrestling competition consisted of a single-elimination tournament, with a repechage used to determine the winner of two bronze"}]}, {"title": "Kansas City, Memphis and Birmingham Railroad", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Kansas City, Memphis and Birmingham Railroad The Kansas City, Memphis & Birmingham Railroad is a historic railroad that operated in the southern United States. The company was created by consolidation in 1887 from a line of the same name (which was originally incorporated in Mississippi on February 18, 1886) and the Memphis and Birmingham Railway. The KCM&B operated between Memphis, Tennessee and Birmingham, Alabama. The Kansas City, Fort Scott and Memphis Railroad owned 50% of the stock in the KCM&B and the line operated as an extension to the KCFS&M. Both railroads were operationally absorbed into the St. Louis and"}, {"context": "San Francisco Railroad (the \"Frisco\") in 1896. In 1901 the KCFS&M was purchased by the Frisco and the KCM&B was leased by the Frisco in 1903. A formal transfer of KCM&B assets to the Frisco did not take place until 1928. Kansas City, Memphis and Birmingham Railroad The Kansas City, Memphis & Birmingham Railroad is a historic railroad that operated in the southern United States. The company was created by consolidation in 1887 from a line of the same name (which was originally incorporated in Mississippi on February 18, 1886) and the Memphis and Birmingham Railway. The KCM&B operated between"}]}, {"title": "Dignity (Deacon Blue song)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Dignity (Deacon Blue song) \"Dignity\" is a song by Deacon Blue, which was the band's first official release. It is one of their most popular songs and it is usually played as the final song at concerts. It received the most public votes for the 1980s songs in the Scotland's Greatest Album contest run by STV in 2011, and was featured on the 12 track compilation. It was also sung at the closing ceremony at the 2014 Commonwealth Games held in Glasgow. In an interview given to the \"Daily Record\" in 2012, songwriter Ricky Ross stated \"I have no idea"}, {"context": "why I started writing a song like that in Greece, but that's why there's a reference to raki in it, the local firewater. I was sitting messing around with lyrics, bored on holiday, in a far away scene. There were men from the Glasgow cleansing department depot who walked up and down the street with brushes outside my flat in Pollokshields\". \"Dignity\" has been officially released as a single three times. It was first released in May 1987 as the lead single before the release of Deacon Blue's first album \"Raintown\". The single failed to chart in the UK, although"}, {"context": "it did reach the lower region of the charts in the Netherlands, and sales on the album were slow to start. The 12\" version of the first release featured a different vocal and alternate lyrics. After the release of two subsequent singles, \"Dignity\" was re-recorded in November 1987 by Bob Clearmountain and re-released in January 1988 as the fourth single (and second release of \"Dignity\"). The second release charted on the UK Singles Chart and its success helped increase sales of \"Raintown\". \"Dignity\" was released for a third time as the second single from Deacon Blue's first greatest hits compilation"}, {"context": "\"Our Town - The Greatest Hits\". During the third release, two companion CD singles were released\u2014one with the original version of \"Dignity\" and one with the Bob Clearmountain re-recording. All songs written by Ricky Ross, except where noted: 7\" single Cassette single (Packaged with 7\" single) 12\" single 7\" single 7\" Extended Play Single 10\" single 12\" single CD single Cassette single CD single A CD single B Dignity (Deacon Blue song) \"Dignity\" is a song by Deacon Blue, which was the band's first official release. It is one of their most popular songs and it is usually played as"}]}, {"title": "John C. Coffing House", "paragraphs": [{"context": "John C. Coffing House The John C. Coffing House is a historic house on United States Route 44 in Salisbury, Connecticut. Built in 1799 for one of the leading businessmen of the region, it is a good local example of late Colonial architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. The John C. Coffing House is located on the east side of Route 44, south of the village center of Salisbury, on overlooking a tributary of Factory Brook just to the south. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, oriented facing south toward the"}, {"context": "brook. It has a five-bay front facade, a side-gable roof with central chimney, a clapboarded exterior, and a locally quarried limestone foundation. The main entrance is at the center of the facade, sheltered by a projecting gabled vestibule added in the early 20th century. The cornices are trimmed with dentil moulding, and there is a half-round fanlight in the street-facing gable end. A wing extends to the right of the main block, apparently incorporating an older ell. The house was built in 1799 for John C. Coffing, a native of Southbury, Connecticut. He cofounded the firm of Holley and Coffing,"}, {"context": "which became of the regions major operators of iron furnaces in the first half of the 19th century. This house was built on land Coffing purchased from Sarah Holley, which she had inherited from her grandfather Benjamin Stiles, one of the area's early settlers. The Holley and Coffing families, which intermarried in subsequent generations, dominated the area's iron production industries for several generations. This house was sold out of the extended Coffing family in 1979. John C. Coffing House The John C. Coffing House is a historic house on United States Route 44 in Salisbury, Connecticut. Built in 1799 for"}]}, {"title": "Joan Carr-Wiggin", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Joan Carr-Wiggin Joan Carr-Wiggin is a Canadian independent filmmaker who has worked as a writer, director, and producer. She began working as a filmmaker in her 40s in the early '90s after a career as an economist and a novelist. She is married to producer David Gordian, her frequent collaborator. Previously based in Victoria, the two now reside in Toronto. The two got their start with 1994's \"Sleeping with Strangers\", an independent film starring Adrienne Shelly. In a guest post for IndieWire, she spoke of the barriers women face in the industry:So many young men on set\u2014sometimes I fear it\u2019s"}, {"context": "100% of them\u2014are convinced they can be the next Orson Welles. Yet when I ask smart, capable young women working on set, \u201cHey, why don\u2019t you think about directing?\u201d most of them immediately reply, \u201cOh I could never do that.\u201d Why do they think that? They think that because too many people are saying women can\u2019t do the job. Or can only do it when the circumstances are perfect, or if it\u2019s a certain kind of movie, or if they don\u2019t have children\u2026 Joan Carr-Wiggin Joan Carr-Wiggin is a Canadian independent filmmaker who has worked as a writer, director, and"}]}, {"title": "Lincoln School (Acton, Maine)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Lincoln School (Acton, Maine) The Lincoln School is a historic former one-room schoolhouse at 8 Orchard Road in Acton, Maine. Built in 1884, it is the best-preserved of the town's surviving district school buildings, and was its last active district school, closed in 1957. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013. The Lincoln School is set at the southwest corner of Orchard and County Roads in rural southern Acton. It is a single-story wood frame structure, measuring , with a gable roof and clapboard siding. Two small additions extend the building to the rear. Its"}, {"context": "main facade, facing east, is symmetrically arranged, with a single door flanked by sash windows, and a third window in the gable above. The door opens into a vestibule area spanning the width of the building, with two doors providing access to the classroom. Privies are located in the first addition, and a woodshed in the second. The school was built in 1884, replacing an older building. A few years after its construction, district schools were brought under control of the town (having previously been managed by an elected committee from the district), and a long-running process of consolidation was"}, {"context": "begun. The first district schools to be closed were in 1895. This school, however, remained open, receiving necessary modernization (addition of the privies and woodshed) following the introduction of state-level standards in 1909. Acton's last three district schools, this one among them, were closed in 1957. The building has since been used as a meeting place for the local 4-H club. Lincoln School (Acton, Maine) The Lincoln School is a historic former one-room schoolhouse at 8 Orchard Road in Acton, Maine. Built in 1884, it is the best-preserved of the town's surviving district school buildings, and was its last active"}]}, {"title": "Paranormal", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Paranormal Paranormal events are purported phenomena described in popular culture, folk, and other non-scientific bodies of knowledge, whose existence within these contexts is described to lie beyond normal experience or scientific explanation. Proposals regarding the paranormal are different from scientific hypotheses or speculations extrapolated from scientific evidence because scientific ideas are grounded in empirical observations and experimental data gained through the scientific method. In contrast, those who argue for the existence of the paranormal explicitly do not base their arguments on empirical evidence but rather on anecdote, testimony, and suspicion. Notable paranormal beliefs include those that pertain to the pseudosciences"}, {"context": "of ghost hunting, extrasensory perception, cryptozoology, and ufology. The term \"paranormal\" has existed in the English language since at least 1920. The word consists of two parts: para and normal. The definition implies that the scientific explanation of the world around us is 'normal' and anything that is above, beyond, or contrary to that is 'para'. On the classification of paranormal subjects, Terence Hines in his book \"Pseudoscience and the Paranormal\" (2003) wrote: The paranormal can best be thought of as a subset of pseudoscience. What sets the paranormal apart from other pseudosciences is a reliance on explanations for alleged"}, {"context": "phenomena that are well outside the bounds of established science. Thus, paranormal phenomena include extrasensory perception (ESP), telekinesis, ghosts, poltergeists, life after death, reincarnation, faith healing, human auras, and so forth. The explanations for these allied phenomena are phrased in vague terms of \"psychic forces\", \"human energy fields\", and so on. This is in contrast to many pseudoscientific explanations for other nonparanormal phenomena, which, although very bad science, are still couched in acceptable scientific terms. In traditional ghostlore and fiction featuring ghosts, a ghost is a manifestation of the spirit or soul of a person. Alternative theories expand on that"}, {"context": "idea and include belief in the ghosts of deceased animals. Sometimes the term \"ghost\" is used synonymously with any spirit or demon, however in popular usage the term typically refers to a deceased person's spirit. The belief in ghosts as souls of the departed is closely tied to the concept of animism, an ancient belief which attributed souls to everything in nature. As the 19th-century anthropologist George Frazer explained in his classic work, \"The Golden Bough\" (1890), souls were seen as the creature within that animated the body. Although the human soul was sometimes symbolically or literally depicted in ancient"}, {"context": "cultures as a bird or other animal, it was widely held that the soul was an exact reproduction of the body in every feature, even down to clothing the person wore. This is depicted in artwork from various ancient cultures, including such works as the ancient Egyptian \"Book of the Dead\" (ca. (1550 BCE), which shows deceased people in the afterlife appearing much as they did before death, including the style of dress. Although the evidence for ghosts is largely anecdotal, the belief in ghosts throughout history has remained widespread and persistent. The possibility of extraterrestrial life is not, by"}, {"context": "itself, a paranormal subject. Many scientists are actively engaged in the search for unicellular life within the solar system, carrying out studies on the surface of Mars and examining meteors that have fallen to Earth. Projects such as SETI are conducting an astronomical search for radio activity that would show evidence of intelligent life outside the solar system. Scientific theories of how life developed on Earth allow for the possibility that life developed on other planets as well. The paranormal aspect of extraterrestrial life centers largely around the belief in unidentified flying objects and the phenomena said to be associated"}, {"context": "with them. Early in the history of UFO culture, believers divided themselves into two camps. The first held a rather conservative view of the phenomena, interpreting them as unexplained occurrences that merited serious study. They began calling themselves \"ufologists\" in the 1950s and felt that logical analysis of sighting reports would validate the notion of extraterrestrial visitation. The second camp consisted of individuals who coupled ideas of extraterrestrial visitation with beliefs from existing quasi-religious movements. These individuals typically were enthusiasts of occultism and the paranormal. Many had backgrounds as active Theosophists, Spiritualists, or were followers of other esoteric doctrines. In"}, {"context": "contemporary times, many of these beliefs have coalesced into New Age spiritual movements. Both secular and spiritual believers describe UFOs as having abilities beyond what are considered possible according to known aerodynamic constraints and physical laws. The transitory events surrounding many UFO sightings also limits the opportunity for repeat testing required by the scientific method. Acceptance of UFO theories by the larger scientific community is further hindered by the many possible hoaxes associated with UFO culture. Cryptozoology is a pseudoscience and subculture that aims to prove the existence of entities from the folklore record, such as Bigfoot, chupacabras, or Mokele-mbembe."}, {"context": "Cryptozoologists refer to these entities as \"cryptids\", a term coined by the subculture. Approaching the paranormal from a research perspective is often difficult because of the lack of acceptable physical evidence from most of the purported phenomena. By definition, the paranormal does not conform to conventional expectations of nature. Therefore, a phenomenon cannot be confirmed as paranormal using the scientific method because, if it could be, it would no longer fit the definition. (However, confirmation would result in the phenomenon being reclassified as part of science.) Despite this problem, studies on the paranormal are periodically conducted by researchers from various"}, {"context": "disciplines. Some researchers simply study the beliefs in the paranormal regardless of whether the phenomena are considered to objectively exist. This section deals with various approaches to the paranormal: anecdotal, experimental, and participant-observer approaches and the skeptical investigation approach. An anecdotal approach to the paranormal involves the collection of stories told about the paranormal. Charles Fort (1874\u20131932) is perhaps the best-known collector of paranormal anecdotes. Fort is said to have compiled as many as 40,000 notes on unexplained paranormal experiences, though there was no doubt many more. These notes came from what he called \"the orthodox conventionality of Science\", which"}, {"context": "were odd events originally reported in magazines and newspapers such as \"The Times\" and scientific journals such as \"Scientific American\", \"Nature\" and \"Science\". From this research Fort wrote seven books, though only four survive: \"The Book of the Damned\" (1919), \"New Lands\" (1923), \"Lo!\" (1931) and \"Wild Talents\" (1932); one book was written between \"New Lands\" and \"Lo!\", but it was abandoned and absorbed into \"Lo!\" Reported events that he collected include teleportation (a term Fort is generally credited with coining); poltergeist events; falls of frogs, fishes, and inorganic materials of an amazing range; crop circles; unaccountable noises and explosions;"}, {"context": "spontaneous fires; levitation; ball lightning (a term explicitly used by Fort); unidentified flying objects; mysterious appearances and disappearances; giant wheels of light in the oceans; and animals found outside their normal ranges (see phantom cat). He offered many reports of OOPArts, the abbreviation for \"out of place\" artefacts: strange items found in unlikely locations. He is perhaps the first person to explain strange human appearances and disappearances by the hypothesis of alien abduction and was an early proponent of the extraterrestrial hypothesis. Fort is considered by many as the father of modern paranormalism, which is the study of the paranormal."}, {"context": "The magazine \"Fortean Times\" continues Charles Fort's approach, regularly reporting anecdotal accounts of the paranormal. Such anecdotal collections, lacking the reproducibility of empirical evidence, are not amenable to scientific investigation. The anecdotal approach is not a scientific approach to the paranormal because it leaves verification dependent on the credibility of the party presenting the evidence. Nevertheless, it is a common approach to investigating paranormal phenomena. Experimental investigation of the paranormal has been conducted by parapsychologists. J. B. Rhine popularized the now famous methodology of using card-guessing and dice-rolling experiments in a laboratory in the hopes of finding evidence of extrasensory"}, {"context": "perception. However, it was revealed that Rhine's experiments contained methodological flaws and procedural errors. In 1957, the Parapsychological Association was formed as the preeminent society for parapsychologists. In 1969, they became affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Criticisms of the field were focused in the founding of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (1976), now called the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, and its periodical, \"Skeptical Inquirer\". Eventually, more mainstream scientists became critical of parapsychology as an endeavor, and statements by the National Academies of Science and the National Science Foundation cast"}, {"context": "a pall on the claims of evidence for parapsychology. Today, many cite parapsychology as an example of a pseudoscience. Parapsychology has been criticized for continuing investigation despite being unable to provide convincing evidence for the existence of any psychic phenomena after more than a century of research. By the 2000s, the status of paranormal research in the United States had greatly declined from its height in the 1970s, with the majority of work being privately funded and only a small amount of research being carried out in university laboratories. In 2007, Britain had a number of privately funded laboratories in"}, {"context": "university psychology departments. Publication remained limited to a small number of niche journals, and to date there have been no experimental results that have gained wide acceptance in the scientific community as valid evidence of the paranormal. While parapsychologists look for quantitative evidence of the paranormal in laboratories, a great number of people immerse themselves in qualitative research through participant-observer approaches to the paranormal. Participant-observer methodologies have overlaps with other essentially qualitative approaches as well, including phenomenological research that seeks largely to describe subjects \"as they are experienced\", rather than to explain them. Participant-observation suggests that by immersing oneself in"}, {"context": "the subject being studied, a researcher is presumed to gain understanding of the subject. Criticisms of participant-observation as a data-gathering technique are similar to criticisms of other approaches to the paranormal, but also include an increased threat to the objectivity of the researcher, unsystematic gathering of data, reliance on subjective measurement, and possible observer effects (observation may distort the observed behavior). Specific data gathering methods, such as recording EMF readings at haunted locations have their own criticisms beyond those attributed to the participant-observation approach itself. The participant-observer approach to the paranormal has gained increased visibility and popularity through reality television"}, {"context": "programs like \"Ghost Hunters\", and the formation of independent ghost hunting groups that advocate immersive research at alleged paranormal locations. One popular website for ghost hunting enthusiasts lists over 300 of these organizations throughout the United States and the United Kingdom. Scientific skeptics advocate critical investigation of claims of paranormal phenomena: applying the scientific method to reach a rational, scientific explanation of the phenomena to account for the paranormal claims, taking into account that alleged paranormal abilities and occurrences are sometimes hoaxes or misinterpretations of natural phenomena. A way of summarizing this method is by the application of Occam's razor,"}, {"context": "which suggests that the simpler solution is usually the correct one. The standard scientific models give the explanation that what appears to be paranormal phenomena is usually a misinterpretation, misunderstanding, or anomalous variation of natural phenomena, rather than an actual paranormal phenomenon. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, formerly the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), is an organization that aims to publicize the scientific, skeptical approach. It carries out investigations aimed at understanding paranormal reports in terms of scientific understanding, and publishes its results in its journal, the \"Skeptical Inquirer\". Richard Wiseman, of The Committee"}, {"context": "for Skeptical Inquiry, draws attention to possible alternative explanations for perceived paranormal activity in his article, \"The Haunted Brain\". While he recognizes that approximately 15% of people believe they have experienced an encounter with a ghost, he reports that only 1% report seeing a full-fledged ghost while the rest report strange sensory stimuli, such as seeing fleeting shadows or wisps of smoke, or the sensation of hearing footsteps or feeling a presence. Wiseman makes the claim that, rather than experiencing paranormal activity, it is activity within our own brains that creates these strange sensations. Michael Persinger proposed that ghostly experiences"}, {"context": "could be explained by stimulating the brain with weak magnetic fields. Swedish psychologist Pehr Granqvist and his team, attempting to replicate Persinger's research, determined that the paranormal sensations experienced by Persinger's subjects were merely the result of suggestion, and that brain stimulation with magnetic fields did not result in ghostly experiences. Oxford University Justin Barrett has theorized that \"agency\" \u2014 being able to figure out why people do what they do \u2014 is so important in everyday life, that it is natural for our brains to work too hard at it, thereby detecting human or ghost-like behaviour in everyday meaningless"}, {"context": "stimuli. James Randi, an investigator with a background in illusion, feels that the simplest explanation for those claiming paranormal abilities is often trickery, illustrated by demonstrating that the spoon bending abilities of psychic Uri Geller can easily be duplicated by trained stage magicians. He is also the founder of the James Randi Educational Foundation and its million dollar challenge that offered a prize of US $1,000,000 to anyone who could demonstrate evidence of any paranormal, supernatural or occult power or event, under test conditions agreed to by both parties. Despite many declarations of supernatural ability, the prize was never claimed."}, {"context": "In anomalistic psychology, paranormal phenomena have naturalistic explanations resulting from psychological and physical factors which have sometimes given the impression of paranormal activity to some people, in fact, where there have been none. The psychologist David Marks wrote that paranormal phenomena can be explained by magical thinking, mental imagery, subjective validation, coincidence, hidden causes, and fraud. According to studies some people tend to hold paranormal beliefs because they possess psychological traits that make them more likely to misattribute paranormal causation to normal experiences. Research has also discovered that cognitive bias is a factor underlying paranormal belief. Many studies have found"}, {"context": "a link between personality and psychopathology variables correlating with paranormal belief. Some studies have also shown that fantasy proneness correlates positively with paranormal belief. Bainbridge (1978) and Wuthnow (1976) found that the most susceptible people to paranormal belief are those who are poorly educated, unemployed or have roles that rank low among social values. The alienation of these people due to their status in society is said to encourage them to appeal to paranormal or magical beliefs. Research has associated paranormal belief with low cognitive ability, low IQ and a lack of science education. Intelligent and highly educated participants involved"}, {"context": "in surveys have proven to have less paranormal belief. Tobacyk (1984) and Messer and Griggs (1989) discovered that college students with better grades have less belief in the paranormal. In a case study (Gow, 2004) involving 167 participants the findings revealed that psychological absorption and dissociation were higher for believers in the paranormal. Another study involving 100 students had revealed a positive correlation between paranormal belief and proneness to dissociation. A study (Williams \"et al\". 2007) discovered that \"neuroticism is fundamental to individual differences in paranormal belief, while paranormal belief is independent of extraversion and psychoticism\". A correlation has been"}, {"context": "found between paranormal belief and irrational thinking. In an experiment Wierzbicki (1985) reported a significant correlation between paranormal belief and the number of errors made on a syllogistic reasoning task, suggesting that believers in the paranormal have lower cognitive ability. A relationship between narcissistic personality and paranormal belief was discovered in a study involving the Australian Sheep-Goat Scale. De Boer and Bierman wrote: A psychological study involving 174 members of the Society for Psychical Research completed a delusional ideation questionnaire and a deductive reasoning task. As predicted, the study showed that \"individuals who reported a strong belief in the paranormal"}, {"context": "made more errors and displayed more delusional ideation than skeptical individuals\". There was also a reasoning bias which was limited to people who reported a belief in, rather than experience of, paranormal phenomena. The results suggested that reasoning abnormalities may have a causal role in the formation of paranormal belief. Research has shown that people reporting contact with aliens have higher levels of absorption, dissociativity, fantasy proneness and tendency to hallucinate. Findings have shown in specific cases that paranormal belief acts as a psychodynamic coping function and serves as a mechanism for coping with stress. Survivors from childhood sexual abuse,"}, {"context": "violent and unsettled home environments have reported to have higher levels of paranormal belief. A study of a random sample of 502 adults revealed paranormal experiences were common in the population which were linked to a history of childhood trauma and dissociative symptoms. Research has also suggested that people who perceive themselves as having little control over their lives may develop paranormal beliefs to help provide an enhanced sense of control. Gender differences in surveys on paranormal belief have reported women scoring higher than men overall and men having greater belief in UFOs and extraterrestrials. Surveys have also investigated the"}, {"context": "relationship between ethnicity and paranormal belief. In a sample of American university students (Tobacyk \"et al\". 1988) it was found that people of African descent have a higher level of belief in superstitions and witchcraft while belief in extraterrestrial life forms was stronger among people of European descent. Otis and Kuo (1984) surveyed Singapore university students and found Chinese, Indian and Malay students to differ in their paranormal beliefs, with the Chinese students showing greater skepticism. According to American surveys analysed by (Bader \"et al\". 2011) African Americans have the highest belief in the paranormal and while the findings are"}, {"context": "not uniform the \"general trend is for whites to show lesser belief in most paranormal subjects\". Polls show that about fifty percent of the United States population believe in the paranormal. Robert L. Park says a lot of people believe in it because they \"want it to be so\". A 2013 study that utilized a biological motion perception task discovered a \"relation between illusory pattern perception and supernatural and paranormal beliefs and suggest that paranormal beliefs are strongly related to agency detection biases\". A 2014 study discovered that schizophrenic patients have more belief in psi than healthy adults. Some scientists"}, {"context": "have investigated possible neurocognitive processes underlying the formation of paranormal beliefs. In a study (Pizzagalli \"et al\". 2000) data demonstrated that \"subjects differing in their declared belief in and experience with paranormal phenomena as well as in their schizotypal ideation, as determined by a standardized instrument, displayed differential brain electric activity during resting periods.\" Another study (Schulter and Papousek, 2008) wrote that paranormal belief can be explained by patterns of functional hemispheric asymmetry that may be related to perturbations during fetal development. It was also realized that people with higher dopamine levels have the ability to find patterns and meanings"}, {"context": "where there aren't any. This is why scientists have connected high dopamine levels with paranormal belief. Some scientists have criticised the media for promoting paranormal claims. In a report (Singer and Benassi, 1981) wrote that the media may account for much of the near universality of paranormal belief as the public are constantly exposed to films, newspapers, documentaries and books endorsing paranormal claims while critical coverage is largely absent. According to Paul Kurtz \"In regard to the many talk shows that constantly deal with paranormal topics, the skeptical viewpoint is rarely heard; and when it is permitted to be expressed,"}, {"context": "it is usually sandbagged by the host or other guests.\" Kurtz described the popularity of public belief in the paranormal as a \"quasi-religious phenomenon\", a manifestation of a \"transcendental temptation\", a tendency for people to seek a transcendental reality that cannot be known by using the methods of science. Kurtz compared this to a primitive form of magical thinking. Terence Hines has written that on a personal level, paranormal claims could be considered a form of consumer fraud as people are \"being induced through false claims to spend their money\u2014often large sums\u2014on paranormal claims that do not deliver what they"}, {"context": "promise\" and uncritical acceptance of paranormal belief systems can be damaging to society. While the validity of the existence of paranormal phenomena is controversial and debated passionately by both proponents of the paranormal and by skeptics, surveys are useful in determining the \"beliefs\" of people in regards to paranormal phenomena. These opinions, while not constituting scientific evidence for or against, may give an indication of the mindset of a certain portion of the population (at least among those who answered the polls). The number of people worldwide who believe in parapsychological powers has been estimated to be 3 to 4"}, {"context": "billion. A survey conducted in 2006 by researchers from Australia's Monash University sought to determine what \"types\" of phenomena that people claim to have experienced and the effects these experiences have had on their lives. The study was conducted as an online survey with over 2,000 respondents from around the world participating. The results revealed that around 70% of the respondents believe to have had an unexplained paranormal event that changed their life, mostly in a positive way. About 70% also claimed to have seen, heard, or been touched by an animal or person that they knew was not there;"}, {"context": "80% have reported having a premonition, and almost 50% stated they recalled a previous life. Polls were conducted by Bryan Farha at Oklahoma City University and Gary Steward of the University of Central Oklahoma in 2006. They found fairly consistent results compared to the results of a Gallup poll in 2001. A survey by Jeffrey S. Levin, associate professor at Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk found that over 2/3 of the U.S. population reported having at least one mystical experience. A 1996 Gallup poll estimated that 71% of the people in the United States believed that the government was covering"}, {"context": "up information about UFOs. A 2002 Roper poll conducted for the Sci Fi channel reported that 56% thought UFOs were real craft and 48% that aliens had visited the Earth. A 2001 National Science Foundation survey found that 9 percent of people polled thought astrology was very scientific, and 31 percent thought it was somewhat scientific. About 32% of Americans surveyed stated that some numbers were lucky, while 46% of Europeans agreed with that claim. About 60% of all people polled believed in some form of Extra-sensory perception and 30% thought that \"some of the unidentified flying objects that have"}, {"context": "been reported are really space vehicles from other civilizations.\" In 2017 the Chapman University Survey of American Fears asked about seven paranormal beliefs and found that \"the most common belief is that ancient advanced civilizations such as Atlantis once existed (55 percent). Next was that places can be haunted by spirits (52 percent), aliens have visited Earth in our ancient past (35 percent), aliens have come to Earth in modern times (26 percent), some people can move objects with their minds (25 percent), fortune tellers and psychics can survey the future (19 percent), and Bigfoot is a real creature. Only"}, {"context": "one-fourth of respondents didn't hold at least one of these beliefs.\" In 1922, \"Scientific American\" offered two US $2,500 offers: (1) for the first authentic spirit photograph made under test conditions, and (2) for the first psychic to produce a \"visible psychic manifestation\". Harry Houdini was a member of the investigating committee. The first medium to be tested was George Valiantine, who claimed that in his presence spirits would speak through a trumpet that floated around a darkened room. For the test, Valiantine was placed in a room, the lights were extinguished, but unbeknownst to him his chair had been"}, {"context": "rigged to light a signal in an adjoining room if he ever left his seat. Because the light signals were tripped during his performance, Valiantine did not collect the award. The last to be examined by Scientific American was Mina Crandon in 1924. Since then, many individuals and groups have offered similar monetary awards for proof of the paranormal in an observed setting. These prizes have a combined value of over $2.4 million. The James Randi Educational Foundation offers a prize of a million dollars to a person who can prove that they have supernatural or paranormal abilities under appropriate"}, {"context": "test conditions. Several other skeptic groups also offer a monied prize for proof of the paranormal, including the largest group of paranormal investigators, the Independent Investigations Group, which has chapters in Hollywood; Atlanta; Denver; Washington, D.C.; Alberta, B.C.; and San Francisco. The IIG offers a $100,000 prize and a $5,000 finders fee if a claimant can prove a paranormal claim under 2 scientifically controlled tests. Founded in 2000 no claimant has passed the first (and lower odds) of the test. Paranormal Paranormal events are purported phenomena described in popular culture, folk, and other non-scientific bodies of knowledge, whose existence within"}]}, {"title": "Fredericton High School", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Fredericton High School Fredericton High School is a high school in the city of Fredericton in New Brunswick, Canada. When the city of Fredericton was initially laid out in 1758, city planners set aside a plot of land in the downtown region that was intended to become a school. That school was incorporated in 1790 as the College of New Brunswick and was intended to be a boarding school, patterned after the boys' public schools in England. In 1829 when King's College opened in Fredericton, the school was renamed to the Collegiate Grammar School, and was supported by the College."}, {"context": "In 1871, the Free School Act was enacted, and the school again changed its name, this time to the Collegiate High School. At this time it became a preparatory school for King's College, which by then had become the University of New Brunswick. From 1872 to 1889 the headmaster was the distinguished educator Sir George R. Parkin. In 1893, a new building was erected on the corner of York and George streets and the name of the school was changed to Fredericton High School. The graduating class of that year chose yellow and black as the official school colours. In"}, {"context": "1925, the school moved to another new building which was constructed on the corner of Regent and George streets. Numerous annexes were added to the building to accommodate an ever-increasing number of students. Eventually a new complex needed to be built on Prospect Street on the south hill area of town, and by 1972 all school operations were moved there. This new complex contains 6 wings and includes a large outdoor sports complex, as well as a newly renovated gymnasium area. The building on Regent and George streets would become George Street Junior High School, later renamed George Street Middle"}, {"context": "School. For a time, FHS had the distinction of having the largest student body of any high school in the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1999, a second high school, Leo Hayes High School, was constructed on the north side of the city, across the Saint John River, to further accommodate the number of students. In September 2006, Fredericton High School hosted the 22nd Canadian Student Leadership Conference, a national gathering of student leaders and teachers from across Canada. In July 2016, Fredericton High School attracted media attention after \"The Rebel\" obtained internal documents discussing the transitional challenges of hosting new"}, {"context": "students fleeing the Syrian Civil War. Said administrator Chantal Lafargue, Canadian Minister of Immigration John McCallum has said that while the refugee program is a federal responsibility, schools are a responsibility of the provinces. Fredericton High School Fredericton High School is a high school in the city of Fredericton in New Brunswick, Canada. When the city of Fredericton was initially laid out in 1758, city planners set aside a plot of land in the downtown region that was intended to become a school. That school was incorporated in 1790 as the College of New Brunswick and was intended to be"}]}, {"title": "Men's Light-Contact at WAKO World Championships 2007 Belgrade +94 kg", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Men's Light-Contact at WAKO World Championships 2007 Belgrade +94 kg The men's Over 94 kg (+206.8 lbs) Light-Contact category at the W.A.K.O. World Championships 2007 in Belgrade was the heaviest of the male Light-Contact tournaments with the closest equivalent being super heavyweight in the Low-Kick and K-1 weight classes. There were fifteen men from two continents (Europe and Africa) taking part in the competition. Each of the matches was three rounds of two minutes each and were fought under Light-Contact rules. Because there was one too few fighters for a sixteen man tournament, one of the contestants was given a"}, {"context": "bye into the quarter finals. The tournament gold medalist was the Polish fighter Michal Wszelak who defeated his opponent from the Ukraine, Igor Kravchuk, in the final by abandonment as Igor suffered an injury during the final match. Semi finalists Csaba Podor from Hungary and Pascal Blunschi from Switzerland both received bronze medals. Men's Light-Contact at WAKO World Championships 2007 Belgrade +94 kg The men's Over 94 kg (+206.8 lbs) Light-Contact category at the W.A.K.O. World Championships 2007 in Belgrade was the heaviest of the male Light-Contact tournaments with the closest equivalent being super heavyweight in the Low-Kick and K-1"}]}, {"title": "Freddie Starr", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Freddie Starr Freddie Starr (born Frederick Leslie Fowell, 9 January 1943) is an English comedian, impressionist, singer and actor. Starr was the lead singer of Merseybeat pop group the Midniters during the early 1960s, and came to prominence in the early 1970s after appearing on \"Opportunity Knocks\" and the Royal Variety Performance. Starr was born in Huyton, Liverpool, England. According to Starr, his mother was from Germany and she was Jewish. Under his birth name, he appeared as a teenager in the film \"Violent Playground\" in 1958. In the early 1960s, Starr was the lead singer of the Merseybeat pop"}, {"context": "group The Midniters. The group was promoted by the manager of the Beatles, Brian Epstein, and was recorded on the Decca label by Joe Meek, the record producer of the single \"Telstar\". During this period Starr performed in nightclubs in Hamburg and was an acquaintance of the Beatles. Still relatively unknown to television audiences, Starr was \"discovered\" through the talent show, \"Opportunity Knocks\" where he appeared as part of comedy/beat act Freddie Starr and the Delmonts. He appeared on the 1970 Royal Variety Performance. From 1972, he was one of the main performers in the television series \"Who Do You"}, {"context": "Do?\" and also a regular on the TV panel show \"Jokers Wild\". He went on to star in his own series. Starr had a chart album titled \"After the Laughter\" and a UK Top 10 single, \"It's You\", in March 1974. Freddie Starr was the subject of one of the best known British tabloid newspaper headlines. On 13 March 1986 \"The Sun\" carried as its main headline: FREDDIE STARR ATE MY HAMSTER. According to the text of the story, Starr had been staying at the home of Vince McCaffrey and his 23-year-old girlfriend Lea La Salle in Birchwood, Cheshire, when"}, {"context": "the alleged incident took place. Starr was claimed to have returned home from a performance at a Manchester nightclub in the early hours of the morning and demanded that La Salle make him a sandwich. When she refused, he went into the kitchen and put her pet hamster Supersonic between two slices of bread and proceeded to eat it. Freddie Starr gives his side of the story in his 2001 autobiography \"Unwrapped\". He says that the only time that he ever stayed at Vince McCaffrey's house was in 1979 and that the incident was a complete fabrication. Starr writes in"}, {"context": "the book: \"I have never eaten or even nibbled a live hamster, gerbil, guinea pig, mouse, shrew, vole or any other small mammal\". The man behind the hamster story was the British publicist Max Clifford. When asked in a television interview with Esther Rantzen some years later whether Starr really had eaten a hamster, his reply was \"Of course not\". Clifford was unapologetic, insisting that the story had given a huge boost to Starr's career. In May 2006 the BBC nominated \"FREDDIE STARR ATE MY HAMSTER\" as one of the most familiar British newspaper headlines over the last century. Starr's"}, {"context": "frustration at being linked perpetually to the hamster story was expressed in a newspaper interview, when he commented: \"I'm fed up of people shouting out 'Did you eat that hamster, Freddie?' Now I say, give me \u00a31 and I'll tell you. Then if they give me \u00a31, I say 'No' and walk away.\" Starr says that the story came about after he made an offhand joke about eating a hamster in a sandwich. In 1994 a gardener employed by Starr, named Robin Coxhead, was charged with stealing thousands of pounds' worth of jewellery from the comedian's home. When questioned by"}, {"context": "the police, Coxhead claimed the jewellery had been given to him as a reward because he had been giving oral sex to Starr over a period of five years. However, Coxhead was discredited in court when he was unable to state whether Starr's penis was circumcised or not. Coxhead was found guilty and sentenced to 15 months in prison in 1995. Starr is a keen supporter of Everton and at the height of his television celebrity he appeared on ITV's coverage of the buildup to the 1984 F A cup final, in which Everton defeated Elton John's Watford 2\u20130, when"}, {"context": "he appeared on the lawn outside the hotel where the Everton team were staying on the morning of the game and gave an impromptu comedy performance to the players who watched from the windows of their rooms. He appeared in \"Freddie Starr\" (1993\u201394) and \"The Freddie Starr Show\" (1996\u201398) made by Central. His appearances on LWT's \"An Audience with Freddie Starr\" in 1996 and \"Another Audience with Freddie Starr\" in 1997 were critically acclaimed, although Starr admits in his autobiography that his television appearances often failed to capture the chaotic atmosphere of his live performances. Apart from an occasional guest"}, {"context": "appearance, Starr has not appeared on British television since the late 1990s. In 1994 he was the owner of Miinnehoma, the winning horse in the 1994 Grand National race. Starr was not present on the day because of television commitments elsewhere, but gave an unusual post race interview live on television to presenter Des Lynam via a mobile phone, with the television viewers able only to hear Lynam's responses to what Starr was saying. In 1999, he presented the game show \"Beat the Crusher\". In 2004 he appeared on television as one of the celebrities in the second series of"}, {"context": "the ITV1 reality show \"Celebrity Fit Club\", where he was made team captain, but was demoted three weeks later for not taking the role seriously. In March 2009, Starr appeared in \"Living with the Dead\", a reality television show about people being haunted by ghosts. Freddie claimed his 1930s house was being haunted by an evil entity which he called George. During the show it appeared that he was possessed by this entity. It is later revealed that the entity's name is Roger. During the episode, Freddie says that since he was a boy he was always spiritual and firmly"}, {"context": "believed in ghosts. Starr was due to tour in 2010, but the tour was cancelled when he suffered a major heart attack in April 2010, resulting in quadruple heart bypass surgery. The tour dates were rescheduled for 2011 after he recovered. Starr participated in the 2011 series of \"I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here\", but withdrew for health reasons. Starr gave an interview to the \"Herald Express\", the local newspaper for Torbay in Devon which was published on 20 July 2007. In it he says that his father was violent and broke both his legs, a claim which"}, {"context": "does not appear in his 2001 autobiography \"Unwrapped\". He says that he was taken away from home for two years at the age of six after his father beat him up. In \"Unwrapped\", Starr gives speech problems as the reason he spent two years away from home as a child. In October 2012, Starr obtained an injunction to prevent a claim from being made about his personal life. The injunction was overturned as it was considered to be an issue involving potential defamation, which the media outlets concerned were not planning to publish. On 8 October 2012, Channel 4 News"}, {"context": "reported allegations relating to Starr's appearance on Jimmy Savile's BBC television show \"Clunk Click\" in 1974, which he denied through his lawyer and in media interviews. On 1 November 2012, Starr was arrested by police at his Warwickshire home in connection with the Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal. He was arrested on three subsequent occasions, the last being on 12 February 2014. On 6 May 2014, it was reported that the Crown Prosecution Service had decided not to bring charges against Starr in connection with the allegations, on the grounds of \"insufficient evidence\". On 10 July 2015, the High Court"}, {"context": "dismissed a claim for slander and libel that Starr had brought against the woman who had made the allegations relating to his appearance on \"Clunk Click\" in 1974. a. In Starr's autobiography, the name of the band is spelled Midniters, with a contemporary publicity photograph using this spelling. On the recordings that Starr made with Joe Meek for Decca, the name of the band is spelled Midnighters. Freddie Starr Freddie Starr (born Frederick Leslie Fowell, 9 January 1943) is an English comedian, impressionist, singer and actor. Starr was the lead singer of Merseybeat pop group the Midniters during the early"}]}, {"title": "Francesco Piemontesi", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Francesco Piemontesi Francesco Piemontesi is a Swiss pianist. Born in 1983 in Locarno, he studied at the Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater Hannover with Arie Vardi before closely collaborating with Alfred Brendel. He rose to international prominence with prizes at several major competitions, including the 2007 Queen Elisabeth Competition in Brussels. In 2009 he was awarded the fellowship of the Borletti-Buitoni Trust. Between 2009-2011 he was chosen as a BBC New Generation Artist. In 2012, Piemontesi was announced as Artistic Director of the 'Settimane Musicali' music festival in Ascona, and received the BBC Music Magazine Newcomer Award for his 'Recital'"}, {"context": "disc with works by Haendel, Brahms, Bach and Liszt. Since 2012 he records exclusively for the French label Na\u00efve Classique. He currently lives in Berlin. Francesco Piemontesi has given concerts with major ensembles worldwide: Cleveland Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra, Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra, City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, NHK Symphony Orchestra, Gewandhausorchester Leipzig, Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France, RSB and DSO Berlin. He has performed with such conductors as Zubin Mehta, Roger Norrington, Charles Dutoit, Ji\u0159\u00ed B\u011blohl\u00e1vek, Stanis\u0142aw Skrowaczewski, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Ton Koopman and Marek Janowski, and has appeared in many international music festivals including the BBC Proms, Edinburgh International"}, {"context": "Festival, Aix-en-Provence Festival and Mostly Mozart Festival Francesco Piemontesi Francesco Piemontesi is a Swiss pianist. Born in 1983 in Locarno, he studied at the Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik und Theater Hannover with Arie Vardi before closely collaborating with Alfred Brendel. He rose to international prominence with prizes at several major competitions, including the 2007 Queen Elisabeth Competition in Brussels. In 2009 he was awarded the fellowship of the Borletti-Buitoni Trust. Between 2009-2011 he was chosen as a BBC New Generation Artist. In 2012, Piemontesi was announced as Artistic Director of the 'Settimane Musicali' music festival in Ascona, and received the BBC"}]}, {"title": "Makaveli Branded Clothing", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Makaveli Branded Clothing Makaveli Branded is the official clothing line of Tupac Shakur, created by Paul Meltzer, who licensed the rights from his mother, Afeni Shakur, and Rick Barlowe, her partner. The original concept was shaped with designer Willie Montanez from an idea conceived by Rips Meltzer. It was launched seven years after the death of her son. The brand's purpose is keeping the legacy of Tupac Shakur alive through fashion. It was the first label to use personal images as a part of an integrated designer clothing line, rather than just a promotional T-shirt. A portion of each sale"}, {"context": "from Makaveli Branded is donated to the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation and Tupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts in Atlanta, Georgia. Rappers who have appeared on print ads included Bone Thugs N Harmony, DJ Quik, Ludacris, Chamillionaire, and Chingy among others. Makaveli Branded Clothing Makaveli Branded is the official clothing line of Tupac Shakur, created by Paul Meltzer, who licensed the rights from his mother, Afeni Shakur, and Rick Barlowe, her partner. The original concept was shaped with designer Willie Montanez from an idea conceived by Rips Meltzer. It was launched seven years after the death of her son."}]}, {"title": "Ali Pasha of Gusinje", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ali Pasha of Gusinje Ali Pasha Shabanagaj (1828\u20131888) (Serbian: \u0410\u043b\u0438-\u043f\u0430\u0448\u0430 \u0428\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0438\u045b, Ali-pa\u0161a \u0160abanagi\u0107), was an Albanian military commander and one of the leaders of the League of Prizren. He governed, as an Ottoman \"kaymakam\" (sub-governor), an area in what is today eastern Montenegro around Plav and Gusinje. He was commonly known as Ali Pasha of Gusinje (, , Serbian: \u0410\u043b\u0438-\u043f\u0430\u0448\u0430 \u0413\u0443\u0441\u0438\u045a\u0441\u043a\u0438, Ali-pa\u0161a Gusinjski). He was the leader of the Albanian irregular troops of the League of Prizren against the Principality of Montenegro at the Battle of Nov\u0161i\u0107e. Ali was born in 1828 in Gusinje, to landowner Hasan-bey Shabanagaj. He finished"}, {"context": "Turkish-language school in medresa in Pe\u0107 and military school in Istanbul. In 1845 Ali was appointed as \"kaymakam\" (sub-governor) of Gusinje, succeeding his father on this position. In the 1860s he supported the uprising of northern Albanian Muslim tribes against Tanzimat reforms which reduced their privileged status. The League of Prizren was established with Ottoman support in 1878, after the Congress of Berlin decided to cede the towns of Plav and Gusinje, which were notably Muslim Albanian-inhabited, to the Principality of Montenegro. Ali Pasha, whose lands were part of the proposed cessations to Montenegro hosted a gathering of local Albanian"}, {"context": "leaders and mobilized Albanians of the area into a military force to resist and prevent territorial losses. He became one of Leugue's founders and military commanders in the region of Plav and Gusinje. He was one of the commanders of irregulars mobilized by the League having assembled some 10,000-20,000 Albanian men and defeated Montenegrin troops in the Battle of Nov\u0161i\u0107e with his forces bringing back some sixty heads to Gusinje. He later used his forces against the Ottoman Empire. In the early phases of the attack against Mehmed Ali Pasha he commanded the volunteer troops that blocked the routes from"}, {"context": "\u0110akovica to the Ottoman-Montenegrin border. He was also the leader of the Albanian troops of the League of Prizren against the Principality of Montenegro at the Battle of Nov\u0161i\u0107e. After the irregulars of the League of Prizren were crushed by the Ottomans in 1881, Ali Pasha of Gusinje was arrested. He was released after the Sultan gave general amnesty. Ali Pasha was appointed to the position of mutesarrif of the Ottoman Sanjak of \u0130pek because he did not object the Ottoman rule and maintained a close connection with the Porte throughout the conflict being more concerned to prevent Montenegro to"}, {"context": "capture Plav and Gusinje. The Ottoman state also gave him forestland for his defense of Gusinje against the Montenegrins and later Ali Pasha sent some Albanian youths from the region for training and service in the place guard of sultan Abdulhamid II. In 1881, during his visit to Istanbul, he was promoted to the rank of beylerbey. An attemption to assassinate Ali Pasha was undertaken in the Rugova Canyon on 29 November 1887, organized by Albanian nationalist Haxhi Zeka, which he survived but died on 5 March 1888. The assassination was carried out by Adem Guska. The exploits of Ali"}, {"context": "Pasha of Gusinje presented material for myth making and in the Albanian national epic poem \"Lahuta e Malcis\" () he is presented as a \"blazing hero\" and is the central figure of the 8th canto and one of the important figures of the 9th canto. Ali Pasha of Gusinje Ali Pasha Shabanagaj (1828\u20131888) (Serbian: \u0410\u043b\u0438-\u043f\u0430\u0448\u0430 \u0428\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0438\u045b, Ali-pa\u0161a \u0160abanagi\u0107), was an Albanian military commander and one of the leaders of the League of Prizren. He governed, as an Ottoman \"kaymakam\" (sub-governor), an area in what is today eastern Montenegro around Plav and Gusinje. He was commonly known as Ali Pasha of"}]}, {"title": "North East Air Support Unit", "paragraphs": [{"context": "North East Air Support Unit The North East Air Support Unit is the main aerial support for police forces in north east England. The North East Air Support Unit was formed in 1995 by joint venture of Cleveland, Durham and Northumbria police forces. Before this, Durham and Cleveland contracted in Air support from Northumbria. In 2007 the Northumbria and Durham forces proposed reducing the size of the unit to one aircraft, to be based at Newcastle. Cleveland vetoed this move, and as a result Northumbria and Durham announced their intention to withdraw from the consortium with effect from 1 April"}, {"context": "2009. On 1 April 2009, A new North East Air Support Unit was formed serving the Durham and Northumbria forces using an aircraft to be based at Newcastle Airport. The Cleveland Air Operations Unit was established on that date serving Cleveland Police. The North East Air Support Unit now has one helicopter: North East Air Support Unit The North East Air Support Unit is the main aerial support for police forces in north east England. The North East Air Support Unit was formed in 1995 by joint venture of Cleveland, Durham and Northumbria police forces. Before this, Durham and Cleveland"}]}, {"title": "Jacksonville Historic District (Jacksonville, Illinois)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Jacksonville Historic District (Jacksonville, Illinois) The Jacksonville Historic District is a historic district encompassing 696 buildings in Jacksonville, Illinois. The buildings in the district were mainly constructed from 1829 to the 1930s and represent nearly every popular architectural style from the period. The Greek Revival, Italianate, and Queen Anne styles are especially prevalent in the district. The district includes the campuses of two prominent Jacksonville educational institutions: Illinois College and the Illinois School for the Deaf. Illinois College, the first college in Illinois to grant a degree, was founded in 1829; its first building, Beecher Hall, is the oldest building"}, {"context": "in the district. The Illinois School for the Deaf was established in 1839 by the Illinois Legislature for the education of hearing-impaired students. Aside from these two institutions, the majority of the district is residential and includes many of Jacksonville's most historically and architecturally significant homes. The district is considered to have retained its historic character well, as 650 of its buildings are considered contributing buildings and the number of recent buildings in the district has been called \"remarkably low\". The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 9, 1978. Jacksonville Historic District (Jacksonville, Illinois)"}]}, {"title": "Northwestern School District", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Northwestern School District Northwestern School District is a small, rural, public school district based in Albion, Pennsylvania, United States. The district is located in Erie County, which is in the northwestern corner of Pennsylvania bordering Lake Erie and the State of Ohio. Northwestern School District encompasses approximately . Three boroughs (Albion, Cranesville, and Platea) and three townships (Conneaut, Elk Creek, and Springfield) are served by the Northwestern School District. According to 2000 federal census data, Northwestern School District serves a resident population of 11,767. In 2009, the district residents\u2019 per capita income was $13,725, while the median family income was"}, {"context": "$41,810. In the Commonwealth, the median family income was $49,501 and the United States median family income was $49,445, in 2010. District officials reported that in school year 2017-18 the Northwestern School District provided basic educational services to 1,378 pupils. The District employed: 114 teachers, 49 full-time and part-time support personnel, and 11 administrators. Northwestern School District received more than $12.3 million in state funding in school year 2009-10. The District operates four schools. Three are located in Albion, while one is located in the unincorporated community of East Springfield (Springfield Township). Northwestern School District was ranked 323rd out of"}, {"context": "498 Pennsylvania school districts by the Pittsburgh Business Times in 2012. The ranking was based on student academic achievement as demonstrated on the last three years of the PSSAs for: reading, writing math and science. The PSSAs are given to all children in grades 3rd through 8th and the 11th grade in high school. Adapted examinations are given to children in the special education programs. Northwestern School District ranked 8th our of 13 public school districts in Erie County in 2012. The top ranked public school district in Erie County was Fairview School District which ranked 31st statewide. In 2012,"}, {"context": "the \"Pittsburgh Business Times\" also reported an Overachievers Ranking for 498 Pennsylvania school districts. Northwestern School District ranked 95th. In 2011, the district was 133rd. The editor describes the ranking as: \"a ranking answers the question - which school districts do better than expectations based upon economics? This rank takes the Honor Roll rank and adds the percentage of students in the district eligible for free and reduced-price lunch into the formula. A district finishing high on this rank is smashing expectations, and any district above the median point is exceeding expectations.\" In 2011, Northwestern School District achieved Adequate Yearly"}, {"context": "Progress (AYP). In 2011, 94 percent of the 500 Pennsylvania public school districts achieved the No Child Left Behind Act progress level of 72% of students reading on grade level and 67% of students demonstrating on grade level math. In 2011, 46.9 percent of Pennsylvania school districts achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) based on student performance. An additional 37.8 percent of school districts made AYP based on a calculated method called safe harbor, 8.2 percent on the growth model and 0.8 percent on a two-year average performance. Northwestern School District achieved AYP status each year from 2004 to 2009, while"}, {"context": "in 2003 the District was in Warning status due to lagging student achievement. In 2011, the graduation rate was 94%. In 2010, the Pennsylvania Department of Education issued a new, 4-year cohort graduation rate. Northwestern High School's rate was 88% for 2010. Northwestern Senior High School is located at 200 Harthan Way, Albion. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2017-18, the school reported an enrollment of 451 pupils in grades 9th through 12th, with 225 pupils eligible for a federal free or reduced-price lunch. The High School is a Title I school. The school employed 36 teachers,"}, {"context": "yielding a student\u2013teacher ratio of 12.5:1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 1 teachers were rated \"Non\u2010Highly Qualified\" under No Child Left Behind. In 2011, Northwestern Senior High School achieved AYP status using Confidence Interval and Growth Model even though the students' scores were not AYP. In 2010, the High School was in Warning Status due to lagging student achievement. 11th Grade Reading 11th Grade Math: 11th Grade Science: According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, 20% of the Northwestern Senior High School graduates required remediation in mathematics and or reading"}, {"context": "before they were prepared to take college level courses in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or community colleges. Less than 66% of Pennsylvania high school graduates, who enroll in a four-year college in Pennsylvania, will earn a bachelor's degree within six years. Among Pennsylvania high school graduates pursuing an associate degree, only one in three graduate in three years. Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education, one in three recent high school graduates who attend Pennsylvania's public universities and community colleges takes at least one remedial course in math, reading or English. Northwestern Senior High School offers a dual"}, {"context": "enrollment program. This state program permits high school students to take courses, at local higher education institutions, to earn college credits. Students remain enrolled at their high school. The courses count towards high school graduation requirements and towards earning a college degree. The students continue to have full access to activities and programs at their high school. The college credits are offered at a deeply discounted rate. The state offered a small grant to assist students in costs for tuition, fees and books. Under the Pennsylvania Transfer and Articulation Agreement, many Pennsylvania colleges and universities accept these credits for students"}, {"context": "who transfer to their institutions. For the 2009-10 funding year, the school district received a state grant of $19,965 for the program. The School Board has determined that a pupil must earn 26 credits to graduate. The fourth year of high school is not required for students who have completed all the requirements for graduation and are attending a post secondary institution. Students must earn Mathematics 4 credits, Social Studies 4 credits, English credits, Science 3 credits, Computer - 0.5 credit, Physical Education 1.5 credits, Health .5 credits, Driver Education 0.5 credits and Electives 8 credits. By law, all Pennsylvania"}, {"context": "secondary school students must complete a project as a part of their eligibility to graduate from high school. The type of project, its rigor and its expectations are set by the individual school district. By Pennsylvania School Board regulations, for the graduating class of 2017, students must demonstrate successful completion of secondary level course work in Algebra I, Biology, English Composition, and Literature for which the Keystone Exams serve as the final course exams. Students\u2019 Keystone Exam scores shall count for at least one-third of the final course grade. In 2011, Pennsylvania high school students field tested the Algebra 1,"}, {"context": "Biology and English Lit exams. The statewide results were: Algebra 1 38% on grade level, Biology 35% on grade level and English Lit - 49% on grade level. Individual student, school or district reports were not made public, although they were reported to district officials by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. From January to June 2011, 62 Northwestern High School students took the SAT exams. The district's Verbal Average Score was 489. The Math average score was 483. The Writing average score was 465. Pennsylvania ranked 40th among states with SAT scores: Verbal - 493, Math - 501, Writing -"}, {"context": "479. In the United States, 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing. Northwestern School District Northwestern School District is a small, rural, public school district based in Albion, Pennsylvania, United States. The district is located in Erie County, which is in the northwestern corner of Pennsylvania bordering Lake Erie and the State of Ohio. Northwestern School District encompasses approximately . Three boroughs (Albion, Cranesville, and Platea) and three townships (Conneaut, Elk Creek, and Springfield) are served by the Northwestern School District. According to 2000 federal census"}]}, {"title": "Mark Kozelek", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mark Kozelek Mark Edward Kozelek (born January 24, 1967) is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist, record producer and occasional actor. He is best known as the vocalist and primary recording artist of the indie folk act Sun Kil Moon, with whom he has recorded eight studio albums, and as the vocalist, guitarist and founding member of the indie rock band Red House Painters, with whom he recorded six studio albums from 1989 until 2001. Born and raised in Massillon, Ohio, Kozelek developed an interest in music as a child. Upon meeting drummer Anthony Koutsos in Atlanta, Georgia, the pair moved"}, {"context": "to San Francisco, California and formed Red House Painters alongside guitarist Gorden Mack and bass guitarist Jerry Vessel. Signing with record label 4AD, the band released four studio albums to critical acclaim. In 1996, Kozelek recorded the band's fifth studio album, \"Songs for a Blue Guitar\", mostly alone. The release of the band's final studio album, \"Old Ramon\" (2001), was delayed for three years. In the interim, Kozelek recorded both an album and an EP of AC/DC cover songs. Reconvening with Koutsos and Vessel, the trio continued performing under the new name of Sun Kil Moon, releasing their debut album,"}, {"context": "\"Ghosts of the Great Highway\", in 2003. Inspired by classical guitar music, Kozelek recorded Sun Kil Moon's fourth studio album, \"Admiral Fell Promises\" (2010), as a solo act, and continued to record mostly alone on its follow-up, \"Among the Leaves\" (2012). The album introduced a deeply personal lyrical perspective, which continued on the collaborative solo releases, \"Perils from the Sea\" and \"Mark Kozelek & Desertshore\", both released in 2013. In 2014, Sun Kil Moon's sixth studio album, \"Benji\", was released to widespread critical acclaim and increased exposure, with its follow-up, \"Universal Themes\", featuring lengthy compositions and stream-of-consciousness lyrics. In 2016,"}, {"context": "Kozelek released a collaborative studio album with Jesu, titled \"Jesu/Sun Kil Moon\". Across his work in Sun Kil Moon, Red House Painters and his own solo material, Kozelek has released twenty-seven studio albums. Kozelek was born and raised in Massillon, Ohio. In his teenage years, he led a band named God Forbid. Upon relocating to Atlanta, Georgia, he met drummer Anthony Koutsos. After the pair moved once again to San Francisco, California, Red House Painters formed with the addition of guitarist Gorden Mack and bassist Jerry Vessel. From 1992 to 1996, Red House Painters released a series of acclaimed albums,"}, {"context": "showcasing Kozelek's intense, highly autobiographical songs. However, Kozelek's parting with the record label 4AD, followed by a major label merger which left Red House Painters' 1998 album \"Old Ramon\" on the shelf, proved highly frustrating and stifled the group's momentum. Kozelek opted to occupy himself with a series of idiosyncratic solo recordings as Red House Painters dissolved. In 2000, he released the solo EP \"Rock 'n' Roll Singer\", which featured three original songs as well as covers of John Denver's \"Around and Around\" and three AC/DC songs (\"Rock 'n' Roll Singer,\" \"Bad Boy Boogie,\" and \"You Ain't Got a Hold"}, {"context": "on Me\"). Two of the AC/DC cover versions on \"Rock 'n' Roll Singer\" were radical re-arrangements of the originals which removed the Bon Scott-penned lyrics from their hard rock context and placed them into gentle, acoustic \"folk ballad\" settings. Kozelek expanded on this idea in 2001, releasing a full-length album composed solely of AC/DC covers titled \"What's Next to the Moon\". These new arrangements sounded so unlike the originals that a KCRW radio executive insisted that the title track was a Leonard Cohen song. This was not the first time Kozelek had drastically re-arranged others' material to his own ends."}, {"context": "With Red House Painters, he had previously done similar reconstructions with Simon & Garfunkel's \"I Am a Rock,\" The Cars' \"All Mixed Up,\" Kiss's \"Shock Me,\" Yes's \"Long Distance Runaround,\" Paul McCartney's \"Silly Love Songs,\" and Francis Scott Key's \"The Star-Spangled Banner.\" In the years between his band projects, Kozelek's music made a number of appearances on compilations and tribute albums. He contributed the song \"New Partner\" to the Will Oldham (a.k.a. Bonnie 'Prince' Billy) tribute album, \"I Am Cold Rock. I Am Dull Grass\". Around this time, Kozelek commandeered a tribute album to John Denver titled \"Take Me Home:"}, {"context": "A Tribute to John Denver\", featuring Will Oldham, The Innocence Mission and Low to name a few. The compilation also featured Kozelek covering \"Around and Around\" as a duet with Rachel Goswell. A limited edition live recording, \"White Christmas Live\", was released by the Sub Pop label in late 2001. In addition to his solo material, it featured several Red House Painters songs done in a stripped-down, acoustic guitar-and-vocals style, and one a cappella rendition. An early version of his current project Sun Kil Moon's \"Lily and Parrots\" is tacked onto the end as an uncredited bonus track. It also"}, {"context": "features one previously unreleased song, \"Admiral Fell Promises\". Sun Kil Moon debuted with \"Ghosts of the Great Highway\" in 2003, and also features former RHP members Jerry Vessel and Anthony Koutsos as well as new collaborators Geoff Stanfield (formerly of Black Lab) and Tim Mooney of American Music Club. Their follow-up effort appeared in 2005 on Kozelek's newly formed label, Caldo Verde Records. Titled \"Tiny Cities\", the album is made up entirely of covers of songs by Modest Mouse. Once again, Kozelek's cover versions varied greatly from the originals. In a February 2014 interview with Seattle's \"The Stranger\", Kozelek commented"}, {"context": "that he's \"never heard from Modest Mouse\" as to what they think of the record. In 2006, Kozelek was invited by Toronto indie rock label Paper Bag Records to exclusively contribute to their \"See You on the Moon! Songs for Kids of All Ages\" compilation with his original song \"Leo and Luna.\" Then in November 2006, Kozelek released a live album titled \"Little Drummer Boy Live\". On the album's two discs, he plays songs from his solo career, covers, and material from the catalogs of both Red House Painters and Sun Kil Moon. Kozelek returned in 2008 with the release"}, {"context": "of Sun Kil Moon's third album \"April\". The album features 11 brand new recordings, including guest vocal contributions by Ben Gibbard, Will Oldham and Eric Pollard. The release of the new album also brought the re-issue of \"Nights of Passed Over\", a 256-page, hard-cover book of all the lyrics to Kozelek's solo songs, Red House Painters' songs, and Sun Kil Moon's songs. It also features setlists, handwritten lyrics, and a preface by Kozelek himself. The original edition of this book was released in 2002 in Portugal, and featured all the lyrics up to that point, printed in both English and"}, {"context": "Portuguese. The updated edition spans to his current Sun Kil Moon days, and the book also includes a 12-track bonus CD titled \"Nights LP\", featuring live and rare versions of songs dated 1996 to 2007. The edition is sold exclusively on his label's website and is limited to 2,500 copies. On December 9, 2008, Kozelek and Caldo Verde Records issued \"The Finally LP\", a CD collection of 10 unreleased tracks, including covers of songs by Stephen Sondheim, Will Oldham, H\u00fcsker D\u00fc, and Low among others, as well as two previously unreleased instrumentals. Two newly recorded live albums, \"\" and \"Lost"}, {"context": "Verses Live\", followed in spring 2009. On April 23, 2010, the release of Sun Kil Moon's fourth album, \"Admiral Fell Promises\", was announced. The album was released on July 13, 2010. A documentary film titled \"Mark Kozelek: On Tour\" was released via Caldo Verde Records on August 16, 2011. The movie was filmed during portions Mark Kozelek's European/North American tours of 2010 and early 2011. In 2012, an article at Queensberry-Rules.com by staff writer Mark Ortega detailed Kozelek's fascination with the sport of boxing, which inspired the name of his Sun Kil Moon project as well as a few songs"}, {"context": "on a Desertshore album. \"Their backgrounds are extremely harsh and they work very hard to move up in their careers. I was in attendance at the Manny Pacquiao-Agapito Sanchez fight in San Francisco in 2001. When I heard Sanchez was murdered shortly after, it had a profound effect on me. It hurts when anyone dies young, but when you see the backgrounds of these guys and the path they've taken to try to find some light in their lives, it hurts to see them die young.\" Sun Kil Moon's fifth album, \"Among the Leaves\", was released on Caldo Verde Records"}, {"context": "on May 29, 2012. On the whole its 17 tracks display by far the most lighthearted approach to songwriting Kozelek has ever taken, though the songs remain autobiographical and poignant. Kozelek also contributed as a vocalist and bass player to Desertshore, a group featuring Red House Painters guitarist Phil Carney, classically trained pianist Chris Connolly, and more recently Sun Kil Moon drummer Mike Stevens. His first collaboration with Desertshore came on the group's second studio album, \"Drawing Of Threes\" (released November 22, 2011, Caldo Verde Records). Kozelek appeared in 6 out of 10 tracks as a vocalist and bass player."}, {"context": "He played a more major role in the third studio album titled \"Mark Kozelek & Desertshore\" (released August 20, 2013, Caldo Verde Records), where he is featured as vocalist and bassist on all 10 tracks. In the same year, Kozelek released \"Perils From the Sea\", a collaboration album with multi-instrumentalist Jimmy LaValle of The Album Leaf, and covers album \"Like Rats\". In 2014, Sun Kil Moon released \"Benji\" to wide acclaim, including a score of 9.2 from Pitchfork and an 85 from the critical rating aggregate website, Metacritic. \"No Ripcord\" calls it Kozelek's \"most intimate work yet\" and Kitty Empire"}, {"context": "of \"Observer\" added, it \"might well be this difficult artist's most direct work.\" Soundblab rated it the best album of 2014, stating \"When I remember 2014 in music, there will be Sun Kil Moon\u2019s \"Benji\" and there will be everything else.\" Sun Kil Moon's sixth album of original material, \"Universal Themes\", was released on June 2, 2015. The album again featured drummer Steve Shelley, who previously played drums on Benji and then released an album in 2017 \"Common as Light and Love Are Red Valleys of Blood\". Kozelek toured Europe, the United States, and South America in support of the"}, {"context": "album in 2017 and 2018. On May 11, 2018, Kozelek released an eponymously titled double CD album, which \"was recorded in San Francisco hotels and studios between May 2017 and January 2018.\" During his time with both Red House Painters and Sun Kil Moon, as well as during his solo career, Kozelek has been known for his haunting, baritone style of vocals. Kozelek, who acted as record producer on every album released by his bands Red House Painters and Sun Kil Moon as well as his solo releases, produced the debut album by friend and Low singer-guitarist Alan Sparhawk, in"}, {"context": "Sparhawk's side-project \"Retribution Gospel Choir\". Kozelek has also dabbled in acting. Friend and director Cameron Crowe cast him in his film \"Almost Famous\" (2000) as Larry Fellows (the bass player in Stillwater) and in \"Vanilla Sky\" (2001) as a clubgoer who mocks Tom Cruise's character. In 2005, he appeared in Steve Martin's film \"Shopgirl\", playing a musician who befriends and mentors Jason Schwartzman's character. Kozelek also performed \"Lily and Parrots\" (a Sun Kil Moon song) live in the film. Kozelek appears as himself, and contributed to the soundtrack to Paolo Sorrentino's 2015 film, \"Youth\". His 2015 Sun Kil Moon album,"}, {"context": "\"Universal Themes\", often references his experiences while filming \"Youth\". Solo albums EPs Compilations Live albums Mark Kozelek Mark Edward Kozelek (born January 24, 1967) is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist, record producer and occasional actor. He is best known as the vocalist and primary recording artist of the indie folk act Sun Kil Moon, with whom he has recorded eight studio albums, and as the vocalist, guitarist and founding member of the indie rock band Red House Painters, with whom he recorded six studio albums from 1989 until 2001. Born and raised in Massillon, Ohio, Kozelek developed an interest in"}]}, {"title": "Joan of Arc at the Coronation of Charles VII", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Joan of Arc at the Coronation of Charles VII Joan of Arc at the Coronation of Charles VII (French: \"Jeanne d\u2019Arc au sacre du roi Charles VII\") is an 1854 painting by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres. It is now in the Louvre Museum in Paris. The work merges the style of Ingres' teacher Jacques-Louis David with that of the troubador style. He began with a nude model, adding the clothes and armour. The painting was first commissioned by the director of the Academie des Belles Artes in Orl\u00e9ans to commemorate Joan of Arc. It shows her at the coronation of"}, {"context": "Charles VII of France in Reims Cathedral, victorious and looking up to heaven, which she felt had given France the victory. To her right are three pages, the monk Jean Paquerel, and a servant. The servant is a self-portrait of the artist. The scene is marked by ambient light, sumptuous objects and rich colours. Joan of Arc at the Coronation of Charles VII Joan of Arc at the Coronation of Charles VII (French: \"Jeanne d\u2019Arc au sacre du roi Charles VII\") is an 1854 painting by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres. It is now in the Louvre Museum in Paris. The"}]}, {"title": "Diplomatic Immunity (song)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Diplomatic Immunity (song) \"Diplomatic Immunity\" is a song by Canadian musician Drake. It was released on January 19, 2018, as a single from his second EP, \"Scary Hours\" (2018). The song alongside \"God's Plan\", debuted in the top ten on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, where they became Drake's 21st and 22nd top ten entries on the chart, making him the only artist in \"Billboard\" history to debut two songs in the top ten at once twice, with \"Diplomatic Immunity\" debuting at number seven and \"God's Plan\" at number one. It also debuted at number six in Canada, and at"}, {"context": "number 21 on the UK Singles Chart on January 26, 2018. \"Diplomatic Immunity\" was released alongside \"God's Plan\" as a part of the \"Scary Hours\" EP and made available for digital download and streaming on January 19, 2018, by Young Money Entertainment and Cash Money Records. While \"God's Plan\" was included on Drake's following album \"Scorpion\", \"Diplomatic Immunity\" was not. The song has received mixed reviews. Sheldon Pearce of \"Pitchfork\" described the song as having \"some of the best rapping\" of Drake's, but thought that \"his verses are still littered with awkward wordplay and corny concepts\", and that the \"silly"}, {"context": "griping\" in the song is \"melodramatic and self-owning, the result of a sore winner being a sourpuss\". In the United States, \"Diplomatic Immunity\" debuted at number seven on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on the chart dated February 3, 2018, where it became Drake's 22nd top ten on the chart. The song then remained on the chart for three weeks before falling off on the chart dated February 24, 2018. Internationally, the song has peaked in the top ten in Canada, the top 40 in the United Kingdom and has charted on the charts of Australia, Austria, France, Greece, Ireland, the"}, {"context": "Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden and Switzerland . Diplomatic Immunity (song) \"Diplomatic Immunity\" is a song by Canadian musician Drake. It was released on January 19, 2018, as a single from his second EP, \"Scary Hours\" (2018). The song alongside \"God's Plan\", debuted in the top ten on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, where they became Drake's 21st and 22nd top ten entries on the chart, making him the only artist in \"Billboard\" history to debut two songs in the top ten at once twice, with \"Diplomatic Immunity\" debuting at number seven and \"God's Plan\" at number one. It also debuted"}]}, {"title": "Mike Ford (musician)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mike Ford (musician) Michael John \"Mike\" Ford is a Canadian singer-songwriter, and a former member of Toronto band Moxy Fr\u00fcvous. In 2004, Ford released \"Stars Shone on Toronto\", his first solo album. \"Canada Needs You\", his second solo album, was released in 2005. It is an album geared towards children that focuses on Canadian history, ranging from the earliest European contacts with First Nations to the settlement of the Prairie provinces. Ford's third album, \"Satellite Hot Stove\", an eight-song follow-up to \"Stars Shone on Toronto\", was released in 2007. \"Canada Needs You Volume Two\", the follow-up to the 2005 album,"}, {"context": "was released in June 2008. The sequel focused on events in Canadian history from World War I to the protests at Clayoquot Sound. As a recipient of an Ontario Arts Council artist in education grant, Ford regularly tours schools across Ontario performing his curriculum-focused compositions about Canada in lively and interactive concerts. He has also made stops across Ontario to work with students in the creation of their own songs about the environment, community and identity. He has appeared on many recordings including albums by The Klezmatics, Barenaked Ladies, David Francey, and The Arrogant Worms. Since around 2006, Mike Ford"}, {"context": "has been performing at a summer camp called Camp Kodiak. Ford and fellow Moxy Fr\u00fcvous member Murray Foster also perform as The Cocksure Lads, a faux-1960s British Invasion-style band. They've released two Cocksure Lads albums: \"The Greatest Hits of the Cocksure Lads: 1963-1968\" in 2010, and \"MAD LAD PLAN\" in 2014. A movie about the fictional history of the band was released in 2015. Mike Ford (musician) Michael John \"Mike\" Ford is a Canadian singer-songwriter, and a former member of Toronto band Moxy Fr\u00fcvous. In 2004, Ford released \"Stars Shone on Toronto\", his first solo album. \"Canada Needs You\", his"}]}, {"title": "Surakiart Sathirathai", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Surakiart Sathirathai Surakiart Sathirathai (; ; born June 7, 1958, Bangkok) was, until September 19, 2006, a Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand overseeing Foreign Affairs, Education and Culture. He is former President of the Asian Society of International Law and former President of the Asian Peace and Reconciliation Council. Surakiart grew up in Bangkok. His father was Sunthorn Sathirathai, former Deputy Permanent Secretary of the Thai Ministry of Finance, and his mother was Kuakoon Sawat-chuto Sathirathai, Professor in French literature at Chulalongkorn University. Surakiart graduated with a First Class (Valedictorian) degree in law from Bangkok's Chulalongkorn University. He earned two"}, {"context": "master's degrees: one in law (LL.M.) from Harvard Law School with a thesis on human rights, and another in law and diplomacy from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University. Surakiart was the first Thai to earn a doctorate in law from Harvard Law School. His doctoral thesis, \"An Understanding of the Relationship Among International Legal Discourse About Development, Third World Countries, and International Peace,\" (1985) explored the global trade law regime from the perspective of the third world. He later co-edited \"Third World Attitudes Toward International Law: An Introduction\" (1987) and authored various articles on law and"}, {"context": "development including \"Peace and Security: The Challenge and the Promise\", 41 Texas International Law Journal 513 (2006). From the late 1980s until the late 1990s, Surakiart taught in the Faculty of Law at Chulalongkorn University and ultimately became Dean. In 1995, Dr. Surakiart became Thailand's youngest Finance Minister under Prime Minister Banharn Silapa-Archa. Surakiart's supporters maintain that although he inherited a national economy beset by structural challenges that ultimately exposed it to the Thai financial crisis, Dr. Surakiart designed and implemented reforms that, while deeply unpopular, moved the economy in the right direction and have become an essential part of"}, {"context": "Thailand's economic policy. Nevertheless, he resigned less than a year after his appointment over his handling of the collapse of the Bangkok Bank of Commerce. After his tenure at the Finance Ministry, Surakiart went on to serve as Vice-Chairman of the Advisory Council on Economic and Foreign Affairs under Prime Minister Chavalit Yongchaiyudh until 1997. Following that, he was President of the Institute of Social and Economic Policy (ISEP), a think tank, from 1997 to 2001. In the late 1990s, Surakiart led several major Thai corporations through restructurings and bankruptcy proceedings, and founded and chaired a major Bangkok law firm."}, {"context": "In 2001, Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra appointed Dr. Surakiart as Minister of Foreign Affairs, a position he held until early 2005 when he became Deputy Prime Minister. As Foreign Minister, Surakiart sought to promote regional economic development through various cooperative networks, including Ayeyarwaddy-Chao Phraya-Mekong Economic Cooperation Strategy (ACMECS) and the Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD). As Deputy Prime Minister and Acting Minister of Culture, Surakiart now oversees the Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Education, and Culture. On 2 October 2006, he became an independent politician by resigning from his last political party Thai Rak Thai following the coupe d'tat of Thailand. His"}, {"context": "intention in this political exodus is still unknown but the military junta of Thailand has announced to continue supporting his bid for UN top job. The Royal Thai Government had nominated Dr. Surakiart as Thailand's candidate for United Nations Secretary-General. Many other nations, including the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) had pledged to support Dr. Surakiart's bid. He was also rumored to have the backing of China, a permanent member of the Security Council. Surakiart's candidature may have been adversely affected by the controversial policies of Thaksin Shinawatra, whose relations with the military junta in Myanmar"}, {"context": "and handling of unrest in the predominantly Muslim south of the country were particularly contentious. Most notably, the Asian Human Rights Commission campaigned against Surakiart on account of Thailand's policy toward Myanmar. However, Surakiart's supporters contended that he spearheaded Thailand's \"prosper thy neighbor\" policy of regional economic coordination and that his quiet diplomatic style had helped resolve numerous long-standing regional disputes. The Secretary General is appointed by the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Security Council. To be elected, a candidate to the post needs 9 votes from the Security Council, including those of all 5 permanent members. The"}, {"context": "General Assembly then holds a vote; two-thirds of Member States need to support the candidacy for the Secretary General to be appointed. In July 2006 a straw poll was held among the UNSG candidates and Dr. Surakiat placed third, behind Ban Ki Moon from South Korea and Shashi Tharoor from India. Surakiart scored 7 encouragements, 3 discouragements, and 5 no opinions. Ban scored 12-1-2 and Tharoor scored 10-2-3. In a second September 14 straw poll, Surakiart gained some ground, scoring 9 encouragements, 3 discouragements, and 3 no opinions. However, he still scored third behind Ban and Tharoor. Ban scored 14-1-0"}, {"context": "and Tharoor scored 10-3-2. In a straw poll held on September 28, however, Surakiart fell into fourth place, winning only 5 encouragements, 7 discouragements and 3 no opinions. The entry of additional candidates, including former Latvian President Vaira Vike-Freiberga, into the race, combined with the military coup that took place only weeks before the poll, were likely causes of Surakiart's loss of support. South Korea's foreign minister, Ban Ki-Moon, won the support of the Security Council's five permanent members in an informal vote on the next UN secretary general held on 3 October 2006, and was subsequently elected Secretary-General. Opposition"}, {"context": "to Surakiart has been especially vocal among the Jayanama family of Thai diplomats. In a mass rally in front of thousands of anti-Thaksin protesters, former ambassador to the UN Asda Jayanama noted \"Because we have a weak foreign minister who responded to Thaksin as if he were his servant, we have been unable to solve any problems\".. Asda also claimed that Surakiart Sathirathai parked his car outside the official residence of UN secretary-general at night so he could see it. \"It's very embarrassing,\" Asda told the crowd. The former diplomat blasted Surkiart's candidacy as a lost cause and an embarrassment"}, {"context": "for Thailand's international standing, claiming that it was \"silly\" to believe that handshakes from 127 countries amounted to formal endorsements. He has also publicly called Surakiart \"a third rate politician\", \"clumsy\", \"bungling\", and \"lacking a brand name\".. Surakiart responded by accusing Asda of defaming him, and threatened to file a defamation suit if he didn't stop attacking him in public. . While Foreign Minister, Surakiart transferred Asda's younger brother Surapong Jayanama to become ambassador to Germany (from Director General of the East Asia Department of the Thai Ministry of Foreign Affairs). He also transferred Asda's younger brother Apipong Jayanama to"}, {"context": "become head of the Institute of Foreign Affairs (from Director General of the Department of American and South Pacific Affairs). Some have speculated that Asda's opposition to Surakiart might stem from these events . He is married to Thanpuying Dr.Suthawan Sathirathai, a niece to the Queen of Thailand, who holds several advanced degrees including a doctorate in Land Economy from the University of Cambridge (UK). They have one son, Dr. Santitarn Sathirathai, graduated from Harvard University. In keeping with Thai tradition, Dr.Surakiart Sathirathai spent a period as a monk in a Buddhist monastery. Surakiart Sathirathai Surakiart Sathirathai (; ; born"}]}, {"title": "Professor Genius", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Professor Genius Professor Genius is an American comics character, who originated in the comic strip \"Little Nemo in Slumberland\" by Winsor McCay and other subsequent media. He is the right-hand man to King Morpheus, the ruler of Slumberland. His main jobs are to look after the Princess, Little Nemo, and of course make sure the King's things are in order. In the original \"Little Nemo\" comics, musical and vaudeville, Professor Genius appeared with a different personality and appearance as \"Dr. Pill.\" In the 1992 movie \"Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland\", Professor Genius is given the task of bringing Little Nemo"}, {"context": "to Slumberland by dirigible and is successful. Along the way he looks after Little Nemo and introduces him to King Morpheus and Princess Camille. He also brings Nemo to his prince lessons, which Nemo detests. After the Nightmare King is released, Professor Genius is one of the few that join Nemo's group, to make a rescue attempt to save the King. He is voiced in the movie by Ren\u00e9 Auberjonois. While most of the major characters in the film appeared in the video game spinoff for Nintendo created by Capcom the Professor was absent. However, in the \"Nemo\" Arcade game,"}, {"context": "he was seen in the opening scene and the ending scene Professor Genius Professor Genius is an American comics character, who originated in the comic strip \"Little Nemo in Slumberland\" by Winsor McCay and other subsequent media. He is the right-hand man to King Morpheus, the ruler of Slumberland. His main jobs are to look after the Princess, Little Nemo, and of course make sure the King's things are in order. In the original \"Little Nemo\" comics, musical and vaudeville, Professor Genius appeared with a different personality and appearance as \"Dr. Pill.\" In the 1992 movie \"Little Nemo: Adventures in"}]}, {"title": "Dunama jessiebarronae", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Dunama jessiebarronae Dunama jessiebarronae is a moth in the family Notodontidae. It is found in Costa Rica, where it is only known from the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica de Guanacaste, Cordillera Volcanica Central, Cordillera de Talamanca, llanuras de Sarapiqui, and the lowlands of the Caribbean, at elevations ranging from 50 to 1,115 meters. The length of the forewings is 13.5\u201313.7 mm. The forewing dorsal ground color is cream at the base and 2/3 black brown. There is a prominent black-brown, slightly oblique bar between the base of the reniform spot and the base of the inner margin of"}, {"context": "the forewing in both sexes. The veins are lined with gray, especially distally. The anal fold and cubitus are blackish brown and the orbicular spot is diffuse and blackish brown. The reniform spot is small and blackish brown. The ventral surfaces of both wings are gray brown. The forewing costal margin is cream ventrally. The dorsal hindwing is dirty gray brown, but lighter near the base. The larvae feed on \"Heliconia irrasa\", \"Heliconia latispatha\", \"Heliconia pogonantha\" and the introduced \"Musa acuminata\". The species is named in honor of Ms. Jessie Barron, great-greatgrandmother of Jessie Hill of Philadelphia and Hawaii, in"}, {"context": "recognition of Jessie Hill\u2019s contribution to saving and inventorying the conserved ACG rain forest in which \"Dunama jessiebarronae\" breeds. Dunama jessiebarronae Dunama jessiebarronae is a moth in the family Notodontidae. It is found in Costa Rica, where it is only known from the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Volcanica de Guanacaste, Cordillera Volcanica Central, Cordillera de Talamanca, llanuras de Sarapiqui, and the lowlands of the Caribbean, at elevations ranging from 50 to 1,115 meters. The length of the forewings is 13.5\u201313.7 mm. The forewing dorsal ground color is cream at the base and 2/3 black brown. There is a prominent"}]}, {"title": "Frank L. Madla", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Frank L. Madla Frank Lloyd Madla, Jr. (January 23, 1937 \u2013 November 24, 2006), was for thirty-three years a Democratic member of both the Texas House of Representatives and the Texas State Senate from the south side of San Antonio. Madla died in a house fire in the early morning hours on the Friday after Thanksgiving Day in 2006. Madla was initially elected to the lower house of the Texas legislature in a San Antonio-based district in 1972. He served for twenty years in the House until he was elected to the District 24, later District 19, state Senate seat,"}, {"context": "which is geographically large and stretches from San Antonio to as far west as El Paso. (In Texas, state Senate districts are geographically and demographically larger than United States House of Representatives districts.) In 1985, \"Texas Monthly\", in its biennial feature on the best and worst Texas legislators named Madla to the \"Honorable Mention\" category, as one of the top twenty legislators for that session. Among the nearly seven hundred legislative bills which Madla supported that came to fruition was the establishment of the Toyota plant on San Antonio's Far South Side. The first San Antonio-made Toyota Tundra rolled off"}, {"context": "the assembly line only days before Madla's death. Madla also worked for years to establish a Texas A&M University branch campus, also on the city's South Side. In 2005, the legislature passed a bill that Madla wrote which authorized the creation of the campus. In the special 2006 legislative session dedicated to educational finance matters, Madla persuaded his colleagues to approve $40 million in tuition revenue bonds for the development of the new campus, which was scheduled to be completed in 2009. During the 2005 Legislative session, Madla originally opposed House Joint Resolution 6, which bans same-sex marriage and put"}, {"context": "Texas's Defense of Marriage laws to a vote, but he changed his mind and voted for it. It became part of the Texas Constitution. Madla had maintained his Senate seat without opposition until successfully challenged in the Democratic primary held in March 2006 by the District 118 state representative, Carlos I. \"Charlie\" Uresti. The challenger claimed that Madla was too closely tied to the Republican leadership in the Senate and had voted in 2003 to remove 180,000 youngsters from the Children's Health Insurance Program. Madla referred to Uresti's charge as a \"\"procedural matter.\"\" There were also questions about Madla's more"}, {"context": "than $1.1 million in campaign contributions, some from lobbyists. State Senator Eliot Shapleigh of El Paso campaigned for Uresti, breaking a Senate tradition of not campaigning against a colleague. Uresti, a San Antonio attorney, prevailed with 56.5 percent of the vote to Madla's 43.5 percent. Carla Vela, the then Bexar County Democratic Party chairman, said that issues were less important in the Madla-Uresti race than an ongoing intraparty power struggle involving the political families who control the Southside section of San Antonio. Shortly after his primary defeat, Madla announced that he would resign his Senate seat early, effective May 31,"}, {"context": "2006. Madla was born in just outside San Antonio in Helotes to Frank L. Madla, Sr., and the former Epigmenia Alcala. Madla attended St. Mary's University and graduated with a B.A. in Government in 1959, and in 1963, an M.A. in Government. Madla was married in 1961, and he and wife Rosemary had a son, Frank L. Madla, III. Madla was remarried in 1977 to the former Helen Cruz (born June 2, 1954), and had a daughter, Marci Morgan Madla. Madla was a junior high school teacher for ten years before he entered politics. At various times he worked as"}, {"context": "an insurance and real estate broker, and an instructor at University of the Incarnate Word. Madla, along with Mary Cruz, his 81-year-old mother-in-law, and Aleena, his five-year-old granddaughter, died in a house fire. Madla had been asleep in his home upstairs and had tried to escape through the bedroom window. Burglar bars on the windows trapped him, and he succumbed to smoke and flames. His granddaughter was initially thought to have survived, but was declared without brain function and died after being removed from life support a day later. Madla's wife Helen survived the blaze but was hospitalized for a"}, {"context": "time afterward. Madla's home had no smoke detectors. U.S. President George W. Bush issued his condolences to the Madla family and promised to pray for Helen Madla's full recovery: \"Frank was a dedicated public servant who devoted more than three decades of his life to serving his state and all its people in the Texas House and Senate.\" Texas Governor Rick Perry ordered state flags to be flown at half-staff in Madla's honor on November 30, the day of Madla's funeral, and 1 December, the date of his interment in the Texas State Cemetery. Perry issued this tribute: \"Frank Madla"}, {"context": "was a dear friend and a dedicated public servant who was an exemplary representative for South and West Texas. Frank was a mentor to me when I came in to the legislature. He had a heart of gold and was a true Texas patriot. He and his wife, Helen, were two of Anita's [First Lady Anita Thigpen Perry] and my favorites. His death is a tragic loss to the community, to his friends and to his family. Anita and I offer our prayers on behalf of his wife Helen for her continued recovery.\" In January 2006, the former Royalgate Elementary"}, {"context": "School in the South San Antonio Independent School District was renamed Frank Madla Elementary School. Madla described the renaming as the \"single best honor\" to him ever. VIA Metropolitan Transit named its Madla Transit Center in his honor. It is located on San Antonio's South Side at the intersection of I-35 and Zarzamora Street. Election history of Madla from 1992. Frank L. Madla Frank Lloyd Madla, Jr. (January 23, 1937 \u2013 November 24, 2006), was for thirty-three years a Democratic member of both the Texas House of Representatives and the Texas State Senate from the south side of San Antonio."}]}, {"title": "David Brcic", "paragraphs": [{"context": "David Brcic David Joseph Brcic (born January 21, 1958) is a retired American soccer goalkeeper who played professionally in the North American Soccer League and Major Indoor Soccer League. He also competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics and earned four caps with the United States men's national soccer team. In 1976, Brcic graduated from Bishop DuBourg High School in St. Louis, Missouri where he played on the school's soccer team. He has been inducted into the school's Hall of Fame. After high school, Brcic attended St. Louis University where he played a single season of college soccer. In 1977, he"}, {"context": "left the university to sign with the New York Cosmos of the North American Soccer League. Brcic remained a back-up with the Cosmos through the 1979 season. Through that year, he had played only eight games in goal. During the 1978-79 off-season, the Cosmos loaned Brcic to Greenock Morton of the Scottish First Division, then the top league in Scotland. After injuries hit Greenock Morton's goalkeepers, the team brought Brcic into its first team where he played six league games, including a win at Aberdeen F.C. on December 20, 1978 during which Brcic stopped a penalty kick. Brcic returned to"}, {"context": "the Cosmos for the 1980 season and remained with the team until it folded during the 1984-1985 indoor season. Brcic did not only return to the Cosmos in 1979, he also earned his first cap with the U.S. national team when he came on for Arnie Mausser in a May 2, 1979, loss to France. Brcic did not play again for the senior team until 1984. That year he was the starting goalkeeper for the U.S. team at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. That year, he also appeared in a May 30 scoreless draw versus Italy and a 4-0 World"}, {"context": "Cup qualifying win against the Netherlands Antilles on October 6. He played one more game with the senior national team, a 2-1 World Cup qualification victory over Trinidad and Tobago on May 15, 1985. By this time Brcic was ending his outdoor professional career and had embarked on his indoor years. He gained his first indoor soccer experience during the 1981-1982 NASL indoor season. He played fourteen games for the Cosmos as they finished with the league's second worst record. Brcic and the Cosmos did much better in the second NASL indoor season, which didn't take place until 1983-1984. He"}, {"context": "started twenty-six games as New York made it to the championship game before falling to the San Diego Sockers. The next year, the Cosmos entered the Major Indoor Soccer League. However, they were a shell of the team they were a few years prior and folded thirty-three games into the forty-eight game season. Brcic began the season with the Cosmos, but when they collapsed, he moved to the Wichita Wings. At the end of the season, he moved again to the Pittsburgh Spirit for the 1985-1986 season. Although the Spirit finished in the bottom of the standings, Brcic was selected"}, {"context": "to the first team All MISL list. For the 1986-1987 season, he was with his fourth team in three seasons, the Los Angeles Lazers. Once again, he found himself with a struggling team. Brcic also played with the Kansas City Comets and St. Louis Storm. Since retiring from playing, Brcic graduated from Maryville University in 1996 has run soccer camps and is President of Soccer Master. He resides in St. Louis with his wife Cindy and two children Emily and Alex. David Brcic David Joseph Brcic (born January 21, 1958) is a retired American soccer goalkeeper who played professionally in"}]}, {"title": "Moreh, India", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Moreh, India Moreh is a town located on the India-Myanmar border in the Tengnoupal district of the Indian state of Manipur. The town is mainly inhabited by Kuki , Tamil, Nepali, Meitei, Punjabi, Telugu, Bihari, Marwari and Muslim Pangals. Official language is Meitei and Kuki. Moreh plays a very important role in connection with the India-Myanmar relationship and is also a rapidly developing trade point in India on the border with Myanmar, with the city of Tamu on the other side of the border. Moreh is already a huge commercial hub, and economists suggested that it could become a bustling"}, {"context": "city in the next couple of decades. The town is already seen as the commercial capital of Manipur and India's Gateway to South-East Asia. In 2007, according to The Economist, Moreh was to gain a branch railway via Imphal. The Indo-Myanmar Friendship Bridge in Moreh connects India to Kalewa in Myanmar's Sagaing Division. The highway on the Myanmar side is intended to run up to Mandalay but it is in bad shape. Indian planners hope the rail link to Moreh will eventually be connected to the Myanmar railway system, allowing onward connectivity to Thailand and China. In the 2011 India"}, {"context": "census, Moreh had a population of 16,847. Males were 8,670 while 8,177 were females. Moreh had an average literacy rate of 71.47%, lower than the state average of 76.94%: male literacy was around 79.52%, and female literacy was 62.88%. In Moreh, 14.58% of the population was under 6 years of age. The female sex ratio was 943 compared with the state average of 985. The child sex ratio was around 985 compared with the Manipur state average of 930. Moreh plays a key role in the development of economy of the state. There are 40 tradable items under the Barter"}, {"context": "Trade mechanism through Moreh (India-Myanmar Border). Major exports include cement, engineering goods, transport equipment, motor cycles, iron and steels, medicine, chemicals and allied products, cotton yarn, etc. The major items now imported from Myanmar through barter mechanism are betel nuts, turmeric, red kidney beans (Rajma), kuth roots, gram, resin, dry ginger, etc. The volume of trade at Moreh-Tamu Border Point in 2001-02 was ` 95.48 million and in 2009-10 ` 298.19 million - an average increase of 39% p.a. Further, Ministry of Finance, Govt. of India has also cleared the operational of \"Normal Trade\" through Land Customs Station (LCS), Moreh."}, {"context": "India\u2019s Look East Policy and several new measures taken by both the Central and State Governments to promote and enhanced trade link with Southeast Asia, provide Manipur with a competitive advantage. In recognition of the potential of Moreh, the Government of India has notified an Integrated Check Post (ICP) at Moreh. The proposed ICP will facilitate speedy movement of export-import consignments and reduce any inconvenience to the general public from any increase in trade from India\u2019s Look East Policy. The state government has identified of land near Gate No.1 within Customs notified area. RITES, a Central Public Sector undertaking have"}, {"context": "prepared a DPR for Moreh ICP costing ` 136 crores and is under the process of implementation. The proposed centre shall have (i) Immigration Department, (ii) local Police including Women Constables for immediate security, (iii) Land Customs Department, (iv) Customs Preventive Department, (v) Forests, (vi) Narcotics & Drug Control Department, (vii) Postal Department, (viii) Bank Counter, (ix) Telecom, (x) Animal Quarantine, (xi) Plant Quarantine, (xii) Quality Certification Inspection Agencies/Export Promotion Councils, (xiii) Trade Facilitation Counter and Trade related Public Bodies, (xiv) Food Testing Lab, (xv) Truck Parking facility, (xvi) Staff Quarters, basic amenities such as Canteen, Truck Drivers\u2019 Rest House,"}, {"context": "etc... As Moreh shares a border with Myanmar. it is a transit point for trafficking illicit drugs to the international market. India\u2019s foreign minister met with Myanmar\u2019s construction minister in Delhi on 22 February 2012, and spoke about opening a highway between Moreh, in India, and the Myanmar-Thai border near Mae Sot. Former Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Thein Sein have set a deadline of 2016 to provide trilateral road connectivity, that would make it possible to drive from India to Thailand via Myanmar. As of 2012, all freight traffic from Asia to Europe goes by sea. The Trans-Asian"}, {"context": "Railway will enable containers from Singapore, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand and Korea to travel over land by train to Europe. The Southern Corridor of the Trans-Asian Railway (TAR) is of prime interest to India. It connects Yunnan in China and Thailand with Europe via Turkey and passes through India. There is a general understanding between India and Myanmar that their railways will be interconnected via a line section that will extend from Kalay in Myanmar to Jiribam in India via the border point at Tamu/Moreh, India. The proposed route will enter India through Tamu and Moreh, then"}, {"context": "enter Bangladesh through Mahisasan and Shahbajpur and again enter India from Bangladesh at Gede. On the western side, the line will enter Pakistan at Attari. There is a missing link on this route in the India-Myanmar sector; of this, , in India, is between Jiribam in Manipur and Tamu, Burma in Myanmar. The rail link between Jiribam and Tapul/Imphal has been sanctioned by Indian Railways, but that is unlikely to be completed before 2016. In 2011, construction work was in progress in a stretch between Jiribam and Tupul/Imphal. India's Ministry Railway has also approved the Tapul/Imphal to Moreh, India/Tamu, Burma"}, {"context": "link. Moreh, India Moreh is a town located on the India-Myanmar border in the Tengnoupal district of the Indian state of Manipur. The town is mainly inhabited by Kuki , Tamil, Nepali, Meitei, Punjabi, Telugu, Bihari, Marwari and Muslim Pangals. Official language is Meitei and Kuki. Moreh plays a very important role in connection with the India-Myanmar relationship and is also a rapidly developing trade point in India on the border with Myanmar, with the city of Tamu on the other side of the border. Moreh is already a huge commercial hub, and economists suggested that it could become a"}]}, {"title": "Sydir Bily", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sydir Bily Sidor Bely or Sydir Bily (1716 \u2014 20 July 1788) \u2014 Kosh ataman of the Black Sea Cossack Host. Bily was born in 1716 to a Cossack family near Kherson. He studied in the Kiev-Mogyla Academy after which he joined the Sich as a young man where he continued his studies in the Sich officer school. Due to his talents he was chosen to be an osaul. He took part in numerous sea and land campaigns on the Danube and in Crimea where he gained a reputation as a fine commander and seaman. In the 1760s he carried"}, {"context": "out special assignments for Petro Kalnyshevsky. Because of his intelligence and education he was always trusted and was popular. He travelled to St Petersburg with Kalnyshevsky and Antin Holovaty in January 1762 for the coronation of Catherine II. Bily was honoured with a gold medal and nobility status. After his return to the Sich in 1774, Bily and Antin Holovaty once again sent to St Petersburg where he represented the rights of the cossacks and the return of confiscated lands. Their petition was ignored. The fate of the Sich was sealed on April 23, 1775 at a council meeting in"}, {"context": "the Palace to which Bily and Holovaty were not invited. During the destruction of the Sich, Bily was in St Petersburg. On his return all he saw of the Sich were ruins. He was able to avoid repercussions and repressions by the direct intervention of G. Potemkin. Bily was retired as a major in the Russian army and tended to the management of his estates. In 1786 he headed the council of nobility in Kherson. This period is described in various ways. Some state that he moved to the Danubian Sich, and he was labelled a traitor, that he sold"}, {"context": "out to the Empress for a gold medal. Analysis tends to lead us to the fact that Bily was a skillful politician and understood the politics of the time. He understood that the Sich could not continue within the Russian Empire and understood that it could only survive outside of the Russian Empire. As a result he moved to the Danube and started creating the \"Host of Loyal Zaporozhians\". Kherson at that time had started building large sail-boats - corvettes, frigates and line boats for the future Black Sea fleet. Bily took part in the construction of these boats and"}, {"context": "also in the selection and training of future sailors from the Ukrainian population. With the addition of Crimea to the Russian Empire, Turkey understood this as being a breaking of the Treaty of Kujchuk-Karnadji. Turkey sent a fleet of 25 large boats and war broke loose. Commanders were sent from the Baltics, and the Azov fleet was sent to engage the Turks. Potemkin's admirals did not know the conditions in the Dnieper-Black Sea region and as a result Bily took a commanding role. After handing over command of the fleet to vice-admiral F. Klokachov, Bily returned to Kherson where he"}, {"context": "took command of the Lyman fleet, which was still to be built. The fleet was built in 1787 made up of Cossack Chaikas (one of which is in the Cossack museum in Khortytsia today) and brigants. During Catherine II visit through Ukraine and Crimea in 1787, Sydir Bily accompanied her with a guard of Cossacks. Catherine was happy with the service and agreed to pardon the Cossacks who had left the Russian Empire. Potemkin placed the French Prince Nassau-Zigen as commander of the Lyman fleet. Sydir became the commander of the Cossack Chaikas. 27 February 1787 Suvorov sent Koshovy Bily"}, {"context": "to the Empress to petition for the return of the Zaporozhian attributes: a large white with blue cross flag, some other smaller flags, bulava etc. The flag became the basis for the current Navy flag of Ukraine. The word Zaporozhian however, was no longer allowed to be used, although Suvorov paid no heed to the ban. September 7, 1787 the next Russo-Turkish war erupted. The tragedy of this campaign was that they not only fought the Turks, but also their brethren who had resettled in the Danubian Sich. The fleet led by Sydir Bily had negotiated with the Danubian Cossacks"}, {"context": "not to engage them in combat. They shot their cannon a number of times and returned to shore. The refusal of the Danubian Cossacks to fight their brothers guaranteed Potemkin victory. On the 17 June near Ochakiv a new battle erupted. A number of boats of Eksi-Hasan were grounded in the shallow waters. The Lyman flotilla attacked and destroyed six frigates. During the attack 18 cossacks died and 235 were taken captive. Sydir Bily was also wounded. He was taken to the Kinburg fortress. Suvorov gave him his finest doctors, but this was all in vain. Bily died June 20,"}, {"context": "1788 at the age of 72. At his funeral were Suvorov, Antin Holovaty, contr-admiral John Paul Jones. Sydir Bily Sidor Bely or Sydir Bily (1716 \u2014 20 July 1788) \u2014 Kosh ataman of the Black Sea Cossack Host. Bily was born in 1716 to a Cossack family near Kherson. He studied in the Kiev-Mogyla Academy after which he joined the Sich as a young man where he continued his studies in the Sich officer school. Due to his talents he was chosen to be an osaul. He took part in numerous sea and land campaigns on the Danube and in"}]}, {"title": "SULO (Australian rock band)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "SULO (Australian rock band) SULO was an Australian rock band formed with Metal, Nu Metal and Punk influence in the late 1990s on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales. Originally, the band had five members, all from the Kempsey area. While still in school the band gained released several independent demo EP's. In 2001 SULO appeared on the 6th volume of the Grow Your Own series released by Foghorn Records. During this time the band underwent several line up changes as well as touring the east coast of Australia more frequently. By mid-2002 they relocated to Melbourne with"}, {"context": "only Jimmy, Ronojoy, Arlo and gaff remaining. Without a drummer the band commenced production of their EP \"Western Glare\" in Sydney while still maintaining a busy touring schedule, sharing the stage with the likes of Cog, The Butterfly Effect, The Hard-ons and The Sick Puppies. 2003 brought more change for the band, with the band rewriting most of the songs intended for \"Western Glare\". Eventually the EP was recorded at Damien Gerards Sound Studio's with Michael Chapman drumming. The completion of \"Western Glare\" also saw the departure of Arlo along with Melbourne drummer Tim Shearman joining the band permanently. Upon"}, {"context": "the completion of the EP and line up the band moved quickly to film the video clip for the song \"Sorry\" in Wagga Wagga. Immediately following this a mini tour of the east coast was announced to close out the year. Tim continued playing with numerous Metal and Hardcore bands, most notably \"The Red Shore\",\"Her Nightmare\",\"Sam Sara\" . Jimmy and Ronojoy went on to form Art Punk band \"Killcare Beach\" which toured briefly over 18 months. Jimmy left to join Screamo/post Hardcore band \"Bellevue\" soon after Ronojoy also joinned. Arlo began an electronic project \"Smile on Impact\" . In 2011"}, {"context": "Gaff played bass both live and in the studio for Newcastle band The Vocal Lotion's debut EP A & L #1. Band website: SULOworld.com 1. Rock Against Howard interview on Fasterlouder.com.au 2. SULO in Animal Lberation Celebrity Auction 2001 3. Waterfront Redords review and artist page 4. Foghorn Records Grow Your Own vol. 6 page featuring SULO 5. SULO article in The Macaleay Argus 11 January 2001 6. SULO article in The Macleay Argus 20 February 2001 7. SKA TV 2004 Activist Awards 8. - The Vocal Lotion's website SULO (Australian rock band) SULO was an Australian rock band formed"}]}, {"title": "Hegde (village)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hegde (village) Hegde is a village in Kumta on the western coast of India in the Uttara Kannada district of the state of Karnataka. Hegde is 4 km away from National Highway 17, which runs from Mumbai to Thiruvananthapuram. Distances to some of the major cities are: On the Konkan Railway line, the nearest railway station is Kumta. Autorickshaws, buses and other modes of road transport are available to reach hegde from railway station. The nearest international airports are goa (180 km) Mangalore (207 km). This part of Karnataka has very hot Summer with temperature rising of maximum of 35-36"}, {"context": "degree Celsius and the Rainfall here is seasonal, but heavy and is above 6000 mm. in a year. The impact of winter is less in this part of Coastal Karnataka. Since the city is located on the coast, it has an extreme climate, with temperatures in the range of 36C to 28C during summer and 26C to 20C during winter. The rainy season witnesses heavy rains by the South-West Monsoon. The Monsoon period is from June to September with rainfall averaging more than 4000mm every year and heavy winds. The main temple and deity is devi Shri Shantika Parameshwari. Hegde"}, {"context": "car festival is one of the major car fest in Karavali. Hegde (village) Hegde is a village in Kumta on the western coast of India in the Uttara Kannada district of the state of Karnataka. Hegde is 4 km away from National Highway 17, which runs from Mumbai to Thiruvananthapuram. Distances to some of the major cities are: On the Konkan Railway line, the nearest railway station is Kumta. Autorickshaws, buses and other modes of road transport are available to reach hegde from railway station. The nearest international airports are goa (180 km) Mangalore (207 km). This part of Karnataka"}]}, {"title": "Feucht", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Feucht Feucht is a municipality southwest of Nuremberg in the Middle Franconia of Bavaria, Germany. The name Feucht is derived from the Old High German noun \"viuhtje\" - \"fichta\", which is the tree spruce (vernacularly F\u00e9ichdn). As of July 31, 2005, had a population of 13,590. Hermann Oberth (1894\u20131989), one of the early fathers of space travel, lived for many years and died in Feucht. Since the Middle Ages Feucht has been a centre for beekeeping and honey production referred to as \"Zeidlerei\". Lebkuchen, the famous gingerbread of Nuremberg, is based on honey from Feucht. The biggest industrial businesses in"}, {"context": "Feucht are Excella (pharma), ATOTECH, (Electronic) and Fella (agricultural forage harvesting machinery). Feucht is home to a couple of small lakes. Its location near the Imperial Woods makes it a popular destination for hiking, cycling and outdoor recreation. Feucht has numerous stops throughout the town and is serviced by VGN/VAG busline with direct service to Nuremberg. Feucht is located on the A9 Autobahn (motorway / interstate) and the B8 Federal Highway. Feucht has a station on the Nuremberg\u2013Regensburg line and is serviced by both RB regional trains and Nuremberg S-Bahn trains. Feucht Feucht is a municipality southwest of Nuremberg in"}]}, {"title": "Whoever's in New England", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Whoever's in New England Whoever's in New England is the 10th studio album of American country music artist Reba McEntire, released on February 10, 1986. It is her first #1 album on the Billboard country albums chart, producing two singles that were #1 country hits: \"Whoever's in New England\", and \"Little Rock.\" The album's phenomenal success proved to be a turning point in McEntire's career. It was the singer's first platinum record, and solidified her new superstardom when she was named the 'Entertainer of the Year' by the Country Music Association in autumn 1986. The album also marked another milestone,"}, {"context": "McEntire made her first music video for the title track. Eventually, McEntire would become known for her 'mini-movie'-styled music videos. Whoever's in New England Whoever's in New England is the 10th studio album of American country music artist Reba McEntire, released on February 10, 1986. It is her first #1 album on the Billboard country albums chart, producing two singles that were #1 country hits: \"Whoever's in New England\", and \"Little Rock.\" The album's phenomenal success proved to be a turning point in McEntire's career. It was the singer's first platinum record, and solidified her new superstardom when she was"}]}, {"title": "Publius Valerius Poplicola (consul 475 BC)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Publius Valerius Poplicola (consul 475 BC) Publius Valerius Poplicola was consul of the Roman Republic in 475 BC and 460 BC, and interrex in 462 BC. In his first consulship Valerius was assigned responsibility for the war against Veii and the Sabines. The Roman army was reinforced by auxiliaries from the Latin allies and the Hernici. The Sabine army was camped outside the walls of Veii. Valerius attacked the Sabine defences. The Sabines sallied forth from their camp, but the Romans had the better of the fighting, and took the gate of the Sabine camp. The forces of Veii then"}, {"context": "attacked from the city, but in some disorder, and a Roman cavalry charged routed the Veientes, giving Rome the overall victory. Valerius was awarded a triumph for the victory, which he celebrated on 1 May. In his second consulship he was killed recovering the capitol from Appius Herdonius. He is said to be the son of Publius Valerius Publicola, the consul of 509 BC, but according to another tradition, that son fell in battle at Lake Regillus in c. 496 BC; perhaps the consul of 475 BC was his grandson. Publius Valerius Poplicola (consul 475 BC) Publius Valerius Poplicola was"}]}, {"title": "Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Delgado", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Delgado Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Delgado, 466 U.S. 210 (1984), was a United States Supreme Court decision finding that a police demand of an individual to identify himself would convert a consensual stop to a Terry stop, whereas a mere request would not. The case concerned whether the restrictions placed on government officials by the Fourth Amendment applied to \u201cfactory sweeps\u201d by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), in particular two factory sweeps conducted in January and September 1977. During these sweeps, INS agents surveyed the Southern California Davis Pleating Co. in search of"}, {"context": "illegal alien workers. The agents were acting in accordance with two warrants. Neither of these warrants identified any particular individuals, but showed probable cause that there may be a number of aliens working on the premises. Workers were systematically questioned to determine their citizenship status and asked to produce their immigration papers if their answers were not satisfactory. Agents were stationed at the doors, though there is no record of whether this was meant to restrain the workers in question or merely to ensure that everyone was properly questioned. Four of the employees questioned filed actions against the INS in"}, {"context": "1978, arguing that the sweeps violated their Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure, and their right to equal protection under the Fifth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment states: \"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.\" The case hinged not on whether the search was reasonable or there was probable"}, {"context": "cause for a seizure of the workforce, but whether a seizure took place at all, and therefore whether the protections of the Fourth Amendment applied. The Court held that the survey of the factory was instead an instance of \u201cmere questing\u201d; the Court has adopted, as a rule, the theory that not every interaction between police or government officials and citizens qualifies as a search or seizure, and that officials can approach and speak with people so long as the interaction is clearly consensual. The decision therefore depended largely on whether the presence of INS agents at the doors of"}, {"context": "the factory, and the manner in general with which the workers were approached and questioned, were truly consensual or included acts of restraint or coercion. The Immigration and Naturalization Service has a history of conducting \"factory sweeps\" across the country in order to locate illegal alien workers. While critics have claimed that these sweeps are largely ineffective and serve most often as media events, the INS maintains that they are an important tool for protecting U.S. jobs. These sweeps occur when the INS receives information that a certain business may be employing illegal immigrants and the workers at the business"}, {"context": "are determined to fit such a profile, though, as in the case of INS v. Delgado, no specific individuals need be identified as illegal aliens. Typically, 15 or 25 INS agents enter a place of business, surrounding workers and guarding exits, and proceed to question workers with regards to their citizenship status, often carrying those suspected of being illegal away in handcuffs. As can be expected, these raids can cause considerable stress for the workers; one woman subjected to this procedure is even quoted as saying she was afraid \"because if I leave and they think I don't have no"}, {"context": "papers and they shoot me or something.\" Despite the fear-inducing nature of the sweeps, the Supreme Court maintains that those subjected to them have in no way been detained or seized, as they are technically free to go at any time and any \"reasonable person\" would realize this freedom. In the case of \"Terry v. Ohio\", the Supreme Court established a practical standpoint on \u201cmere questioning\u201d, effectively giving law enforcement officials the ability to speak with citizens, and even search them, in certain situations without necessarily being held accountable to the restrictions of the Fourth Amendment. In this case, an"}, {"context": "officer approached three men he suspected of casing a building for a robbery or stick up. He confronted them, questioned them, and for the purposes of his own safety, patted them down. The officer found that they were carrying concealed weapons, which were later used as evidence that they were about to attempt a robbery. The case hinged on whether the weapons were admissible as evidence under the Fourth Amendment, which protects against unreasonable and warrantless searches and seizures, and prevents evidence collected in such a manner from being used in court. The opinion of the Court was that in"}, {"context": "lieu of the circumstances, in which the officer had reason to fear for his own safety, the pat-down was reasonable and did not constitute a search to which the Fourth Amendment is applicable. Specifically, the Court held that \u201cThough the police must, whenever practicable, secure a warrant to make a search and seizure, that procedure cannot be followed where swift action based upon on-the-spot observations of the officer on the beat is required\u201d and \u201cThe reasonableness of any particular search and seizure must be assessed in light of the particular circumstances against the standard of whether a man of reasonable"}, {"context": "caution is warranted in believing that the action taken was appropriate.\u201d While these particular circumstances warranted a search based on the safety of the officer, the decision of the Court allowed for a greater freedom of officers to confront and question individuals in other situations. The Supreme Court has frequently referenced Terry v. Ohio and the principle of \u201cmere questioning\u201d in later cases, including INS v. Delgado. The most important formulation of the principle as it relates to Delgado is that \u201claw enforcement officials can approach and speak to individuals without the constraints of the Fourth Amendment\u2019s reasonableness standard, so"}, {"context": "long as the encounter is consensual.\u201d Terry v. Ohio, and the ensuing principle of mere questioning, left open the important question of where the line is drawn between a consensual encounter and a temporary detention. In United States v. Mendenhall, the Court outlined a number of variables which may indicate a temporary detention or seizure, and a number of variables which may indicate a mere consensual stop. Those indicative of a seizure are \u201c(1) threatening presence of several officers; (2) display of weapons by officer; (3) some physical touching of the individual; and (4) use of language or tone of"}, {"context": "voice indicating that compliance with the request might be compelled.\u201d Those factors indicative of a consensual stop are \u201c(1) questioning in public; (2) officers not wearing uniforms; (3) displaying no weapons; (4) approaching, not summoning, an individual and identifying oneself as a law enforcement official; and (5) requesting, not demanding, to ask questions or see identification.\u201d INS v. Delgado demonstrates a complex mixture of these factors, making the determination difficult. For example, while the workers were free to move about the factory, INS agents were stationed at all exits, possibly indicating a level of detention. Justice William Rehnquist delivered the"}, {"context": "opinion of the court, which Chief Justice Warren E. Burger and justices Byron White, Harry Blackmun, Sandra Day O\u2019Connor, and John P. Stevens joined. John P. Stevens filed a concurring opinion in the result. William J. Brennan filed and Thurgood Marshall joined an opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part. The Court held that \u201cThe factory surveys did not result in the seizure of the entire workforces, and the individual questioning of the respondent employees by INS agents concerning their citizenship did not amount to a detention or seizure under the Fourth Amendment.\u201d The decision is broken down into"}, {"context": "a few key components. For one, interrogation by members of law enforcement for one\u2019s identity or identification does not in itself constitute a Fourth Amendment seizure. Also, so long as a \u201creasonable person\u201d would not have reason to believe that he could not leave the questioning, it does not constitute a detention under the Fourth Amendment. While the Court accepted that the ability of the workers to leave the questioning was \u201cmeaningfully restricted\u201d, it was restricted by their obligations to their employer and not by the INS. Further, the entire workforce of the factory was not seized during the sweeps,"}, {"context": "though agents were placed by the doors. The agents\u2019 presence at the exits was held to be nothing more than a measure to make sure that all workers were questioned, and \u201cIf mere questioning did not constitute a seizure when it occurred inside the factory, it was no more a seizure when it occurred at the exits.\u201d Lastly, as there was no seizure of the workforce in its entirety, the respondents may only litigate what happened to them individually and, based on their testimonies, all of their interactions with agents were nothing more than \u201cclassic consensual encounters.\u201d The dissenting opinion,"}, {"context": "written by justice Brennan and joined by justice Marshall, calls the decision of the Court a \u201csleight of hand.\u201d Brennan cites a number of preceding cases, including Terry v. Ohio and United States v. Mendenhall, drawing up a general rule from Mendenhall as follows; that \"the threatening presence of several officers, the display of a weapon by an officer, some physical touching of the person of the citizen, or the use of language or tone of voice indicating that compliance with the officer's request might be compelled\u201d is a threshold indication of a seizure taking place. Brennan concludes that the"}, {"context": "factory sweep was very much a seizure. While there was no restraint of the individuals physically, the sudden and systematic intrusion of 15 to 25 agents upon the factory and the manner in which they dealt with the workers demonstrated a \u201cshow of force\u201d and created an \u201cintimidating atmosphere\u201d with \u201cwidespread disturbance among workers\u201d, fit to indicate that a reasonable person would not feel free to leave, and that a seizure was in fact taking place. Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Delgado Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Delgado, 466 U.S. 210 (1984), was a United States Supreme Court decision finding"}]}, {"title": "Karen Brooks (author)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Karen Brooks (author) Karen Brooks is an Australian author, columnist, social commentator and academic. Brooks was born Sydney, New South Wales, and now lives in Hobart, Tasmania, with her partner and two children. As well as her fantasy novels for children and young adults, written under both Karen Brooks and Karen R. Brooks, she has also published short stories and non-fiction works. Her most recent fantasy trilogy is \"The Curse of the Bond Riders\". Brooks was a member of the \"Brains Trust\" on the ABC TV quiz show, The Einstein Factor and she was listed in the inaugural edition \"Who's"}, {"context": "Who of Australian Women\" (2007). Her non-fiction book, 'Consuming Innocence: Popular Culture And Our Children' (2008), examined the complex relationship that children have with popular culture and addressed the roles that both popular culture and parents play in creating children\u2019s ideas of themselves. In 2007, Brooks received a citation from the Carrick Institute for Learning and Teaching in Higher Education, part of an Australian Government program to recognise and reward teaching excellence in higher education, for sustained public engagement in the field of communication and cultural studies resulting in both theoretical and practical learning outcomes for students. The following year,"}, {"context": "in recognition for her work at the institution over the previous eleven years and, in particular, for her development of a new method of teaching popular culture. Brooks was made Honorary Senior Fellow of the University of the Sunshine Coast. Brooks is currently an Honorary Research Consultant in the Centre for Critical and Cultural Studies, at the University of Queensland, where she lectures in the areas of media, youth, sexuality and popular culture using a psychoanalytical model. She has established both a national and international reputation for her work, and her research and social commentary is regularly published in Australia"}, {"context": "and overseas. Karen Brooks (author) Karen Brooks is an Australian author, columnist, social commentator and academic. Brooks was born Sydney, New South Wales, and now lives in Hobart, Tasmania, with her partner and two children. As well as her fantasy novels for children and young adults, written under both Karen Brooks and Karen R. Brooks, she has also published short stories and non-fiction works. Her most recent fantasy trilogy is \"The Curse of the Bond Riders\". Brooks was a member of the \"Brains Trust\" on the ABC TV quiz show, The Einstein Factor and she was listed in the inaugural"}]}, {"title": "Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria Gospatric or Cospatric (from the Cumbric \"Servant of Saint Patrick\"), (died after 1073), was Earl of Northumbria, or of Bernicia, and later lord of sizable estates around Dunbar. While his paternal ancestry is uncertain, his descendants held the Earldom of Dunbar, later known as the Earldom of March, in south-east Scotland until 1435. Gospatric was a great-grandson of \u00c6thelred II through his mother, Ealdgyth, and his maternal grandmother, \u00c6lfgifu, who had married Uchtred the Bold. He is often said to have been a son of Maldred son of Cr\u00edn\u00e1n of Dunkeld. It has been suggested that"}, {"context": "Maldred might not be the son of Cr\u00edn\u00e1n's known wife Beth\u00f3c, daughter of the Scots king Malcolm II, as Gospatric's descendants made no such claim when they submitted their pleadings in the Great Cause even though according to his descendant, Patrick, 7th Earl of Dunbar, did indeed make a claim to the throne during these pleadings) to determine the succession to the kingship of the Scots after the death of Alexander III in 1286. Alternatively, rather than being descended from a half-brother of King Duncan I (Donnchad mac Cr\u00edn\u00e1in), Gospatric may have been the youngest son of Earl Uhtred the"}, {"context": "Bold (died 1016). Another reconstruction would make Gospatric the grandson of Uhtred's discarded first wife, Ecgfritha, daughter of Aldhun, Bishop of Durham, through Sigrida, her daughter with Kilvert son of Ligulf. Whatever his parentage may have been, Gospatric was clearly an important figure in Northumbria and Cumbria, with ties to the family of Earl Uchtred. The \"Life of Edward the Confessor\", commissioned by Queen Edith, contains an account of the pilgrimage to Rome of Tostig Godwinson, Earl of Northumbria. It tells how a band of robbers attacked Tostig's party in Italy, seeking to kidnap the Earl. A certain Gospatric \"was"}, {"context": "believed because of the luxury of his clothes and his physical appearance, which was indeed distinguished\" to be Earl Tostig, and succeeded in deceiving the would-be kidnappers as to his identity until the real Earl was safely away from the scene. Whether this was the same Gospatric, or a kinsman of the same name, is unclear, but it is suggested that his presence in Tostig's party was as a hostage as much as a guest. After his victory over Harold Godwinson at Hastings, William of Normandy appointed a certain Copsi or Copsig, a supporter of the late Earl Tostig, who"}, {"context": "had been exiled with his master in 1065, as Earl of Bernicia in the spring of 1067. Copsi was dead within five weeks, killed by Oswulf, grandson of Uchtred, who installed himself as Earl. Oswulf was killed in the autumn by bandits after less than six months as Earl. At this point, Gospatric, who had a plausible claim to the Earldom given the likelihood that he was related to Oswulf and Uchtred, offered King William a large amount of money to be given the Earldom of Bernicia. The King, who was in the process of raising heavy taxes, accepted. In"}, {"context": "early 1068, a series of uprisings in England, along with foreign invasion, faced King William with a dire threat. Gospatric is found among the leaders of the uprising, along with Edgar \u00c6theling and Edwin, Earl of Mercia and his brother Morcar. This uprising soon collapsed, and William proceeded to dispossess many of the northern landowners and grant the lands to Norman incomers. For Gospatric, this meant the loss of his earldom to Robert Comine and exile in Scotland. King William's authority, apart from minor local troubles such as Hereward the Wake and Eadric the Wild, appeared to extend securely across"}, {"context": "England. Gospatric joined the invading army of Danes, Scots, and Englishmen under Edgar the Aetheling in the next year. Though the army was defeated, he afterwards was able, from his possession of Bamburgh castle, to make terms with the conqueror, who left him undisturbed till 1072. The widespread destruction in Northumbria known as the Harrying of the North relates to this period. In 1072 William the Conqueror stripped Gospatric of his Earldom of Northumbria, and he replaced him with Siward's son Waltheof, 1st Earl of Northampton. Gospatric fled into exile in Scotland and not long afterwards went to Flanders. When"}, {"context": "he returned to Scotland he was granted the castle at \"Dunbar and lands adjacent to it\" and in the Merse by King Malcolm Canmore. This earldom without a name in the Scots-controlled northern part of Bernicia would later become the Earldom of Dunbar. Gospatric did not long survive in exile according to Roger of Hoveden's chronicle:[N]ot long after this, being reduced to extreme infirmity, he sent for Aldwin and Turgot, the monks, who at this time were living at Meilros, in poverty and contrite in spirit for the sake of Christ, and ended his life with a full confession of"}, {"context": "his sins, and great lamentations and penitence, at Ubbanford, which is also called Northam, and was buried in the porch of the church there. He was the father of three sons, and at least one daughter named Uchtreda, who married Duncan II of Scotland, the son of King Malcolm Canmore. The sons were:, Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria Gospatric or Cospatric (from the Cumbric \"Servant of Saint Patrick\"), (died after 1073), was Earl of Northumbria, or of Bernicia, and later lord of sizable estates around Dunbar. While his paternal ancestry is uncertain, his descendants held the Earldom of Dunbar, later known"}]}, {"title": "2009 (Glee)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2009 (Glee) \"2009\" is the twelfth episode of the sixth season of the American musical television series \"Glee\", and the 120th episode overall. Written by the show's co-creators Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk, and Ian Brennan and directed by Paris Barclay, it aired on Fox in the United States on March 20, 2015, along with the next episode, \"Dreams Come True\", as a special two-hour season and series finale. The episode features a flashback from the show's pilot episode that explores the reasons why the original five members of the New Directions glee club decided to join. The year is 2009,"}, {"context": "and Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) announces to his wife Terri Schuester (Jessalyn Gilsig) that he is now running the McKinley High glee club. She is not happy about this. Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) is depressed as he starts his second year at McKinley High. Guidance Counselor Emma Pillsbury (Jayma Mays) notices him looking at a pamphlet about suicide, and calls his father Burt Hummel (Mike O'Malley) to the school. Afterward, Burt tells Kurt that he has to join a team by the end of the week and start making friends. At lunch, Kurt sits at a table with Rachel Berry"}, {"context": "(Lea Michele), and tells her that he needs to join a club; after finding out that he can sing, she suggests the new glee club. The two of them meet and sing but when Kurt suggests they audition together, Rachel refuses: stars shine separately, and she plans to shine. Kurt then asks Mercedes Jones (Amber Riley) for advice, since he has heard that she is a star of her church choir, and also recruits her to audition for the glee club. He auditions, and tells his father that he has joined the club. Burt is unsure but happy for his"}, {"context": "son, but Kurt hesitates to tell his dad that he is gay. Rachel tries to befriend Mercedes, and asks to come to her church to hear her sing. When she does, Rachel is worried, and tells Mercedes that she has a great future as a soul singer, but Mercedes tells her that whatever type of music is being sung, Rachel will have to compete with her for it. Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz) is rebelling by using a fake stutter to drive most people away, and dressing as a goth. She is friends with Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale), who really likes"}, {"context": "her as she is the only one at the school who treats him like a regular human being despite his being in a wheelchair. In the cafeteria, a couple of Tina's goth friends dump food on Rachel and Kurt as a dare, and one dares Tina and Artie back to try out for the glee club. They both do, supporting each other, and each is impressed by the other's singing ability. The first meeting of New Directions is a tense one: Will gives the first solo to Artie, but Rachel insists that she should be getting the solos as she"}, {"context": "has the best voice, a claim immediately disputed by Mercedes. That night, Terri finds Will working on music for the glee club, and she is concerned that Will's commitment to glee club may cause future issues with their marriage, but Will promises to put her first. Rachel is pleased when Will gives her the next solo, but Mercedes is very upset. She is talked out of quitting by her church choir director (April Grace), who urges her to stay, and predicts that competing with Rachel will ultimately make Mercedes a better singer. Principal Figgins (Iqbal Theba) and Sue Sylvester (Jane"}, {"context": "Lynch) praise Sue's leadership of the Cheerios cheerleaders to five consecutive national championships. Sue wonders about the revival of glee club, but Figgins assures her that they are of no concern and that Sue and the Cheerios will always be the center of McKinley High. During her weekly one-on-one basketball game with Will, Sue tells him that it is wrong to encourage the dreams of such young minds, but Will disagrees, and says that glee club could be even more important than cheerleading. Sue gives him an ultimatum: her friendship or the glee club. Will picks the glee club, adding"}, {"context": "that he just recruited Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith), the quarterback of the football team. Sue is furious. Hearing that Terri is pregnant and that Will may be leaving as glee club director to become an accountant, Rachel goes to see Terri to convince her that Will needs to stay at McKinley. Terri is not persuaded in the least. Mercedes and Kurt are having issues with Finn, which they talk over at a coffee shop, where Mercedes has a chance encounter with Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss). Artie, Kurt, Mercedes, Rachel, and Tina meet on whether or not to kick out Finn,"}, {"context": "but they realize that he belongs in glee club as much as they do, and they unanimously vote to keep him in. Emma begs Figgins to give Will a raise so that he can stay on as glee club coach, but Figgins instead finds an old video of Will competing in a glee club championship, which Emma shows to Will. Sue congratulates Will on his departure from teaching, but as he is leaving, he hears the sound of the glee club singing \"Don't Stop Believin' in the auditorium, and he stays to watch them. Although this was the twelfth episode"}, {"context": "aired in the sixth season, it was the ninth episode to be produced. It was initially announced as airing ninth, set for February 27, 2015, but was rescheduled as part of the finale. The episode was written by the show's three co-creators, Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk, and Ian Brennan, and directed by Paris Barclay, who described it as the \"most unusual episode of \"Glee\" I have ever directed\". The episode was filmed in early December 2014. The filmed material is supplemented by the inclusion of the entire original performance of \"Don't Stop Believin from \"Glee\" pilot episode, which features Cory"}, {"context": "Monteith and Lea Michele on lead vocals. Recurring characters appearing in this episode include new McKinley High glee club member Tina Cohen-Chang (Ushkowitz), students Noah \"Puck\" Puckerman (Salling), Dave Karofsky (Max Adler) and Matt Rutherford (Dijon Talton), guidance counsellor Emma Pillsbury (Mays), Principal Figgins (Theba), Will's wife Terri Schuester (Gilsig), Kurt's father Burt Hummel (O'Malley) and Terri's co-worker Howard Bamboo (Kent Avenido). New characters introduced for this episode were April Grace as Mercedes' church choir director and Bex Taylor-Klaus as a goth student. Natalija Nogulich, while given a guest star credit, does not appear in the broadcast episode. Five of"}, {"context": "the six songs from the episode have been released on a digital five-track EP with the title \"Glee: The Music, 2009\". These are: \"Popular\" from the musical \"Wicked\" sung by Michele and Colfer, Zella Jackson Price's \"I'm His Child\" performed by Riley, Katy Perry's \"I Kissed a Girl\" sung by Ushkowitz, Ginuwine's \"Pony\" performed by McHale, and Journey's \"Don't Stop Believin' in the original version from the pilot episode of the series. The sixth song, \"Mister Cellophane\" from the musical \"Chicago\" sung by Colfer, is not on the EP. The episode was broadcast an hour earlier than the show's usual"}, {"context": "Friday timeslot, with the second episode and series finale airing in that usual timeslot. \"2009\" received a season high 0.8/3 Nielsen rating/share in the 18\u201349 demographic and attracted 2.69 million American viewers during its initial broadcast. Its ratings and viewership were higher than the final episode of the series, \"Dreams Come True\", which aired immediately after and was watched by 2.54 million viewers and received a 0.7/2 rating/share. Andy Swift of TVLine wrote that the episode \"tackled flawlessly\" the \"tricky\" task of doing a flashback to the year 2009 without Cory Monteith, who had played Finn Hudson until his death"}, {"context": "in 2013, both in alluding to \"iconic moments\" in the pilot and by mentioning Finn at a number of points in the dialogue. He described the inclusion of the \"Don't Stop Believin footage from pilot as \"absolutely gut wrenching in every sense of the word\". \"Time\" James Poniewozik wrote that it was an \"ingenious move\" to make the episode \"essentially an alternative version\" of the \"Glee\" pilot, which had been \"one of the best TV pilots of the last decade\". He called the episode \"sweet and nostalgic and tearjerking\". 2009 (Glee) \"2009\" is the twelfth episode of the sixth season"}]}, {"title": "Inariyama-ko\u0304en Station", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Inariyama-k\u014den Station Inariyama-k\u014den Station is served by the Seibu Ikebukuro Line from in Tokyo, with some services inter-running via the Tokyo Metro Yurakucho Line to and the Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line to and onward via the Tokyu Toyoko Line and Minato Mirai Line to . Located between and , it is 35.9 km from the Ikebukuro terminus. The station consists of two ground-level side platforms serving two tracks, connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station opened on 1 April 1933. Station numbering was introduced on all Seibu Railway lines during fiscal 2012, with Inariyama-k\u014den Station becoming \"SI22\"."}, {"context": "Through-running to and from and via the Tokyu Toyoko Line and Minatomirai Line commenced on 16 March 2013. In fiscal 2013, the station was the 68th busiest on the Seibu network with an average of 8,780 passengers daily. The passenger figures for previous years are as shown below. Inariyama-k\u014den Station Inariyama-k\u014den Station is served by the Seibu Ikebukuro Line from in Tokyo, with some services inter-running via the Tokyo Metro Yurakucho Line to and the Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line to and onward via the Tokyu Toyoko Line and Minato Mirai Line to . Located between and , it is 35.9"}]}, {"title": "National Bank of Ethiopia", "paragraphs": [{"context": "National Bank of Ethiopia The National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) is the central bank of Ethiopia. Its headquarters are in the capital city of Addis Ababa. Teklewold Atnafu is the current governor of the bank. The bank is active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI). February 15, 1906, marked the beginning of banking in Ethiopia when the first Bank of Abyssinia was inaugurated by Emperor Menelik II. It was a private bank whose shares were sold in Addis Ababa, New York, Paris, London, and Vienna. The bank opened numerous branches"}, {"context": "including ones in Harar (1906), Dire Dawa (1908), Gore (1912), and Dese (1920). One of the first projects the bank financed was the Franco-Ethiopian Railway which reached Addis Ababa in 1917. The bank then opened a transit office in Djibouti in 1920. In 1931, Emperor Haile Selassie introduced reforms into the banking system. The Bank of Abyssinia was liquidated the newly established Bank of Ethiopia, a fully government-owned bank, taking over management, staff and premises of the ceased bank. The Bank of Ethiopia provided central and commercial banking services to the country. However, the Italian invasion in 1935 brought the"}, {"context": "demise of one of the earliest initiatives in African banking. During the Italian occupation, Italian banks were active in Ethiopia. On April 15, 1943, the \"State Bank of Ethiopia\" became the central bank and was active until 1963. By the time it ceased operations in 1963, the State Bank of Ethiopia had established 19 domestic branches, a branch in Khartoum, and a transit office in Djibouti. The National Bank of Ethiopia was established in 1963 by Proclamation 206 of 1963 and began operation in January 1964. The establishment of the new organization was aided by U.S Department of State emissary,"}, {"context": "Earle O. Latham, who was the first Vice President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Prior to this proclamation, the bank carried out dual activities i.e. commercial banking and central banking. The proclamation raised the bank's capital to 10 million Ethiopian Dollars and granted broad administrative autonomy and juridical personality. Following the proclamation the National Bank of Ethiopia was entrusted with the following responsibilities: However, monetary and banking proclamation No. 99 of 1976 came into force on September 1976 to shape the bank's role according to the socialist economic principle that the country adopted. Hence the bank was allowed"}, {"context": "to participate actively in national planning, specifically financial planning, in cooperation with the concerned state organs. The bank's supervisory area was also increased to include other financial institutions such as insurance institutions, credit cooperatives and investment-oriented banks. Moreover, the proclamation introduced the new 'Ethiopian birr' in place of the former Ethiopian Dollar that ceased to be legal tender. The proclamation revised the bank's relationship with Government. It initially raised the legal limits of outstanding government domestic borrowing to 25% of the actual ordinary revenue of the government during the proceeding three budget years as against the proclamation 206/1963, which set"}, {"context": "it to be 15%. This proclamation was in force till the new proclamation issued in 1994 to reorganize the bank according to the market-based economic policy so that it could foster monetary stability, a sound financial system and such other credit and exchange conditions as are conductive to the balanced growth of the economy of the country. Accordingly, the following are some of the powers and duties vested in the bank by proclamation 83/1994. Lastly, the proclamation has also raised the paid-up capital of the bank from Birr 30.0 million to Birr 50.0 million. The National Bank of Ethiopia is"}, {"context": "one of the original 17 regulatory institutions to make specific national commitments to financial inclusion under the Alliance for Financial Inclusion's (AFI) Maya Declaration. National Bank of Ethiopia The National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) is the central bank of Ethiopia. Its headquarters are in the capital city of Addis Ababa. Teklewold Atnafu is the current governor of the bank. The bank is active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI). February 15, 1906, marked the beginning of banking in Ethiopia when the first Bank of Abyssinia was inaugurated by Emperor Menelik"}]}, {"title": "Reg Webb", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Reg Webb Reginald William \"Reg\" Webb (17 May 1947 \u2013 28 January 2018) was an English musician and singer-songwriter. He achieved success not only with his own band Fusion (which later became The Reg Webb Band and featured a young Nik Kershaw, Kenn Elson and Alan Clarke), but also touring with Lenny Kravitz, The Outfield, Suzi Quatro, Vanessa Paradis and others. He was also part of a duo called Short People. Webb predominantly played keyboards and was a vocalist. Webb was born in Chelmsford, Essex, England. He became blind at the age of 13 months after being diagnosed with bi-lateral"}, {"context": "retinoblastoma which resulted in surgery to remove both of his eyes. Reg Webb died on 28 January 2018 from pulmonary embolism, a consequence of metastatic bladder cancer. Reg Webb Reginald William \"Reg\" Webb (17 May 1947 \u2013 28 January 2018) was an English musician and singer-songwriter. He achieved success not only with his own band Fusion (which later became The Reg Webb Band and featured a young Nik Kershaw, Kenn Elson and Alan Clarke), but also touring with Lenny Kravitz, The Outfield, Suzi Quatro, Vanessa Paradis and others. He was also part of a duo called Short People. Webb predominantly"}]}, {"title": "2006 Cotton Bowl Classic", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2006 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2006 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic was held on January 2, 2006, in Dallas, Texas at the Cotton Bowl. The game featured the Alabama Crimson Tide of the SEC, and the Texas Tech Red Raiders of the Big 12 Conference. During the 2005 season, Alabama \u2014 led by quarterback Brodie Croyle \u2014 earned a 9-2 regular season record (all nine wins were later vacated by the NCAA due to violations). Following a 9-0 start, the Crimson Tide's two losses came to SEC West rivals LSU and Auburn. Texas Tech \u2014 led by quarterback Cody Hodges \u2014"}, {"context": "also suffered two defeats during their season, including a 52\u201317 defeat to eventual national champion Texas and a 24\u201317 loss at Oklahoma State. In 2009, the NCAA vacated Alabama's Cotton Bowl win due to infractions committed during the season. In a matchup of Alabama's first-ranked scoring defense and Texas Tech's second-ranked scoring offense, the Crimson Tide held the Red Raiders to ten points \u2014 thanks to numerous pressures and four sacks of Texas Tech senior quarterback Cody Hodges \u2014 who completed only 15 of 32 passes for 191 yards and was knocked out of the game for a period in"}, {"context": "the second half. The Alabama defense was assisted by an efficient offense that controlled the ball much of the game and kept the defense off the field; Alabama ultimately possessed the ball for 38:56, largely thanks to Kenneth Darby, who rushed for 83 yards on 29 carries. Alabama scored first \u2014 less than four minutes into the game \u2014 as Croyle hit sophomore wide receiver Keith Brown for a 76\u2013yard touchdown. Brown finished as Croyle\u2019s top target, gaining 142 yards on five catches. An Alex Trlica 34-yard field goal brought Texas Tech to within four. Alabama kicker Jamie Christensen missed"}, {"context": "a field goal from 38 yards early in the second quarter and the teams traded blocked field goals to end the first half. Though the Crimson Tide defense kept the Red Raiders in check most of the second half, Hodges engineered late drives for Texas Tech, using both his legs (he finished as his team\u2019s top rusher, gaining 93 yards on 13 carries) and arm. He eventually hit Jarrett Hicks for a game-tying touchdown late in the fourth quarter. It was the Alabama offense that finally secured the win for the Crimson Tide, as quarterback Brodie Croyle, who completed 19"}, {"context": "of 31 passes for 275 yards, drove his team 55 yards late in the fourth quarter to set up kicker Jamie \"Money\" Christensen\u2019s 45\u2013yard game-winning field goal attempt on the final play. The kick was low, wobbly, and spinning sideways yet somehow managed to find its way through the uprights, giving Alabama the 13-10 victory. The game-winning field goal by Christensen was the first game-ending score in a Cotton Bowl Classic since 1979, when Joe Montana brought Notre Dame from behind to defeat the University of Houston. 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic The 2006 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic was held on"}]}, {"title": "David Porter McCorkle", "paragraphs": [{"context": "David Porter McCorkle David Porter McCorkle was a Confederate Lieutenant in the American Civil War. He ran the Naval Ordnance Works at New Orleans which also served as a laboratory, principally manufacturing shot and shells, gun carriages for outfitting ships in the Confederate Navy. In March or April 1862, before the city's capture in the Battle of New Orleans, he removed the ordnance and laboratory stores to Atlanta. There, he established shops on lots leased from five different parties (leases to expire in May, 1864) and supplied a large number of projectiles until June 4, 1864 when General Joseph E."}, {"context": "Johnston ordered him to remove to Augusta, Georgia. McCorkle wrote to his supervisor, Catesby ap Roger Jones, on June 8: I am moving the boilers and engines to-day. All the lathes, planes, steam hammer, etc., are already shipped, and, to crown all, they have given an order to move the hospitals, and I can not get cars enough to move. In November, he was still at work building a foundry and other temporary structures, but was not at that time actually producing ordnance. After the war, he joined the Peruvian Navy with John Tucker. Shortly after the end of the"}, {"context": "Civil War, Peru, which was at war with Spain, invited CSN Admiral J.R. Tucker to join their Navy as a Rear Admiral, bringing with him two staff officers. Tucker accepted and went to Peru with Captain David Porter McCorkle and Commander Walter Raleigh Butt. Following his resignation in 1871 from the Peruvian Navy, Tucker was appointed President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. This Commission, which included David P. McCorkle, explored and surveyed the Upper Amazon River and its tributaries, discovered two new rivers, the Trinidad and the Herrera-yacu. David Porter McCorkle David Porter McCorkle was a Confederate"}]}, {"title": "Giovanbattista Branconio dell'Aquila", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Giovanbattista Branconio dell'Aquila Giovanbattista Branconio dell'Aquila (1473 \u2013 1522) was a papal protonotary and chamberlain, as well as a friend of the artist Raphael (who painted \"The Visitation\"; Raphael designed the palace of Palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila in the Borgo for him). Branconio, who was born in L'Aquila, was also the personal keeper of Hanno, the white elephant brought to Rome in 1514. Around 1517 Raphael painted a great Visitation at the request of Marino Branconio, father of Giovanni Battista. The Visitation enriched the Branconio Chapel inside the church of San Silvestro, near the family palazzo in Aquila. Marino's wife was"}, {"context": "named Elisabetta, and the Visitation represents the Virgin Mary and Saint Elizabeth. In 1655 the canvas was forcefully removed by occupying Spanish troops and taken to El Escorial. Today it is part of the permanent collection of the Museo del Prado, while a copy can be seen in the Branconio Chapel. Giovanbattista Branconio dell'Aquila Giovanbattista Branconio dell'Aquila (1473 \u2013 1522) was a papal protonotary and chamberlain, as well as a friend of the artist Raphael (who painted \"The Visitation\"; Raphael designed the palace of Palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila in the Borgo for him). Branconio, who was born in L'Aquila, was also"}]}, {"title": "Lewis Hall (Notre Dame)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Lewis Hall (Notre Dame) Lewis Hall is one of the 29 residence halls on the campus of the University of Notre Dame. Lewis is located on God Quad, directly north of the Main Building (the Golden Dome), east of the Grotto, and south of St. Joe Lake. It was named 2013 Hall of the Year. Built in 1965, it was funded by Julia Lewis in honor of her husband, Chicago philanthropist Frank Lewis. It hosted Sisters at the university and in 1968 it opened to laywomen pursuing graduate degrees. It became an undergraduate residence hall in 1972 when women were"}, {"context": "admitted to the university. The first undergraduate woman accepted at Notre Dame, Mary Ann Proctor, lived with the graduate students and nuns. With over 250 residents, Lewis is one of the largest women's halls on campus. The current rector is Rachelle Simon. Lewis' most famous event is Crush Week, which culminates in a dance. Lewis also sponsors a 3K race called the Crush Rush. LHOP is a hall-wide breakfast event where each floor prepares a different plate. Lewis Hall has 132 rooms and features the following room configurations: Lewis Hall (Notre Dame) Lewis Hall is one of the 29 residence"}]}, {"title": "Maple Pictures", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Maple Pictures Maple Pictures Corporation was the distribution arm of Alliance Films. It was formed on April 13, 2005 when Lionsgate demerged to two companies\u2014Lions Gate Entertainment and Maple Pictures (formerly Lionsgate Films). Maple Pictures was the official distributor for Lionsgate's films and video library throughout Canada. The company describes itself as a \"genre-savvy independent film company making a mark on the industry through its grassroots acquisition, production and distribution of diverse and distinctive filmed entertainment\". Maple also has an extensive home video catalogue, which was built up largely by Lions Gate Entertainment's acquisition of several other independent studios. In"}, {"context": "2008, Maple Pictures acquired the rights to distribute Miramax films which Alliance Films lost acquisition to earlier in 2007. On August 10, 2011, Alliance Films bought Maple Pictures from Lions Gate Entertainment (Maple's former owner) for a sum of 38.5 million dollars. On January 9, 2013, Entertainment One acquired Alliance. Maple Pictures Maple Pictures Corporation was the distribution arm of Alliance Films. It was formed on April 13, 2005 when Lionsgate demerged to two companies\u2014Lions Gate Entertainment and Maple Pictures (formerly Lionsgate Films). Maple Pictures was the official distributor for Lionsgate's films and video library throughout Canada. The company describes"}]}, {"title": "Saber Abar", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Saber Abar Saber Abar () (born June 8, 1984) is an Iranian actor and theater director, best known for his role in \"About Elly\". Abar has received two Crystal Simorgh Prize Nominations, both for Best Supporting Actor at the 25th and 27th Fajr International Film Festival. Abar began his career hosting television shows such as \"Rainbow\", a children's TV show, and a game show called \"In 100 Seconds\"'. He later gained recognition with his role in Mohsen Makhmalbaf's \"Sha'ere Zobale\". In 2006, he starred alongside Ezzatollah Entezami in \"Minaye Shahr-e Khamush\" as a driver and that role earned him a"}, {"context": "Crystal Simorgh Prize Nomination for Best Supporting Actor. Abar's talent did not go unnoticed in \"Dayere Zangi\" (2007), as he then was offered a role in Asghar Farhadi's \"About Elly\". The movie received positive reviews, such as the review from David Bordwell, who called it a masterpiece. Abar played \"Alireza\", whose fianc\u00e9e goes missing. The role earned him another nomination in the Fajr International Film Festival. Saber has also starred in \"Hich\" (2009), \"Nokhodi\" (2009), \"Thirteen 59\" (2010) and \"Entehaye Khiabane Hashtom\" (2010) and had a cameo appearance in \"Ayene-haye Ruberu\" (2010). Abar has starred alongside the likes of Farhad"}, {"context": "Aeesh, Mehdi Hashemi and Shahab Hosseini in \"Kargadan\" (2008), directed by Farhad Aeesh. He has also starred in \"Dastan-e yek Pellekan\" (2009), directed by Reza Guran, \"Caligula\" (2010), directed by Homayoun Ghanizadeh, and \"Jire-bandie pare Khorus baraye Sugvari (2011), directed by Ali Narges Nejad. In 2010, Saber directed the play \"Vav-ha va Virgul-ha\". 2015 Rokhe Divaneh Saber Abar Saber Abar () (born June 8, 1984) is an Iranian actor and theater director, best known for his role in \"About Elly\". Abar has received two Crystal Simorgh Prize Nominations, both for Best Supporting Actor at the 25th and 27th Fajr International"}]}, {"title": "Pomak language", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Pomak language Pomak language (, \"pomakiki glosa\" or \u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \"pomakika\", , \"poma\u0161ki ezik\", ) is a term used in Greece and Turkey to refer to some of the Rup dialects of the Bulgarian language spoken by the Pomaks in Western Thrace in Greece and Eastern Thrace in Turkey. These dialects are native also in Bulgaria, and are classified as part of the Smolyan subdialect. Not all Pomaks speak this dialect as their mother language. Some grammatical forms of the Rup dialects, published by the Danish linguist Pedersen in 1907, have striking resemblance to the grammatical forms of the Armenian language."}, {"context": "As well, the Rup dialects have slightly different forms of demonstrative suffixes (exercising also functions of the possessive pronouns) from the Bulgarian Tran dialect and the modern standard Macedonian language. There are publications concerning the vocabulary of the Rup dialects and anthroponyms of Armenian origin which overlap areas, populated by Paulicians from the 15th to 18th centuries. According to the 1935 census in Turkey, 3881 people in Eastern Thrace identified their mother tongue as Bulgarian and 18 382 as Pomak. The overall statistic from 1935 shows that 41 041 people speak Pomak as their mother tongue or as a secondary"}, {"context": "dialect. The Pomak language was used mainly in oral communication. Currently in the formation of the literary standard Pomaks attempts to create script based on the Cyrillic,Greek and Latin alphabets. 1. Some Phrases and Words Some words and phrases, in the Pomak language, are borrowed from Turkish, Greek, and other languages. 2. A Sample of the Grammar Spatio-pragmatic and Temporal-modal Uses of Nominals and Noun Modifiers Three deictics (-s-, -t- and -n-) are used for spatio-pragmatic and temporal-modal reference in nominals. These deictics are used among others in noun modifiers such as definite articles and demonstratives: The cat (close to"}, {"context": "the speaker, here and now): Koteso. The cat (close to the addressee or realis past): Koteto. The cat (distal, realis future, irrealis or habitual): Koteno. This is grand-father's snake: Aisos e dedvasa zmie. That is grand-father's chair: Ainos e dedvasa skemle. 3. A Text in Pomak Language Isojzek kitape zafatih da go pisovam iki bin be\u0161te, aga \u010duh dve-tri dumi at stareh insana faf Mustaf\u010devo. Seftja gi \u010due\u0161o inezi stari dumi i pa\u010dudih so oti trjabava da ima e\u0161te mlogo stari dumi, aga gi nema nikade izpisani. Mifko godini napre\u0161 mlozi insan, ne Pomaci, zafatiho da spisavot Pomackoso dumene i"}, {"context": "kakna sa pravet Pomacise e\u0161te at starite godini. Ja so pa\u010dudih, oti naj-napre\u0161 nie, Pomacise, trabjava da zafatime da pisavame na\u0161oso dumene i na\u0161ise adeteve i ta\u010dila. At kak izpisah isozek kitape, vjaravom oti pamagom i ja Mifko da so na zabaravi pomackoso dumene. Sas isozek kitape i\u0161tom da ka\u017eom kak dumet bugjun Pomacise ad Mustaf\u010devo nadol da Ske\u010de. Za mone isazi kitap be\u0161o kakta adin bor\u010d za majko, za bubajka i za mone deti. Na\u0161ise deti na mo\u017eot e\u0161te da so u\u010dot faf me\u010ditene Pomackokse ezika. Faf Mjusljumanckise me\u010diteve u\u010dot Urumckokse ezika (I trjabava da go u\u010dot, oti \u017eiveme"}, {"context": "faf Janana). Ala u\u010dot na\u0161ise de\u010dija zorlo i turckokse ezika i nikutri na pita nami: \u201eI\u0161tete li na\u0161ise deti da so u\u010dat na turcki?\" Turckoso so ne mehne le hi\u010d sas pomackoso. P\u01cek nie sme Pomaci. Oti da so u\u010dime turcki? Za kakna ni e turckoso, at kak \u017eiveme faf Janana? Hane da dojde adin den da mo\u017eame pres straha i pres srama da dumime kakna so dumili na\u0161ite djadove i da pisavame na na\u0161okse ezika. Sebadin Karaho\u0111a, Ske\u010de Pomak language Pomak language (, \"pomakiki glosa\" or \u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \"pomakika\", , \"poma\u0161ki ezik\", ) is a term used in Greece and"}]}, {"title": "MacDowell Colony", "paragraphs": [{"context": "MacDowell Colony The MacDowell Colony is an artists' colony in Peterborough, New Hampshire, United States, founded in 1907 by Marian MacDowell, pianist and wife of composer Edward MacDowell. She established the institution and its endowment chiefly with donated funds. She led the colony for almost 25 years, against a background of two world wars, the Great Depression, and other challenges. The mission of The MacDowell Colony is to nurture the arts by offering creative individuals of the highest talent an inspiring environment in which they can produce enduring works of the imagination. Over the years, an estimated 7,700 artists have"}, {"context": "been supported in residence, including the winners of at least 79 Pulitzer Prizes, 781 Guggenheim Fellowships, 100 Rome Prizes, 30 National Book Awards, 26 Tony Awards, 24 MacArthur Fellowships, 9 Grammys, 8 Oscars, and 8 National Medals for the Arts. The colony has accepted visual and interdisciplinary artists, architects, filmmakers, composers, playwrights, poets, and writers, both well-known and unknown. In 1962, the colony was designated a National Historic Landmark. In 1997, the colony was awarded the National Medal of Arts. The composer Edward MacDowell was one of the first seven members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He"}, {"context": "believed that interdisciplinary associations among artists were valuable. In 1896, Marian MacDowell bought Hillcrest Farm in Peterborough, New Hampshire, as a summer residence for herself and her husband. She had always been careful to give him a quiet room for his work. Edward MacDowell found that the New Hampshire landscape enhanced his work of composing music. The couple formulated a plan to provide an interdisciplinary experience in a nurturing landscape, by creating an institutionalized residential art colony in the area. In 1904, Edward MacDowell began to show signs of an illness that ended his composing and teaching career. He would"}, {"context": "die in 1908. In 1907, Marian MacDowell deeded their farm to the Edward MacDowell Association and founded the MacDowell Colony. The first guests arrived that year: sisters Helen Farnsworth Mears, a sculptor, and Mary Mears, a writer. MacDowell began by inviting applicants personally, but by the 1920s had consigned the admission process to a committee. Marian and friends raised funds among a wide variety of people for the colony, which was supported by industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, former U.S. President Grover Cleveland, financier J. P. Morgan, other prominent people, as well as many others across the country. MacDowell said"}, {"context": "the most consistent support came from women's clubs and professional music sororities (see, for example, the MacDowell Club of New York). At the age of 50, MacDowell began lecturing to women's groups to raise funds, resumed her performing career, and became a noted interpreter of her husband's work. By 1918, 31 of Isabelle Sprague Smith's students funded the creation of the Isabelle D. Sprague Smith studio. Through the years more separate studios were built. The program continues in 32 studios scattered over of land. Every year, the colony presents the Edward MacDowell Medal to an artist who has made a"}, {"context": "significant cultural contribution. Residency at the colony is not a requirement. Medal Day is one of the rare occasions when the colony is open to the public. The ceremony includes a keynote speech, after which the artists open their studios to visitors. The colony, a non-profit organization, enjoys the status of a charity, entitling it to exemption from local property taxes, among other things. However, in 2005, the town of Peterborough's selectmen (local-government executives) decided to challenge MacDowell's charitable status and billed the colony for a \"payment in lieu of taxes\". A lawyer for the town argued that \"the colony"}, {"context": "certainly benefits its artists-in-residence, but that doesn't strike us as being the general public.\" The colony's board of directors paid the bill, then successfully challenged the charge. A 2007 Superior Court opinion found that the MacDowell Colony, by promoting the arts, was a charitable institution, a ruling that was upheld by the New Hampshire Supreme Court in a subsequent appeal. The appeal court found that \"Contrary to the Town's assertions, MacDowell's articles of incorporation oblige it to use its property for its stated charitable purpose.\" MacDowell Colony The MacDowell Colony is an artists' colony in Peterborough, New Hampshire, United States,"}]}, {"title": "Chad Wicks", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Chad Wicks Charles \"Chad\" Wicks (born March 6, 1978) is an American retired professional wrestler best known for his time with the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). While part of WWE, Wicks wrestled as Chad Toland in its Ohio Valley Wrestling branch and later as Chad Dick on its SmackDown! brand. In 2000, Wicks started his training at the Chaotic Training Center in North Andover, Massachusetts as \"Lifesaver\" Billy Kryptonite. He began his career in the Chaotic Wrestling promotion, but was called on by the Inoki Dojo after they had seen a shoot style match between Wicks and John Brooks. On"}, {"context": "January 16, 2004, John Walters defeated him in a \"Loser Leaves Chaotic Wrestling\" match. In early 2004 Wicks began to train at the Inoki Dojo in California. He also competed for the New Japan Pro Wrestling Young Lions Cup and teamed with Jushin Thunder Liger. In May 2004, Wicks signed a developmental deal and reported to Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) in June. On December 1, 2004 he began appearing on OVW programming under the name Chad Toland (sub for Tank Toland) and defeated Chris Cage to capture the OVW Heavyweight Championship. The next year he began to team with Tank"}, {"context": "Toland as The Blond Bombers and on April 12, 2005 the team won the OVW Tag Team Title from the Thrillseekers. He made his WWE debut as Chad Dick along with his partner, James Dick on the October 14, 2005 of \"WWE Friday Night SmackDown\" as one-half of The Dicks. After The Mexicools won their 8-man tag match with Road Warrior Animal and Heidenreich by defeating Paul Burchill and William Regal and MNM, the winners were ambushed by the Dicks, laying out Super Crazy and Psicosis with two of their signature tag team maneuvers. They made their in-ring debut November"}, {"context": "5 on \"Velocity\", defeating jobbers and expanding on their gimmick as Chippendale dancers. On the November 25 episode of \"SmackDown\", they made their official \"SmackDown\" debuts, defeating Heidenreich and Road Warrior Animal after blinding Animal with lotion. They ultimately became regulars on \"Velocity\" before a final appearance on the February 24, 2006 edition of \"SmackDown!\" where they were defeated by The Boogeyman in a handicap match. Shortly after the taping, they were released. On November 14, 2016, Wicks joined a class action lawsuit against WWE, litigated by Konstantine Kyros, who has been involved in a number of other lawsuits against"}, {"context": "them, alleging that \"he is suffering from multiple symptoms of repetitive traumatic brain injuries and is undergoing neurological care.\" Chad Wicks Charles \"Chad\" Wicks (born March 6, 1978) is an American retired professional wrestler best known for his time with the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). While part of WWE, Wicks wrestled as Chad Toland in its Ohio Valley Wrestling branch and later as Chad Dick on its SmackDown! brand. In 2000, Wicks started his training at the Chaotic Training Center in North Andover, Massachusetts as \"Lifesaver\" Billy Kryptonite. He began his career in the Chaotic Wrestling promotion, but was called"}]}, {"title": "Robert Franz Schmidt", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Robert Franz Schmidt Robert Franz Schmidt (16 September 1932 in Ludwigshafen \u2013 13 September 2017) was a German physiologist and professor emeritus. From 1982 until 2000 he was the director of the Institute of Physiology at the University of W\u00fcrzburg. Schmidt completed his A-level examinations in 1953 and graduated from the Neusprachliches Gymnasium in Frankenthal. The same year, he began his medical studies at Heidelberg University which he successfully completed in the winter semester of 1958/59. He obtained his first doctorate in medicine on 22 April 1959 in Heidelberg. After completing a medical internship and surgical residency between 1 May"}, {"context": "1959 and 31 October 1960 at Heidelberg University and the Bethanien Hospital in Heidelberg, he completed a second doctoral degree program and was awarded a Ph.D. on 21 March 1963 from the Australian National University in Canberra. He obtained his license to practice medicine from the Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg Ministry of the Interior on 8 August 1963 (effective from 14 May 1961). From 1956 until 1959, he was a doctoral candidate and student assistant at the Heidelberg University Institute of Physiology. From 1960 to 1962, he was a research scholar in the Department of Physiology, Australian National University Canberra, Australia. Subsequently he"}, {"context": "worked until 1966 as a scientific assistant at the Heidelberg University Institute of General Physiology. On 4 June 1964 he received his habilitation in physiology from the Faculty of Medicine at Heidelberg University. In 1966 he was appointed to the scientific advisory board at the 2nd Institute of Physiology at Heidelberg University and was given lifetime tenure. On 28 January 1970 he was named as an adjunct professor (\"apl. Professor\") by the Faculty of Medicine at Heidelberg University. From 1970 to 1971 he was a Visiting Research Associate Professor in the department of physiology, State University of New York at"}, {"context": "Buffalo, N.Y., USA. In 1979 he served as Chairman of the German Physiological Society. From 1971 to 1982 Schmidt worked as professor and director of the Institute of Physiology at Kiel University and from 1982 to 2000 as professor and director of the Institute of Physiology at the University of W\u00fcrzburg. As of 1 October 2000 he became Emeritus Professor of Physiology at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of W\u00fcrzburg. In 2001 he was awarded an honorary professorship by the Faculty of Medicine of the University of T\u00fcbingen. From 1956 to 1960 Schmidt\u2019s research was devoted to cardiac"}, {"context": "electrophysiology and pharmacology. From 1960 to 1970 he studied the mechanisms and functions of presynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord, and since 1965 he has studied somatosympathetic interactions. Between 1970 and 1973, his additional areas of research interest included cerebellar physiology, and from 1972 to 1981, receptor characteristics and central connections in fine muscle afferents, and in 2012, the neurophysiology of nociception and pain, especially in relation to joint pain. His primary research focus has been the characteristics of pain receptors and the processing of signals emanating from them in the spinal cord. Thus, for example, he discovered \u201csleeping pain"}, {"context": "receptors\u201d which begin to function only when tissues become inflamed. He also explained the time course and the causes for increased sensitivity of pain receptors in inflamed tissues, such as occurs after sunburn. Schmidt co-edited and personally wrote a number of textbooks, the best known of which is his textbook, \"Physiologie des Menschen\" (\"Human Physiology\"). The book is currently in its 31st edition (eds. Schmidt RF, Lang F, Heckmann M), and is considered the standard textbook of physiology in German language. Since 2007 Robert F. Schmidt has taken on a leading role in the development of patient information and communication"}, {"context": "systems that can be readily understood by laypersons. Robert Franz Schmidt Robert Franz Schmidt (16 September 1932 in Ludwigshafen \u2013 13 September 2017) was a German physiologist and professor emeritus. From 1982 until 2000 he was the director of the Institute of Physiology at the University of W\u00fcrzburg. Schmidt completed his A-level examinations in 1953 and graduated from the Neusprachliches Gymnasium in Frankenthal. The same year, he began his medical studies at Heidelberg University which he successfully completed in the winter semester of 1958/59. He obtained his first doctorate in medicine on 22 April 1959 in Heidelberg. After completing a"}]}, {"title": "Greg McKeown (author)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Greg McKeown (author) Greg McKeown (born in London, England, in 1977) is a public speaker, leadership and business consultant, and author. He is the founder and CEO of THIS, Inc., a leadership and strategy design agency based in Silicon Valley. In 2012, The World Economic Forum inducted McKeown into the Forum of Young Global Leaders. His most recent project, \"Essentialism: The Disciplined Pursuit of Less\", (Crown Business, April 2014), is a business and self-help book that discusses how to lead a more meaningful and successful life. McKeown earned an MBA from Stanford Graduate School of Business after studying communications and"}, {"context": "journalism at Brigham Young University. Originally from England, he is now an American citizen, living in Menlo Park, California. Prior to founding THIS, Inc., Greg worked for Heidrick & Struggles' Global Leadership Practice. McKeown is the author of \"Essentialism: The Disciplined Pursuit of Less\", and co-author (with Liz Wiseman) of the \"\". He is also a blogger for the Harvard Business Review and LinkedIn\u2019s Influencers Group. Mckeown speaks on how to live and lead as an Essentialist. In 2014, McKeown interviewed Al Gore at the Annual Conference of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, and received an invitation from"}, {"context": "the Crown Prince of Norway, Haakon, to speak at his Annual Innovation Conference. McKeown has been interviewed on television and radio shows including NPR's All Things Considered and NBC. Greg McKeown (author) Greg McKeown (born in London, England, in 1977) is a public speaker, leadership and business consultant, and author. He is the founder and CEO of THIS, Inc., a leadership and strategy design agency based in Silicon Valley. In 2012, The World Economic Forum inducted McKeown into the Forum of Young Global Leaders. His most recent project, \"Essentialism: The Disciplined Pursuit of Less\", (Crown Business, April 2014), is a"}]}, {"title": "Hopes Die Last", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hopes Die Last Hopes Die Last was an Italian post-hardcore band from Rome, formed in 2004. Previously signed to StandBy Records, the band has self-released their latest EP. Their line-up currently consists of Daniele Tofani (lead vocals), Marco Mantovani (guitar/backing vocals) and Luigi Magliocca (guitar). To date, the band has released two studio albums and three EPs. On January 6, 2017, Hopes Die Last announced their breakup. The remaining band members, except Luigi Magliocca, formed a new band entitled ALPHAWOLVES. The band formed in 2004 from Ladispoli near Rome, as a group of teenage friends. The band played shows in"}, {"context": "Rome and, after, in the whole Italy. Hopes Die Last released \"Aim For Tomorrow\" in 2005, an EP that contains six songs. The genre of this EP is much different respect to their actual post-hardcore. \"Aim for Tomorrow\" was a melodic hardcore/punk album just with signs of screaming. \"Aim For Tomorrow\" had their original line-up but, instead of \"Becko\" singing, it was Marco Mantovani who sang at the time and of course with Nicol\u00f2 \"Nick\" with some singing and screaming. In 2008, they were able to break into the emocore scene with the release of the EP \"Your Face Down"}, {"context": "Now\". Thanks to their new album, the band sang in Germany, England, France, USA and Japan. The EP is considered the most influenced by emo sound work of the band and contains six songs and an acoustic bonus track for Japan. One of tracks (\"Call Me Sick Boy\") is still one of the most popular songs of the band and was re-recorded for Hopes Die Last's next album. The EP is the first record by Hopes Die Last to include Marco \"Becko\" Calanca for the singing vocals but also the last to include former screaming vocalist Nick and former guitarist"}, {"context": "Jacopo. The band signed with StandBy Records in order to release the next work (Six Years Home) as a major record release, after being signed to Wynona Records, an Italian record company that mainly produces post-hardcore records. After their tour in United States and some dates in Europe, Nick (former screaming vocalist) decided to leave the band. He posted on Hopes Die Last Myspace page the following message : \"Ehy guys what\u2019s up? this is Nick\u2026 after months thinking about it, I just realized I didn\u2019t want to be the singer/screamer of Hopes Die Last anymore so here I am,"}, {"context": "to tell you I left the band. I still love the other guys in the band and we\u2019re still friends like before. I\u2019m leaving the band just because I\u2019m not happy to play this kind of music anymore. I\u2019m sorry. Keep on supporting Hopes Die Last. I\u2019ll be back with a new project in some months so don\u2019t forget about me - Nick\". After being the screamer for some months for the post-hardcore band Helia, in 2011 he started producing electronic music under the name of \"Razihel\". In August 2009, the band released the first full-length album, called \"Six Years"}, {"context": "Home\", the record contains ten songs. \"Six Years Home\" is also the first by the group to include Daniele Tofani, the current screaming vocalist of Hopes Die Last. One music video for \"Some Like it Cold\" was released in promotion of the album in November, the second video was \"Johnny's Light Sucks\", released in October 2011. This album is usually considered more oriented on post-hardcore than the precedent. In 2010, the band was in a Tour for Italy and other European countries. The cover of the Katy Perry's song, \"Firework\" was released in March 3, 2011, on MySpace. The second"}, {"context": "Hopes Die Last's full album contains this song. Calanca (vocals/guitar) and Tofani (bass/vocals) started an alternative rock side project called Everland, releasing its debut album \"Once Upon A Time\" in December 2011. Hopes Die Last are recording a new album coming out in 2012. In October, the band leaves for the UK tour with Attack Attack!, then proceed with further dates in Europe, East Europe and Russia. On November 14, 2011, exactly 3 months prior, Standby Records posted a song trailer for the upcoming single/video for a new song and revealed the album title. The singles \"Unleash Hell\" and \"Never"}, {"context": "Trust the Hazel Eyed\" were released on January 2012, followed in few months by the third single \"Keep Your Hands Off\". The new album was finally announced with the name \"Trust No One\" and was released on February 14, 2012. On April 23, 2013 the band announced that Nekso is now a full member of the band. Nekso had already collaborated with the band on the song \"Keep Your Hands Off\", and also appeared on the music video of this song. On May 1, 2013 the band announced that they were now part of the Monster Energy family. On May"}, {"context": "20, 2013 the band announced a new release for June 25, 2013 titled \"Wolfpack\" (EP) along with the release of a new single titled \"Cheaters Must Die\". The second single of \"Wolfpack\" (EP) is titled \"Hellbound\" and was released on June 3, 2013. \"Wolfpack\" (EP) was released on June 25, 2013. The digital version is available on media stores, and physical only on the band's store at shopbenchmack.com. On June 26, 2013, following the release of the EP, Hopes Die Last posted a third music video titled \"Promises - Nero Cover\". On December 3, 2013, the band posted a fourth"}, {"context": "music video for the song \"The Wolfpack\" which doesn't feature Valerio \"Nekso\" Corsi, suggesting he is not longer part of the band. Almost one year after the release of \"The Wolfpack\" music video, Hopes Die Last released a fifth music video for the song \"Blackhearted\". On April 19, 2015, the band posted a teaser on YouTube to announce their coming back. This teaser was followed by a second one on April 29, 2015, where the name \"Alpha Wolves\" was shown for the first time. The band kept teasing on the social media and then confirmed the news on May 24,"}, {"context": "2015 by announcing the release of their upcoming single entitled \"Alpha Wolves\" on June 3, 2015. This news was shortly followed by a Facebook post on May 28, 2015 stating that Marco \"Becko\" Calanca and Ivan Panella decided to part ways with Hopes Die Last, to dedicate themselves to new projects. the post also introduced new bassist Yuri Santurri and new drummer Danilo Menna. \"Alpha Wolves\" was released on iTunes on June 3, 2015 and was followed by a music video on YouTube. On January 6, 2017, the band announced the end of the band on their Facebook account.The remaining"}, {"context": "band members, except guitarist Luigi Magliocca, formed a new band entitled ALPHAWOLVES. They released their debut single \"Bayonets\" on January 22, 2017. Hopes Die Last Hopes Die Last was an Italian post-hardcore band from Rome, formed in 2004. Previously signed to StandBy Records, the band has self-released their latest EP. Their line-up currently consists of Daniele Tofani (lead vocals), Marco Mantovani (guitar/backing vocals) and Luigi Magliocca (guitar). To date, the band has released two studio albums and three EPs. On January 6, 2017, Hopes Die Last announced their breakup. The remaining band members, except Luigi Magliocca, formed a new band"}]}, {"title": "2015\u201316 Army Black Knights women's basketball team", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2015\u201316 Army Black Knights women's basketball team The 2015\u201316 Army Black Knights men's basketball team represented the United States Military Academy during the 2015\u201316 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Black Knights, led by tenth year head coach Dave Magarity, played their home games at Christl Arena and were members of the Patriot League. They finished the season 29\u20133, 17\u20131 in Patriot League play to share the Patriot League regular season title with Bucknell. They won the Patriot League Women's Tournament to earn an automatic trip to the NCAA Women's Tournament where they lost to Syracuse in the first"}, {"context": "round. !colspan=9 style=\"background:#000000; color:#D6C499;\"| Non-conference regular season !colspan=9 style=\"background:#000000; color:#D6C499;\"| Patriot League regular season !colspan=9 style=\"background:#000000; color:#D6C499;\"| Patriot League Women's Tournament !colspan=9 style=\"background:#000000; color:#D6C499;\"| NCAA Women's Tournament 2015\u201316 NCAA Division I women's basketball rankings 2015\u201316 Army Black Knights men's basketball team 2015\u201316 Army Black Knights women's basketball team The 2015\u201316 Army Black Knights men's basketball team represented the United States Military Academy during the 2015\u201316 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Black Knights, led by tenth year head coach Dave Magarity, played their home games at Christl Arena and were members of the Patriot League. They finished the season"}]}, {"title": "Jim Eggins", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Jim Eggins Eldred James Eggins (7 April 1898 \u2013 28 January 1952) was an Australian politician and a member of the Country Party of Australia. Jim Eggins was born at Grafton, New South Wales and educated in state schools. He served in the military in 1918 and later grew bananas in the Brunswick River region, and was a seed merchant in Lismore. He also served on Lismore City Council. Eggins served as the Chairman of the New South Wales Fodder and Conservation Board. He was also Chairman of the New South Wales Country Party from 1945 till 1949. He served"}, {"context": "in the New South Wales Legislative Council and was elected as the member for the Division of Lyne in the Australian House of Representatives in 1949. He died in office, prompting the 1952 Lyne by-election. His successor in the seat of Lyne was Philip Lucock. Jim Eggins Eldred James Eggins (7 April 1898 \u2013 28 January 1952) was an Australian politician and a member of the Country Party of Australia. Jim Eggins was born at Grafton, New South Wales and educated in state schools. He served in the military in 1918 and later grew bananas in the Brunswick River region,"}]}, {"title": "Niger Delta", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Niger Delta The Niger Delta is the delta of the Niger River sitting directly on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean in Nigeria. It is typically considered to be located within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, which include: all six states from the South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone and two states (Abia and Imo) from South East geopolitical zone. Of all the states that the region covers, only Cross River is not an oil-producing state. The Niger Delta is a very densely populated region sometimes called the Oil Rivers because it"}, {"context": "was once a major producer of palm oil. The area was the British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, when it was expanded and became the Niger Coast Protectorate. The delta is a petroleum-rich region and has been the center of international controversy over pollution. The Niger Delta, as now defined officially by the Nigerian government, extends over about and makes up 7.5% of Nigeria's land mass. Historically and cartographically, it consists of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, and Rivers States. In 2000, however, Obasanjo's regime included Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo and Ondo States in the region. Some"}, {"context": "31 million people of more than 40 ethnic groups including the Bini, Efik, Esan, Ibibio, Igbo, Annang, Yoruba, Oron, Ijaw, Ikwerre, Abua/Odual, Itsekiri, Isoko, Urhobo, Ukwuani, Kalabari, Okrika and Ogoni, are among the inhabitants of the political Niger Delta, speaking about 250 different dialects. The Niger Delta, and the South South geopolitical zone (which contains six of the states in Niger Delta) are two different entities. The Niger Delta separates the Bight of Benin from the Bight of Bonny within the larger Gulf of Guinea. The area was the British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, when it was"}, {"context": "expanded and became the Niger Coast Protectorate. The core Niger Delta later became a part of the eastern region of Nigeria, which came into being in 1951 (one of the three regions, and later one of the four regions). The majority of the people were those from the colonial Calabar and Ogoja divisions, the present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, Ijaw and Ogoni peoples. The National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC) was the ruling political party of the region. The NCNC later became the National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decided to separate from Nigeria. The ruling"}, {"context": "party of eastern Nigeria did not seek to preclude the separation and even encouraged it. The then Eastern Region had the third, fourth and fifth largest indigenous ethnic groups in the country including Igbo, Efik-Ibibio and Ijaw. In 1953, the old eastern region had a major crisis due to the expulsion of professor Eyo Ita from office by the majority Igbo tribe of the old eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, was one of the pioneer nationalists for Nigerian independence. The minorities in the region, the Ibibio, Annang, Efik, Ijaw and Ogoja, were situated along the southeastern coast"}, {"context": "and in the delta region and demanded a state of their own, the Calabar-Ogoja-Rivers (COR) state. The struggle for the creation of the COR state continued and was a major issue concerning the status of minorities in Nigeria during debates in Europe on Nigerian independence. As a result of this crisis, Professor Eyo Ita left the NCNC to form a new political party called the National Independence Party (NIP) which was one of the five Nigerian political parties represented at the conferences on Nigerian Constitution and Independence. In 1961, another major crisis occurred when the then eastern region of Nigeria"}, {"context": "allowed present-day Southwestern Cameroon to separate from Nigeria (from the region of what is now Akwa Ibom and Cross River states) through a plebiscite while the leadership of the then Northern Region took the necessary steps to keep Northwestern Cameroon in Nigeria, in present-day Adamawa and Taraba states. The aftermath of the 1961 plebiscite has led to a dispute between Cameroon and Nigeria over the small territory of Bakassi. A new phase of the struggle saw the declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian president Ironsi's administration, just before the Nigerian Civil War. Also"}, {"context": "just before the Nigerian civil war, Southeastern State of Nigeria was created (also known as Southeastern Nigeria or Coastal Southeastern Nigeria), which had the colonial Calabar division, and colonial Ogoja division. Rivers State was also created. Southeastern state and River state became two states for the minorities of the old eastern region, and the majority Igbo of the old eastern region had a state called East Central state. Southeastern state was renamed Cross River state and was later split into Cross River state and Akwa Ibom state. Rivers state was later divided into Rivers state and Bayelsa State. The people"}, {"context": "of the eastern region suffered heavily and sustained many deaths during 1967\u20131970 Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War, in which the eastern region declared an independent state named Biafra that was eventually defeated, thereby preserving the sovereignty and indivisibility of the Nigerian state, which led to the loss of many souls. During the next phase of resistance in the Niger Delta, local communities demanded environmental and social justice from the federal government, with Ken Saro Wiwa and the Ogoni Tribe as the lead figures for this phase of the struggle. Cohesive oil protests became most pronounced in"}, {"context": "1990 with the publication of the Ogoni Bill of Rights. The indigents protested against the lack of economic development, e.g. schools, good roads, and hospitals, in the region, despite all the oil wealth created. They also complained about environmental pollution and destruction of their land and rivers by foreign oil companies. Ken Saro Wiwa and nine other oil activists from Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) were arrest and killed under Sani Abacha in 1995. Although protests have never been as strong as they were under Saro-Wiwa, there is still an oil reform movement based on peaceful"}, {"context": "protests today as the Ogoni struggle served as a modern-day eye opener to the Peoples of the region. Unfortunately, the struggle got out of control, and the present phase has become militant. When long-held concerns about loss of control over resources to the oil companies were voiced by the Ijaw people in the Kaiama Declaration in 1998, the Nigerian government sent troops to occupy the Bayelsa and Delta states. Soldiers opened fire with rifles, machine guns, and tear gas, killing at least three protesters and arresting twenty-five more. Since then, local indigenous activity against commercial oil refineries and pipelines in"}, {"context": "the region have increased in frequency and militancy. Recently foreign employees of Shell, the primary corporation operating in the region, were taken hostage by outraged local people. Such activities have also resulted in greater governmental intervention in the area, and the mobilization of the Nigerian army and State Security Service into the region, resulting in violence and human rights abuses. In April 2006, a bomb exploded near an oil refinery in the Niger Delta region, a warning against Chinese expansion in the region. MEND stated: \"We wish to warn the Chinese government and its oil companies to steer well clear"}, {"context": "of the Niger Delta. The Chinese government, by investing in stolen crude, places its citizens in our line of fire.\" Government and private initiatives to develop the Niger Delta region have been introduced recently. These include the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC), a government initiative, and the Development Initiative (DEVIN), a community development non-governmental organization (NGO) based in Port Harcourt in the Niger Delta. Uz and Uz Transnational, a company with a strong commitment to the Niger Delta, has introduced ways of developing the poor in the Niger Delta, especially in Rivers State. In September 2008, MEND released a statement"}, {"context": "proclaiming that their militants had launched an \"oil war\" throughout the Niger Delta against both, pipelines and oil-production facilities, and the Nigerian soldiers that protect them. Both MEND and the Nigerian Government claim to have inflicted heavy casualties on one another. In August 2009, the Nigerian government granted amnesty to the militants; many militants subsequently surrendered their weapons in exchange for a presidential pardon, rehabilitation programme, and education. Western Niger Delta consists of the western section of coastal South-South Nigeria which includes Delta, and the southernmost parts of Edo, and Ondo States. The western (or Northern) Niger Delta is an"}, {"context": "heterogeneous society with several ethnic groups including the Urhobo, Isoko, Itsekiri, Ijaw (or Izon) and Ukwuani groups in Delta State; the Bini, Esan,Auchi,Esako,oral,igara and Afenmai in Edo State; and the Yoruba (Ilaje) in Ondo State. Their livelihoods are primarily based on fishing and farming. History has it that the Western Niger was controlled by chiefs of the four primary ethnic groups the Itsekiri, Isoko, Ijaw, and Urhobo with whom the British government had to sign separate \"Treaties of Protection\" in their formation of \"Protectorates\" that later became southern Nigeria. Central Niger Delta consists of the central section of coastal South-South"}, {"context": "Nigeria which includes Bayelsa, Rivers, Abia and Imo States. The Central Niger Delta region has the Ijaw (including the Nembe-Brass, Ogbia, Kalabari people, Ibani of Opobo & Bonny, Abua, Okrika, Engenni and Andoni clans), the Ogoni People (Khana, Gokana and Eleme) and the Igbo (Etche, Ogba, Ikwerre, Ndoni, Ekpeye and Ndoki) in Rivers State. Eastern Niger Delta consists of Cross River State and Akwa Ibom State. Nigeria has become West Africa's biggest producer of petroleum. Some a day are extracted in the Niger Delta. It is estimated that 38 billion barrels of crude oil still reside under the delta as"}, {"context": "of early 2012. The first oil operations in the region began in the 1950s and were undertaken by multinational corporations, which provided Nigeria with necessary technological and financial resources to extract oil. Since 1975, the region has accounted for more than 75% of Nigeria's export earnings. Together oil and natural gas extraction comprise \"97 per cent of Nigeria's foreign exchange revenues\". Much of the natural gas extracted in oil wells in the Delta is immediately burned, or flared, into the air at a rate of approximately 70 million m\u00b3per day. This is equivalent to 41% of African natural gas consumption"}, {"context": "and forms the largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions on the planet. In 2003, about 99% of excess gas was flared in the Niger Delta, although this value has fallen to 11% in 2010. (See also gas flaring volumes). The biggest gas flaring company is the Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Ltd, a joint venture that is majority owned by the Nigerian government. In Nigeria, \"...despite regulations introduced 20 years ago to outlaw the practice, most associated gas is flared, causing local pollution and contributing to climate change.\" The environmental devastation associated with the industry and the lack"}, {"context": "of distribution of oil wealth have been the source and/or key aggravating factors of numerous environmental movements and inter-ethnic conflicts in the region, including recent guerrilla activity by the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND). In September 2012 Eland Oil & Gas purchased a 45% interest in OML 40, with its partner Starcrest Energy Nigeria Limited, from the Shell Group. They intend to recommission the existing infrastructure and restart existing wells to re-commence production at an initial gross rate of 2,500 bopd with a target to grow gross production to 50,000 bopd within four years. Oil revenue"}, {"context": "allocation has been the subject of much contention well before Nigeria gained its independence. Allocations have varied from as much as 50%, owing to the First Republic's high degree of regional autonomy, and as low as 10% during the military dictatorships. This is the table below. \"* State allocations are based on 5 criteria: equality (equal shares per state), population, social development, land mass, and revenue generation. \" \"**The derivation formula refers to the percentage of the revenue oil-producing states retain from taxes on oil and other natural resources produced in the state.\" World Bank Report The documentary film \"Sweet"}, {"context": "Crude\", which premiered April 2009 at the Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, tells the story of Nigeria's Niger Delta. The effects of oil in the fragile Niger Delta communities and environment have been enormous. Local indigenous people have seen little if any improvement in their standard of living while suffering serious damage to their natural environment. According to Nigerian federal government figures, there were more than 7,000 oil spills between 1970 and 2000. It has been estimated that a clean-up of the region, including full restoration of swamps, creeks, fishing grounds and mangroves, could take 25 years. Niger Delta The"}]}, {"title": "Patrick Muglia", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Patrick Muglia Patrick Muglia (born November 23, 1962 in La Rochelle, France) is an Olympic sailor, world champion, Pan-am gold medalist, and College national champion. He has sailed since age 11, with sailors such as America's Cup and Olympic medalists Dennis Conner, Mark Reynolds, John Kostecki and John Shadden. Muglia was awarded the O'Leary Trophy in 1981, when he won the Snipe world championship as a crew of Jeff Lenhart, and the Commodore Charles E. Heinzerling Trophy in 1985. In the Snipe class, he also won the 1983 Pan American Games. He became US national team race and overall college"}, {"context": "champion with the USC Trojans in 1985. In the 1988 Olympic Games, Muglia sailed with Pete Melvin in the Tornado class. Melvin was also the lead designer of Team New Zealand's AC72 catamaran sailed in the 2013 America's Cup in San Francisco. Patrick Muglia Patrick Muglia (born November 23, 1962 in La Rochelle, France) is an Olympic sailor, world champion, Pan-am gold medalist, and College national champion. He has sailed since age 11, with sailors such as America's Cup and Olympic medalists Dennis Conner, Mark Reynolds, John Kostecki and John Shadden. Muglia was awarded the O'Leary Trophy in 1981, when"}]}, {"title": "Damat Hasan Pasha", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Damat Hasan Pasha Moral\u0131 Damat Hasan Pasha (Modern or \"Moral\u0131 Damat Hasan Pasha\"; 1658, Tripolice, Morea \u2013 1713, Urfa) was a Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire of Greek origin. He was also a two-time governor of Egypt. He was born of Greek ancestry in the Morea, and was converted to Islam early on at the Enderun School through the Dev\u015firme Christian child tax system. He initially served as an Armourer and rose to the post of Grand Vizier, where he served between 1703\u20131704. He married Hatice Sultan, the daughter of Sultan Mehmed IV, taking on the epithet \"Damat\" (Turkish:"}, {"context": "\"bridesgroom, son-in-law\"), and was eventually exiled with his wife to Izmit. Damat Hasan Pasha Moral\u0131 Damat Hasan Pasha (Modern or \"Moral\u0131 Damat Hasan Pasha\"; 1658, Tripolice, Morea \u2013 1713, Urfa) was a Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire of Greek origin. He was also a two-time governor of Egypt. He was born of Greek ancestry in the Morea, and was converted to Islam early on at the Enderun School through the Dev\u015firme Christian child tax system. He initially served as an Armourer and rose to the post of Grand Vizier, where he served between 1703\u20131704. He married Hatice Sultan, the"}]}, {"title": "Harmohinder Singh Gill", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Harmohinder Singh Gill Dr. Harmohinder Singh Gill (April 7, 1933 \u2013 August 31, 2008) was an American and Indian scientist, and served 35 years as a renowned plant pathologist and nematologist for the Riverside County Agricultural Commissioner\u2019s Office in the state of California under the direction of Robert M. Howie. George A. Zentmyer, professor and chairman in the plant pathology department at the University of California, Riverside, arranged for Gill to be appointed adjunct professor, with his own laboratory at the campus from 1968 to the early 1980s. Working with Zentmyer, Gill continued his work on elucidating the genus phytophthora"}, {"context": "by disc electrophoresis and serological techniques, which pioneered the fungi classifications in the field Plant Pathology. Gill taught his techniques to graduate students at the university and contributed articles in the Press Enterprise (a newspaper in Riverside County, California, USA) about various plant diseases. In February 4, 1993, the Press Enterprise published a feature article on Gill and his work on citrus-hungry aphids that caused the loss of citrus crops extending from Central America. Gill was a nephew to the 6th magistrate in the lineage of Rais Lehna Singh Majithia (General), who lived in the first turn of the 19th"}, {"context": "century and was the first General of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab, India. Because the Maharaja's family eventually terminated after the partition of India, the lineage of the General is the closest remaining royalty in Punjab, India. The castle of the General is still in existence in Sri Amritsar. In recognition of one of his last official duties for the County of Riverside in 1996, Gill received a Special Commendation and Appreciation from the United States Secretary of Agriculture for his identification and monitoring of Karnal bunt disease. This wheat malady devastated farmers in Blythe, CA that resulted in multimillion"}, {"context": "dollars of loss to the US economy. The State wrote, \u201cThe fact that these challenges were resolved and that the program achieved its stated objectives is testimony to the professionalism, knowledge, dedication and creativity exhibited by you and the entire Karnal bunt staff.\u201d Gill retired on December 31, 1996. As a youth, unlike his siblings, Gill went to boarding school in Punjab India and financially supported his family who resided on a farm. In his adult years, Gill obtained his Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. in 1953) and Master of Science (M.Sc. in 1956) in Agriculture from Punjab University, India, passing"}, {"context": "in the First Division and as a gold medallist. He then worked in Tanzania, Africa as a plant pathologist for the African government. Gill moved to Urbana-Champaign, Illinois in 1962. Here he obtained his Doctorate (Ph.D. in 1965) at the University of Illinois, Urbana, with the thesis title \u201cStudies of the Differential in vitro of Physiologic races A-1, A-2, A-3 and A-4 of Phytophthora fragariae Hickman.\u201d While at the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Illinois, Gill\u2019s article on \u201cThe Use of Polyacrylamide Gel Disc Electrophoresis Delimiting Three Species of Phytophthora\u201d pioneered the classification of fungi, earning him a world-wide"}, {"context": "reputation in the field of Plant Pathology. Thereafter, Gill moved to Southern California and began his work for the County Agricultural Commissioner\u2019s Office (July 17, 1967) and the California Department Food and Agriculture. Harmohinder Singh Gill was of the Sikh faith born in April 7, 1933 in Ferozpur, Punjab India and raised in a small village in Sri Amritsar, Punjab India about five miles from the General's castle. He was the son of late Sadar Rajpal Singh Gill & Sardarni Sukhwant Kaur Gill. Gill was the eldest of five siblings (four brothers and one sister). One brother died at an"}, {"context": "early age. Gill was married to Sardarni Avtar Kaur Gill, who is a first cousin to the family of Rais Lena Singh and with whom he had three children with: daughter (Sardarni Tajinder Kaur Gill), and two sons (Sardar Harindarpal Singh Gill and Sardar Harminder Singh Gill). Gill was quite proud that his children, born or raised and educated in the US, all received advanced degrees: Tajinder (Pharm. D., Clinical Pharmacy, USC), Harindarpal (Ph.D., Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, UCLA), and Harminder (M.S., Chemistry, UCD). Harmohinder Singh Gill Dr. Harmohinder Singh Gill (April 7, 1933 \u2013 August 31, 2008) was an"}]}, {"title": "1964 Memorial Cup", "paragraphs": [{"context": "1964 Memorial Cup The 1964 Memorial Cup final was the 46th junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The George Richardson Memorial Trophy champions Toronto Marlboros of the Ontario Hockey Association in Eastern Canada competed against the Abbott Cup champions Edmonton Oil Kings of the Central Alberta Hockey League in Western Canada. In a best-of-seven series, held at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto, Ontario, Toronto won their 4th Memorial Cup, defeating Edmonton 4 games to 0. Wayne Carleton, Andre Champagne, Jack Chipchase, Gary Dineen, Ray Dupont, Ron Ellis, Nick Harbaruk, Bill Henderson, Paul Laurent, Jim McKenny, Grant"}, {"context": "Moore, Rod Seiling, Brit Selby, Gary Smith, Pete Stemkowski, Mike Walton, Bill Watson, Ray Winterstein. Coach: Jim Gregory 1964 Memorial Cup The 1964 Memorial Cup final was the 46th junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The George Richardson Memorial Trophy champions Toronto Marlboros of the Ontario Hockey Association in Eastern Canada competed against the Abbott Cup champions Edmonton Oil Kings of the Central Alberta Hockey League in Western Canada. In a best-of-seven series, held at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto, Ontario, Toronto won their 4th Memorial Cup, defeating Edmonton 4 games to 0. Wayne Carleton, Andre"}]}, {"title": "Benjamin Prentiss", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Benjamin Prentiss Benjamin Mayberry Prentiss (November 23, 1819 \u2013 February 8, 1901) was an American soldier and politician. He fought in the Mexican\u2013American War and on the Union side of the American Civil War, rising to the rank of major general. He commanded a division at the Battle of Shiloh, which suffered heavy casualties while defending what became known as the Hornet's Nest from continued Confederate assaults. He was criticized by some for his conduct, and eventually had to surrender his division. After his exchange, he continued to serve in the army until his resignation in 1863. He spent much"}, {"context": "of his remaining life practicing as a lawyer and as a politician in the Republican Party. Benjamin M. Prentiss was born in Belleville, Virginia. He was a direct descendant of Valentine Prentice, who immigrated from England in 1631. His early childhood was spent in Virginia until his family joined the migration and moved near Hannibal, Missouri. They then moved to Quincy, Illinois, where Prentiss made his home until 1879. He then moved to Missouri. In his early life, Benjamin Prentiss was a rope-maker and served as an auctioneer. On March 29, 1838, he married Margaret Ann Sodowsky; they had seven"}, {"context": "children before she died in 1860. In 1862, he married Mary Worthington Whitney, who bore him five more children. Prentiss ran unsuccessfully for United States Congress in 1860. At the beginning of the American Civil War he defended railroad lines in Missouri until ordered to command a division under Ulysses S. Grant. Early in the morning, an officer under his command, Colonel Everett Peabody, sent out a 250-man patrol which made contact with the advancing Confederate army, proving the Union with critical early warning of the impending attack. Prentiss was initially outraged with Peabody for sending out a patrol without"}, {"context": "his authorization, but soon realized he was facing an on oncoming attack by an entire Confederate army and rushed to prepare his men for defense. His division was the first one attacked at the Battle of Shiloh and suffered greatly during the opening hours of that battle. BG Prentiss reformed his command with reinforcements under the command General W. H. L. Wallace and put up a spirited fight in the \"Hornet's Nest\". Prentiss took full command of the position after Wallace was fatally wounded and eventually surrendered the Hornet's Nest along with 2,200 other Union soldiers. He surrendered his sword"}, {"context": "to Lt. Colonel Francis Marion Walker of the 19th Tennessee Infantry. After the battle he was considered a hero, having held off the Confederate States Army long enough to allow General Grant to organize a counterattack and win the battle. Grant would later play down Benjamin Prentiss' role in the victory, possibly because of mutual dislike between the two generals. However, Grant said in his memoirs \"BG Prentiss' command was gone as a division, many of its members having been killed, wounded or captured; but it had rendered valiant services before its final dispersal, and had contributed a good share"}, {"context": "to the defense of Shiloh\". Prentiss' own after-action report did not mention the aid of Wallace's troops, and barely made any mention of Peabody, who was also killed in action during the battle. After being released as part of a prisoner exchange, BG Prentiss was promoted to major general and served on the court-martial board that convicted Fitz John Porter. His dissenting voice in the final vote damaged his political clout. Prentiss was sent to Arkansas and won the Battle of Helena on July 4, 1863. In 1863, he resigned to tend to his family. Historian Ezra J. Warner speculated"}, {"context": "that Prentiss felt that he was being shelved after having proved his abilities at Shiloh and Helena. After the Civil War, Prentiss became a lawyer. He was later appointed as postmaster of Bethany, Missouri, by President Benjamin Harrison and was re-appointed by President William McKinley. He was a leader in the Republican Party of Missouri. He died on February 8, 1901 in Bethany at age 81. He is buried there in Miriam Cemetery, Harrison County, Missouri. Benjamin Prentiss Benjamin Mayberry Prentiss (November 23, 1819 \u2013 February 8, 1901) was an American soldier and politician. He fought in the Mexican\u2013American War"}]}, {"title": "Kric\u030cke, S\u030cibenik-Knin County", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Kri\u010dke, \u0160ibenik-Knin County Kri\u010dke () is a village near Drni\u0161, in \u0160ibenik-Knin County, Croatia. The village is situated 3 km southeast from Drni\u0161, in Petrovo field, beneath Mose\u0107 mountain. It is 5 km long in direction NW-SE. Kri\u010dke has a shape of line in the contact of field and mountain. It is situated on the river \u010cikola. During the Croatian War of Independence, Kri\u010dke was the southernmost point of internationally unrecognized Republic of Serbian Krajina in period between September 1991 and August 1995. The village is located on the D56 state route. The village was home to a Greek Catholic"}, {"context": "church of the Eparchy of Kri\u017eevci. The church was devastated by Partisan forces in 1942. In village there are 3 churches: Roman Catholic Church of Queen of Peace, Greek Catholic Church and Orthodox Church which is the oldest one. Kri\u010dke, \u0160ibenik-Knin County Kri\u010dke () is a village near Drni\u0161, in \u0160ibenik-Knin County, Croatia. The village is situated 3 km southeast from Drni\u0161, in Petrovo field, beneath Mose\u0107 mountain. It is 5 km long in direction NW-SE. Kri\u010dke has a shape of line in the contact of field and mountain. It is situated on the river \u010cikola. During the Croatian War"}]}, {"title": "2010 Philippine House of Representatives elections in Caraga", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2010 Philippine House of Representatives elections in Caraga Elections were held in the Caraga for seats in the House of Representatives of the Philippines on May 10, 2010. The candidate with the most number of votes won that district's seat for the 15th Congress of the Philippines. Jose Aquino II is the incumbent. Incumbent Edelmiro Amante is retiring from politics. His daughter Angelica is his party's nominee in this district. Agusan del Sur will have two districts starting for the 15th Congress. Rodolfo Plaza, who is serving in his third consecutive term and is ineligible for reelection, is the last"}, {"context": "representative of Agusan del Sur's at-large district. Rodolfo Plaza's sister, incumbent governor Maria Valentina, will run in this district. With the Supreme Court nullifying the law that created the province still not yet final, elections proceeded to elect the province's representative. Incumbent Glende Ecleo will not run in favor of her son Ruben Jr. Francisco Matugas is the incumbent. The result of the election is under protest in the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal. Guillermo Romarate, Jr. is the incumbent. Philip Pichay is the incumbent. Florencio Garay is the incumbent. 2010 Philippine House of Representatives elections in Caraga Elections were"}]}, {"title": "Anthony Oliphant", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Anthony Oliphant The Hon. Sir Anthony Oliphant (1793\u20131859) was a British lawyer who was the eighth Chief Justice of Ceylon. Sir Anthony grew up at Condie House (also known as Newton of Condie) in Forgandenny, Perthshire. He was born the son of Ebenezer Oliphant of Condie in Perthshire, Scotland. His eldest brother, Laurence Oliphant, 8th of Condie was Member of the House of Commons for Perth, whose son was General Sir Laurence Oliphant KCB KCVO, 9th of Condie. Another of Sir Anthony's brothers, Col. James Oliphant, was chairman of the Honourable East India Company, and a third brother was the"}, {"context": "artist and composer Thomas Oliphant, who wrote the words of \"Deck the Hall(s) with Boughs of Holly\", \"Men of Harlech\", \"The Ash Grove\" and accomplished many other works, including cataloguing the manuscript music at the British Museum and writing the chorale for the wedding of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra. Oliphant was born 17 November 1793, the third of seven children. He was educated at the preparatory school, Hyde Abbey, near Winchester. It is unknown whether Oliphant, like his younger brother Thomas, went to the nearby Winchester College. He was admitted to the bar in Edinburgh and then moved"}, {"context": "to London, where he was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn. Oliphant married Catherine Maria Campbell, the daughter of a Colonel Ronald Campbell and Charlotte Johanna Cloete. Their son, Laurence Oliphant, went on to become a well-known author, international traveller, lawyer, and a Member of the House of Commons as his uncle had before him. After qualifying as a barrister, Oliphant set up practice as an equity (legal) draughtsman. In 1827, Oliphant was offered the post of attorney general in the Cape Colony. William Menzies had been offered the post first but had turned it down. This was the"}, {"context": "year when the judicial system in Cape Colony was being reformed. Oliphant was also appointed King's Advocate in the Vice-Admiralty Court. His salary for the two positions amounted to \u00a31,500 per annum. Oliphant sailed to the colony in August 1827 aboard the \"Sestoris\" and arrived in mid-October. Oliphant's duties as attorney general included both prosecutions on behalf of the Crown and also acting in an advisory capacity to the Government. Oliphant was appointed Chief Justice of Ceylon in October 1838, succeeding Sir William Norris. He was knighted by letters patent in 1839. Sir Anthony lived in Colombo, purchasing a property"}, {"context": "called 'Alcove,' in Captains Gardens, subsequently known as Maha Nuge Gardens in Colpetty. When the Oliphant family left Ceylon he sold it to Sir Harry Dias. Sir Anthony Oliphant's tea estate, the Oliphant Estate, situated in the hill country in Nuwara Eliya, was one of the first estates to grow tea in Ceylon, when thirty plants were smuggled from China. Anthony Oliphant The Hon. Sir Anthony Oliphant (1793\u20131859) was a British lawyer who was the eighth Chief Justice of Ceylon. Sir Anthony grew up at Condie House (also known as Newton of Condie) in Forgandenny, Perthshire. He was born the"}]}, {"title": "Viktor Kovalenko (footballer)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Viktor Kovalenko (footballer) Viktor Viktorovych Kovalenko (; born 14 February 1996) is a Ukrainian football midfielder who plays for FC Shakhtar Donetsk in the Ukrainian Premier League. Kovalenko is product of youth team systems of FC Shakhtar Donetsk. He made his d\u00e9but in the Ukrainian Premier League for Shakhtar in the game against FC Vorskla Poltava on 28 February 2015. On May 9, 2015, he made his first direct contribution for the first team when assisting the fifth and sixth goals for FC Shakhtar Donetsk in a 7\u20133 win over FC Hoverla Uzhhorod. Kovalenko was called up by Ukraine to"}, {"context": "play in the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup in New Zealand. He scored two goals in a 6\u20130 victory over Myanmar and added a hat-trick against the United States to secure 3\u20130 win at North Harbour Stadium in Auckland, as the team reached the round of 16. He was the Golden Boot of the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup with 5 goals. Viktor Kovalenko (footballer) Viktor Viktorovych Kovalenko (; born 14 February 1996) is a Ukrainian football midfielder who plays for FC Shakhtar Donetsk in the Ukrainian Premier League. Kovalenko is product of youth team systems of FC Shakhtar Donetsk."}]}, {"title": "Erdo\u030bs\u2013Nagy theorem", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Erd\u0151s\u2013Nagy theorem The Erd\u0151s\u2013Nagy theorem is a result in discrete geometry stating that a non-convex simple polygon can be made into a convex polygon by a finite sequence of flips. The \"flips\" are defined by taking a convex hull of a polygon and reflecting a pocket with respect to the boundary edge. The theorem is named after mathematicians Paul Erd\u0151s and B\u00e9la Sz\u0151kefalvi-Nagy. Paul Erd\u0151s conjectured the result in 1935 as a problem in the \"American Mathematical Monthly\", and Sz\u0151kefalvi-Nagy published a proof in 1939. The problem has a curious history and had been repeatedly rediscovered, until Branko Gr\u00fcnbaum surveyed"}, {"context": "the results in 1995. As it turns out, the original proof had a delicate mistake, which has been since corrected. Erd\u0151s\u2013Nagy theorem The Erd\u0151s\u2013Nagy theorem is a result in discrete geometry stating that a non-convex simple polygon can be made into a convex polygon by a finite sequence of flips. The \"flips\" are defined by taking a convex hull of a polygon and reflecting a pocket with respect to the boundary edge. The theorem is named after mathematicians Paul Erd\u0151s and B\u00e9la Sz\u0151kefalvi-Nagy. Paul Erd\u0151s conjectured the result in 1935 as a problem in the \"American Mathematical Monthly\", and Sz\u0151kefalvi-Nagy"}]}, {"title": "Comics in Australia", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Comics in Australia Australian comics have been published since 1908 and Australian comics creators have gone to produce influential work in the global comics industry (especially in American comics), \"Vumps\", the first Australian comic equivalent to British boy's papers, such as \"Boy's Own\", \"Chum\" and \"The Gem\" was published in September 1908. It featured illustrations, with the text printed below and lasted only one issue. On 7 October 1911 coloured comics appeared in \"The Comic Australian\", a weekly publication containing jokes and poetry, which continued for 87 issues until June 1913. In 1916 a small format children's paper, \"The Golden"}, {"context": "Age\" commenced. It featured three pages of strips and cartoons, including \"Algy & Kitty\" by B. Ericsson. The publication ceased in 1917. On 4 September 1920 the first continuing Australian comic strip, \"You & Me\", drawn by Stan Cross, appeared in \"Smith's Weekly\". In August 1925 the \"Sydney Sunday Times\" comic supplement was issued. It featured strips including \"The Two Rogues\", by L. de Konigh; \"Fish & Chips\" by Norman McMurray and \"The Strange Adventures of Percy the Pom\" by Wynne Davies. The 13 November 1921 saw the first issue of \"Us Fellas\", by Jimmy Bancks, in the \"Sunbeams Page\""}, {"context": "of the \"Sunday Sun\", this comic strip introduced the character of \"Ginger Meggs\", the longest running Australian comic strip. The first \"Sunbeams (Ginger Meggs) Annual\" appeared in 1924, and continued to appear each Christmas for the next 35 years. A number of other children's papers, such as \"Pals\", \"The Boy's Weekly\" and \"Cobbers\", were released during this period. Allcontained a few strips but were mainly text and articles. Following the demise of \"Pals\" the Australian comic book market was dominated by British comic papers until late 1931 with the launch of the first Australian comic book, \"The Kookaburra\". \"The Kookaburra\""}, {"context": "featured characters such as Bloodthirsty Ben and Callous Claude; The Mulga Merrymakers, Perky Pete the Prospector; and Lucy Lubra the Artful Abo! On 20 May 1934 another Australian comic was published \"Fatty Finn's Weekly\", featuring \"Fatty Finn\" by Syd Nicholls. The rest of the comic only featured Australian artists with other strips such as \"Basso the Bear\" and \"Pam and Pospsy Penguin\" by Hotpoint and \"Ossie\" by George Little. While there was text below each frame, the panels contained word balloons. In the late 1930s the market began to be saturated by the release of reprints of US strips popularised"}, {"context": "by the women's magazines, \"The New Idea\" (\"Buck Rogers\", \"Boy's Adventure World\", \"Felix the Cat\", \"Hurricane Hawk\") and \"The Woman's Mirror\" (\"The Phantom\"). At the same time another US reprint genre, the tabloid format reprints of Sunday pages and supplements, printed overseas at minimal cost, emerged onto the market. Publications included \"International Comics\", \"Colour Comics\" and \"Wags\" featuring \"Buck Rogers\", \"Tarzan\", \"Dick Tracy\" and early works by Will Eisner. By 1939 there were political protests about the dumping of overseas magazines and comics in Australia, on behalf of the local industry. With the onset of World War II the Australian"}, {"context": "Government placed a ban on the importation of American comics and syndicated proofs. As a result, the local comic book industry flourished. Following the war, Australia incurred a huge national debt: local publishers found they had a captive market as import restrictions continued to be enforced, at the same time the modern American style comic book (mostly sans color) was adopted. In its Golden Age Australian talent produced exciting creations such as \"Yarmak\", \"Captain Atom\", \"Tim Valour\", \"Crimson Comet\", \"The Panther\", \"The Raven\", \"The Lone Wolf\", \"The Phantom Ranger\" and many others. September 1948 saw the debut of The Phantom"}, {"context": "by Frew Publications, the longest continuously published comic book. This was a decade of recession for the Australian comic market, with production costs rising the prices of local comics rose. Comics faced increased public scrutiny, with censorship of comics beginning in 1954, competition from television (1956) and the re-introduction of American comic imports (1959). The 1960s saw the demise of the few locally produced titles that had managed to survive the recession in comic book publishing in the previous decade. Sales of reprints such as \"The Phantom\" and the Walt Disney titles continued to strengthen, with readers beginning to focus"}, {"context": "on new American imports, particularly the burgeoning Marvel Comics line. In the 1970s there was a resurgence in local comic activity, drawing inspiration from the explicit and politicised American underground comic scene, although mainly associated with radical journals such as \"Revolution\", \"High Times\" and \"Nation Review\". Few comic books were published with the exception of \"Cobber Comics\" in 1971 and \"Strange Tales\" (which featured \"Captain Goodvibes\", the work of Tony Edwards) in 1974. Gerald Carr revived the Australian adventure style comic book also in 1974 with the best selling \"Vampire!\", coinciding with the horror comic boom of the times, followed"}, {"context": "by \"Brainmaster and Vixen\" (1977) and \"Fire Fang\" (1982). \"Vixen\" became Australia's first comic book super heroine. Since the 1980s there have been fewer local reprints and more direct importing of foreign comics. On the local front new material started with the release of Tad Pietrzykowski's graphic novel The Dynamic Dark Nebula in 1982 & Oz Comics in 1983 which debuted The Southern Squadron. In the mid-1980s many anthology comics titles appeared, forming the basis for the modern Australian self-publishing community. Three notable ones were \"Fox Comics\", which began in Melbourne in 1985 and lasted for 5 years and 26"}, {"context": "issues. \"Phantastique\" from Sydney in 1986 lasted only 4 issues, as it was in the style of Underground comix but with mainstream distribution - it generated national publicity from opponents Fred Nile and John Laws. (Contributors included Christopher Seqiera and Leigh Blackmore). \"Cyclone!\" also from Sydney in 1985 was a more traditional superhero comic with an Australian flavour, it ran for 8 issues as an anthology and then another 5 as \"Southern Squadron\" focusing on its most popular feature (plus other spin offs including The Jackaroo & The Dark Nebula as well as a 1990s revival - over 30 related"}, {"context": "comics were published in the series). For a more recent example, Dillon Naylor's \"Da 'n Dill\" has been running in one form or another since 1993. Other long running popular Australian comic books include \"Hairbutt the Hippo\" (1989), \"Platinum Grit\" (1993) and \" Dee Vee\" (1997), which are still being published by their creators today. Since 2000, a significant market for Australian comic creators has been commercial Australian children's magazines. Dillon Naylor led the way with \"Da 'N' Dill\" and the popular Batrisha the Vampire Girl in \"K Zone\". Other artists with regular work in these markets include Patrick Alexander,"}, {"context": "Jase Harper, Rich Warwick, Dean Rankine, Damien Woods and Ian C. Thomas. In 2007 Julie Ditrich and Jozef Szekeres launched the Comics and Graphic Novel Portfolio for and with the Australian Society of Authors, which focuses on interests and needs for the comic and graphic novelist, both writers and artists, covering topics such as standardized contracts approved by the ASA for both creator owned comics/GNs and work-for-hire. Australian artists/writers also regularly produce work for overseas comics companies. These include Wayne Nichols, Nicola Scott, Ben Templesmith, Tom Taylor, Michal Dutkiewicz, Jozef Szekeres, Julie Ditrich(writer), and Doug Holgate. From the 1940s through"}, {"context": "the 1970s, many local reprints and translations of American \u2014 as well as British, European, and South American \u2014 comics were published in Australia. Since the 1980s there have been fewer local reprints and more direct importing of foreign comics. In the 1940s, following the banning of the importation of American comics, a number of Australian publishing companies were formed producing comic books, using local comic book artists. Most of which disappeared in the 1950s as a result of import bans being lifted, a censorship campaign, and the introduction of television. The predominant publishing companies during this time included: Since"}, {"context": "the late 1970s, the comic scene in Australia has been largely driven by self-publishers who created, printed and distributed their own books, with a few publishers who were willing to publish the work of others gradually emerging. Of these, some companies, such as Phosphorescent Comics and Gestalt Publishing, managed to become professional publishers of Australian comics and graphic novels. Since 2002 international publishers have increasingly begun to publish graphic novels by Australian comic creators, beginning with The Five Mile Press (Dillon Naylor) and Slave Labor Graphics (J. Marc Schmidt, Jason Franks) and, more recently, Allen & Unwin (Nicki Greenberg, Mandy"}, {"context": "Ord, Bruce Mutard), Scholastic (Shaun Tan), TokyoPop (Queenie Chan, Madeleine Rosca), Seven Seas Entertainment (Sarah Ellerton), and Finlay Lloyd (Mandy Ord). The first true Australian Comic Convention was \"Comicon I\" (1979) held at RMIT in Melbourne. \"Comicon II\" (1980) followed at the Sheraton Hotel in Melbourne and \"Comicon III\" (1981) was held in Sydney. The \"Australian Comic-Book Convention\" was held on 16\u201318 January 1986 at the Sydney Opera House, featuring international guests for the first time including (Jim Steranko) and Will Eisner who allowed the Spirit to be depicted as a koala while Spiderman was a Kangaroo. The convention was"}, {"context": "organised by three principles Peter Mitris, Richard Rae, and former Federal Publishing licensing consultant Peter Greenwood(who is now based in Los Angeles as a worldwide licensing manager for classic television). They had hoped to turn it into an annual event based on the San Diego Comic con,but a lack of corporate sponsorship for this large of an event caused it to be a one off. It was the forerunner of the many later \"OzCon\" conventions held from 1992 to 1998 in Sydney, with an additional event in Melbourne in 1997, and the \"comicfest!\" events, again in Sydney from 2000 to"}, {"context": "2002. Supanova Expo is Australia's largest con. It is held in Sydney and Brisbane each year since 2002 and 2003 respectively. It has since grown to incorporate Perth and Melbourne since 2008. It features, in addition to Comic-Books, a mix of current TV pop cultures, from science fiction and fantasy to anime and manga. It features special guest comic-book writers and artists and actors from currently in vogue series, movies and anime, as well as special effects workers. National Library of Australia State Library of New South Wales State Library of Victoria Comics in Australia Australian comics have been published"}]}, {"title": "The Teacher (1977 film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Teacher (1977 film) The Teacher () is a 1977 Cuban drama film directed by Octavio Cort\u00e1zar. The film, set in the early years of the Cuban Revolution, tells the story of a young urban teacher going to poor, rural areas to teach peasants how to read and write. He must overcome the initial resistance of some inhabitants due to his youth, get used to a totally unknown environment and confront the bandits who support the mercenary invasion. The screenplay was written by and Octavio Cort\u00e1zar. The film was produced by the Instituto Cubano del Arte e Industrias Cinematogr\u00e1ficos. It"}, {"context": "was entered into the 28th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won the Silver Bear for an outstanding artistic contribution. The Teacher (1977 film) The Teacher () is a 1977 Cuban drama film directed by Octavio Cort\u00e1zar. The film, set in the early years of the Cuban Revolution, tells the story of a young urban teacher going to poor, rural areas to teach peasants how to read and write. He must overcome the initial resistance of some inhabitants due to his youth, get used to a totally unknown environment and confront the bandits who support the mercenary invasion. The screenplay"}]}, {"title": "Ifonyintedo", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ifonyintedo Ifonyintedo is a town located in Ipokia Local Government Area of Ogun State in the South-western part of Nigeria. Founded in 1935, the town has grown to an estimated population of 10,000. It is primarily a farming community; however, commercial activities have increased recently owing to its proximity to the border with Republic of Benin. The people are predominantly Yoruba who speak the Anago dialect. The town has a traditional ruler/king whose title is \"Olu of Ifonyintedo.\" The ruling houses include Oyekanmi Agura, Adetola Olunro Olukan, and Odunfa Esoobile. The current traditional ruler, Oba Isaac Olatunji Adesiyan, is from"}, {"context": "the Adetola Olunro Olukan ruling house. There are various community development organizations involved in efforts to bring progress to the town among which are Ifonyintedo Development Union and Ifonyin Progressives. Ifonyintedo Ifonyintedo is a town located in Ipokia Local Government Area of Ogun State in the South-western part of Nigeria. Founded in 1935, the town has grown to an estimated population of 10,000. It is primarily a farming community; however, commercial activities have increased recently owing to its proximity to the border with Republic of Benin. The people are predominantly Yoruba who speak the Anago dialect. The town has a"}]}, {"title": "Hilary Weeks", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hilary Weeks Hilary Weeks (\"n\u00e9e\", Novakovich; born March 7, 1970) is an American Christian musician and Mormon singer, who primarily plays a worship and gospel music version of Christian country and Christian pop. She has released ten musical works, with eight of those being studio albums, \"He Hears Me\" (1996), \"Lead Me Home\" (1998) and \"I Will Not Forget\" (2000), \"Day of Praise\" (2004), \"If I Only Had Today\" (2008), \"Every Step\" (2011), \"Say Love\" (2013), \"Say Love\" (2013), and, \"Love Your Life\" (2016), while she released two holiday albums, \"Christmastime\" (2006) and \"Christmas Once Again\" (2009). Her last four"}, {"context": "musical works charted on various \"Billboard\" magazine charts. Weeks was born, Hilary Novakovich, on March 7, 1970, in Colorado, while she was raised in Alaska. She graduated from Brigham Young University with her baccalaureate of arts in 1993 from their music department. Her music recording career started in 1996, with the studio album, \"He Hears Me\", that was released by Deseret Book. She then went onto release four more studio albums, \"Lead Me Home\" in 1998, \"I Will Not Forget\" in 2000, \"Day of Praise\" in 2004, \"If I Only Had Today\" on September 17, 2008. While her next two"}, {"context": "albums, \"Every Step\" and \"Say Love\", released on October 25, 2011 and September 9, 2013, correspondingly, while they charted each on three \"Billboard\" magazine charts, The \"Billboard\" 200 at Nos. 102 and 161, respectively, Christian Albums at Nos. 6 and 9, correspondingly, and Independent Albums at Nos. 23 and 30, respectively. She was the first Mormon to have an album peak in the Top-10 of the Christian Albums chart. The eighth studio album, \"Love Your Life\", was released on September 16, 2016, and it charted on the Christian Albums chart at No. 7, and Independent Albums chart at No. 24."}, {"context": "She has released two holiday albums, \"Christmastime\", on November 7, 2006, and her most commercially successful one, \"Christmas Once Again\", on October 13, 2009, where it peaked at Nos. 26 and 40 on the Holiday Albums and Heatseekers Albums charts. She is married to Timothy \"Tim\" Weeks, and they have four daughters, residing in Utah. Weeks was called by \"Forbes\" one of the \"'40 Women to Watch Over 40,'\" for developing the website billionclicks.org. Studio albums Holiday albums Hilary Weeks Hilary Weeks (\"n\u00e9e\", Novakovich; born March 7, 1970) is an American Christian musician and Mormon singer, who primarily plays a"}]}, {"title": "Alice Dunning Lingard", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Alice Dunning Lingard Alice Dunning Lingard (29 July 1847 - 25 June 1897) was an English actress who performed both in England and in the United States, and was the wife of mimic and comic William Lingard. Lingard was born in London in on 29 July 1847 and had her stage debut there, at the Grecian Theatre. She married William Lingard in 1866 and went to the United States for the first time in 1868, along with her sister Harriet (Dickie). Her stage debut in America was on 11 August 1868 in the role of \"Widow White\" in \"Mr. and"}, {"context": "Mrs. Peter White\". Her travels took her around the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. Lingard died on 25 June 1897 and was buried at Brompton Cemetery in London. Alice Dunning Lingard Alice Dunning Lingard (29 July 1847 - 25 June 1897) was an English actress who performed both in England and in the United States, and was the wife of mimic and comic William Lingard. Lingard was born in London in on 29 July 1847 and had her stage debut there, at the Grecian Theatre. She married William Lingard in 1866 and went to the United States for the"}]}, {"title": "Del Rey (band)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Del Rey (band) Del Rey is an American instrumental post-rock band from Chicago. Del Rey was founded in 1997 after two of its members, Eben English and Damien Burke, moved from Maine to Chicago. The group added drummer Mike Johnson in 1998 and bassist Chris Cowgill in 2003, and began playing instrumental music partly because none of the members were adept vocalists. Del Rey's first full-length album, \"Speak it Not Aloud\", was released in 2001 on My Pal God Records, and its melding of jazz and alternative rock drew comparisons to fellow Chicago band Tortoise. \"Darkness & Distance\" followed in"}, {"context": "2003, also on My Pal God. The group kept a weekly rehearsal space in Chicago's Humboldt Park neighborhood from 2005 to 2009, but left it after a robber stole several of their instruments in October 2009. Their fourth album, \"Immemorial\", was issued in 2010, and featured use of Asian instruments such as guzhengs and taiko drums. This album saw the band's greatest commercial success come as an accident; in late 2011, the band was routinely confused by German shoppers on Amazon.de for the singer Lana Del Rey as her songs climbed the German charts. The album repeatedly entered Amazon.de's top-sellers"}, {"context": "list, at one point becoming the online retailer's seventh-best-selling album in Germany. The label that released \"Immemorial\", Golden Antenna, re-pressed the album to meet demand as singles from Lana Del Rey's \"Born to Die\" became Europe-wide hits. Del Rey (band) Del Rey is an American instrumental post-rock band from Chicago. Del Rey was founded in 1997 after two of its members, Eben English and Damien Burke, moved from Maine to Chicago. The group added drummer Mike Johnson in 1998 and bassist Chris Cowgill in 2003, and began playing instrumental music partly because none of the members were adept vocalists. Del"}]}, {"title": "Nia Medi", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Nia Medi Nia Medi is a Welsh actress and author. Originally from Llanfair, near Harlech in North Wales, she now lives in the Dolgellau area. She attended the Normal College in Bangor. As an actress her most famous screen work is the movie \"Wild Justice\" (1994), directed by Paul Turner, also screened under the titles \"Covert Assassin\" and \"Dial\" (Welsh for \"Revenge\"). The film also stars Nicholas McGaughey, David Griffith, Dafydd Emyr, Patricia Millardet, Christine Pritchard and Trevor Selway. It was previously a TV mini-series, but Nia was not involved with this. Nia has written scripts for radio and stage"}, {"context": "shows, and has also worked in house design, such as on the \"Real Rooms\" TV programme. Her debut novel, written in Welsh, is titled \"Omlet\" (\"Omelette\") 2005). The novel is about Angharad Austin, a single teacher in her thirties, who faces a range of problems associated with men, alcohol and friends. The novel uses a modern style of Welsh, very similar to that of Bethan Gwanas. The novel has been made into a film, with the main character played by actress Delyth Eirwyn. The film was shot on location in Greece and North Wales, and was to air on Welsh"}, {"context": "TV channel S4C in the fall of 2008. She is currently working on a second novel, with the working title \"Mwy o wy\" (\"More Egg\"). Nia Medi Nia Medi is a Welsh actress and author. Originally from Llanfair, near Harlech in North Wales, she now lives in the Dolgellau area. She attended the Normal College in Bangor. As an actress her most famous screen work is the movie \"Wild Justice\" (1994), directed by Paul Turner, also screened under the titles \"Covert Assassin\" and \"Dial\" (Welsh for \"Revenge\"). The film also stars Nicholas McGaughey, David Griffith, Dafydd Emyr, Patricia Millardet, Christine"}]}, {"title": "Maria Rebello", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Maria Rebello Maria Piedade Rebello is an Indian professional football referee who officiates primarily in the I-League, having been appointed to the list of I-League referees before the 2013\u201314 season, and has been a FIFA listed referee since 2011. Rebello is the only FIFA-listed women's referee from India. She is also the former captain of the India women's football team. Born in Curtorim, Goa, Rebello started to play football from a young age with the local boys. She then played competitive football for her school side on less than satisfactory fields with makeshift goals which she said made her \"rough"}, {"context": "and tough\" and thus made it easier for her to become a footballer. She then went on to captain the India women's team in the 2001 AFC Women's Championship in which India finished second-to-last in their group. She then retired early from the game. After retiring from playing football, Rebello joined the Bombay Referees Association where she trained to become a referee.She then joined the Goa Football Association and refereed matches for men in the local leagues. Eventually she managed to referee matches in the Goa Professional League, the top football league in Goa. She also refereed matches in the"}, {"context": "SAFF Championship. She has also managed to referee matches at the professional and semi-professional club level in men's football in India by officiating matches in the Federation Cup and Santosh Trophy. Rebello was then confirmed to be one of the referees on the list of referees for the 2013\u201314 season on 22 July 2013. She officiated her first I-League match on 8 March 2014 between Pune and Shillong Lajong. She gave four yellow cards out that match as the match ended 2\u20132. Maria Rebello Maria Piedade Rebello is an Indian professional football referee who officiates primarily in the I-League, having"}]}, {"title": "KD-Bank", "paragraphs": [{"context": "KD-Bank The Bank f\u00fcr Kirche und Diakonie eG - KD-Bank (bank for church and deaconry) is a credit institute in Dortmund in the legal form of a listed cooperative. The members are mostly institutions from the area of the Protestant church and its deaconry. The KD-Bank is an expert for all financial questions in this sector. The bank offers private customers the full range of banking services. Its goal is not primarily profit maximization but the economic support of members and customers. The bank is a member in the \"Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken\" (BVR). The KD-Bank employs 214"}, {"context": "members of staff at the locations Dortmund (headquarter), Berlin, Dresden, Duisburg and Magdeburg. The bank has offices in Mainz, Munich and Nuremberg. Special offers are: The KD-Bank looks back at a long tradition. The \"Landeskirchliche Kredit-Genossenschaft Sachsen LKG\" (today branch of the KD-Bank in Dresden) was founded in 1925 as the first Protestant bank in Germany. In 1927 Protestant loan cooperatives were initiated in Magdeburg and M\u00fcnster. In 1953 the Rhineland followed. Capacity building, Support of members and a share for members in economic success were the ideas which motivated the founders. In 1927 the capacity building institution\" Darlehensgenossenschaft der"}, {"context": "Westf\u00e4lischen Inneren Mission eGmbH\" was founded by Martin Niem\u00f6ller. Victor Rohdich, who since the fall of 1926 served as administrative director of the Inner mission, was also majorly involved in the founding. At the same time a church bank was founded in the province of Saxony under the name of \"Provinzialkirche Spar- und Darlehensgenossenschaft f\u00fcr die Provinz in Sachsen eGmbH\". In Rheinland before World War II people also thought about a church loan fund. But only in June 1953 the \"Darlehensgenossenschaft der Evangelischen Kirchengemeinde und -Verb\u00e4nde und der kirchlichen Werke im Rheinland eGmbH\" was founded by Otto Vetter. With the"}, {"context": "German reunification new business emerged in the new German states which was managed from Berlin and Magdeburg. In two steps a merger with the Prosparda, which was located in Magdeburg, was completed. In 2003 the DGM and the BKD merged and became \"KD-Bank eG \u2013 die Bank f\u00fcr Kirche und Diakonie\". Part of the fusion agreement was a new headquarters in the geographical middle of Duisburg and M\u00fcnster. The winner was Dortmund. Since February 28, 2006 the building in Dortmund is the banks headquarter. On June 9, 2010 the general assembly of the KD-Bank voted for a fusion with the"}, {"context": "\"Landeskirchlichen Kredit-Genossenschaft Sachsen eG\" (LKG) which is headquartered in Dresden. The fusion became retroactive on January 1, 2010. At the same time the general assembly decided on renaming the bank \"Bank f\u00fcr Kirche und Diakonie eG \u2013 KD-BANK\". This slight modification of the name is meant to draw the attention of the public to what the bank stands for. As first Protestant church bank and one of only a few banks in Germany the KD-Bank, since January 1, 2008, supports a sustainability filter for financial investments in securities. The sustainability filter is guided by three goals of the conciliar process:"}, {"context": "peace, justice and the preservation of creation. KD-Bank The Bank f\u00fcr Kirche und Diakonie eG - KD-Bank (bank for church and deaconry) is a credit institute in Dortmund in the legal form of a listed cooperative. The members are mostly institutions from the area of the Protestant church and its deaconry. The KD-Bank is an expert for all financial questions in this sector. The bank offers private customers the full range of banking services. Its goal is not primarily profit maximization but the economic support of members and customers. The bank is a member in the \"Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken"}]}, {"title": "Harriet Anne Thiselton-Dyer", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Harriet Anne Thiselton-Dyer Lady Harriet Anne (Hooker) Thiselton-Dyer (1854\u20131945) was a British botanical illustrator. Harriet Anne Hooker was born in 1854 to the botanist and explorer Joseph Dalton Hooker and Frances Harriet Henslow, who was the daughter of botanist and Cambridge University professor John Stevens Henslow. In 1877 she married the botanist William Turner Thiselton-Dyer (later knighted), with whom she had a son and a daughter. Thiselton-Dyer belonged to a generation of English women who transformed their interest in botany into professional careers. She studied with the noted botanical illustrator Walter Hood Fitch, who was the lead artist for \"Curtis's"}, {"context": "Botanical Magazine\". After Fitch resigned from the magazine in 1877 following a dispute with her father\u2014for whom Fitch had been preparing illustrations for several books\u2014Thiselton-Dyer stepped in. She rendered almost 100 illustrations for publication during the period 1878\u20131880, helping to keep the magazine viable until Matilda Smith took over as lead illustrator. In 1894\u201395, Thiselton-Dyer painted some 550 copies of Brazilian botanist Jo\u00e3o Barbosa Rodrigues's orchid paintings, which had been lent to her by the botanist Alfred Cogniaux, who was using some of them to illustrate a work on Brazilian flora. Unfortunately, the original drawings disappeared in Brazil sometime after"}, {"context": "Rodrigues's death and are now lost, making Thiselton-Dyer's copies\u2014housed at Kew Gardens\u2014a uniquely valuable resource on Rodrigues's work. In 1996, some of these copies were published to accompany an article on Rodrigues that appeared, fittingly enough, in \"Curtis's Botanical Magazine\". Thiselton-Dyer was also known as an accomplished gardener. In 1905 the Thiselton-Dyers moved to the Cotswolds. When her husband died in 1928, Harriet moved to Devonshire, where she died in 1945. In 2013, Thiselton-Dyer's work was included in the exhibition \"The Feminine Perspective: Women Artists and Illustrators\" at the Chicago Botanic Garden, alongside work by Henriette Vincent, Ellen Robbins, and"}, {"context": "others. Harriet Anne Thiselton-Dyer Lady Harriet Anne (Hooker) Thiselton-Dyer (1854\u20131945) was a British botanical illustrator. Harriet Anne Hooker was born in 1854 to the botanist and explorer Joseph Dalton Hooker and Frances Harriet Henslow, who was the daughter of botanist and Cambridge University professor John Stevens Henslow. In 1877 she married the botanist William Turner Thiselton-Dyer (later knighted), with whom she had a son and a daughter. Thiselton-Dyer belonged to a generation of English women who transformed their interest in botany into professional careers. She studied with the noted botanical illustrator Walter Hood Fitch, who was the lead artist for"}]}, {"title": "Peugeot 309", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Peugeot 309 The Peugeot 309 is a small family car that was manufactured between 1985 and 1994 in England, Spain and France by PSA Peugeot Citro\u00ebn. It was originally intended to be badged as a Talbot and, as development progressed, to be called the Talbot Arizona. It was the replacement for the Talbot Horizon, which had started life as a Chrysler in Britain and a Simca in France, and was also being built in several guises for the American market. In 1985, the PSA Group decided to discontinue the Talbot brand, with the last Talbot passenger vehicle to be launched"}, {"context": "being the Samba of 1981, and to market the car as a Peugeot instead. The Talbot brand was phased out completely when Talbot Express production stopped in 1994. The 309 had been conceived as \"Projet C28\" as a replacement for the Talbot Horizon, and as a result its development had been performed by the former Chrysler/Simca wing of PSA. Styling was the responsibility of the former Chrysler-Rootes design studios in Coventry, whilst much of the engineering was done at the Simca site at Poissy in France. The only stipulation from PSA management was that the new car had to use"}, {"context": "as much existing architecture as possible; hence the use of a stretched Peugeot 205 floorpan and door shells, whilst the Simca engines and transmissions from the Horizon were also carried over. Production in France began at the former Simca plant in Poissy in the end of summer 1985, with the first French customers getting their cars in October of that year; but it was decided that RHD models would be built at the Ryton plant near Coventry, England, which had previously been owned by the Rootes Group and then Chrysler Europe before Peugeot took it over in 1978. The first"}, {"context": "309 for the British market rolled off the production line at Ryton in October 1985, and sales began the beginning of 1986, although left-hand drive sales of the Poissy-built models began in France before the end of 1985. The 309 was not intended to replace Peugeot's own 305 model, but the out of step model number (the next small family car after the 305 should have been named \"306\" which eventually launched in 1993) was intended to distance it from the larger 305 in the marketplace and to reflect the car's Simca origins. It was also the first Peugeot badged"}, {"context": "hatchback of this size. With the Talbot brand being phased out on passenger cars, the 309 would succeed the Talbot Horizon. Peugeot had been considering a new Talbot Samba based on the forthcoming Citro\u00ebn AX supermini, but the success of the Peugeot 205 meant that there was little need for a third supermini within the PSA combine, and so the Samba was discontinued in 1986 with no replacement. The larger Alpine hatchback and Solara saloons were also axed in 1986, a year before Peugeot began production of the similar sized 405, successor to the 305. The 309's design was presaged"}, {"context": "by the 1982 Peugeot VERA Plus (followed by the VERA Profil in 1985), which were aerodynamic studies developed by Peugeot at the time. The VERA Plus claimed a Cw of only 0.22. Many of the aerodynamic features from the VERA studies found their way into later production Peugeots. The 309's slightly awkward styling (especially when compared with the 205 and 405 of the same era) was due to the decision to re use the door shells from the 205. The 309 was also supposed to be differentiated from Peugeot as a Talbot, and was designed \"in house\". Other Peugeot cars"}, {"context": "were designed by the famed Italian design house Pininfarina, up until the introduction of the 206 in 1998. The notched hatchback design bears an unintentional similarity to the Dodge Shadow and Plymouth Sundance, which were also developed, entirely separately and cut down from a larger (Chrysler K-Car) platform rather than stretched from a smaller one, to replace the Horizon in North America. The initial engine line up in the United Kingdom market consisted of the chain driven Simca derived 1118 cc (E1A) and 1294 cc (G1A) overhead valve petrol units from the Horizon, and Peugeot provided 1769/1905 cc diesel and"}, {"context": "1580/1905 cc petrol belt driven overhead camshaft XU units. Some markets also used the 1442 cc (Y2) and 1592 cc (J2) \"Poissy engine\", as seen previously in the Simca 1307 and Solara as well as the Horizon, instead of the 1580 cc OHC. The XU 1905 cc 130BHP engine was used in the highly regarded high performance GTI version of the 309 in fuel injection form; this quickly established itself as the class leading hot hatch of its time, thanks to very quick acceleration and a better balanced chassis set-up than the already-excellent handling Peugeot 205 GTI. As of 2018,"}, {"context": "66 Peugeot 309 GTIs remained on the roads in the United Kingdom, with another 277 registered being kept off the road as SORN. The 309 was also significant in that it was the first Peugeot car to be assembled in the former Rootes factory in Ryton-on-Dunsmore, which Peugeot had inherited with its buyout of Chrysler Europe in 1978. Largely due to it's partially British origins, the Peugeot 309 became a popular choice in the United Kingdom, and in 1987, it was joined on the production line by the larger 405. The 309's successor, the 306, was also built at Ryton,"}, {"context": "as was the 206, which was the last vehicle in production there when the plant closed in December 2006. The summer of 1989 saw the introduction of the Phase 2 Peugeot 309. It revised the design of the rear, lowering the boot lip, changing the rear lights to a more 'smoked style' and making slight alterations to the front radiator grille. Also, an updated interior was required to address severe criticisms leveled at the Phase 1's, Talbot designed multi piece dashboard which was prone to developing squeaks and rattles. The GTi models received a colour coded one piece rear spoiler"}, {"context": "as opposed to the Phase 1's outdated rubber spoiler which, by then, harked back to early 1980s design. Quite importantly a modified gearbox called 'BE3' was introduced, a revision of the original 'BE1' unit, placing reverse in the \"down and to the right\" position behind fifth gear, as opposed to the earlier \"up and to the left\" position next to first gear. Retrospectively, the 'BE3' gearboxes are slightly less prone to failure than their earlier counterparts. This was also when Peugeot gradually phased in their, all new, belt driven TU-series overhead camshaft engines, in 1,124 cc and 1,360 cc forms,"}, {"context": "eventually replacing the trusty Simca units during 1992. The GTi 16 model, featuring the XU9J4 engine from the 405 Mi16, was also introduced at this time; however, these were only sold in mainland Europe. (See Trim Levels) Towards the end of 1992, production of the 309 began to wind down in anticipation for the launch of the new Peugeot 306, returning Peugeot to their normal numbering scheme. However, upon release of the 306, initial public reaction in the United Kingdom was slightly slow, although it soon accelerated and had become Peugeot's best-selling car in Britain by the time it was"}, {"context": "finally replaced by the 307 in 2001. As of 2018, only 481 Peugeot 309's remained on the roads in the United Kingdom, with another 1,378 registered being kept off the road as SORN. Many special editions were based on the X/GE, such as the Sport model, which came with a spoiler and side decals; and also the Sunseeker model, which came with a pop up sunroof, and side decals. In some markets a diesel E model was also available, using the 1905 cc XUD engine. All diesel models carry the D suffix on the model badge (XLD, GLD). The Special"}, {"context": "Equipment model available in the United Kingdom in 1989 also added a pop up sunroof and a rear wash/wipe to the standard equipment list. The E designation was replaced by the Style designation, which began as a special edition in 1987, but became a part of the range from 1988, to denote the base model, in line with other contemporary Peugeot models of the time (e.g. the Peugeot 205 Style and the Peugeot 405 Style). The Style was also available with the 1124 cc and 1360 cc TU and 1905 cc XUD (Style D) engines, all with five speed gearboxes,"}, {"context": "after the Simca units were phased out. A three speed automatic option was available with the XU5 engined GL. Later in the production run, the XL model was dropped, and a 1769 cc XUD turbo diesel engine was added to the L range, to become GLDTurbo, which featured alloy wheels (from the Peugeot 205 1.6 GTI), uprated GTI specification suspension, and a pair of front fog lights. Options on this also included central locking, electric front windows and the Peugeot vacuum operated moonroof, essentially a large glass sliding sunroof. Post facelift 1.3 models and the 1.4 model also have central"}, {"context": "locking. Curiously, if the GLX was ordered in white, and later burgundy red, the bumpers were body coloured, with a contrasting trim strip, red with the white bumpers and silver with the burgundy ones. After the facelift the bumpers also gained a pair of fog lights. A reflective strip panel was also on the options list, that replaced the louvred panel that sits between the rear lights. The SR Injection, in addition, added alloy wheels, remote controlled central locking, and remote controlled heated door mirrors. The options list included metallic/black paint, front fog lights, a sliding glass sunroof, an automatic"}, {"context": "gearbox (SR only), and SR decals on the rear flanks. These were only built in Phase 1 guise and many enthusiasts say that the SR was a better balanced car to drive than the GTI, however, they now also very rare. It also came with opening rear windows (three door), a digital clock, a black spoiler (painted spoiler from the GTI after the facelift), driving lamps and a load area lamp. Options included alloy wheels, central locking/electric windows (only available as a twinned options pack), a sliding glass sunroof and front fog lights. The 309 XS is now very rare"}, {"context": "in the United Kingdom. The SX model was not available in the United Kingdom. The GTI came with some features unique to the range, such as the large black boot spoiler, driving lights and fog lights in the front bumper, remote opening rear windows (three door only), and the Speedline 1.9GTI alloys, the first car to be fitted with them. Also benefitted from uprated suspension, tinted glass, a deep front airdam, a leather steering wheel and internally adjustable headlights. Items on the options list included central locking/electric windows (as part of a twinned options pack), a sliding glass sunroof, and"}, {"context": "metallic/black paint. Some notable limited edition models included: The Zest/Zest D and the Trio/Trio D editions, with 1124/1360cc TU engines and 1905cc XUD engines, with unique seat fabric, green seatbelts and side decals down both flanks. The Look, available in blue, white and very scarce black were fitted with unique seat fabric with a sunroof and coloured bumper inserts. The Goodwood, Limited Edition for the United Kingdom was a GTI with full black leather interior as standard, and no cost optional wooden steering wheel, gearknob and CD Autochanger. The model was only available in limited numbers for the United Kingdom"}, {"context": "(only 398 vehicles were constructed) in metallic pinewood green with anthracite Speedline alloy wheels, with metal lip on outer rim and badging depicting the Goodwood racing circuit on the front wings, tailgate and steering wheel boss. When the Goodwood was launched, the high asking price resulted in some examples not finding homes until 1994, hence some being registered on an 'L' prefix registration. Peugeot 309 The Peugeot 309 is a small family car that was manufactured between 1985 and 1994 in England, Spain and France by PSA Peugeot Citro\u00ebn. It was originally intended to be badged as a Talbot and,"}]}, {"title": "Boarmiini", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Boarmiini The Boarmiini (also often called Cleorini) are a large tribe of geometer moths in the Ennominae subfamily. This family is sometimes massively expanded, with the closely related Bistonini, Bupalini, Erannini, Gnophini, Melanolophini, Phaseliini and Theriini all merged into it. The eggs of all these geometer moths have the chorion cells characteristically arranged in longitudinal rows. The eggs of the Boarmiini in the narrow sense usually have a typical slender and narrow shape, with a soft chorion consisting of heavy-walled but unridged polygonal cells. However, in \"Cleora\" for example, the eggs approach the wide-walled shape found in many Bistonini. Adding"}, {"context": "further to the uncertainty is the fact that the Alsophilinae, usually treated as a small subfamily in their own right, might be a specialized lineage of Boarmiini; though their caterpillars are quite different, their pupae have a peculiar T-shaped cremaster which very much resembles that of the Boarmiini. Boarmiini in the narrow sense are typically slender geometer moths that rest with the wings spread out flatly and do not tuck the hindwings under the forewings while at rest. Typically, they are cryptically colored and rather dark, with brownish-grey hues predominating; in many, there are two or three weak wavy bands"}, {"context": "extending across the wings and forming a rough semicircle when the moths are at rest. Though they all look quite similar in habitus, there are few unequivocal characters that can be easily used to recognize adult members of this tribe. The females of many species have a conspicuously long ovipositor for hiding away the typical soft-shelled eggs. The valva and harpe (or \"clasper\") of the male genitalia are highly complex in almost all species and often bear various extensions. The juxta is typically well-developed, large and extended. Their caterpillars are rarely plump, and apparently at least some mimic twigs or"}, {"context": "thin leaves. As numerous ennomine genera have not yet been unequivocally assigned to a tribe, the genus list is preliminary. In addition, the genera \"Acrodontis\" and \"Xerodes\" (usually placed in Ennomini), as well as \"Monocerotesa\" (usually in Macariini) are placed in the Boarmiini by some authors. \"\"Boarmia\" penthearia\" however appears to belong to the Macariini. The fossil \"Lithopsyche\" was long assigned to the Boarmiini, but more recently a restudy indicated that it is a misidentified true butterfly (Papilionoidea). Boarmiini The Boarmiini (also often called Cleorini) are a large tribe of geometer moths in the Ennominae subfamily. This family is sometimes"}]}, {"title": "D. E. Stevenson", "paragraphs": [{"context": "D. E. Stevenson Dorothy Emily Stevenson (1892\u20131973) was a best-selling Scottish author. She published more than 40 \"light romantic novels\" over a span of more than 40 years. Stevenson was born in Melville Street, Edinburgh, Scotland, on 18 November 1892. Her father was David Alan Stevenson, a lighthouse engineer and first cousin to author Robert Louis Stevenson; her mother Annie Roberts. A commemorative plaque marking the house where she spent her childhood was mounted at 14 Eglinton Crescent, Edinburgh in 2016. She began writing at a young age but hid her efforts because her parents and governesses disapproved. Her father"}, {"context": "refused to send her to university, lest she become a bluestocking. In 1916 Stevenson married James Reid Peploe, a captain in the 6th Ghurkha Rifles. Her 1932 novel \"Mrs. Tim of the Regiment\", which describes her life as a British army wife, was based on her personal diary. She wrote most of her books while living in the town of Moffat, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. Her novels were best-sellers, with more than seven million copies printed and translations in multiple languages. Her last book was published in 1969. Stevenson died in 1973. Stevenson published under the name \"DE Stevenson\" or"}, {"context": "\"D.E. Stevenson.\" Stevenson published three volumes of poetry, two of them before her novels. Note that \"Mrs Tim of the Regiment\" and \"Golden Days\" were originally published separately, but all subsequent reprints combined the two halves into a single volume titled \"Mrs. Tim Christie\". Amberwell Bel Lamington Katherine Wentworth Sarah Morris Remembers Gerald and Elizabeth Five additional works were published after being discovered in a box in the Stevenson family attic. Some of Stevenson's characters appear as supporting characters or make cameo appearances in her other novels. She also sometimes reused settings. Miss Buncle spills into \"The Four Graces\" as"}, {"context": "well as \"Spring Magic\", and her book is described in \"Anna and her Daughters\". \"Celia's House\" inspired \"Listening Valley\", where Celia makes a re-appearance. We hear of her again during \"Anna and Her Daughters\". Anna pops up briefly in the Katherine books which link with \"Charlotte Fairlie\" (Mr. Heath the vicar makes a re-appearance this time). Later Sarah Morris ends up in Ryddelton in \"Sarah's Cottage\" to be befriended by Debbie (who made her debut in \"Celia's House\") and to hear about Tonia (\"Listening Valley\") and Charlotte Fairlie. More links exist from the Katherine books, via Mr Sandford the lawyer,"}, {"context": "to \"House on the Cliff\" which links via Miss Martineau the landlady to \"The Blue Sapphire\". The Katherine books also tell us more about MacAslan who we first meet in \"Smouldering Fire\". Stevenson's last book, \"The House of the Deer\" (a reworking of a serial published in The Glasgow Bulletin in 1936) revisits the MacAslan family in the second generation, and is a sequel to \"Gerald and Elizabeth\". \"Gerald and Elizabeth\" enter into the saga around Drumburly and re-introduce Freda from \"Five Windows\". Jock from the \"Music in the Hills\" trilogy also knows of Freda. Bel Lamington links into these"}, {"context": "books. Bel's friend Margaret was a Musgrave, and there are links from \"The Musgraves\" to \"The Tall Stranger\", which was a sequel (of sorts) to \"Five Windows\" (though Stevenson, uncharacteristically, makes an error between the two books - in \"Five Windows\" the main character is David Kirke while in \"The Tall Stranger\" his name is spelled Kirk). The Musgraves give a tenuous link back to Ryddelton via \"The Mulberry Coach\", a story written by one of Anna's daughters and nearly performed by Delia Musgrave. The \"Amberwell\" books link closely to \"Still Glides the Stream\" which in turn ties in with"}, {"context": "the Sarah books, in that Will and Sarah both visit Nivennes and meet with the Delormes family, although their visits are many years apart. Another recurring character is the author Janetta Walters, whose light romantic novels are either loved or loathed by Stevenson characters. We first hear of her books in \"Mrs. Tim Carries On\" and \"Spring Magic\". She appears in person in \"The Two Mrs. Abbotts\" and \"The Four Graces\". Some of Stevenson's most popular books are being reissued. Persephone Books reprinted \"Miss Buncle's Book\" in 2008 and \"Miss Buncle Married\" in 2011. \"Mrs. Tim of the Regiment\" was"}, {"context": "reprinted by Bloomsbury in 2010. Sourcebooks Landmark released the latter two Miss Buncle books in the U.S. in 2012, followed in 2013 by \"The Young Clementina\" and \"The Two Mrs. Abbotts\". D. E. Stevenson Dorothy Emily Stevenson (1892\u20131973) was a best-selling Scottish author. She published more than 40 \"light romantic novels\" over a span of more than 40 years. Stevenson was born in Melville Street, Edinburgh, Scotland, on 18 November 1892. Her father was David Alan Stevenson, a lighthouse engineer and first cousin to author Robert Louis Stevenson; her mother Annie Roberts. A commemorative plaque marking the house where she"}]}, {"title": "Lorraine Kelly", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Lorraine Kelly Lorraine Kelly, (born 30 November 1959) is a Scottish television presenter, journalist, model and actress. She has presented on TV-am, GMTV, ITV Breakfast, \"Daybreak\" and on her eponymous \"Lorraine\". Between 2012 and 2014, Kelly was a main female presenter of ITV's \"Daybreak\", which she co-hosted from Monday to Thursdays with Aled Jones. Since 2011, Kelly has hosted the annual \"STV Children's Appeal\". She hosts the telethon and sister shows such as \"STV Appeal Stories\" and \"Lorraine & Friends\". Kelly was born in the Gorbals, Glasgow, Scotland. She is of Irish ancestry and Kelly's father, John, worked as a"}, {"context": "television repairman. She spent the first few years of her life in Glasgow before the family moved to East Kilbride where she attended Claremont High School. She turned down a university place to study English and Russian in favour of a job on the \"East Kilbride News\", her local newspaper, and then joined BBC Scotland as a researcher in 1983. She moved to TV-am as an on-screen reporter covering Scottish news in 1984. In early October 1984, Kelly joined TV-am as Scotland Correspondent. On the back of her coverage of the Pan Am Flight 103 disaster in Lockerbie, in July"}, {"context": "1989, Kelly presented TV-am's \"Summer Sunday\" programme with chief reporter Geoff Meade. In February 1990, she became a main presenter of \"Good Morning Britain\" alongside Mike Morris. In January 1993, Kelly helped launch \"GMTV\" by presenting a range of programmes. Her first job was presenting the new \"Top of the Morning\". In March, when Fiona Armstrong walked out of the main GMTV show, Kelly moved to the main breakfast show with Eamonn Holmes. In June 1994, Kelly went on maternity leave, but shortly afterwards she was sacked from the main presenting roles, Lorraine returned in November 94 to do a"}, {"context": "mum and baby slot. This led to her becoming the presenter of \"Nine O'Clock Live\". The show proved so popular that it was moved to the earlier 08:35 slot, retitled \"Lorraine Live\". In Autumn 2000, as \"GMTV\" rebranded to \"GMTV Today\", Kelly's show changed its name to \"LK Today\". As part of the later rebrand that took place in 2009, the show again changed its title to \"GMTV with Lorraine\", to coincide with \"GMTV Today\" changing back to \"GMTV\". Lorraine moved for the first time into the main \"GMTV\" studio, instead of having her own part of the studio to"}, {"context": "host from. In April 2010, to make \"GMTV\"s programming more consistent, \"GMTV with Lorraine\" began airing all year round, instead of breaking during school holidays, with guest presenters. According to the \"Sunday Mirror\", in 2007, Kelly was prevented from appearing in an advertising campaign for Asda as GMTV managing director Clive Crouch felt that such a move would create more bad publicity for GMTV, which had recently been fined \u00a32 million by broadcasting regulator Ofcom for its misuse of premium-rate phone lines. In November 2009, ITV plc took full control of the broadcaster after purchasing The Walt Disney Company's 25%"}, {"context": "share. On 9 July 2010, as well as the announcement that \"GMTV\" had been axed to make way for \"Daybreak\", it was also revealed that Kelly's new programme \"Lorraine\" would replace \"GMTV with Lorraine\" On 15 July 2010, Kelly presented her last show before leaving. On 6 September 2010, \"GMTV\" ended with ITV Breakfast taking over. \"Lorraine\" launched with a brand new look, alongside \"Daybreak\". In 2011, Kelly presented the ITV series \"Children's Hospital\", and was a guest presenter on the BBC Two series \"Never Mind the Buzzcocks\" in series 25. She provides voice-over and narration on the CBeebies show"}, {"context": "\"Raa Raa the Noisy Lion\". On 4 May 2012, it was confirmed that Kelly would take over from Christine Bleakley as presenter on \"Lorraine's\" sister programme \"Daybreak\". She debuted on 3 September 2012. She co-hosted the programme with Aled Jones from Monday to Thursday, with Kate Garraway co-hosting on Fridays. In February 2014, Kelly announced that she would leave \"Daybreak\" to focus on \"Lorraine\" which she began hosting five days a week from 28 April 2014. \"Daybreak\" was replaced by \"Good Morning Britain\" in April 2014. In 2014, Kelly made a cameo appearance in an episode of \"Birds of a"}, {"context": "Feather\". On 19 September 2014, Kelly reported from Dundee on \"Good Morning Britain\" on the Scottish independence result. On 13 April 2016, Kelly guest presented an episode of \"This Morning\" with Rylan Clark-Neal. Kelly presented a four-part series for Channel 5 called \"Penguin A&E with Lorraine Kelly\". The series began airing on 10 May 2016. In 2018, Kelly co-presented \"Wedding Day Winners\" with Rob Beckett. The show aired on Saturday nights on BBC One. Kelly hosted the annual Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Awards in 2005 and 2006 for STV. Since 2011, Kelly has hosted STV's Children's Appeal annually with Sean"}, {"context": "Batty, she also hosts STV Appeal Stories on the channel and her 2016 Show Lorraine & Friends. Kelly hosted the 2014 & 2015 Hogmanay Party which aired on New Year's Eve just before midnight and after Midnight. Hogmanay Party didn't continue in 2016 instead Kelly hosted \"Lorraine Kelly's Hogmanay\". Lorraine made two appearances of the STV Glasgow talk show The Riverside Show and one appearance on the late-night talk show The Late Show which runs across all STV channels. During 1994/1995 Kelly also presented Carlton magazine programme \"After 5\". She appeared on Lily Savage's Blankety Blank in 2001. Kelly presented"}, {"context": "\"Liquid News\", \"Liquid Eurovision\" and became the national spokeswoman for the United Kingdom during the collation of votes at the Eurovision Song Contest, in both 2003 and 2004, replacing the long-serving Colin Berry. She has made several appearances on \"Have I Got News for You\" including appearances as guest presenter. From 2004, Kelly co-presented \"This Morning\" with Phillip Schofield, on Mondays and Fridays, to allow Fern Britton to spend more time with her family, but she left in March 2006. Kelly guest hosted an episode of \"The Friday Night Project\" on Channel 4. She also guest hosted \"The New Paul"}, {"context": "O'Grady Show\" and returned three other times from 2006 to 2008, owing to sheer popularity. Kelly also hosted the annual Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Awards in 2005 and 2006 for STV. In 2006, Kelly filmed an ITV documentary programme \"Secrets Revealed - DNA Stories\", made by STV Productions, and broadcast on Sky Real Lives. A second series was shown on the channel in 2008. In 2010, Kelly filmed a six-part documentary series \"Lorraine Kelly's Big Fat Challenge\" shown on Bio. The series featured Kelly and a team of experts putting 'Britain's fattest family', the Chawner family through their paces to"}, {"context": "lose weight and transform their lives. Daughter Emma Chawner is best known for her unsuccessful appearances on \"The X Factor\". In 2010, in conjunction with the Missing People charity, Sky and STV produced a new documentary series hosted by Kelly, about missing mothers. This series followed the success of Sky's previous successful missing person series \"Missing Children: Lorraine Kelly Investigates\". Kelly has also made acting appearances in the Scottish sitcom \"Still Game\" and the soap opera \"River City\". Kelly writes weekly columns for \"The Sun\" and \"The Sunday Post\". She was announced as the first Agony Aunt for the Royal"}, {"context": "Air Force's fortnightly \"RAF News\" on 7 October 2009. Kelly is a celebrity patron of Worldwide Cancer Research. Kelly is also a patron of the advocacy charity POhWER (People of Hertfordshire Wants Equal Rights). About being a patron, Kelly commented: 'I am proud to be a Patron of POhWER, a charity which helps people to find their voice, make their case, get the care and support they need and see wrongs put right'. Kelly is also a patron of the British charity Help for Heroes. Kelly is an Honorary Patron of The Courtyard, Herefordshire's Centre for the Arts. In 2011,"}, {"context": "Kelly was among the celebrities to take part in the \"BT Red Nose Desert Trek\" which took place in the Kaisut Desert for Comic Relief and raised \u00a31,375,037. She has been an ambassador and presenter for STV Children's Appeal since its creation in 2011. Kelly also became an ambassador for the charity Sightsavers in 2011. In April 1991, Kelly was awarded the TRIC Diamond Jubilee Award for New Talent of the Year. In 2004, she was elected as the first female rector of the University of Dundee, being formally installed to office on 28 April 2004. She held this position"}, {"context": "until 2007. On 20 June 2008 she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws from the university for her services to charity. On 28 June 2018 She was awarded the Honorary degree of Doctor of Arts from Edinburgh Napier University. In a survey, Kelly was voted the celebrity most people would like to buy a car from. She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to charity and the armed forces. On 16 November 2014, Kelly received a special Scottish BAFTA award honouring her 30-year television career. Since"}, {"context": "June 2009: \"Honorary Colonel\" in the Black Watch cadets Kelly lives in Berkshire, outside London, with her husband, television cameraman Steve Smith, whom she married in 1992. Kelly previously lived in Broughty Ferry, Dundee until December 2017 as she found commuting back and forth was not working, Kelly and her husband then decided to sell their Broughty Ferry home to be closer to Lorraine's work, and so they could spend more time together. Kelly has described herself as an 'adopted Dundonian' and despite moving away, she considers Dundee to be a place that she will always call home. They have"}, {"context": "one daughter, Rosie, born in 1994. Kelly was born to a Catholic mother and a Protestant father, but she is an outspoken critic of Catholic schools in Scotland and has called for an end to them saying they were a cause of trouble in society, and prolonged the \"scandal of sectarianism\". She has been a fan of the Scottish football team Dundee United since 1987 after being taken to a game by her now-husband. In 2018 Kelly became a champion for the menopause speaking of her experiences and encouraging other women to speak about it. Lorraine Kelly Lorraine Kelly, (born"}]}, {"title": "Midori (web browser)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Midori (web browser) Midori is part of the standard Raspbian distribution for the Raspberry Pi ARMv6-based computer. While Dillo and NetSurf are also in the menu, Midori also features as a desktop link. Midori is also packaged with Manjaro Linux, Trisquel Mini and Bodhi Linux as their default web browser. At one time it was the default browser in elementary OS as well. Midori passes the Acid3 test. In March 2014, Midori scored 405/555 on the HTML5 test. In July 2015, Midori 0.5 on Windows 8 scored 325/555 on the updated HTML5 test. Midori was recommended by Lifehacker due to"}, {"context": "its simplicity. The major points for criticism are the absence of the process isolation, the low number of available extensions and occasional crashes. Nick Veitch from TechRadar included Midori 0.2.2 in his 2010 list of the eight best web browsers for Linux. At that time he rated it as \"5/10\" and concluded, \"while it does perform reasonably well all-round, there is no compelling reason to choose this browser over the default Gnome browser, Epiphany, or indeed any of the bigger boys\". Himanshu Arora of \"Computerworld\" reviewed Midori 0.5.4 in November 2013 and praised the browser's speed and uncluttered interface, while"}, {"context": "additionally underlining the private browsing which uses a separate launch icon and displays the details of this mode on the home tab. Victor Clarke from Gigaom praised Midori's minimalism in 2014 and stated that it will \"satisfy your humble needs without slowing down your PC\", despite stressing the lack of advanced functionality. Midori (web browser) Midori is part of the standard Raspbian distribution for the Raspberry Pi ARMv6-based computer. While Dillo and NetSurf are also in the menu, Midori also features as a desktop link. Midori is also packaged with Manjaro Linux, Trisquel Mini and Bodhi Linux as their default"}]}, {"title": "The Geometer's Sketchpad", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Geometer's Sketchpad The Geometer's Sketchpad is a commercial interactive geometry software program for exploring Euclidean geometry, algebra, calculus, and other areas of mathematics. It was created by Nicholas Jackiw for the Visual Geometry Project at Swarthmore College. It is designed to run on Windows 95 or Windows NT 4.0 or later and Mac OS 8.6 or later (including Mac OS X). It also runs on Linux under Wine with a few bugs. Geometer's Sketchpad includes the traditional Euclidean tools of classical geometric constructions. If a figure (such as the pentadecagon) can be constructed with the compass and straightedge method,"}, {"context": "it can also be constructed in the program. The program allows \"cheat\" transformations to create figures impossible to construct under the compass and straightedge rules (such as the regular nonagon). Objects can be animated. The program allows the creation of numerous objects which can be measured, and potentially used to solve hard math problems. The program allows the determination of the midpoints and midsegments of objects. Geometer's Sketchpad can measure lengths of segments, measures of angles, area, perimeter, etc. Some of the tools include a construct function, which allows the user to create objects in relation to selected objects. The"}, {"context": "transform function allows the user to create points in relation to objects, which include distance, angle, ratio, and others. The Geometer's Sketchpad The Geometer's Sketchpad is a commercial interactive geometry software program for exploring Euclidean geometry, algebra, calculus, and other areas of mathematics. It was created by Nicholas Jackiw for the Visual Geometry Project at Swarthmore College. It is designed to run on Windows 95 or Windows NT 4.0 or later and Mac OS 8.6 or later (including Mac OS X). It also runs on Linux under Wine with a few bugs. Geometer's Sketchpad includes the traditional Euclidean tools of"}]}, {"title": "Muriel Angelus", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Muriel Angelus Muriel Angelus (10 March 1912 \u2013 26 June 2004) was an English stage, musical theatre and film actress. Born Muriel E S M Findlay in Lambeth, South London, to Scottish parentage, she developed a sweet-voiced soprano at an early age. She made her debut on stage at the age of twelve, appearing in a play she had written herself called \"The Sister Key\". She went on to sing in music halls and to dance in a West End production of \"The Vagabond King\" (1927). She entered films toward the end of the silent era with \"The Ringer\" (1928),"}, {"context": "the first of three movie versions of the Edgar Wallace play. Her second film, \"Sailor Don't Care\" (1928) was important only in that she met her first husband, Scots-born actor John Stuart on the set; her role was excised from the film. Though in her first sound picture, \"Night Birds\" (1930), she got to sing a number, most of her films did not use her musical talents. The sweet-natured actress who played both ingenues and 'other woman' roles co-starred with husband Stuart in \"No Exit\" (1930), \"Eve's Fall\" (1930) and \"Hindle Wakes\" (1931), and appeared with British star Monty Banks"}, {"context": "in some of his film farces, including \"My Wife's Family\" (1931) and \"So You Won't Talk\" (1935). Muriel received a career lift with the glossy musical London hit \"Balalaika\". This led to her securing the pivotal role of Adriana in the original Broadway production of \"The Boys From Syracuse\", co-starring Eddie Albert. In turn, she received a contract with Paramount Pictures, but never became a star and is largely remembered solely by the acting buffs and nostalgists. Her last known film role was in \"The Great McGinty\" (1940). She then revived her Broadway career and had a great success in"}, {"context": "the musical comedy, \"Early to Bed\" (1943). Her final performance came in 1946, after her marriage to Paul Lavalle. In 1959 she resisted the efforts of Richard Rodgers to secure her for the part of the Mother Abbess in the first Broadway production of \"The Sound of Music\". Interviewed in 1996, she said it had been a mistake for her to leave England. \"I was caught up in the glamour, but once in Hollywood I was nothing more than a tiny craft battling in an ocean beside much weightier ships.\" Angelus died at a nursing home in Harrisonburg, Virginia, aged"}, {"context": "92, survived by her daughter from her second marriage. She was cremated and her ashes returned to her surviving daughter. Muriel Angelus Muriel Angelus (10 March 1912 \u2013 26 June 2004) was an English stage, musical theatre and film actress. Born Muriel E S M Findlay in Lambeth, South London, to Scottish parentage, she developed a sweet-voiced soprano at an early age. She made her debut on stage at the age of twelve, appearing in a play she had written herself called \"The Sister Key\". She went on to sing in music halls and to dance in a West End"}]}, {"title": "Taman language (Sino-Tibetan)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Taman language (Sino-Tibetan) Taman is an extinct Sino-Tibetan language that was spoken in Htamanthi village in Homalin Township, Sagaing Region, northern Myanmar. It was documented in a list of 75 words in Brown (1911). Keisuke Huziwara (2016) discovered an elderly rememberer of Taman in Htamanthi who could remember some Taman phrases as well as a short song, but was not fluent in the Taman language. However, no fluent speakers of Taman remained in the area. Taman speakers have since shifted to Burmese and Tai Naing (Red Shan), a Tai language spoken in northern Myanmar. Matisoff (2013:13) surmises that pressure from"}, {"context": "the formerly widespread Kadu language had caused Taman to become marginalized. The descendants of Taman speakers have since been assimilated into Shan society. Benedict (1972) and Shafer (1974) classified Taman as part of the Luish branch of languages. Words and affixes shared exclusively between Luish and Taman are (Huziwara 2016): However, Huziwara (2016) notes that despite Taman sharing some similarities with Luish, Taman cannot be securely classified within the Luish branch itself, and its place in Tibeto-Burman remains uncertain. Taman also shares various similarities with many nearby non-Luish languages, including various Sal languages. Huziwara (2016) concludes that Taman is part"}, {"context": "of a linkage of Tibeto-Burman languages spanning across northeast India and northern Myanmar (i.e., comparable to Scott DeLancey's Central Tibeto-Burman languages), but does not recognizably fit into any known Tibeto-Burman branch. Taman has the following phonemes. Below are five innovations from Proto-Tibeto-Burman (PTB) to Taman identified by Huziwara (2016). Below is Brown's (1911) Taman word list as cited and re-transcribed in Huziwara (2016:19-29), and Brown's (1911) Taman list re-transcribed by Luce (1985), as cited and re-transcribed in Huziwara (2016). The Taman word for 'river' is the same as the word for 'water'. On March 2, 2015, Keisuke Huziwara discovered an"}, {"context": "83-year-old woman in Htamanthi who remembered some words and phrases of the Taman language, as well as a short song. The woman was born in a village just outside Htamanthi. The elicited words and phrases are (Huziwara 2016:14-16): The song is transcribed as follows. Huziwara (2016:15-16) analyzes the song as follows. Altogether, the nouns, verbs, and prefixes elicited from Huziwara's (2016) Taman informant are: Taman language (Sino-Tibetan) Taman is an extinct Sino-Tibetan language that was spoken in Htamanthi village in Homalin Township, Sagaing Region, northern Myanmar. It was documented in a list of 75 words in Brown (1911). Keisuke Huziwara"}]}, {"title": "Stubaital", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Stubaital The Stubaital is an alpine valley in Tyrol, Austria. It is the central valley of the Stubai Alps. The river Ruetz flows through the valley. This 35-km long valley runs in northeastern direction from the main chain of the Alps to Sch\u00f6nberg im Stubaital, near Innsbruck. Below Fulpmes, the villages lie on terraces above the Ruetz on either side of the river. South of Neustift im Stubaital, the largest side valley Oberbergtal joins from the west. The \u00d6BB operates a 16-MW hydroelectric power plant in Fulpmes. The following five municipalities lie in the valley: Sch\u00f6nberg im Stubaital, Mieders, Telfes,"}, {"context": "Fulpmes and Neustift im Stubaital. Public transportation from Innsbruck into the valley is available via the Stubaital bus route or the Stubai Valley Railway, which runs from Innsbruck to Fulpmes. At the end of the Stubaital valley the Stubai Glacier is used as a ski resort. Stubaital The Stubaital is an alpine valley in Tyrol, Austria. It is the central valley of the Stubai Alps. The river Ruetz flows through the valley. This 35-km long valley runs in northeastern direction from the main chain of the Alps to Sch\u00f6nberg im Stubaital, near Innsbruck. Below Fulpmes, the villages lie on terraces"}]}, {"title": "Lester Hiatt", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Lester Hiatt Lester Richard Hiatt (1931\u201314 February 2008), aka \"Les Hiatt\", was a scholar of Australian Aboriginal societies who promoted Australian Aboriginal studies within both the academic world and within the wider public for almost 50 years. He is now regarded as having been one of Australia's foremost anthropologists Hiatt was born in Gilgandra, New South Wales, the eldest of three boys. His father was the son of English immigrants from Gloucestershire and Devonshire. Hiatt's father was a book-keeper who rose to be manager of White Wings Flour Mill. His mother was the daughter of a Gilgandra pastry cook. He"}, {"context": "graduated in dentistry at Sydney University in 1952, and, after passing over further studies to qualify as a doctor, -financial considerations ruled that out- he shifted his focus to anthropology. His choice had been influenced by a friendship he had formed with a Sri Lankan student of that topic, Laksiri Jayasuriya, during his undergraduate years at Wesley College. He re-enrolled in an arts course to major in anthropology, studying under A.P. Elkin and Mervyn Meggitt, though John Anderson also became an important influence. In 1955 as he opened a practice in Bourke. In 1952, he first encountered A.R. Radcliffe-Brown's work,"}, {"context": "in particular the latter's \"Structure and Function in Primitive Society.\" (1950) While in Bourke he met and married the first of his three wives, a school teacher Betty Meehan, who came from a notable unionist family with communist sympathies. They moved to Sydney and he graduated in anthropology at Sydney University in 1958. A scholarship took him to study at the Australian National University under John Barnes and Bill Stanner. He obtained his PhD with a thesis on 'Kinship and Conflict,' in 1963, and rewrote the manuscript for publication in 1965 as \"Kinship And Conflict: A Study Of An Aboriginal"}, {"context": "Community In Northern Arnhem Land.\" With his wife Hiatt set off in 1959 to do his primary, detailed ethnographic fieldwork for his doctorate in, and around, Maningrida, in the Northern Territory's Arnhem Land. His focus was on the Gidjingali community of the Burarra. From the late 1950s (at which time the Australian Aboriginal community of Maningrida was first being formed and gazetted as a township), Hiatt spent more than 45 years, off and on, researching, learning and recording the views, language, songs, stories, understandings, and practices of the Burarra-speaking Gidjingarli language speakers. It was here at Maningrida that Les developed"}, {"context": "some of his deepest, most persevering research relationships, producing at least one film and a book in memory of Frank Gurrmanamana, one of the 'informants' with whom he worked most closely. In some of his late work, Hiatt attempted to analyze the ethics and value systems of Gidjingarli culture in terms of evolutionary biology and the theories of Edward Westermarck's regarding the origins of morality. \"Waiting for Harry\" is a film dealing with the reburial of an Anbarra man, Les Angabarraparra, at Djunawunya in Arnhem Land in July 1978, when his remains had been removed from Maningrida and returned to"}, {"context": "his homeland. The idea came from Frank Gurramanamana after he viewed other films on Aboriginal customary life at the AIATSIS archives in Canberra. The director was Kim McKenzie, who had been running the AIAS Film Unit. The main mourners are Frank Gurramanamana, the deceased clan brother, and Harry Diama, Angabarraparra's maternal uncle and the senior blood-relative, without the presence of both of whom the ritual sequence cannot be completed. The keynote theme is Harry's repeated absences: business engagements demand his attention in a nearby town; his son is up on charges and requires the father's presence in court. These continuous"}, {"context": "interruptions upset the Cape Stewart mob, who have sailed over to attend the funeral, and who were put off by Harry's endless delays. In the meantime, various aspects of the ceremony are filmed: the painting of the hollow-log coffin, the chanting of clan songs, the gannet dance, all preliminaries before the final breaking of the bones, their arrangement in the coffin, and the interment. Hiatt though an anthropologist, has kinship bonds with the bereaved which require him to participate actively in the proceedings he otherwise is trained to observe with an outsider's ethnographic eye. The film won the Royal Anthropological"}, {"context": "Institute Film Award in 1982 for \"the most outstanding film on social, cultural and biological anthropology or archaeology\". Margaret Clunies Ross dedicated a long essay to the analysis of the film in 1989. Institutional assistance and support for 'Aboriginalist' scholarship (studies into Australian Aboriginal societies) has improved from that time when Hiatt first started his own studies, and he has since been attributed with playing an important role assisting and supporting this reform (particularly during the Whitlam and Fraser governments, with the early establishment of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies In addition to Dr Hiatt's"}, {"context": "detailed ethnographic records and works, there is a substantial body of written works inquiring into, questioning and sometimes challenging some of the more conventionally 'received' anthropological knowledges held by academia and the general public about Australian Aboriginal peoples. Some of these works are identified and briefly annotated below. In one of his earliest publications, Hiatt effectively demolished the previously conventional understanding, established by the British social anthropologist Alfred Radcliffe-Brown according to which patrilineal descent is the primary social organisational principle across all Aboriginal Australians. Lester Hiatt Lester Richard Hiatt (1931\u201314 February 2008), aka \"Les Hiatt\", was a scholar of Australian"}]}, {"title": "Mazdak", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mazdak Mazdak (, Middle Persian: \ud802\udf6c\ud802\udf66\ud802\udf63\ud802\udf6a, also Mazdak the Younger; died c. 524 or 528) was a Zoroastrian \"mobad\" (priest), Iranian reformer, prophet and religious activist who gained influence during the reign of the Sasanian emperor Kavadh I. He claimed to be a prophet of Ahura Mazda and instituted communal possessions and social welfare programs. He has been seen as a proto-socialist. Mazdak was the chief representative of a religious and philosophical teaching called Mazdakism, which he viewed as a reformed and purified version of Zoroastrianism, although his teaching has been argued to display influences from Manichaeism as well. Zoroastrianism"}, {"context": "was the dominant religion of Sassanid Persia, and Mazdak himself was a mobad or Zoroastrian priest, but most of the clergy regarded his teaching as heresy. Information about it is scarce and details are sketchy, but some further details may be inferred from the later doctrine of the Khurramites, which has been seen as a continuation of Mazdakism. Some sources claim that the original founders of this sect lived earlier than Mazdak. These were another mobad, Zaradust-e Khuragen (distinct from the founder of Zoroastrianism, Zoroaster, Middle Persian \"Zardusht\") and/or a Zoroastrian philosopher known as Mazdak the Elder, who taught a"}, {"context": "combination of altruism and hedonism: \"he directed his followers to enjoy the pleasures of life and satisfy their appetite in the highest degree with regard to eating and drinking in the spirit of equality, to aim at good deeds; to abstain from shedding blood and inflicting harm on others; and to practise hospitality without reservation\". This doctrine was further developed by the much better-known Mazdak the Younger, son of B\u0101md\u0101d. At later stages the conservative Zoroastrian opposition accused Mazdak's followers of heresy and with abhorrent practices such as the sharing of women, for which scholars have found no evidence. Mazdak's"}, {"context": "followers are considered to be the first real socialists in human history by their emphasis on community property and community work with benefits accruing to all. Like both Zoroastrianism (at least as practised at the time) and Manichaeism, Mazdakism had a dualistic cosmology and worldview. This doctrine taught that there were two original principles of the universe: Light, the good one; and Darkness, the evil one. These two had been mixed by a cosmic accident, tainting everything except God. Light is characterized by knowledge and feeling, and acts by design and free will, whereas Darkness is ignorant and blind, and"}, {"context": "acts at random. Mankind's role in this life was, through good conduct, to release the parts of himself that belonged to Light. But where Manichaeism saw the mixture of good and bad as a cosmic tragedy, Mazdak viewed this in a more neutral, even optimistic way. In addition, Mazdakism is reported, in one late work, to have distinguished three elements (Fire, Water, Earth), and four Powers (Discernment, Understanding, Preservation and Joy, corresponding to the four chief officials of the Sassanid state \u2013 the Chief Mobad (\"Mobadan Mobad\"), the Chief Herbad, the Commander of the Army and the Entertainment Master), seven"}, {"context": "Viziers and twelve Spiritual Forces. When the Four, the Seven and the Twelve were united in a human being, he was no longer subject to religious duties. In addition, God was believed to rule the world through letters, which held the key to the Great Secret that should be learned. This description suggests that Mazdakism was, in many ways, a typical Gnostic sect. Two distinguishing factors of Mazdak's teaching were the reduction of the importance of religious formalities\u2014the true religious person being the one who understood and related correctly to the principles of the universe\u2014and a criticism of the strong"}, {"context": "position of mainstream clergy, who, he believed, had oppressed the Persian population and caused much poverty. Mazdak emphasised good conduct, which involved a moral and ascetic life, no killing and vegetarianism (considering meat to contain substances derived solely from Darkness), being kind and friendly and living in peace with other people. In many ways Mazdak's teaching can be understood as a call for social revolution, and has been referred to as early \"communism\". He and his followers were also advocates of free love. According to Mazdak, God had originally placed the means of subsistence on earth so that people should"}, {"context": "divide them among themselves equally, but the strong had coerced the weak, seeking domination and causing the contemporary inequality. This in turn empowered the \"Five Demons\" that turned men from Righteousness \u2013 these were Envy, Wrath, Vengeance, Need and Greed. To prevail over these evils, justice had to be restored and everybody should share excess possessions with his fellow men. Mazdak allegedly planned to achieve this by making all wealth common or by re-distributing the excess, although it is unclear how he intended to organize that in terms of regulations and to what extent his position has been caricatured by"}, {"context": "hostile sources. The hostile sources mostly dwell on the alleged \"sharing\" of women, the resulting sexual promiscuity and the confusion of the line of descent. Since the latter is a standard accusation against heretical sects, its veracity has been doubted by researchers; it is likely that Mazdak took measures against the widespread polygamy of the rich and lack of wives for the poor. Mazdak's teaching acquired many followers, to the point when even King Kavadh I, ruling from 488 until 531, converted to Mazdakism. He also reportedly sponsored its adoption by the Arab vassal kingdom of al-Hirah, entailing the deposing"}, {"context": "of the previous king al-Mundhir by the Kindite chief al-Harith. With the King's backing Mazdak could embark on a program of social reform, which involved pacifism, anti-clericalism and aid programs for helping the poor. Mazdak had government warehouses opened to help the poor. He also had all the Zoroastrian fire temples closed except the three major ones. Fear among the nobility and Zoroastrian clergy grew so strong that King Kavadh was overthrown in 496, but he managed to regain the throne three years later with the help of the Hephthalite Empire. Scared by the resistance among the powerful, he chose"}, {"context": "to distance himself from Mazdak. He allowed Anushiravan to launch a campaign against the Mazdakites in 524 or 528, culminating in a massacre of most of the adherents \u2013 including Mazdak himself \u2013 and restoring orthodox Zoroastrianism as the state religion. Various fictionalized accounts specify the manner of execution: for example, the \"Shahnameh\" states that 3000 Mazdakites were buried alive with the feet upwards in order to present Mazdak with the spectacle of a \"human garden\", whereas Mazdak himself was hanged upside down and shot with countless arrows; other stories specify other torturous methods of execution. Anushiravan then proceeded to"}, {"context": "implement his own far-reaching social and administrative reforms. The Mazdakite ruler of al-Hirah was also overthrown and the previous king restored to power. A Jewish tradition relates a slightly different story. The Exilarch of Babylon, Mar-Zutra II, rallied the Jewish community and their allies, who defeated Mazdak and established an independent Jewish kingdom in Mahoza that lasted for seven years (495\u2013502). A few Mazdakis survived, and settled in remote areas. Small pockets of Mazdakite societies are said to have survived for centuries after the Muslim conquest of Persia. Their doctrines probably mixed with radical currents of Shia Islam, influencing them"}, {"context": "and giving rise to later powerful revolutionary-religious movements in the region. The cult of al-Muqanna\u2018, who claimed to be the incarnation of God and had followers among the Mubaiyyidah sect of Zoroastrianism and even some Turks, upheld the laws and institutes of Mazdak. In the 9th century, the Khurramites, an egalitarian religious sect possibly originating from Mazdakism, led a revolt under the leadership of Babak Khorramdin against the Abbasid Caliphate and successfully defended large territories against the Caliphate's forces for some twenty years. The Batiniyya, Qarmatians and other later revolutionary currents of Islam may also be connected to Mazdakism and"}, {"context": "were often equated with it by contemporary authors. Turkish scholar Abd\u00fclb\u00e2k\u00ee G\u00f6lp\u0131narl\u0131 sees even the Qizilbash of the 16th century \u2013 a radical Shi'i movement in Persia which helped the Safaviyya establish Twelver Islam as the dominant religion of Iran \u2013 as \"spiritual descendants of the Khurramites\" and, hence, of the Mazdakites. \"Mazdakist\" eventually seems to have become a standard derogative label attached by pre-modern Persian and Arabic authors to any radical egalitarian movement in subsequent Iranian history. While medieval Muslim historiography primarily focused on the \"socialist\" aspects of Mazdak, Zoroastrian tradition, on the other hand, remembers Mazdak above all"}, {"context": "as a dangerous heretic and enemy of the true faith (\"Zand-i Wahman yasn\" 2:1), a threat comparable to Mani and Muhammad (\"Denkard\" 3:345). The author of the \"Dabestan-e Mazaheb\", writing as late as the 17th century, claims to have met individual adherents of Mazdakism who practised their religion secretly among the Muslims and preserved the \"Desnad\", a book in Middle Persian containing the teachings of Mazdak. Mazdak Mazdak (, Middle Persian: \ud802\udf6c\ud802\udf66\ud802\udf63\ud802\udf6a, also Mazdak the Younger; died c. 524 or 528) was a Zoroastrian \"mobad\" (priest), Iranian reformer, prophet and religious activist who gained influence during the reign of the"}]}, {"title": "Tim Albery", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tim Albery Tim Bronson Reginald Albery (born 20 May 1952) is an English stage director, best known for his productions of opera. Albery was born in Harpenden, the son of the impresario Donald Albery and grandson of the producer Sir Bronson Albery. After directing drama in the British provinces, he directed his first operatic production, Britten's \"The Turn of the Screw\" for a music festival at Batignano, Italy in 1983. For Opera North, Albery directed operas by Tippett, Mozart and most notably Berlioz: his production of \"Les Troyens\" is described by \"The New Grove Dictionary of Opera\" as \"triumphant\". For"}, {"context": "the English National Opera (ENO), Albery directed Berlioz\u2019s \"Beatrice and Benedict\" (1990) and Britten\u2019s \"Billy Budd\" (1988) and \"Peter Grimes\" (1991). Together with his fellow directors, Richard Jones, Jude Kelly, Phyllida Lloyd, Deborah Warner and Francesca Zambello, Albery publicly supported ENO's general director Nicholas Payne in his dispute with the ENO's chairman Martin Smith over avant garde productions. They wrote, \"The aim must be to create a new audience that does not see opera as a middle class trophy art form: an audience that Payne was beginning to attract to the Coliseum.\" For Scottish Opera, Albery directed Wagner's \"Ring\" cycle"}, {"context": "between 1999 and 2003, and Mozart's \"Don Giovanni\" in 2006. \"Grove's Dictionary\" describes Albery's style as \"a modern visual and dramatic language that combined stillness, taut economy, intense feeling for states of psychological and poetic complexity, and deep musical responsiveness\" creating \"a powerful impression of musico-dramatic revelation.\" Tim Albery Tim Bronson Reginald Albery (born 20 May 1952) is an English stage director, best known for his productions of opera. Albery was born in Harpenden, the son of the impresario Donald Albery and grandson of the producer Sir Bronson Albery. After directing drama in the British provinces, he directed his first"}]}, {"title": "M1 Singapore Fringe Festival", "paragraphs": [{"context": "M1 Singapore Fringe Festival The M1 Singapore Fringe Festival is an annual fringe theatre festival in Singapore. In additional to theatrical performances, it hosts art installations, live music, and a forum. It is organised by The Necessary Stage, a non-profit theatre company. The festival occurs each January with a different theme, such as \"Art and the People\" (2014), \"Art & Loss\" (2015), and \"Art & the Animal\" (2016). The tenth M1 Singapore Fringe Festival took place in 2014. It had a higher attendance than any previous M1 festival. It was after this festival that The Necessary Stage instituted a policy"}, {"context": "of appointing a new artistic director every two years. The company intends the two-year tenure to give each director time to realise a vision for the festival, while building relationships with artists and curators. M1 Singapore Fringe Festival The M1 Singapore Fringe Festival is an annual fringe theatre festival in Singapore. In additional to theatrical performances, it hosts art installations, live music, and a forum. It is organised by The Necessary Stage, a non-profit theatre company. The festival occurs each January with a different theme, such as \"Art and the People\" (2014), \"Art & Loss\" (2015), and \"Art & the"}]}, {"title": "Anna Haslam", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Anna Haslam Anna Haslam (1829\u20131922) was a suffragist and a major figure in the 19th and early 20th century women's movement in Ireland. Anna Maria Haslam (n\u00e9e Fisher) was born in Youghal, County Cork, Ireland in 1829. She was born the 16th of 17 children to Jane and Abraham Fisher. The Fishers were a Quaker family with a business in Youghal. They were noted for their charitable works, especially during the Great Famine. She helped in soup kitchens and became involved in setting up cottage industries for local girls in lace-making, crocheting and knitting. She was brought up believing in"}, {"context": "equality for men and women and also supporting the campaign against slavery and for temperance and pacifism. She attended Quaker boarding schools, Newtown School in County Waterford and Castlegate School in York. She then became a teaching assistant in Ackworth School, Yorkshire. She met Thomas Haslam who was teaching there and who was from Mountmellick, County Laois. Anna and Thomas Haslam married on 20 March 1854 in Cork Registry Office. Their marriage was mainly celibate as a result of them not wanting to have children. In later writings Thomas argued in favour of chastity for men. Anna and Thomas Haslam"}, {"context": "shared a belief of equality for men and women and he supported her campaigns. Thomas Joseph Haslam was born in 1825 to a Quaker family. Thomas was a feminist theorist and from 1868 he wrote about many topics concerning female rights and issues such as prostitution, birth control and women's suffrage. Both Anna and Thomas were expelled from the Society of Friends due to their interests in social reform but both still maintained links with the community. Thomas was said to have been disowned for harbouring ideas contrary to Quaker teachings. In 1868 Thomas published a pamphlet called \"The Marriage"}, {"context": "Problem\", in which he raised and supported the idea of family limitation and outlined a number of contraceptive methods including the safe period. Thomas Haslam died on 30 January 1917, in his ninety-second year. He and Anna were both buried together in the Quaker burying ground at Temple Hill, Dublin. Anna Haslam is best remembered today for her work for votes for women. She was a pioneer in every 19th century Irish feminist campaign and she fought for votes for women from the year 1866. Anna and Thomas Haslam were founding members of the Dublin Women's Suffrage Association in 1876."}, {"context": "This marked the start of a remarkable campaign in Dublin for votes for women. Haslam, along with the writing of her husband, continued the campaign and in 1896 women in Ireland won the right to be elected as Poor Law Guardians, members of the official bodies which administered the Poor Law. Ireland's early women's rights activists had a close relationship with their English correlatives and shared the same discrimination in education, employment, sexual freedom and political participation. The DWSA organised the introduction of a private member's bill to remove disqualification 'by sex or marriage' for election or serving as a"}, {"context": "poor law guardian. The bill passed in 1896 and the association immediately wrote to the newspapers and published leaflets explaining the process on how register to vote and stand for election and encouraged qualified women to go forward as candidate. By 1900, there were nearly 100 women guardians. Haslam then led a campaign to encourage qualified women to stand for election in 1898. Women won eligibility to vote in local government elections, and to stand for elections as rural and urban district councillors. In 1913, she stepped down as secretary of the Association and was elected life-president. One of her"}, {"context": "longest campaigns was for repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts of 1864. The act allowed for state regulation of prostitutes in areas in which the army was stationed. The act permitted compulsory internment of women for up to 3 months, which was later extended to one year. Medical treatment was also enforced on the women. The act sought only to reduce the spread of sexually transmitted diseases amongst the military. She opposed the act as she felt it legitimised prostitution, commoditised women and undermined family life. It was finally repealed following 18 years of campaigning. Haslam was involved in the"}, {"context": "1866 petition and gathered 1,499 signatures to extend suffrage to women as well as men. In 1867 male suffrage was extended but it wasn't until 1911 that the Suffrage movement achieved the significant victory of securing the right of women to stand for election as local councillors. In 1918, a woman of almost ninety, she went to the polls \"surrounded by flowers and flags\", with women who united in her honour to celebrate the victory of the vote. This display of unity by activist women from all shades of political opinion acknowledged her role in the fight for the right"}, {"context": "to vote. The same year in which she died, in 1922, the Irish Free State extended the vote to all men and women over the age of 21. A memorial seat to Anna and Thomas Haslam was erected in 1923 in St Stephen's Green, Dublin, with the inscription \"in honour of their long years of public service chiefly devoted to the enfranchisement of women.\" Her name and picture (and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters) are on the plinth of the statue of Millicent Fawcett in Parliament Square, London, unveiled in 2018. Anna Haslam Anna Haslam (1829\u20131922) was a"}]}, {"title": "Billy Derbyshire", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Billy Derbyshire William Derbyshire (birth unknown \u2013 death unknown), also known by the nickname of \"Billy\", is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. He played at representative level for England, and at club level for Warrington (Heritage \u2116 486), as a , i.e. number 8 or 10, during the era of contested scrums. Billy Derbyshire won a cap for England while at Warrington in 1947 against Wales. Billy Derbyshire played left-, i.e. number 8, in Warrington's 15-5 victory over Bradford Northern in the Championship Final during the 1947\u201348 season at Maine Road,"}, {"context": "Manchester. Billy Derbyshire played left-, i.e. number 8, in Warrington's 19-0 victory over Widnes in the 1949\u201350 Challenge Cup Final during the 1949\u201350 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 6 May 1950, in front of a crowd of 94,249 Billy Derbyshire played left-, i.e. number 8, in Warrington's 8-14 defeat by Wigan in the 1948\u201349 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1948\u201349 season at Station Road, Swinton on Saturday 13 November 1948, and played left-, i.e. number 8, in the 5-28 defeat by Wigan in the 1950\u201351 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1949\u201350 season at Station Road, Swinton"}, {"context": "on Saturday 4 November 1950. Billy Derbyshire made his d\u00e9but for Warrington on Saturday 30 August 1947, and he played his last match for Warrington on Wednesday 29 August 1951. Billy Derbyshire William Derbyshire (birth unknown \u2013 death unknown), also known by the nickname of \"Billy\", is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. He played at representative level for England, and at club level for Warrington (Heritage \u2116 486), as a , i.e. number 8 or 10, during the era of contested scrums. Billy Derbyshire won a cap for England while at"}]}, {"title": "Violeta Cela", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Violeta Cela Violeta Bravo Cela (born December 7, 1960) is a Spanish actress, model, columnist and voice actress. She is the cousin of Paloma Cela and second niece of Nobel Prize winning writer Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela. Born in Madrid, Spain, Cela began her acting career at the age of 15 in the theatre production \"Violines y trompetas\" and made her cinema debut with a leading role in the 1978 film \"Silvia ama a Raquel\". In 1982 she played the main character \"Juanita\" in the Spanish television series \"Juanita, la Larga\". She has since appeared in a total of 69 films"}, {"context": "and 28 plays (including the classical genre, high comedy and musical). She is also known for her many performances in dubbing films as well as her role as an opinion columnist for Spanish national newspaper ABC. In 2005 she starred in the opera \"La memoria de las aguas\" by Uve M\u00fcllrich of German rock band Dissidenten. Violeta Cela Violeta Bravo Cela (born December 7, 1960) is a Spanish actress, model, columnist and voice actress. She is the cousin of Paloma Cela and second niece of Nobel Prize winning writer Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela. Born in Madrid, Spain, Cela began her acting"}]}, {"title": "Anthony Nalli", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Anthony Nalli Anthony Nalli is a Canadian television producer and host of the independently produced television series \"The Aviators\", which airs on a majority of PBS stations across the United States, on Travel+Escape in Canada, on Discovery Channel overseas, as well as on iTunes, Hulu, and Amazon. As of late 2016, the seventh season of the show is in production and Anthony's production company, FourPoints Television Productions, has also produced Air Boss, Jet Truck, and The Bikers. Anthony, a private pilot, began his media career as a freelance writer having written a column entitled Close Calls which was published monthly"}, {"context": "in several aviation magazines across North America including COPA Flight magazine, In Flight USA, Atlantic Flyer magazine, Canadian Aviation Journal, Cessna Pilot magazine, Pipers magazine, and Cessna Owner magazine in addition to being available online at several aviation-related websites. He became an advocate for general aviation collision avoidance after a mid-air collision occurred in Caledon, Ontario, Canada in August 2006 which killed 3 people. Shortly after began \"Close Calls\" which was an aviation column detailing the \"close call\" experiences of fellow pilots. A \"close call\" was described as, \"any situation where a pilot suddenly realizes the presence of a nearby"}, {"context": "aircraft that they were otherwise unaware of\". Followers would contact Anthony directly to anonymously share their stories with him and he would collect the details and prepare the articles, with the hopes that the experiences shared and lessons learned would be a benefit to all readers. The first article was posted on 21 November 2007 and continued on for 17 months with the last article posted on 21 April 2009. Anthony Nalli Anthony Nalli is a Canadian television producer and host of the independently produced television series \"The Aviators\", which airs on a majority of PBS stations across the United"}]}, {"title": "Shawar", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Shawar Shawar ibn Mujir al-Sa'di (; died January 18, 1169) was the \"de facto\" ruler of Fatimid Egypt, as vizier, from December 1162 until his assassination in 1169 by the general Shirkuh, the uncle of the Kurdish leader Saladin, with whom he was engaged in a three-way power struggle against the Crusader Amalric I of Jerusalem. Shawar was notorious for continually switching alliances, allying first with one side, and then the other, and even ordering the burning of his own capital city, Fustat, just so that the enemy could not have it. Shawar was the vizier at the end of"}, {"context": "the Fatimid caliphate, while al-Adid was caliph (1160\u20131171). In the mid-12th century, the Fatimid caliphate was crumbling, and Egypt had descended into a condition of near anarchy. The official head of state was the Caliph, but the true power was the Egyptian vizier, and various Egyptian governors competed with each other for the position, often with great violence. During the 1150s, Shawar was the Fatimid governor of Upper Egypt for five years, but he made a deal with the Sultan of Damascus, Nur ad-Din Zangi, deserted the Fatimids and joined the Seljuks in Syria. Shawar initially used the Sultan's aid,"}, {"context": "took control of Cairo, and quickly killed his predecessor and his predecessor's entire family. But nine months later, Shawar himself was overthrown by one of his lieutenants, Dirgham. He again sought assistance from Sultan Nur ad-Din, who sent one of his generals, Shirkuh, to settle the dispute. Dirgham was killed, and Shawar was restored to power. However, Shawar then argued with Shirkuh, and allied with the Crusader king, Amalric I of Jerusalem, who attacked Shirkuh at Bilbeis in August\u2013October, 1164 (see Crusader invasion of Egypt). The siege ended with a stalemate, and both Shirkuh and Amalric agreed to withdraw from"}, {"context": "Egypt. In 1166, Shirkuh attempted another attack, but Shawar called for reinforcements from Amalric, who arrived at the same time in January 1167. Fighting continued into Egypt, as far as al Babayn, just south of Cairo. There, Shirkuh's army achieved a major victory over Amalric in March. This resulted in another stalemate, and both Shirkuh and Amalric again simultaneously withdrew their respective forces in August 1167, leaving Shawar in power, though Amalric left a garrison in Cairo, and Egypt was required to pay increased tribute to Amalric's government in Jerusalem. In the winter of 1168, Amalric again attacked Egypt, and"}, {"context": "Shawar switched alliances again, this time going back to Shirkuh, who he had betrayed in 1164. Shirkuh and Shawar attempted to force the Crusader garrison out of Egypt, but Amalric pressed on, until his army was camped south of Fustat (the remnants of which are today in what is known as Old Cairo). Seeing Amalric's invasion imminent, Shawar ordered the burning of his own city, to keep it from Amalric's hands. According to the Egyptian historian Al-Maqrizi (1346\u20131442): Shawar ordered that Fustat be evacuated. He forced [the citizens] to leave their money and property behind and flee for their lives"}, {"context": "with their children. In the panic and chaos of the exodus, the fleeing crowd looked like a massive army of ghosts... Some took refuge in the mosques and bathhouses...awaiting a Christian onslaught similar to the one in Bilbeis. Shawar sent 20,000 naphtha pots and 10,000 lighting bombs [mish'al] and distributed them throughout the city. Flames and smoke engulfed the city and rose to the sky in a terrifying scene. The blaze raged for 54 days... But Shirkuh forced Amalric to withdraw, and then conquered Egypt with his own forces. In January 1169, Cairo fell, and Shirkuh had Shawar executed. Shirkuh"}, {"context": "was named the new vizier, but his reign lasted only two months. Already an obese man, he died of \"indigestion\", and was succeeded in the viziership by his nephew, Saladin. The power struggle between Shawar, Amalric, and Shirkuh was the setting for one of the stories by Robert E. Howard (1906\u20131936), \"Gates of Empire\". Shawar Shawar ibn Mujir al-Sa'di (; died January 18, 1169) was the \"de facto\" ruler of Fatimid Egypt, as vizier, from December 1162 until his assassination in 1169 by the general Shirkuh, the uncle of the Kurdish leader Saladin, with whom he was engaged in a"}]}, {"title": "Aguman ding Maldang Talapagobra", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Aguman ding Maldang Talapagobra The Aguman ding Maldang Talapagobra (AMT) (Kapampangan, League of Poor Laborers or League of Poor Workers) was a trade union in Pampanga, Philippines organized by Pedro Abad Santos in 1933. It was influenced by European socialism and anarchism, functioned as a mutual aid association and participated in electoral politics. The AMT was supported by the \"Partido Sosyalista ng Pilipinas\" (Socialist Party of the Philippines), a socialist party established by Abad Santos when the \"Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas\" (Communist Party of the Philippines) was outlawed in 1932. The AMT employed strike actions and mass demonstrations against landowners."}, {"context": "There were occasions during the 1930s when members of the AMT were found dead, having been killed by security personnel of the sugar centrals or private armies of landowners. Aguman ding Maldang Talapagobra The Aguman ding Maldang Talapagobra (AMT) (Kapampangan, League of Poor Laborers or League of Poor Workers) was a trade union in Pampanga, Philippines organized by Pedro Abad Santos in 1933. It was influenced by European socialism and anarchism, functioned as a mutual aid association and participated in electoral politics. The AMT was supported by the \"Partido Sosyalista ng Pilipinas\" (Socialist Party of the Philippines), a socialist party"}]}, {"title": "Ken Macklin", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ken Macklin Ken Macklin (born 1952) is a Canadian artist best known for his large abstract sculptures made from industrial materials. Kenneth John Macklin was born in Edmonton, Alberta. From 1972 - 1978, Macklin studied sculpture and ceramics at the University of Alberta. In 1979 Macklin travelled to England to study advanced sculpture at St. Martin's School of Art in London. A professional artist since 1980, Macklin has participated in a number of artists workshops including the Triangle Workshops in New York and Barcelona, and the Emma Lake Artists' Workshops in Saskatchewan. Ken Macklin's sculptures can be found in the"}, {"context": "civic art collections of St. Albert, Edmonton and Calgary; at the Catalunya Institute of Contemporary Art, Barcelona; Lehigh Valley Hospital, Pennsylvania; Lock Haven University, Pennsylvania; and the Robert T. Webb Sculpture Garden, Dalton, Georgia. Ken Macklin's sculptures have been praised by a number of critics. Clement Greenberg reportedly hailed his large steel sculpture \"Simoon\" a \"masterpiece\". According to Terry Fenton, \" Macklin's extraordinary ability to build overall configurations from side-by-side attachments may account for both his poetry and mastery of scale.\" Ken Macklin lives and works in Gunn, Alberta. Ken Macklin Ken Macklin (born 1952) is a Canadian artist best"}]}, {"title": "Arnold Neilson Smith", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Arnold Neilson Smith Arnold Neilson Smith (8 June 1889 \u2013 24 July 1957) was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Cornwall, Ontario and became a shipowner. Smith attended public and secondary schools at Cornwall. He was president of the Cornwall Board of Trade and of Stuebing Lift Truck Systems Ltd. and became president and manager of Montreal and Cornwall Navigation Company. Smith served as a Life-Governor Cornwall General Hospital and was Deputy Chief Commissioner of the Liquor Control Board of Ontario. He was first elected to Parliament at the Stormont riding"}, {"context": "in the 1926 general election. After serving one term, Smith was defeated by Frank Thomas Shaver of the Conservatives in the 1930 federal election. Arnold Neilson Smith Arnold Neilson Smith (8 June 1889 \u2013 24 July 1957) was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Cornwall, Ontario and became a shipowner. Smith attended public and secondary schools at Cornwall. He was president of the Cornwall Board of Trade and of Stuebing Lift Truck Systems Ltd. and became president and manager of Montreal and Cornwall Navigation Company. Smith served as a Life-Governor Cornwall"}]}, {"title": "Putnam County Trailway", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Putnam County Trailway The Putnam County Trailway is a paved bicycle and pedestrian trail in Putnam County, New York. With few exceptions, it follows the former right-of-way of the New York and Putnam Railroad from the northern end of the North County Trailway at the Putnam County line in Baldwin Place north, then east, to Carmel. In 2011 the trail was extended east to Brewster. As of summer 2017, a final section bypassing portions of Putnam Ave in Brewster is popularly ridden, but remains formally closed with construction barriers and signs. The Brewster station of the Metro-North Railroad is a"}, {"context": "short distance away. The Putnam County Trailway features mile markers giving the distance along the original railroad right of way from its former southern terminus in New York City. Marker 42.2 is located at Baldwin place, and marker 53 is visible shortly before the northern end of the trail. Putnam County Trailway The Putnam County Trailway is a paved bicycle and pedestrian trail in Putnam County, New York. With few exceptions, it follows the former right-of-way of the New York and Putnam Railroad from the northern end of the North County Trailway at the Putnam County line in Baldwin Place"}]}, {"title": "George Luck", "paragraphs": [{"context": "George Luck General Sir George Luck, (1840 \u2013 10 December 1916) was a British Army officer. Luck was commissioned into the 15th Regiment of Foot in 1858. He commanded the 15th Hussars during the Second Anglo-Afghan War between 1878 and 1880. He became Inspector-General of Cavalry in India in 1887, and Inspector-General of Cavalry in the UK in 1893. Returning to India in 1898, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Bengal Command, and as such was in chief command of the army during the military review at the 1903 Delhi Durbar, before retiring in 1903. He was given the colonelcy of the"}, {"context": "15th (The King's) Hussars in 1904, a position he held until his death in 1916. He was promoted full general on 23 May 1906. In retirement he lived at Landford Lodge near Salisbury, Wiltshire and was appointed Lieutenant of the Tower (1905\u201307). He married Ellen Georgina Adams; they had no children. George Luck General Sir George Luck, (1840 \u2013 10 December 1916) was a British Army officer. Luck was commissioned into the 15th Regiment of Foot in 1858. He commanded the 15th Hussars during the Second Anglo-Afghan War between 1878 and 1880. He became Inspector-General of Cavalry in India in"}]}, {"title": "Chamfered dodecahedron", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Chamfered dodecahedron The chamfered dodecahedron is a convex polyhedron with 80 vertices, 120 edges, and 42 faces: 30 hexagons and 12 pentagons. It is constructed as a chamfer (geometry) (edge-truncation) of a regular dodecahedron. The pentagons are reduced in size and new hexagonal faces are added in place of all the original edges. Its dual is the pentakis icosidodecahedron. It is also called a truncated rhombic triacontahedron, constructed as a truncation of the rhombic triacontahedron. It can more accurately be called an order-5 truncated rhombic triacontahedron because only the order-5 vertices are truncated. These 12 order-5 vertices can be truncated"}, {"context": "such that all edges are equal length. The original 30 rhombic faces become non-regular hexagons, and the truncated vertices become regular pentagons. The hexagon faces can be equilateral but not regular with D symmetry. The angles at the two vertices with vertex configuration \"6.6.6\" are arccos(-1/sqrt(5)) = 116.565 degrees, and at the remaining four vertices with \"5.6.6\", they are 121.717 degrees each. It is the Goldberg polyhedron G(2,0), containing pentagonal and hexagonal faces. It also represents the exterior envelope of a cell-centered orthogonal projection of the 120-cell, one of six (convex regular 4-polytopes). This is the shape of the fullerene"}, {"context": "C; sometimes this shape is denoted C(I) to describe its icosahedral symmetry and distinguish it from other less-symmetric 80-vertex fullerenes. It is one of only four fullerenes found by to have a skeleton that can be isometrically embeddable into an L space. This polyhedron looks very similar to the uniform truncated icosahedron which has 12 pentagons, but only 20 hexagons. The chamfered dodecahedron creates more polyhedra by basic Conway polyhedron notation. The zip chamfered dodecahedron makes a chamfered truncated icosahedron, and Goldberg (2,2). In geometry, the chamfered truncated icosahedron is a convex polyhedron with 240 vertices, 360 edges, and 122"}, {"context": "faces, 110 hexagons and 12 pentagons. It is constructed by a chamfer operation to the truncated icosahedron, adding new hexagons in place of original edges. It can also be constructed as a zip (= dk = dual of kis of) operation from the \"chamfered dodecahedron\". In other words, raising pentagonal and hexagonal pyramids on a chamfered dodecahedron (kis operation) will yield the (2,2) geodesic polyhedron. Taking the dual of that yields the (2,2) Goldberg polyhedron, which is the chamfered truncated icosahedron, and is also Fullerene C. Chamfered dodecahedron The chamfered dodecahedron is a convex polyhedron with 80 vertices, 120 edges,"}]}, {"title": "Synonymous substitution", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Synonymous substitution A synonymous substitution (often called a \"silent\" substitution though they are not always silent) is the evolutionary substitution of one base for another in an exon of a gene coding for a protein, such that the produced amino acid sequence is not modified. This is possible because the genetic code is \"degenerate\", meaning that some amino acids are coded for by more than one three-base-pair codon; since some of the codons for a given amino acid differ by just one base pair from others coding for the same amino acid, a mutation that replaces the \"normal\" base by"}, {"context": "one of the alternatives will result in incorporation of the same amino acid into the growing polypeptide chain when the gene is translated. Synonymous substitutions and mutations affecting noncoding DNA are often considered silent mutations; however, it is not always the case that the mutation is silent. Synonymous mutations can affect transcription, splicing, mRNA transport, and translation, any of which could alter phenotype, rendering the synonymous mutation non-silent. The substrate specificity of the tRNA to the rare codon can affect the timing of translation, and in turn the co-translational folding of the protein. This is reflected in the codon usage"}, {"context": "bias that is observed in many species. A nonsynonymous substitution results in a change in amino acid that may be arbitrarily further classified as conservative (change to an amino acid with similar physiochemical properties), semi-conservative (e.g. negative to positively charged amino acid), or radical (vastly different amino acid). Protein translation involves a set of twenty amino acids. Each of these amino acids is coded for by a sequence of three DNA base pairs called a \"codon\". Because there are 64 possible codons, but only 20 amino acids (as well as a stop signal [i.e. the three codons that do not"}, {"context": "code for any amino acid and are known as stop codons ], indicating that translation should stop), some amino acids are coded for by 2, 3, 4, or 6 different codons. For example, the codons TTT and TTC both code for the amino acid phenylalanine. This is often referred to as \"redundancy\" of the genetic code. There are two mechanisms for redundancy: several different transfer RNAs can deliver the same amino acid, or one tRNA can have a non-standard \"wobbly\" base in position three of the anti-codon, which recognises more than one base in the codon. In the above phenylalanine"}, {"context": "example, suppose that the base in position 3 of a TTT codon got substituted to a C, leaving the codon TTC. The amino acid at that position in the protein will remain a phenylalanine. Hence, the substitution is a synonymous one. When a synonymous or silent mutation occurs, the change is often assumed to be neutral, meaning that it does not affect the fitness of the individual carrying the new gene to survive and reproduce. Synonymous changes may not be neutral because certain codons are translated more efficiently (faster and/or more accurately) than others. For example, when a handful of"}, {"context": "synonymous changes in the fruit fly alcohol dehydrogenase gene were introduced, changing several codons to sub-optimal synonyms, production of the encoded enzyme was reduced and the adult flies showed lower ethanol tolerance. Many organisms, from bacteria through animals, display biased use of certain synonymous codons. Such codon usage bias may arise for different reasons, some selective, and some neutral. In \"Saccharomyces cerevisiae\" synonymous codon usage has been shown to influence mRNA folding stability, with mRNA encoding different protein secondary structure preferring different codons. Another reason why synonymous changes are not always neutral is the fact that exon sequences close to"}, {"context": "exon-intron borders function as RNA splicing signals. When the splicing signal is destroyed by a synonymous mutation, the exon does not appear in the final protein. This results in a truncated protein. One study found that about a quarter of synonymous variations affecting exon 12 of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene result in that exon being skipped. Synonymous substitution A synonymous substitution (often called a \"silent\" substitution though they are not always silent) is the evolutionary substitution of one base for another in an exon of a gene coding for a protein, such that the produced amino acid"}]}, {"title": "Ypsilanti Charter Township, Michigan", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ypsilanti Charter Township, Michigan Ypsilanti Township, officially the Charter Township of Ypsilanti, is a charter township in Washtenaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the township population was 53,362. The City of Ypsilanti is bounded by the township on the west, south, and east; but, like all Michigan cities (but not villages) in relation to townships, the city is a separate and distinct jurisdiction. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which is land and (5.65%) is water. The township is home to several kit"}, {"context": "homes constructed early in the 20th century. As of 2010 Ypsilanti Township had a population of 53,362. The racial and ethnic makeup of the population was 58.4% white, 32.8% black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 2.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.6% from some other race and 4.6% from two or more races. 4.6% were Hispanic or Latino of any race. As of the census of 2000, there were 49,182 people, 20,194 households, and 12,338 families residing in the township. The population density was 1,631.4 per square mile (629.8/km\u00b2). There were 21,196 housing units at an average density of 703.1"}, {"context": "per square mile (271.4/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the township was 67.51% White, 25.47% African American, 0.49% Native American, 2.01% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.20% from other races, and 3.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.80% of the population. There were 20,194 households out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.5% were married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.9% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.3% had someone living alone who was"}, {"context": "65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.06. In the township the population was spread out with 26.3% under the age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 35.3% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 7.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males. The median income for a household in the township was $46,460, and the median income"}, {"context": "for a family was $55,131. Males had a median income of $41,298 versus $29,732 for females. The per capita income for the township was $22,970. About 8.0% of families and 10.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.8% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over. Kalitta Air and National Airlines (5M), cargo airlines, are headquartered at Willow Run Airport in the township. Ypsilanti Charter Township is divided between three public school districts. The Belleville-based Van Buren Public Schools district, part of the Wayne County Regional Service Agency, includes a small section"}, {"context": "of the eastern township, north and south of I-94 from the point where it separates from US 12. The Lincoln Consolidated Schools district includes most of the southern township, south of Ford Lake (but including part of Cliffs Drive on the north shore) west to the point where South Huron Street becomes Whitaker Road; thence east of Stony Creek and Hitchingham to Merritt Road, then south of Merritt west to the boundary with Pittsfield Charter Township. The rest of Ypsilanti Charter Township lies within the Ypsilanti Community Schools district - north of Merritt Road from the boundary with Pittsfield east"}, {"context": "to Hitchingham, Stony Creek and Whitaker Road; then west and north of Ford Lake, from the point where Whitaker Road becomes South Huron Street, eastward to the Wayne County Line along US 12 and Ecorse Service Drive. The Ypsilanti Community Schools District was created on 1 July 2013 by the amalgamation of the Willow Run Community Schools district and the Ypsilanti Public Schools district. The former Ypsilanti High School (now YCS High School) and the former Willow Run High School are both in the charter township. Global Educational Excellence operates the Global Tech Academy (PreK-5) in Ypsilanti Township. Charter Township"}, {"context": "of Ypsilanti Governmental Officials: Ypsilanti Charter Township, Michigan Ypsilanti Township, officially the Charter Township of Ypsilanti, is a charter township in Washtenaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the township population was 53,362. The City of Ypsilanti is bounded by the township on the west, south, and east; but, like all Michigan cities (but not villages) in relation to townships, the city is a separate and distinct jurisdiction. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which is land and (5.65%) is water. The township is"}]}, {"title": "Global Washington", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Global Washington Global Washington is a Seattle-based nonprofit membership association whose mission is to promote international development by coordinating the efforts of other globally-minded philanthropic, research and business organizations in Washington state. Global Washington was founded in December 2008 by the Seattle International Foundation, the University of Washington, and Washington State University. Kristen Dailey, formerly of Initiative for Global Development, became the association's executive director in May 2014. In 2008 the United States Federal Government budgeted about 30 billion USD for foreign aid and of that, about 8 billion was for healthcare. Global Washington criticized this budget for neglecting development."}, {"context": "Global Washington has organized conferences to discuss how United States foreign aid should be distributed. Global Washington Global Washington is a Seattle-based nonprofit membership association whose mission is to promote international development by coordinating the efforts of other globally-minded philanthropic, research and business organizations in Washington state. Global Washington was founded in December 2008 by the Seattle International Foundation, the University of Washington, and Washington State University. Kristen Dailey, formerly of Initiative for Global Development, became the association's executive director in May 2014. In 2008 the United States Federal Government budgeted about 30 billion USD for foreign aid and of"}]}, {"title": "Oh! My Lady", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Oh! My Lady Oh! My Lady () is a 2010 South Korean television series starring Chae Rim and Choi Siwon. It aired on SBS from March 22 to May 11, 2010. It is a romantic comedy about a top star who finds himself living with his manager, a 35-year-old woman who is trying to earn money to get custody of her child. A spunky 35-year-old housewife, Yoon Gae-hwa (Chae Rim), takes on the job of house cleaner to prickly top star Sung Min-woo (Choi Siwon) in order to earn enough money to regain custody of her child from her ex-husband."}, {"context": "Romantic hijinks and hilarity ensues when they find themselves in an awkward living situation as Min-woo pays Gae-hwa to take care of his illegitimate daughter, Ye-eun. The first episode of \"Oh! My Lady\" scored 10 percent according to TNS Korea and 11.5 percent by AGB Nielsen Media Research. Oh! My Lady Oh! My Lady () is a 2010 South Korean television series starring Chae Rim and Choi Siwon. It aired on SBS from March 22 to May 11, 2010. It is a romantic comedy about a top star who finds himself living with his manager, a 35-year-old woman who is"}]}, {"title": "The Almighty (band)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Almighty (band) The Almighty were a hard rock/heavy metal band, from Glasgow in Scotland who formed in 1988. Three of the founding members, Ricky Warwick, Stump Monroe and Floyd London were friends who met at school. Although the band members musical roots were in punk, The Almighty adopted a more heavy metal/hard rock oriented musical direction in their early years. Later albums saw the band's musical style move towards the band members' original punk roots. They have released seven studio albums, two anthologies and one live album. The Almighty were formed in Strathaven, Scotland, on 19 January 1988. Most"}, {"context": "of the musicians came from a punk background. Lead singer Ricky Warwick had previously done some session and tour work with New Model Army, although not on any of their recordings. Ricky, drummer Stump Monroe and bass guitarist Floyd London were friends at school and had previously played together in a local band called Rough Charm. The three were joined by guitarist Andy 'Tantrum' McCafferty to complete the band line-up. Despite the band members largely punk rock roots, The Almighty followed a more heavy metal/hard rock oriented musical direction, and recorded an eight-track demo to help promote their early gigs."}, {"context": "They were signed by Polydor in March 1989 and recorded their first album, \"Blood, Fire and Love\" which was released in October to generally positive reviews. The band were also signed to a long-term songwriting agreement to Chrysalis Music, having been scouted by Dave Massey. In the same year they were voted in third place on the \"Kerrang!\" readers poll for Best New Act. In 1990 they toured the UK and also embarked upon a short US tour in an attempt to break into the American market. However, a more extensive follow up tour of the US did not go"}, {"context": "ahead, although they did embark on a European club tour. The band's hard rock sound was compared favourably with the likes of The Cult, AC/DC and Mot\u00f6rhead in press reviews of their live shows. A live album, \"Blood, Fire and Live\", was released on 8 October 1990, having been recorded at July gigs in Edinburgh and Nottingham. The track list featured songs from \"Blood, Fire and Love\", plus a cover of Bachman\u2013Turner Overdrive's \"You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet\". Recording of The Almighty's second studio album, \"Soul Destruction\", began in December 1990 with Duran Duran guitarist Andy Taylor as producer. The"}, {"context": "album was released in March 1991 along with the lead single \"Free'n'Easy\". In February and March the band toured the UK supporting Mot\u00f6rhead and Megadeth. In June 1991 they embarked on a headline UK tour. The concert at the Town and Country club in London was filmed and released later that year on VHS as \"Soul Destruction - Live\". Later in the year they supported Alice Cooper on a European tour. In March 1992 internal differences within the band came to a head causing guitarist Tantrum to leave the band. He was replaced by Canadian Pete Friesen who had previously"}, {"context": "played for Alice Cooper, and had met The Almighty when they played support for him the previous year. In the spring the band were invited to tour Australia in support of The Screaming Jets, who had just released their Living in England EP and wanted a British band for the support on their tour. That summer the band were the opening act at the Donington Monsters of Rock festival, and during their set played a new song entitled \"Addiction\". Towards the end of the year they began preparing material for a third album. In April 1993 \"Powertrippin'\", their third album,"}, {"context": "was released, charting at Number 5. The album displayed Grunge influences, with Alice in Chains being a regular comparison in reviews. The Almighty embarked upon a European tour supporting Iron Maiden, their longest tour to date. This was followed with a support slot at that year's Milton Keynes Bowl festival, which substituted for Donington as the Monsters of Rock festival was not staged in 1993. In Autumn 93 they finally toured America, but failed to make the hoped-for impact. On their return they started a headline European tour, but had to abandon it after the first two London dates due"}, {"context": "to poor health. In November, The Almighty parted from manager Tommy Tee and moved to Sanctuary Records. At the same time they left Polydor and signed with Chrysalis. They were able to perform some replacement UK shows the same month, but were not able to tour Europe as planned. Their fourth album, \"Crank\", was released on Chrysalis in late 1994. The album saw The Almighty's musical style shift towards the band members original punk roots. They appeared on Top of the Pops in support of the first single, \"Wrench\", which reached Number 26 in the UK singles chart. The second"}, {"context": "single from the album, \"Jonestown Mind\", also reached Number 26. In the autumn they toured the UK in support of the album and spent seven weeks in Europe supporting Pantera. The band returned to tour Europe as headliners in early 1995. In May they recorded four tracks for a proposed EP. However, the band decided that the tracks were good enough to form the basis for a fifth album. They therefore decided to arrange two more recording sessions during 1995, recording four tracks each time, so that they would have enough for an album release in 1996. Their fifth album,"}, {"context": "\"Just Add Life\", was released in 1996, with the lead single \"All Sussed Out\" reaching Number 28 in the UK singles chart. However, various record company issues and frustrations with the music industry in general saw the band disband later that year. The band reformed in 2000 and released the self-titled album \"The Almighty\", replacing guitarist Pete Friesen with Nick Parsons. A second album followed in 2001, \"Psycho-Narco\", with a new bass player Gav Gray who replaced longtime bassist Floyd London. The band disbanded again with vocalist Ricky Warwick pursuing a solo career. In 2002 a compilation album, \"Wild and"}, {"context": "Wonderful\" was released, which included material from their three Polydor albums, along with covers of \"Bodies\", by the Sex Pistols, \"You Ain't Seen Nuthin Yet\" from \"Blood Fire and Live\" and \"Keep on Rocking in the Free World\" by Neil Young. The classic lineup (Ricky, Stump, Floyd and Pete) reformed for benefit shows in January 2006 and then appeared at the 2006 Bulldog Bash. They undertook a short five show tour at the end of December 2006. In 2007, the band released their second compilation album, \"Anth F***in'Ology - the Gospel According to The Almighty\", covering their entire career and"}, {"context": "including a DVD of all their promo videos to date. A lengthier UK tour took place in January 2008 to mark the bands twentieth anniversary. It was announced on 17 January that the band would be recording footage with multiple cameras at various shows on the upcoming tour for a 20th Anniversary DVD. Ricky Warwick announced in an interview with Komodo Rock that there were plans to record a new album following the band's UK Tour. He said \"I would like to. ... I'm inspired again though, and I feel to me it might be time to turn round and"}, {"context": "make that definitive Almighty Album.\" In November 2008, Floyd announced on the band's forum and MySpace pages that he had decided to leave the band. The Almighty have been on hiatus since then, aside from a one-off benefit gig in June 2009 for the family of former manager Tommy Tee who had died in December 2008. It was announced in December 2014 that the band's first two studio albums, \"Blood, Fire & Love\" and \"Soul Destruction\" were to be re-released in early 2015 with additional tracks and live recordings. Ricky Warwick commented about any possible future reunion, saying \"I certainly"}, {"context": "would be open to the idea of doing a few shows. I don\u2019t know how the others feel about it. I love the guys and I love the songs. I would like to play them one day again because life is short and you just get one shot at it\". The Almighty (band) The Almighty were a hard rock/heavy metal band, from Glasgow in Scotland who formed in 1988. Three of the founding members, Ricky Warwick, Stump Monroe and Floyd London were friends who met at school. Although the band members musical roots were in punk, The Almighty adopted a"}]}, {"title": "Normal family", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Normal family In mathematics, with special application to complex analysis, a normal family is a pre-compact family of continuous functions with respect to the compact-open topology. Informally, this means that the functions in the family are not widely spread out, but rather stick together in a somewhat \"clustered\" manner. It is of general interest to understand compact sets in function spaces, since these are usually truly infinite-dimensional in nature. More formally, a family (equivalently, a set) \"F\" of continuous functions \"f\" defined on some complete metric space \"X\" with values in another complete metric space \"Y\" is called normal if"}, {"context": "every sequence of functions in \"F\" contains a subsequence which converges uniformly on compact subsets of \"X\" to a continuous function from \"X\" to \"Y\". That is, for every sequence of functions in \"F\", there is a subsequence formula_1 and a continuous function formula_2 from \"X\" to \"Y\" such that the following holds for every compact subset \"K\" contained in \"X\": formula_3 where formula_4 is the distance metric associated with the complete metric space \"Y\". This definition is often used in complex analysis for spaces of holomorphic functions. In this case, sets \"X\" and \"Y\" are regions in the complex"}, {"context": "plane, and formula_5. As a consequence of Cauchy's integral theorem, a sequence of holomorphic functions that converges uniformly on compact sets must converge to a holomorphic function. Thus in complex analysis a normal family \"F\" of holomorphic functions in a region \"X\" of the complex plane with values in \"Y\" = C is such that every sequence in \"F\" contains a subsequence which converges uniformly on compact subsets of \"X\" to a holomorphic function. Montel's theorem asserts that every locally bounded family of holomorphic functions is normal. Another space where this is often used is the space of meromorphic functions."}, {"context": "This is similar to the holomorphic case, but instead of using the standard metric (distance) for convergence we must use the spherical metric. That is if \"d\" is the spherical metric, then want compactly to mean that goes to 0 uniformly on compact subsets. Paul Montel coined the term \"normal family\" in 1912. Note that this is a classical definition that, while very often used, is not really consistent with modern naming. In more modern language, one would give a metric on the space of continuous (holomorphic) functions that corresponds to convergence on compact subsets and then you would say"}, {"context": "\"precompact set of functions\" in such a metric space instead of saying \"normal family of continuous (holomorphic) functions\". This added generality however makes it more cumbersome to use since one would need to define the metric mentioned above. Normal family In mathematics, with special application to complex analysis, a normal family is a pre-compact family of continuous functions with respect to the compact-open topology. Informally, this means that the functions in the family are not widely spread out, but rather stick together in a somewhat \"clustered\" manner. It is of general interest to understand compact sets in function spaces, since"}]}, {"title": "Hollington, Hastings", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hollington, Hastings Hollington is a suburb and local government ward in the northwest of Hastings, East Sussex. The area lies next to Baldslow, Ashdown, North and Conquest, and less than five miles southeast of Battle, East Sussex, the home of Battle Abbey, which commemorates the victory of William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Hollington was the site of The Grove School, which has now been replaced by The St Leonards Academy. It was also once the location of The Grove, the manor house for the lords of the manor of Hollington. The Levett family built The"}, {"context": "Grove, and then the property was carried into the Eversfield family by a Levett heiress. The eventual lord of the manor became Thomas Eversfield of Uckfield, bringing the Eversfield family from their early Sussex beginnings to the Hastings area, where they would go on to play a prominent role for centuries. The Eversfields inherited when Levett heir Lawrence Levett died without issue, leaving his estate to his sister Mary (Levett) Eversfield, wife of Thomas Eversfield. Adam Ashburnham, ancestor of the Ashburnham baronets of Broomham and half-brother of Lawrence Levett, inherited some of their mother Eve Adams Levett Ashburnham's property at"}, {"context": "Guestling. The Hollington Stream runs from Silverhill, Hastings, through Hollington Wood towards the sea at Bulverhythe. In 2016 new homes started raising near Robsack Community centre. Hollington, Hastings Hollington is a suburb and local government ward in the northwest of Hastings, East Sussex. The area lies next to Baldslow, Ashdown, North and Conquest, and less than five miles southeast of Battle, East Sussex, the home of Battle Abbey, which commemorates the victory of William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Hollington was the site of The Grove School, which has now been replaced by The St Leonards"}]}, {"title": "World in Your Hands", "paragraphs": [{"context": "World in Your Hands \"World in Your Hands\" is a song recorded by the German eurodance band Culture Beat. It was released in March 1994 as the fourth single and the last one marketed in almost all countries in Europe from their second album \"Serenity\". As for other Culture Beat's singles, a CD maxi entierely composed of remixes was added among the available media a short time after. The song was a minor hit in most of the European countries where it was released, in comparison with the previous singles of the band. However, it managed to reach number 4"}, {"context": "in Finland, number 10 in the Netherlands and number 13 in Ireland. The music video of \"World in Your Hands\" was directed by Matt Broadley. World in Your Hands \"World in Your Hands\" is a song recorded by the German eurodance band Culture Beat. It was released in March 1994 as the fourth single and the last one marketed in almost all countries in Europe from their second album \"Serenity\". As for other Culture Beat's singles, a CD maxi entierely composed of remixes was added among the available media a short time after. The song was a minor hit in"}]}, {"title": "Overcooked", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Overcooked Overcooked (stylised as Overcooked!) is a cooking simulation game developed by Ghost Town Games and published by Team17. In a local cooperative experience, players control a number of chefs in kitchens filled with various obstacles and hazards to rapidly prepare meals to specific orders under a time limit. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in 2016. A Nintendo Switch version was released on July 27, 2017. \"Overcooked\" received positive reviews upon release, and was nominated for four awards at the 13th British Academy Games Awards, eventually winning two for Best British Game and"}, {"context": "Best Family Game. A sequel, \"Overcooked 2\", was released in August 2018. Players in \"Overcooked\" take on the role of chefs in a kitchen, preparing meals via preparation of ingredients, cooking, serving, and cleaning up all while under a time limit to complete as many dishes as possible. During a round, the players are presented with an order which must be completed within a short time window. The chefs work together to complete that meal in time. Most often, multiple orders of different types or varieties of meals will be presented in a queue, thus requiring the chefs to work"}, {"context": "together to effectively complete the orders. Completing each order correctly earns coins, with bonuses for speed, while orders that are improperly served do not earn any points but only waste time. The goal is to collect as many coins as possible within the time limit. The players are ranked on a 3-star system based on how many coins they got. The cooking aspect is made difficult by the layouts of the kitchen, which change each level. Stations for ingredients, preparation areas, stoves and ovens, serving windows, and dishes are generally all separated across the kitchen, requiring time to move between"}, {"context": "them. There also may be other obstacles or challenges, such as a kitchen separated by a pedestrian crosswalk, with the pedestrians potentially getting in the chef's way. Another kitchen is set on the back of two trucks traveling at different paces down a road, making switching from one half of the kitchen to the other not always possible. Yet another kitchen is set upon an iceberg, requiring players to make more careful movements lest they fall off. There are about 28 different kitchens in the game's campaign along with a final boss level. \"Overcooked\" was designed as a local cooperative"}, {"context": "experience for up to four players. There is also a competitive multiplayer option, requiring the chefs to score the most points in a limited time. The game also has a single player mode where the player can control two chefs, switching between them at any time, or by selecting a specific control scheme, can attempt to control them both at the same time. There are no present plans for online multiplayer for the game. \"Overcooked\" was the first video game developed by the Cambridge-based company Ghost Town Games. The company was founded by Phil Duncan and Oli De-Vine, who had"}, {"context": "previously worked at Frontier Developments for around eight years, before leaving to start their own company. From the beginning, the two knew they wanted to make a cooperative game, and noted how most games only added cooperative elements as an afterthought to the single-player experience. As such, they wanted to develop a game where the cooperative nature was the focal point. The kitchen setting was based on Duncan's past experience as a chef. According to Duncan: \"kitchens have always struck me as a perfect analogy for a cooperative game: an occupation where teamwork, time management, spatial awareness and shouting are"}, {"context": "all vitally important.\" The initial level designs were created to emphasise the need to work together. For example, creating a barrier in a kitchen that a player would have to walk around, but transferring an ingredient across to another player would take much less time. They found playtesters quickly caught onto how to manage their characters efficiently in these kitchens, often falling into rote but effective patterns, and then proceeded to add other elements based on this feedback. They included kitchen actions that would take time to complete on their own as make players find other tasks to occupy their"}, {"context": "chef's time to improve efficiency. A kitchen level would include more tasks than chefs available so that players could not stay at a single station for an entire round. A further addition was disruptions in the kitchen's layout, which they found required players to be in close communications to remain effective, part of the design goals they wanted for the game. To keep the game simple, they eliminated a life-based system in favor of a scoring-based one so that players did not feel pressured by making small mistakes, and a simple icon-based system to show steps to be done or"}, {"context": "that have been completed to avoid having the complexities of recalling what had already been done by another player to a minimum. Final level designs were optimized to find an appropriate balance between challenge and fun based on playtesting results. As only a two-man team developing a game with up to four players, Ghost Town spent much of their time taking the game to gaming festivals and conventions for demonstration as to get feedback from players there, often fixing bugs on the fly at these events. The feedback led to a major shift from focusing the game on the various"}, {"context": "recipes to more interesting level designs, as they found players would be more vested in performing well in complex and dynamic levels. Team17 announced that they would help publish the game in May 2016. Team17 flew the pair to attend the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016 and show off the game; as they had been situated next to the \"Yooka-Laylee\" booth, \"Overcooked\" gained a lot of attention at the event. Following release, plans were made to produce a retail package of the game, and Duncan and De-vine spent much of their time through 2016 developing downloadable content that would be included"}, {"context": "in the retail version. The Nintendo Switch version includes the current expansions as well as support for the Switch's HD rumble feature. Downloadable Content: Special Editions & Bundles: \"Overcooked\" has received generally positive reviews on release including appreciation for the dynamics during co-operative play, \"Overcooked is terrific \"because\" of its commitment to uproarious, hilarious and challenging co-operation\". Reviews of the Switch edition complained about the framerate which frequently dipped below 30 frames per second . A sequel entitled \"Overcooked 2\" was announced on 12 June 2018 to be released on 7 August 2018 for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox"}, {"context": "One and Microsoft Windows. In addition to local multiplayer, the sequel will allow for both wireless and online multiplayer. Overcooked Overcooked (stylised as Overcooked!) is a cooking simulation game developed by Ghost Town Games and published by Team17. In a local cooperative experience, players control a number of chefs in kitchens filled with various obstacles and hazards to rapidly prepare meals to specific orders under a time limit. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in 2016. A Nintendo Switch version was released on July 27, 2017. \"Overcooked\" received positive reviews upon release, and was"}]}, {"title": "Absolute World", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Absolute World Absolute World is a residential condominium twin tower skyscraper complex in the five tower Absolute City Centre development in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. The project was built by Fernbrook Homes and Cityzen Development Group. With the first three towers completed (Absolute City Centre 1 and 2 and Absolute Vision), the last two towers (Absolute World 4 and 5) were topped off at 50 and 56 storeys. On November 28, 1994, during the 12th annual Mississauga Urban Design Awards ceremony, Mississauga Mayor Hazel McCallion announced that an international design competition was going to be held for the building of the"}, {"context": "fourth tower for Absolute World that would be the landmark tower for the development located at the northeast corner of Burnhamthorpe Road and Hurontario Street. This marked the first time in 40 years that an international design competition was held by a private development group for a building in the Greater Toronto Area following the Toronto City Hall competition. Over six hundred registrants and ninety-two submissions from architects in seventy countries took part in this competition. On January 30, 1995, an announcement was made at Atrium at BCE Place in downtown Toronto at 12:00 PM informing the public who the"}, {"context": "six finalists were along with seven honorary mentions. Submissions were judged by a panel which included architects, civic leaders and the development team members. Those on the jury included: On January 30, 1995, the six finalists announced included: Each of the finalists were given an honorarium to defray the costs of preparing the final submission design for a tower that would be taller than 50 stories and the tallest building in Mississauga when completed. The public was invited to vote for the favourite designs which were on display at the Square One Shopping Centre as well as online, along with"}, {"context": "the judging panel. The voting was to stop on March 22, 2007 with the winning design announced from CN Tower on March 28, 2007 at 10:30 AM. On March 28, at 10:30 AM, Yansong Ma, founder of the MAD office, Beijing/China architectural design firm was announced as the winner. Sales were to start in May 2007 with construction beginning later that year, and anticipated completion in 2009. Within days of the announcement, the taller building had been nicknamed the \"Marilyn Monroe\" tower due to its curvaceous, hourglass figure likened to actress Marilyn Monroe. Burka Varacalli Architects, a Toronto firm, was"}, {"context": "hired as MAD's local partner in April 2007. On June 14, 2012, the Chicago-based Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), a non-profit group of architects and engineers, reported that the towers were among the world's best new skyscrapers. The larger of the two towers twists 209 degrees from the base to the top, making it very similar to Turning Torso in Malm\u00f6, Sweden. The structural design was done by Sigmund Soudack & Associates Inc, a Toronto-based structural engineering firm. The tower has six levels of underground parking. The following table lists the amount of rotation for each floor"}, {"context": "of Tower 1. Absolute World Absolute World is a residential condominium twin tower skyscraper complex in the five tower Absolute City Centre development in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. The project was built by Fernbrook Homes and Cityzen Development Group. With the first three towers completed (Absolute City Centre 1 and 2 and Absolute Vision), the last two towers (Absolute World 4 and 5) were topped off at 50 and 56 storeys. On November 28, 1994, during the 12th annual Mississauga Urban Design Awards ceremony, Mississauga Mayor Hazel McCallion announced that an international design competition was going to be held for the"}]}, {"title": "Scott Hanson", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Scott Hanson Scott Richard Hanson (born June 24, 1971) is an American television anchor and reporter for NFL Network. He is currently the host of the \"NFL RedZone\". Hanson was born and raised in the city of Rochester, Michigan. He attended Bishop Foley Catholic High School in Madison Heights, Michigan. Hanson attended Syracuse University. In 1993 Hanson landed his first job as an anchor and reporter for NBC affiliate WPBN-TV in Traverse City, Michigan. He then moved to Springfield, Illinois in 1994, sticking with NBC to be a reporter for WICS-TV. Next, Hanson headed south to ABC affiliate WFTS-TV in"}, {"context": "Tampa, Florida, where he covered the Tampa Bay Buccaneers rise under coach Tony Dungy. Scott then did a two-year stint in 2000 with Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia, where he served as an anchor on SportsNite as well as intermission reporter for the Philadelphia Flyers. In 2002, Hanson moved to sister network Comcast SportsNet Mid-Atlantic in Bethesda, Maryland, where he served as a main anchor and reporter. There, Hanson was reunited with his former WFTS-TV colleague Sage Steele, who joined CSN Mid-Atlantic a year earlier (2001). In 2006, Hanson left CSN Mid-Atlantic to join the NFL Network, where he serves as a"}, {"context": "reporter, anchor, and host. As of 2009, Hanson is a National Correspondent and host of NFL Network's show, NFL RedZone which debuted in Fall of 2009. On Sundays he presents NFL coverage live, and on Mondays hosts \"Up to the Minute\" looking at NFL games from the previous week along with a preview of the \"Monday Night Football\" matchup. In addition, Hanson also co-anchors \"NFL Total Access\" during the week. Scott Hanson Scott Richard Hanson (born June 24, 1971) is an American television anchor and reporter for NFL Network. He is currently the host of the \"NFL RedZone\". Hanson was"}]}, {"title": "An Act to incorporate the German Society of Montreal", "paragraphs": [{"context": "An Act to incorporate the German Society of Montreal An Act to incorporate the German Society of Montreal (the \"Act\") is a public act of the Parliament of the Province of Canada, introduced, passed and assented to in the 3rd Session of the 8th Parliament in 1865, the 28th year of the reign of Queen Victoria. The purpose of the legislation was to vest the German Society of Montreal, a charitable association founded in 1835 with corporate powers to better achieve its mission. The introduction of Bill 53 (\"A bill to incorporate the German Society of Montreal\") followed a petition"}, {"context": "(Petition 126) by Henry Meyer, Ernest Idler, J. P. Seybold, Gottlieb Reinhard, Christian Beck and David Maysenholder, being officers and members of the German Society in February 1865. The \"Act\", which is consistent with other incorporation acts published in that time period, consists of a preamble followed by nine articles: The \"Act\" permits the Society to make and amend its by-laws in any way, \"in so far as they are not repugnant to the laws of this Province [of Canada]\" After Canadian Confederation (1867), the powers of the provincial and the federal parliaments were divided. The Commission for the Revision"}, {"context": "and Consolidation of the General Statutes of the Province of Quebec found that acts like the German Society's incorporation act fell under provincial jurisdiction and should be considered private acts. As a result of the 1888 revision of the Statutes of Quebec, the \"Act to incorporate the German Society of Montreal\" was listed in Appendix B of acts considered to be acts of private nature, and was thus not consolidated in the Revised Statutes of Quebec. The German Society continues to be governed under the provisions of the \"Act\", together with by-laws passed under it. It has not sought to"}, {"context": "migrate its incorporation to the Province's \"Companies Act\". In the provincial statutes, there has been no mention of the \"Act\" since its entry in Volume II of the \"Revised Statutes of the Province of Quebec\" in 1888. An Act to incorporate the German Society of Montreal An Act to incorporate the German Society of Montreal (the \"Act\") is a public act of the Parliament of the Province of Canada, introduced, passed and assented to in the 3rd Session of the 8th Parliament in 1865, the 28th year of the reign of Queen Victoria. The purpose of the legislation was to"}]}, {"title": "Crips", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Crips The Crips are a gang based in the coastal regions of southern California. They were founded in Los Angeles, California in 1969 mainly by Raymond Washington and Stanley Williams. Once a single alliance between two autonomous gangs, they are now a loosely connected network of individual \"sets\", often engaged in open warfare with one another. Its members traditionally wear blue clothing, a practice that has waned somewhat due to police crackdowns specifically targeting gang members. Historically, members have been primarily of African-American heritage. The Crips are one of the largest and most violent associations of street gangs in the"}, {"context": "United States. With an estimated 30,000 to 35,000 members in 2008, they have been involved in murders, robberies and drug dealing, among other crimes. The Crips have a long and bitter rivalry with the Bloods. Stanley Tookie Williams met Raymond Lee Washington in 1969, and the two decided to unite their local gang members from the west and east sides of South Central Los Angeles in order to battle neighboring street gangs. Most of the members were 17 years old. Williams discounted the sometimes cited founding date of 1969 in his memoir, \"Blue Rage, Black Redemption\". Gang activity in South"}, {"context": "Central Los Angeles has its roots in a variety of factors dating back to the 1950s and '60s, including post-World War II economic decline leading to joblessness and poverty, racial segregation leading to the formation of black \"street clubs\" by young African American men who were excluded from organizations such as the Boy Scouts, and the waning of black nationalist organizations such as the Black Panther Party and the Black Power Movement. By 1978, there were 45 Crips gangs, called sets, operating in Los Angeles. They were heavily involved in the production of PCP, marijuana and amphetamines. On March 11,"}, {"context": "1979, Stanley Tookie Williams, a member of the Westside Crips, was arrested for four murders and on August 8, 1979, Raymond Washington was gunned down. Washington had been against Crip infighting and after his death several Crip sets started fighting against each other. The Crips leadership was dismantled prompting a deadly gang war between the Rollin' 60 Neighborhood Crips and Eight Tray Gangster Crips which began causing nearby Crip sets to choose sides and align themselves with either the Gangster Crips or Neighborhood Crips waging an all out war in South Central and other cities. The East Coast Crips and"}, {"context": "the Hoover Crips directly severed their alliance after Washington's death. By 1980, the Crips were in turmoil, warring with the Bloods and against each other. The growth and power of the gang really took off in the early 1980s when crack cocaine hit the streets. In the early 1980s, Crips sets began distributing crack cocaine in Los Angeles. The huge profits from distribution of crack cocaine induced many Crips to establish new markets in other cities and states. As a result, Crip membership grew steadily and by late 1980s it was one of the largest street gangs in the country."}, {"context": "In 1999, there were at least 600 Crips sets with more than 30,000 members transporting drugs in the United States. Some sources suggest that the original name for the alliance, \"Cribs\", was a name narrowed down from a list of many options, and chosen unanimously from three final choices, which included the Black Overlords, and the Assassins. Cribs was chosen to reflect the young age of the majority of the gang members. The name \"Cribs\" evolved into the name \"Crips\" when gang members began carrying around canes to display their \"pimp\" status. People in the neighborhood then began calling them"}, {"context": "cripples, or \"Crips\" for short. A \"Los Angeles Sentinel\" article in February 1972 referred to some members as \"Crips\" (for cripples). Another source suggests \"Crips\" may have evolved from \"Cripplers\", a 1970s street gang in Watts of which Raymond Washington was a member. The name had no political, organizational, cryptic, or acronymic meaning, though some have suggested it stands for \"Common Revolution In Progress\", a backronym. According to the film \"Bastards of the Party\" directed by a member of the Bloods, the name represented \"Community Revolutionary Interparty Service\" or \"Community Reform Interparty Service\". Williams, in his memoir, further refuted claims"}, {"context": "that the group was a spin-off of the Black Panther Party or formed for a community agenda, the name \"depicted a fighting alliance against street gangs\u2014nothing more, nothing less.\" Washington, who attended Fremont High School, was the leader of the East Side Crips, and Williams, who attended Washington High School, led the West Side Crips. Williams recalled that a blue bandana was first worn by Crips founding member Buddha, as a part of his color-coordinated clothing of blue Levi's, a blue shirt, and dark blue suspenders. A blue bandana was worn in tribute to Buddha after he was shot and"}, {"context": "killed on February 23, 1973, which eventually became the color of blue associated with Crips. The Crips have over 800 sets with 30,000 to 35,000 members and associate members, including more than 13,000 members in Los Angeles. The states with the highest estimated number of \"Crips sets\" are California, Florida and Illinois. Members typically consist of young African-American men, with some members being white, Hispanic, Asian, and Pacific Islander. In 1992 the LAPD estimated 15,742 Crips in 108 sets; other source estimates were 30,000 to 35,000 in 600 sets in California. Crips have served in the United States armed forces"}, {"context": "and on bases in the United States and abroad. The Crips became popular throughout southern Los Angeles as more youth gangs joined; at one point they outnumbered non-Crip gangs by 3 to 1, sparking disputes with non-Crip gangs, including the L.A. Brims, Athens Park Boys, the Bishops, The Drill Company, and the Denver Lanes. By 1971 the gang's notoriety had spread across Los Angeles. By 1971, a gang on Piru Street in Compton, California, known as the Piru Street Boys, was formed and associated themselves with the Crips as a set. After two years of peace, a feud began between"}, {"context": "the Piru Street Boys and the other Crip sets. It would later turn violent as gang warfare ensued between former allies. This battle continued and by 1973, the Piru Street Boys wanted to end the violence and called a meeting with other gangs that were targeted by the Crips. After a long discussion, the Pirus broke all connections to the Crips and started an organization that would later be called the Bloods, a street gang infamous for its rivalry with the Crips. Since then, other conflicts and feuds were started between many of the remaining sets of the Crips gang."}, {"context": "It is a popular misconception that Crips sets feud only with Bloods. In reality, they fight each other\u2014for example, the Rolling 60s Neighborhood Crips and 83 Gangster Crips have been rivals since 1979. In Watts, Los Angeles, the Grape Street Crips and the PJ Watts Crips have feuded so much that the PJ Watts Crips even teamed up with a local Blood set, the Bounty Hunter Bloods, to fight against the Grape Street Crips. In the mid 1990s, the Hoover Crips rivalries and wars with other Crip gangs caused them to become independent and to refrain from using the Crip"}, {"context": "name, calling themselves the Hoover Criminals instead of Hoover Crips. The primary rival of the Crips is the Bloods street-gang. The rivalry dates back to the 1960s when Raymond Washington and several other Crips confronted Sylvester Scott and Benson Owens, students at Centennial High School. In response to the attack, Scott, who lived in Compton, established the Piru street-gang, the first \"Bloods\" street gang. Owens established the West Piru street-gang. The Bloods street-gang was initially formed to provide members protection from the Crips. In late 1972, several gangs that felt victimized by the Crips due to their escalating attacks joined"}, {"context": "the Piru Street Boys to create a new federation of non-Crip gangs which would later become known as Bloods. Between 1972 and 1979, the rivalry between the Bloods and Crips would grow, accounting for a majority of the gang-related murders in southern Los Angeles. Gang members of the Bloods and Crips occasionally fight against each other and are responsible for a significant portion of gang-related murders in Los Angeles. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, as many Crip gang members were being sent to various prisons across the country, an alliance was formed between the Crips and the Folk"}, {"context": "Nation in Midwest and Southern U.S. prisons. This alliance was established as a means of protecting gang members incarcerated in state and federal prison systems. This alliance is strongest within the prisons however, and is less effective on the outside. The alliance between Folks and Crips is known as \"8-ball\". A broken \"8-ball\" would indicate a disagreement or \"beef\" between Folks and Crips. Some practices of Crip gang life generally include graffiti and substitutions and deletions of particular letters of the alphabet. The letter \"b\" in the word \"blood\" will be \"disrespected\" among certain sets and written with a cross"}, {"context": "inside it because of its association with the enemy. The letters \"CK\", which stand for \"Crip killer\", will be avoided and substituted with a double \"cc\", and the letter \"b\" will be replaced. The words \"kick back\" will instead be written as \"kicc bacc\". Many other letters are also altered due to symbolic associations. Crips traditionally refer to each other as \"Cuzz\", which itself is sometimes used as a moniker for Crip. \"Crab\" is the most disrespectful epithet to call a Crip, and can warrant fatal retaliation. Crips in prison modules during the 1970s and 1980s would sometimes speak in"}, {"context": "Swahili to maintain privacy from guards and rival gangs. Crips The Crips are a gang based in the coastal regions of southern California. They were founded in Los Angeles, California in 1969 mainly by Raymond Washington and Stanley Williams. Once a single alliance between two autonomous gangs, they are now a loosely connected network of individual \"sets\", often engaged in open warfare with one another. Its members traditionally wear blue clothing, a practice that has waned somewhat due to police crackdowns specifically targeting gang members. Historically, members have been primarily of African-American heritage. The Crips are one of the largest"}]}, {"title": "MP 55", "paragraphs": [{"context": "MP 55 The MP 55 was the second generation of the rubber tired variant of electric multiple units used on Paris's M\u00e9tro system. The trains were manufactured by a consortium between Renault, Brissonneau et Lotz, and Alstom and operated on Line 11 from 1956 to 1999, when they were replaced by refurbished MP 59 stock from Line 4. After the successful testing of the MA 51 on the \"la voie navette\" segment (connecting track) between Line 3bis and Line 7bis, the RATP decided to order 71 new train cars to equip Line 11, since the line contained a steep grade."}, {"context": "The first train (M.3001-N.4001-AB.5501-M.3002) was delivered beginning on October 1, 1956 and went into service on November 8, 1956, with all 17 trains were in service by October 1957. The MP 55 was composed of 4 car trainsets, with three of the cars motorized. Originally, the trains were painted in a light blue livery and contained soft fluorescent lighting. Like many trains during the 1950s, the MP 55 trains contained both first class and second class cars. The maximum acceleration for the MP 55 was restrained at for passenger comfort. The traction equipment used was either electro-pneumatic (EMC) or camshaft"}, {"context": "electric (Jeumon-Heidmann, or JH) and the braking system used was also of electro-pneumatic type, though a gradual variant was used. In 1967, automatic drive (ATO) was implemented on all trainsets. In 1977, the trains underwent their mid-life refurbishment and received a darker blue livery similar to that of the MP 73. During the late 1980s, the RATP decided that it was time to retire the MP 55. Because of this, the trains were not repainted in the RATP's current mint green and white livery, however many trains were fitted with the RATP's current logo. The retirement process began in 1995,"}, {"context": "with the arrival of the newer MP 89CC trains on Line 1, and refurbished MP 59 trainsets from Line 4 gradually replaced all of the MP 55 trainsets. The final train was retired in January 30, 1999, completing the retirement process. Unlike the Sprague-Thomson, no MP 55 trainset was safeguarded in its entirety; nearly all of them were scrapped after their retirement. Only four cars were preserved, however: two by the RATP (AB.5517 and M.3011), one by Renault (M.3001), and the fourth by a private museum (M.3030). MP 55 The MP 55 was the second generation of the rubber tired"}]}, {"title": "Glenn Harrington", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Glenn Harrington Glenn Harrington is an American painter, born in New York in 1959. In 1981, Harrington graduated from Pratt Institute in New York City. His early career included illustrating posters, magazines and over 600 book jackets. Harrington has created paintings for children's books on the works of William Shakespeare and W.B. Yeats as well as a limited edition book for Disney's Tarzan. Harrington is noted for his enigmatic portraits, figurative paintings and landscapes, as well as for his paintings of the sport of golf. He was commissioned by the Jack Nicklaus Museum in Columbus, Ohio for thirty oils, highlighting"}, {"context": "the career of Jack Nicklaus. Harrington has also been commissioned for portraits of notable figures such as Wilbur Ross, and many of the inductees into the World Golf Hall of Fame. In 2006, Harrington completed three murals highlighting golfers Greg Norman and P\u00e1draig Harrington that were installed at Doonbeg Golf Club, County Clare, Ireland. Harrington currently works at studios in Bucks County, Pennsylvania and Coastal South Carolina. His paintings have been exhibited in galleries and museums throughout the United States as well as in Tokyo, London, and Barcelona. Glenn Harrington Glenn Harrington is an American painter, born in New York"}]}, {"title": "Ulmus 'Morton Glossy' = Triumph", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ulmus 'Morton Glossy' = Triumph Ulmus 'Morton Glossy' (selling name \u2122) is a hybrid cultivar raised by the Morton Arboretum, Illinois. Originally named 'Charisma' until it was realized that name had already been registered for another plant, the tree was derived from a crossing of two other hybrid cultivars grown at the Morton: and . was introduced to the UK in 2006 by the Frank P. Matthews nursery in Worcestershire. has been promoted in the United States as \"strong and symmetrical\" in growth and habit . However, its performance in the southern United States has not impressed, and it was"}, {"context": "dismissed as \"ugly\" by Michael Dirr, Professor of Horticulture at the University of Georgia , on account of its \"wild\" growth and splaying branches. It is similar in stature to the American Elm and has leaves that are a deep glossy green when mature, < 10 cm in length by 5 cm broad, with rough upper surface and finely toothed margins. In trials in the UK, was found to be the first elm to flush in spring, and the first to shed its leaves in the fall, usually by early October. The tree grew poorly on thin soils over clay,"}, {"context": "which became very dry in summer, but excelled on floodplain alluvium subjected to brief periods of inundation in winter. has a resistance to Dutch elm disease, but is highly susceptible to attack by elm leaf beetle \"Xanthogaleruca luteola\" and Japanese beetle. In commerce, is usually propagated by grafting onto an \"Ulmus pumila\" rootstock. The tree, under its original name of 'Charisma', featured in the elm trials conducted by Northern Arizona University at Holbrook, eastern Arizona. is very cold-hardy; in artificial freezing tests at the arboretum the LT50 (temp. at which 50% of tissues die) was found to be - 40"}, {"context": "\u00b0C. The tree is currently being evaluated in the National Elm Trial coordinated by Colorado State University. was briefly in commerce in the UK, where 180 trees were sold in 2006; several specimens were acquired for assessment by \"Butterfly Conservation\" in Hampshire. Ulmus 'Morton Glossy' = Triumph Ulmus 'Morton Glossy' (selling name \u2122) is a hybrid cultivar raised by the Morton Arboretum, Illinois. Originally named 'Charisma' until it was realized that name had already been registered for another plant, the tree was derived from a crossing of two other hybrid cultivars grown at the Morton: and . was introduced to"}]}, {"title": "Margaret Konantz", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Margaret Konantz Margaret McTavish Konantz, n\u00e9e Rogers (April 30, 1899 - May 11, 1967) was a Canadian Metis politician, who represented the electoral district of Winnipeg South in the House of Commons of Canada from 1963 to 1965. She was the first woman elected to the House of Commons from Manitoba. She was of M\u00e9tis ancestry, the granddaughter of Lydia Catherine Christie (M\u00e9tis) and Donald C. McTavish (M\u00e9tis) Chief Factor of the Hudson\u2019s Bay Company at Norway House, and the great-granddaughter of Sir George Simpson, Governor-in-Chief of the Hudson's Bay Company and his wife Betsy Sinclair (M\u00e9tis). She was the"}, {"context": "daughter of Robert Arthur Rogers, a businessman, and Edith Rogers, the first woman ever elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba. She married Gordon Konantz in 1922. During World War II, Margaret Konantz was an active volunteer for the Patriotic Salvage Corps, Bundles for Britain and the Women's Volunteer Services. In 1944, she was one of four women sent to Great Britain by the Canadian government to work with the Women's Voluntary Service. She was awarded the Order of the British Empire posthumously for her volunteer work in the war effort. Following the death of her husband in 1954, she"}, {"context": "volunteered for UNICEF, travelling to Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, The Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia, India, Pakistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, Rhodesia, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia and the United Arab Republic on behalf of the organization. She originally stood as the Liberal candidate for Winnipeg South in the 1962 election, but was defeated by Progressive Conservative incumbent Gordon Chown. When the minority government of John Diefenbaker fell the following year, however, Konantz defeated Chown in the 1963 election. In 1964 she was the only woman on a committee of 15 MPs selected by Prime Minister Lester Pearson to"}, {"context": "choose a new flag for Canada. She served as an MP until the 1965 election, when she was defeated by new Progressive Conservative candidate Bud Sherman. Also in 1963, she was a delegate to the United Nations Third Committee on Social, Economic and Humanitarian Problems. In this capacity, she toured a number of Indian reserves in Canada to study economic and health conditions. Following her electoral defeat in 1965, she became national chair for UNICEF Canada. She undertook several further international tours until her death in 1967. Margaret Konantz Margaret McTavish Konantz, n\u00e9e Rogers (April 30, 1899 - May 11,"}]}, {"title": "Manibhai J. Patel", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Manibhai J. Patel Manibhai Jaberbhai Patel was an Indian industrialist, writer, politician and a member of the 4th Lok Sabha. He represented Damoh Lok Sabha constituency from 1967 and was a member of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly for two terms, from 1957\u201362 and 1962\u201367. He was the author of a number of books which included \"Nehru Vani\", \"Janata ke Jawahar\", \"Shantidoot Shastriji\", \"Shreemati Indira Gandhi\", \"Panchayaten Aur Humara Dayitwa\" and \"Pagdandiyon ki Awaz\". The Government of India awarded him Padma Bhushan, the third highest Indian civilian award, in 1971. Manibhai Patel was born on December 6, 1920 at Nadiad in"}, {"context": "Kheda district of the Indian state of Gujarat to Jhaverbhai Bhulabhai Patel\u2013Lilaben M. Patel couple. Choosing the career of a businessman, he was active in labor and business administration, too and was a member of such organizations as Madhya Pradesh Labour Advisory Committee, Small Scale Industries of Saugor and Madhya Pradesh Board of Industries and Mineral Resources. He was also a member of the Indian Standards Institution (present-day Bureau of Indian Standards) and was a part of the Government of India delegation visited abroad for finding market for Indian tobacco and tobacco products. Politically, Patel was aligned to the Indian"}, {"context": "National Congress and successfully contested two elections to the Vidhan Sabha, representing Rehli constituency in 1957 and 1962 during which period he also served as the chairman of the Library Committee of the Assembly. In the general election of 1967, he contested to the Lok Sabha from Damoh Lok Sabha constituency and served as a member of parliament until 1971. He was also a member of the Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee and the All India Congress Committee. Patel was the author of a number of books viz. \"Nehru Vani\", \"Janata ke Jawahar\", \"Shantidoot Shastriji\", \"Shreemati Indira Gandhi\", \"Panchayaten Aur Humara"}, {"context": "Dayitwa\" and \"Pagdandiyon ki Awaz\". He died on June 12, 1996, at the age of 75, at Mumbai, Maharashtra. Manibhai J. Patel Manibhai Jaberbhai Patel was an Indian industrialist, writer, politician and a member of the 4th Lok Sabha. He represented Damoh Lok Sabha constituency from 1967 and was a member of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly for two terms, from 1957\u201362 and 1962\u201367. He was the author of a number of books which included \"Nehru Vani\", \"Janata ke Jawahar\", \"Shantidoot Shastriji\", \"Shreemati Indira Gandhi\", \"Panchayaten Aur Humara Dayitwa\" and \"Pagdandiyon ki Awaz\". The Government of India awarded him Padma Bhushan,"}]}, {"title": "Battle of Nish (1443)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Battle of Nish (1443) At the Battle of Ni\u0161 (\"Battle of Nish\") (early November, 1443), crusaders led by John Hunyadi, captured the Ottoman stronghold of Nish (now Ni\u0161, Serbia) and defeated three armies of the Ottoman Empire. The Battle of Ni\u0161 was part of Hunyadi's expedition known as the \"long campaign\". Hunyadi, at the head of the vanguard, crossed the Balkans through the Gate of Trajan, captured Ni\u0161, defeated three Turkish pashas, and after taking Sofia, united with the royal army and defeated Sultan Murad II at Snaim (Kustinitza). The impatience of the king and the severity of the winter"}, {"context": "then compelled him (in February 1444) to return home, but not before he had utterly broken the Sultan's power in Bosnia, Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Albania. In 1440 John Hunyadi became the trusted adviser and most highly regarded soldier of king W\u0142adys\u0142aw III of Poland. Hunyadi was rewarded with the captaincy of the fortress of Belgrade and was put in charge of military operations against the Ottomans. King W\u0142adys\u0142aw recognized Hunyadi's merits by granting him estates in Eastern Hungary. Hunyadi soon showed and displayed an extraordinary capacity to marshal his defences with the limited resources at his disposal. He was"}, {"context": "victorious in Semendria over Isak-Beg in 1441. Not far from Nagyszeben in Transylvania he annihilated an Ottoman force and recovered for Hungary the suzerainty of Wallachia. In July 1442 at the Iron Gates he defeated a massed Ottoman formation of 80,000 men led by Sehabbedin. These victories made Hunyadi a prominent enemy of the Ottomans and renowned throughout Christendom, and were prime motivators for him to undertake in 1443, along with King W\u0142adys\u0142aw, the expedition which became known as the \"long campaign\" with the Battle of Ni\u0161 as one of the battles of this campaign. Hunyadi was accompanied by Giuliano"}, {"context": "Cesarini during this campaign. The Crusader army consisted of 25,000 or more troops and 600 war wagons. Hunyadi took 12,000 cavalry to locate and defeat Kasim Pasha. W\u0142adys\u0142aw and Brankovic were left in camp with the war wagons. The battle for Ni\u0161 was not one battle, but five different battles. The first engagement was a battle against a small garrison in Ni\u0161 and the Crusader capture, pillage and burning of the town. This was followed by three different battles against three different Ottoman armies advancing on Ni\u0161. Finally there was a battle against the remnants of the three Ottoman armies."}, {"context": "The last battle took place on the plain between Bolvani and Ni\u0161 on 3 November 1443. Ottoman forces were led by Kasim Pasha, the beglerbeg of Rumelia, Turakhan Beg and Isak-Beg. After the Ottoman defeat, the retreating forces of Kasim Pasha and Turakhan Beg burned all of the villages between Ni\u0161 and Sofia. The Ottoman sources explain the Ottoman defeat as due to a lack of cooperation between the different Ottoman armies which were led by different commanders. According to Chalcocondyles, \"Weary after Hunyadi forced the Ottomans to retreat in the Balkans in 1443, the old lords hurried on all"}, {"context": "sides to regain possession of their fathers' fields\". One of them was George Kastrioti Skanderbeg who deserted the Ottoman army along with his nephew Hamza Kastrioti and 300 loyal Albanians and after capturing Kruj\u00eb started a twenty-five-year-long struggle against the Ottoman Empire. Murad II signed a treaty for ten years, and abdicated in favour of his son Mehmed II. When the peace was broken the next year, Murad returned to the Balkans and won the Battle of Varna in November 1444. Battle of Nish (1443) At the Battle of Ni\u0161 (\"Battle of Nish\") (early November, 1443), crusaders led by John"}]}, {"title": "Shout It Out (Hanson album)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Shout It Out (Hanson album) Shout It Out is the fifth studio album released by American pop band Hanson. The album is the third release through their own label 3CG Records. \"Shout It Out\" was released on June 8, 2010 in the US, and July 14, 2010 in Japan. On March 6, 2010, Hanson shot dance and other sequences for the music video of their new single, \"Thinking 'Bout Somethin'\", at Greenwood Avenue in their home town of Tulsa. Hanson recruited professional dancers for the shoot and also invited local residents and fans to take part. The video was directed"}, {"context": "by Todd Edwards, co-founder of Blue Yonder Films. It was released for public viewing to the band's MySpace channel on April 15, 2010. In a \"Billboard\" interview, Taylor Hanson said of \"Shout It Out\": \"Every record is important, but this one feels like... a reflection not just of right now but a selection of things we've been putting in records for the last fifteen years.\" In the same article, Billboard said, \"While the new album exudes the ease of a veteran band with over a decade of music behind them, it retains elements of the fun, pop-soul tinged sound that"}, {"context": "helped the guys hit No. 1 on the Hot 100 with \"Mmmbop\" when they were all under 17 years old.\" The first single from the album, \"Thinking 'Bout Somethin'\" was officially released on Monday, April 5, 2010 to AOL and was made available on iTunes Tuesday, April 20, 2010. The second single from the album was \"Give a Little\", released on Tuesday, April 5, 2011, and it included bonus remixes made by the band and the music video was released in February 2011. \"Give a Little\" would peak at #40 on the US Hot AC radio chart. Reaction to the"}, {"context": "album has been generally favorable. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 67, based on 6 reviews, which indicates \"generally favorable reviews\". Slant Magazine critic Jonathan Keefe awarded the album three out of five stars and stated that \"Shout It Out\" \"is the trio's most ambitious project\" and that it \"includes a few moments of real inspiration.\" Allmusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine also rated the album three out of five stars in a more mixed review. Erlewine remarked that, \"Hanson are sharp enough to keep"}, {"context": "things tight... but the music itself is too finely honed.\" A review from AbsolutePunk surmises that, \"Aside from the trio's penchant for maudlin and borderline campy lyrics, there's little about \"Shout it Out\" that isn't infectious\". The \"Entertainment Weekly\" review praised the album, claiming: \"Uptempo jams like \"Waiting for This\" shimmer with top-shelf songcraft; Motown vet Bob Babbitt even sits in on bass. But sometimes you wish these whiz kids would act their age\". QRO said the album \"may just be okay, but it's at the highest tier of okay. It's not a great album, but it's not trying to"}, {"context": "be either; it plays to its audience, and it does it well.\" Jonathan Keefe from Slant Magazine was, somewhat, favorable in his review, saying:\"What's encouraging about the record, though, is that Hanson's instincts are more or less on point. The effervescent brass sections, aggressive rhythm tracks, and AM-radio vibe they've incorporated are all logical and effective additions to their aesthetic. That Hanson has been around for well over a decade now makes it easy to forget that they're still a young band. And the elements that really work on Shout It Out suggest that they're only going to continue to"}, {"context": "get better\". Connor McKnight from \"Billboard\" was largely positive, writing: \"Long before the first Jonas Brothers album hit the shelves, another sibling trio reigned supreme. Hanson brothers Isaac, Taylor and Zac may still be widely known for their playful 1997 pop hit, \"MMMBop,\" but the trio's fifth studio album, \"Shout It Out,\" shows that the group continues to expand its musical roots. A colorful set that pays tribute to the funk, soul and R&B musical influences that shapes its sound, \"Shout It Out\" has a sunnier vibe than the group's 2007 predecessor, \"The Walk.\" \"Shout It Out\" still breaks into"}, {"context": "emotional territory with piano ballads like \"Use Me Up\" (featuring Zac on lead vocals), while Taylor's windy tenor shines on \"Carry You There.\" From the profoundly upbeat single \"Thinking 'Bout Something'\" to the heartfelt and introspective closer \"Me Myself and I,\" \"Shout It Out\" is a fun listen that beams with genuine talent and creative artistry\". All songs written and produced by Isaac Hanson, Taylor Hanson and Zac Hanson. Lead vocals by Taylor Hanson, except where noted. \"Shout It Out\" debuted at number 30 on the \"Billboard\" 200. Shout It Out (Hanson album) Shout It Out is the fifth studio"}]}, {"title": "We Make It Bounce", "paragraphs": [{"context": "We Make It Bounce \"We Make It Bounce\" is a song by American electronic music producer Dillon Francis and American EDM trio Major Lazer, featuring guest vocals from English-Jamaican reggae singer Stylo G. The song was written by Dillon Francis and Stylo G, with production handled by Dillon Francis and Major Lazer. The song was released as a digital download by Mad Decent and Columbia Records on 16 September 2014, and is the fourth single of Dillon Francis debut album Money Sucks, Friends Rule. The song is written by Dillon Francis and Stylo G, with production handled by Dillon Francis"}, {"context": "and Major Lazer Dillon Francis announced that he was working with electronic music trio Major Lazer and reggae singer Stylo G, for Dillon Francis debut album's fourth single \"We Make It Bounce\". Francis already released the song on 16 September 2014, on digital stores and streaming services like Spotify, Deezer, iTunes, Google Play and Amazon . The song also marks the second collaboration between American DJs Dillon Francis and Diplo. On 15 March 2011, Francis realesed an EP named \"Westside EP\", and it consists of five tracks. For the third track of the EP, Dillon Francis worked with DJ Diplo"}, {"context": "and American singer Maluca to the release of the song, and it\u2019s named \"Que Que\". That marks the first time that Dillon Francis worked with Diplo. When Diplo announced that the Major Lazer trio will collaborate with Francis to a new song, he also announced that he is working for a Major Lazer third studio album Peace is the Mission. He said that he has benn working with a lot of people the last couple of years, and he was pulling all the favours for that record for sure. We Make It Bounce \"We Make It Bounce\" is a song"}]}, {"title": "1938 Austrian Anschluss referendum", "paragraphs": [{"context": "1938 Austrian Anschluss referendum A referendum on the Anschluss with Germany was held in German-occupied Austria on 10 April 1938, alongside one in Germany. German troops had already occupied Austria one month earlier, on 12 March 1938. The official result was reported as 99.73% in favour, with a 99.71% turnout. After the end of World War I, the newly founded Austria, which claimed sovereignty over the majority-German territory of the former Habsburg empire. According to its provisional constitution it declared to be part of the also newly founded German Republic. Later plebiscites in Tyrol and Salzburg in 1921, where majorities"}, {"context": "of 98,77% and 99,11% voted for a unification with Germany, showed that it was also backed by the population. In September 1919 Austria had to sign the Treaty of Saint Germain, which did not only mean significant losses of territory but it was also forced to change its name from \"German Austria\" to \"Austria\". Furthermore, Article 88 of the treaty stated that \"the independence of Austria is inalienable otherwise than with the consent of the Council of the League of Nations\", to prevent any attempt to unite with Germany. During the lead-up to the referendum, Hitler's campaign included anti-Catholic and"}, {"context": "anti-Semitic posters. Campaign managers reported \"no opposition to the referendum\". The referendum was supported by the Social Democratic Party of Austria, whose leader Karl Renner endorsed Hitler on 3 April, and Cardinal Theodor Innitzer, the highest representative of the Roman Catholic church in Austria. The referendum question was: Although there were irregularities, \"LIFE\" in 1938 acknowledged that the results of the referendum and its German counterpart were \"largely honest\". Some postwar accounts claim that the poll was rigged, but there is no evidence that this was necessary. The result was \"... the outcome of opportunism, ideological conviction, massive pressure, occasional"}, {"context": "vote rigging and a propaganda machine that Austria's political culture had never before experienced.\" The massive pressure to which people were exposed came from the fact that many were marking the ballot paper in front of the campaign workers in order not to be suspected of voting against the Anschluss. The secrecy of the ballot was in practice non-existent. 1938 Austrian Anschluss referendum A referendum on the Anschluss with Germany was held in German-occupied Austria on 10 April 1938, alongside one in Germany. German troops had already occupied Austria one month earlier, on 12 March 1938. The official result was"}]}, {"title": "Lots Road Power Station", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Lots Road Power Station Lots Road Power Station is a disused coal and later oil-fired and later gas-fired power station on the River Thames at Lots Road in Chelsea, London in the south-west of The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, which supplied electricity to the London Underground system. It is sometimes erroneously referred to as Fulham Power Station, a name properly applied to another former station a mile upriver. A power station at Lots Road was originally planned by the Brompton and Piccadilly Circus Railway (B&PCR, now part of the Piccadilly line) in 1897. The B&PCR was controlled by"}, {"context": "the District Railway (DR, now the District line) from 1898, and was sold in 1901 to Charles Yerkes' Metropolitan District Electric Traction Company, which built the station to provide power to the DR. The station allowed the District line trains to change from steam haulage to electric. At around the same time the Metropolitan Railway built its power station at Neasden. The station was built end-on to the Thames, on the north bank of the tidal Chelsea Creek. Construction started in 1902 and was completed in December 1904, the station becoming operational in February 1905. The station burned 700 tonnes"}, {"context": "of coal a day and had a generating capacity of 50,000 kW. At the time it was claimed to be the largest power station ever built, and it eventually powered most of the railways and tramways in the Underground Group. The station was re-equipped and improved several times. During the early 1920s a sump & hopper system for more efficient fuel handling was installed. It was designed by The Underfeed Stoker Company and constructed under their stewardship by Peter Lind & Company, who still trade in London today. The modernisation undertaken in the 1960s converted the station to 50 Hz"}, {"context": "generation and from coal burning to heavy fuel oil. The number of chimneys was reduced from the original four to two. Between 1974 and 1977, with the discovery of natural gas in the North Sea, the boilers were converted to burn gas, with the option of oil firing if required. The station later worked in conjunction with the ex-London County Council Tramways power station at Greenwich to supply the London Underground network. The station played a part in the birth of commercial radio in the UK. When the first two radio stations, LBC and Capital Radio, opened in October 1973,"}, {"context": "the site for their medium wave transmitters was not complete. As a result, a temporary 'Tee' antenna was strung up between the two chimneys (transmitting LBC on 417 m (719 kHz), and Capital Radio on 539 m (557 kHz)), until the permanent site at Saffron Green was ready in 1975. Some years later the site was used again, on 720 kHz (for a low power MW relay of BBC Radio 4's LW service) which was in use until 2001 when the radio transmitter was moved to Crystal Palace. In the 1990s, it was decided not to re-equip Lots Road again;"}, {"context": "rather it was to continue to operate only until the machinery's life was expired. It was finally shut down on 21 October 2002, and since then all power for the tube system has been supplied from the National Grid. The property company that now owns the site wishes to convert the station into shops, restaurants and apartments, and to construct additional buildings, including two skyscrapers, on the adjoining vacant land. The scheme was delayed because Kensington and Chelsea Council refused planning permission for one of the towers. The other, Lots Road South Tower, actually the taller of the two, was"}, {"context": "granted permission by Hammersmith and Fulham Council, but the developer was unwilling to proceed without permission for the other one as well. On 30 January 2006 the Secretary of State granted planning permission for the development. In 2007 the developer hoped to complete the scheme by 2013. It has since been delayed by the economic downturn, and no revised date is yet available. On 13 September 2010, Thames Water announced that they would be building their Thames Tideway super sewer. One of their preferred access sites adjoins the proposed Lots Road development site as shown on the Thames Water Website"}, {"context": "under Cremorne Wharf Foreshore. The consultation period ended in Autumn 2010. On 26 September 2013, developer Hutchison Whampoa Properties broke ground on the eight-acre site, rebranding it as \"Chelsea Waterfront\", with Mayor of London Boris Johnson speaking at the ceremony. The \u00a31bn scheme will be \"the biggest riverside development on the north bank [of the Thames] for over 100 years\", and will create 706 homes. New planning and design details were conceived between 2010 and 2012. The construction for Phase One (100 apartments) was completed in 2015/16, and phase two, which includes the power station itself, in 2017/18. Lots Road"}]}, {"title": "Mark Lazar", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mark Lazar Mark Lazar (born July 19, 1977) is an American curler. He competed in the 2005 United States Olympic Curling Trials. He curls out of the Bowling Green Curling Club. While attending Bowling Green University in his freshman year, Lazar took a 1 credit gym class in curling. He joined the Bowling Green Curling Club a year after and joined a club league and the university curling league. Lazar participated in the 2001, 2002, and 2003 United States Men's Curling Championships. In 2005 Lazar was lead for the Don Barcome Jr. rink at the United States Olympic Curling Trials,"}, {"context": "where his team finished 10th. He also participated in the 2006 Men's Nationals, finishing 9th. Under skip Bryan Wight, he participated in the 2011 United States Men's Curling Championship qualifiers, where he made it to the challenge round (one level under the finals). His team finished tied for last in the challenge round. Mark Lazar Mark Lazar (born July 19, 1977) is an American curler. He competed in the 2005 United States Olympic Curling Trials. He curls out of the Bowling Green Curling Club. While attending Bowling Green University in his freshman year, Lazar took a 1 credit gym class"}]}, {"title": "1975 Houston Astros season", "paragraphs": [{"context": "1975 Houston Astros season The 1975 Houston Astros season was a season in American baseball. The team finished last in the National League West with a record of 64\u201397, 43 games behind the Cincinnati Reds. The Astros' .398 winning percentage is, as of 2010, the worst in franchise history. Houston also lost 97 games in 1965 and 1991. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\" \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. ="}, {"context": "Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" 1975 Houston Astros season The 1975 Houston Astros season was a season in American baseball. The team finished last in the"}]}, {"title": "Samuel Ransom", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Samuel Ransom Samuel L. \"Sammie\" Ransom (1883\u20131970) was an African American high school, college, and professional athlete for several sports. He played professional football, baseball, and later coached college football. Some researchers believe he is the first African American to play college basketball. Ransom was born in Illinois and attended Hyde Park Preparatory Academy from 1899 to 1902. In football, he played halfback. In baseball, he played catcher, he was a forward on the basketball team, and worked on field events for the track team. During his time at Hyde Park, the basketball team went to the championship. The football"}, {"context": "team went to county, state and even an \"intersectional preparatory school game\" with Brooklyn Polytechnic, beating them 105 to 0. The track team went to the Penn Relays. And according to a close teammate, he also worked as a bell boy in the Del Prado Hotel after classes and sports practice. The teammate, Walter Eckersall, also said Ransom got good grades and used the time between calls as a bell boy to study. Eckersall went on to Quarterback for the University of Chicago and became a sportswriter for the Chicago Tribune. Amos Alonzo Stagg of the University of Chicago football"}, {"context": "team tried to recruit Ransom along with Quarterback Walter Eckersall. Ransom declined and instead attended Beloit College in Beloit, Wisconsin playing four sports there. He graduated in 1908. He led the 1904\u20131905 Beloit team to a 9-4 record. In 1906, Ransom was injured during rush week, dislocating his shoulder. Later in 1906, he helped the basketball team go undefeated, 9-0 in the winter of 1906\u20131907. Between his Junior and Senior year at Beloit, he was a second baseman for the St. Paul Colored Gophers. He moved to Minnesota again after graduation in 1908. During the years in Minnesota, when not"}, {"context": "playing professional sports, Ransom also worked for a business men's club in St. Paul called the \"Minnesota Club.\" Ransom enlisted and joined the 8th Illinois Regiment of the National Guard in July 1917. When he left St. Paul, the Minnesota Club where he worked threw a large party, and the patrons raised $550 and he was presented a soldier's silver wrist watch with an inscription, \"From John Jackson and Sherman Finch to S.L. Ransom.\" The newspaper also noted that since Ransom \"neither drinks, smokes, nor chews and in (reality) has no bad habits, the money will not be wasted in"}, {"context": "riotous living.\" Ransom's regiment was stationed along the Mexico border, and was eventually sent to France during World War I, and the unit was rebranded the 370th Infantry. Ransom moved to the rank of First Lieutenant by the end of the War. One newspaper in 1973 wrote that Ransom trained men in athletics during the War and also played with the 33rd Army Division baseball and track championships. During his time in France, he was wounded in February 1919 and earned a Purple Heart. He remained in the National Guard, and eventually became a Major. Ransom returned to St. Paul"}, {"context": "and a large welcoming ceremony in March 1919. The ceremony included songs sung by the crowd, a poem, a dance with Moore's Jazz orchestra, and a Grand March led by Lieutenant Ransom and \"Miss Mayme Goins.\" He returned to his job as Superintendent of Service at the Minnesota Club. Ransom later coached football at Meharry College and Lane College. Ransom received a citation in 1969 for his work in Minnesota helping to create the state's first Interracial Commission. The honor was for \"distinguished service to the state.\" Ransom died in 1970 at the age of 87 in St. Paul, Minnesota."}, {"context": "Three years after his death, Beloit College inducted him into the Beloit College Athletic Hall of Honor on October 19, 1973. The newspaper report at the time said he was a retired postal employee, but his postal service has not yet been verified. Fellow high school player Walter Eckersall compares Ransom to Bobby Marshall and Fritz Pollard. Samuel Ransom Samuel L. \"Sammie\" Ransom (1883\u20131970) was an African American high school, college, and professional athlete for several sports. He played professional football, baseball, and later coached college football. Some researchers believe he is the first African American to play college basketball."}]}, {"title": "Henry O. Talle", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Henry O. Talle Henry Oscar Talle (January 12, 1892 \u2013 March 14, 1969) was an economics professor and a ten-term Republican U.S. Representative from eastern Iowa. He served in the United States Congress for twenty years from 1939 until 1959. Born on a farm near Albert Lea, Minnesota, Talle was educated in rural schools and Luther Academy in Albert Lea. He first arrived in Luther College in Decorah, Iowa, as a student, receiving a bachelor's degree in 1917. He interrupted his own academic career to serve in the U.S. Navy in the First World War, and to serve as a"}, {"context": "teacher (and superintendent of schools) in Rugby and Rolette, North Dakota in 1919 and 1920, and as a teacher in Luther Academy in 1920 and 1921. He pursued graduate work at University of Minnesota, Boston University, Emerson College, and the University of Chicago. In 1921 he returned to Decorah and Luther College to serve as a professor of economics, a position that he held until he was elected to Congress in 1938. During that period he also served as the College's treasurer from 1932 to 1938. During the first six years of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration, Decorah and surrounding"}, {"context": "northwestern Iowa counties in Iowa's 4th congressional district were represented by the former publisher of \"The Decorah Journal\", Democrat Fred Biermann. Talle tried and failed to unseat Congressman Biermann in 1936, but succeeded two years later (in an election in which Republicans recaptured nearly all of the U.S. House seats in Iowa lost in the 1932 Democratic landslide). Talle won election by unseating an incumbent Democrat New Dealer from Talle's own hometown. Talle ran for re-election to his seat in the 4th district in 1940 and was re-elected. The 1940 census caused Iowa to lose one of its nine seats"}, {"context": "in the U.S. House, forcing the 1941 Iowa General Assembly to redraw congressional district boundaries. Although Republicans then controlled the Assembly and the Governor's office, Republican Talle was considered the \"goat\" burdened most severely by the reapportionment plan that the Assembly ultimately approved. The old 4th district was broken up, and Talle's home county and a few others from the old 4th district were placed in a reconfigured 2nd congressional district. Compared to the old 4th district, the new 2nd district included more urban areas, including Cedar Rapids and Clinton \u2014 the home of three-term incumbent Democrat William Jacobsen and"}, {"context": "his late predecessor and father, three-term Democrat Bernhard Jacobsen. However, in Talle's 1942 race against William Jacobsen, Talle was aided by the continued decline in support in Iowa for Democrats in Washington, and won with a comfortable margin of over 15,000 votes. He would win re-election with at least 55 percent of the vote in the next six elections, while advancing in seniority within the House Republican caucus. After the 1956 elections (in which Talle prevailed over Democrat Leonard Wolf but received only 52.3 percent of the vote), he was the ranking Republican on the House Banking and Currency Committee."}, {"context": "In the mid-term elections two years later, an increase in farm costs engendered hostility against Republican policies. This time, Wolf defeated Talle. In all, Talle served in Congress from January 3, 1939 to January 3, 1959. Following his defeat, Talle remained in Washington D.C., serving in the Eisenhower Administration as Assistant Administrator for Program Policy of the U.S. Housing and Home Finance Agency from February 2, 1959, to February 19, 1961. He resided in Chevy Chase, Maryland, until his death in Washington, D.C., on March 14, 1969. He was interred in Arlington National Cemetery. Henry O. Talle Henry Oscar Talle"}]}, {"title": "Eric Aumonier", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Eric Aumonier Eric Aumonier (5 May 1899 \u2013 1974) was a British sculptor. Aumonier was born in Northwood, Middlesex (now northwest London); his family name is Huguenot (French Protestant). Eric's grandfather, William, founded the Aumonier Studios in 1876, an architectural sculpture firm in London, initially located at New Inn Yard off Tottenham Court Road, then at 84 Charlotte Street. His son, also called William, continued the firm into the 1930s. William (junior) studied at West London School of Art. He exhibited at the Royal Academy of Art in 1899\u20131900 and was responsible for the architectural decorations of the Victoria Law"}, {"context": "Courts, Birmingham, in the late 1880s. Two of his sons, Whitworth and Eric himself, were sculptors. Eric studied at the Slade School of Art. By 1931, Eric and Whitworth were running the studio as W. Aumonier & Sons, with Eric responsible for artistic output. In 1929, Aumonier was commissioned with five others to carve one of a set of relief sculptures of the four winds for 55 Broadway, the new Underground Electric Railways Company of London headquarters in St. James's, London, designed by Charles Holden. Aumonier carved the South Wind on the west side of the North wing (not visible"}, {"context": "from ground level). In 1932, Aumonier designed two Art Deco relief sculptures in the foyer of the Daily Express Building in London. He also designed a young horse, in white porcelain, for Royal Worcester. Another commission for the London Underground, \"The Archer\" at East Finchley Underground station, is his most iconic work, the only three-dimensional statue on the system. The contract for the work was placed on 8 June 1939, with an estimated cost of \u00a3245. The architect for the station was once again Charles Holden. The sculpture was unveiled on 22 July 1940. \"Pennyfare\", London Transport's staff journal, explained"}, {"context": "the roots of the image in July 1940: Finchley was on the edge of the royal forest of Enfield, which was hunted by both court and commoner. Drivers on the Northern line still bear a tie pin based on the sculpture. \"The Archer\" is nearly twice natural size and was made of six hundredweight of beech timber round a steel armature and then covered with 5 hundredweight of sheet lead. The timber had come from Czechoslovakia. The gold for the gilded features was mined in South Africa and the bow was English ash, bent by steam and coated with copper"}, {"context": "and gilt. The sculpture was probably constructed in three main sections, which were re-assembled on site. Amongst other work for London Underground, Aumonier also made two stone reliefs over two of the entrances to the canteen at London Underground's Acton Works \u2013 one of a pie, knife and fork. A sculpture of Dick Whittington was planned for Highgate, but a reduction in the scope of the new station buildings caused by World War II meant this was never commissioned. Aumonier worked on the new City Hall in Norwich with Alfred Hardiman and James Woodford. The sculptor also did some set"}, {"context": "work in the cinema. In 1946 he worked on the Powell and Pressburger film \"A Matter of Life and Death\" at Denham Film Studios. On the giant moving stairway featured in the film, Aumonier created the statues of various famous people. By coincidence, Powell and Pressburger's production company was called The Archers. In later years, Aumonier and his wife moved to Ashburton, New Zealand, where he died in 1974. Eric Aumonier Eric Aumonier (5 May 1899 \u2013 1974) was a British sculptor. Aumonier was born in Northwood, Middlesex (now northwest London); his family name is Huguenot (French Protestant). Eric's grandfather,"}]}, {"title": "Vla\u0306hit\u0326a", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Vl\u0103hi\u021ba Vl\u0103hi\u021ba () (, , until 1899 \"Szentegyh\u00e1zas-Ol\u00e1hfalu\") is a town in Harghita County, Romania. It lies in the Sz\u00e9kely Land, an ethno-cultural region in eastern Transylvania. The town administers two villages: Its Romanian name is of Slavic origin, meaning \"little Vlach\", while its Hungarian name means \"Church of the Saint\". In Roman times a Roman fort was functioning in nearby B\u0103ile Homorod. Vl\u0103hi\u021ba (\"Ol\u00e1hfalu\") was first mentioned as a Romanian settlement (Villa Olachalis). The town was part of the Sz\u00e9kely Land area of the historical Transylvania province. It belonged to Udvarhelysz\u00e9k until the administrative reform of Transylvania in 1876,"}, {"context": "when it fell within the Udvarhely County of the Austria-Hungary. After the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, it became part of Romania and fell within Odorhei County during the interwar period. In 1940, the second Vienna Award granted the Northern Transylvania to Hungary and it was held by Hungary until 1944. After Soviet occupation, the Romanian administration returned and the settlement became officially part of Romania in 1947. Between 1952 and 1960, the town fell within the Magyar Autonomous Region, between 1960 and 1968 the Mure\u0219-Magyar Autonomous Region. In 1968, the province was abolished, and since then, the town has"}, {"context": "been part of Harghita County. The town has a total population of 6,820 of which 6,749 (98.96%) are Sz\u00e9kely Hungarians, making it the town with the highest proportion of Hungarians in Romania (2011 census). The town is situated between Odorheiu Secuiesc and Miercurea-Ciuc. Its 860 m altitude makes it the highest town in Harghita County. The town is famous for its Children's Orchestra (Filarmonica de copii/Gyermekfilharm\u00f3nia), in which more than 140 youngsters sing and play instruments. Vl\u0103hi\u021ba Vl\u0103hi\u021ba () (, , until 1899 \"Szentegyh\u00e1zas-Ol\u00e1hfalu\") is a town in Harghita County, Romania. It lies in the Sz\u00e9kely Land, an ethno-cultural region"}]}, {"title": "Media of Kyrgyzstan", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Media of Kyrgyzstan The media of Kyrgyzstan experience greater freedom compared to neighbouring countries in the region, and the constitution guarantees freedom of the press and prohibits censorship. However, the media are still restricted by the government. The OSCE issued a report on the ethical standards in print and online media of Kyrgyzstan. In 2003, eight of Kyrgyzstan\u2019s 25 to 30 newspapers and magazines were state-owned, and the state publishing house, Uchkun, was the major newspaper publisher in the country. Competition among media outlets is skewed by heavy government support of pro-government newspapers and broadcast outlets. In the early 2000s,"}, {"context": "an increasing number of such outlets were controlled by individuals with ties to the government. There is currently a mixture of 8 state owned and 20 private television networks in Kyrgyzstan, where the government restricts broadcasts and has in the past, imtimidated or shut down private networks such as NTS which aired opposition protests. There are 23 FM radio stations and a total of 13 AM stations. The state-owned media is dominant, and moves to privatise it by the opposition were blocked by President Kurmanbek Bakiyev, given the political climate in the country. However coverage is limited, especially in the"}, {"context": "south of the country. Most private networks are based in the capital, Bishkek. There were 187.6 television sets per 1,000 population in 2004; no statistics were available on radio use. Like television and radio, news media are restricted in what they can report and are rarely critical of the government. Journalists in the past have been harassed and intimidated who were both pro and anti-government, and protested when the President took the role of deputy director at the state run Kyrgyz National TV and Radio Broadcasting Corporation. There is a mixture of state owned and private agencies, in Kyrgyz, Russian"}, {"context": "and English languages. Libel is a punishable offence, though it is unevenly enforced. After the change of government in 2005, opposition views generally received more exposure in the media than before. However, access to the mass media by opposition spokespersons remained limited. An opposition television station Sentyabr (September) was ordered to close by a Kyrgyz court. Although only 5 percent of the population (298,100 in 2006) regularly access the internet currently, it is lively, varied and open with blogs, forums and internet news sites for political discussion. However, it is yet to make a significant impact in the country. News"}, {"context": "agencies Media of Kyrgyzstan The media of Kyrgyzstan experience greater freedom compared to neighbouring countries in the region, and the constitution guarantees freedom of the press and prohibits censorship. However, the media are still restricted by the government. The OSCE issued a report on the ethical standards in print and online media of Kyrgyzstan. In 2003, eight of Kyrgyzstan\u2019s 25 to 30 newspapers and magazines were state-owned, and the state publishing house, Uchkun, was the major newspaper publisher in the country. Competition among media outlets is skewed by heavy government support of pro-government newspapers and broadcast outlets. In the early"}]}, {"title": "Woman (Nancy Sinatra album)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Woman (Nancy Sinatra album) Woman is a studio album by Nancy Sinatra, released in 1973. It was arranged by Larry Muhoberac. Wishing to cut down on her career after marrying choreographer Hugh Lambert in 1970, Sinatra decided to not renew her Reprise contract and move instead to another label. She signed on with RCA Records in 1971. Her first album at the new label was \"Nancy & Lee - Again\", a collaboration with Lee Hazlewood. The album has a strong country influence, including covers of recent country hits by Donna Fargo, Jody Miller, and George Jones, but was not released"}, {"context": "in the country market. \"Woman\" was recorded at a quick speed and released with scant promotion and publicity. It quickly fell out of print, and became something of a lost classic. Having been out of print for most of its existence, \"Woman\" was finally released on iTunes in 2006, by Sinatra's company, Boots Enterprises, Inc. Woman (Nancy Sinatra album) Woman is a studio album by Nancy Sinatra, released in 1973. It was arranged by Larry Muhoberac. Wishing to cut down on her career after marrying choreographer Hugh Lambert in 1970, Sinatra decided to not renew her Reprise contract and move"}]}, {"title": "Bhagat Puran Singh", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bhagat Puran Singh Bhagat Puran Singh (4 June 1904 \u2013 5 August 1992) was born in Rajewal (Rohno) Ludhiana district, Punjab. Born into a Hindu family, he was given the name Ramji Das as a child. Later, while still a child, he chose to become a Sikh. Though he never finished his basic schooling, he became a writer, a (self) publisher, an environmentalist, and a philanthropist. He is perhaps best remembered for the home he founded in Amritsar, India, named Pingalwara, a home which long after his death, is still tending to the castaways of society: the sick, disabled and"}, {"context": "abandoned forlorn people. As a young man he decided to dedicate his life to the 'selfless service of humanity'. He founded Pingalwara in 1947 with only a few patients, the neglected and rejected of the streets of Amritsar. An early advocate of what we today refer to as the 'Green Revolution', Bhagat Puran Singh was spreading awareness about environmental pollution, and increasing soil erosion long before such ideas became popular. Pamphlets with his writings on various subjects, such as environmental awareness, were printed on re-used paper and freely distributed. He was honoured in 1981 by the Government of India with"}, {"context": "the Padma Shri award, given for exceptional and distinguished service in any field. (See List of Padma Shri award recipients (1980\u201389)) He was among the citizens of India who returned their awards and medals after the Indian army's attack on the Golden Temple in 1984. He died on 5 August 1992 in Amritsar. After the death of his father, his mother encouraged him to finish the matric level of education, which would allow him to fill a Government job. His mother worked as a domestic help in the house of a doctor at Montgomery (Sahiwal), in part to earn the"}, {"context": "money for her son's education. Later, she moved to Lahore where she cleaned utensils in households. Puran Singh was sent to a hostel where he was sent ten rupees every month by his mother. Unfortunately, he failed his class tenth examination. Later, he was called back to Lahore and admitted in a local school, but he was not interested in studying his course books, which he felt were filled with hypothetical and theoretical knowledge with absolutely no connection or applications to everyday life. He, however, would spend hours browsing books in the Dyal Singh Library, trying to gain as much"}, {"context": "knowledge as he could. While in Lahore, he would often visit the Gurdwara Dehra Sahib, where he would provide water for the visitors to the gurdwara to do the necessary cleaning before entry, and help in managing the cattle that provided milk for the Gurudwara's Langar, the common kitchen, in which he helped by cleaning the utensils, making roti or distributing food to the sangat (people coming to the Gurdwara). He even cleaned the floor of the Gurudwara in the evening. One day, someone fell from the roof of the Gurdwara and was badly injured. Bhagat Puran Singh immediately rushed"}, {"context": "him to the local 'Mu Hospital'. Experiencing inner joy after helping the patient, he took a man with badly bleeding leg, full of vermin, to a hospital where he expressed his thanks to Ramjidas telling him, \"Son! Now I can die a peaceful death.\" With this incident, the service of humanity became the mission of his life. Now he would wander here and there finding the injured, physically handicapped persons, taking them to the hospital. He also took care of them as his pocket and capability allowed. Once, he even washed the clothes of an old, poor beggar who was"}, {"context": "suffering from diarrhoea. On a moonless night in 1934, someone left a four-year-old child, a boy stricken with leprosy at the door of Gurdwara Dehra Sahib. After performing prayers for the child's wellbeing, the then Head Granthi of the Gurudwara, Jathedar Acchar Singh, handed him over to Ramjidas, who named the boy Piara Singh. Rather than handing the child over to a centre for lepers, if any existed, Bhagat Puran Singh decided to care for and raise him himself. This incident was to completely transform the face of his life. After the partition of India in 1947, Bhagat Puran Singh"}, {"context": "reached a refugee camp in Amritsar which housed over 25 000 refugees with just 5 annas(0.3 rupees) in his pocket. A large number of refugees were critically wounded and incapable of nursing themselves. The government didn't make any arrangements to take care of these refugees. Bhagat Puran Singh took the initiative, he took some chloroform and turpentine oil and started treating the wounds of these refugees. He would often go in the nearby colonies to get food for the hungry and medicine for the ill. Bhagat Puran Singh was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991, for his selfless"}, {"context": "work, feeding, clothing, and tending sick and dying people. From 1947 till 1958, Bhagat Puran Singh did not get a permanent dwelling. He could be seen outside the chief Khalsa Diwan, post offices, railway stations or under the tree outside the office of the Civil Surgeon. He would wander in the streets, asking for donations to help the needy. Some people offered to help him, but most of the others kept themselves from donating towards the noble needy. But at that time only one person stand with him to serve humanity whose name was des Raj bindra. At last, he"}, {"context": "and des Raj bindra founded 'The All India Pingalwara Charitable Society' whose annual budget at that time was 12.5 million rupees and got it registered. Even today, this institution, headquartered at Tehsilpura, Grand Trunk road, Amritsar, works for helping the poor, the diseased and the physically and mentally handicapped. He died in 1992. Born to a Hindu father and Hindu mother who named him \"Ram ji dass\", he embraced Sikhism and took up the name Puran Singh. He was greatly inspired by the teachings of Sri Guru Granth Sahib and the Sikh Gurus. Bhagat Puran Singh, was born a Hindu,"}, {"context": "though he realised Sikhism via a simple observation. Whilst he was a child his family used to travel, from village to village. They took up residence in Mandirs (Hindu temples) and Gurdwaras (Sikh temples) in each village. In the Mandir, the high-caste priest (Brahman) ordered him to clean the temple, whilst the priest ate food in front of him without offering any. Whilst in the Gurdwara, the priest (Giani) gave the boy (Puran Singh) food without asking for anything in return. It is these subtle observations that changed his life. He was a mature environmentalist and visionary. He initiated tree"}, {"context": "plantation drives, organised talks and lectures on various issues concerning the environment and social life, and also wrote a large number of books regarding the same. Some of his famous works include \"Education of man\",\"Righteousness alone exalts a nation\",\"Plant or Perish\", \"The Way,\" \"The Increasing Population\", and many others. Along with Davinderpal Sandhu, he founded Spring Dale Senior School in 1980. He distributed free pamphlets and books to make the people aware of the impending dangers to the environment and society through the Pingalwara Society. Bhagat Puran Singh Chair for Studies in Selfless Service to Humanity was established at Guru"}, {"context": "Nanak Dev University, Amritsar in year 2005. Objective of this chair was to highlight the contribution of Bhagat Puran Singh Ji in the betterment of our society and how his philosophy can be used for a healthy and prosperous future. Commemorative postage stamps on Bhagat Puran Singh, as a mark of paying tribute to a great self-regulated person was released by Ministry of Communications & Information Technology in year 2004. The stamp is in the denomination of Rs five. Bhagat Puran Singh was portrayed in a movie named Eh Janam Tumhare Lekhe with Pavan Malhotra in leading role.The Movie was"}, {"context": "released on 30 January 2015 Bhagat Puran Singh Bhagat Puran Singh (4 June 1904 \u2013 5 August 1992) was born in Rajewal (Rohno) Ludhiana district, Punjab. Born into a Hindu family, he was given the name Ramji Das as a child. Later, while still a child, he chose to become a Sikh. Though he never finished his basic schooling, he became a writer, a (self) publisher, an environmentalist, and a philanthropist. He is perhaps best remembered for the home he founded in Amritsar, India, named Pingalwara, a home which long after his death, is still tending to the castaways of"}]}, {"title": "Never Ending Tour 2010", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Never Ending Tour 2010 The Never Ending Tour is the popular name for Bob Dylan's endless touring schedule since June 7, 1988. The tour started off with 14 shows in Japan including a 7 show run at Zepp Tokyo before moving on to a concert in South Korea, the first he had performed there. After completing the Asian tour Dylan and the band performed a European Summer Tour comprising 27 dates including his only United Kingdom performance of the year at the Hop Farm Festival in Kent. The European tour finished the next day in Limerick, Ireland. After touring Europe"}, {"context": "Dylan returned home to the United States for a month-long summer tour beginning on August 4 in Austin, Texas and ending on September 4 in Seattle, Washington and Bumbershoot. John Mellencamp was Dylan's co-headliner for approximately half of the shows. The fall tour was mainly a tour of College venues and some smaller theaters such as the Murat Theater in Indianapolis. The tour came to a close in Mashantucket, Connecticut on November 27 after 102 shows. Never Ending Tour 2010 The Never Ending Tour is the popular name for Bob Dylan's endless touring schedule since June 7, 1988. The tour"}]}, {"title": "Little League World Series (Middle East-Africa Region)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Little League World Series (Middle East-Africa Region) The Middle East\u2013Africa Region was one of the eight \"international\" (non-U.S.) regions that participated in the Little League World Series from 2008 to . The Arabian-American Little League in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia won each of the three MEA championships until 2011 when the Reverend John Foundation Little League from Kampala, Uganda won the tournament, however the team from Uganda was not able to participate after their visa applications to enter the United States were denied, and Dhahran was invited to participate in their place. In 2012, a team from Lugazi, Uganda won the"}, {"context": "tournament. Prior to 2008, Middle Eastern and African teams competed in either the Europe/Middle East/Africa region (EMEA) or the Transatlantic region. The Transatlantic and EMEA regions were geographically identical. Leagues from the Transatlantic region generally consisted of children and other dependents of American expatriates, typically Armed Forces personnel, international organization members, and oil company workers (such as the team representing the Saudi Aramco Residential Camp in Dhahran). The leagues within the EMEA region consisted of players native to the league's own country. In practice, however, only European teams competed in the EMEA region, as no teams from the Middle East"}, {"context": "or Africa ever competed for the regional championship. The region was disbanded following the 2012 LLWS due to a major reorganization triggered by Little League's announcement that Australia would receive an automatic berth beginning with the 2013 LLWS. As a result of this announcement: The list below lists each country's participant in the MEA Little League Region Tournament. That year's winner is indicated in green. \"As of the 2012 Little League World Series.\" Lugazi, Uganda won the regional championship in 2012 and became the first African team to compete in the Little League World Series. Not all the players were"}, {"context": "able to make the trip due to costs. Traditionally, the team practices barefoot, but Little League World Series supporters provided the team with baseball cleats. Justine Makisimu made the first African hit (base hit). As popular as this team became, they were not one of the top contenders in the Little League World Series. Uganda lost to Panama 9\u20133, and Mexico 12\u20130, eliminating them in two games. However, they beat Oregon 3-2 in a Consolation Game. Little League World Series (Middle East-Africa Region) The Middle East\u2013Africa Region was one of the eight \"international\" (non-U.S.) regions that participated in the Little"}]}, {"title": "Peter Bosek", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Peter Bosek Peter Bosek (born 5 June 1968 in Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian bank manager and has been a member of Erste Group Bank AG\u2019s Management Board, with responsibility for retail banking, since January 2015. Peter Bosek was born and grew up in Vienna, where he studied at the law faculty of the University of Vienna. After earning a doctorate in this field 1993, Peter Bosek worked as an assistant at the law faculty\u2019s Institute of Constitutional and Administrative Law. In 1996, he launched his banking career at Erste \u00f6sterreichische Spar-Casse, where he held a number of successive management"}, {"context": "functions, particularly in the areas of housing construction and real estate, as well as in handling the bank\u2019s branch network. At the same time, Bosek continued to work as a lecturer in law at the University of Vienna between 1996 and 2005. In 2007, Bosek joined the management board of Austria\u2019s Erste Bank der \u00f6sterreichischen Sparkassen AG as the member responsible for the retail segment. His responsibilities as a board member were widened in 2010 to also include the fields of Corporates and Key Accounts. On 1 January 2015, he assumed the newly-created position of Chief Retail Officer on the"}, {"context": "management board of Erste Group Bank AG. In addition to overseeing the retail banking segment across Erste Group\u2019s banking subsidiaries, this position also entails management responsibility for the banking group\u2019s internal fintech Erste Hub and its digital innovation unit BeeOne, which are responsible for the development of \u201cGeorge\u201d, Erste Group\u2019s widely acknowledged digital banking platform. Peter Bosek frequently serves as a speaker at financial services industry workshops and conferences, including recent speaker or panel member roles at Money 20/20 Europe, mobey forum, 4GameChangers and several Handelsblatt banking conferences. In addition to classical retail banking-related topics, Bosek\u2019s focus in such events"}, {"context": "tends to be on how digitalization is impacting the banking sector, as well as on the start-up economy. In addition to his Erste Group functions, Peter Bosek also hold a supervisory board mandates at Wiener St\u00e4dtische Versicherung AG Vienna Insurance Group. Peter Bosek Peter Bosek (born 5 June 1968 in Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian bank manager and has been a member of Erste Group Bank AG\u2019s Management Board, with responsibility for retail banking, since January 2015. Peter Bosek was born and grew up in Vienna, where he studied at the law faculty of the University of Vienna. After earning"}]}, {"title": "Bhatiali", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bhatiali Bhatiali or \"bhatiyali\" is a form of folk music in both Bangladesh and West Bengal. Bhatiali is known as river song (or related with river as metaphor) mostly sung by boatmen while going down streams of the river. The word \"bhatiyali\" comes from \"bhata\" meaning \"ebb\" or downstream. It is mostly sung in several parts of greater riparian Bengal delta. Researchers have claimed Mymensingh District along the Brahmaputra River or the \"Bhati\" (lower region of a river) area as its place of origin. Bhaitaili lyrics are traditionally about boating, fishing and rivers. Among the 14 subjects of folk music"}, {"context": "in Bangladesh, that includes \"Deha-tatva\" (about the body) and \"Murshid-tatva\" (about the guru), Bhatiali deals with \"Prakriti-tatva\" (about nature). In the contemporary subcontinental music scene, Saurav Moni is eminently known as an international Bhatiali performer from India. He hails from Hingalganj, southernmost part of West Bengal, India. He has unearthed a distinct style of Bhatiali from Southern Bengal and added them with the mainstream Bhatiali which requires further attention to expand the horizon of Bhatiali. Moni left the audience spellbound on the set of MTV Coke Studio (Season 1, 2011) singing a rare Bhatiali 'Shara Raatro Nouka Baiya' along with"}, {"context": "Bollywood singer Shaan who sang \"O Majhi re\". He has presented Bhatiali in various festivals like Celtic Connections, Scotland, Alchemy Festival in London, Lok Sangeet Sammelan in Delhi, Shrewsbury Folk Festival in Shropshire UK, Jaypur Literature Festival in Rajasthan, India, National folk festival in Kerala, India, and the Les Orientales Festival in France. He is also known as a collector of rare folk songs, vocal archivist and researcher of unexplored folk genres of Bengal. Bhatiali Bhatiali or \"bhatiyali\" is a form of folk music in both Bangladesh and West Bengal. Bhatiali is known as river song (or related with river"}]}, {"title": "Chicago Express (ship)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Chicago Express (ship) Chicago Express is a container ship for the Hapag Lloyd Container Linie, and is one of eight in the \"Colombo Express\" class. This ship is one of the largest container ships in the world. The Chicago Express is currently on the Far East \u2013 Europe trade route. The \"Chicago Express\" is a fully cellular container ship. It was built in 2006 by Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., in Ulsan, South Korea. Her gross tonnage is 91,020, her net tonnage is 100,000, and her deadweight is 103,890. She is long and is at the beam. Her draught is"}, {"context": "12.4 m (41 ft), her draft is 12.4 m (41 ft), her depth is 24.6 m (81 ft). The \"Chicago Express\" has a TEU capacity of 8749, with plugs for 730 reefer containers. The \"Chicago Express\" is powered by Kawasaki-MAN B&W 12K98ME. These engines are two stroke and have twelve cylinders. The engine turns a single screw or one propeller which is tunnel thruster design. The engine can produce 68,640 kW (92,050 horsepower) of power. The \"Chicago Express\" is not only a cargo ship, but also a training ship. On September 5, 2006, eight nautical officer cadets stepped on board"}, {"context": "the \"Chicago Express\" in order to get real-life training and progress their future in the industry. In October, the ship also welcomed aboard seven mechanic apprentices. The cadets sailed with the \"Chicago Express\" for one year to fulfill their training requirement. In September 2008, the \"Chicago Express\" was sailing out of Hong Kong when it ran into a typhoon. The resulting storm initially caused the ship to go in a parametric roll, in which the ship rocked side to side 32 degrees. To decrease this effect, the ship master was able to change direction of the ship and brought the"}, {"context": "rolls down to 20 degrees. The ship encountered a sudden wave which made the ship list at 44 degrees for ten seconds. Everyone on the bridge was \"catapulted across the bridge\", the report said, except the second officer. A Filipino AB on the bridge succumbed to his wounds sustained during the incident and was pronounced dead, while the master was airlifted to Hong Kong for treatment of serious injuries. An investigation of this event revealed that there was not a sufficient number of hand rails on the bridge of the ship. This accident and several similar ones caused the ship"}, {"context": "designers to question some designs of new ships. The \"Chicago Express\" was caught up in a shipping scandal in a port in Hampshire. Reportedly officials found a banned sweet, that caused the deaths of four children earlier in the year, in a couple of containers from the ship. This gave the officials probable cause to search the rest of the ship's cargo, in which they also found illegally imported goods such as 20,000 cigarettes, shrimp paste, condensed milk and beef jerky. The companies that tried to import the illegal goods got a notice for the destruction of the goods and"}, {"context": "Customs and Excise will charge them for the service. Chicago Express (ship) Chicago Express is a container ship for the Hapag Lloyd Container Linie, and is one of eight in the \"Colombo Express\" class. This ship is one of the largest container ships in the world. The Chicago Express is currently on the Far East \u2013 Europe trade route. The \"Chicago Express\" is a fully cellular container ship. It was built in 2006 by Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., in Ulsan, South Korea. Her gross tonnage is 91,020, her net tonnage is 100,000, and her deadweight is 103,890. She is"}]}, {"title": "Battle of Boyaca\u0301", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Battle of Boyac\u00e1 The Battle of Boyac\u00e1 (1819), was the decisive battle that ensured the success of Bol\u00edvar's campaign to liberate New Granada. The battle of Boyaca is considered the beginning of the independence of the North of South America, and is considered important because it led to the victories of the battle of Carabobo in Venezuela, Pichincha in Ecuador, and Jun\u00edn and Ayacucho in Peru. New Granada acquired its definitive independence from the Spanish Monarchy, although fighting with royalist forces would continue for years. Brigadier Generals Francisco de Paula Santander and Jos\u00e9 Antonio Anzo\u00e1tegui led a combined republican army"}, {"context": "of Newgranadians to defeat in two hours a Royalist Newgranadian forces led by Spanish Colonels Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Barreiro and Francisco Jim\u00e9nez. The battle occurred 150 km from Bogot\u00e1 in the Andes Mountains, in a place known as \"Casa de Teja\", close to a bridge over the Teatinos River and 3 roads heading to Samaca, Motavita and Tunja, an area which is now part of the Boyac\u00e1 Department. On August 7, 1819, after Bol\u00edvar secured a narrow victory at Vargas Swamp Battle, both armies headed towards Bogot\u00e1, which was lightly defended. The capture of the capital in the hands of the"}, {"context": "Patriot Army would effectively cut off the advance of the republican army and give the strategic initiative to its opponents. At 6:00 a.m., the Spanish forces (Newgranadians-Venezuelan loyalist soldiers) departed from Motavita towards Casa de Teja, a distance of only 25 km which the Spaniards completed in 7 hours 30 minutes, at an average speed of 18 minutes per kilometer. At 10:00 a.m. General Santander's forces departed from Tunja toward Casa de Piedra and the road to Bogota. The Patriot forces completed the 16 km in 4 hours (at an average rate of 15 minutes per kilometer). The Republican forces"}, {"context": "split in two: the vanguard reached Casa de Teja at 1:30 p.m., while the rearguard stopped a kilometer and a half behind to get some rest. Shortly before 2:00 p.m., Capitan Andres Ibarra and his forces spotted Casa de Teja and the vanguard of the Republican Army. The Spaniards spotted him too, and Coronel Sebastian Dias, chief of the vanguard of the Spanish army ordered to follow and engage what he believed was only a small observation force. They returned and General Santander ordered Lieutenant Coronel Paris to attack the Republican forces. The Spanish vanguard crossed a strategic bridge over"}, {"context": "the Teatinos River and took attack positions there. Meanwhile, the full force of the Patriot army under Santander had reached Casa de Piedra. The Spanish rearguard was still several kilometers behind, so General Anzo\u00e1tegui ordered to block the way between the vanguard and the rearguard of the Spanish forces. The rearguard, outnumbered, retreated to a small hill close to Casa de Piedra. Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar's forces arrived from Paipa, after the Vargas Swamp battle. He ordered a flank attack on the Spanish rearguard: battalions Barcelona and Bravos de Paez were to attack on the right side while the Legion Britanica and"}, {"context": "Rifles Battalion attacked on the left. The enemy assumed battle positions: in the center were three artillery pieces surrounded by royal battalions 12 and 22, and on the wings, cavalry units. Arthur Sandes commander of Rifles Battalion charges the royalist artillery. Outnumbered, the Spanish rear guard began to retreat without any clear direction. Therefore, Bol\u00edvar ordered lancers units to attack the center of the Republican infantry, while a full cavalry squadron ran away from the battle via the road towards Samaca. Bareiro attempted to break the blockage of the Patriot forces and rendezvous with the Spanish vanguard but heavy enemy"}, {"context": "fire forced him and his forces to surrender. Meanwhile, one kilometer and a half behind Casa de Piedra, the Patriot vanguard managed to ford the river and was approaching the rear of the Republican vanguard force. Once it reached them, the vanguard forces engaged in battle, while the rearguard attempted to cross the river by force, using bayonets. The Spanish forces fled, leaving on the bridge their leader, Coronel Juan Taira. As the assembly of enemy prisoners began, the battle was over shortly after 4:00 p.m. At least 1,600 troops and several of the Spanish commanders, including Barreiro himself, were"}, {"context": "captured at the end of the battle. New Granada's liberation was assured by this victory, which left the road to Bogot\u00e1 and the city itself practically undefended, as the survivors headed towards other locations. After the battle, Santander and Anzo\u00e1tegui were promoted to Divisional General. On the orders of Santander, Colonel Barreiro and 38 more were executed in Bogot\u00e1 on October 11, 1819, because of the Decree of War to the Death. The bridge in question, el Puente de Boyac\u00e1, is no longer in use but it has been maintained as a symbol of the Independence of South America. Viceroy"}, {"context": "Juan de Samano was informed of the defeat and managed to escape, which brought to an end the reign of the Spanish Empire in northern Latin America. In commemoration of this battle, August 7 is a national holiday in Colombia. On this date every 4 years the elected President of Colombia is proclaimed in the Casa de Nari\u00f1o. Bogot\u00e1 starts the usual celebrations one day in advance in commemoration of the foundation of the city, on August 6, 1538. Battle of Boyac\u00e1 The Battle of Boyac\u00e1 (1819), was the decisive battle that ensured the success of Bol\u00edvar's campaign to liberate"}]}, {"title": "Beale Memorial Clock Tower", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Beale Memorial Clock Tower Beale Memorial Clock Tower is a clock tower located in Bakersfield, California. It was a gift to the city; built by Truxtun Beale in memory of his mother, Mary Edwards Beale. It was dedicated on April 4, 1904, and was built in the middle of the intersection of 17th St. and Chester Ave. When he was ambassador to Spain, Beale was inspired by a clock tower he saw there. He hired architect Clinton Day to design it. In 1910, the Bakersfield and Kern Electric Railway started planning a double track upgrade on the South Chester Line."}, {"context": "The Beale Clock Tower was right in the path of that line upgrade. On January 22, 1912, the Bakersfield City Council voted to remove the clock tower. However, after protest from citizens, and Truxtun Beale, who built it only eight years earlier, it was decided to leave the clock tower. Tracks were built around it, which would create future traffic problems. However, the citizens at the time were content to drive around the narrow space. The clock tower continued to stand until the 1952 Kern County earthquake sequence took place in July and August. Being damaged by the earthquake, the"}, {"context": "city council again voted to demolish it. The only parts to survive were the: clock works, bell, iron spiral stairwell, balcony railings, and arch iron grillwork. In 1961, a group of local citizens organized an effort to rebuild the clock tower. The new clock tower would be built in front of the Kern County Museum on Chester Ave, approximately 1.25 miles north of its original location. It was dedicated on December 13, 1964 to the County of Kern. Beale Memorial Clock Tower Beale Memorial Clock Tower is a clock tower located in Bakersfield, California. It was a gift to the"}]}, {"title": "I (Meshuggah EP)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "I (Meshuggah EP) I is a one-song EP by Swedish metal band Meshuggah. It was released on July 13, 2004, by Fractured Transmitter Recording Company. A remastered reissue of the EP was released on September 30, 2014. Meshuggah drummer Tomas Haake said of the EP, \"That whole track was written and recorded just on random. Me and Fredrik would just jam on something, and when we found something that was kind of cool, he would walk into the control room. I would just record drums and it wasn't a set pattern, I would just kind of stray away from the"}, {"context": "pattern, but just keep going in that vibe. Then we had to chart everything and go bar by bar to record the guitars afterwards, because it's all just random.\" Haake later commented that the song was \"[o]riginally recorded for Jason Popson's Fractured Transmitter record label\" and that it was a \"'one-off' that Nuclear Blast gave us the go-ahead for \u2014 as we were under contract with them.\" I (Meshuggah EP) I is a one-song EP by Swedish metal band Meshuggah. It was released on July 13, 2004, by Fractured Transmitter Recording Company. A remastered reissue of the EP was released"}]}, {"title": "Saudi Investment Company", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Saudi Investment Company The Saudi Investment Company (SICO), headquartered Geneva, Switzerland and founded on May 19, 1980, represents the worldwide interests of the Saudi Binladin Group. The Geneva-based SICO is the parent house for the Group's international financial activities and investments, with branches in London and Cura\u00e7ao. The Cura\u00e7ao branch, established in 1984, manages the bin Laden group's partnership with the American Daniels Realty Corporation (Duspic), part of the Fluor Corporation conglomerate. It is partly through the bin Ladens' influence that the Fluor group was one of the major recipients of reconstruction contracts in Kuwait. The company is chaired by"}, {"context": "Yeslam bin Laden, a half-brother of the more infamous Osama bin Laden. Board members include Beatrice Dufour (a sister-in-law of Yeslam), noted Swiss lawyer Baudoin Dunant, Charles Rochat, and Tilouine el Hanafi. Included among SICO's more notable business partners is the Pakistani businessman Akberali Moawalla, who, on December 5, 2001, would come under the scrutiny of French investigative authorities for his role in a \u20ac241 million transfer made to Pakistan in 2000 from an account belonging to a company called Cambridge, an SBG subsidiary, that was opened at Deutsche Bank in Geneva, according to the \"Le Monde\". U.S. authorities were"}, {"context": "aware of the existence of those funds, which they believe were transferred into an account belonging jointly to Osama bin Laden and someone of Pakistani nationality, according to the French paper. Saudi Investment Company The Saudi Investment Company (SICO), headquartered Geneva, Switzerland and founded on May 19, 1980, represents the worldwide interests of the Saudi Binladin Group. The Geneva-based SICO is the parent house for the Group's international financial activities and investments, with branches in London and Cura\u00e7ao. The Cura\u00e7ao branch, established in 1984, manages the bin Laden group's partnership with the American Daniels Realty Corporation (Duspic), part of the"}]}, {"title": "Thomas Childs", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Thomas Childs Thomas Childs (16 March 1796 \u2013 8 October 1853) was a U.S. soldier who served with distinction during the Mexican\u2013American War. Childs was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, the son and grandson of Revolutionary War veterans. He graduated from West Point in 1814 and fought in the Niagara campaign during the War of 1812 as an officer of artillery. He was later sent to Florida where he fought against Indians during the Seminole Wars. For his distinguished services there he received a brevet promotion of lieutenant colonel in 1841. Sent to Texas, he took command of an artillery battalion"}, {"context": "which he commanded at the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. He received a brevet to colonel for these two battles. At the battle of Monterrey, General William J. Worth placed Childs in charge of an attacking column composed of infantry and artillery. He successfully attacked the Bishop's Palace on the western end of the city. He transferred to Winfield Scott's army with the rest of the division and was Worth's chief-of-staff during the Siege of Veracruz. After the Battle of Cerro Gordo General Scott appointed Childs military governor of Jalapa and once Scott moved into the"}, {"context": "Valley of Mexico Childs was then appointed military governor of Puebla. He held this post during the battles for Mexico City. The day before Mexico City surrendered, Childs' garrison at Puebla came under siege. During the following siege of Puebla Childs repeatedly refused to surrender and was able to successfully repulse the Mexican attacks until a relief force under General Joseph Lane arrived and defeated the besiegers. For his defense of the city Childs was brevetted to brigadier general. After the war Childs was placed in command of Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor. He was then placed in charge of"}, {"context": "military operations in Florida. He died in his headquarters at Fort Brooke, and was buried at St. Paul's Cemetery in Alexandria, Virginia. Thomas Childs Thomas Childs (16 March 1796 \u2013 8 October 1853) was a U.S. soldier who served with distinction during the Mexican\u2013American War. Childs was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, the son and grandson of Revolutionary War veterans. He graduated from West Point in 1814 and fought in the Niagara campaign during the War of 1812 as an officer of artillery. He was later sent to Florida where he fought against Indians during the Seminole Wars. For his distinguished"}]}, {"title": "Ministry of Justice (Transnistria)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ministry of Justice (Transnistria) The Ministry of Justice of Transnistria (Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika) ensures the law-making activity of the President of the Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika and executive bodies of state power by doing the following: In 1991, the Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika (PMR) leadership faced the rather difficult task of preserving what was inherited from the Soviet Union in terms of economy, social sphere, education, culture, rule of law and human rights protection. The young republic needed to form a new system of public authorities and government. Thus, in May 1991, the structure of the PMR government was approved and there"}, {"context": "was an initial effort to create administrations rather than ministries. On July 24, 1991, the Edict of the President of the PMR formulated the Department of Justice. On September 8, 1992, the Ministry of Justice of the PMR was established by the decree of the Supreme Council of the PMR on the basis of the Republican Department of Justice. It was necessary to re-staff all the organs of justice such as the people's courts, the departments of the registry office, the notary, and the bar. As of August 20, 1992, the notary's office of Dubossary (Dubossary district) has passed under"}, {"context": "the jurisdiction of the PMR. Notary offices were established on June 1, 1993 in the cities of Tiraspol, Bendery, Grigoriopol, Rybnitsa, Kamenka and Slobodzeya. In mid-2000, the executive bodies of state power were reorganized and the PMR Cabinet of Ministers was formed. Significant changes that have occurred in all branches of public administration have also affected the justice bodies. In 2001, on the initiative of the Ministry of Justice, the Assembly of Acts of Legislation (SAZ) of the PMR was published for the first time in the Republic. In 2003, by the decree of the President of the PMR, the"}, {"context": "Criminal Justice Department of the Ministry of Justice was reorganized into the State Service for the Execution of Sentences and Judgments, which included the Department for Execution of Judicial Decisions. It laid the groundwork for the formation of an independent structure\u2014namely the Judicial Service Service under the Ministry of Justice. On January 1, 2008, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the PMR, the State Registration and Notariate Service was established. The Ministry of Justice has priorities such as the enforcement of criminal penalties appointed by the courts in criminal cases, the execution of judgments in civil and"}, {"context": "administrative cases, the implementation of state registration of legal facts and the issuance of licenses, the ensuring of the protection of the rights and legal interests of citizens and legal entities in the implementation of notarial acts, and further improving the current Transnistrian legislation on the basis of its harmonization with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The ministry is structured as follows: It was created on September 8, 1992 by the Decree of the Supreme Council of the PMR on the basis of the Republican Department of Justice Ministry of Justice (Transnistria) The Ministry of Justice of Transnistria (Pridnestrovskaia"}]}, {"title": "Abbey", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Abbey An abbey is a complex of buildings used by members of a religious order under the governance of an abbot or abbess. It provides a place for religious activities, work, and housing of Christian monks and nuns. The concept of the abbey has developed over many centuries from the early monastic ways of religious men and women where they would live isolated from the lay community about them. Religious life in an abbey may be monastic. An abbey may be the home of an enclosed religious order or may be open to visitors. The layout of the church and"}, {"context": "associated buildings of an abbey often follows a set plan determined by the founding religious order. Abbeys are often self-sufficient while using any abundance of produce or skill to provide care to the poor and needy, refuge to the persecuted, or education to the young. Some abbeys offer accommodation to people who are seeking spiritual retreat. There are many famous abbeys across Europe. The earliest known Christian monasteries were groups of huts built near the residence of a famous ascetic or other holy person. Disciples wished to be close to their holy man or woman in order to study their"}, {"context": "doctrine or imitate their way of life. In the earliest times of Christian monasticism, ascetics would live in social isolation but near a village church. They would subsist whilst donating any excess produce to the poor. However, increasing religious fervor about the ascetic's ways and or persecution of them would drive them further away from their community and further into solitude. For instance, the cells and huts of anchorites (religious recluses) have been found in the deserts of Egypt. In 312 AD, Anthony the Great retired to the Thebaid region of Egypt to escape the persecution of the Emperor Maximian."}, {"context": "Anthony was the best known of the anchorites of his time due to his degree of austerity, sanctity and his powers of exorcism. The deeper he withdrew into the wilderness, the more numerous his disciples became. They refused to be separated from him and built their cells close to him. This became a first true monastic community. Anthony, according to Johann August Wilhelm Neander, inadvertently became the founder of a new mode of living in common, Coenobitism. At Tabennae on the Nile, in Upper Egypt, Saint Pachomius laid the foundations for the coenobitical life by arranging everything in an organized"}, {"context": "manner. He built several monasteries, each with about 1,600 separate cells laid out in lines. These cells formed an encampment where the monks slept and performed some of their manual tasks. There were nearby large halls such as the church, refectory, kitchen, infirmary, and guest house for the monk's common needs. An enclosure protecting all these buildings gave the settlement the appearance of a walled village. This layout, known as the \"laurae\" (lanes), became popular throughout Palestine. As well as the \"laurae\", communities known as \"caenobia\" developed. These were monasteries where monks lived a common life together. The monks were"}, {"context": "not permitted to retire to the cells of a laurae before they had undergone a lengthy period of training. In time, this form of common life superseded that of the older laurae. In the late 300s AD, Palladius visited the Egyptian monasteries. He described three hundred members of the coenobium of Panopolis. There were fifteen tailors, seven smiths, four carpenters, twelve camel-drivers and fifteen tanners. These people were divided into subgroups, each with its own \"oeconomus\". A chief steward was at the head of the monastery. The produce of the monastery was brought to Alexandria for sale. The moneys raised"}, {"context": "were used to purchase stores for the monastery or were given away as charity. Twice in the year, the superiors of several coenobia met at the chief monastery, under the presidency of an \"archimandrite\" (the \"chief of the fold\" from the word, \"miandra\" (a sheepfold)) in order to make their reports. Chrysostom recorded the workings of a coenobia in the vicinity of Antioch. The monks lived in separate huts (\"kalbbia\") which formed a religious hamlet on the mountainside. They were subject to an abbot, and observed a common rule. The layout of the monastic coenobium was influenced by a number"}, {"context": "of factors. These included a need for defence, economy of space, and convenience of access. The layout of buildings became compact and orderly. Larger buildings were erected and defence was provided by strong outside walls. Within the walls, the buildings were arranged around one or more open courts surrounded by cloisters. The usual arrangement for monasteries of the Eastern world is exemplified in the plan of the convent of the Great Lavra at Mount Athos. With reference to the diagram, right, the convent of the Great Lavra is enclosed within a strong and lofty blank stone wall. The area within"}, {"context": "the wall is between three and four acres (12,000 and 16,000 m\u00b2). The longer side is about in length. There is only one entrance, which is located on the north side (A), defended by three iron doors. Near the entrance is a large tower (M), a constant feature in the monasteries of the Levant (Eastern Mediterranean area). There is a small postern gate at L. The enceinte comprises two large open courts, surrounded with buildings connected with cloister galleries of wood or stone. The outer court, which is the larger by far, contains the granaries and storehouses (K), the kitchen"}, {"context": "(H) and other offices connected with the refectory (G). Immediately adjacent to the gateway is a two-storied guest-house, entered from a cloister (C). The inner court is surrounded by a cloister (EE) from which one enters the monks' cells (II). In the centre of this court stands the katholikon or conventual church, a square building with an apse of the cruciform domical Byzantine type, approached by a domed narthex. In front of the church stands a marble fountain (F), covered by a dome supported on columns. Opening from the western side of the cloister, but actually standing in the outer"}, {"context": "court, is the refectory (G), a large cruciform (cross shaped) building, about square, decorated within with frescoes of saints. At the upper end is a semicircular recess, similar to the triclinium of the Lateran Palace in Rome, in which is placed the seat of the hegumenos or abbot. This apartment is chiefly used as a meeting place, with the monks usually taking their meals in their separate cells. Monasticism in the West began with the activities of Benedict of Nursia (born 480 AD). Near Nursia, a town in Perugia, Italy, a first abbey was established at Monte Cassino (529 AD)."}, {"context": "Between 520 and 700 AD, monasteries were built which were spacious and splendid. All the city states of Italy hosted a Benedictine convent as did the cities of England, France and Spain. By 1415 AD, the time of the Council of Constance, 15,070 Benedictine monasteries had been established. The early Benedictine monasteries, including the first at Monte Cassino, were constructed on the plan of the Roman villa. The layout of the Roman villa was quite consistent throughout the Roman Empire and where possible, the monks reused available villas in sound repair. This was done at Monte Cassino. However, over time,"}, {"context": "changes to the common villa lay out occurred. The monks required buildings which suited their religious and day-to-day activities. No overriding specification was demanded of the monks but the similarity of their needs resulted in uniformity of design of abbeys across Europe. Eventually, the buildings of a Benedictine abbey were built in a uniform lay out, modified where necessary, to accommodate local circumstances. The plan of the Abbey of Saint Gall (719 AD) indicates the general arrangement of a Benedictine monastery of its day. According to the architect Robert Willis (architect) (1800\u20131875) the Abbey's lay out is that of a"}, {"context": "town of individual houses with streets running between them. The abbey was planned in compliance with the Benedictine rule that, if possible, a monastery should be self-contained. For instance, there was a mill, a bakehouse, stables, and cattle stalls. In all, there were thirty-three separate structures; mostly one level wooden buildings. The Abbey church occupied the centre of a quadrangular area, about square. On the eastern side of the north transept of the church was the \"scriptorium\" or writing-room, with a library above. The church and nearby buildings ranged about the cloister, a court about which there was a covered"}, {"context": "arcade which allowed sheltered movement between the buildings. The nave of the church was on the north boundary of the cloister. On the east side of the cloister, on the ground floor, was the \"pisalis\" or \"calefactory\". This was a common room, warmed by flues beneath the floor. Above the common room was the dormitory. The dormitory opened onto the cloister and also onto the south transept of the church. This enabled the monks to attend nocturnal services. A passage at the other end of the dormitory lead to the \"necessarium\" (latrines). On the south side of the cloister was"}, {"context": "the refectory. The kitchen, at the west end of the refectory was accessed via an anteroom and a long passage. Nearby were the bake house, brew house and the sleeping-rooms of the servants. The upper story of the refectory was called the \"vestiarium\" (a room where the ordinary clothes of the monks were stored). On the western side of the cloister was another two-story building with a cellar on the ground floor and the larder and store-room on the upper floor. Between this building and the church was a parlour for receiving visitors. One door of the parlour led to"}, {"context": "the cloisters and the other led to the outer part of the Abbey. Against the outer wall of the church was a school and headmaster's house. The school consisted of a large schoolroom divided in the middle by a screen or partition, and surrounded by fourteen little rooms, the \"dwellings of the scholars\". The abbott's home was near the school. To the north of the church and to the right of the main entrance to the Abbey, was a residence for distinguished guests. To the left of the main entrance was a building to house poor travellers and pilgrims. There"}, {"context": "was also a building to receive visiting monks. These \"hospitia\" had a large common room or refectory surrounded by bed rooms. Each hospitium had its own brewhouse and bakehouse, and the building for more prestigious travellers had a kitchen and storeroom, with bedrooms for the guests' servants and stables for their horses. The monks of the Abbey lived in a house built against the north wall of the church. The whole of the southern and western areas of the Abbey were devoted to workshops, stables and farm-buildings including stables, ox-sheds, goatstables, piggeries, and sheep-folds, as well as the servants' and"}, {"context": "labourers' quarters. In the eastern part of the Abbey there was a group of buildings representing in layout, two complete miniature monasteries. That is, each had a covered cloister surrounded by the usual buildings such as the church, the refectory, the dormitory and so on. A detached building belonging to each contained a bathroom and a kitchen. One of the miniature complexes was called the \"oblati\". These were the buildings for the novices. The other complex was a hospital or infirmary for the care of sick monks. This infirmary complex included a physician's residence, a physic garden, a drug store,"}, {"context": "and a chamber for the critically ill. There was also a room for bloodletting and purging. The physic garden occupied the north east corner of the Abbey. In the southern most area of the abbey was the workshop containing utilities for shoemakers, saddlers (or shoemakers, sellarii), cutlers and grinders, trencher-makers, tanners, curriers, fullers, smiths and goldsmiths. The tradesmen's living quarters were at the rear of the workshop. Here, there were also farm buildings, a large granary and threshing-floor, mills, and malthouse. At the south-east corner of the Abbey were hen and duck houses, a poultry-yard, and the dwelling of the"}, {"context": "keeper. Nearby was the kitchen garden which complemented the physic garden and a cemetery orchard. Every large monastery had priories. A priory was a smaller structure or entities which depended on the monastery. Some were small monasteries accommodating five or ten monks. Others were no more than a single building serving as residence or a farm offices. The outlying farming establishments belonging to the monastic foundations were known as \"villae\" or \"granges\". They were usually staffed by lay-brothers, sometimes under the supervision of a monk. Many of today's cathedrals in England were originally Benedictine monasteries. These included Canterbury, Chester, Durham,"}, {"context": "Ely, Gloucester, Norwich, Peterborough, Rochester, Winchester, and Worcester. Shrewsbury Abbey in Shropshire was founded as a Benedictine monastery by the Normans in 1083. Westminster Abbey was founded in the tenth century by St. Dunstan who established a community of Benedictine monks. The only traces of St. Dunstan's monastery remaining are round arches and massive supporting columns of the undercroft and the Pyx Chamber. The cloister and buildings lie directly to the south of the church. Parallel to the nave, on the south side of the cloister, was a refectory, with a lavatory at the door. On the eastern side, there"}, {"context": "was a dormitory, raised on a vaulted substructure and communicating with the south transept and a chapter house (meeting room). A small cloister lay to the south-east of the large cloister. Beyond that was an infirmary with a table hall and a refectory for those who were able to leave their chambers. At the west entrance to the Abbey, there was a house and a small courtyard for the abbott. In 1055, St Mary's Abbey, York was built in England's north by the Order of Saint Benedict. It followed the common plan. The entrance to the abbey was through a"}, {"context": "strong gate on the northern side. Close to the entrance was a chapel. This was for visitors arriving at the Abbey to make their devotions. Near the gate was the hospitium (guest hall). The buildings are completely ruined, but the walls of the nave and the cloisters are still visible on the grounds of the Yorkshire Museum. The Abbey was surrounded by fortified walls on three sides. The River Ouse bordered the fourth side. The stone walls remain as an excellent example of English abbey walls. The Abbey of Cluny was founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine in 910"}, {"context": "AD at Cluny, Sa\u00f4ne-et-Loire, France. The Abbey was built in the Romanesque style. The Abbey was noted for its strict observance of the Rule of Saint Benedict. However, reforms resulted in many departures from this precedent. The Cluniac reforms brought focus to the traditions of monastic life, encouraging art and the caring of the poor. The Cluniac reforms quickly spread by the founding of new abbey complexes and also by adoption of the reforms by existing abbeys. By the twelfth century, the Abbey of Cluny was the head of an order consisting of 314 monasteries. The church at the Abbey"}, {"context": "was commenced in 1089 AD by St. Hugh, the sixth abbot. It was finished and consecrated by Pope Innocent II around 1132 AD. The church was regarded as one of the wonders of the Middle Ages. At in length, it was the largest church in Christendom until the completion of St. Peter's Basilica at Rome. The church consisted of five naves, a narthex (ante-church) which was added in 1220 AD, and several towers. Together with the conventual buildings, it covered an area of twenty-five acres. In the Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution in 1790 AD, the Abbey church"}, {"context": "was bought by the town and almost entirely destroyed. The first English house of the Cluniac order was built at Lewes, Sussex. It was founded by William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey in about 1077 AD. All but one of the Cluniac houses in Britain were known as priories, symbolizing their subordination to the Abbey of Cluny. All the Cluniac houses in England and Scotland were French colonies, governed by French priors who travelled to the Abbey of Cluny to consult or be consulted (unless the abbot of Cluny chose to come to Britain, which happened rarely). The priory"}, {"context": "at Paisley was an exception. In 1245 AD it was raised to the status of an abbey, answerable only to the Pope. The Austin canons were an order of regular clergy within the hierarchy of the Catholic church. They held a position between monks and secular canons. They were known as \"Black canons\" because of the colour of their habits. In 1105 AD, the first house of the order was established at St. Botolph's Priory, Colchester, Essex. The canons built very long naves to accommodate large congregations. The choirs were also long. Sometimes, as at Llanthony and Christchurch, Dorset(Twynham), the"}, {"context": "choir was closed from the aisles. At other abbeys of the order, such as Bolton or Kirkham, there were no aisles. The nave in the northern houses of the order often had only a north aisle (this is the case at Bolton, Brinkburn and Lanercost). The arrangement of the monastic buildings followed the ordinary plan. The prior's lodge was usually attached to the southwest angle of the nave. The Austin canons' house at Thornton, Lincolnshire had a large and magnificent gatehouse. The upper floors of the gatehouse formed the guest-house. The chapter-house was octagonal in shape. The plan of the"}, {"context": "Abbey of St Augustine's at Bristol (now the Bristol Cathedral) demonstrates the arrangement of the buildings by this order. The plan departs very little from the ordinary Benedictine type. The Premonstratensian regular canons, or \"White canons\", were of an order founded in 1119 AD by Norbert of Xanten. The order was a reformed branch of the Augustinian canons. From a marshy area in the Forest of Coucy in the diocese of Laon, the order spread widely. Even in Norbert's lifetime, the order had built abbeys in Aleppo, Syria and in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Of the Abbey of Saint Samuel,"}, {"context": "Denys Pringle wrote, \"The Premonstatensian abbey of Saint Samuel was a daughter house of Pr\u00e9montr\u00e9 itself. Its abbot had the status of a suffragan of the patriarch of Jerusalem, with the right to a cross, but not to a mitre nor a ring.\" It long maintained its rigid austerity, though in later years the abbey grew wealthier, and its members indulged in more frequent luxuries. Just after 1140 AD, the Premonstratensians were brought to England. Their first settlement was at Newhouse, Lincolnshire, near the Humber tidal estuary. There were as many as thirty-five Premonstratensian abbeys in England. The head abbey"}, {"context": "in England was at Welbeck but the best preserved are Easby Abbey in Yorkshire, and Bayham Old Abbey in Kent. The lay out of Easby Abbey is irregular due to its position on the edge of a steep river bank. The cloister is duly placed on the south side of the church, and the chief buildings occupy their usual positions around it. However, the cloister garth (quadrangle), as at Chichester, is not rectangular, and thus, all the surrounding buildings are positioned in an awkward fashion. The church follows the plan adopted by the Austin canons in their northern abbeys, and"}, {"context": "has only one aisle to the north of the nave, while the choir is long, narrow and without an aisle. Each transept has an aisle to the east, forming three chapels. The church at Bayham Old Abbey had no aisles in the nave or the choir. The latter terminated in a three-sided apse. The church is remarkable for its extreme narrowness in proportion to its length. While the building is long, it is not more than wide. Premonstratensian canons did not care to have congregations nor possessions. Therefore, they built their churches in the shape of a long room. The"}, {"context": "Cistercians, a Benedictine reform group, were established at C\u00eeteaux in 1098 AD by Robert of Molesme, Abbot of Molesme, for the purpose of restoring, as far as possible, the literal observance of the Rule of Saint Benedict. La Fert\u00e9, Pontigny, Clairvaux, and Morimond were the first four abbeys to follow C\u00eeteaux's example and others followed. The monks of C\u00eeteaux created the well known vineyards of Clos-Vougeot and Roman\u00e9e in Burgundy. The Cistercian principle of rigid self-abnegation carried over to the design of the order's churches and buildings. The defining architectural characteristic of the Cistercian abbeys was extreme simplicity and plainness."}, {"context": "Only a single, central tower was permitted, and that was usually very low. Unnecessary pinnacles and turrets were prohibited. The triforium was omitted. The windows were usually plain and undivided, and it was forbidden to decorate them with stained glass. All needless ornament was proscribed. The crosses were made of wood and the candlesticks of iron. The same principle governed the choice of site for Cistercian abbeys in that a most dismal site might be improved by the building of an abbey. The Cistercian monasteries were founded in deep, well-watered valleys, always standing at a stream's edge. The building might"}, {"context": "extend over the water as is the case at Fountains Abbey. These valleys, now rich and productive, had a very different appearance when the brethren first chose them as their place of retreat. Wide swamps, deep morasses, tangled thickets, and wild, impassable forests were their prevailing features. Clara Vallis of St Bernard, now the \"bright valley\" was originally, the \"Valley of Wormwood\". It was an infamous den of robbers. See also: The plan of a Coptic Orthodox monastery, from Lenoir, shows a church of three aisles, with cellular apses, and two ranges of cells on either side of an oblong"}, {"context": "gallery. Abbey An abbey is a complex of buildings used by members of a religious order under the governance of an abbot or abbess. It provides a place for religious activities, work, and housing of Christian monks and nuns. The concept of the abbey has developed over many centuries from the early monastic ways of religious men and women where they would live isolated from the lay community about them. Religious life in an abbey may be monastic. An abbey may be the home of an enclosed religious order or may be open to visitors. The layout of the church"}]}, {"title": "Jack Edwards (early footballer)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Jack Edwards (early footballer) John \"Jack\" Edwards (1867\u20131960) was an English footballer who played in The Football League for Preston North End. Jack Edwards made his Football League and Club debut on 13 October 1888, playing as a winger, at Deepdale, the home of Preston North End. The visitors were West Bromwich Albion and the home team won 3\u20130. Edwards also scored his debut club and League goal in this match. Two minutes into the second\u2013half, with the scores at 0\u20130, Edwards scored from a pass made by his wing\u2013colleague Jack Gordon. Edwards appeared in four of the 22 League"}, {"context": "matches played by Preston North End in season 1888\u201389 and scored three League goals. As a forward (one appearance), he played in a Preston forward\u2013line that scored three\u2013League\u2013goals\u2013or\u2013more once. As a winger (three appearances) he played in a Preston midfield that achieved big (three\u2013League\u2013goals\u2013or\u2013more) wins on two separate occasions. He scored three League goals, of which, two came in one match. Edwards, playing as a forward, scored two as his team defeated Notts County 4\u20131 at Deepdale on 5 January 1889. Despite putting in such a good performance he never played for Preston North end or in a Football League"}, {"context": "match again. Nothing is recorded about his career or life after leaving Preston North End. The only recorded fact is that he passed away in 1960 aged 92/93. Jack Edwards (early footballer) John \"Jack\" Edwards (1867\u20131960) was an English footballer who played in The Football League for Preston North End. Jack Edwards made his Football League and Club debut on 13 October 1888, playing as a winger, at Deepdale, the home of Preston North End. The visitors were West Bromwich Albion and the home team won 3\u20130. Edwards also scored his debut club and League goal in this match. Two"}]}, {"title": "Henry Weedon", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Henry Weedon Sir Henry Weedon (26 March 1859 \u2013 26 March 1921) was an Australian politician. He was born in Melbourne to builder Henry Weedon and Emily Emery. He worked as a painter and decorator, eventually becoming managing partner of a photography studio. Around 1870 he married Emily Ellard, with whom he had one son; he would later marry Frances (Fanny) Dudley Cohen (n\u00e9e Miller) in 1896 and Florence Mary Maud McCarron around 1914. From 1899 to 1921 he served on Melbourne City Council, and was Lord Mayor from 1906 to 1908, in which year he was knighted. In 1907"}, {"context": "he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly for East Melbourne. He lost his seat in 1911, but in 1919 returned to Parliament for Melbourne Province in the Victorian Legislative Council. Weedon died in Darlinghurst in Sydney in 1921 and was buried in Melbourne Henry Weedon Sir Henry Weedon (26 March 1859 \u2013 26 March 1921) was an Australian politician. He was born in Melbourne to builder Henry Weedon and Emily Emery. He worked as a painter and decorator, eventually becoming managing partner of a photography studio. Around 1870 he married Emily Ellard, with whom he had one son; he"}]}, {"title": "Torse", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Torse In heraldry, a torse or wreath is a twisted roll of fabric laid about the top of the helmet and the base of the crest. It has the dual purpose of masking the join between helm and crest, and holding the mantling in place. The torse is sometimes mistakenly said to be the token, such as a handkerchief or sleeve, which the knight's lady-love gave him to wear when he left for the wars or participated in tournaments. This is due greatly to its original use being lost to history as the heraldic crest became more and more stylized"}, {"context": "and less representative of actual use. The torse is blazoned as part of the crest. For example, the crest of Canada is blazoned \"On a wreath of the colours Argent and Gules, a lion passant guardant Or imperially crowned proper and holding in the dexter paw a maple leaf Gules.\" The tinctures of the torse are generally not mentioned in the blazon, as they are assumed to be of the principal metal and colour in the shield. Like the mantling, it must always be of a metal and a colour; usually the torse and the mantling are the same tinctures."}, {"context": "In British heraldry, the torse is generally shown with six twists of material, alternately metal and colour. Occasionally the torse is replaced by a crown or coronet, which is then termed a \"crest-coronet\". In the past this practice was widespread amongst all ranks, but is nowadays usually denied to those outside the royalty and peerage, except in special circumstances. Some commoners have bypassed this rule by placing a coronet \"on top of\" a torse, rather than in place of it. The torse is also often used as a decoration on a heraldic animal, either across the brow (as a form"}, {"context": "of circlet) or around the neck. Moors and Saracens are also traditionally depicted in heraldry with a torse across their brow. Agal Torse In heraldry, a torse or wreath is a twisted roll of fabric laid about the top of the helmet and the base of the crest. It has the dual purpose of masking the join between helm and crest, and holding the mantling in place. The torse is sometimes mistakenly said to be the token, such as a handkerchief or sleeve, which the knight's lady-love gave him to wear when he left for the wars or participated in"}]}, {"title": "Fatherhood (TV series)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Fatherhood (TV series) Fatherhood is an American animated sitcom revolving around the Bindlebeep family and various happenings, inspired by the book of the same name by Bill Cosby. This was Nick at Nite's first original animated series. It has aired on Nick at Nite and Nickelodeon. It was cancelled in November 2005. Scientist Dr. Arthur Bindlebeep is the head of the family and a high school teacher. He and his wife, Norma, try to be model parents while learning a few things from their three children: Angie, Roy and Katherine and their dog Guinness. At the same time, Arthur's own"}, {"context": "parents, Lester and Louise, still have some lessons for him. Season 1 has been released on DVD, and all episodes are available via Amazon Video. Fatherhood (TV series) Fatherhood is an American animated sitcom revolving around the Bindlebeep family and various happenings, inspired by the book of the same name by Bill Cosby. This was Nick at Nite's first original animated series. It has aired on Nick at Nite and Nickelodeon. It was cancelled in November 2005. Scientist Dr. Arthur Bindlebeep is the head of the family and a high school teacher. He and his wife, Norma, try to be"}]}, {"title": "Richland Township, Fairfield County, Ohio", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Richland Township, Fairfield County, Ohio Richland Township is one of the thirteen townships of Fairfield County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2010 census the population was 2,195, of whom 1,759 lived in the unincorporated portions of the township. Located in the eastern part of the county, it borders the following townships: Two villages are located in Richland Township: Rushville in the southeast, and West Rushville in the southwest. Richland Township was so named for the fertile soil within its borders. It is one of twelve Richland Townships statewide. The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who"}, {"context": "are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees. Richland Township, Fairfield County, Ohio Richland Township is one of the thirteen"}]}, {"title": "Fontenelle Park", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Fontenelle Park Fontenelle Park is a public park located at 4575 Ames Avenue, at an intersection of Fontenelle Boulevard in North Omaha, Nebraska. In the late 1940s, the park made headlines across the Midwestern United States as the possible home of a minor league baseball team. Land for the park was acquired in 1893 in accordance with a grand parks and boulevards schema for Omaha planned by Horace Cleveland in 1891. The Fontenelle Boulevard was also part of this plan. Despite the support of prominent Omahans like Harold Gifford Sr., there were immediate protests from city residents who felt the"}, {"context": "park land was located too far from the city. Due to lack of funds and criticism, it remained essentially prairie grass for another decade until city growth expanding northwest from Downtown Omaha created demand for improvement. In 1911 the park was graded, loads were built and the golf course was laid out. By 1916 it was one of the most popular and best-patronized-parks in the city. Omaha hosted the American Legion World Series in 1939 at Fontenelle Park, where local favorites Creighton Prep won the championship over a team from Berwyn, Illinois. In 1947 John Rosenblatt explored the park as"}, {"context": "the possible location for the city's new Triple-A minor league baseball team. However, neighborhood opposition forced the city to look elsewhere, and the stadium ended up in Deer Park, where it eventually hosted the Omaha Royals and was named Rosenblatt Stadium in honor of its advocate. In 1998 a major rehabilitation of the park was completed that included a renovation of the park\u2019s lagoon, a new playground, ball field improvements and installation of improved walkways. The park pavilion was also fully renovated. Today Fontenelle Park has a popular lagoon, a playground, and long, meandering paths function as terrific ways to"}, {"context": "exercise. Two basketball courts, four tennis courts, and two football fields join a nine-hole golf course to host sports throughout the park. The park pavilion currently houses the Joe Edmondson YMCA. The golf course is one of the oldest in the Omaha area, sprawling over hillsides and nestling within a wide, shallow valley. Numerous maple and pine trees line the perimeter of the course, and a large, duck-filled pond is in the center of the course. Recently the Omaha North High School Vikings baseball team renovated the baseball fields, and today they are popular for their tidiness, appearance, and usage."}, {"context": "Fontenelle Park Fontenelle Park is a public park located at 4575 Ames Avenue, at an intersection of Fontenelle Boulevard in North Omaha, Nebraska. In the late 1940s, the park made headlines across the Midwestern United States as the possible home of a minor league baseball team. Land for the park was acquired in 1893 in accordance with a grand parks and boulevards schema for Omaha planned by Horace Cleveland in 1891. The Fontenelle Boulevard was also part of this plan. Despite the support of prominent Omahans like Harold Gifford Sr., there were immediate protests from city residents who felt the"}]}, {"title": "Louise Arbour Secondary School", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Louise Arbour Secondary School Louise Arbour Secondary School is a high school located in Brampton, Ontario, operating under the Peel District School Board. It was established in 2010 to accommodate those who live in north Brampton between Sandalwood Heights Secondary School and Mayfield Secondary School. A social justice focus infuses all elements of the curriculum in order to support students to become socially responsible citizens of the world. The school offers a wide range of programs in all curricular areas along with Specialist High Skills Major programs in Arts and Culture as well as Hospitality and Tourism. Science, mathematics and"}, {"context": "technology are particular focus areas in the school. Louise Arbour Secondary School was one of the host schools for the Ontario Federation of School Athletic Associations (OFSAA) AAAA Boys' Volleyball and live streamed coverage of the event. Louise Arbour had won the Junior Boys Basketball tournament of Tier 2 Brampton schools in 2014. Louise Arbour students provide video coverage of ROPSSAA wrestling. The Student Activity Council at Louise Arbour Secondary Schools runs a variety of events and activities, throughout the school year. The current serving president for the high school's student activity council is Umar Javed, who was elected along"}, {"context": "with 9 other members that make up the committee. List of Major Events and Activities at the School The Council is well known for the variety of events that are hosted each year. The biggest event at the school tends to be 'Semi Formal' - a night for students to get out and formally dress up for a dinner and dance night at a banquet hall, arranged and planned by members of the council. Approximately 200 students attend each year. Students create a professional quality yearbook which is distributed to students each June. Students are encouraged to get involved in"}, {"context": "the many clubs and teams available at Louise Arbour. Along with successful sports teams, the Louise Arbour community offers opportunities for students to join a variety of clubs including Art Club, Vex Robotics, Computer Science Club, Cross-Country Running, DECA, STEM Olympics, Science Olympics, First Robotics, Band, Choir, Eco-Squad, Drama Club, AV Videography Club, DJ club and so much more. Louise Arbour Secondary School Louise Arbour Secondary School is a high school located in Brampton, Ontario, operating under the Peel District School Board. It was established in 2010 to accommodate those who live in north Brampton between Sandalwood Heights Secondary School"}]}, {"title": "Mike Flicker", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mike Flicker Mike Flicker (born 1950) is an American music producer in Los Angeles who has numerous credits on music and film projects. He is critically acclaimed for his work with Heart. Flicker's career began at age sixteen in Los Angeles when his band, The Zoo, was given a contract in 1968 by Bell Records (which later became Arista Records). They were one of the youngest groups ever signed to a major label at that time. The Zoo included Flicker on drums along with Howard Leese on guitar and keyboards. After relocating to Vancouver, British Columbia in 1971, Flicker was"}, {"context": "hired as chief engineer at Aragon Studios (later renamed Mushroom Studios), which became the premier state-of-the-art studio in western Canada. 1975 proved to be a fateful year for Flicker with his discovery, signing, and production of the band Heart. Flicker received the Canadian Juno Award for Producer of the Year for his production on Heart's debut album, \"Dreamboat Annie\". Flicker established himself as a major independent producer with artists that included Poco, Al Stewart, Randy Meisner, Nantucket, Wendy Waldman, Heart and Trooper, one of the five top-selling Canadian bands of all time. Flicker's diverse career in the music, technology and"}, {"context": "film-television industries culminated in the 1991 formation of Mike Flicker Music Services, where he continues to contribute his leadership in successful service to the film, television and ancillary entertainment industries. On June 18, 2006, Flicker was married to Lyudmila Bateryakova, who was born in Penza, Russia. She is called Luda, the Russian diminutive of Lyudmila, by her family and friends. They have two children: daughter Samantha (from a previous marriage) and son Anton born in 1992. Mike Flicker Mike Flicker (born 1950) is an American music producer in Los Angeles who has numerous credits on music and film projects. He"}]}, {"title": "Microphone connector", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Microphone connector Many different electrical connectors have been used to connect microphones to audio equipment\u2014including PA systems, radios, tape recorders, and numerous other devices. The most common microphone connector in consumer use is the venerable phone connector, in 1/4\" (6.35 mm), 3.5 mm, and 2.5 mm sizes, and in both mono and stereo configurations. Not all microphone plugs with 3-segment TRS (Tip-Ring-Sleeve) connectors are actually stereo. Most computer microphones use the third segment to carry bias power for the microphone. This is the part number for a Swichcraft connector used with high impedance microphones up through about 1980. It was"}, {"context": "intended for coax style cable up to outside diameter. Attachment is made with a 5/8-27 threaded ring that can be unthreaded over the body of the connector body allowing the female connector to become a male connector. Wire connection was via solder. The center conductor is soldered to a hole resulting in a flat center contact. The cable shield is soldered to the strain-relief spring which is held in the body of the connector with a set screw. With no provision for spring loading of the connection ring, vibration tends to loosen the threaded ring and create intermittent contact. Popular"}, {"context": "microphone connector from 1930s to 1980s, original manufactured by Amphenol. Amphenol sold this production to WPI Interconnect in early 1980s. Most commonly used on professional microphones, the common 3-pin XLR connector is a standard for transferring balanced audio among professional audio equipment. The 4-pin XLR connector is also commonly used on amateur radio microphones, but transferring unbalanced audio instead, and using the 4th pin (with the common ground) for a push-to-talk (PTT) circuit activated by a button on the microphone. Some broadcast radio professionals also use these microphones, instead using the PTT circuit as a cough button (a momentary mute"}, {"context": "button) so that they may cough, clear their throat, or make comments to others in the studio without the sounds being broadcast. First used in the 1970s by Japanese radio manufacturers, for microphone connectors on Citizens Band and amateur radio equipment, these screw-on circular connectors were available with 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 pins. They often were used for other purposes as well, such as 1970s amateur radio transceivers (microphone), 1970s Kenwood mobile radios (2-pin, DC power), Eastern Asian built soldering stations in 1990s. These screw-locked connectors can be hard to find as they come under many"}, {"context": "generic names: \"CB connector\", \"Mobile connector\", \"Microphone connector\", \"Power connector\"\u2014even sometimes misidentified as XLR connectors. Even though this circular connector was largely standardized, there was no industry standard for pin assignments. Pin assignments to specific functions varied from manufacturer to manufacturer. For example, in amateur radio, Icom, Kenwood, and Yaesu radios have all used the 8-pin screw-on connector, yet microphones from one brand are incompatible with the other two brands, at least without the use of an adapter cable in between the microphone and the radio. Although originally designed for telephone usage and later adopted for computer networking, the Modular"}, {"context": "connector has been used for microphone connections extensively on modern amateur radio equipment, including models from the three major manufacturers (Icom, Kenwood, and Yaesu), but primarily used on mobile radio equipment (designed to be mounted in vehicles). Like the screw-on round microphone connectors, there is little standardization among manufacturers, and even among different models from the same manufacturer, leading to significant interoperability problems when connecting non-OEM or homebrew microphones and other equipment. Most radios with modular microphone connectors use the 8P8C (vernacular: RJ45) connector, but some use 6P6C or 4P4C connectors. Microphone connector Many different electrical connectors have been used"}]}, {"title": "Chao Shou-po", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Chao Shou-po Chao Shou-po (, born 1 March 1941) is a Taiwanese politician, educator, civic activist and lawyer and a prominent leader in the World Scout Movement. He has served as a Presidium Member of the Central Advisory Committee of the Kuomintang, and has taught law at several Taiwanese universities. Chao was the President of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Foundation Management Committee and the Chairman of the Foundation of the Scouts of China (Taiwan). He has held many government posts including Labor Minister, Secretary-General of the Cabinet, Minister without Portfolio and Governor of the Province of Taiwan. Chao served the"}, {"context": "Ma Ying-jeou administration as senior adviser, and from 2005 to 2012 was commissioner of the Chinese Professional Baseball League. Chao Shou-po was born in March 1941 to a farming family in the countryside in what is now Lukang Township, Changhua County, Taiwan. In 1945, Taiwan was transferred from Japanese rule to the Nationalist Government of China and in 1947 Chao started his education. He graduated from the Tsaokang Elementary School of Lukang Township in 1953. In the same year, through a very competitive entrance examination, he was admitted to and enrolled at the junior department of the very prestigious Taichung"}, {"context": "First High School in Taichung. In 1956 he finished his junior high school education and again through a highly competitive entrance examination he entered the senior department of the same Taichung First High School. Upon his completion of senior high school education in 1959, he took part in the extremely competitive Combined Entrance Examination for Universities and Colleges in Taiwan and was granted admission to the Zoology Department of the highly prestigious National Taiwan University. At the same time, he also passed the entrance examination of the Central Police College (now Central Police University). In August 7, 1959, a big"}, {"context": "flood swept central part of Taiwan and Chao's family suffered a very heavy property and financial loss. In order to ease the financial burden of his parents, Chao chose to enroll and study at the Central Police College which provided free tuition, books, board and lodging and a monthly allowance for students. He graduated first in his class in 1963 with a Bachelor of Law degree from the Central Police College. After serving as an inspector at the Taiwan Provincial Police Administration and completing one-year ROTC military service in the army, Chao passed the highly competitive examination for the Dr."}, {"context": "Sun Yat-sen Scholarship for Studying Abroad in 1965. He enrolled at the College of Law of the University of Illinois, U. S. A. in 1967 for a mater degree. In 1968, he got the Mater of Comparative Law (M.C.L.) degree from the University of Illinois with Professor Wayne R. LaFave as his thesis advisor. Immediately after his completion of the master's degree, Chao was admitted to the doctoral program in the University of Illinois College of Law. He completed his doctoral study and was conferred upon the Doctor of the Science of Law (S. J. D. or J. S. D.)"}, {"context": "degree in 1972 from the University of Illinois with Professor Peter Hay as his dissertation advisor. Chao has been given the Outstanding Alumnus Award by all the Schools he attended from the elementary school to the University of Illinois College of Law. Chao has a long career in governmental services in Taiwan from the 1970s to the 2000s. He became the Commissioner of the Department of Information of the Taiwan Provincial Government in 1976 at the age of 35, concurrently the Spokesman of the Taiwan Provincial Government, the youngest Provincial Government Department Commissioner in history up to then. Before that"}, {"context": "he had been the Director-General from 1974 to 1976 of the School Youth Service Department of the Headquarters of the quasi-governmental China Youth Corps, a very politically influential youth movement organization in the 1950s through 1980's in Taiwan founded by Chiang Ching-kuo who was Premier from 1972 to 1978 and President from 1978 to 1988 of the Republic of China on Taiwan. In January through March 1979 Chao was designated by the national government as a member of a special mission headed by Political Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Yang Hsi-kun to go to Washington D. C. to negotiate with"}, {"context": "representatives of the U.S. State Department including Richard Holbrooke and Roger Sullivan a new arrangement of relations between Taiwan and the United States after the U.S. switched its formal diplomatic relations from Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan to the People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Chinese mainland. The negotiation resulted in the enactment by the U.S. Congress of the Taiwan Relations Act which has been one of the most important guidelines for U.S. policy toward Taiwan and has become the major foundation for the current Taiwan-U.S. relations. For his contributions to the negotiation and the distinguished services he"}, {"context": "had demonstrated in the government, Chao was chosen as one of the Ten Outstanding Young Persons in 1979 by the Junior Chamber International, TAIWAN. In October 1979, Chao was appointed as Commissioner of the Council of the Taiwan Provincial Government. He was Commissioner of the Department of Social Affairs of the Taiwan Provincial Government from 1981 to 1987; during this period, Chao initiated many innovative programs and projects to upgrade and expand the social welfare services, employment security, occupational health and safety, labor insurance, community development in the Province of Taiwan, making great contributions to the improvement of the well-being"}, {"context": "of the people, especially the employed and the low-income people. In February 1989, Chao was appointed as the Labor Minister (officially called at that time the Chairman of the Council of Labor Affairs of the Executive Yuan, the Council now has been changed to Ministry of Labor) of the National Government of the Republic of China (Taiwan), a post he held until December 1994, making him the longest-serving labor minister until now in Taiwan. When he was Labor Minister, Chao modernized labor legislation; making sure that all labor laws were 100% implemented; improved work conditions for the employed; raised the"}, {"context": "minimum wage every year; enhanced the occupational health and safety; expanded programs for employment services and vocational training; strengthened labor insurance protection; opened job market for alien workers for the first time in the country's history, enacting the country's first law governing the importation, regulation and protection of alien workers. He maintained a good and reasonable balance between the employers and the employed and helped the labor unions to function more effectively and properly. In December 1994, Chao became the Secretary-General of the Cabinet headed by Premier Lien Chan, a post he held until June 1997 when he was appointed"}, {"context": "as a Minister without Portfolio after a cabinet reshuffle. He was in charge of the review of the legislative proposals and governmental programs as submitted by the various ministries to the cabinet in the areas of social welfare, labor affairs, justice, youth affairs, police and internal affairs when he was Minister without Portfolio. Chao was made the Governor of the Province of Taiwan from December 1998 to May 2000 with the duty to restructure the Taiwan Provincial Government. He retired from the governmental service in May 2000 after his party, the Kuomintang, was defeated in the 2000 Presidential Election. In"}, {"context": "2008, Chao was appointed by President Ma Ying-jeou of the ROC as the Presidential National Policy Advisor, a post he held until January 2011 when President Ma appointed him as the Senior Advisor to the President of the Republic of China, a post he has held since then. Chao Shou-po has involved actively also in the party affairs in the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), the ruling party from 1949 to 2000 and from 2008 until now, in the Republic of China on Taiwan. He was a Central Committee member from 1980 to 2001, a Central Standing Committee (equivalent of Political Bureau)"}, {"context": "member from 1996 to 2000 of the Kuomintang. He served as the Deputy Director-General of the Department of Information and Propaganda (1979 to 1981), Director-General of the Department of Social Affairs (1987 to 1989) and Director-General of the Department of Organization (2000 to 2001) of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang during the party chairmanship respectively of Chiang Ching-kuo, Lee Teng-hui and Lien Chan. Chao has been a Presidium Member of the Central Advisory Committee of the Kuomintang since 2001. Chao was the Chairman of the Board of the Broadcasting Corporation of China (BCC), the largest broadcasting institution in Taiwan,"}, {"context": "from 2002 to 2005 and has been the host of a special Sunday commentary program called \"Talk Everything for Taiwan\" at the BCC since 2005. Chao was the Commissioner of the Chinese Professional Baseball League in Taiwan from 2006 to 2012; during his term as the Commissioner, he successfully persuaded the government to give more incentives for the promotion of professional sports and for the enactment of stricter law to prevent illegal gambling regarding professional sports. Chao was President of National Life Saving Association, R. O. C. from 1995 to 2001; President of the National Council on Social Welfare, R.O.C."}, {"context": "of the International Council on Social Welfare(ICSW) from 1995 to 2004; He was Chairman of World Lung Kang Association( a worldwide Association of the Liu, Chang, Kuan and Chao Families) from 2003 to 2006; He was Chairman of Taiwan Chamber of Industry and Commerce from 2011 to 2015 and has been Honorary Chairman of the Cross-Strait Business Development Council since 2009. Chao has been very actively involved in the Scout movement and world Scouting activities. He was a national council member in the Scouts of China in Taiwan from the 1970s until the 2010s. Chao was the Chairman and the"}, {"context": "Chief Commissioner of the General Association of Scouts of China (Taiwan) from 2007 to 2013. He has been the Chairman of the Board of the Scouts of China Foundation (Taiwan) since 2007. Chao has participated many important international Scouting events including the 26th World Scout Conference in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1977; the 27th World Scout Conference in 1979 in Birmingham, England, United Kingdom; the 38th World Scout Conference in Jeju Island, Korea in 2008; the 39th World Scout Conference in Curitiba, Brazil in 2011; and the 40th World Scout Conference in Ljubljana, Slovenia in 2014. He also took part"}, {"context": "in several World Scout Jamborees including the 14th World Scout Jamboree in Lillehammer, Norway in 1975; the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007 in Chelmsford, Essex, England, U.K.; the 22nd World Scout Jamboree in Rinkaby, Sweden in 2011; and the 23rd World Scout Jamboree in Kirarahama, Yamaguchi, Japan in 2015. Chao is a 2003 recipient of the Bronze Wolf Award of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, the highest honor in the World Scout Movement. In 2009, Chao was elected at the 23rd Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Conference in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia as a member of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout"}, {"context": "Committee for a six-year term. Chao became Chairman of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Committee through committee election at the 24th Regional Asia-Pacific Scout Conference in November 2012 in Dhaka, Bangladesh, he served as the Committee Chairman until November 2015. After that he has been the President of the Asia-Pacific Regional Scout Foundation Management Committee. Chao has devoted quite a lot of time to teaching at the universities in Taiwan since he returned to Taiwan after his completion of doctoral education in the United States. He was a Professor of Law at the Central Police College from 1972 to 1977, teaching"}, {"context": "Constitution, International Law and Criminal Law. When he began his governmental service in the 1970s, he continued his teaching as an adjunct professor in several universities including the Tunghai University and National Chung Hsing University in Taichung, National Chengchi University, National Taiwan Normal University and National Taiwan University in Taipei, teaching Private International Law, Public International Law, Commercial Law, Labor Law, Labor Policy, Constitution and Human Resources Development and Management. Since 2002, Chao has taught at the Graduate School of Management of I-Shou University in Kaohsiung as a Chair Professor. He has also taught International Criminal Law at the Institute"}, {"context": "of the Law of Sea of the National Taiwan Ocean University in Keelung and the Doctorate Program of Department of Industrial Education of the National Changhua University of Education in Changhua in central Taiwan. Chao has published many articles regarding social welfare, labor policy, labor law, international law, criminal law and has written and published in Chinese the following books: (1.) A Comparative Study of Choice of Law Rules Concerning Domestic Relations in Conflict of Laws \uff081977\uff09; (2.) Law and Innovation\uff081980\uff09; (3.) Social Policy, Family Welfare and Community Development\uff081986\uff09; (4.) Social Problems and Social Welfare\uff081990\uff09; (5.) Labor Policy and Labor"}, {"context": "Problems\uff081992\uff09;(6.) The Winning Philosophy of Life Management\uff082004\uff09\uff1b(7.) Getting Involved\u2500My Recollections & Observations of Studying in U.S., Now & Then (2004); (8.) My European Diary\u2014What I Saw and Thought of My 13 Trips to Europe for the Past 30 Years (2005); (9.) Appointment with the Youth\u2014Chao Shou-po Talks with Experts on Youth Problems (2005); (10.).The Critical Moments in My 70 Years of Life\u2014A Memoir (2011) and (11.) Notes on Scouting\u2014My Experiences in and Observations on the Scout Movement(2012).Mr. Chao now is writing books on International Criminal Law, International Labor Law and Comparative Industrial Relations. Chao Shou-po Chao Shou-po (, born 1"}]}, {"title": "Table of years in the environment", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Table of years in the environment This is a table of articles relating to the environment by year. They relate to environmental law, conservation, environmentalism and environmental issues. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909<br> 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919<br> 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929<br> 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939<br> 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949<br> 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959<br> 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969<br> 1970 1971"}, {"context": "1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979<br> 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989<br> 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999<br> 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 <br> 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Table of years in the environment This is a table of articles relating to the environment by year. They relate to environmental law, conservation, environmentalism and environmental issues. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909<br> 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919<br> 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925"}]}, {"title": "Adam Wainwright", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Adam Wainwright Adam Parrish Wainwright (born August 30, 1981) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB). The Atlanta Braves selected him 29th overall in the first round of the 2000 amateur draft from Glynn Academy in Brunswick, Georgia. His performance in the minor leagues brought him notice as one of the Braves' top pitching prospects. The Braves traded him to the Cardinals after the 2003 season, receiving outfielder J. D. Drew in a deal which has since been considered lopsided in favor of the Cardinals. Wainwright made his MLB debut on"}, {"context": "September 11, 2005, against the New York Mets. As spending his first full MLB season as a relief pitcher, Wainwright briefly assumed closer duties, saving the series-clinching games of both the 2006 National League Championship Series and World Series. The next season, he returned to starting pitching, a role in which he has since remained, except for 2011, which he missed due to Tommy John surgery. He emerged as an ace as he led the National League multiple times in wins, innings pitched, and games started. He also has multiple top-ten finishes in earned run average, strikeouts, walks plus hits"}, {"context": "per inning pitched, and complete games. In 2014, he became the first pitcher in Major League history to post nine of his first 18 starts with seven innings pitched and no runs allowed. In his career, Wainwright has won more than 100 games, three All-Star selections, two Rawlings Gold Glove Awards and finished in the top three in the Cy Young Award balloting four times. With 1,623 strikeouts in his career to date, Wainwright is second in Cardinals' history to Bob Gibson (3,117) in Cardinals franchise history in strikeouts. He runs a fantasy football league where the registration fees go"}, {"context": "to charity. He is currently signed through 2018. Wainwright was born in Brunswick, Georgia, to Bill, an attorney, and Nancy Wainwright, a real estate agent. However, his parents divorced when he was seven years old and his father moved to Florida, leaving only Wainwright's mother to raise him and his older brother Trey, now also an attorney in Atlanta. Wainwright credits Trey, seven years his senior, with teaching him everything he knows about sports after their father left, including building a pitcher's mound in their back yard to teach Adam how to pitch. The young Wainwright also participated in the"}, {"context": "Cub Scouts, Boy Scouts and numerous church activities, and grew up a huge Braves fan. Wainwright attended high school at Glynn Academy in his native Brunswick where he was an athletic and academic standout. A multi-sport athlete, Wainwright also played football, in which he was named to the All-State team as a wide receiver his junior and senior years as well as All-Region honors as a placekicker. With a fastball over 90 mph and batting average at times over .500, his future would lie in baseball, however, and Wainwright was named Gatorade Georgia Player of the Year in 2000. He"}, {"context": "garnered considerable interest from colleges and universities offering both academic and baseball scholarships, including Georgia Tech. When the Atlanta Braves selected him 29th overall in the first round of the 2000 MLB draft, Wainwright chose to forgo college to go straight to the pros, signing a contract that included a $1.25 million bonus. The Braves had been his favorite team growing up. Less than two weeks after high school graduation Wainwright reported to the Braves rookie team and soon advanced to Atlanta's Class A Danville Braves in the Appalachian League. He pitched for the Macon Braves in the South Atlantic"}, {"context": "League in 2001 where he broke the team record for strikeouts, previously held by Bruce Chen, with 184. Wainwright spent the 2002 season in the Carolina League and also participated in that season's All-Star Futures Game. In 2003, Wainwright advanced to the Braves' Double-A club, Greenville. He was \"Baseball America\"'s top Braves prospect in 2003. In December of that year, the St. Louis Cardinals acquired Wainwright with pitchers Jason Marquis and Ray King in a trade that sent outfielder J. D. Drew and utility player Eli Marrero to the Braves. Wainwright pitched just 12 games for the Triple-A Memphis Redbirds"}, {"context": "when he was shut down for nearly all the rest of the season with an elbow strain. There, he had a 4\u20134 won\u2013loss record (W\u2013L) with a 5.37 earned run average (ERA) in innings pitched (IP). He struck out 64 and allowed 68 H and 28 BB. In the Arizona Fall League, he returned to pitch ten innings. The next season, he spent with Memphis, starting 29 games, completing 182 IP and allowing 204 hits, 51 BB and striking out 147. His W\u2013L record was 10\u201310. After two somewhat uneven seasons in the Cardinals' minor-league system, Wainwright made his MLB"}, {"context": "debut for St. Louis on September 11, 2005. Wainwright made the Cardinals' Opening Day roster as a relief pitcher after having been a starter for his entire minor-league career. On May 24, 2006, he hit a home run on the first pitch he saw as batter in the major leagues against the San Francisco Giants' Noah Lowry; he became the 22nd batter in Major League history and 11th National Leaguer to hit a home run off the first pitch thrown in his first at-bat. Wainwright pitched capably as a middle reliever, but when incumbent closer Jason Isringhausen underwent season-ending hip"}, {"context": "surgery in September, Wainwright was pressed into service as the closer. He saved two crucial games on September 27 and September 30 as St. Louis held off Houston's late charge and won the NL Central Division championship. In spite of their unexceptional 83\u201378 regular-season record, the Cardinals rolled through October to win the 10th world championship in franchise history. As the closer, Wainwright closed out the final game of the Cardinals' National League Division Series, ending the San Diego Padres' season and propelling the Cardinals to the 2006 National League Championship Series. In Game 5 of the 2006 World Series,"}, {"context": "Wainwright struck out Detroit Tigers third baseman Brandon Inge with a slider to win the world championship. Wainwright moved from the bullpen to the starting rotation for 2007. Shortly after losing ace Chris Carpenter for the year due to elbow surgery, Wainwright emerged as the Cardinals' most reliable starter. On August 10, he threw the first complete game of his career, a 2\u20131 loss to Los Angeles, and the only nine-inning complete game for the Cardinals that season. By September, Wainwright had established himself as the staff ace in Carpenter's absence, going 9\u20136 with a 2.94 ERA from mid-May to"}, {"context": "the end of the season. He finished his first year by leading the club in almost every pitching category \u2013 games started, innings pitched, strikeouts, and wins \u2013 while compiling a 3.70 ERA and a 14\u201312 record. His 14 wins were the most in franchise history for a first-year starter. His 2.71 ERA after the All-Star break was third-best in the NL. In March, 2008, Wainwright signed a four-year deal with the Cardinals worth $21 million, with two club options for 2012 and 2013 that made the potential aggregate value $36 million. He gave up four runs or less in"}, {"context": "each of his first seven starts. However, the Cardinals lost to the Brewers 8\u20133 in Wainwright's eighth start on May 13 as Ryan Braun hit two home runs off him. He suffered a strain on the middle finger of his pitching hand in June, causing him to miss months of the season. In 20 starts, he finished 11\u20133 with a 3.20 ERA. On August 19, 2009, at Dodger Stadium, Wainwright pitched a no-hitter going against the Los Angeles Dodgers for innings before Orlando Hudson broke it up with a clean single to left field. In his next start against the"}, {"context": "Astros, he pitched eight shutout innings to pick his then-major league-leading 15th win in a 1\u20130 victory. It was his 25th straight start with at least six innings pitched. In five August starts that season, he completed IP with just one walk and 22 SO. On September 26, he pitched eight innings and struck out eleven for a 6\u20133, NL Central division-clinching victory against the Colorado Rockies at Coors Field for his 19th win. Wainwright finished with a 19\u20138 record and a 2.63 ERA, leading the National League in wins, games started (34), and innings pitched (233). He also struck"}, {"context": "out a major-league high 140 batters on third-strike curveballs. On October 28, he won the Players Choice Award as the NL Most Outstanding Pitcher. He won his first Gold Glove Award on November 11, 2009. He was a top contender for the Cy Young Award along with teammate Chris Carpenter and eventual winner Tim Lincecum. He became only the second pitcher ever \u2013 Trevor Hoffman was the first \u2013 to get the most first place votes and not win the award. Pitching in his first All Star Game, Wainwright completed one inning. He faced five batters, throwing 17 pitches for"}, {"context": "ten strikes and seven balls, and allowed no runs with just one hit \u2013 a double off the glove of fellow Cardinal All-Star Matt Holliday \u2013 one walk, and two strikeouts. In one eleven-game stretch preceding August 16, he compiled IP in nine of those starts and allowed two earned runs for a 0.27 ERA. Wainwright finished the 2010 season 20\u201311 with a 2.42 ERA, five complete games, 213 strikeouts, 56 walks, 15 home runs allowed, and a WHIP of 1.05, in IP. His win, strikeout, complete game and shutout totals were all career bests. His win total and ERA"}, {"context": "were both good for second place in the National League (behind only Josh Johnson's 2.30 ERA, and Roy Halladay's 21 wins). He also pitched the first two shutouts of his career in 2010 \u2013 one against the Milwaukee Brewers on June 4 and a two-hitter against the Florida Marlins on August 6. Wainwright was the runner-up for the 2010 NL Cy Young Award, finishing second in voting behind unanimous winner Halladay. Wainwright picked up 28 of 32 second-place votes. Near the end of the season, he had experienced elbow discomfort and nerve swelling. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan cleared"}, {"context": "him after the season. Shortly after reporting to spring training, Wainwright experienced discomfort in his right elbow while pitching batting practice on February 21. Three days later, the Cardinals announced that Wainwright would miss the entire 2011 season \u2013 and possibly the first three months of the next season \u2013 after finding that ulnar collateral ligament damage necessitated Tommy John surgery (TJS). George Paletta, the team physician, performed the surgery on February 28 in St. Louis and it was deemed \"a success.\" Former clients for the same surgery included teammates Chris Carpenter, Jaime Garc\u00eda, and Kyle McClellan. Wainwright's contract featured"}, {"context": "options for 2012 and 2013 totaling $21 million with a provision that they would not automatically vest if he ended the 2011 season on the disabled list. The Cardinals made the playoffs as a wild card entry, overtaking the Braves on the final day of the season. They eventually won the World Series, defeating the Texas Rangers four games to three. The Cardinals awarded Wainwright his second World Series ring, in spite of not pitching the entire season. It was also the second ring he won even though he had yet to start in a World Series game. Fully recovered"}, {"context": "after TJS and rehabilitation, Wainwright was ready ahead of schedule for spring training. Statistically, the 2012 season proved to be an overall disappointment season by Wainwright's standards, as he wound up 14\u201313 with a 3.94 ERA. However, it was encouraging in regards to the health of his right arm as he completed the entire season without any issues. In addition, pitchers recovering from TJS often find it challenging at first to throw with the same command as before the surgery, and thus to achieve post-surgery results equal to pre-surgery results. This was the case at first with Wainwright. On May"}, {"context": "22, he threw his first complete game shutout since August 6, 2010, and the third of his career in his ninth complete game. It was a four-hit, 4\u20130 win at home against the San Diego Padres, striking out nine and walking only one. He reached his 1,000th career inning on July 29. The May 22 start marked a turning point in the season. During a 13-start stretch until August 3, he pitched innings, striking out 83 while allowing just four home runs and 17 BB. He attributed the improvement to being able to sustain the usual finishing movement on his"}, {"context": "pitches through late innings, which earlier in the season, had eluded him, thus making his pitches easier to hit. He also corrected a subtle flaw that had developed on the grip of his curveball during a bullpen session prior to the start against San Diego. The flaw made it increasingly difficult to throw the curveball for consistent strikes. On March 28, 2013, the Cardinals announced they and Wainwright had agreed to a five-year contract extension. At the time, he was under the last year of his previous contract, so the new deal extended him through 2018. With a total value"}, {"context": "of $97.5 million, it was the largest contract ever for a Cardinals pitcher. On April 18, he became the first pitcher in baseball since 1900 to achieve 28 strikeouts and zero walks in his first four starts of a season. Slim Sallee established the franchise record exactly one hundred years earlier by not issuing a walk in his first 40 innings. Wainwright's streak ended in a start at Washington on April 23 after 34 innings and 133 batters faced. The first MLB pitcher to post 10 wins on June 13, Wainwright put up seven scoreless innings in a 2\u20131 defeat"}, {"context": "of the Mets at Citi Field. Moreover, his strikeout of David Wright was his first of the game and the 1,000th of his career. He allowed six hits and struck out a total of four. Wainwright became the NL Pitcher of the Month for June with a 4\u20132 record and 1.77 ERA. With 40 strikeouts for the month, Wainwright issued just six walks while holding opposing batters to a .220 average. Through that point in the season, he was 11\u20135 with a 2.22 ERA, and was the MLB leader with four complete games and a 9.5 strikeout-to-walk ratio. In successive"}, {"context": "starts against the Reds in late August, Wainwright allowed 15 runs, both losses. He struck out eight in seven shutout innings on September 7 at home in a 5\u20130 win over the first-place Pirates in earning his 16th victory of the season. The Pirates, Reds, and Cardinals were all close contenders for the Central division title in September. The win gave the Cardinals first place over the Pirates by game, and games over the Reds. Wainwright's seven strikeouts increased his career total to 1,103, passing Dizzy Dean (1,095) for second place among Cardinals' pitchers. Only Bob Gibson (3,117 in 528"}, {"context": "games) had more. In a 60-inning stretch following the All-Star break Wainwright had walked 14, compared with 15 in IP before the break. When fellow starter Shelby Miller defeated Nationals' starter Jordan Zimmerman on September 26, he denied him his 20th victory. Two days later, Wainwright, who was second in the league with 18 entering the game, defeated the Chicago Cubs in his final start of the season to tie Zimmerman for the lead in wins at 19. Wainwright also became just the third pitcher in franchise history to twice lead the league in wins, joining Dizzy Dean (1934\u201335) and"}, {"context": "Mort Cooper (1942\u201343). He also led the NL in games started (34), innings pitched (), hits allowed (223), and batters faced (956), and was third in strikeouts. The Cardinals faced the Boston Red Sox in the World Series, and called upon Wainwright to start Game 1 against Jon Lester. It was Wainwright's first World Series appearance since 2006, and first start. He allowed five runs and St. Louis lost, 8\u20131. In Game 5, a rematch against Lester, the Cardinals again lost, this time 3\u20131. Wainwright struck out 10 in seven innings, becoming the first Cardinal to reach double digits in"}, {"context": "strikeouts since Gibson against the Detroit Tigers in 1968. After the Cardinals took a 2\u20131 Series lead, the Red Sox won the final three games to take the title. Wainwright won his second Gold Glove award in 2013. In the Cy Young balloting, Wainwright placed second, his second such ranking, and finished 23rd in the NL MVP voting. Starting for the Cardinals against the Reds on Opening Day, March 31, 2014, Wainwright won his 100th career decision. In seven innings, he struck out nine and gave up just three singles in a 1\u20130 win. It was the first Opening Day"}, {"context": "win of his career while shutting out the Reds on Opening Day for the first time since 1953. At Nationals Park against Washington on April 17, he pitched a two-hit shutout, winning 8\u20130. He gave up the first hit in the second inning with a high infield chopper, but none after until two outs into the ninth. He walked three and struck out eight. It was his seventh career shutout. In an April 27 start against the Pirates, he tallied eight scoreless innings to extend a streak to 25 innings as the Cardinals won, 7\u20130, but was pulled before he"}, {"context": "could get a complete game due to concerns over his April 22 hyperextended right knee injury. His streak of 25 scoreless innings ended in the first inning on May 2 in a loss against the Cubs, to whom he allowed six runs. Arguably the finest game of Wainwright's career was his 195th start on May 20, a one-hitter against the Diamondbacks. He retired the first 11 batters before giving up a double to Paul Goldschmidt in the fourth inning. After the hit, he retired the final 16 batters consecutively, facing only 28, one over the minimum for a perfect game."}, {"context": "He walked none and struck out nine, throwing 115 pitches, 86 for strikes. It was his seventh win of the year, tying for the National League lead and his 106th career victory against 59 losses. It also tied him for eighth place with Sallee on the all-time Cardinals' pitching win list and was his eighth career shutout. He followed that effort with eight more scoreless innings on May 25. Between those two starts, he gave up just one walk and struck out a major-league-leading 21 batters in 17 scoreless innings. He was named NL Co-Player of the Week with Dodgers"}, {"context": "starter Josh Beckett, who threw a no-hitter on May 25. However, he missed his June 16 against the Mets due to elbow tendinitis, but an MRI showed no structural damage to the Tommy John surgically-repaired ligament. After leading the NL with a 1.79 ERA and 11 wins through July 6, Wainwright was selected to his third All-Star Game at Target Field in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He was selected as the NL's starting pitcher for the first time in his career. Besides two starts in which he gave up seven runs to the Giants and six to the Cubs, he had allowed"}, {"context": "13 runs in 16 of his first 18 starts. Nine of those starts included totals with seven or more innings pitched and zero earned runs allowed. Per the Elias Sports Bureau (ESB), it was the first time in Major League history that any pitcher achieved that feat in his first eighteen starts of the season. When the Cardinals defeated the Brewers 10\u20132 on July 12, Wainwright finished his pre-All Star break total with a 12\u20134 record and a 1.83 ERA. Further, he joined Hall of Fame member Steve Carlton as the only Cardinals to post an ERA less than 2.00"}, {"context": "and at least 12 wins before the All-Star break (1969). In that game, Wainwright posted his major-league-leading 15th start of the season with at least seven innings pitched and two or fewer runs allowed. At the plate, his run batted in-single scored rookie Oscar Taveras for his 100th career hit. In the All-Star Game, Wainwright incurred controversy over his remarks about facing leadoff hitter Derek Jeter. Jeter, who was retiring after the season, doubled on Wainwright's second pitch of the game. During interviews, he admitted that he gave Jeter an easy pitch to hit. \"I was gonna give him a"}, {"context": "couple pipe shots. He deserved it\", Wainwright said. \"I didn\u2019t know he was gonna hit a double or I might have changed my mind.\" Wainwright later recanted, stating that it was in humor, and that he was \"not intentionally giving up hits out there.\" Conversely, Jeter was appreciative. \"He grooved them? The first one was a little cutter that he threw down and away. He probably assumed I was swinging. So he didn't groove the first one. The second was about 90, a two-seamer that stayed on a really good ... No, I don't know, man\", he paused and smiled,"}, {"context": "drawing laughs from reporters. \"I have no idea. If he grooved it, thank you. You still got to hit it.\" Following the All-Star break, Wainwright temporarily struggled to keep the consistency of the first half of the season due to frequent elbow irritation. In June, he gave just four ER in 31 IP for a 1.16 ERA, and followed that up with a 1.62 ERA in July. His results reversed in August when he allowed 22 ER in IP for a 5.17 ERA. However, in September, he posted a 1.38 ERA in 39 IP with 29 SO and a 5\u20130"}, {"context": "W\u2013L. He was subsequently named the NL Pitcher of the Month for September. After the season, Wainwright had a procedure to remove part of the cartilage of the right elbow on October 24. At times \u2013 commencing in June \u2013 he had altered his mechanics to mitigate the discomfort. In his third-to-last and second-to-last starts of the season \u2013 which were in the NLDS against the Dodgers and NLCS against the Giants \u2013 he was unable to complete five innings in both starts. This led to speculation Wainwright was pitching with pain, which he denied. Through the 2014 had a"}, {"context": "career 132 ERA+, third-highest for an active pitcher who has a minimum of 1,000 innings, and a winning percentage, fourth-highest for active pitchers. He finished third in the Cy Young voting for 2014, his third such placing, and fourth time he was positioned in the top three. The Cardinals selected Wainwright to make his fourth career Opening Day start, and the season-opening game for MLB in 2015, in what was also the first-ever MLB Opening Night game. He was credited with the win as the Cardinals defeated the Cubs at Wrigley Field, 3\u20130. On April 25, he left the game"}, {"context": "against the Brewers in the top of the fifth after suffering an ankle injury while batting. The next day, the Cardinals placed him on the 15-day disabled list, and announced the following day that he had an Achilles tendon rupture and would likely miss the remainder of the season. He underwent successful surgery to repair the tendon on April 30. With a recovery initially expected to take nine to twelve months, he had made four appearances through that point in the season, going 2\u20131 with a 1.44 ERA. As the season progressed, he consistently stated his goal was to return"}, {"context": "to pitching before the end of season. After working diligently to accelerate his recovery, the Cardinals announced on September 21 that he was cleared to resume baseball activities, two weeks prior to the conclusion of the regular season. His actual recovery took five months. Making his first appearance of the season since April, Wainwright pitched a scoreless inning of relief in the first game of a doubleheader against Pittsburgh on September 30, an 8\u20132 loss. It was his first relief appearance since the 2006 World Series. He was named the Hutch Award winner for 2015. The Cardinals announced before spring"}, {"context": "training that Wainwright would be the Opening Day starter in 2016, his fifth time. For the three previous seasons, he had gone 41\u201319 with a 2.61 ERA. For the second consecutive season, the Cardinals opened the MLB season, this time at PNC Park against the Pittsburgh Pirates on April 3. The Cardinals lost the game, 4\u20131, with Wainwright taking the first loss of the season. He hit his first home run of season in a 10\u20133 win over the Philadelphia Phillies on May 2, also being credited with his second win. In each of four consecutive plate appearances spanning April"}, {"context": "27 to May 7, he became the first Cardinal pitcher since 1900 to garner an extra base hit while batting, per Elias Sports Bureau. On the mound, he struggled early, yielding a 5.04 ERA in his first 16 starts of the season. Wainwright pitched a three-hit, complete-game shutout and 5\u22120 win against Miami on July 15, 2016; the first hit he allowed was a double to Adeiny Hechavarria in the sixth inning. With four RBI against Colorado on September 20, Wainwright increased his season total to 18, the highest total for all pitchers in the designated hitter era \u2013 since"}, {"context": "1973 \u2013 and the most since Ferguson Jenkins drove in 20 for the Cubs in 1971. On April 21, 2017, Wainwright struck out nine and hit a home run with four RBI while the Cardinals defeated the Milwaukee Brewers, 6\u22123. His May 27 appearance was the 330th of his career, tying him with Larry Jackson (1955\u22121962) for tenth place in games pitched for the Cardinals. while passing Al Hrabosky. Wainwright pitched six scoreless innings versus Los Angeles on June 1, while hitting a two-run home run facing Brandon McCarthy, for a 2\u22120 win. On July 17, he passed Bill Doak"}, {"context": "for fifth place in wins (145) for the Cardinals. On the same day, he became the only active major league pitcher with multiple seasons of 10+ RBI (2016\u201317) . The Cardinals placed Wainwright on the 10-day DL on July 25 due to mid-back tightness, retroactive to July 23. It was the fourth time in his career that he had been placed on the DL. He was activated from the DL on August 6, and totalled 11 innings in three starts. On August 18, the Cardinals placed him back on the DL for right elbow impingement. Wainwright reported pain in his"}, {"context": "right elbow for the second consecutive season and showed a precipitous drop in velocity in his latest starts. Treatments on the right elbow that Wainwright received during the season included trimming cartilage and an injection of platelet-rich plasma into the joint. In 23 games he had started, he allowed a 5.12 ERA with 12\u22125 W\u2212L record. Wainwright returned to pitch on September 18 from the bullpen for the remainder of the season. In 2017, Wainwright won his first career Silver Slugger Award, the first Cardinal pitcher to win the award since Bob Forsch (1980 and 1987) and Jason Marquis (2005)."}, {"context": "He batted .262/.279/.452, a career-high .731 OPS, and two home runs. He led all pitchers with seven runs scored and 11 RBI, and, among all with at least 40 plate appearances, in slugging percentage and OPS. He also hit .462 with runners in scoring position. After the season, Wainwright underwent right elbow surgery to remove a cartilage flap, the first surgery on the elbow since having Tommy John surgery in 2011. The cartilage flap was believed to have caused a bone bruise which led to reduced velocity and efficacy of his breaking pitches. Recovery time was expected to take six"}, {"context": "weeks with full readiness in time for the 2018 season. Wainwright began the 2018 season on the 10-day disabled list with a left hamstring sprain. He was reactivated on April 5, but placed on the disabled list once again with right elbow inflammation on April 22. He was activated once again on May 13 and started that same day against the San Diego Padres. He gave up two runs and walked six batters in 2.1 innings as San Diego defeated St. Louis 5-3. Two days later, on May 15, he was placed back on the 10-day DL before being transferred"}, {"context": "to the 60-day DL on May 17. Wainwright has a sinkerball, throwing it in the . He also throws a good deal of cutters and curveballs that has dropped more than 8 inches before from top to bottom of the pitch. Less commonly, he also throws a four-seam fastball and a changeup . He uses all of his pitches against left-handed hitters, but he does not use the changeup against right-handers. Wainwright's most-used pitch in 2-strike counts is his curveball. In spring training of 2013, he started incorporating an elevated four-seam fastball, making his curveball more effective. A fantasy football"}, {"context": "enthusiast, Wainwright created and hosts a fantasy football network in eight cities called Big League Impact, designed to raised money for various charities. In 2015, the organization raised more than $1 million total. Other major leaguers including David Wright, Hunter Pence, and John Smoltz host in their respective cities. The concept officially opened in July 2013 with the launch of a website called WainosWorld.com. In an interview with Fox Sports Midwest, Wainwright remarked that the program combined his love of fantasy football with his passion for helping the less fortunate. For a registration fee, all of which goes to charity,"}, {"context": "fans can assemble their own fantasy team and compete throughout the season against not only Wainwright but his current and former Cardinals teammates Allen Craig, David Freese, and Matt Holliday. Those with the best team records at season's end will receive prizes. The league raised $100,000 in 2013 and supported Operation Food Search and Water Missions International. With longtime aspirations to host an episode of \"Saturday Night Live\", Wainwright made his film debut in the 2016 comedy-drama \"Proximity\", directed by Dan Steadman and filmed in the St. Louis area. The majority of the work done was completed in 2015, after"}, {"context": "the opportunity presented to Wainwright due in part to the Achilles tendon injury he had suffered early in the season. Wainwright married his high school sweetheart, Jenny Curry, in 2004. In a quirk of fate, he was in the midst of proposing to Curry in December, 2003, when a telephone call interrupted him to inform him he'd been traded from the Braves to the Cardinals. Mrs. Wainwright holds a degree in interior design from Georgia Southern University. In the off-season, the Wainwrights reside on St. Simons Island, Georgia, with their four daughters, Baylie Grace (born September 10, 2006) Morgan Addison"}, {"context": "(born October 22, 2008), Macy James (born November 11, 2011, days after the Cardinals won the World Series), and Sadee Faith (born December 28, 2015). Wainwright has openly expressed his Christian faith, and is active in the Fellowship of Christian Athletes. Adam Wainwright Adam Parrish Wainwright (born August 30, 1981) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB). The Atlanta Braves selected him 29th overall in the first round of the 2000 amateur draft from Glynn Academy in Brunswick, Georgia. His performance in the minor leagues brought him notice as one of"}]}, {"title": "Terry Fugate-Wilcox", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Terry Fugate-Wilcox Tery Fugate-Wilcox, (AKA Terry Fugate-Wilcox before the 1980s) (born 1944) is a minimalist and natural-process postminimalist (Actual Art)-ist painter and sculptor best known for three monumental art works in New York City and surrounding region: the LMCC-sponsored \"Holland Tunnel Wall\" (dismantled circa 1989), the 3-storey \"Self-Watering Tetrahedrons\" fountain located in Prudential's \"Gateway 4\" lobby until 1998, and the permanently installed 36-foot-tall \"3000 A.D. Diffusion Piece\" in J. Hood Wright Park overlooking the \"George Washington Bridge\". The latter is the subject of a New York City official historical sign. The artist is an NEA-laureate with creations in the collections"}, {"context": "of the Smithsonian Institution, the National Gallery of Australia, NYC Parks, and several museums. His art at times led to tangles with the House Un-American Activities Committee, the New York City Department of Buildings, and magazine \"Art in America\". He was co-organizer of the Fulcrum Gallery (AKA Fvlcrvm Gallery, AKA Shakespeare's Fvlcrvm) located in the basement of the SoHo Branch of the Guggenheim Museum until both sites closed in 2002 in part due to the economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks on SoHo and TriBeCa. According to his own autobiography, \"It's the Artists' Life for Me!\", he was"}, {"context": "born with the name Raymond Terry Fugate in Kalamazoo, Michigan, and he never met his father (who was KIA during World War II). At age sixteen, Raymond was formally adopted by his stepfather, Dale Wilcox, becoming Raymond Terry Fugate-Wilcox. He attended military schools and some college. His autobiography also says that he married in 1963 to Valerie Monroe Shakespeare who convinced him to drop \"Raymond\" from his name; changing his name to \"Terry Fugate-Wilcox\". Fugate-Wilcox and wife moved to New York City in December 1968. Consistent with the artist's enthusiasm for the Actual Art concept that time and natural process"}, {"context": "should be able to change art's appearance, the most recognizable Fugate-Wilcox pieces involve same-sized flat rectangular slabs of chemically sensitive metals which are physically bolted together\u2014with the intent that, over time (an estimated year indicated in the piece's title) the slabs would chemically bond together through diffusion or other means into one solid mass. Such pieces include the National Gallery of Australia's \"2,500 A.D. (Cu & Zn)\", and \"Cu & C (3500 ad)\", and also \"Blue steel & brass (2500 ad)\" New York City's prominent 1974 outdoor sculpture, \"3000 A.D. Diffusion Piece\" is such a work: in theory, the piece's"}, {"context": "various aluminum and magnesium slabs will join themselves into one continuous alloy block around the year 3000. (The geo-coordinates of the site of the \"3000 A.D. Diffusion Piece\" are: 40.847283,-73.94205.) Fugate-Wilcox concrete sculptures typically consist of flat slabs of concrete in the elemental polygonal shapes so often favored by minimalist artists. Fugate-Wilcox peppers the exposed surfaces of the still-wet concrete with metallic powder or other substances likely to oxidize or otherwise chemically change with the passage of time, thus changing the surface colors. The artist's \"Weathering Triangle\" outdoor sculpture in New York City was meant to feature the changing colors"}, {"context": "brought about by chemical reactions over time; however, Smithsonian photos show that in fact the surface was usually just covered-over by unauthorized event posters and graffiti. (The piece was also a long-time \"litigating triangle\" as NY Buildings repeatedly fought to challenge in court the \"Triangle\"'s erection without permits.) Some Fugate-Wilcox flat steel creations have involved changes created by blast effects from explosives. The warping and spalling resulting from contact with detonating explosives is used for artistic effect. Fugate-Wilcox also designs lightning-modified art. Some of the artist's creations use furnace-burnt or otherwise deweaponized handguns obtained from municipal gun buyback programs. Some"}, {"context": "sculptures have used bundles of vertically installed 2 by 4 lumber which would gradually fan-out slightly from their original rigidly compact vertical formation due to the swelling and warping effects of humidity. According to a 1983 \"New York Times\" article, a Fugate-Wilcox warping wood piece called \"Weathering Wood\" took advantage of variations in humidity to flex and \"flower out\" when dry, and then \"close back up\" when the environment became more humid. A future sculptural design for which the artist acquired land and started a nonprofit organization to raise funds is his \"San Andreas Fault Sculpture Project\": a proposed monolith"}, {"context": "of concrete () meant to straddle both sides of the San Andreas Fault so that over time the Earth's own plate-tectonic forces will crack the block into two golden rectangles that will continue to move past each other in opposite directions. The artist's intent would be to use \"the Earth itself, as a tool to make the movement of massive continents visible on a scale that can be understood in human terms\". Consistent with the artist's \"Actual Art\" philosophy, Fugate-Wilcox's abstract paintings often include in their creation, certain natural processes like weathering, rainfall evidence, or oxidation over time; sometimes the"}, {"context": "natural processes will (on purpose) cause additional colors to appear upon a once-monochromatic surface. A notable example seen by millions of motorists during the decade or so it was installed was the outdoor mural titled \"Holland Tunnel Wall\"\u2014a painting larger than the entire facade of the neighboring national parish church \"Our Lady of Vilnius\". Located on the multistory parking tower on the northwest corner of Varick and Broome directly in view of vehicles entering the Holland Tunnel, the mural (what was once the site of a megabillboard is now gone\u2014the building was demolished in November 2015) at first appeared all"}, {"context": "white until over the years it became ever more colorful as layers of water-soluble paint weathered away by rain to reveal pigmented underlayers. The artist's intention was to use paints that were incompatible with each other, so that as the work weathered, different colors would emerge. The first layer was red epoxy paint; the second layer, yellow latex; the third layer, blue oil-based alkyd; the fourth layer, green pigmented shellac & the fifth, final layer was whitewash of white, water-soluble casein paint. (The geo-coordinates of the former site of the \"Holland Tunnel Wall\" mural are: 40.724455, -74.006305.) In an art"}, {"context": "prank which \"Art in America\" called \"the conceptual artwork that ended conceptual art\", in 1970 Fugate-Wilcox and wife picked a nonexistent address on 57th Street (then the center of the New York art world) and created the fictitious Jean Freeman Gallery. Like other significant galleries, the (secretly non-existent) Jean Freeman Gallery advertised in \"Art in America\"\u2014but the advertising bills, mailed to the fake address, went unpaid. At the end of the 1970 art season, Fugate-Wilcox published an announcement from the Jean Freeman Gallery saying: \"26 West 57th Street does not exist\". An early 1971 \"New York Times\" article by Grace"}, {"context": "Glueck called \"The Non Gallery of No Art\" announced in public the story of Jean Freeman Gallery. In a televised appearance with Fugate-Wilcox on the \"Today\" show, \"Art in America\"'s Brian O'Doherty announced that the magazine would \"donate\" the costs of the unpaid advertising bills, and then discussed on-air the non-gallery as a conceptual artwork with Fugate-Wilcox and the show host. In 1971, Terry Fugate-Wilcox donated a \"surplus letter \"R\"\" from his first name during a fundraiser for the Irish independence cause, thus going from \"Terry\" to \"Tery\" (still pronounced like \"Terry\"). Shortly afterward, \"Art in America\"'s Brian O'Doherty changed"}, {"context": "his name to \"Patrick Ireland\" in support of the same cause. Also in 1971, Tery and his wife, Valerie submitted nude passport photos. Although the photos were taken from the shoulders up, the couple was refused passports and sparked an investigation by the House Un-American Activities Committee's new investigative branch called the Internal Security Commission. At one point, Fugate-Wilcox and his wife, Valerie, found a lawyer willing to help them file for a \"Conceptual Divorce\" in which Mrs. Fugate-Wilcox would reclaim her maiden name to become Valerie Shakespeare; thereafter, couple would continue as before. Terry Fugate-Wilcox Tery Fugate-Wilcox, (AKA Terry"}]}, {"title": "Sebastian Clovis", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sebastian Clovis Sebastian James Clovis (born September 1, 1979) is a Canadian home renovation television personality, DIYer and former Canadian Football League player. Clovis is the co-host of Canada's \"Tackle My Reno\" which is formerly aired on HGTV. In the show, Clovis and his co-host Sabrina Smelko help homeowners accomplish thrifty renovation projects. Clovis has also appeared in all 3 seasons of Home To Win on HGTV. Born in London, England, Clovis migrated to Canada with his family when he was 6 years old. He grew up in the east end of Toronto, in his family home where he was"}, {"context": "first introduced to carpentry and building. He is the eldest of 5 siblings. Clovis attended the all-boys Catholic high school, Neil McNeil High School, where he was a competitive athlete in track & field and football, which he pursued after school with the Scarborough Thunder Football Club. In his final year of high school, he attended Senator O'Connor College School where he played on the senior boys football team. Clovis received a scholarship to Mississippi State University and later transferred to Saint Mary's University in Halifax, Nova Scotia where he played for their football team, the Huskies. Clovis was drafted"}, {"context": "by the BC Lions in the 2005 CFL draft. After being sidelined with a torn ACL in the 2005 season, he came back to play all 18 games with the Lions during their 2006 Grey Cup winning season. Suffering another season-ending injury midway through the 2007 season, he was forced to rehabilitate from a second ACL tear. Returning from reconstructive knee surgery for a second time, he signed on with the Saskatchewan Roughriders where he played a season before ending his football career. Sebastian Clovis Sebastian James Clovis (born September 1, 1979) is a Canadian home renovation television personality, DIYer"}]}, {"title": "Small joint manipulation", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Small joint manipulation Small joint manipulation, in grappling, refers to twisting, pulling or bending fingers or toes to cause joint locks in the various joints in those appendages. Joint locks on fingers and toes are respectively referred to as finger locks and toe locks. The leverage needed for such joint manipulation is comparatively small, since grabbing a finger or two with one or both hands creates a distinct advantage. Joint manipulation can allow a weaker person with the right training to control a stronger one. Grabbing just the wrist may lead to the opponent being able to pull it free,"}, {"context": "while grabbing a couple of fingers, instead or along with the wrist, can greatly reinforce a defender's ability to hold on to a wrist lock completely through execution and control. Small joint manipulation is an illegal technique in most combat sports that feature joint locking such as Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, judo, mixed martial arts and Sambo, since unlike standard joint locks, there is less of an opportunity to submit before the small joint breaks. It is however sometimes taught as a self-defense and pain compliance technique, for instance in hapkido, Chin Na, kenp\u014d, jujutsu, Krav Maga, vale tudo and especially in"}, {"context": "'Small Circle JuJitsu'. It is also an important part of kopp\u014djutsu techniques. Small joint manipulation Small joint manipulation, in grappling, refers to twisting, pulling or bending fingers or toes to cause joint locks in the various joints in those appendages. Joint locks on fingers and toes are respectively referred to as finger locks and toe locks. The leverage needed for such joint manipulation is comparatively small, since grabbing a finger or two with one or both hands creates a distinct advantage. Joint manipulation can allow a weaker person with the right training to control a stronger one. Grabbing just the"}]}, {"title": "Ferdinand Waldo Demara", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ferdinand Waldo Demara Ferdinand Waldo Demara Jr. (December 21, 1921 \u2013 June 7, 1982), known as 'The Great Impostor', masqueraded as many people \u2013 from monks to surgeons to prison wardens. He was the subject of a movie, \"The Great Impostor\", in which he was played by Tony Curtis. Demara's impersonations included a ship's doctor, a civil engineer, a sheriff's deputy, an assistant prison warden, a doctor of applied psychology, a hospital orderly, a lawyer, a child-care expert, a Benedictine monk, a Trappist monk, an editor, a cancer researcher, and a teacher. One teaching job led to six months in"}, {"context": "prison. He never seemed to get (or seek) much monetary gain in what he was doing \u2013 just temporary respectability. Many of Demara's unsuspecting employers, under other circumstances, would have been satisfied with Demara as an employee. Demara was said to possess a true photographic memory and was widely reputed to have an extraordinary IQ. He was apparently able to memorize necessary techniques from textbooks and worked on two cardinal rules: \"The burden of proof is on the accuser\" and \"When in danger, attack.\" He described his own motivation as \"Rascality, pure rascality\". Demara, known locally as 'Fred', was born"}, {"context": "in Lawrence, Massachusetts, in 1921, at 40 Texas Avenue in the lower southwest Tower Hill Neighborhood. His father, Ferdinand Waldo Demara Sr., was born in Rhode Island and worked in Lawrence's old Theatre District as a motion picture operator. Demara Sr. was financially well-off, and the family lived on Jackson St. in Lawrence, an upper-class neighborhood. Demara Sr.'s brother, Napoleon Louis Demara Sr. owned many of the theatres in Lawrence, in which Demara Sr. was an active union member. Early in the Great Depression, Fred's father became financially insolvent, forcing the family to move from the Tower Hill neighborhood to"}, {"context": "the poorer section in the city. During this financially troubled time, Demara Jr. ran away from home at age 16 to join the Cistercian monks in Rhode Island, where he stayed for several years. He joined the United States Army in 1941. The following year, Demara began his new lives by borrowing the name of Anthony Ignolia, an army buddy, and going AWOL. After two more attempts in monasteries, he joined the Navy where he trained as a hospital corpsman. He did not reach the position he wanted, faked his suicide and borrowed another name, Robert Linton French, and became"}, {"context": "a religion-oriented psychologist, who taught psychology at Gannon College (now a university) in Erie, Pennsylvania. Afterwards, Demara served as an orderly in a Los Angeles sanitarium, and served as an instructor in St. Martin's College (now a university) in the state of Washington. The FBI captured him, and he served 18 months at the Naval Disciplinary Barracks, San Pedro, California for desertion. After his release he assumed a fake identity and studied law at night at Northeastern University, then joined the Brothers of Christian Instruction in Maine, a Roman Catholic order. While at the Brothers of Christian Instruction, he became"}, {"context": "acquainted with a young doctor named Joseph C. Cyr. That led to his most famous exploit, in which he masqueraded as Cyr, working as a trauma surgeon aboard HMCS \"Cayuga\", a Royal Canadian Navy destroyer, during the Korean War. He managed to improvise successful major surgeries and fend off infection with generous amounts of penicillin. His most notable surgical practices were performed on some sixteen Korean combat casualties who were loaded onto the \"Cayuga\". All eyes turned to Demara, the only \"surgeon\" on board, as it became obvious that several of the casualties would require major surgery or certainly die."}, {"context": "After ordering personnel to transport these variously injured patients into the ship's operating room and prep them for surgery, Demara disappeared to his room with a textbook on general surgery and proceeded to speed-read the various surgeries he was now forced to perform, including major chest surgery. None of the casualties died as a result of Demara's surgeries. Apparently, the removal of a bullet from a wounded man ended up in Canadian newspapers. One person reading the reports was the mother of the real Joseph Cyr; her son at the time of \"his\" service in Korea was actually practicing medicine"}, {"context": "in Grand Falls, New Brunswick. When news of the impostor reached the \"Cayuga,\" still on duty off Korea, Captain James Plomer at first refused to believe Demara was not a doctor (and not Joseph Cyr). However, faced with the embarrassment of having allowed an impostor into its ranks, Canadian officials chose not to press charges. Instead, Demara was quietly dismissed from the Royal Canadian Navy and forced to return to the United States. Demara told his biographer he was successful in his roles because he was able to fit into positions which no one else had previously occupied. Demara explained"}, {"context": "it in the following excerpt from his biography: Demara referred to it as 'expanding into the power vacuum,' and described as such; 'if you come into a new situation (there's a nice word for it) don't join some other professor's committee and try to make your mark by moving up in that committee. You'll, one, have a long haul and two, make an enemy.' Demara's technique was to find his own committee. 'That way there's no competition, no past standards to measure you by. How can anyone tell you aren't running a top outfit? And then there's no past laws"}, {"context": "or rules or precedents to hold you down or limit you. Make your own rules and interpretations. Nothing like it. Remember it, expand into the power vacuum!' During Demara's impersonation as Brother John Payne of the Christian Brothers of Instruction (also known as Brothers of Christian Instruction), Demara decided to make the religious teaching order more prominent by founding a college in Alfred, Maine. Demara proceeded on his own, and actually got the college chartered by the state. He then promptly left the religious order in 1951, when the Christian Brothers of Instruction offended him by not naming him as"}, {"context": "rector or chancellor of the new college and chose what Demara considered to be a terrible name for the college. The college Demara founded, LaMennais College in Alfred, Maine, began in 1951 (when Demara left); in 1959 it moved to Canton, Ohio, and in 1960, became Walsh College (now Walsh University). After this episode, he sold his tale to \"Life\" and worked in short-term jobs, since he had become widely known. He resorted to drinking. Only after he returned to his old tricks and possessed fake credentials could he get another job at a prison in Huntsville, Texas. According to"}, {"context": "his biographer, Demara's past became known and his position untenable when an inmate found a copy of \"Life\" with an article about the impostor. On November 5, 1959, Demara appeared on the surrealistic game show hosted by Ernie Kovacs, \"Take a Good Look\". The object was for one of the three celebrity panelists to guess his identity. One week later on November 12, 1959, he appeared on an episode of the TV quiz show \"You Bet Your Life\", with Groucho Marx. Demara recounted his exploits, and said the $1,000 he earned on the program was going to be donated to"}, {"context": "the 'Feed and Clothe Fred Demara Fund'. Demara continued to use new aliases but, as a result of his self-generated publicity, it became much harder to accomplish impersonations than before. In 1960, as a publicity stunt, Demara was given a small acting role in the horror film \"The Hypnotic Eye.\" He appears briefly in the film as a (genuine) hospital surgeon. By this point, Demara's girth was so notable that he could not avoid attracting attention. Demara had already been considerably overweight during his impersonation of Joseph C. Cyr. In the early 1960s Demara worked as a counselor at the"}, {"context": "Union Rescue Mission in downtown Los Angeles. In 1967 Demara received a graduate certificate from Multnomah School of the Bible in Portland, Oregon. His first ministerial assignment was a pastor of the Cherry Grove Baptist Church in Gaston, Oregon. He was very well liked but soon plagued with rumors about his old life, causing him to resign the position. Many parishioners felt this was yet another con, though many others felt he was taking the position seriously and had legitimate credentials. Demara had various friendships with a wide variety of notable people during his life, including a close relationship with"}, {"context": "actor Steve McQueen, to whom Demara delivered last rites in November 1980. When Demara's past exploits and infamy were discovered in the late 1970s, he was almost dismissed from the Good Samaritan Hospital of Orange County in Anaheim, California, where he worked as a visiting chaplain. Chief of Staff Philip S. Cifarelli, who had developed a close personal friendship with Demara, personally vouched for him and Demara was allowed to remain as chaplain. Demara was a very active and appreciated minister, serving a variety of patients in the hospital. Few of those with whom he interacted at the hospital knew"}, {"context": "of his colorful past. Due to limited financial resources and his friendships with Cifarelli and Jerry Nilsson, one of the major owners of the hospital, Demara was allowed to live in the hospital until his death, even after illness forced him to stop working for them in 1980. Demara died on June 7, 1982, at the age of 60 due to heart failure and complications from his diabetic condition, which had required both of his legs to be amputated. According to his obituary in \"The New York Times\", he had been living in Orange County, California, for eight years. He"}, {"context": "died at Nilsson's home in Anaheim, California. Demara's story was recounted in the 1960 book, \"The Great Impostor\", written by Robert Crichton and published by Random House; the book was a \"New York Times\" bestseller and adapted into a 1961 film by the same name starring Tony Curtis as Demara. A second book by Crichton, \"The Rascal and the Road\", recounted Demara and Crichton's experiences together as Crichton conducted research for \"The Great Impostor\". Ferdinand Waldo Demara Ferdinand Waldo Demara Jr. (December 21, 1921 \u2013 June 7, 1982), known as 'The Great Impostor', masqueraded as many people \u2013 from monks"}]}, {"title": "Demofoonte (Myslivec\u030cek) (1775)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Demofoonte (Myslive\u010dek) (1775) Demofoonte is an opera in three acts by the Czech composer Josef Myslive\u010dek. It was the composer's second setting of this popular libretto by Metastasio first produced in 1733 (it was common in the second half of the eighteenth century for composers to set Metastasian texts dozens of times over). It was typical for subsequent setting of Metastasian dramas to incorporate significant alterations, and this setting retains the augmentation of the role of Timante that is found in the composer's first setting of this text. All of Myslive\u010dek's operas are of the serious type in Italian referred"}, {"context": "to as opera seria. The opera was first performed at the Teatro San Carlo in Naples on 20 January 1775, the birthday of king Charles III of Spain, the former ruler of the Kingdom of Naples whose birthday and nameday were still celebrated with operatic productions under the rule of his son Ferdinand. It was very successful at its premiere, to the point that the \"prima donna\" for the production, Antonia Bernasconi, specially brought arias from it with her to her next engagement in London. The Thracian king Demofoonte asks the oracle of Apollo how long the practice of the"}, {"context": "annual sacrifice of a virgin will continue. The answer is puzzling: \"as long as the innocent usurper sits on the throne\". The nobleman Matusio tries to protect his daughter Dircea from being sacrificed. He and Demofoonte are unaware that Dircea is secretly married to Timante, the son of Demofoonte and the heir to the throne. Demofoonte wants Timante to marry Creusa, a princess of Phrygia. Timante's younger brother Cherinto is accompanying her to the kingdom of Thrace, however he falls in love with her. Meeting Creusa, Timante admits that he cannot marry her, but does not explain why. Dircea has"}, {"context": "been caught while trying to flee the country and imprisoned, and Demofoonte orders the immediate sacrifice of Dircea. Timante tries to release her but with no success. He is also imprisoned. Creusa asks Demofoonte for mercy. The king releases Timante and Dircea, and Timante decides to give up the throne in favour of Cherinto. Suddenly they find a letter revealing that Dircea is the daughter of Demofoonte, which makes Timante and Dircea brother and sister. Timante is in despair, and tries to avoid Dircea. However another letter reveals that Timante is the son of Matusio. Everybody is happy. The marriage"}, {"context": "of Timante and Dircea becomes legal, and Cherinto is the real crown prince and can marry Creusa. No more virgins are sacrificed, since Timante is no longer the \"innocent usurper of the throne\". Act I, scene 1 - Aria of Matusio, \"O pi\u00f9 non tremar non voglio\" <br> Act I, scene 2 - Aria of Dircea, \"In te spero o sposo amato\" <br> Act I, scene 3 - Aria of Demofoonte, \"Per lei fra l'armi\" <br> Act I, scene 4 - Aria of Timante, \"Sperai vicino al lido\" <br> Act I, scene 5 - Aria of Cherinto, \"T'intendo ingrata\" [a"}, {"context": "non-Metastasian text] <br> Act I, scene 7 - Aria of Creusa, \"Non curo l'affetto\" <br> Act I, scene 8 - Aria of Cherinto, \"Balena in quel sembiante\" [a non-Metastasian text] <br> Act I, scene 12 - Aria of Dircea, \"Padre, perdona, o pene\" <br> Act I, scene 14 - Accompanied recitative for Timante, \"Sposa mio ben\" <br> Act I, scene 14 - Aria of Timante, \"La dolce compagna vedersi rapire\" [a non-Metastasian text] Act II, scene 1 - Aria of Creusa, \"Tu sai chi son tu sai\" <br> Act II, scene 2 - Aria of Timante, \"Prudente mi chiedi?\" <br>"}, {"context": "Act II, scene 4 - Aria of Matusio, \"E soccorso d'incognita mano\" <br> Act II, scene 6 - Aria of Dircea, \"Se tutti i mali miei\" <br> Act II, scene 7 - Aria of Cherinto, \"No, non chiedo amate stelle\" <br> Act II, scene 9 - Aria of Demofoonte, \"Perfidi, gi\u00e0 che in vita\" <br> Act II, Scene 10 - Accompanied recitative for Timante and Dircea, \"Sposa. Timante\" <br> Act II, scene 10 - Duet for Dircea and Timante, \"La destra ti chiedo\" Act III, scene 1 - Aria of Adrasto, \"Se ti bramassi estinto\" [a non-Metastasian text] <br> Act"}, {"context": "III, scene 4 - Accompanied recitative for Timante, \"Misero me\" <br> Act III, scene 5 - Aria of Timante, \"Misero pargoletto\" <br> Act III, scene 6 - Aria of Demofoonte, \"Odo il suono de' queruli accenti\" <br> Act III, scene 7 - Aria of Dircea, \"Che mai risponderti\" Complete score in manuscript available for viewing and downloading at http://www.internetculturale.it (Subcategory: Digital Contents) Demofoonte (Myslive\u010dek) (1775) Demofoonte is an opera in three acts by the Czech composer Josef Myslive\u010dek. It was the composer's second setting of this popular libretto by Metastasio first produced in 1733 (it was common in the second"}]}, {"title": "King effect", "paragraphs": [{"context": "King effect In statistics, economics, and econophysics, the King effect refers to the phenomenon where the top one or two members of a ranked set show up as outliers. These top one or two members are unexpectedly large because they do not conform to the statistical distribution or rank-distribution which the remainder of the set obeys. Distributions typically followed include the power-law distribution, that of a stretched exponential, or a parabolic fractal. The King effect has been observed in the distribution of : Note, however, that the King effect is not limited to outliers with a positive evaluation attached to"}, {"context": "their rank: for rankings on an undesirable attribute, there actually may exist a Pauper effect, with a similar detachment of extremely ranked data points from the reasonably distributed portion of the data set. King effect In statistics, economics, and econophysics, the King effect refers to the phenomenon where the top one or two members of a ranked set show up as outliers. These top one or two members are unexpectedly large because they do not conform to the statistical distribution or rank-distribution which the remainder of the set obeys. Distributions typically followed include the power-law distribution, that of a stretched"}]}, {"title": "Factor (chord)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Factor (chord) In music, a factor or chord factor is a member or component of a chord. These are named root, third, fifth, sixth, seventh, ninth, eleventh, thirteenth, and so on, for their generic interval above the root. In harmony, the consonance and dissonance of a chord factor and a nonchord tone are distinguished, respectively. Chord factors are taken into consideration in voicing and voice leading. A chord contains exactly as many factors as it contains unique pitch names (octaves don't matter), while a voicing can have any number of voices that draw from and represent some or all the"}, {"context": "factors of a chord in various octaves. Thus, a chord with three unique pitch names always has three factors, even if some of those pitches are doubled or omitted in a particular voicing. For example, the figure to the right shows a four-note voicing of a C Major triad, which has three chord factors. The \"root\" chord factor (pitch name \"C\"), is represented twice in the voicing by voices 1 and 4 in different octaves. The chord factor called the \"fifth\" (pitch name \"G\") is represented in voice 2 (shown in red). The chord factor that is in the bass"}, {"context": "determines the inversion of the chord. For example, if the third is in the bass it is a first inversion chord (formula_1) while if the seventh is in the bass the chord is in third inversion (formula_2). The illustration shows one possible four-note voicing of a G7 third-inversion chord (written G7/F in lead-sheet chord-symbol notation), with every chord factor being represented once by a voice in the voicing. In Tertian harmony, chords are made more complex, or \"extended\", by introducing additional chord factors stacked in thirds. The illustration shows the theoretical construction of a C13 chord having seven chord factors,"}, {"context": "with the \"extended\" chord factors shown in red. In real applications, it is common practice to omit the eleventh from voicings of a dominant 13 chord, because though being necessary to theoretically derive the thirteenth by stacking on it, the unaltered perfect eleventh clashes with the major third. Factor (chord) In music, a factor or chord factor is a member or component of a chord. These are named root, third, fifth, sixth, seventh, ninth, eleventh, thirteenth, and so on, for their generic interval above the root. In harmony, the consonance and dissonance of a chord factor and a nonchord tone"}]}, {"title": "Algodones Dunes", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Algodones Dunes The Algodones Dunes is a large erg (sand dune field) located in the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of California, near the border with Arizona and the Mexican state of Baja California. The field is approximately long by wide and extends along a northwest-southeast line that correlates to the prevailing northerly and westerly wind directions. The name \"Algodones Dunes\" refers to the entire geographic feature, while the administrative designation for that portion managed by the Bureau of Land Management is the Imperial Sand Dunes Recreation Area (sometimes called the Glamis Dunes). The Algodones Dunes are split into"}, {"context": "many different sections. These sections include Glamis, Gordon's Well, Buttercup, Midway, and Patton's Valley. Although the Spanish word \"algodones\" translates to the English word \"cotton,\" the name Algodones is a corruption of the Spanish and English names of the Yuman tribe that once dwelt nearby. The dunes are located west of the Chocolate Mountains in Imperial County, and are crossed by Interstate 8 and State Route 78, which passes through the old train stop of Glamis at the eastern edge of the dune field. The northwestern end is located at about east of Calipatria, California, and the southeastern end is"}, {"context": "located at near Los Algodones in Mexico, about west of Yuma, Arizona. The dunes are also now separated at the southern end by agricultural land from the much more extensive Gran Desierto de Altar, to which they once were linked as an extreme peripheral \"finger\". The only significant human-made structures in the area are the All-American Canal that cuts across the southern portion from east to west and the Coachella Canal on the western edge. Because the Colorado River flowed through very flat terrain, the course of the river varied over a wide area, being periodically diverted in one direction"}, {"context": "or another by silt deposits remaining after floods. Sometimes the river flowed into the Gulf of California, as it does today (no longer flows into the Gulf of California due to irrigation in the Imperial Valley and Mexicali Valley); other times it turned westward toward the Salton Sink. Each time the Salton Sink received the river flow, a large freshwater lake called Lake Cahuilla formed. The last Lake Cahuilla covered much of the Imperial, Coachella and Mexicali Valleys as late as 1450. The most popular theory holds that the Algodones Dunes were formed from windblown beach sands of Lake Cahuilla."}, {"context": "The prevailing westerly and northwesterly winds carried the sand eastward from the old lake shore to their present location which continues to migrate southeast by approximately one foot per year. The dunes have frequently been a barrier to human movement in the area. Foot travelers frequently diverted south into Mexico, and in 1877 the Southern Pacific Railroad was diverted north to avoid the dunes, but in 1915 Colonel Ed Fletcher built a wooden plank road across the dunes to prove that cars could cross the dunes and to connect San Diego with Yuma, Arizona. This trail eventually became part of"}, {"context": "Interstate 8. During World War II, the U.S. military conducted desert warfare training on the dunes, which were part of the California-Arizona Maneuver Area. People have been driving on the dunes for recreation almost since vehicles first reached the area, which may have been the proving ground for the first dune buggy, a modified Ford Model A. Off-road driving surged following World War II when surplus Jeeps became available to the public. Environmental protection groups (notably the Center for Biological Diversity) and off-highway vehicle advocacy groups (notably the American Sand Association) have filed numerous petitions and lawsuits to either restrict"}, {"context": "or re-open vehicular access to the dunes. Most of the dunes located north of State Route 78 are off-limits to vehicular traffic due to designation as the North Algodones Dunes Wilderness. The federal government protected these in the early 1980s and closed them to vehicles as part of the 1994 California Desert Protection Act (Public Law 103-433). Much of the area south of this road remains open for off-highway vehicle use, though a lawsuit in 2000 closed over to vehicular access, leaving about 40% of the recreation area open to vehicles. It is the largest sand dunes open to off-highway"}, {"context": "vehicle use in the United States. The site's large sand dunes are a preferred terrain for many off-road vehicle owners. Motorcycles, sandrails, ATVs, and 4-wheel-drive vehicles are commonly driven across the dunes. Open camping is permitted, and on major winter holidays, as many as 150,000 people can visit in a single weekend. These recreationalists bring an economic boom during the cooler months to the nearby towns of Brawley, California, Yuma, Arizona and El Centro, California. As they are the largest dune ecosystem in the United States, there are many species which are endemic to the Algodones system, so the region"}, {"context": "overall is biologically unique on a global scale. The Algodones were once part of an even greater dune system that now resides primarily in the Mexican state of Sonora, with a few extensions also in southwestern Arizona, especially in the vicinity of Yuma. Accordingly, it is likely that many of the species presently known only from the Algodones also occur in the Gran Desierto de Altar in Mexico, but this is difficult to ascertain without biological surveys of the latter area. Among insects, there are dozens of species found only in Algodones or its neighboring areas, including: In August 2006,"}, {"context": "Federal wildlife officials decided not to list these species under the Endangered Species Act, due primarily to insufficient documentation of their distribution and phenology; biological survey work is planned to address this. The dunes were used to film parts of \"Road to Morocco\", \"Flight of the Phoenix\", \"Tobruk, \"\"Stargate\", \"\" and the Tatooine scenes in \"Return of the Jedi\". John Ford made the 1934 version of \"The Last Patrol\" here. They also appear in the opening sequence of the TV series \"Kung Fu\". Algodones Dunes The Algodones Dunes is a large erg (sand dune field) located in the southeastern portion"}]}, {"title": "Richard Bivens", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Richard Bivens Richard Bivens (born August 26, 1979) is an American musician from Orange County, California. He has performed as a solo artist and has been the frontman for Richard Bivens & Foreign Press, Regrets and Brunettes and Grief Thief. He currently resides in Oakland, California. Richard began writing songs at the age of 10, mostly of the R&B and hip-hop variety. His focus began to narrow in on rock music as he got older, and at the age of 15 he taught himself how to play guitar. He developed a unique style of playing a right handed guitar upside"}, {"context": "down and for the majority of his early career strummed without a pick. As a child, Bivens was strongly considered for the lead role in the 1993 film \"Free Willy\". He also appeared on an episode of VH1's \"Rock and Roll Jeopardy!\" at the age of 21, and became the show's youngest winner ever. Consisting of high school friend Robert Pavlovich on bass guitar, Ali Ghanavat on rhythm guitar, and Dylan Kato on drums, Bivens formed Richard Bivens & Foreign Press, with the band recording their sole album \"Absolute Beginners\" in San Francisco, CA at Lucky Cat Recordings with producer"}, {"context": "Tony Leong. The album, consisting of 7 tracks and recorded on analog tape, was released in May 2006. The band played several gigs in and around the Orange County, Los Angeles, and San Diego area until breaking up in late 2007. After Foreign Press, Bivens began to work on new material in early 2008. He rehearsed the songs with Pavlovich and Kato and from there realized that he wanted to start up another project. The trio settled on the band name Regrets and Brunettes and swiftly entered themselves back in the local live music scene. For the first few shows,"}, {"context": "the band auditioned a plethora of musicians (including keyboardists) before rounding out their lineup with guitarist Anthony Chu in the Spring of 2008. With Chu, the band took their songwriting and musicianship to a new level. With this new lineup, Bivens and company spent nearly 12 months in their rehearsal space called the Rec Room in Anaheim, CA recording new material. The end result was the 2009 album entitled \"At Night You Love Me\" (the name came from Bivens' love-hate relationship with a traffic light near his apartment) released on Campaign Set Records. \"ANYLM\" was well received by local and"}, {"context": "foreign critics alike. Whereas \"Absolute Beginners\" was more raw and warmer sounding, the band took their time to craft each song with ambient guitar and keyboard parts and more detailed arrangements. The album certainly fit the indie-rock mold, but its hard to deny the older and more pop-driven influences of Neil Young, Spoon, Pavement, and Big Star - all artists that Bivens idolized throughout his career. Although the band achieved mild success with the album and played shows with the likes of Delta Spirit, The Henry Clay People, and Pepper Rabbit they found it hard to balance lives as musicians"}, {"context": "and lives as professionals. Pavlovich gained more responsibility becoming a father and Chu became a full-time medical student. The difficulties in scheduling time for the band caused enough friction that the band broke up officially in August 2010. They posthumously released their final song called \"Facts & Figures.\" After Bivens formed Regrets and Brunettes, guitarist Ali Ghanavat decided to reset Foreign Press, without Bivens on vocals. He recruited singer Juanita Mankuleiyo (who performed backup vocals on \"Absolute Beginners\"), bassist and childhood friend Jeff Basin, as well as Foreign Press's original drummer Richard Rizk. Foreign Press revitalizes songs that Bivens has"}, {"context": "written over the past decade, as well as performing new songs written specifically for this new incarnation of the band. In 2013, Foreign Press released their self-titled debut, consisting of 13 songs each written by Bivens. Bivens relocated to Oakland, California in 2012 to begin work on his debut solo album with \"Absolute Beginners\" producer Tony Leong. Over the next couple of years, dozens of tracks were recorded with an assorted cast of Bay Area musicians, including members of The Matches, Facing New York, Con Brio, Tumbleweed Wanderers and The Soft White Sixties. Although more than an album\u2019s worth of"}, {"context": "material was compiled, Bivens and Leong scrapped many of the recordings and left others to die in their infancy. In 2016, Bivens restarted the project with Leong under the artist name Grief Thief. Joined by Jeremy Lyon (lead guitar), Zak Mandel-Romann (bass), Patrick Monaco Glynn (keys) and Omar Cuellar (drums), their efforts culminated in the 2017 EP release of \"Laugh Tracks\". Richard Bivens Richard Bivens (born August 26, 1979) is an American musician from Orange County, California. He has performed as a solo artist and has been the frontman for Richard Bivens & Foreign Press, Regrets and Brunettes and Grief"}]}, {"title": "ISO/IEC 7816", "paragraphs": [{"context": "ISO/IEC 7816 ISO/IEC 7816 is an international standard related to electronic identification cards with contacts, especially smart cards, managed jointly by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). It is edited by the Joint technical committee (JTC) 1 / Sub-Committee (SC) 17, Cards and personal identification. The following describes the different parts of this standard. Created in 1987, updated in 1998, amended in 2003, updated in 2011. This part describes the physical characteristics of the card, primarily by reference to ISO/IEC 7810 \"Identification cards \u2014 Physical characteristics\", but also with other characteristics such as mechanical"}, {"context": "strength. Created in 1988, updated in 1999, amended in 2004, updated in 2007. Created in 1989, amended in 1992 (addition of the T=1 protocol), amended in 1994 (revision of Protocol Type Selection), updated in 1997 (including addition of 3 Volt operation), amended in 2002 (including addition of 1.8 Volt operation), last updated in 2006 (including removal of Vpp). Created in 1995, updated in 2013, amended in 2014. According to its abstract, it specifies: It does not cover the internal implementation within the card or the outside world. ISO/IEC 7816-4:2013 is independent of the physical interface technology, and applies equally to"}, {"context": "contact cards, proximity cards and vicinity cards. Created in 1995, updated in 2004. According to its abstract, ISO/IEC 7816-5 defines how to use an application identifier to ascertain the presence of and/or perform the retrieval of an application in a card. ISO/IEC 7816-5:2004 shows how to grant the uniqueness of application identifiers through the international registration of a part of this identifier, and defines Created in 1996, updated in 2004, amended in 2006, updated in 2016. According to its abstract, it specifies the Data Elements (DEs) used for interindustry interchange based on integrated circuit cards (ICCs) both with contacts and"}, {"context": "without contacts. It gives the identifier, name, description, format, coding and layout of each DE and defines the means of retrieval of DEs from the card. Created in 1999. Created in 1995, updated in 2004, updated in 2016. According to its abstract, it specifies interindustry commands for integrated circuit cards (either with contacts or without contacts) that may be used for cryptographic operations. These commands are complementary to and based on the commands listed in ISO/IEC 7816-4. Annexes are provided that give examples of operations related to digital signatures, certificates and the import and export of asymmetric keys. The choice"}, {"context": "and conditions of use of cryptographic mechanisms may affect card exportability. The evaluation of the suitability of algorithms and protocols is outside the scope of ISO/IEC 7816-8. Created in 1995, updated in 2004, updated in 2017. According to its abstract, it specifies interindustry commands for integrated circuit cards (both with contacts and without contacts) for card and file management, e.g. file creation and deletion. These commands cover the entire life cycle of the card and therefore some commands may be used before the card has been issued to the cardholder or after the card has expired. An annex is provided"}, {"context": "that shows how to control the loading of data (secure download) into the card, by means of verifying the access rights of the loading entity and protection of the transmitted data with secure messaging. The loaded data may contain, for example, code, keys and applets. Created in 1999. This part specifies the power, signal structures, and the structure for the answer to reset between an integrated circuit card(s) with synchronous transmission and an interface device such as a terminal. Created in 2004, updated in 2017. This part of ISO/IEC 7816 specifies security-related interindustry commands to be used for personal verification"}, {"context": "through biometric methods in integrated circuit cards. It also defines the data structure and data access methods for use of the card as a carrier of the biometric reference and/or as the device to perform the verification of the cardholder\u2019s biometric probe (on-card biometric comparison). Identification of persons using biometric methods is outside the scope of this standard. Created in 2005. According to its abstract, it specifies the operating conditions of an integrated circuit card that provides a USB interface. An integrated circuit card with a USB interface is named USB-ICC. ISO/IEC 7816-12:2005 specifies: ISO/IEC 7816-12:2005 provides two protocols for"}, {"context": "control transfers. This is to support the protocol T=0 (version A) or to use the transfer on APDU level (version B). ISO/IEC 7816-12:2005 provides the state diagrams for the USB-ICC for each of the transfers (bulk transfers, control transfers version A and version B). Examples of possible sequences which the USB-ICC must be able to handle are given in an informative annex. The USB CCID device class defines a standard for communicating with ISO/IEC 7816 smart cards over USB. This part specifies commands for application management in a multi-application environment. Created in 2004, amended in 2004, 2007, 2008, updated in"}, {"context": "2016. According to its abstract, it specifies a card application. This application contains information on cryptographic functionality. Further, ISO/IEC 7816-15:2016 defines a common syntax (in ASN.1) and format for the cryptographic information and mechanisms to share this information whenever appropriate. ISO/IEC 7816-15:2016 supports the following capabilities: ISO/IEC 7816 ISO/IEC 7816 is an international standard related to electronic identification cards with contacts, especially smart cards, managed jointly by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). It is edited by the Joint technical committee (JTC) 1 / Sub-Committee (SC) 17, Cards and personal identification. The following describes"}]}, {"title": "The New York Trilogy", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The New York Trilogy The New York Trilogy is a series of novels by Paul Auster. Originally published sequentially as \"City of Glass\" (1985), \"Ghosts\" (1986) and \"The Locked Room\" (1986), it has since been collected into a single volume. Ostensibly presented as detective fiction, the stories of \"The New York Trilogy\" have been described as \"meta-detective-fiction\", \"anti-detective fiction\", \"mysteries about mysteries\", a \"strangely humorous working of the detective novel\", \"very soft-boiled\", a \"metamystery\" and a \"mixture between the detective story and the nouveau roman\". This may classify Auster as a postmodern writer whose works are influenced by the \"classical"}, {"context": "literary movement\" of American postmodernism through the 1960s and 70s. There is, however, \"a certain coherence in the narrative discourse, a neo-realistic approach and a show of responsibility for social and moral aspects going beyond mere metafictional and subversive elements\", which distinguish him from a \"traditional\" postmodern writer. \"The New York Trilogy\" is a particular form of postmodern detective fiction which still uses well-known elements of the detective novel (the classical and hardboiled varieties, for example) but also creates a new form that links \"the traditional features of the genre with the experimental, metafictional and ironic features of postmodernism.\" A"}, {"context": "2006 reissue by Penguin Books is fronted by new pulp magazine-style covers by comic book illustrator Art Spiegelman. The first story, \"City of Glass\", features a detective fiction writer-become-private investigator who descends into madness as he becomes embroiled in a case. It explores layers of identity and reality, from Paul Auster the writer of the novel to the unnamed \"author\" who reports the events as reality to \"Paul Auster the writer\", a character in the story, to \"Paul Auster the detective\", who may or may not exist in the novel, to Peter Stillman the younger, to Peter Stillman the elder"}, {"context": "and, finally, to Daniel Quinn, protagonist. \"City of Glass\" has an intertextual relationship with Cervantes' \"Don Quixote\". Not only does the protagonist Daniel Quinn share his initials with the knight, but when Quinn finds \"Paul Auster the writer,\" Auster is in the midst of writing an article about the authorship of Don Quixote. Auster calls his article an \"imaginative reading,\" and in it he examines possible identities of Cide Hamete Benengeli, the narrator of the Quixote. The second story, \"Ghosts\", is about a private eye called Blue, trained by Brown, who is investigating a man named Black on Orange Street"}, {"context": "for a client named White. Blue writes written reports to White who in turn pays him for his work. Blue becomes frustrated and loses himself as he becomes immersed in the life of Black. \"The Locked Room\" is the story of a writer who lacks the creativity to produce fiction. Fanshawe, his childhood friend, has produced creative work, and when he disappears the writer publishes his work and replaces him in his family. The title is a reference to a \"locked room mystery\", a popular form of early detective fiction. \"City of Glass\" was adapted in 1994 into a critically"}, {"context": "acclaimed experimental graphic novel by Paul Karasik and David Mazzucchelli. It was published as \"\" in 2004. In 2009, Audible.com produced an audio version of \"The New York Trilogy\", narrated by Joe Barrett, as part of its \"Modern Vanguard\" line of audiobooks. In 2016, Edward Einhorn adapted \"City of Glass\" as a play Off-Broadway, at the New Ohio In 2017, Duncan Macmillan produced another adaptation as a play, which showed for a short period at HOME in Manchester, before transferring to the Lyric, Hammersmith. It was a co-production between HOME, the Lyric, and 59 Productions. The New York Trilogy The"}]}, {"title": "Lucina (Fire Emblem)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Lucina (Fire Emblem) Lucina originates from the Nintendo and Intelligent Systems video game \"Fire Emblem Awakening\", an entry in their long-running \"Fire Emblem\" series of video games. Internally, \"Awakening\" was treated as a last-ditch effort to save the series, as declining sales had lead Nintendo to deem it the last game series if the game did not meet sales goals. Lucina was part of the team's efforts to rework the series' arch-typical medieval fantasy setting and revamping it using elements of time-travel; Lucina travels backward in time from a world in ruins to help her father, Chrom, work towards a"}, {"context": "different future. Lucina's mother is dependent on the player's choices in the game's relationship and marriage system, another revamped system for the game. Early parts in the game see her dressing up as Marth, the protagonist from a number of earlier \"Fire Emblem\" titles. Nintendo described her in the game as \"an unwavering warrior with a strong sense of justice and commitment to her family...Her power, determination, and wisdom gained from watching the destruction of her world are priceless strengths.\" Lucina and the rest of the cast were cited as standout aspects of the game that helped in saving the"}, {"context": "series; \"Awakening\" posted strong sales in multiple regions and allowed Nintendo to greenlight further entries in the series. Lucina later appeared in \"Awakening's\" sequel, \"Fire Emblem Fates\", though only as an additional downloadable content (DLC) character, not a core character to the game's story. She is also a playable character in Nintendo's mobile entry in the series, \"Fire Emblem Heroes\", and \"Fire Emblem Warriors\", a Tecmo Koei developed \"musou\" action game spin-off. Tecmo Koei originally wanted to drop her from the game's story, citing both issues with her time-travelling backstory conflicting with the new story they were trying to tell"}, {"context": "in the game, and the perception that there were already too many sword-bearing characters unbalancing the game's gameplay. This idea was rejected by Intelligent Systems and Nintendo, deeming her too important to the franchise to be cut from the game. Outside of the \"Fire Emblem\" series, Lucina was also included in a number of other Nintendo-related games, including the \"Super Smash Bros.\" crossover fighting game series. Lucina was a playable character in 2014's \"Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U\" as part of the game's core fighting cast, using moves similar to Marth's. Around the same time, she"}, {"context": "also received her own Amiibo figure from Nintendo. She is also scheduled to appear in the series' 2018 entry, \"Super Smash Bros. Ultimate\", now designated as Marth's \"echo fighter\". She is also playable in the 2016 tactical role-playing crossover game \"Project X Zone 2\", appearing as part of a pair unit with her father Chrom. A downloadable addition to the Japan-only \"Monster Hunter Frontier G\" allowed for the player to dress their avatar as Lucina in the game's Wii U version. Lucina is featured as a bonus playable character in \"\", where she is made playable upon the player linking"}, {"context": "their Amiibo with the game. Lucina also received her own figure in Good Smile Company's figma line in 2014. The character of Lucina has received positive attention from journalists as part of Nintendo's efforts to better appeal to the female demographics of video gaming. Nintendo used her as one of their female characters used to recreate the Rosie the Riveter We Can Do It poster as part of the company's Women's History Month celebration in March 2015, with her being one of the few characters used who was not criticized by journalists for being a damsel in distress, oversexualized, or"}, {"context": "merely a female version of a male character. Other journalists praised her inclusion as part of Nintendo's efforts to have more female character in games, including her starring role in \"Fire Emblem Awakening\", and the increased percentage of female characters in the roster for \"Super Smash Bros for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U\". While The Mary Sue initially resented the fact that the initial trailer for her revealed appearance in \"Super Smash Bros.\" led to Lucina, a female, having to be rescued by Robin, a male, the concern was later retracted upon the realization that the Robin character can be"}, {"context": "chosen to be male or female in the game itself. In \"Fire Emblem\" character popularity polls running up to the release of \"Fire Emblem Heroes\", Lucina was ranked number 2 in the female character polls in North America. The top four characters in the polls received new in-game costumes; Kotaku praised both Lucina's original costume, and the revised one, for striking a good balance between looking stylish while still appearing to look like traditionally functional armor as well. As a fighter in \"Super Smash Bros.\" specifically, her inclusion was generally well-received, although her initial reveal lead to concerns that she"}, {"context": "was too similar in playing style to Marth, in a game series that stresses that each character be different in play-style. The director of \"Super Smash Bros.\", Masahiro Sakurai, addressed the concern directly and stated that there were enough differences in balance and size to warrant her being a separate character. With seven total \"Fire Emblem\" characters appearing in \"Super Smash Bros. Ultimate\", complaints again arose that she played too similarly to other characters. Lucina (Fire Emblem) Lucina originates from the Nintendo and Intelligent Systems video game \"Fire Emblem Awakening\", an entry in their long-running \"Fire Emblem\" series of video"}]}, {"title": "As I Lay Dying", "paragraphs": [{"context": "As I Lay Dying As I Lay Dying is a 1930 novel, in the genre of Southern Gothic, by American author William Faulkner. Faulkner said that he wrote the novel from midnight to 4:00 AM over the course of six weeks and that he did not change a word of it. Faulkner wrote it while working at a power plant, published it in 1930, and described it as a \"tour de force\". Faulkner's fifth novel, it is consistently ranked among the best novels of 20th-century literature. The title derives from Book XI of Homer's \"Odyssey\" (William Marris's 1925 translation), wherein"}, {"context": "Agamemnon tells Odysseus: \"As I lay dying, the woman with the dog's eyes would not close my eyes as I descended into Hades.\" The novel utilizes stream of consciousness writing technique, multiple narrators, and varying chapter lengths. The book is narrated by 15 different characters over 59 chapters. It is the story of the death of Addie Bundren and her poor, rural family's quest and motivations\u2014noble or selfish\u2014to honor her wish to be buried in her hometown of Jefferson, Mississippi. As the book opens, Addie is alive, though in ill health. Addie and others expect her to die soon, and"}, {"context": "she sits at a window watching as her firstborn, Cash, builds her coffin. Anse, Addie's husband, waits on the porch, while their daughter, Dewey Dell, fans her mother in the July heat. The night after Addie dies a heavy rainstorm sets in; rivers rise and wash out bridges the family will need to cross to get to Jefferson. The family's trek by wagon begins, with Addie's non-embalmed body in the coffin. Along the way, Anse and the five children encounter various difficulties. Anse frequently rejects any offers of assistance, including meals or lodging, so at times the family goes hungry"}, {"context": "and sleeps in barns. At other times he refuses to accept loans from people, claiming he wishes to \"be beholden to no man\", thus manipulating the would-be-lender into giving him charity as a gift not to be repaid. Jewel, Addie's middle child, tries to leave his dysfunctional family, yet cannot turn his back on them through the trials. Cash breaks a leg and winds up riding atop the coffin. He refuses to admit to any discomfort, but the family eventually puts a makeshift cast of concrete on his leg. Twice, the family almost loses Addie's coffin \u2014 first, while crossing"}, {"context": "a river on a washed-out bridge (two mules are lost), and second, when a fire of suspicious origin starts in the barn where the coffin is being stored for a night. After nine days, the family finally arrives in Jefferson, where the stench from the coffin is quickly smelled by the townspeople. In town, family members have different items of business to take care of. Cash's broken leg needs attention. Dewey Dell, for the second time in the novel, goes to a pharmacy, trying to obtain an abortion that she does not know how to ask for. First, though, Anse"}, {"context": "wants to borrow some shovels to bury Addie, because that was the purpose of the trip and the family should be together for that. Before that happens, however, Darl, the second eldest, is seized for the arson of the barn and sent to the Mississippi State Insane Asylum in Jackson. With Addie only just buried, Anse forces Dewey Dell to give up her money, which he spends on getting \"new teeth\", and marries the woman from whom he borrowed the spades. As is many of Faulkner's works, the story is set in Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, which Faulkner referred to as"}, {"context": "\"my apocryphal county\", a fictional rendition of the writer's home of Lafayette County in the same state. Throughout the novel, Faulkner presents 15 different points of view, each chapter narrated by one character, including Addie, who expresses her thoughts after she has already died. In 59 chapters titled only by their narrators' names, the characters are developed gradually through each other's perceptions and opinions, with Darl's predominating. \"As I Lay Dying\" helped to solidify Faulkner's reputation as a pioneer, like James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, of stream of consciousness. He first used the technique in \"The Sound and the Fury\","}, {"context": "and it gives \"As I Lay Dying\" its distinctly intimate tone, through the monologues of the tragically flawed Bundrens and the passers-by whom they encounter. Faulkner works the narrative technique by manipulating conventional differences between stream of consciousness and interior monologue. For example, Faulkner has a character such as Darl speak in his interior monologue with far more intellectual diction (and knowledge of his physical environment) than he realistically possesses. This is directly playing with conventions of interior monologues because, as Dorrit Cohn states in \"Transparent Minds: Narrative Modes for Presenting Consciousness in Fiction\", the language in the interior monologue"}, {"context": "is \"like the language a character speaks to others ... it accords with his time, his place, his social station, level of intelligence ...\" The novel helped found the Southern Renaissance and directs a great deal of effort as it progresses to reflections on being and existence, the existential metaphysics of everyday life. \"As I Lay Dying\" is consistently ranked among the best novels of 20th-century literature. The novel has been reprinted by the Modern Library, the Library of America, and numerous publishers, including Chatto and Windus in 1970, Random House in 1990, Tandem Library in 1991, and Vintage Books"}, {"context": "in 1996. and the Folio Society in 2013. Faulkner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1949 for his novels prior to that date, with this book being among them. The novel has also directly influenced a number of other critically acclaimed books, including British author Graham Swift's 1996 Booker Prize-winning novel \"Last Orders\" and Suzan-Lori Parks's \"Getting Mother's Body,\" and Jesmyn Ward\u2019s \"Sing, Unburied, Sing\". In 1998, the Modern Library ranked \"As I Lay Dying\" 35th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. The Grammy-nominated metalcore band As I Lay Dying derived"}, {"context": "its name from this novel. The character Darl Bundren also appeared in Faulkner's 1935 short story \"Uncle Willy\". In 2013, writer/director James Franco released a film adaptation of the novel. The novel was adapted for the screen by James Franco and Matt Rager. Franco viewed it as a challenge because the novel was described as a story impossible to be transformed into a film due to the multi-narrative voices within it. Franco also stars as Darl Bundren. An adaptation of the novel was presented by Theatre Smith-Gilmour from March 8\u201331, 2013, at Theatre Passe Muraille in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. As"}]}, {"title": "1927 in sports", "paragraphs": [{"context": "1927 in sports 1927 in sports describes the year's events in world sport. England Germany Italy Mexico Ukraine VFL Premiership Brownlow Medal Sweden World Series Major League Baseball Negro League Baseball ABL Championship Events Lineal world champions Grey Cup Events England Australia India New Zealand South Africa West Indies Tour de France World Figure Skating Championships Major tournaments Ryder Cup Other tournaments Events England Australia Canada France Ireland USA Stanley Cup Events Far Eastern Championship Games FIS Nordic World Ski Championships The Boat Race England Australia Five Nations Championship World Championship Speed Skating World Championships Australia England France USA Davis"}, {"context": "Cup 1927 in sports 1927 in sports describes the year's events in world sport. England Germany Italy Mexico Ukraine VFL Premiership Brownlow Medal Sweden World Series Major League Baseball Negro League Baseball ABL Championship Events Lineal world champions Grey Cup Events England Australia India New Zealand South Africa West Indies Tour de France World Figure Skating Championships Major tournaments Ryder Cup Other tournaments Events England Australia Canada France Ireland USA Stanley Cup Events Far Eastern Championship Games FIS Nordic World Ski Championships The Boat Race England Australia Five Nations Championship World Championship Speed Skating World Championships Australia England France USA"}]}, {"title": "Take 40 Australia", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Take 40 Australia Take 40 Australia was Australia's first and longest-running music countdown. It counted down the official top 40 singles as per the ARIA chart on a weekly basis. It was broadcast nationally each week to over 1.2 million listeners. Starting in 1984, the show ended after 32 years with its final broadcast on Saturday 3 September 2016. \"Take 40 Australia\" first hit the airwaves in 1984 and was hosted by Barry Bissell for 20 years until his retirement in 2004. Bissell was an integral part of the show's success, counting down Australia's 40 biggest songs. He also celebrated"}, {"context": "the 1000th show milestone in 2003. In November 2004, Andrew G\u00fcnsberg (also known as \"Andrew G\") replaced Bissell as host. G\u00fcnsberg hosted the show until November 2009. In November 2009, G\u00fcnsberg was replaced by Kyle Sandilands and Jackie O. Sandilands remained with the show until December 2011 and Jackie hosted the show solo until 2013. Angus O'Loughlin replaced Jackie O as host. In February 2014, Ash London was announced as co-host of the show joining Angus. London left the show in December 2015 after resigning from Southern Cross Austereo. Emma Freedman was announced as co-host replacing London. In August 2016,"}, {"context": "Southern Cross Austereo announced a revamped weekend lineup for the Hit Network and \"Take 40 Australia\" was no longer part of the lineup. The show ended after 32 years on Saturday 3 September 2016. During its run, Take 40, in association with Australian record companies, released a number of hit music compilation albums on CD and cassette. Special mentions: Take 40 Australia Take 40 Australia was Australia's first and longest-running music countdown. It counted down the official top 40 singles as per the ARIA chart on a weekly basis. It was broadcast nationally each week to over 1.2 million listeners."}]}, {"title": "Lloyd Phillips", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Lloyd Phillips Lloyd Phillips ( 1949 \u2013 25 January 2013) was a South African-born New Zealand film producer. In 1980, he produced the movie \"The Dollar Bottom\". The film received an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in 1981, making Phillips the first New Zealander to win an Academy Award in any category. Phillips was an executive producer on films such as \"Inglourious Basterds\", \"The Tourist\", and \"Man of Steel\". His commercially most successful films had been \"Man of Steel\" which grossed US$ 649 million, \"Inglourious Basterds\" which grossed US$ 321 million and \"The Tourist\" which grossed US$"}, {"context": "278 million worldwide. Phillips died of a heart attack on 25 January 2013 in Malibu, California, at the age of 63. A message reading 'In Memory Of Lloyd Phillips 1949-2013' appears during the ending credits of \"Man of Steel\". Phillips' widow, film producer Beau St. Clair, died on January 9, 2016. Lloyd Phillips Lloyd Phillips ( 1949 \u2013 25 January 2013) was a South African-born New Zealand film producer. In 1980, he produced the movie \"The Dollar Bottom\". The film received an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in 1981, making Phillips the first New Zealander to win"}]}, {"title": "KYRK", "paragraphs": [{"context": "KYRK KYRK (106.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to Taft, Texas, United States, the station serves the Corpus Christi area. The station is currently owned by Withers Family Holdings of Texas, LP. Bogey Broadcasting, LLC from Corpus Christi, Texas entered into a Local Marketing Agreement with Pacific Broadcasting of Missouri LLC (now Withers Family Holdings) on April 15, 2011. Bogey Broadcasting also owns and operates two online radio stations. Retro361.fm and MyMusicNow.fm. Bogey Broadcasting is owned by Scott Holt. Mr. Holt is the former Operations Manager (2003-2010) of crosstown Convergent Broadcasting (KKPN 102.3, KAJE 107.3, KPUS 104.5). The station"}, {"context": "signed on at 106.5 FM with 50,000 watts on July 15, 2011. The station was assigned the call letters KZTX on September 5, 1984. On March 20, 1998, the station changed its call sign to KTKY. On April 26, 2011, the station changed its call sign to the current KYRK. On October 9, 2014, KYRK flipped from classic hits to an alternative rock format, branded as \"106.5 The Shark\". On May 3, 2015, the \"Shark\" alternative rock format moved to 94.7, and KYRK fell silent. On May 20, 2015, KYRK adopted 94.7's old country format as \"Rig Radio 106.5\". On"}, {"context": "July 22, 2015, KYRK returned to its \"Shark\" alternative rock format. KYRK KYRK (106.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to Taft, Texas, United States, the station serves the Corpus Christi area. The station is currently owned by Withers Family Holdings of Texas, LP. Bogey Broadcasting, LLC from Corpus Christi, Texas entered into a Local Marketing Agreement with Pacific Broadcasting of Missouri LLC (now Withers Family Holdings) on April 15, 2011. Bogey Broadcasting also owns and operates two online radio stations. Retro361.fm and MyMusicNow.fm. Bogey Broadcasting is owned by Scott Holt. Mr. Holt is the former Operations Manager (2003-2010) of"}]}, {"title": "Chamba Chukh", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Chamba Chukh Chamba Chukh is a recipe prepared from locally grown chillies a Capsicum cultivar in the Chamba Valley of the Northern Indian State of Himachal Pradesh. The recipe is a generations old traditional preparation made from sun-dried red chillies or fresh green chillies. Blended with citrus extract from a local fruit, the Chamba Chukh preparation is a cooked chilli sauce and Chili pepper paste. Made by women in their kitchens in different parts of the Chamba district, the preparation has been highly regarded in the local region and in adjoining areas. Chamba Chukh is now gradually making its way"}, {"context": "into a broader market. This hot chilli recipe is made from locally grown chillies in the Chamba area, mixed with extract from a local citrus fruit and cooked with Indian spices. It is usually prepared in mustard oil which is commonly used in Indian cooking. The red chilli version of the preparation is usually made from sun-dried chilli peppers and has a smokey flavour. Chukh is usually had as a condiment to go with meals or snacks but also used in cooking. It is consumed as a hot sauce, pickle, and as a food additive. The District Rural Development Agency"}, {"context": "(DRDA) in Chamba with the Government of Himachal Pradesh have designated officers to help women groups in the village communities to standardise production and help them produce this chilli sauce per approved recipes. Some of the prominent brands of Chamba Chukh now available include Himachilli Chukh and Sago & Vales, among others. Some variants such as Ginger Chukh and Garlic Chukh are common among most brands, though some of the makers have also recently started to produce their own specific formulations such as Honey Chukh, Dry Fruit Chukh, etc. Chamba Chukh Chamba Chukh is a recipe prepared from locally grown"}]}, {"title": "Capital gains tax", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Capital gains tax A capital gains tax (CGT) is a tax on capital gains, the profit realized on the sale of a non-inventory asset that was greater than the amount realized on the sale. The most common capital gains are realized from the sale of stocks, bonds, precious metals, and property. Not all countries implement a capital gains tax and most have different rates of taxation for individuals and corporations. For equities, an example of a popular and liquid asset, national and state legislation often has a large array of fiscal obligations that must be respected regarding capital gains. Taxes"}, {"context": "are charged by the state over the transactions, dividends and capital gains on the stock market. However, these fiscal obligations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. There is no specific capital gains tax in Argentina; however, there is a 9% to 35% tax for fiscal residents on their world revenues, including capital gains. Australia collects capital gains tax only upon realized capital gains, except for certain provisions relating to deferred-interest debt such as zero-coupon bonds. The tax is not separate in its own right, but forms part of the income-tax system. The proceeds of an asset sold less its \"cost"}, {"context": "base\" (the original cost plus additions for cost price increases over time) are the capital gain. Discounts and other concessions apply to certain taxpayers in varying circumstances. From 21 September 1999, after a report by Alan Reynolds, the 50% capital gains tax discount has been in place for individuals and for some trusts that acquired the asset after that time and that have held the asset for more than 12 months, however the tax is levied without any adjustment to the cost base for inflation. The amount left after applying the discount is added to the assessable income of the"}, {"context": "taxpayer for that financial year. For individuals, the most significant exemption is the principle family home when not used for business purposes such as rental income or home-based business activity. The sale of personal residential property is normally exempt from capital gains tax, except for gains realized during any period in which the property was unused as a personal residence (for example, while leased to other tenants) or portions attributable to business use. Capital gains or losses as a general rule can be disregarded for CGT purposes when assets were acquired before 20 September 1985 (pre-CGT). Austria taxes capital gains"}, {"context": "at 25% (on checking account and \"Sparbuch\" interest) or 27.5% (all other types of capital gains). There is an exception for capital gains from the sale of shares of foreign entities (with opaque taxation) if the participation exceeds 10% and shares are held for over one year (so-called \"Schachtelprivileg\"). There is no capital gains tax charged in Barbados. Under the participation exemption, capital gains realised by a Belgian resident company on shares in a Belgian or foreign company are fully exempt from corporate income tax, provided that the dividends on the shares qualify for the participation exemption. For purposes of"}, {"context": "the participation exemption for capital gains the minimum participation test is not required. Unrealised capital gains on shares that are recognised in the financial statements (which recognition is not mandatory) are taxable. But a roll-over relief is granted if, and as long as, the gain is booked in a separate reserve account on the balance sheet and is not used for distribution or allocation of any kind. As a counterpart to the new exemption of realised capital gains, capital losses on shares, both realised and unrealised, are no longer tax deductible. However, the loss incurred in connection with the liquidation"}, {"context": "of a subsidiary company remains deductible up to the amount of the paid-up share capital. Other capital gains are taxed at the ordinary rate. If the total amount of sales is used for the purchase of depreciable fixed assets within 3 years, the taxation of the capital gains will be spread over the depreciable period of these assets. There are no capital gains taxes for residents or non-residents in Belize. Capital gain taxes are only paid on realized gains. At the current stage, taxes are 15% for transactions longer than one day old and 20% for day trading, both transactions"}, {"context": "are due payable at the following month after selling or closing the position. Dividends are tax free, since the issuer company has already paid to \"RECEITA FEDERAL\"(the Brazilian tax office). Derivatives (futures and options) follow the same rules for tax purposes as company stocks. When selling less than R$20.000 (Brazilian Reais) within a month (and not operating in day trading), the financial operation is considered tax-free. Also, non-residents have no tax on capital gains. The Corporate tax rate is 10%. The personal tax rate is flat at 10%. There is no capital gains tax on equity instruments traded on the"}, {"context": "BSE. Currently, only 50% of realized capital gains are taxable in Canada at an individual's tax rate. Some exceptions apply, such as selling one's primary residence which may be exempt from taxation. Capital gains made by investments in a Tax-Free Savings Account (TFSA) are not taxed. For example, if your capital gains (profit) is $100, you are taxed on $50 at your marginal tax rate. That is, if you were in the top tax bracket and your profit was $100, you would be taxed on $50 at approximately 43%, in Ontario. A formula for this example using the top tax"}, {"context": "bracket would be as follows: (Capital gain x 50.00%) x marginal tax rate = capital gain tax ($100 x 50.00%) x 43% = $50 x 43% = $21.50 In this example your capital gains tax on $100 is $21.50, leaving you with $78.50. As of the 2013 budget, interest can no longer be claimed as a capital gain. The formula is the same for capital losses and these can be carried forward indefinitely to offset future years' capital gains; capital losses not used in the current year can also be carried back to the previous three tax years to offset"}, {"context": "capital gains tax paid in those years. If one's income is primarily derived from capital gains then it may not qualify for the 50% multiplier and will instead be taxed at the full income tax rate. CRA has a number of criteria to determine whether this will be the case. For corporations as for individuals, 50% of realized capital gains are taxable. The net taxable capital gains (which can be calculated as 50% of total capital gains minus 50% of total capital losses) are subject to income tax at normal corporate tax rates. If more than 50% of a small"}, {"context": "business's income is derived from specified investment business activities (which include income from capital gains) they are not permitted to claim the small business deduction. Capital gains earned on income in a Registered Retirement Savings Plan are not taxed at the time the gain is realized (i.e. when the holder sells a stock that has appreciated inside of their RRSP) but they are taxed when the funds are withdrawn from the registered plan (usually after being converted to a Registered Income Fund at the age of 71.) These gains are then taxed at the individual's full marginal rate. Capital gains"}, {"context": "earned on income in a TFSA are not taxed at the time the gain is realized. Any money withdrawn from a TFSA, including capital gains, are also not taxed. Unrealized capital gains are not taxed. There are no capital gains taxes charged on any transaction in the Cayman Islands. However, a Cayman Islands entity may be subject to taxation on capital gains made in other jurisdictions. The applicable tax rate for capital gains in China depends upon the nature of the taxpayer (i.e. whether the taxpayer is a person or company) and whether the taxpayer is resident or non-resident for"}, {"context": "tax purposes. It should however be noted that, unlike common law tax systems, Chinese income tax legislation does not provide a distinction between income and capital. What is commonly referred to by taxpayers and practitioners as capital gain tax is actually within the income tax framework, rather than a separate regime. Tax-resident enterprises will be taxed at 25% in accordance with the Enterprise Income Tax Law. Non-resident enterprises will be taxed at 10% on capital gains in accordance with the Implementing Regulations to the Enterprise Income Tax Law. In practice, where a resident of a treaty partner alienates assets situated"}, {"context": "in China as part of its ordinary course of business the gains so derived will likely be assessed as if it is a capital gain, rather than business profit. This is somewhat contradictory with the basic principles of double taxation treaty. The only tax circular specifically addressing the PRC income tax treatment of income derived by QFIIs from the holding and trading of Chinese securities is Guo Shui Han (2009) No.47 (\"Circular 47\") issued by the State Administration of Taxation (\"SAT\") on 23 January 2009. The circular addresses the withholding tax treatment of dividends and interest received by QFIIs from"}, {"context": "PRC resident companies, however, circular 47 is silent on the treatment of capital gains derived by QFIIs on the trading of A-shares. It is generally accepted that Circular 47 is intentionally silent on capital gains and a possible indication that SAT is considering, but still undecided on, whether to grant tax exemption or other concessionary treatment to capital gains derived by QFIIs. Nevertheless, it is noted that there have been cases where QFIIs withdraw capital from China after paying 10% withholding tax on gains derived through share trading over the years on a transaction-by-transaction basis. This uncertainty has caused significant"}, {"context": "problems for those investment managers investing in A-Shares. Guo Shui Han (2009) No. 698 (\"Circular 698\") was issued on 10 December 2009 addressing the PRC corporate income tax treatment on the transfer of PRC equity interest by non-PRC tax resident enterprises directly or indirectly, however has not resolved the uncertain tax position with regards A-Shares. With respect to Circular 698 itself, there are views that it is not consistent with the Enterprise Income Tax Law as well as double taxation treaties signed by the Chinese government. The validity of the Circular is controversial, especially in light of recent developments in"}, {"context": "the international arena, such as the TPG case in Australia and Vodafone case in India. The capital gains tax in Croatia equals 12%. It was introduced in 2015. As determined by the Cyprus Capital Gains Tax Law, Capital gains tax in Cyprus arising from the sale or disposition of immovable property in Cyprus or the disposal of shares of companies which own immovable property in Cyprus and not listed in a recognised stock exchange. These gains are not added to other income but are taxed separately. Payment of immovable property tax is paid by both individuals and companies on property"}, {"context": "owned in Cyprus. Capital gains tax does not apply to profits from the sale of overseas real estate by non-residents, offshore entities, or residents who were not resident when they purchased the asset. Gains accruing from disposal of immovable property held outside Cyprus and shares in companies, the property whereof consists of immovable property held outside Cyprus, will be exempted from capital gains tax. Individuals may, subject to certain conditions, may claim certain deductions from the applicable taxable gain. Capital gains in the Czech Republic are taxed as income for companies and individuals. The Czech income tax rate for an"}, {"context": "individual's income in 2010 is a flat 15% rate. Corporate tax in 2010 is 19%. Capital gains from the sale of shares by a company owning 10% or more is entitled to participation exemption under certain terms. For an individual, gain from the sale of a primary private dwelling, held for at least 2 years, is tax exempt. Or, when not used as a main residence, if held for more than 5 years. Share dividends and realized capital gains on shares are charged 27% to individuals of gains up to DKK 48,300 (2013-level, adjusted annually), and at 42% of gains"}, {"context": "above that. Carryforward of realized losses on shares is allowed. Individuals' interest income from bank deposits and bonds, realized gains on property and other capital gains are taxed up to 59%, however, several exemptions occur, such as on selling one's principal private residence or on gains on selling bonds. Interest paid on loans is deductible, although in case the net capital income is negative, only approx. 33% tax credit applies. Companies are taxed at 25%. Share dividends are taxed at 28%. Corporate taxation: Residence for tax purposes is based on the place of incorporation. Resident entities are taxed on worldwide"}, {"context": "income. Nonresidents are subject to tax only on Ecuador-source income. Capital gains are treated as ordinary income and taxed at the normal corporate rate. The standard rate is 22%, with a reduced rate of 15% applying where corporate profits are reinvested for the purchase of machinery or equipment and/or the acquisition of new technology. Companies engaged in the exploration or exploitation of hydrocarbon also are subject to the standard corporate tax rate. Personal taxation: Resident individuals are taxed on their worldwide income; nonresidents are taxed only on Ecuadorian-source income. An individual is deemed to be resident if he/she is in"}, {"context": "Ecuador for more than 6 months in a year. Capital gains are treated as ordinary income and taxed at the normal rate. Rates are progressive from 0% to 35%. There was no capital gains tax. After the Egyptian Revolution there is a proposal for a 10% capital gains tax. This proposal came to life on 29 May 2014. Egypt exempt bonus shares from a new 10 percent capital gains tax on profits made on the stock market as the country's Finance Minister Hany Dimian said on 30 May 2014, and distributions of bonus shares will be exempt from the taxes,"}, {"context": "and the new tax will not be retroactive. There is no separate capital gains tax in Estonia. For residents of Estonia all capital gains are taxed the same as regular income, the rate of which currently stands at 20%. Resident natural persons that have investment account can realise capital gains on some classes of assets tax free until withdrawal of funds from the investment account. For resident legal persons (includes partnerships) no tax is payable for realising capital gain (or receiving any other type of income), but only on payment of dividends, payments from capital (exceeding contributions to capital) and"}, {"context": "payments not related to business. The income tax rate for resident legal persons is 20% (payment of 80 units of dividends triggers 20 units of tax due). The capital gains tax in Finland is 30% on realized capital income and 34% if the realized capital income is over 30,000 euros. The capital gains tax in 2011 was 28% on realized capital income. Carryforward of realized losses is allowed for five years. However, capital gains from the sale of residential homes is tax-free after two years of residence, with certain limitations. Dividends from a publicly listed company are 85% taxable resulting"}, {"context": "in the CGT rate to be 25,5% or 28,9%. The company distributing the dividend will apply a 25,5% withholding tax. For residents, there are now two options for treating capital gains (shares, bonds, interests, etc..). The easiest option is a flat 30% rate. It was introduced by Macron as a key promise of its campaign and is called the Pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement Forfaitaire Unique - PFU. The second option is to opt for the former treatment whereby gains are taxed at 17.2% for \"social contributions\" and (if the instrument has been held for at least 2 years) 60% of the gains are"}, {"context": "taxed as individual revenue (tax scale between 0-45%). The following year, 6.8% of the gains can be deducted from the tax base. If shares are held in a special account (called a PEA), the gain is subject only to \"social contributions\" (17.2%) provided that the PEA is held for at least five years. The maximum amount that can be deposited in the PEA is \u20ac152,000. The gain realized on the sale of a principal residence is not taxable. A gain realized on the sale of other real estate held at least 30 years, however, is not taxable, although this will"}, {"context": "become subject to 15.5% social security taxes as of 2012. (There is a sliding scale for non principal residence property owned for between 22 and 30 years.) Non-residents are generally taxable on capital gains realized on French real estate and on some French financial instruments, subject to any applicable double tax treaty. Social security taxes, however, are not usually payable by non-residents. A French tax representative will be mandatory if you are non-resident and you sell a property for an amount over 150.000 euros or you own the real estate for more than 15 years. In January 2009, Germany introduced"}, {"context": "a very strict capital gains tax (called Abgeltungsteuer in German) for shares, funds, certificates, bank interest rates etc. Capital gains tax only applies to financial instruments (shares, bonds etc.) that have been bought after 31 December 2008. Instruments bought before this date are exempt from capital gains tax (assuming that they have been held for at least 12 months), even if they are sold in 2009 or later, barring a change of law. Certificates are treated specially, and only qualify for tax exemption if they have been bought before 15 March 2007. Real estate continues to be exempt from capital"}, {"context": "gains tax if it has been held for more than ten years. The German capital gains tax is 25% plus Solidarity surcharge (add-on tax initially introduced to finance the 5 eastern states of Germany \u2013 Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia and Brandenburg \u2013 and the cost of the reunification, but later kept in order to finance all kinds of public funded projects in all Germany), plus Kirchensteuer (church tax, voluntarily), resulting in an effective tax rate of about 28-29%. Deductions of expenses such as custodian fees, travel to annual shareholder meetings, legal and tax advice, interest paid on loans to"}, {"context": "buy shares, etc., are no longer permitted starting in 2009. There is an allowance (Freistellungsauftrag) on capital gains income in Germany of \u20ac801 per person per year of which you do not have to be taxed, if appropriate forms are completed. In general Hong Kong has no capital gains tax. However, employees who receive shares or options as part of their remuneration are taxed at the normal Hong Kong income tax rate on the value of the shares or options at the end of any vesting period less any amount that the individual paid for the grant. If part of"}, {"context": "the vesting period is spent outside Hong Kong then the tax payable in Hong Kong is pro-rated based on the proportion of time spent working in Hong Kong. Hong Kong has very few double tax agreements and hence there is little relief available for double taxation. Therefore, it is possible (depending on the country of origin) for employees moving to Hong Kong to pay full income tax on vested shares in both their country of origin and in Hong Kong. Similarly, an employee leaving Hong Kong can incur double taxation on the unrealized capital gains of their vested shares. The"}, {"context": "Hong Kong taxation of capital gains on employee shares or options that are subject to a vesting period, is at odds with the treatment of unrestricted shares or options which are free of capital gains tax. For those who do trading professionally (buying and selling securities frequently to obtain an income for living) as \"traders\", this will be considered income subject to personal income tax rates. Since 1 January 2016 there is one flat tax rate (15%) on capital income. This includes: selling stocks, bonds, mutual funds shares and also interests from bank deposits. Since January 2010, Hungarian citizens can"}, {"context": "open special \"long-term\" accounts. The tax rate on capital gains from securities held in such an account is 10% after a 3-year holding period, and 0% after the account's maximum 5 years period is expired. From 1 August 2013 residents also were obligated to pay an additional 6% of health insurance tax (\"EHO\") on their capital gain. The 6% health insurance tax on capital gains was abolished on 1 January 2017. From 1 January 2018 the capital gains tax in Iceland is 22%. It was 20% prior to that (for a full year, from 2011-2017), which in turn was a"}, {"context": "result of a progressive raises in the preceding years. As of 2018, equities listed on recognised stock exchange are considered long term capital if the holding period is one year or more. Until 31 January 2017, all Long term capital gains from equities were exempt as per section 10 (38) if shares are sold through recognized stock exchange and Securities Transaction Tax(STT) is paid on the sale. STT in India is currently between 0.017% and 0.1% of total amount received on sale of securities through a recognized Indian stock exchange like the NSE or BSE.Now, from F.Y 18-19, exemption u/s"}, {"context": "10(38) has been withdrawn and section 112A has been introduced. The long term capital gain shall be taxable on equities @ 10% if the gain exceeds Rs. 1,00,000 as per the new section. However, if equities are held for less than one year and is sold through recognised stock exchange then short term capital gain is taxable at a flat rate of 15% u/s 111A and other surcharges, educational cess are imposed. (w.e.f. 1 April 2009.) In respect of Immovable property, the holding period has been reduced to 2 years to be eligible to Long term capital gain.Whereas, many other"}, {"context": "capital investments like Jewellery etc.are considered long term if the holding period is 3 or more years and are taxed @ 20% u/s 112. In equity mutual funds or stocks which is held more than 12 months are considered a long-term capital asset and the profit arises on a sale of these assets are called as long-term capital gain. Govt. introduced in BUDGET 2018 LTCG TAX of 10% if the gain exceeds Rs 100,000 without allowing the benefit of indexation. However, all gains until 31 January 2018 will be grandfathered and short-term capital gains remain unchanged at 15 percent. For"}, {"context": "example, If the equity share/mutual fund is purchased 6 months before 31 January 2018 (i.e. 31 July 2017) at Rs 10,000 and the highest price quoted on 31 January 2018 is Rs 12000. There will be no tax on the sale if the stock or fund sold after 1 year. However, any gains in excess of Rs 2000 earned after 31 January 2018 will be taxed at 10% if this share /Mutual fund(equity) is sold after 31 July 2018. Capital Gains Tax Rates for Fiscal Year 2017-18 (Assessment Year 2018-19) Since 5 December 2012, there is a 33% tax on"}, {"context": "capital gains, with several exclusions and deductions (e.g. agricultural land, primary residence, transfers between spouses). Gains made where the asset was originally purchased before 2003 attract indexation relief (the cost of the asset can be multiplied by a published factor to reflect inflation). Costs of purchase and sale are deductible, and every person has an exempt band of \u20ac1,270 per year. The tax rate is 23% on certain investment policies, and rises to 40% on certain offshore gains when they are not declared in time. Tax on capital gains arising in the first eleven months of the year must be"}, {"context": "paid by 15 December, and tax on capital gains arising in the last month of the year must be paid by the following 31 January. There is no capital gains tax. Capital gains tax in Israel is set to 25% on the real gains made in non inflation indexed bonds, (Or 20% for a substantial shareholder) 25% on any other capital gains. (Or 30% for a substantial shareholder) Capital gains tax of corporate income tax 27.5% (IRES) on gains derived from disposals of participations and extraordinary capital gains. For individuals (IRPEF), capital gains shall incur a 26% tax. There are"}, {"context": "capital gains taxes in Jamaica. In Japan, there were two options for paying tax on capital gains from the sale of listed stocks. The first, , taxed all proceeds (regardless of profit or loss) at 1.05%. The second method, declaring proceeds as , required individuals to declare 26% of proceeds on their income tax statement. Many traders in Japan used both systems, declaring profits on the Withholding Tax system and losses as taxable income, minimizing the amount of income tax paid. In 2003, Japan scrapped the system above in favor of a flat 20% tax on gains, though the rate"}, {"context": "was temporarily halved at 10% and after being postponed a few times the return to the normal rate of 20% is now set for 2014. Losses can be carried forward for 3 years. Starting in 2009, losses can alternatively be deducted from dividend income declared as \"Separate Income\" since the tax rate on both categories is equal (i.e., 20% temporarily halved to 10%). Aggregating profits and dividends to reach a single figure taxed at the same rate is fairly innovative. Capital gains taxes were abolished in Kenya in 1985 in order to spur growth in the securities and property market."}, {"context": "The Kenyan Parliament passed a motion in August 2014 to reintroduce capital gains tax in January 2015 and \"is expected to increase the cost of land transaction as investors pass on the cost to buyers. The tax will also affect those investing in shares and debt in the capital markets.\" The capital gains tax came into effect on 1 January 2015 with 5% as the general applicable tax rate. As of 1 January 2013, the capital gains made on the disposal of shares are exempt from the corporate income tax. If loss is incurred upon sale, it will not be"}, {"context": "deductible. To apply exemption, there are no restrictions on minimal holding period or shareholding. The exemption, however, does not apply on gain from sale of shares in entities located in the black-listed tax haven countries. The latter gains are subject to regular corporate income tax rate at 15%. Similarly, gains on disposal of securities quoted on the regulated markets of the EU or EEA countries and investment certificates in EU and EEA open-end investment funds are exempt from taxation in Latvia. Gains on the disposal of other investments (like real estate properties) are taxed at regular corporate income tax rate"}, {"context": "of 15%. The inbound dividends are not taxed in the hands of Latvian company (except, the dividends received from the low-tax jurisdiction). The outbound dividends are no subject to any taxes, except the dividends payable to the low-tax jurisdiction (15%). In the hands of individuals the capital gains are taxed at 15%, the dividends \u2013 10%. Capital gains tax from the disposal of securities and from sale of real estate is 15%. Gains from the disposal of securities are exempt if they are acquired more than 366 days before their sale and the individual owns not more than 10% of"}, {"context": "securities for three years preceding the tax year during which the securities are sold. Gains from sale of real estate are exempt if the property is owned for more than 3 years before sale. These tax exemptions will cease to be valid on 1 January 2014 for annual gains of over 10,000 LTL. There is no capital gains tax for equities in Malaysia. Malaysia used to have a capital gains tax on real estate but the tax was repealed in April 2007. However, a real property gains tax (RPGT) introduced in 2010 now applies to property sold less than six"}, {"context": "years from its purchase. Property disposed off less than three years after purchase will incur RPGT of 30% while those sold in its four and fifth year after will incur 20% and 15% RPGT, respectively. As for non-citizens, RPGT is imposed at 30% on the gains from properties disposed within the holding period of up to sixth year. And for disposal made in sixth and subsequent years, 5% RPGT is imposed for non-citizens, while companies and foreign property buyers are taxed at 5%. Malaysia has imposed capital gain tax on share options and share purchase plan received by employee starting"}, {"context": "year 2007. For who does trading professionally (buying and selling securities frequently to obtain an income for living) as \"traders\", this will be considered income subject to personal income tax rates. There is no current Capital Gains Tax for profits in the stock market, it will be introduced in 2014 at 10% rate in Mexico. Under the Moldovan Tax Code a capital gain is defined as the difference between the acquisition and the disposition price of the capital asset. Only this difference (i.e. the gain) is taxable. The applicable rate is half (1/2) of the income tax rate, which for"}, {"context": "individuals is 18% and for companies was 15% (but in 2008 is 0%). Therefore, in 2008 the capital gain tax rate is 9% for individuals and 0% for companies. Not all types of assets are \"capital assets\". Capital assets include: real estate; shares; stakes in limited liability companies etc. Capital gains generally are exempt from tax. However, exceptions apply to the following assets: \u2022 Capital gains realised on the disposal of business assets (including real estate) and on the disposal of other assets that qualify as income from independently performed activities \u2022 Capital gains on liquidation of a company \u2022"}, {"context": "Capital gains derived from the sale of a substantial interest in a company (that is, 5% of the issued share capital) Taxable income under Box 2 category includes dividends and capital gains from a substantial shareholding. (inkomsten uit aanmerkelijk belang) (i.e. a shareholding of at least 5%) Income that falls into the Box 2 category is taxed at a flat rate of 25%. Box 3: taxable income from savings and investments (viz. real estate) However a \"theoretical capital yield\" of 4% is taxed at a rate of 30% (so 1.2%) but only if the savings plus stocks of a person"}, {"context": "exceed a threshold of 25.000 euros. This will be raised to a threshold of 30.000 euros in 2018, together with other changes so that people with less wealth, pay lower taxes. In general an individual will not have to pay tax on capital gains. So if the main residence is sold or shares are sold the profit is not taxable. This is different if the transaction(s) exceed(s) normal asset management. In that case the capital gain is treated as income from other activities or even business income. Relevant are: the number of transactions -> the more transactions the sooner it"}, {"context": "is assumed that activities exceed normal asset management specific knowledge of the individual -> if the individual is a professional trader, the personal transactions will be seen as taxable income sooner than if the individual doesn't have specific knowledge or experience. work which is invested in the asset -> if maintenance of a property is taken care of by an external party the activities may be seen as normal asset management, if the owner does all the maintenance himself and even the renovations the tax authorities will argue that this is no longer normal asset management. So it depends on"}, {"context": "the actual facts and circumstances how the capital gain is treated. Even judges do not always decide the same. New Zealand has no capital gains tax, however income tax may be charged on profits from the sale of personal property and land that was acquired for the purposes of resale. This tax is widely avoided and not usually enforced, perhaps due to the difficulty in proving intent at the time of purchase. However, there have been a few cases of the IRD enforcing the law; in 2004 the government gathered $106.6 million checking on property sales from Queenstown, Wanaka and"}, {"context": "some areas of Auckland. Generally profits from frequent stock trading (aka day trading) will be deemed taxable income. New Zealand capital gains tax applies to foreign debt and equity investments. In a speech delivered on 3 June 2009, then New Zealand Treasury Secretary John Whitehead called for a capital gains tax to be included in reforms to New Zealand's taxation system. The introduction of a capital gains tax was proposed by the Labour Party as an election campaign strategy in the 2011 and 2014 general elections. On 17 May 2015, the governing National Party announced it would tighten rules for"}, {"context": "taxing profits on the sale of property. From 1 October 2015, any person selling a residential property within two years of purchase would be taxed on the profits at their marginal income tax rate. The seller's main home would be exempt, as well as properties inherited from deceased estates or transferred as part of a relationship settlement. To help enforcement, all buyers would need to supply their IRD number at settlement. The individual capital gains tax in Norway is 27%. In most cases, there is no capital gains tax on profits from sale of your principal home. This tax was"}, {"context": "introduced in 2006 through a reform that eliminated the \"RISK-system\", which intended to avoid the double taxation of capital. The new shareholder model, introduced in 2006, aims to reduce the difference in taxation of capital and labor by taxing dividends beyond a certain level as ordinary income. This means that focus was moved from capital to individuals and their level of income. This system also introduced a deductible allowance equal to the share's acquisition value times the average rate for Treasury bills with a 3-month period adjusted for tax. Shielding interest shall secure financial neutrality in that it returns the"}, {"context": "taxpayer what he or she alternatively would have achieved in a safe, passive capital placement exempt from additional taxation. The main purpose of the allowance is to prevent adverse shifts in investment and corporate financing structure as a result of the dividend tax. According to the papers explaining the new policy, a dividend tax without such shielding could push up the pressures on the rate of return on equity investments and lead Norwegian investors from equities to bonds, property etc. There is a 6% Capital Gains Tax and a 1.5% Documentary Stamps on the disposal of real estate in the"}, {"context": "Philippines. While the Capital Gain Tax is imposed on the gains presumed to have been realized by the seller from the sale, exchange, or other disposition of capital assets located in the Philippines, including other forms of conditional sale, the Documentary Stamp Tax is imposed on documents, instruments, loan agreements and papers evidencing the acceptance, assignment, sale or transfer of an obligation, rights, or property incident thereto. These two taxes are imposed on the actual price the property has been sold, or on its current Market Value, or on its Zonal Value whichever is higher. Zonal valuation in the Philippines"}, {"context": "is set by its tax collecting agency, the Bureau of Internal Revenue. Most often, real estate transactions in the Philippines are being sealed higher than their corresponding Market and Zonal values. As a standard process, the Capital Gain Tax is paid for by the seller, while the Documentary Stamp is paid for by the buyer. However, either of the two parties may pay both taxes depending on the agreement they entered into. Tax Rates: For real property For Shares of Stocks Not Traded in the Stock Exchange Since 2004 there is one flat tax rate (19%) on capital income. It"}, {"context": "includes: selling stocks, bonds, mutual funds shares and also interests from bank deposits. There is a capital gains tax on sale of home and property. Any capital gain (\"mais-valia\") arising is taxable as income. For residents this is on a sliding scale from 12 to 40%. However, for residents the taxable gain is reduced by 50%. Proven costs that have increased the value during the last five years can be deducted. For non-residents, the capital gain is taxed at a uniform rate of 25%. The capital gain which arises on the sale of own homes or residences, which are the"}, {"context": "elected main residence of the taxpayer or his family, is tax free if the total profit on sale is reinvested in the acquisition of another home, own residence or building plot in Portugal. In 1986 and 1987 Portuguese corporations changed their capital structure by increasing the weight of equity capital. This was particularly notorious on quoted companies. In these two years, the government set up a large number of tax incentives to promote equity capital and to encourage the quotation on the Lisbon Stock Exchange. Until 2010, for stock held for more than twelve months the capital gain was exempt."}, {"context": "The capital gain of stock held for shorter periods of time was taxable on 10%. From 2010 onwards, for residents, all capital gain of stock above \u20ac500 is taxable on 20%. Investment funds, banks and corporations are exempted of capital gain tax over stock. As of 2013, it is 28%. In Romania there is a 16% flat tax plus 5.5% health insurance from capital gains. Next year the health insurance will increase to 8.9%. It also applies for real estate transactions but only if the property is sold less than three years from the date it was acquired. There is"}, {"context": "no separate tax on capital gains; rather, gains or gross receipt from sale of assets are absorbed into income tax base. Taxation of individual and corporate taxpayers is distinctly different: Capital gains are subject to a 15% tax for residents and 20% for nonresidents (based on the tax assessment). There is no capital gains tax in Sierra Leone. There is no capital gains tax in Singapore. For professional traders and who trade frequently, the profit is considered a sourced income in Singapore and subject to tax. Individuals pay 19% or 25% capital gains tax. In addition, as a world rarity,"}, {"context": "they are also required to pay 14% health insurance from capital gains. For legal persons in South Africa, 80% of their net profit will attract CGT and for natural persons 40%. This portion of the net gain will be taxed at their marginal tax rate. As an effective tax rate this means a maximum effective rate of 18% (45% maximum marginal tax rate) for individuals is payable, and for corporate taxpayers a maximum of 22.4%. The annual individual and special trust exemption is R40 000. For individuals holding less than 3% of listed company, there is only 0.3% trade tax"}, {"context": "for sales of shares. Exchange traded funds are exempt from any trade tax. For larger than 3% shareholders of listed companies or for sales of shares in any unlisted company, capital gains tax in South Korea is 11% for tax residents for sales of shares in small- and medium-sized companies. Rates of 22% and 33% apply in certain other situations. Those who have been resident in Korea for less than five years are exempt from capital gains tax on foreign assets. Spain's capital gains tax from 1 January 2016 Individuals: All capital gains taxed at maximum 23% Companies: Capital gains"}, {"context": "taxed like any other income gain, at maximum 25% Currently there is no capital gains tax in Sri Lanka. The capital gains tax in Sweden is up to 30% on realized capital income, depending on the depot type. Traditionally, the capital gains tax in Sweden has been 30%. There is no capital gains tax in Switzerland for natural persons on trades of securities. An exception are persons considered to be \"professional traders\", which are treated as self-employed persons for tax purposes: capital gains are taxed as company income, taxed at corporate rates, and additionally social contributions (AHV, currently at 10.25%"}, {"context": "rate) must be paid on the income. However such a status is rather infrequent, the decision is made on a case by case basis by the tax authorities. A set of safe heaven criteria were formulated in 2012 which guarantee a negative status: For companies, capital gains are taxed as ordinary income at corporate rates. Capital gains tax is levied on the sale of real estate property in all cantons. Taxation rules vary significantly by canton. For natural persons, the tax generally follows a separate progression from income taxes, diminishes with number of years held, and often can be postponed"}, {"context": "in cases like inheritance or for buying a replacement home. The tax is levied by canton or municipality only; there is no tax at the federal level. However, natural persons involved in real estate trading in a professional manner may be treated as self-employed and taxed at higher rates similarly to a company and, additionally, social contributions would then need to be paid. For companies, capital gains are taxed as ordinary income at the federal level, and at the cantonal and municipal level, depending on the canton, either as ordinary income or at a special lower tax progression, as for"}, {"context": "natural persons. No tax is collected from individual investors whose annual transactions are below T$1 billion ($33 million). Transactions above T$1 billion will be charged with a 0.1 percent tax. There is no separate capital gains tax in Thailand. If capital gains arise outside of Thailand it is not taxable. All earned income in Thailand from capital gains is taxed the same as regular income. However, if individual earns capital gain from security in the Stock Exchange of Thailand, it is exempted from personal income tax. Capital gains tax rate on share certificates for residents is 0% as of 2013"}, {"context": "for two years of holding period. Channon observes that one of the primary drivers to the introduction of CGT in the UK was the rapid growth in property values post World War II. This led to property developers deliberately leaving office blocks empty so that a rental income could not be established and greater capital gains made. The capital gains tax system was therefore introduced by chancellor James Callaghan in 1965 Individuals who are residents or ordinarily residents in the United Kingdom (and trustees of various trusts), who are on the basic tax rate are subject to capital gains tax"}, {"context": "of 18% on profits from residential property, and 10% on gains from all other chargeable assets. For higher rate taxpayers, the rate is 28% on profits from residential property, and 20% on everything else. There are exceptions such as for principal private residences, holdings in ISAs or gilts. Certain other gains are allowed to be rolled over upon re-investment. Investments in some start up enterprises are also exempt from CGT. Entrepreneurs' relief allows a lower rate of CGT (10%) to be paid by people who have been involved for a year with a trading company and have a 5% or"}, {"context": "more shareholding. Shares in companies with trading properties are eligible for entrepreneurs' relief, but not investment properties. Every individual has an annual capital gains tax allowance: gains below the allowance are exempt from tax, and capital losses can be set against capital gains in other holdings before taxation. All individuals are exempt from tax up to a specified amount of capital gains per year. For the 2018/19 tax year this \"annual exemption\" is \u00a311,700. Companies are subject to corporation tax on their \"chargeable gains\" (the amounts of which are calculated along the lines of capital gains tax in the United"}, {"context": "Kingdom). Companies cannot claim taper relief, but can claim an indexation allowance to offset the effect of inflation. A corporate substantial shareholdings exemption was introduced on 1 April 2002 for holdings of 10% or more of the shares in another company (30% or more for shares held by a life assurance company's long-term insurance fund). This is effectively a form of UK participation exemption. Almost all of the corporation tax raised on chargeable gains is paid by life assurance companies taxed on the I minus E basis. The rules governing the taxation of capital gains in the United Kingdom for"}, {"context": "individuals and companies are contained in the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992. In the Chancellor's October 2007 Autumn Statement, draft proposals were announced that would change the applicable rates of CGT as of 6 April 2008. Under these proposals, an individual's annual exemption will continue but taper relief will cease and a single rate of capital gains tax at 18% will be applied to chargeable gains. This new single rate would replace the individual's marginal (Income Tax) rate of tax for CGT purposes. The changes were introduced, at least in part, because the UK government felt that private equity"}, {"context": "firms were making excessive profits by benefiting from overly generous taper relief on business assets. The changes were criticised by a number of groups including the Federation of Small Businesses, who claimed that the new rules would increase the CGT liability of small businesses and discourage entrepreneurship in the UK. At the time of the proposals there was concern that the changes would lead to a bulk selling of assets just before the start of the 2008\u201309 tax year to benefit from existing taper relief. Capital Gains Tax rose to 28% on 23 June 2010 at 00:00. On 6 April"}, {"context": "2016, new lower rates of 10% (for basic taxpayers) and 20% (for higher taxpayers) were introduced for non property disposals. Individuals paid capital gains tax at their highest marginal rate of income tax (0%, 10%, 20% or 40% in the tax year 2007/8) but from 6 April 1998 were able to claim a \"taper relief\" which reduced the amount of a gain that is subject to capital gains tax (thus reducing the effective rate of tax) depending on whether the asset is a \"business asset\" or a \"non-business asset\" and the length of the period of ownership. Taper relief provided"}, {"context": "up to a 75% reduction (leaving 25% taxable) in taxable gains for business assets, and 40% (leaving 60% taxable), for non-business assets, for an individual. Taper relief replaced indexation allowance for individuals, which could still be claimed for assets held prior to 6 April 1998 from the date of purchase until that date, but was itself abolished on 5 April 2008. In the United States, with certain exceptions, individuals and corporations pay income tax on the net total of all their capital gains. Short-term capital gains are taxed at a higher rate: the ordinary income tax rate. The tax rate"}, {"context": "for individuals on \"long-term capital gains\", which are gains on assets that have been held for over one year before being sold, is lower than the ordinary income tax rate, and in some tax brackets there is no tax due on such gains. The tax rate on long-term gains was reduced in 1997 via the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 from 28% to 20% and again in 2003, via the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003, from 20% to 15% for individuals whose highest tax bracket is 15% or more, or from 10% to 5% for individuals"}, {"context": "in the lowest two income tax brackets (whose highest tax bracket is less than 15%). (See progressive tax.) The reduced 15% tax rate on eligible dividends and capital gains, previously scheduled to expire in 2008, was extended through 2010 as a result of the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act signed into law by President Bush on 17 May 2006, which also reduced the 5% rate to 0%. Toward the end of 2010, President Obama signed a law extending the reduced rate on eligible dividends until the end of 2012. The law allows for individuals to defer capital gains taxes"}, {"context": "with tax planning strategies such as the structured sale (ensured installment sale), charitable trust (CRT), installment sale, private annuity trust, and a 1031 exchange. The United States, unlike almost all other countries, taxes its citizens (with some exceptions) on their worldwide income no matter where in the world they reside. U.S. citizens therefore find it difficult to take advantage of personal tax havens. Although there are some offshore bank accounts that advertise as tax havens, U.S. law requires reporting of income from those accounts, and willful failure to do so constitutes tax evasion. Taxpayers may defer capital gains taxes by"}, {"context": "simply deferring the sale of the asset. In addition, depending on the specifics of national tax law, taxpayers may be able to defer, reduce, or avoid capital gains taxes using the following strategies: Capital gains tax A capital gains tax (CGT) is a tax on capital gains, the profit realized on the sale of a non-inventory asset that was greater than the amount realized on the sale. The most common capital gains are realized from the sale of stocks, bonds, precious metals, and property. Not all countries implement a capital gains tax and most have different rates of taxation for"}]}, {"title": "Cricket poetry", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Cricket poetry The game of cricket has inspired much poetry, most of which romanticises the sport and its culture. Francis Thompson wrote the following poem, \"At Lord's\": Not long before his death and long after he had watched Hornby and Barlow bat at Old Trafford, Thompson was invited to watch Lancashire play Middlesex at Lord's. As the day of the match grew closer, Thompson became increasingly nostalgic. At the end, he did not go for the match, but sat at home and wrote \"At Lord's\". The original match in 1878 ended in a draw, with Gloucestershire needing 111 to win"}, {"context": "with five wickets in hand, Grace 58* The first stanza of the poem has contributed the titles of at least three books on cricket: The first stanza is also quoted in full by Count Bronowsky in Paul Scott's Raj Quartet novel, The Day of the Scorpion. The satirical magazine \"Punch\" printed the following poem following a particularly slow and boring innings by William Scotton. It mimicked Tennyson's famous \"Break, break, break\". When Alfred Mynn died in 1861, William Jeffrey Prowse penned a poem in his memory. The first six stanzas compare Mynn with his contemporaries and the poem closes with"}, {"context": "these lines: The Australian poet Les Murray wrote \"The Aboriginal Cricketer\": One of the most famous pieces of nostalgic rose-tinted poems is Vitai Lampada by Sir Henry Newbolt. The very short \"\"A Cricket Poem\"\" by Harold Pinter encapsulates the mood and nostalgia common to lovers of cricket: Andrew Lang's cricketing parody of Ralph Waldo Emerson's \"Brahma\" is memorable: Roy Harper's song \"When an Old Cricketer Leaves the Crease\" (1975) is perhaps the best-known cricket lyric in contemporary popular music: Roy Harper also penned a poem for English cricketer Graeme Fowler's benefit event. \"Three Hundred Words\". Australian poet Damian Balassone often"}, {"context": "employs cricket themes, such as in the poem 'Strange Dismissal' which appears in Quadrant: Albert Craig, better known as \"The Surrey Poet\" was a popular figure at The Oval at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, hawking his rapidly improvised verses to the crowd. Of Jack Hobbs' County Championship debut he wrote: Lord Beginner sings Victory Calypso At Lord's in 1950, West Indies defeated England in England for the first time. Egbert Moore, who sang under the pseudonym Lord Beginner, popularized the most famous of cricketing calypsos to celebrate the occasion. He was accompanied by"}, {"context": "Calypso Rhythm Kings, 'supervision' by Denis Preston. It was recorded on the 'Melodisc' (1133) label (MEL 20). The song was originally composed by Lord Kitchener. \"The Victory Calypso\" also immortalised the spin bowling pair of Sonny Ramadhin and Alf Valentine. The calypso begins thus: Chorus: With those two little pals of mine Lord Kitchener sings The Ashes (Australia vs MCC 1955) Tyson taught them a lesson that can't be forgotten, Tyson taught them a lesson that can't be forgotten, We began quietly, but we came back with victory, Good captaincy from Len Hutton, but the honours must go to Typhoon"}, {"context": "Tyson. Australia's tragedy, it began at Sydney, Magnificent Tyson, had their batsmen beaten, He went on to give us, a victory for Christmas, Good captaincy from Len Hutton, but the honours must go to Typhoon Tyson. More shocks for Australia, the Melbourne disaster, As Favell got going, his wicket went tumbling, We got them out cheaply, and score second victory, Good captaincy from Len Hutton, but the honours must go to Typhoon Tyson. The bowling was so good, it remind them of Larwood, Magnificent Tyson finished with seven for twenty-seven, They had no excuses, we regained the Ashes, Good captaincy"}, {"context": "from Len Hutton, but the honours must go to Typhoon Tyson. Lord Relator (born Willard Harris) wrote the 'Gavaskar Calypso' to celebrate Gavaskar\u2019s first Test series, in West Indies in 1970\u201371. This was voted at No. 68 at a 'Calypso of the Century' poll (\"Victory Calypso\" didn't feature in the list). The most famous part of the \"Gavaskar Calypso\" is the one that describes how he batted like a wall : Cricket features, albeit briefly, in this late-Victorian poet's most famous collection of somewhat gloomy poems, \"A Shropshire Lad\", published in 1896 and never out-of-print since then. Poem XVII reads:"}, {"context": "10CC sing Dreadlock Holiday with lyrics \"Dreadlock Holiday\" is probably the most well-known pop song to mention cricket. 10cc's hit single reached number 1 in the UK in 1978. However, the song has only a tenuous connection with cricket, mentioning it in the chorus, \"I don't like cricket, oh no, I love it\" The group The Duckworth Lewis Method have released two concept albums about cricket. Cricket poetry The game of cricket has inspired much poetry, most of which romanticises the sport and its culture. Francis Thompson wrote the following poem, \"At Lord's\": Not long before his death and long"}]}, {"title": "View-through rate", "paragraphs": [{"context": "View-through rate A view-through rate (VTR), measures the number of post-impression response or viewthrough from display media impressions viewed during and following an online advertising campaign. Such post-exposure behavior can be expressed in site visits, on-site events, conversions occurring at one or more Web sites or potentially offline: VTR is related to the popular click-through rate (CTR) measurement, but differs in that it is not an immediate measure of response - it is instead time-shifted and passive, i.e. no click is required. Also, viewthroughs lack a specific predetermined landing page since the visit can come through a direct type-in or"}, {"context": "via another click-based digital marketing channel, e.g. search, email or social media. TRR is the sum of both viewthrough and clickthrough response that resulted from the display media campaign. The timeframe from ad exposure to subsequent response is often referred to as the lookback window or viewthrough timeframe. Typically this is set by the ad server and could be 30 days to as much as 90 days. The efficacy of this measurement is tied to cookie deletion rates and use of multiple computers. When success rate of important events like purchases (conversions) are tied to viewthrough visits this becomes the"}, {"context": "viewthrough conversion (V-CVR) rate a hotly debated metric that can be gamed by performance-oriented ad networks. Many websites are supported by banner advertising. Digital media, search engines, social networking sites and forums sell and deliver advertising to generate revenue. Measuring the response to display advertising includes immediate response (clicks) and latent response (viewthrough), which help determine whether the advertising was successful or not. Historically, the digital advertising business has relied on the easy to measure click-through rate (CTR) typically provided by the ad server. Most ad server platforms also measure unique or reach impressions based on deduplication of browser cookies."}, {"context": "Click-through rates have been known to be on the decline since the advent of the display banner. It has become a popular means to determine the success of display media but often underestimates brand impact, suffers from significant biases and can often be manipulated through fraud. However, not all banner ad impressions realize a benefit. Some ad impressions are never seen, some are seen and clicked while others are seen and while never clicked realize a subsequent response - this post-exposure behavior is viewthrough. A study done by online tracking and audience measurement firm Quantcast showed that there was no"}, {"context": "correlation between those who clicked on an ad and those who purchased down the line through a view-through conversion. In measuring view-based conversions, there is room for manipulation. Because viewthrough conversions are tied to the setting the ad network's cookie and later matching it up via the same ad network's page tag loaded on a conversion page, less scrupulous ad networks have taken advantage of this by purchasing cheap below-the-fold ad inventory more for the purposes of dropping as many cookies as possible across as many users as possible than for showing the target audience advertiser's ads. Such a strategy"}, {"context": "is called cookie-bombing and permits ad networks to potentially take credit for more conversion events than they should. When possible it is always recommended to use a standalone analytics package though many ad networks offer this functionality and to also leverage experimental design to measure true incrementality. View-through rate A view-through rate (VTR), measures the number of post-impression response or viewthrough from display media impressions viewed during and following an online advertising campaign. Such post-exposure behavior can be expressed in site visits, on-site events, conversions occurring at one or more Web sites or potentially offline: VTR is related to the"}]}, {"title": "Herna\u0301ndez-Camacho's night monkey", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hern\u00e1ndez-Camacho's night monkey Hern\u00e1ndez-Camacho's night monkey (\"Aotus jorgehernandezi\") is a species of night monkey of the family Aotidae. It was first described in 2007 by Thomas Defler and Marta Bueno. It has a gray neck and a white patch over each eye, separated by a black band. The fur on the chest, belly, lower arms and lower wrists is thick and white. It differs from other gray-necked night monkey species other than Brumback's night monkey in having 50 chromosomes. It is believed to live in Colombia on the western slopes and foothills of the Andes, between Quind\u00edo and Risaralda. It"}, {"context": "is possible that it occurs in Tatam\u00e1 Natural National Park. This range is currently also considered part of the range of the Panamanian night monkey. The Latin name honors the late Colombian biologist Jorge Hern\u00e1ndez-Camacho. Hern\u00e1ndez-Camacho's night monkey Hern\u00e1ndez-Camacho's night monkey (\"Aotus jorgehernandezi\") is a species of night monkey of the family Aotidae. It was first described in 2007 by Thomas Defler and Marta Bueno. It has a gray neck and a white patch over each eye, separated by a black band. The fur on the chest, belly, lower arms and lower wrists is thick and white. It differs from"}]}, {"title": "Bintulu", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bintulu Bintulu () is a coastal town on the island of Borneo in the central region of Sarawak, Malaysia. Bintulu is located 610 kilometres (380 mi) northeast of Kuching, 216 kilometres (134 mi) northeast of Sibu, and 200 kilometres (120 mi) southwest of Miri. With a population of 114,058 as of 2010, Bintulu is the capital of the Bintulu District of the Bintulu Division of Sarawak, Malaysia. The name of Bintulu was derived from the local native language \"Mentu Ulau\" (picking heads). Bintulu was a small fishing village when Rajah James Brooke acquired it in 1861. Brooke later built a"}, {"context": "fort there in 1862. In 1867, the first General Council meeting (now Sarawak State Legislative Assembly) was convened in Bintulu. It is the earliest state legislature system in Malaysia. The construction of the earliest airstrip in Bintulu began in 1934 but was halted in 1938 due to financial difficulties. During World War II, the airstrip was heavily bombed by Allied forces. The British later rebuilt the airstrip, and it became fully operational in 1955. The old airport was replaced by a new airport in 2002. Bintulu remained a fishing village until 1969 when oil and gas reserves were discovered off"}, {"context": "the coast. Since then, Bintulu has become the centre of energy intensive industries such as a Malaysia LNG plant, a Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis plant, and a Bintulu combined cycle power plant. The economy has also expanded into oil palm and forest plantations, palm oil processing, wood-waste processing, and cement manufacturing. The port of Bintulu is the busiest in Sarawak. The town is also a gateway to Samalajau Industrial Park. Among the tourist attractions in Bintulu are Similajau National Park, Tumbina Park, Tanjung Batu beach, Jepak village, Kuan Yin Tong temple, Assyakirin mosque, Council Negri monument, Tamu Bintulu, and Pasar"}, {"context": "Utama markets. The Borneo International Kite Festival is held annually in the town. During the 16th century, Bintulu was named \"River de Burulu\" by Portuguese cartographers. There are several legends surrounding the name Bintulu. During the Brooke dynasty, the indigenous practised headhunting to maintain their social status in the community. They threw the heads into the Kemena River, after which the heads had to be collected from the river. The practice of collecting the heads was known as \"Mentu Ulau\" (picking heads) in the local native language. Another story relates that two Iban warriors named Berengik and jaleb built houses"}, {"context": "along the river. They and their followers frequently carried out preservation of severed heads near a small river stream branching off from Sebezaw River because the river bank was flat and wide. Therefore, the small river stream was named \"Mentu Ulau\" river. Outsiders who came to Bintulu subsequently pronounced the name as \"Mentulau\", and later the name evolved into \"Bentulu\" and, finally, \"Bintulu\". James Brooke was appointed the White Rajah of Sarawak (now known as Kuching) by the Bruneian Empire in 1841. In 1861, the Sultanate of Brunei ceded the Bintulu region to Brooke. Bintulu was a small settlement at"}, {"context": "that time. A wooden fort named Fort Keppel was built in the village, named after Sir Henry Keppel, who was a close friend of the Rajah James and Charles Brooke. Sir Henry Keppel was responsible for crushing the Dayak piracy in the Saribas between 1840 and 1850. Meanwhile, Charles Brooke was a nephew of James Brooke and would later become the latter's successor as the second Rajah of Sarawak. Odoardo Beccari, an Italian botanist, visited Bintulu in 1867. On 4 August, he started his journey on a gunboat named \"Heartsease\", which was to send $6,000 to Brunei for concessions being"}, {"context": "made to James Brooke in the Mukah and Bintulu regions. He went to Labuan before coming back to Bintulu. He dropped off at Kemena River on 13 August 1867. His observations of the village were recorded as follows: The houses of the Melanau people were built in rows on both sides of the Kemena River, mostly furnished by Nipah and Sago palms. Each house had its own shed projection into the entrance of the river, which was used for the processing of Sago palms. On 8 September 1867, the first Sarawak General Council meeting (now Sarawak State Legislative Assembly) took"}, {"context": "place here. It was made up of 21 elected local community members (five British officers and 16 Malay and Melanau local chiefs). The Council was formed by Raja Muda Charles Brooke under orders from Rajah James Brooke. The Council is the oldest state legislative assembly in Malaysia. During World War II, Rajah Charles Vyner Brooke ordered the construction of airstrips in Kuching, Oya, Mukah, Bintulu, and Miri. Construction of the Bintulu airstrip was started in 1934 under the direction of C.W. Bailey, a Works and Building Inspector for the British Royal Air Force (RAF). All the airstrips were completed except"}, {"context": "for the Bintulu airstrip, where construction was discontinued in October 1938 due to financial reasons. Japanese forces landed in Miri on 16 December 1941. Sarawak fell into Japanese hands when they conquered Kuching on 24 December 1941. When the Japanese invaded Sarawak, Charles Vyner Brooke already left for Sydney (Australia) before the attack while his officers were captured by the Japanese and interned at the Batu Lintang camp. During the Japanese occupation, the Japanese used the airstrip for military purposes. However, the airstrip was heavily bombed by Allied forces. The British began reconstruction of the airstrip after the war; during"}, {"context": "the project many unexploded bombs were unearthed. On 5 September 1942, Japanese Field Marshal Prince Maida (\u524d\u7530\u5229\u4e3a) boarded a plane from Kuching to Labuan to officiate an airport that bears his name. However, he never arrived. One month later, the plane was found to have crashed off the coast of Tanjung Batu, Bintulu. The cause of the plane crash was not known. The Japanese later set up a wooden pole memorial made up of Belian wood in Bintulu. The wooden pole was later taken back to Japan by the family of Prince Maida. Chinese sawmill owners at Sibu and Bintulu"}, {"context": "were instructed by the Japanese to produce timber for repairs at oil fields and ship building. During the Japanese occupation, sawmills at Bintulu produced a total of 4,000 tons of sawn timber. In the 1950s, major economic activities in Bintulu were the timber extraction industry, fishing, and Sago processing. In the 1960s, Bintulu was still a small fishing village, with a population of 5,000. No roads were constructed in Bintulu until 1969 when the first untarred road was built to connect Bintulu to Miri. The first bus that serviced the MiriBintulu route was owned by Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA). The"}, {"context": "MARA bus line was an initiative by the Malaysian federal government to provide public transportation for the people. The Iban villagers paid the bus driver with \"vegetables, chickens, bamboo shoots, and other items\". Before 1960, Bintulu was connected to Kuching by sea through a ship named \"Swee Joo\". After 1960, the ship \"Chin Chin\" was added to the route. It took around 36 to 48 hours to reach Bintulu from Kuching, depending on the sea conditions. Due to lack of food supplies from Kuching, the villagers had to make do with limited food, and several villagers resorted to hunting in"}, {"context": "the jungles to supplement the food supply. In 1960 there were only three primary schools in Bintulu. These schools provided classes until Primary3 level. There were no secondary schools. Villagers could pursue their secondary school studies at either Miri or Kuching by using small boats as there were no roads connecting Bintulu to either Miri or Kuching. Bintulu Government Secondary School was opened in 1964. In 1967 Bintulu celebrated the first 100 years of the Council Negri meeting (Sarawak State Legislative Assembly). A stone monument was built in front of a government rice storeroom to commemorate the event. Bintulu was"}, {"context": "a sub-district of Miri Division in the 1970s. The sub-district was upgraded into a district in 1987. Large reserves of natural gas were discovered off the coast of Bintulu in 1969. Following this, a feasibility study was done in 1975, and Tanjung Kidurong was found to be a suitable site for a deep-water port. On 14 June 1978, Malaysia LNG Sdn Bhd (MLNG Satu) was established by Petronas, a Malaysian national oil and gas company for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) processing at Bintulu. On 8 July 1978, the Bintulu Development Authority (BDA) was established by the Sarawak state government for"}, {"context": "infrastructure development and to promote industrial investment in the area. On 15 August 1981, the Bintulu Port Authority was established at Tanjung Kidurong, starting operation on 1 January 1983. Since the establishment of Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE) in 2008, Bintulu become the gateway to Samalajau Industrial Park, which is located away from Bintulu. The industrial park is a centre of heavy, energy-intensive industry. Among the companies that started their operations in the industrial park are Tokuyama Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Press Metal Bintulu Sdn Bhd, and OM Materials Sdn Bhd. Ruralurban migration is significant in Bintulu because of greater"}, {"context": "job availability in the town. Since 2007, new residents have started several squatter areas in Bintulu due to inability to find affordable housing, around Kidurong Industrial estate and Sungai Sebatang. To address the issue, several low-cost housing projects were initiated by BDA and Sarawak state government to relocate the squatters. The state government planned to achieve zero squatters status by the year 2020. Bintulu also saw the rise in the number of residential and commercial properties such as double-storeyed terraced houses, terraced shopoffices, Kidurong Commercial Centre, and Time Square Shopping Mall. Residential properties has shown a 20% price increase from"}, {"context": "2011 to 2013. Bintulu is represented by Bintulu parliamentary seat (P.217) in the Parliament of Malaysia. The town is also represented by three state assembly seatsJepak, Kidurong (later was split by two state assembly namely Tanjong Batu and Samalaju), and Kemenain the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly. Since 1978 the town of Bintulu has been administered by the Bintulu Development Authority (BDA), with offices located along Jalan Tanjung Kidurong. The town is located within the boundary of Bintulu District, with a population of 183,402 and a total area of . Bintulu Division was formerly a Bintulu District under the jurisdiction of"}, {"context": "Miri Division. The former Bintulu District was upgraded to Bintulu Division on 1 January 1987. At the same time, Bintulu sub-district was upgraded to the present-day Bintulu District. Both the Bintulu Resident and District offices are located inside Wisma Residen, Pisang Keling Street, Bintulu. Bintulu is located northeast of Kuching northeast of Sibu, and southwest of Miri. Bintulu is located near the mouth of the Kemena River, in the coastal region of central Sarawak. Geology of the coastal area was formed during the Pleistocene period; silt, clay, and gravel can be found here. Geological formation from the Oligocene period is"}, {"context": "found in the inland area, which contains limestone, siltstone, and sandstone. The soil is generally soft. There are two monsoon seasons in the Bintulu: the northeast moonsoon (November to March) and the southwest moonsoon (May to September). The calm period between these two moonsoons is known as the transitional period. In the coastal region, maximum rainfall occurs in the month of January, while minimal rainfall occurs from the period June to August. Rainfall is more evenly distributed in the inland areas. The annual rainfall of the Bintulu region is about annually. The mean daily hours of sunshine at Bintulu is"}, {"context": "about 5.0 to 5.5 hours. Bintulu receives on average 14 to 15 mJ/m of radiation throughout the year. Bintulu's relative humidity is 85%. The growth of Bintulu's population is shown below: The issue of gangsters in Bintulu was first raised in 2007 by the member of parliament (MP) for Bintulu. The gangsters may have run businesses related to illegal logging, controlling the prices of diesel, eggs, fertiliser and gas cylinders. Bintulu police have been cracking down on gangster activities in the town. Unscrupulous businessmen who seek cheap labour have caused a rise in the number of illegal immigrants in Bintulu."}, {"context": "The number may have reached 50,000 in 2009. Bintulu immigration department has performed several operations to deport illegal immigrants back to their home country. As of the 2010 Malaysian census, the population of the town of Bintulu is 114,058. Indigenous people accounted for the largest proportion of the town population (61.2%, 69,782), followed by Chinese (25.0%, 28,512), Non-Malaysians (13.1%, 14,939), and Indians (0.3%, 319). Among the indigenous groups, there are Iban (32,992), Malay (14,945), Melanau (14,179), Bidayuh (1,598), and other indigenous tribes (6,068). According to government sources, there are 229 Iban longhouses in the Bintulu District. The Ibans moved into"}, {"context": "Kemena and Tatau basins in the mid-19th and early 20th century with permission of the Brooke government. Other indigenous tribes that form the minority are Kayan, Kenyah, and Punan. The Chinese in Bintulu are mainly composed of dialect groups such as Hakka, Fuzhou, and Teochews. The Chinese have been living in the town of Tatau since the era of Bruneian Empire. Later, Fuzhou Chinese from Sibu moved in, dominating the timber and plantation businesses in Bintulu. There is also a large number of foreigners working there. Most of them come from Britain, Australia, the Netherlands, Germany, South Africa, New Zealand,"}, {"context": "Japan, China, the United States, and Indonesia. While Malay is the official language of Sarawak; English is widely spoken there. Local ethnic languages and Chinese dialects are spoken by the respective ethnic groups. Standard Chinese is also spoken by ethnic Chinese in Bintulu. Bintulu is spoken by communities living along the Kemena River, with 4,200 native speakers. These speakers are now recognised as part of the Melanau ethnic group, where their main language is Malay. Bintulu is classified as one of the endangered languages in Sarawak because of the isolated usage of the language in a small community. The majority"}, {"context": "of the Bintulu population are adherents of Christian denominations due to Christian missionaries operating during the Brooke dynasty; followed by Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism. Among the notable places of worship in Bintulu are the Bintulu Mosque (Masjid Assyakirin), Masjid Jepak, Tua Pek Kong Temple, Eng Kwang Methodist Church, and St.Thomas Church. The respective religious groups are free to hold processions in the town. There are five industrial estates in Bintulu. They are: Kemena Industrial Estate (for wood-based industries), Jepak Industries Estate (wood-based industries), Kidurong Industrial Area (for medium and light industries), Kidurong Light Industrial Estate (medium and light industries), and"}, {"context": "Bintulu Light Industrial Estate (light industry). Malaysia LNG is a Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) manufacturing complex located in Bintulu that currently contains eight LNG trains with a ninth one currently under construction. The complex was built by the Malaysian national oil and gas company, Petronas. The manufacturing complex has a production capacity of 25.7 million tonnes per annum. Petronas is also planning to open Floating LNG (FLNG) offshore Bintulu, which is used specifically to harvest natural gas from small and isolated gas fields. Transportation of natural gas from the neighouring state of Kimanis, Sabah, to the LNG complex at Bintulu"}, {"context": "is facilitated by a pipeline known as the \"Sabah Sarawak Gas Pipeline\". Currently, 45% of Malaysian natural gas is found at Central Luconia off the coast of Bintulu. The largest importers of Malaysia LNG productions are Japan (62%), Korea (17%), Taiwan (12%), and China (9%). The Sarawak Shell Bintulu Plant (SSBP), formerly known as Bintulu Crude Oil Terminal (BCOT), was established in 1979. It consists of three crude oil storage tanks, each with a capacity of 410,000 barrels. It has three major areas of operation: Crude Oil Operations, Condensate Stabilisation, and Gas Sales Facilities. Royal Dutch Shell started to establish"}, {"context": "the world's first Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis plant (Shell MDS) in 1993. It is also known as Bintulu Gas-To-Liquid plant (Bintulu GTL). The plant has a production capacity of 14,770 barrels per day with a total investment of over US$1billion as of the year 2010. The plant is staffed with 380 people, of whom 93% are Malaysians, with 80% of the staff coming from Sarawak. Since the opening up of the Bintulu\u2013Miri road in the 1970s, large-scale plantations of oil palm and cocoa has been developed in rural areas of Bintulu Division. Currently, there are 57,740 hectares () of oil"}, {"context": "palm, 2,000 hectares () of Rattan, and 815 hectares () of pepper plantations. The first Bintulu palm oil refinery, Bintulu Edible Oil Sdn Bhd, was established in June 1991. Bintulu currently has four palm oil refineries: Bintulu Edible Oils Sdn Bhd (operated under PGEO Group, a subsidiary of Wilmar International), Sime Darby Austral Edible Oil Sdn Bhd, Kirana Palm Oil Refinery Sdn Bhd, and Sarawak Oil Palm Bhd. However, as of 2015, Wilmar no longer buys raw palm oil produced from cleared forests and peat swamps in Sarawak because of environmental concerns. The Bintulu Division has been designated as a"}, {"context": "Planted Forests Zone (PFZ) by the Sarawak state government since 1998. As of 30 June 2011, a total of 124,618 hectares () has been planted with acacia trees. Other trees that are planned for plantations are kelampayan, engkabang, durian, batai, eucalyptus, and rubber trees. Sarawak Planted Forest Sdn Bhd, a company wholly owned by the Sarawak state government, has been granted a license to replant forests for 60 years. However, the company has been suffering financial losses from 2009 to 2011. There are three mills in Bintulu that process wood-waste products. Two are Medium-density fibreboard (MDF) plants and the third"}, {"context": "is a charcoal briquette plant, with a total installed capacity of per year. MDF plants utilise wood waste purchased from sawmills and plywood mills in the Bintulu area and occasionally from the Tanjung Manis timber processing zone located at the mouth of the Rajang River. Synthetic resins, which are required to hold wood dust together, constituted 20% of the total production cost of the wood panel products. MDF plants in Bintulu are operated by Daiken Sarawak Sdn Bhd, which was founded on 15 February 1994. The briquette plant is operated by Cipta Briquette Sdn Bhd. A glue/adhesive factory in Bintulu"}, {"context": "is owned by Bintulu Adhesive & Chemicals Sdn Bhd. It produces urea formaldehyde resin and phenol formaldehyde resin for plywood and chipboard manufacturing at Kemena Industrial Estate. Urea precondensate is also produced to supply ASEAN Bintulu Fertiliser (ABF) plant. The Bintulu Port Authority was established in 1981. It started port operation in 1983 at Tanjung Kidurong. Following a privatisation exercise, Bintulu Port Sdn Bhd (BPSB) was founded on 23 December 1992 and commenced operation on 1 January 1993. BPA is currently responsible for regulatory exercises and security of the port. Meanwhile, BPSB is responsible for cargo handling at the Bintulu"}, {"context": "International Container Terminal (BICT). The port also provides Vessel traffic service to shipping vessels. The annual total cargo throughput is 45.4 million tonnes, consisting of 58% LNG and 42% non-LNG products. As of 31 December 2014, it generated a total revenue of RM552.3 million per year. Bintulu Port is the busiest port in Sarawak. The ASEAN Bintulu Fertiliser plant is the anhydrous ammonia and granular plant operated by ASEAN Bintulu Fertiliser Sdn Bhd (ABF), which is partly owned by Petronas. The company was formed on 6 December 1980. The plant started operation on 1 October 1985. It is also one"}, {"context": "of the largest granular urea plants in Asia. It is a joint venture by five ASEAN countries: Malaysia (63.5% shares), Thailand (13%), Indonesia (13%), the Philippines (9.5%), and Singapore (1%). Cahya Mata Sarawak Berhad (CMSB), one of the largest publicly traded companies in Sarawak, set up a cement plant in Bintulu at Kidurong Industrial Estate. The plant, manned by 40 people, produces ordinary Portland cement and Portland blast furnace cement. It currently has a combined production capacity of 2.75 million MT (million tonnes). The Bintulu combined cycle power plant was started in early 2010 with a capacity of 317 megawatts."}, {"context": "The power plant is registered under the United Nations Clean Development Management (CDM) scheme as of 18 September 2010. The plant is built to ensure efficient use of energy and reduce green house gas emissions. It is the first CDM power plant in Malaysia, currently operated by Sarawak Power Generation Sdn Bhd (SPG), a wholly owned subsidiary of Sarawak Energy. All roads in Bintulu are maintained by the Bintulu Development Authority (BDA). Bintulu is connected to Miri and Sibu by the Pan Borneo Highway. Bintulu is also connected to Mukah and Samalaju Industrial Park. Kemena Bridge crosses the Kemena River."}, {"context": "It is the second bridge in Malaysia built using the incremental launch method. Keppel Road in Bintulu is named after a friend of James Brooke, Sir Henry Keppel. Bintulu has a long-distance bus station, located at Medan Jaya, northeast of the town centre. Among the areas served by the bus station are: Miri, Sibu, Kuching, Mukah, Sarikei, Oya, Dalat, Balingian, and Pontianak, Indonesia. The bus companies that serve the station are the Syarikat Baram Sdn. Bhd, MTC, Biaramas, and Suria bus lines. There are also buses that serve the town area. Taxi service is also available. The old Bintulu airport"}, {"context": "was built in 1955 in the town centre. It once held the Guinness World Record of nearest airport to town. On 19 December 2002, the airport was replaced by a new airport, which is located away from the town centre. The surroundings of the old airport were developed into commercial and residential projects while the runway is reserved for Bintulu International Kite Festival. The new airport has a runway measuring , capable of handling planes as large as the Airbus A330. The airport currently serves three major airlines: Malaysia Airlines (MAS), Air Asia, and MASwings, connecting to domestic destinations such"}, {"context": "as: Sibu, Miri, Kuching, Kuala Lumpur, and Kota Kinabalu, and the first international destination, Singapore will start the direct flight since 26 Dec 2017. There is a wharf terminal at Bintulu that serves the rural areas of Bintulu Division. Among the destinations that can be reached by express boat from Bintulu are: Sebauh, Pandan, Labang, Tubau, and Binyo. The current court complex is located at Pisang Emas Road. It comprises the High Court, the Sessions Court, and the Magistrate Court. Bintulu also has Syariah Subordinate Court, located at Tanjung Kidurong, whose area of jurisdiction covers Bintulu District and Tatau districts."}, {"context": "The Bintulu central police station is located at Tun Hussein Onn Road, with other police stations located at Tanjung Kidurong, Tubau, and Sebauh. There is also a central prison in Bintulu, which doubles as a correctional centre. Bintulu Hospital started operation in 1968. It is located at Nyabau Road, from the town centre. Following renovations completed on 21 May 2000, the hospital is now equipped with 200 beds. As of 2011, the hospital provides speciality services in seven medical disciplines. Bintulu also has one polyclinic, Polyclinic Bintulu. There are two private hospitals in Bintulu: Columbia Asia Hospital and Bintulu Medical"}, {"context": "Centre. There are about 50 primary and eight secondary schools in Bintulu. All the schools under the National Education System are managed by the Bintulu District Education Office. The oldest primary schools in Miri are StAnthony's Primary School (Roman Catholic Mission School), Chung Hua Primary School, and the Orang Kaya Mohammad Primary School, which were established in the early 1960s. The Bintulu Government Secondary School was built in 1964. It is now known as SMK Bintulu, the oldest secondary school in the town. Bintulu also has one Chinese independent school, Kai Dee Middle School (\u5f00\u667a\u4e2d\u5b66). The Shell Oil Company established"}, {"context": "the Kidurong International School in 1982 to meet the primary education needs of Shell employees' children. The school provides English National Curriculum (ENC) for literacy and numeracy and International Primary Curriculum (IPC) for other subjects. UPM Bintulu Sarawak Campus was started as the National Resource Training Centre, Kuching, in 1974. The oldest campus in Sarawak, it was relocated to Bintulu in 1987 as a branch campus of the Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (UPM). The campus was closed down in 1992 before reopening in 2001 as Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). During this period of closure, the campus was used as the site"}, {"context": "for Maktab Perguruan Sains Bintulu (Bintulu Science Teachers' Training College) from 1994 to July 1999 when it was moved to Kota Samarahan as Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Tun Abdul Razak (Tun Abdul Razak Teachers' Training Institute Campus). The UPM campus is currently located away from the town centre, occupying , which can accommodate up to 2,200 students. This branch campus currently has only one faculty, the Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, consisting of five academic departments. In 2015 UPM was ranked 41st in the UI-Greenmetric World University rankings. SEDAMAI College, established in November 1999, offers courses in business, information"}, {"context": "technology, language, and engineering. There is also a technical school located away from the town, near Tanjung Kidurong, occupying of land. The school was built in 1982 with a maximum capacity of 900 students. Among the courses offered are: automotive, mechanical and civil engineering, commerce, and fashion. Gulf Golden International Flying Academy (GGIFA), the first and only flying academy in Sarawak, was closed in 2012 due to financial difficulties. The first public library in Bintulu was built in 1971 by Bintulu District Council (BDC). In 1988 the library was demolished to make way for car parks. Books from the library"}, {"context": "were moved into the former BDC building. On 29 May 2000, the Bintulu Development Authority (BDA) public library was built near the Bintulu Civic Centre, which is from the town. The public library has three branches: at Kidurong, Tatau, and Sebauh. Kampung Jepak (Jepak village) is a Melanau fishing village in Bintulu located near Kemena River. Among the daily activities in this village are Sago processing, fish drying, and the manufacturing of Belacan, \"Cencaluk\" (salted shrimp), \"Terendak\" (Melanau headgear), and \"Tutop\" (a type of food cover). Kuan Yin Tong temple is located at KM2 Jalan Sultan Iskandar. It has a"}, {"context": "structural design with a rock garden courtyard, man-made waterfall, and dragon fencing. Assyakirin mosque, meaning \"Gratefulness to God\", has a man-made waterfall, a fountain, and a landscape planted with flowers. The Borneo International Kite Festival has been held yearly since 2005 at the old Bintulu airport runway. It usually lasts for four to five days in September. In 1987 a clock tower and a fountain were erected at Council Negri Monument. A centenary stone that was erected in 1967 to commemorate the event is kept under the clock tower. The Bintulu Tua Pek Kong temple (near Tamu Bintulu) is believed"}, {"context": "to have been built in the 1890s to purge the town from evil spirits. The temple survived World War II, and was rebuilt after the discovery of oil and gas reserves offshore. Similajau National Park is located northeast of the town. The park was gazetted in 1976, covering an area of ( with sandy beaches, rocky headlands, jungle streams, and forests. Other national parks that can be accessed along the Miri\u2013Bintulu road are the Lambir Hills National Park and Niah National Park. Tanjung Batu beach (Temasya beach) is located from the town centre. Meanwhile, Taman Tumbina (Tumbina Park) is located"}, {"context": "from the town centre. The park has a hornbill aviary, a butterfly garden, and a mini-zoo. Kidurong Tower is an observation tower located at Tanjung Kidurong. It offers a view of the Bintulu oil and gas facilities shortly after nightfall. Bintulu Promenade is a walkway along the Bintulu coastline with the Kemena River mouth as its focal point. It has the observation points offering sunset views. There is also an 18-hole golf course at Bintulu. There are several shopping malls in Bintulu: ParkCity Mall, City Point, Ngiu Kee Departmental Stores, Farley shopping complex, Sing Kwong Supermarkets, and MDS-Mart. Time Square"}, {"context": "Mall is the latest attraction of list of malls in Bintulu. Furthermore, with the construction of Bintulu Paragon at the old airport will boost Bintulu economy. Tamu Bintulu and Pasar Utama are the two main markets in the town. Both places have a unique cone-shaped roof that symbolises the traditional Melanau headgear named \"Terendak\". Tamu Bintulu offers items ranging from jungle produce to native home-made specialties such as Belacan. Meanwhile, Pasar Utama houses both wet market and dry market under one roof, providing fresh vegetables, fruits, fish, and dairy products. The first floor of Pasar Utama offers a variety of"}, {"context": "fast food such as Laksa, Kolok Mee, Jawa Mee, Pulut Panggang, ais batu campur, cendol and teh tarik. The Bintulu night market is located on Kampung Dagang road. There are over 150 stalls selling a variety of items such as garments, electric goods, vegetables, fruits, food and drinks. Bintulu Bintulu () is a coastal town on the island of Borneo in the central region of Sarawak, Malaysia. Bintulu is located 610 kilometres (380 mi) northeast of Kuching, 216 kilometres (134 mi) northeast of Sibu, and 200 kilometres (120 mi) southwest of Miri. With a population of 114,058 as of 2010,"}]}, {"title": "Progressive Canadian Party candidates in the 2004 Canadian federal election", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Progressive Canadian Party candidates in the 2004 Canadian federal election The Progressive Canadian Party fielded sixteen candidates in the 2004 federal election, none of whom were elected. Information about these candidates may be found here. Bellaire is a longtime resident of London, Ontario and has been politically active for several years. He was involved with the former Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, serving as president of the London-Fanshawe Association for a number of years and running as the party's candidate in the 2000 federal election. He has also been involved with the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario and has assisted"}, {"context": "members of London City Council in running for office. Bellaire continued to work within the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada after the 2000 election, and was involved in the party's 2003 by-election campaign in Perth\u2014Middlesex that saw the final election of a Progressive Conservative candidate at the national level. He opposed ratification of the deal that ultimately dissolved the party into a merger with the Canadian Alliance, and assisted with the revival of the PC Party name as the Progressive Canadian Party. Conrad received 820 votes, finishing fifth in a field of six candidates. The winner was Lui Temelkovski of"}, {"context": "the Liberal Party. See Conrad's biography page for more information. Progressive Canadian Party candidates in the 2004 Canadian federal election The Progressive Canadian Party fielded sixteen candidates in the 2004 federal election, none of whom were elected. Information about these candidates may be found here. Bellaire is a longtime resident of London, Ontario and has been politically active for several years. He was involved with the former Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, serving as president of the London-Fanshawe Association for a number of years and running as the party's candidate in the 2000 federal election. He has also been involved"}]}, {"title": "Kent Richardson", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Kent Richardson Kent Richardson (born April 21, 1987) is an American football cornerback who is a free agent. He played college football at West Virginia. In 2011, Richardson signed to play for the Philadelphia Soul of the Arena Football League. In 2012, he led the league in interceptions with 14, and was named the Defensive Back of the Year, as well as earning First Team All-Arena. After re-signing with the Soul for 2013, he was placed on other league exempt list due to his signing of a futures contract with the Cleveland Browns. After his release from the Browns, the"}, {"context": "Soul traded Richardson to the Jacksonville Sharks for Jeff Hughley. On February 27, 2014, Richardson was traded back to the Soul for Hughley once again. On April 15, 2014, Richardson signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League. He was released in June and re-joined the Soul. On November 16, 2015, Richardson was assigned to the Orlando Predators. Richardson was selected by the Dalian Dragon Kings of the China Arena Football League (CAFL) in the thirteenth round of the 2016 CAFL Draft. He earned All-Pro North Division All-Star honors in 2016. On January 31, 2017, Richardson was assigned"}, {"context": "to the Cleveland Gladiators. On June 15, 2017, Richardson was assigned to the Soul. On August 26, 2017, the Soul beat the Tampa Bay Storm in ArenaBowl XXX by a score of 44\u201340. On April 3, 2018, Richardson was assigned to the Baltimore Brigade. On April 6, 2018, he was placed on recallable reassignment. On April 11, 2018, he was assigned to the Washington Valor. On April 16, 2018, he was placed on reassignment. Kent Richardson Kent Richardson (born April 21, 1987) is an American football cornerback who is a free agent. He played college football at West Virginia. In"}]}, {"title": "Best of Hilary Duff", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Best of Hilary Duff Best of Hilary Duff is the first greatest hits album by American recording artist Hilary Duff. It was released on November 11, 2008, by Hollywood Records. The 12-track album consists of eight of Duff's previous singles, as well as two new recordings: \"Reach Out\" and \"Holiday\", and two remixes to the songs. Only one single was released from the album, the Ryan \"Alias\" Tedder-produced \"Reach Out\", which became her third single to chart at number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Club Play. Despite being a greatest hits album, her singles \"Someone's Watching Over Me\", \"Our"}, {"context": "Lips Are Sealed\" and \"Beat of My Heart\" aren't included in the standard edition of the album. Duff confirmed that she had collaborated with a rapper called Prophet on a previously unheard song on the Dignity tour's set list, \"Reach Out\" in September 2007. In an interview with remix producer Joe Bermudez in November 2007, she said that \"Dignity\" would be re-released in a CDVU+ edition featuring remixes of the original songs alongside two new tracks: \"Reach Out\" and \"Holiday\". Duff said she hoped to write a third new song for the re-release, and to have \"Holiday\" released as its"}, {"context": "first or second single; However, Hollywood Records scrapped the plans, adding to their large list of cancelations, which in turn led Duff to make the decision to leave the label and develop \"Best of Hilary Duff\" to quickly end her contract, which had expected one more album. Unlike Duff's first compilation album \"Most Wanted\" (2005), which was advertised as strictly a compilation, \"Best of\" was strictly advertised as a greatest hits, making it her first. \"Best of Hilary Duff\" received mostly mixed reviews from critics. \"Allmusic\" gave the album a positive review stating that \"Best of Hilary Duff\" \"is a"}, {"context": "flipside of her 2005's \"Most Wanted\"\", which was \"pitched squarely at bright, happy tweens\". They also went on to say the album \"is not a look back at the past but a blueprint for the future\". Allmusic gave the album a 3.5/5 star rating. Commonsensemedia said that \"parents need to know that Miss Duff has turned up the heat with sexually provocative lyrics that may be too hot to handle for younger fans. Hilary Duff isn't for tweens anymore. The hit single \"Reach Out\" features more aggressive sexual lyrics than on previous albums. While \"Dignity\" was OK for 11-year-olds, the"}, {"context": "\"Best Of\" compilation pushes the target age higher. The funky remixes and danceable electronic beats are fun and catchy, but the sexed-up lyrics and themes aren't intended for younger fans.\" Rachel Devitt of Rhapsody said the collection \"is largely pleasant, nicely polished and, rather surprisingly, sleek and even a little edgy. Turns out Lizzie McGuire is a dancefloor diva, and even with that feathery little voice, she manages to work it on tracks like the dark \"Stranger,\" saucy new tune \"Reach Out\" and a clubby remix of \"Dignity.\" \"Best of Hilary Duff\" debuted at number 125 on the US \"Billboard\""}, {"context": "200 chart, selling 5,500 copies in its first week of release in the US making it her least successful album to date. Many believe this was due to a lack of promotion from her record label at the time Hollywood Records. This is her first album not to receive any RIAA certifications. As of September 2012, the album has sold over 35,000 copies in the United States alone. \"Reach Out\" was released as the only single from the album. The music video is directed by Philip Andelman and five official versions were released (though some have leaked first). The music"}, {"context": "video premiered on Duff's official MySpace on October 28, 2008. Best of Hilary Duff Best of Hilary Duff is the first greatest hits album by American recording artist Hilary Duff. It was released on November 11, 2008, by Hollywood Records. The 12-track album consists of eight of Duff's previous singles, as well as two new recordings: \"Reach Out\" and \"Holiday\", and two remixes to the songs. Only one single was released from the album, the Ryan \"Alias\" Tedder-produced \"Reach Out\", which became her third single to chart at number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Club Play. Despite being a"}]}, {"title": "Nana's Party", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Nana's Party \"Nana's Party\" is the fifth episode of the second series of the British dark comedy anthology television programme \"Inside No. 9\". It was first broadcast on 23 April 2015 on BBC Two. Written and directed by Steve Pemberton and Reece Shearsmith, the episode starred Claire Skinner as the obsessive-compulsive and aspirational Angela, who is hosting a party for the 79th birthday of her mother Maggie, played by Elsie Kelly. Angela's husband Jim, played by Pemberton, is keen to play a prank on Pat, Angela's brother-in-law, who is a practical joker. Pat is played by Shearsmith, while Carol, a"}, {"context": "recovering alcoholic who is Pat's wife and Angela's sister, is played by Lorraine Ashbourne. The episode also features Eve Gordon as Katie, Angela and Jim's teenage daughter, and Christopher Whitlow as a paramedic seen at the beginning and end of the episode. Much of the episode's plot revolves around a practical joke with a fake cake that Jim has set up in an attempt to fool Pat. Moving the cake reveals the head of the person hiding under the table, but, in the mean time, the hidden character can hear conversations taking place nearby, unbeknownst to those who are not"}, {"context": "in on the joke. The episode plays on viewers' guesses as to what has led to the arrival\u2014seen at the opening of the episode\u2014of a paramedic. In particular, the person under the table is at risk of injury if candles burn down or someone puts a knife into the \"cake\". \"Nana's Party\" was the first episode of \"Inside No. 9\" to be written, but it was shelved when BBC executives instead suggested that it worked as the first episode of a sitcom. Pemberton and Shearsmith revisited and modified the script during the writing process for \"Inside No. 9\" second series."}, {"context": "The writers aimed for a feeling of suburban darkness reminiscent of the work of the playwright Alan Ayckbourn, while commentators compared the episode to the work of the playwright and screenwriter Mike Leigh, particularly the play \"Abigail's Party\". The story addresses themes including alcoholism, extramarital affairs, aging and social class. Television critics responded positively to \"Nana's Party\", which was praised as a typically-strong instalment of \"Inside No. 9\". Particular praise was directed towards the writing and performances, especially Skinner's performance as Angela, Ashbourne's performance as Carol and Shearsmith's performance as Pat. \"Nana's Party\" was the first episode of \"Inside No."}, {"context": "9\" to be written by the programme's creators Reece Shearsmith and Steve Pemberton. BBC producers felt the episode worked as the opening episode of a sitcom, but Pemberton and Shearsmith were not happy to develop the idea into its own series, given the events of the plot. As such, the script was shelved, and revisited during planning for \"Inside No. 9\" second series. A number of changes were made from the original script when the concept was revisited. For example, a paramedic was added to the opening scene in order to add a sense of danger and foreboding, and the"}, {"context": "character Angela's \"borderline OCD\" was accentuated. Shearsmith said that the episode's focus on a grandmother's birthday party felt \"domestic\" and \"homely\". Pemberton, too, called it a \"domestic\" story, describing it as playing upon the classic British plot device of a family party going wrong. Shearsmith suggested that the pleasant house did give the episode the feel of a sitcom, but said that the story went somewhere \"darker\" than a typical sitcom would. With \"Nana's Party\", the writers wanted to produce something \"dark\" and \"suburban\", with Pemberton citing the playwright Alan Ayckbourn as an influence. Indeed, at the time the episode"}, {"context": "was written, Shearsmith was starring in an adaptation of Ayckbourn's play \"Absent Friends\". The writers intended to play off the idea of a hidden character being able to hear conversations revealing secrets. An initial idea of Pemberton's was to have a large parcel on a table at the birthday party, but with Maggie\u2014on whose birthday the episode would be set\u2014absent. Other characters would repeatedly ask where Maggie was, until it was revealed that her head was in the parcel. This idea developed into the possibility of a hollow cake hiding a character, a device used in the final episode. For"}, {"context": "the writers, there is humour in characters spending time talking earnestly to a cake; they noted that the prop cake had features resembling a face. In the editing stage, the production team kept reintroducing the cake in order to remind viewers of its presence. The original script ended with a knife being plunged into a fake cake followed by the revelation, contrary to viewers' expectations, that no one was under it at the time; instead, the writers upped the drama in the story, making it possible that any of the characters injured. For the writers, the original plot was, in"}, {"context": "a sense, darker, as some characters got away with wrongdoing in a way they do not in the final version. As each episode of \"Inside No. 9\" features new characters, the writers were able to attract actors who might have been unwilling to commit to an entire series. \"Nana's Party\" featured Claire Skinner as Angela, who is hosting a party. Pemberton and Shearsmith lived close to Skinner, but they had not properly met. She was one of several members of the cast of the film \"Life Is Sweet\" (others being Alison Steadman and Jane Horrocks) who have starred in \"Inside"}, {"context": "No. 9\". Skinner enjoyed the \"funny\" script and her \"nice\" character. Eve Gordon (trained at the Nottingham Television Workshop) starred as Angela's daughter Katie, and Pemberton starred as Angela's husband Jim. Pemberton and Shearsmith suggested that Pemberton's costume made him look like Mr Chow Mein, a Benny Hill character. Elsie Kelly played Angela's mother Maggie, on whose birthday the episode is set. The part was not written with anyone in mind, though Pemberton already knew Kelly well from their time together on the sitcom \"Benidorm\". Lorraine Ashbourne played Angela's sister Carol, and Pat, Carol's husband, was played by Shearsmith. Carol"}, {"context": "was Pemberton's favourite character in the whole series; Shearsmith worried that an actor may not portray the character as they had hoped, but was very happy with Ashbourne's performance. Ashbourne said she was \"thrilled\" to be working with Pemberton and Shearsmith, for whom she had great admiration. She described the character of Carol as \"hilarious\", characterising her as \"sexually frustrated\" and \"sad\". To reflect Carol's alcoholism, Ashbourne swilled whiskey around her mouth before filming. Shearsmith wore a red wig to play Pat, something he had never done before. His skin-tone needed to be changed to match the hair, necessitating a"}, {"context": "white spray on his face every morning. In order not to give the impression that Pat was a thief or murderer (rather than simply a practical joker), Shearsmith was directed to chuckle while Pat set up his jokes. Christopher Whitlow plays a paramedic seen at the beginning and end of the episode. The scene featuring the paramedic at the end of the episode was longer in the final cut than had been initially intended in order to show more of the character's actions. The second series of \"Inside No. 9\" was filmed from the end of 2014 into early 2015."}, {"context": "\"Nana's Party\" was filmed in January, and was the final episode of the second series to be filmed. The writers saw a number of houses before selecting the one used in the episode; they wanted an open plan home to allow for easy movement between rooms. The one chosen was close to Twickenham Studios. A \"deckhouse\" was added to the house's garden; despite there already being two sheds, neither would have been visible on-screen. A new one was thus added. The executive producer Adam Tandy suggested that \"deckhouse\" would be preferable to \"shed\", as the latter term suggested the site"}, {"context": "of something awful. Scenes in a bedroom used the room mostly as the production team found it. The room featured a number of books not seen on-screen, which reminded Shearsmith of a script (in the end not used for \"Inside No. 9\" second series) of an episode set in a library. The front room had a buffet, including a prawn ring; by the third day of filming, this had begun to smell, and needed to be removed. Pemberton and Shearsmith, in addition to writing and starring in \"Nana's Party\", directed the episode. This was the second episode they jointly directed"}, {"context": "in the second series after \"Cold Comfort\", their directorial debut. The pair did not know, while writing for the series, which episodes they would be directing, meaning that their writing was unlikely to be influenced by the knowledge. Pemberton and Shearsmith had always intended to try directing, and the second series of \"Inside No. 9\" offered them the opportunity. David Kerr, who had directed all of the episodes in the first series, was unable to return for the second. Guillem Morales and Dan Zeff each took on directorial duties for two episodes, while Pemberton and Shearsmith decided to direct the"}, {"context": "remaining two. Shearsmith said in an interview that the pair had considered directing episodes in which they did not appear much, but scheduling concerns left them with \"Cold Comfort\" and \"Nana's Party\"; both episodes feature the writers quite heavily. \"Nana's Party\" represented a directorial challenge insofar as Pemberton and Shearsmith were both on-screen for a relatively large amount of the episode. The pair took turns off-camera; on one day, Shearsmith acted and Pemberton watched, and the next day, the two switched; they were, however, tired, not least because it was the final episode of the series filmed. \"Nana's Party\" required"}, {"context": "more direction than \"Cold Comfort\", due in part to the larger number of actors. Pemberton and Shearsmith leaned strongly on Stephan Pehrsson, their cinematographer. While Pemberton and Shearsmith handled staging, Pehrsson handled cinematography. A paramedic is let into a house to the sounds of panic. Earlier, the fastidious Angela prepares to host a party for the 79th birthday of her mother, Maggie. Angela's daughter, Katie, heads to her room to complete her homework. When Angela moves a cake, she reveals the head of Jim, her husband. Jim plans to play a trick on Pat\u2014a practical joker and the husband of"}, {"context": "Angela's sister, Carol (a recovering alcoholic)\u2014by hiding under the cake. Maggie, Carol and Pat\u2014the latter wearing a wolf mask\u2014arrive at the house. As the three settle, Pat plugs in his mobile to charge\u2014something Jim had asked Angela to prevent\u2014and secretly places ice in a bucket. Carol privately drinks from a sunscreen bottle while ostensibly unblocking the toilet after her mother could not flush it. Angela is proud that the party food is from Marks's, but Carol mocks Angela's middle class affectations. Maggie wants a photograph with the food on the table, and Carol lights the cake's candles, which burn towards"}, {"context": "to the flammable fake cake\u2014under which Jim is still hiding. Katie greets her nana and aunt, with Maggie insisting that she tell the joke from Pat's card. Panicking, Angela blows out the candles. The room clears, and Jim is left frustrated. Katie shows Maggie her tablet as the pair sit in the former's room. A visibly-drunk Carol enters and talks to Katie about the importance of having fun. Katie wants to finish her homework, but assures Carol that she would make a good mother. Downstairs, Jim persuades Angela to take up position under the table as Pat replaces the soap"}, {"context": "in the toilet. Pat joins Jim next to the table and returns a VHS; it becomes clear that Jim's apparent love for \"Countdown\" is actually a cover for his pornography habit, and Jim tries to steer the conversation away from the topic, worried that Angela will hear. Carol enters and puts on music. Pat sees Carol's sunscreen, and prepares her a drink of \"Adam's ale\". Carol aggressively flirts with Jim, who does not reciprocate. When Pat hands Carol water, she throws it in his face and he leaves. Carol confronts Jim about promises he made to her, and how this"}, {"context": "house should be hers, not Angela's. Jim remains terrified that Angela can hear the conversation. Katie and Maggie enter. Maggie talks about Pat's \"frozen willies\"\u2014novelty ice cubes\u2014as a distressed Jim makes her a drink, and Carol dances with the uninterested Katie. Jim pulls Carol away from Katie, but Carol hits him; when Carol talks to Katie about becoming her stepmother, Jim shouts at her. Pat stops him, and, after Carol storms out, tells Jim that \"he knows\". Katie is distressed, and interrogates Jim as Maggie plunges a knife into the cake. Jim panics, believing Angela is still under the table,"}, {"context": "but Angela enters from the kitchen, and reveals that she left to buy a real cake\u2014the story that Jim had told to cover her apparent absence. Katie wants to talk to her mother, but chaos ensues when Maggie chokes on an ice cube, which Pat reveals contains a fake spider. Carol enters, her face blackened by Pat's fake soap, and Pat, reaching for his charging phone to call the emergency services, receives an electric shock, his hands wet from the ice bucket. Angela performs the Heimlich manoeuver on her mother; Carol kneels by Pat and shouts for help. The new"}, {"context": "cake is pushed into Jim's face by Katie, who then answers the door. The paramedic enters, then begins a striptease for Maggie to the \"Casualty\" theme. His performance, it is revealed, was Pat's present to Maggie. Later, Jim talks to an oblivious Maggie. He sees Angela and Katie come down the stairs with bags. In silence, he watches them leave as Maggie tells him the joke from Pat's birthday card. Plotlines following a birthday party in disarray are common, particularly in plays, and an episode with a similar theme was also included in the first series of \"Inside No. 9\"."}, {"context": "\"Nana's Party\" revolves around the relatively mundane problems of alcoholism, affairs and aging. Class is another theme, with Angela, Jim and Katie representing a typical middle class family, while Maggie, Carol and Pat are more working class. David Chater, writing for \"The Times\", said that \"Nana's Party\" was like \"a more twisted version\" of \"Abigail's Party\", with several critics likening the episode to a Mike Leigh drama. Critics also saw the influence of Ayckbourn's work. The episode's action revolves around the practical joke involving the cake and, in particular, viewers' attempts to guess what has caused injury, as they know"}, {"context": "that the paramedic will be coming. Both Angela and the alcoholic Carol are \"ticking time-bomb[s]\". Angela is the central character, and is similar to a more anxious version of Sue Brockman, Skinner's character from \"Outnumbered\". She is stressed and obsessive-compulsive, but aspirational, fastidious, and dutiful. The comedy critic Bruce Dessau compared Ashbourne's characterisation of Carol to Elizabeth Taylor's characterisation in \"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\"; as the episode progresses, Carol becomes increasingly abusive. Commentators variously described Pat as \"appalling\", \"tiresome\", an \"irritating tit\" and \"an insufferable booby\". For Chris Bennion, writing in \"The Independent\", Pat's character is more complex: \"Behind"}, {"context": "Pat's cheesy jokes and schoolboy tomfoolery lies a desperately sad and dignified man, standing by and caring for a wife whose love for him has long gone.\" Pat and Carol, for Pemberton and Shearsmith, have a more honest relationship than Jim and Angela, despite the problems in their relationship. Jim is Pat's \"weary nemesis\", and a \"classic everyman\". Jim and Pat, for Gerard Gilbert of \"i\", are like \"two suburban grotesques straight out of a Mike Leigh drama\". Maggie is unaware of the chaos around her, instead distracted by the tablet\u2014on which she plays a game somewhere between \"Clash of"}, {"context": "Clans\" and \"Minecraft\"\u2014or retelling the birthday card joke. As a \"Middle England suburban\" comedy, \"Nana's Party\" is \"all about the depths and heartaches lurking beneath apparently happy families\". As the story progresses, the characters subvert expectations, with the irritating Pat revealed as a caring husband and the alcoholic Carol revealed as recovering from an unsuccessful affair. Pemberton and Shearsmith characterised the episode's ending as \"downbeat\" and lacking a twist, noting that \"Nana's Party\" is the only episode of the first two series of \"Inside No. 9\" in which no character dies. Critics responded positively to \"Nana's Party\", with Patrick Mulkern"}, {"context": "of \"Radio Times\" calling it \"another cracker\", Chater characterising it as another \"bullseye\", and Julia Raeside and John Dugdale, writing in \"The Sunday Times\", describing it as \"another perfectly judged high-wire walk: comedy and tragedy balanced evenly and artfully at all times\". Bennion called it \"a tightly wound and hugely impressive half hour\", and the freelance journalist Dan Owen called it \"another great instalment\" that \"really worked\" on its own terms. The episode's writing was praised. For Bennion, the writers displayed their intellect, but he noted that Skinner got \"the lion's share of the good lines\". He felt the ending"}, {"context": "was \"as affecting as it is well-earned\". Raeside, in the course of a review of the whole series for theguardian.com, claimed that one of the writers' strengths is \"pulling at the loose threads of suburban life to reveal the worst of humanity just under the soft furnishings\", and that, in \"Nana's Party\", despite the viewers' assumption that there would be a \"gory\" conclusion, the \"tragedy was an altogether more gruesome punctuation to the story as Pemberton's face betrayed the total emotional collapse going on within\". Jack Seale, also writing for theguardian.com, claimed that the script was able to move \"effortlessly"}, {"context": "from funny to dark to desperately sad\". Phoebe-Jane Boyd, in a review of the episode for the entertainment website Den of Geek, wrote that the tension in \"Nana's Party\" was \"cranked up fantastically\", as the story's genre, and viewer's expectations, shift. Owen felt that the writing and cast were able to save what could have been a predictable episode, picking out Skinner as particularly compelling. Bennion also praised the cast, claiming that Skinner, Ashbourne and Kelly were strong, but that Shearsmith gave the best performance. Dessau, too, called the cast \"great\", and felt that Shearsmith played his part \"to perfection\"."}, {"context": "Nana's Party \"Nana's Party\" is the fifth episode of the second series of the British dark comedy anthology television programme \"Inside No. 9\". It was first broadcast on 23 April 2015 on BBC Two. Written and directed by Steve Pemberton and Reece Shearsmith, the episode starred Claire Skinner as the obsessive-compulsive and aspirational Angela, who is hosting a party for the 79th birthday of her mother Maggie, played by Elsie Kelly. Angela's husband Jim, played by Pemberton, is keen to play a prank on Pat, Angela's brother-in-law, who is a practical joker. Pat is played by Shearsmith, while Carol, a"}]}, {"title": "Promised Heaven", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Promised Heaven Promised Heaven () is a 1991 Soviet film directed by Eldar Ryazanov. The film is a fantastical social tragicomedy. The movie is set in against the dusk of the Soviet Union and associated changes in economical and social life. Near one of Moscow's train stations, on a landfill site, a group of vagrants lives. Due to a variety of reasons, once prosperous people have lost their jobs, homes, loved ones and began living at a landfill. Among them are: Anthemia, a talented artist; her brother Fedor Yelistratov, who was repressed in the days of Stalinism; Solomon, a former"}, {"context": "engineer, who lost his job because his family emigrated to Israel; and former cook and housemaid Katya, who was beaten and kicked out of her house by her drunkard son. The head of those unfortunate people is \"President\" - a former party worker Dmitry Loginov, who like his friend Fedor, was in Stalin's camps. One night the President tells his friends incredible news. He allegedly had contact with aliens, who promised to take all those people to their planet - to the place where happiness, joy and peace rule. At the right day and hour of the homeless are supposed"}, {"context": "to receive the signal from the \"visitors from the sky\": blue snow shall fall. They prepare for a long trip, but authorities are going to liquidate the landfill site to build a condom factory. The President and other inhabitants of the landfill are trying to protect their home, but the authorities in their pursuit to liquidate the camp of homeless people are ready to do anything. At a winter night, \"blue\" snow begins to fall from the sky. The President and his \"fellow citizens\" go out to meet the good aliens, but they see heavily armed police squads and tanks"}, {"context": "approaching them that should raze vagrants' shacks to the ground. Desperate people load on the old steam train, power it up and as it gains speed, it takes off the ground, to the Promised Heavens. Promised Heaven Promised Heaven () is a 1991 Soviet film directed by Eldar Ryazanov. The film is a fantastical social tragicomedy. The movie is set in against the dusk of the Soviet Union and associated changes in economical and social life. Near one of Moscow's train stations, on a landfill site, a group of vagrants lives. Due to a variety of reasons, once prosperous people"}]}, {"title": "USBWA Most Courageous Award", "paragraphs": [{"context": "USBWA Most Courageous Award The USBWA Most Courageous Awards are two annual basketball awards given by the United States Basketball Writers Association (USBWA) to figures associated with college basketball who, according to the organization, have \"demonstrated extraordinary courage reflecting honor on the sport of amateur basketball.\" Since 2012, the women's version of the award has been named the Pat Summitt Most Courageous Award in honor of the legendary Tennessee women's coach who received the award that year. The award was first presented in 1978, and was not initially restricted exclusively to college basketball, although every winner since 1980 has been"}, {"context": "associated with the college game in some manner. Through 2009, a single award was presented; starting in 2010, separate awards have been given for men's and women's college basketball. More than one individual can receive an award, with the most recent example being in 2017, when the women's award was presented to Appalachian State coach Angel Elderkin and ESPN broadcaster Holly Rowe. Traditionally, the winners receive their awards at the men's or women's Final Four (as applicable), although the awards can be presented earlier as circumstances dictate. The most notable exception was when the 2015 Summitt Award was presented to"}, {"context": "Lauren Hill at halftime of her first college game in November 2014, presumably so she would receive the award while alive (at the time, she was not expected to survive until the 2015 Final Four). Most honorees have been cited for courage as current or former college players. However, the list of recipients also includes coaches, two broadcasters, a referee, an athletic program staffer, the widow of a former player (recognized alongside her late husband), and two college basketball programs. All affiliations listed were current at the time the award was presented. The \"Notes\" column indicates the situation that led"}, {"context": "the USBWA to present the award. All winners during this period were associated with men's basketball unless noted otherwise. USBWA Most Courageous Award The USBWA Most Courageous Awards are two annual basketball awards given by the United States Basketball Writers Association (USBWA) to figures associated with college basketball who, according to the organization, have \"demonstrated extraordinary courage reflecting honor on the sport of amateur basketball.\" Since 2012, the women's version of the award has been named the Pat Summitt Most Courageous Award in honor of the legendary Tennessee women's coach who received the award that year. The award was first"}]}, {"title": "Kodikulam", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Kodikulam Kodikulam is a panchayath in the Idukki district of Kerala state in India. It is about 12 kilometers east of Thodupuzha, the nearest town. Kodikulam is a part of Thodupuzha taluk and the main population centers are East kodikulam, West Kodikulam, Parappuzha, Thennathoor, Thalakkampuram, Chalakkamukku,Koduvely,Vellamchira and Vazhakkala. The population is a mix of Hindus, Christians and Muslims. Kodikulam is divided into two - the eastern part is named Kizhake Kodikulam and the western Padinjare Kodikulam. It is part of the agrarian country side of Kerala. Rubber plantations are the main industry in this panchayat. There are three famous temples"}, {"context": "located in Kodikulam. First one is Thrikkovil Subrahmania temple at West Kodikulam, second one is Sri Chandrapillil Devi Kshetram, under the management of NSS Karayogam, situated on the bank of a tributary to kaliyar river at west kodikulam, and the third is anchakulam bhagavathy temple. Kodikulam Kodikulam is a panchayath in the Idukki district of Kerala state in India. It is about 12 kilometers east of Thodupuzha, the nearest town. Kodikulam is a part of Thodupuzha taluk and the main population centers are East kodikulam, West Kodikulam, Parappuzha, Thennathoor, Thalakkampuram, Chalakkamukku,Koduvely,Vellamchira and Vazhakkala. The population is a mix of Hindus,"}]}, {"title": "Acta Sanctae Sedis", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Acta Sanctae Sedis Acta Sanctae Sedis (Latin for \"Register of the Holy See\") was a Roman monthly publication containing the principal public documents issued by the pope, directly or through the Roman Congregations. It was begun in 1865, under the title of \"Acta Sanct\u00e6 Sedis in compendium redacta etc.\", and on 23 May 1904 was declared an organ of the Holy See to the extent that all documents printed in it were considered \"authentic and official\". It continued to exist for four more years, until by the decree \"Promulgandi Pontificias Constitutiones\" (29 September 1908) Pope Pius X replaced it with"}, {"context": "the \"Acta Apostolicae Sedis\", to which he gave the status of the official gazette of the Holy See, and which began publication in January 1909. Acta Sanctae Sedis Acta Sanctae Sedis (Latin for \"Register of the Holy See\") was a Roman monthly publication containing the principal public documents issued by the pope, directly or through the Roman Congregations. It was begun in 1865, under the title of \"Acta Sanct\u00e6 Sedis in compendium redacta etc.\", and on 23 May 1904 was declared an organ of the Holy See to the extent that all documents printed in it were considered \"authentic and"}]}, {"title": "2016\u201317 South Carolina State Bulldogs basketball team", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2016\u201317 South Carolina State Bulldogs basketball team The 2016\u201317 South Carolina State Bulldogs basketball team represented South Carolina State University during the 2016\u201317 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Bulldogs, led by fourth-year head coach Murray Garvin, played their home games at the SHM Memorial Center as members of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference. They finished the season 11\u201320, 7\u20139 in MEAC play to finish in a three-way tie for seventh place. They defeated Florida A&M in the MEAC Tournament before losing in the quarterfinals to Norfolk State. The Bulldogs finished the 2015\u201316 season 19\u201315, 12\u20134 in MEAC play to"}, {"context": "finish in a tie for second place. They defeated Coppin State and Norfolk State to advance to the championship game of the MEAC Tournament where they lost to Hampton. They were invited to the CollegeInsider.com Tournament where they lost in the first round to Grand Canyon. The Bulldogs were picked to finish in second place in the preseason MEAC poll. Eric Eaves was named to the preseason All-MEAC first team and Edward Stephens was named to the second team. !colspan=9 style=\"background:#; color:white;\"| Non-conference regular season !colspan=9 style=\"background:#; color:white;\"| MEAC regular season !colspan=9 style=\"background:#; color:white;\"|MEAC Tournament 2016\u201317 South Carolina State Bulldogs"}]}, {"title": "Musiri Subramania Iyer", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Musiri Subramania Iyer Musiri Subramania Iyer (9 April 1899 \u2013 25 March 1975) was a Carnatic vocalist whose stage performing career spanned the 1920s to the 1940s. After retirement from the stage, he remained an iconic figure in Carnatic music as a dedicated teacher and leader in the Carnatic community. His bhava-laden renditions of Carnatic songs have become the measuring stick for generations of Carnatic vocalists. Musiri Subramania Iyer is one of the giants of Carnatic music in this century. Musiri Subramania Iyer, as he was universally known, was born in Bommalapalayam in the Trichy district of Tamil Nadu. His"}, {"context": "father, Sankara Sastry was a Sanskrit pandit. One of three siblings, he lost his mother, Seethalakshmi, as a boy and his sister Rajathi passed when she was but a child. His family was poor\u2014in later life Musiri seldom spoke about those early years. He married Nagalakshmi when he was 14 years old. Musiri Subramania Iyer learned to fluently speak, read and write in English when he was 17. Inspired by the singing of a popular acting star of those days, S. G. Kittappa, he decided to become a musician. Like Kittappa, Musiri had a strong vocal range in the higher"}, {"context": "octaves, and could imitate the former's hit songs with ease. Musiri Subramania Iyer's initial training in music was under S. Narayanaswamy Iyer for two years, before moving to Chennai for more serious studies with violinist Karur Chinnaswami Iyer. Due to a lack of time to devote to teaching, Chinnaswami sent him to become the disciple of renowned vocal teacher T.S. Sabhesa Iyer who lived in Purasawalkam. Musiri Subramania Iyer trained with him for 9 years in the guru shishya parampara, learning his guru's particular way of performing neraval that Musiri Subramania Iyer would later become famous for. He made his"}, {"context": "debut in Chennai in 1920. His name was announced as \"Subramania Iyer of Musiri\" and the name stuck. (As per tradition in India, the town the artist hails from is sometimes added as a prefix to ones name, honoring the town while simultaneously giving a distinction of a specific geographical nature to the artist, such as Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar, etc.) Given that Musiri was not born in Musiri, accounts differ as to why the name Musiri was added to his name. Musiri once stated that it was simply because Musiri was a more well known location than Musiri's home town"}, {"context": "of Bommalapalayam, and easier to say as a prefix. Whatever the case, Musiri Subramania Iyer was a prolific and expert performer, and within 10 years his reputation as a master musician across India was sealed. In his career, the popularity of Musiri and his name reached every corner of India. His 78 rpm gramophone records were successful to the point that the audience would sometimes demand he sing songs in the exact way as heard on the record. Beginning with the krithi \"Nagumomu\", everything Musiri recorded were best sellers. Nagumomu was a song that, previous to Musiri, was only sung"}, {"context": "in the Abheri raga, as India's Trinity composer Tyagaraja is thought to have composed it in Abheri. However, Musiri Subramania Iyer felt that the song sounded more emotional in the Karnataka Devagandhari raga, (a similar but subtly different raga) and he sang and recorded Nagumomu with \"Karnataka Devagandhari\". Carnatic music is an exacting music that places large importance on tradition. Therefore, Musiri Subramania Iyer's rendition of the song in a different raga than it was originally written caused outrage in many Carnatic musical purists. But Musiri stuck to his decision. Given that Musiri was a devotee of Tyagaraja, taking liberty"}, {"context": "with Tyagaraja's song was out of freedom of spontaneous expression and not out of irreverence. As a point of fact, Nagumomu sounded so suited to Karnataka Devagandhari raga that everyone began to perform it in the \"Musiri Subramania Iyer way\", artists such as Bangalore Nagarathnamma, M. S. Subbulakshmi, and Bhanumathi Ramakrishna. Other songs that became popular and became recognizable through Musuri's signature touch were \"Enta vetukondu\" in Saraswathi Manohari raga, \"Enthu daginado\" in todi raga, \"Tiruvadi caranam\" in Kambhoji, \"Enraikki shiva\" kripai in Mukhari, and \"Vritta shenjadai ada\", a ragamala. Musiri Subramania Iyer acted in the role of Sant Tukaram"}, {"context": "in the eponymous film. Though the film is out of print, Musiri Subramania Iyer 's songs in the film have stood the test of time. Musiri Subramania Iyer did not like acting in the film, citing that acting with women, make up and bright lights made him uncomfortable. Musiri Subramania Iyer 's guru also warned him against acting in the film, knowing that Musiri Subramania Iyer had struggled with lung illness in the past, and the damp climate in Coimbatore might affect his health. For financial reasons, Musiri accepted the acting part. The exertions he underwent during the making of"}, {"context": "the film is thought to have resulted in lifelong lung trouble for Musiri Subramania Iyer, forcing his early retirement from live performance in 1945 at 46 years of age. Though retired from the concert circuit, Musiri Subramania Iyer was active in many Carnatic music affairs throughout India. He was appointed as the first principal of the Central College of Carnatic Music, Chennai in 1949. During his tenure, he influenced a whole generation of musicians, retiring in 1965. He was also the Honorary Secretary and Treasurer of Sri Tyagaraja Brahma Mahotsava Sabha, and was responsible for organizing the annual aradhana of"}, {"context": "Tyagaraja's passing, at his sam\u0101dhi in Thiruvaiyaru. The annual celebration of Tyagaraja's music is the largest musical gathering in India, and continues to this day. Musiri Subramania Iyer is also credited for his key role in the unification of various factions associated with the Aradhana. Renowned for his high pitched voice and tonal purity (known in Carnatic music as sruti), Musiri Subramania Iyer was considered a great exponent of bhava, bringing out the full emotional content of each krithi that he sang. His patanthara of several krithis has his special stamp, which can be easily recognized when they are rendered"}, {"context": "by his disciples. He was a specialist in \"neraval\" singing and also vilamba sangitham, a slower tempo song designed to exude tranquility and bring out the full emotional content of the ragas and krithis that he rendered. Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer, who was a contemporary of Musiri Subramania Iyer, said \"Musiri Subramania Iyer brought \"gauravam\" (dignity) to our profession.\" He also heralded Musiri's dedication to bhava by saying \"He used to be so lost in \"bhava\" that he never thought of evoking any response.\" In the All India Radio archives catalog, this introduction was written: \"Vocalist of mesmerizing melodies Musiri Subramania"}, {"context": "Iyer, was the repository of pathos, piety and poignancy. He was more at home in the pristine heights of upper octave than at any other. The enlightened and the lay had always rushed to the concert hall to hear the soulful melody of Musiri Subramania Iyer which had become the subject to talk in innumerable households. His audience got soaked in emotions and feelings that were at once human and divine.\" Musiri Subramania Iyer was not only a respected musician but also a sought-after teacher. His special contribution is the number of disciples he trained in his own home, all"}, {"context": "of whom have attained distinction in their own right. In fact his \"shishya parampara\" is so well recognized, his style of rendering krithis has come to be known as the \"Musiri School\". Well known disciples include Musiri M.R.Gopala Rathnam, T. K. Govinda Rao, Bombay Sisters C. Saroja & C. Lalitha, Thylamba Krishnan, Mani Krishnaswamy, K. S. Venkataraman, Suguna Purushothaman and Suguna Varadachari. The Musiri Subramania Iyer Bani is carried out to the next generation by these great Vidwans and Vidushis. Some of the students under Musiri Subramania Iyer Bani are Vocalists Kum K. Gayatri, Kum. Vidya Kalyanaraman, Sri. Prasanna Venkatraman,"}, {"context": "Jayam Venkateshwaran and others. Before the Sangeetha Kalanidhi award existed, the highest honor possible in 1939 was to be invited as the President of the Annual Conference by the Madras Music Academy. Musiri Subramania Iyer was invited to be President of the Annual Conference that year, and was awarded the Sangeetha Kalanidhi by the Music Academy of Chennai as soon as the award came into being in 1942. Musiri Subramania Iyer was only 39 when he received it, a record that was bested by Semmangudi who received the award at the age of 38 in 1947. In 1963 he was"}, {"context": "awarded the Isai Perarignar from the Tamizh Isai Sangam. The Indian Fine Arts gave him the Sangita Kala Shikhamani in 1966. In 1967, he was made a Fellow of the Sangit Natak Academy. The President honored him with the Padma Bhushan in 1971. Roads have been named after him in Tamil Nadu, and national postage stamps have been issued bearing his portrait in 1999. Musiri Subramania Iyer Musiri Subramania Iyer (9 April 1899 \u2013 25 March 1975) was a Carnatic vocalist whose stage performing career spanned the 1920s to the 1940s. After retirement from the stage, he remained an iconic"}]}, {"title": "Bryan Burwell", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bryan Burwell Bryan Ellis Burwell (August 4, 1955 \u2013 December 4, 2014) was an American sportswriter. He wrote for the \"St. Louis Post Dispatch\" and as on-air talent on CBS Sports 920 in St. Louis, weekday afternoons. He worked as an on-air talent at 101 ESPN Radio in St. Louis, Missouri. He was featured on ESPN's \"Jim Rome is Burning\" and ESPN's \"The Sports Reporters\". Burwell also was a co-writer and host of a documentary on the baseball's Negro League called \"The Color of Change\". Prior to 1947 when Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier, African-Americans were stonewalled from baseball"}, {"context": "and forced to form their own league. Josh Gibson, Satchel Paige, and \"Cool Papa\" Bell \"barnstormed\" their places into American history. Burwell recounted in \"The Color of Change\" the trials and tribulations of the baseball league built by racism and its ultimate demise. The documentary featured interviews with Buck O'Neil, Jackie Joyner-Kersee and Hall of Famer Ozzie Smith for the \"St. Louis Post Dispatch\". Burwell died at the age of 59 on December 4, 2014 from cancer. Bryan Burwell Bryan Ellis Burwell (August 4, 1955 \u2013 December 4, 2014) was an American sportswriter. He wrote for the \"St. Louis Post"}]}, {"title": "Dukhan", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Dukhan Dukhan () is a city in the western municipality of Al-Shahaniya in the State of Qatar. It is approximately west of the capital, Doha. Dukhan is administrated by Qatar's state oil agency Qatar Petroleum and is the site of the first oil discovery in Qatar. It was previously a part of Al Rayyan municipality. All the industrial operations inside the city are administrated by the Dukhan Operations Department. A special permit from Qatar Petroleum, in the form of a Dukhan entry gate pass, is required for entry to the city. A four-lane motorway connects Doha with Dukhan. In Mike"}, {"context": "Morton's biography, \"In the Heart of the Desert\", it is noted that the English translation of Dukhan is 'smoky mountain' (\"Jebel Dukhan\"), a reference to the clouds that gathered around its summit, and colloquially to the smoke emanating from gas flares around the oil camp named after it. Oil exploration in the Dukhan area began in 1935. In 1937, oil was struck in Dukhan; making it the first substantial oil reserve to be discovered in the peninsula. Construction on Dukhan's first oil well began in 1939 and was finished the next year. The original settlement was built as an oil"}, {"context": "camp for personnel of the Qatar Petroleum Company. Oil operations were temporarily shut down during World War II. On 31 December 1949, Dukhan exported its first barrel of oil. The full development of Dukhan's oil fields was completed in 1954. The city\u2019s development entered a new stage of development when the Dukhan power station was commissioned in 1958, and when natural gas was found in the Khuff Reservoir the following year at an average depth of 10,000 feet. Over the next few decades Dukhan\u2019s growth continued a steady pace. In 1974 the Fahahil plant was commissioned to recover raw natural"}, {"context": "gas liquids (NGL) from associated gas (which is found in either dissolved in crude oil or as a \u2018cap\u2019 of gas above the oil). This milestone was followed in 1976 by the first development well in the Khuff reservoir, and from 1978 to 1982 eight Khuff wellhead treatment plants were commissioned. Dukhan expanded further in 1989, when the Dukhan reservoir Power Water Injection (PWI) project began, to address the problem of rising water levels in the reservoirs. PWI helped to enhance oil recovery and maintain reservoir pressure in the Dukhan field. Meanwhile, the Fahahil compression station began operations in 1992,"}, {"context": "to pressurise the Khuff reservoir with surplus North Field gas and help stabilise production. Progress continued throughout the late 1990s and early years of this decade, with several major enhancements \u2013 including the two-stage Arab D project to develop the production of gas and condensates, inaugurated by the Emir of Qatar in 1998. The Dukhan Gas Lift project was planned in 1999 to help maintain crude oil production. The implementation is still in progress and is set to supply gas to approximately 300 wells in the area. Also forthcoming is Phase VI of the Powered Water Injection (PWI) project, which"}, {"context": "will increase the number of PWI stations from two to three and result in greater PWI capacity \u2013 rising from 538,000 to 708,000 barrels of water per day. Dukhan has three main oil-producing sectors: In 1990, there were 390 hydrocarbon wells in Dukhan, covering 0.08% of the area. Of the 390 wells, 140 were oil producing, 20 were gas producing and 219 were for other uses. The pipeline system for these wells covered 0.1% of the area and had an overall length . By 1990, there were seven degassing stations and two pumping stations. The Khatiyah sector was the most"}, {"context": "densely occupied in terms of infrastructure. Dukhan's residential area was developed at the same time oil operations were commenced in 1940. The first residential area was a fenced oil camp situated in close proximity to the oil fields. Several issues limited the growth of the camp in its early years, such as lack of private ownership and its remoteness from the capital city. The camp comprised eight residential zones, several administrative buildings, stores, workshops, and cultural facilities. Two schools, a hospital, and two mosques and a church were also located in the camp. Mike Morton remarked that in 1958, the"}, {"context": "oil camp had a club with tennis, billiards, hockey, football and cricket facilities, as well as a restaurant, a bar and a library. He claims that the club's bar was the focal point of the camp. In the 1940s, communities started forming outside the camp in order to accommodate the increasing number of workers. The most notable community was that in the Khatiyah sector east of the camp. As an initiative to provide housing for Bedouins in the region, in the 1950s the government delegated Dukhan with the task of creating other settlements in the area. Two schools, several service"}, {"context": "buildings and additional settlements were built outside the camp in that decade. The residential area doubled in size during that period. The modern-day city of Dukhan evolved from the main oil camp and ensuing offshoot settlements that were established during the 20th century. In 2003, QR3 bn worth of projects were launched to develop the city. In 2012, a five-year development project on the city was announced by the chairman of Qatar Petroleum with a start date of 2013. The five-year development project was supposed to include a new school however due to budget cuts, following the falling oil prices,"}, {"context": "this plan was scrapped. Dukhan Souq, a marketplace, is located near the Khatiya area. It houses numerous shops and restaurants, a bank, a pharmacy and a Q-Post office. Al Khotba Mosque, erected in 1942, is one of the oldest mosques in Dukhan. Its creation was planned shortly after the oil camp was established. It is noted for its unique decorative elements. The minaret, situated in the north-east section, lies on a square base and is barrel-shaped. An outdoor prayer area is accessible through six pathways in the courtyard, while the prayer hall has three entrances leading from the outdoor area."}, {"context": "Dukhan is served by several recreational facilities. One of the oldest recreation clubs in the city is Dukhan Recreation Club (DRC), formerly known as Dukhan Fields Club until 1988. It has a swimming centre, a garden, a conference centre, a library, a sports lounge, and an indoor stadium. It plays host to several community functions, such as the yearly Dukhan Women's Association handicraft exhibition, school events and sports events. Jinan Recreation Club serves the city as a multi-recreational facility. It contains a library, a party hall, numerous sports facilities, and a cinema. A fitness club exists in the city, but"}, {"context": "it is exclusive to Qatar Petroleum employees. Facilities are gender-segregated. There is a water sports club in the community called Dukhan Water Sports (previously known as Dukhan Sailing Club). It was formed in the 1960s, and currently offers services such as powerboat sports, jet skiing and windsurfing. Events hosted by the club include an annual sailing regatta and an annual raft race. Dukhan also has a golf club; its facilities include a practice range, a lounge and a club house. Dukhan Cinema opened in 1982. It has a 620-seating capacity and features four weekly multilingual shows. It also facilitates community"}, {"context": "functions and drama classes for Dukhan English School. The first road in Dukhan was built in 1940 to connect the oil camp to Doha. Travel by car to the capital took approximately 3 hours. The only other form of transport to the capital at this time was by boat through Zekrit jetty, located away from the camp. A second road was built in 1948 to connect Dukhan to Umm Bab and Mesaieed. In the 1970s, the Salwa Road was developed to link all four of the aforementioned areas. The total road system was by the 1990s. In 2014, the road"}, {"context": "linking Dukhan to Doha was reconstructed by the Public Works Authority as part of a $384.5 m project. The new road is . Healthcare services in the city are provided by Dukhan Medical Centre. It offers primary healthcare, occupational healthcare, and dental services. Additionally, a contractor clinic is located in the city. The Directorate Industrial Security, a subsidiary of Qatar Petroleum, is the primary occupational safety agency in the Dukhan. The community has two local publications: Dukhan Bulletin and Brooq Magazine. Dukhan is one of the most important Paleolithic sites in the peninsula. One of the largest bifaces in Qatar,"}, {"context": "measuring 35 cm in length and 12 cm in width, was previously recovered from Dukhan. In 1960, the largest Paleolithic flint chipping site at that time was discovered 5 km south of Dukhan, around 500 ft from the shore. It covered 2.5 acres and contained an assortment of Stone Age implements such as arrowheads, blades, scrapers and hand axes. In Ras Uwainat Ali, 10 km north of Dukhan, camping grounds and flint tools were discovered. The archaeological sites of Ras Abrouq, Zekreet and Al Da'asa are also in the vicinity of Dukhan. Dukhan is in the municipality of Al-Shahaniya and"}, {"context": "is approximately from Doha. The southeasternmost section of the area lies at 60 m above sea level. Parts of Dukhan's sabkha zone in the north lie below sea level. A sequence of hillocks of Eocene limestone run in parallel throughout the coastal region. The top of the Rus Formation from the Lower Eocene period outcrops more than 25 meters in this area. The eastern portion comprises a lowland covered with rock fragments, consisting of wadis and depressions. Wadi Diab is one of the major dry riverbeds which extend through Dukhan. Common flora in the area used for grazing include \"zygophyllum"}, {"context": "qatarense\" and \"vachellia tortilis\". A sabkha (salt-flat) ecosystem known as 'Dukhan Sabkha' is found in the northern section. As a result of high uranium content, the sabkha has very high levels of radioactivity, ranging from a mean of 16 to 75 cps. Studies suggest that the sabkha is fed by seawater from the Zikrit Gulf, north by approximately 3 km. The following is climate data for Dukhan obtained from the Qatar Statistics Authority. When free elections of the Central Municipal Council first took place in Qatar during 1999, Dukhan was designated the seat of constituency no. 25. It would remain"}, {"context": "constituency seat in the next three consecutive elections until being transferred to constituency no. 24 and being replaced as constituency seat by Al Jemailiya in the fifth municipal elections in 2015. In the inaugural municipal elections in 1999, Hassan Mesfer Al-Hajri won the elections, receiving 48.8%, or 122 votes. Runner-up candidate was Jaber Hamad Rashed, who attained 32.8%, or 82 votes. Overall, voter turnout was 72.3%. The 2002 elections saw Mohammed Rashid Al Shahwani emerge as the new constituent representative. In the third municipal elections in 2007, Rashid Abdul Hadi Al-Hajri was elected as the representative. During the 2011 elections,"}, {"context": "Mohamed Faisal Al Shahwani polled the highest and won the elections. This school is located in Dukhan: Dukhan Learning Center is also located, just outside the city. It was inaugurated in 2012 to provide various training programs for Qatar Petroleum employees. It also accommodates a library. As of the 2010 census, the city comprised 1,908 housing units and 147 establishments. There were 11,520 people living in the city, of which 80% were male and 20% were female. Out of the 11,520 inhabitants, 83% were 20 years of age or older and 17% were under the age of 20. The literacy"}, {"context": "rate stood at 99.4%. Employed persons made up 76% of the total population. Females accounted for 6% of the working population, while males accounted for 94% of the working population. Dukhan Dukhan () is a city in the western municipality of Al-Shahaniya in the State of Qatar. It is approximately west of the capital, Doha. Dukhan is administrated by Qatar's state oil agency Qatar Petroleum and is the site of the first oil discovery in Qatar. It was previously a part of Al Rayyan municipality. All the industrial operations inside the city are administrated by the Dukhan Operations Department. A"}]}, {"title": "Lind, Wisconsin", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Lind, Wisconsin Lind is a town in Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,381 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Lind Center is located in the town. The ghost town of Hatton was also located in the town. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36.1 square miles (93.5 km\u00b2), of which, 35.9 square miles (93.1 km\u00b2) of it is land and 0.2 square miles (0.4 km\u00b2) of it (0.47%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,381 people, 522 households, and 406 families residing in"}, {"context": "the town. The population density was 38.4 people per square mile (14.8/km\u00b2). There were 669 housing units at an average density of 18.6 per square mile (7.2/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.83% White, 0.07% African American, 0.58% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.87% from other races, and 0.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.30% of the population. There were 522 households out of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.2% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and"}, {"context": "22.2% were non-families. 17.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.00. In the town, the population was spread out with 25.5% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and"}, {"context": "over, there were 108.3 males. The median income for a household in the town was $41,991, and the median income for a family was $46,094. Males had a median income of $32,452 versus $21,613 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,889. About 3.7% of families and 4.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.1% of those under age 18 and 3.8% of those age 65 or over. Lind, Wisconsin Lind is a town in Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,381 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Lind Center"}]}, {"title": "DIT School of Culinary Arts and Food Technology", "paragraphs": [{"context": "DIT School of Culinary Arts and Food Technology Originally opened as the College of Catering in 1941, The Faculty of Tourism and Food was founded in 1977, and the Head of Faculty was Michael Mulvey, PhD. In a restructuring of The Faculty in 2012, the School of Hospitality Management and Tourism and the School of Culinary Arts were merged with the former Faculty of Applied Arts into the new College of Arts and Tourism. The School of Food Science and Environmental Health was transferred to the new College of Science and Health. The School of Culinary Arts and Food Technology"}, {"context": "is a part of the Dublin Institute of Technology. The Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT) is a state funded, non-profit comprehensive higher educational Institution providing full-time and part-time programmes in the performing arts, science, technology and business at undergraduate and postgraduate level to 21,000 students in Ireland. The Institute is located on a number of sites around Dublin city. The school, based at the Cathal Brugha Street campus in Dublin City centre is the largest Irish provider of education, training and research for the broad culinary, food, beverage and hospitality industries. DIT School of Culinary Arts and Food Technology Originally"}]}, {"title": "Cornish Mutual", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Cornish Mutual Set up by a group of Cornish Farmers in 1903, Cornish Mutual is the only general insurer based in the South West of Great Britain. The company has an office in Truro, and offers a friendly service orientated approach to insurance. The mutual is owned by its Members not shareholders and offers insurance to, farms, businesses and people living and working in Cornwall, Devon, Somerset and Dorset. It has a Member Services Team available over the telephone and a number of local Insurance Inspectors who have in depth knowledge of their area and do not work on commission"}, {"context": "- so they can visit Members to give unbiased insurance advice. Cornish Mutual celebrated 110 years of protecting what matters most to people in 2013 and has many members who have been insuring with the organisation for generations. The company offers a range of insurances including: farm, small business, home, let property, agricultural motor vehicle, agricultural motor fleet, motor trade, special events and personal accident. In 2012 Cornish Mutual gained \u2018Chartered Insurer\u2019 status. They are the first mutual insurance company in the UK and the first insurer in the South West to achieve this level of recognition from the Chartered"}, {"context": "Insurance Institute (CII). Cornish Mutual\u2019s motor trade insurance is provided by Cornish Mutual subsidiary company, Cornish Mutual Insurance Services Ltd (CMIS). The company is an appointed representative of South Essex Insurance Brokers Ltd who are authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. The board of directors consists of seven Non-executive Directors, one Senior Independent Director and two Executive Directors. Key members include: Cornish Mutual offers a range of general insurance products for farms, businesses and individuals based in the rural community. These include: Farm, Home, Let Property, Fleet, Small Business, Special Events, Personal Accident and many more. Cornish Mutual"}]}, {"title": "Barna (Australian Aboriginal tribe)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Barna (Australian Aboriginal tribe) The Barna are an Australian aboriginal tribe of northern Queensland. Their traditional lands are west of Gladstone, Queensland Traditionally they spoke the Barna language a dialect of the Biri language. In July 2016 the Federal Court of Australia granted an application for native title determination made on behalf of the Barna people. The decision covered approximately 3233 square kilometres of land and waters south-west of Mackay and north-west of Rockhampton in the Bowen Basin. As part of the determination process the Barada Barna Aboriginal Corporation RNTBC was notimated, and became, the Native Title Prescribed Body Corporate"}, {"context": "to hold and manage (as trustee) or manage (as agent) their native title rights and interests. Barna (Australian Aboriginal tribe) The Barna are an Australian aboriginal tribe of northern Queensland. Their traditional lands are west of Gladstone, Queensland Traditionally they spoke the Barna language a dialect of the Biri language. In July 2016 the Federal Court of Australia granted an application for native title determination made on behalf of the Barna people. The decision covered approximately 3233 square kilometres of land and waters south-west of Mackay and north-west of Rockhampton in the Bowen Basin. As part of the determination process"}]}, {"title": "The Family Man", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Family Man The Family Man is a 2000 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Brett Ratner, written by David Diamond and David Weissman, and starring Nicolas Cage and T\u00e9a Leoni. Cage's production company, Saturn Films, helped produce the film. The film centers on a man who experiences what might have been his life if he had made a different decision earlier in his life; is he just dreaming or is there a deeper explanation? Jack and Kate, who have been together since college, are at Kennedy airport, New York, where Jack is about to leave to take up a"}, {"context": "twelve-month internship with Barclays Bank in London. Kate says she fears the separation will be fatal for their relationship, but he reassures her, saying their love is strong enough to last, and he flies out. The scene fades out to \"13 years later\": Jack is now an unmarried Wall Street executive in New York City, living a carefree bachelor's life. At work, he is putting together a multi-billion dollar merger and has ordered an emergency meeting on Christmas Day. In his office, on Christmas Eve, he gets a message to contact Kate, but, even though he remembers her, he dismisses"}, {"context": "it, apparently uninterested. On his way home, he is in a convenience store when a young man, Cash, enters claiming to have a winning lottery ticket worth $238, but the store clerk refuses him, saying the ticket is a forgery. Cash pulls out a gun and threatens him, so Jack offers to buy the ticket. Jack offers to help Cash. In return, Cash questions Jack, asking him if he is missing anything in his life. Jack says he has everything he needs. Cash tells Jack that actions have consequences and that Jack has brought whatever is coming on himself. A"}, {"context": "puzzled Jack returns to his penthouse and sleeps. On Christmas Day, Jack wakes up in a suburban New Jersey bedroom with Kate and two children. He hurries back to his office and condo in New York, but his closest friends do not recognize him. Jack runs out to the street and encounters Cash driving Jack's Ferrari. Cash is revealed to be a guardian angel. Cash explains that Jack is experiencing a glimpse of an alternate universe in order to learn a lesson. He advises Jack to take the time to learn whatever it is that he needs to learn. Jack"}, {"context": "is living the life he could have had, had he stayed in the United States with his girlfriend. He has a modest family life, where he is a car tire salesman for Kate's father and Kate is a non-profit lawyer. Jack's young daughter realizes his secret, thinks he is an alien and decides to assist him in surviving his new life. Jack struggles to fit into the role of a family man, such as missing opening Christmas presents, flirting with a married woman and forgetting his anniversary. He begins to succeed in his life, bonding with his children, falling in"}, {"context": "love with his wife and working hard at his job. At a chance meeting, he is offered a contract to work at the same investment firm from his real life, having impressed his former boss, Chairman Peter Lassiter, with his business savvy when Lassiter comes in for a tire change. His old mentor offers him a job, while formerly sycophantic Alan Mintz is in Jack's old position, with an assertiveness he did not possess as a subordinate. While he is wowed by the potential salary and other complimentary extreme luxuries, Kate argues that they are very happy and they should"}, {"context": "be thankful for their life. Having finally realized the true value of his new life, Jack again sees Cash, now a store clerk. He demands to stay in this life, but Cash informs him there is no choice: a glimpse, by definition, is an impermanent thing. That night, Jack tries to stay awake, but fails and wakes the \"next day\" to find himself in his wealthy former life, on Christmas Day. He forgoes closing the acquisition deal to intercept Kate, finding her moving out of a luxury townhouse before flying to Paris. Like Jack, she has focused on her career"}, {"context": "and has become a very wealthy corporate lawyer. She had only called him to return a box of his old possessions. He chases after her to the airport and, in an effort to stop her leaving, describes in detail their children and family life he had seen. Intrigued, she eventually agrees to go with him for a coffee. From a distance, they are seen talking animatedly over their coffees as the credits begin to roll. \"The Family Man\" opened at #3 at the North American box office making $15.1 million in its opening weekend, behind \"What Women Want\" and \"Cast"}, {"context": "Away\", which opened at the top spot. After 15 weeks in release, the film grossed $75,793,305 in the US and Canada and $48,951,778 elsewhere, bringing the film's worldwide total to $124,745,083. The film received mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 53% based on 128 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's consensus states: \"Despite good performances by Cage and especially by Leoni, \"The Family Man\" is too predictable and derivative to add anything new to the Christmas genre. Also, it sinks under its sentimentality\". Metacritic reports a 42 out of 100 rating"}, {"context": "based on 28 reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Chris Gore from \"Film Threat\" said: \"If you're looking for a heartfelt, feel-good holiday movie, just give in and enjoy\". Matthew Turner from \"ViewLondon\" said: \"Perfect feel-good Christmas-period family entertainment. Highly recommended.\" Common Sense Media and Redbox both rate it 4 out of 5 stars. Movie guide.org rates it four of four stars, noting \"The Family Man is a heart-rending movie. Very well written, it makes you laugh and cry. Better yet, it\u2019s an intentionally moral movie. It wants to prove that everyone needs love...\" The Family Man The Family Man"}]}, {"title": "District Council of Kingscote", "paragraphs": [{"context": "District Council of Kingscote The District Council of Kingscote was a local government area located on the western part of Kangaroo Island in the Australian state of South Australia and which existed from 1888 to 1996. It was one of the local government areas that came into existence upon the proclamation of the \"District Councils Act 1887\" on 5 January 1888, and initially comprised the entirety of Kangaroo Island. The decision of the Government of South Australia to proclaim a single district council for the entire island, rather than the preferred option of two district councils, consisting of one for"}, {"context": "the cadastral units of the Hundreds of Dudley and Haines in the east and one for the Hundreds of Cassini and Menzies in the west, was unpopular, particularly with the residents of the Hundred of Dudley, who were concerned that they would be disfranchised due to the relatively long travel distance to the district\u2019s likely seat in Kingscote. A petition signed by 61 ratepayers in the Hundreds of Dudley and Haines requesting a separate district council in the east end of the island was presented to Thomas Playford, the Treasurer of South Australia, on 7 September 1887 who advised in"}, {"context": "reply: the Hundred of Haines was in his opinion more identified with Kingscote than with Hog Bay, and that he could not recommend the request being granted. After the Bill became law if inconvenience resulted the ratepayers could petition him. The Government would give due consideration to any such request. A subsequent petition signed by 51 ratepayers from the Hundred of Dudley which requested the severing of the Hundred of Dudley and the eastern part of the Hundred of Haines from the district council was received by the Government and was published in its gazette on 29 March 1888. On"}, {"context": "7 June 1888, the petitioners\u2019 request was granted by a proclamation under the \"District Councils Act 1887\" with the creation of a new local government area, the District Council of Dudley. The District Council of Kingscote\u2019s seat was located in the town of Kingscote where two council chambers were constructed during its lifetime with the first in 1910 and the second in 1955. In 1936, the district council was reported as covering an area of with of \u201cmain roads\u201d and of \u201cdistrict roads\u201d, and a population of 851 people all accommodated in 1083 dwellings. The industries included the production of"}, {"context": "eucalyptus oil from the leaves of the Kangaroo Island narrow-leaf mallee and the harvesting of gum from naturally-cultivated yacca plants known as \u201cyacca-gumming.\u201d In 1986, the district council was reported as having an area of and a population of about 3450 (as of 1984-85) with about 1500 people living in Kingscote and about 100 living in the smaller centre of Parndana located about to the west of Kingscote. The principal industries were agriculture and tourism. Agriculture was concerned with the production of wool and meat, while tourism was changing from a traditional focus on recreational fishing to one where people"}, {"context": "visited the island to see its landscape, flora and fauna. In 1996, it was amalgamated with the District Council of Dudley to create the Kangaroo Island Council. The following persons were elected as chairman of the district council up until 1974 when the title was changed to mayor for the following terms: District Council of Kingscote The District Council of Kingscote was a local government area located on the western part of Kangaroo Island in the Australian state of South Australia and which existed from 1888 to 1996. It was one of the local government areas that came into existence"}]}, {"title": "Snake River Alliance (SRA)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Snake River Alliance (SRA) The Snake River Alliance (SRA) is a non-profit organization which focuses on nuclear and clean energy issues in Idaho. They are a watchdog group who \u201craise community awareness about the dangers of nuclear waste, weapons and power while working to identify and promote sustainable alternatives.\u201d The SRA does this through a number of different methods, including advocacy and education. The Snake River Alliance was formed in 1979 shortly after the Three Mile Incident and the discovery that the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) was dumping hazardous waste into the Snake River Aquifer on a routine basis. The"}, {"context": "SRA worked to get this practice stopped, and was successful in 1987. Since then, the alliance has continued to work to protect Idaho from nuclear waste, and in 2004 began advocating for clean energy in Idaho.\u201d One of the Snake River Alliance\u2019s main goals has been to protect Idaho and stop more nuclear waste from coming into the state. The SRA does not want to see Idaho become a dumping ground for nuclear waste, and believe that the risks of nuclear waste to humans and the environment outweigh the benefits. They have done this by monitoring the recent Leadership in"}, {"context": "Nuclear Energy (LINE) Commission that Governor Clement Leroy \u201cButch\u201d Otter appointed to look into the possible roles nuclear waste could play in Idaho\u2019s future. The SRA also continuously works to ensure that the Snake Rive Aquifer is not polluted further by watching INL to make sure the waste that is already there continues to be cleaned up. The SRA has also worked to stop nuclear power plants from coming to Idaho. The Snake River Alliance is currently working on stopping the French company Areva from building a nuclear plant in Eastern Idaho. Areva currently has license from the Nuclear Regulatory"}, {"context": "Commission (NRC) but as of February 2013, nothing further has occurred because of economic turmoil within the company. In recent years, the SRA pointed out that the Alternate Energy Holdings Inc (AEHI) Nuclear Power plant proposal seemed to be a scam. In December 2010, once the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) sued AEHI for fraud, the SRA turned its attention towards other threats. The SRA is currently an active member of the Alliance for Nuclear Accountability (ANA). The SRA added Clean Energy into their mission in 2004, and work with electric utilities, the Public Utilities Commission, and city and state"}, {"context": "governments to achieve their mission. One of the main things they advocate for is having power companies reduce and stop using coal because of the negative environmental impact and price of coal . In 2005, the Alliance helped stop a coal plant that was proposed for Jerome, Idaho. The SRA also advocated for clean energy policies, and helped with a draft of the Idaho Energy Plan on 2007 and helped to create the Idaho Energy Collaborative in 2008. Snake River Alliance (SRA) The Snake River Alliance (SRA) is a non-profit organization which focuses on nuclear and clean energy issues in"}]}, {"title": "Imps*", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Imps* Imps* is a comedy film released in 2009. The film stars an ensemble cast and is divided into several segments. IMPS is an acronym for \"Immoral Minority Picture Show\". Although released in 2009, \"Imps*\" was actually filmed in 1983 and shelved. In 2009, faced with an advertising budget of $500 and culturally irrelevant subject matter, Linda Blair herself considered scrapping the project rather than facing severe disappointment. She later told TMZ: \"I've always striven to do my best, to be one of the Great American Actors, and being in this film - if you can call it that -"}, {"context": "was the greatest mistake of my life.\" When the interviewer asked her if this was a worse mistake than appearing in the critically panned The Exorcist II, she replied \"without a doubt.\" The film consists of numerous sketches and parodies. Some of them are a competition of pencil sharpening held in Indiana, a music video from the Marquessa de Sade, and a horror heroine. The film was shot in Los Angeles, California. The DVD premiered on February 10, 2009. Imps* Imps* is a comedy film released in 2009. The film stars an ensemble cast and is divided into several segments."}]}, {"title": "Council for Art Education, Inc.", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Council for Art Education, Inc. The Council for Art Education, Inc. (CFAE) is an organization created by the Art & Creative Materials Institute, Inc. (ACMI) in 1984 to promote March as Youth Art Month, which was designed to promote art education. As of 2009, CFAE consisted of representatives of: ACMI, the National Art Education Association, \"The SHIP\" (a group of manufacturers of art materials), and the General Federation of Women's Clubs. The organization sponsors an annual competition called \"School Flag Across the U.S...Flying High\", where students are encouraged to design their own flags, and the winning flag is flown in"}, {"context": "Washington, D.C. throughout Youth Art Month. CFAE is currently headquartered in Hanson, Massachusetts. Council for Art Education, Inc. The Council for Art Education, Inc. (CFAE) is an organization created by the Art & Creative Materials Institute, Inc. (ACMI) in 1984 to promote March as Youth Art Month, which was designed to promote art education. As of 2009, CFAE consisted of representatives of: ACMI, the National Art Education Association, \"The SHIP\" (a group of manufacturers of art materials), and the General Federation of Women's Clubs. The organization sponsors an annual competition called \"School Flag Across the U.S...Flying High\", where students are"}]}, {"title": "Tehuacana, Texas", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tehuacana, Texas Tehuacana is a town near the Tehuacana Hills in Limestone County, Texas, United States. The population was 283 at the 2010 census. From 1869 until 1902, the town was home to Trinity University. A post office called Tewockony Springs was established in what is now known as Tehuacana in 1847. It was named for the Tawakoni Indians, who lived in the area until the late 1840s. In 1850, the town came in second in an election held to decide the new Texas state capitol, which Austin ultimately won. When Tehuacana Academy opened in 1852, the community was known"}, {"context": "as Tehuacana Hills, though the post office continued to be called after the springs. The post office was discontinued during the Civil War, but service resumed in 1869, at which time the name of the office was changed to Tehuacana. Tehuacana is located at (31.742338, -96.545560). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 307 people, 132 households, and 86 families residing in the town. The population density was 190.3 people per square mile (73.6/km\u00b2). There were 147 housing units at"}, {"context": "an average density of 91.1 per square mile (35.3/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the town was 89.25% White, 7.49% African American, 2.93% from other races, and 0.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.93% of the population. There were 132 households out of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.5% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.1% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of"}, {"context": "age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.89. In the town, the population was spread out with 23.5% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males. The median income for a household in the town was $35,469, and the median income for a family"}, {"context": "was $51,250. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $21,786 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,965. About 8.5% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.1% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those sixty five or over. The town of Tehuacana is served by the Mexia Independent School District. Josh T. Pearson - country singer, Ferris Family Quintet (classical) - Bill, Soprano recorder, Linda, Oboe, Sarah, Flute, Katy, Cello, Joe,!!, String Bass Tehuacana Arts Ensemble(Theater) Bill and Linda Ferris, Norris Buchmeyer, Barbara Jacobs -"}, {"context": "vocals, guitar, piano, bass, percussion Benjamin Franklin Yoakum was born near Tehuacana, was a railroad executive, and was pivotal for shaping rail transportation in Texas, and in the Southwest as a whole. Tehuacana, Texas Tehuacana is a town near the Tehuacana Hills in Limestone County, Texas, United States. The population was 283 at the 2010 census. From 1869 until 1902, the town was home to Trinity University. A post office called Tewockony Springs was established in what is now known as Tehuacana in 1847. It was named for the Tawakoni Indians, who lived in the area until the late 1840s."}]}, {"title": "Trevor Foster", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Trevor Foster Trevor John French Foster MBE (3 December 1914 \u2013 2 April 2005) was a Welsh rugby footballer, and coach. He played rugby union for Newport and rugby league for Bradford Northern. Trevor Foster was a Sergeant Physical Training Instructor in the British Army during World War II. Trevor Foster was born on 3 December 1914 in Newport, Monmouthshire, but is best known for his association with the Bradford Northern rugby league club having joined them as a player in 1938 for \u00a3400 from Newport RFC, his home town's rugby union club. He made a name for himself playing"}, {"context": "for Newport Schoolboys and Pill Harriers as a teenager, before joining Newport. He was also chosen to play for invitational team Crawshays. In all he played 428 games for Bradford Northern, usually as a second row forward and occasionally a loose forward. During this time he scored 140 tries (an incredible return for a forward) including 24 in the 1947-48 season and 6 in 1 game.(It could have been 7 but the ball was knocked from his hands as he crossed the line.) Trevor was the key forward of an outstanding Bradford side in the post war period which won"}, {"context": "the Rugby League Challenge Cup in 1947 and 1949 with Trevor scoring in both games. The Northern side at this time had some great Welsh players including mercurial stand-off Willie Davies, winger's Des Case & Alan Edwards, and of course Frank Whitcombe at prop forward. Trevor Foster won caps for Wales while at Bradford Northern 1939\u20261951 16-caps, including 7 as captain, and won caps for Great Britain while at Bradford Northern in 1946 against New Zealand, and in 1948 against Australia (2 matches) It is certain he would have won more caps had it not been for World War II."}, {"context": "In 1946 he was selected for the winning Ashes tour of Australia, but was injured before being able to play a game. Trevor Foster played right-, i.e. number 12, in Bradford Northern's 6-13 defeat by Wigan in the Championship Final during the 1951\u201352 season at Leeds Road, Huddersfield on Saturday 10 May 1952. Trevor Foster played right-, i.e. number 12, in Bradford Northern's 3-8 defeat by Wigan in the 1947\u201348 Challenge Cup Final during the 1947\u201348 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 1 May 1948. Trevor Foster played left- and was captain for Northern Command XIII against a Rugby"}, {"context": "League XIII at Thrum Hall, Halifax on Saturday 21 March 1942. Remarkably for a forward of the time Trevor was never sent from the field of play or even cautioned during his 17 years of top flight rugby. After his retirement in 1955 he remained a servant of the Bradford club successively as Coach, Director and Chairman of the Supporters Club and timekeeper for Super League home games. It was in 1963 when he secured his place in Bradford and Rugby League history when he was the central figure in a campaign to save his beloved Bradford Northern club who"}, {"context": "had disbanded due to financial problems. He led efforts to reconstitute the club which was then able to rejoin the league the following season. Without his work it is unlikely that the club would exist today. In 2001 Trevor Foster was awarded an MBE, in 2004 was inducted into Welsh Sports Hall of Fame. Trevor Foster, has been included in Bradford's; 'Millennium Masters', 'Bull Masters', and in August 2007 he was named in the 'Team Of The Century'. Only six players have been included in all three lists, they are; Karl Fairbank, Trevor Foster, James Lowes, Keith Mumby, Robbie Paul"}, {"context": "and Ernest Ward. Arriva Yorkshire honoured 13 rugby league footballers on Thursday 20 August 2009, at a ceremony at The Jungle, the home of the Castleford Tigers. A fleet of new buses were named after the 'Arriva Yorkshire Rugby League Dream Team'. Members of the public nominated the best ever rugby league footballers to have played in West Yorkshire, supported by local rugby league journalists; James Deighton from BBC Leeds, and Tim Butcher, editor of Rugby League World. The 'Arriva Yorkshire Rugby League Dream Team' is; Trevor Foster MBE, Neil Fox MBE, Albert Goldthorpe, Alan Hardisty, Stan Kielty, Lewis Jones,"}, {"context": "Roger Millward MBE, Malcolm Reilly, Garry Schofield, Keith Senior, David Topliss, Dave Valentine and Adrian Vowles. Trevor Foster died peacefully in hospital in Bradford after a short illness. Trevor Foster Trevor John French Foster MBE (3 December 1914 \u2013 2 April 2005) was a Welsh rugby footballer, and coach. He played rugby union for Newport and rugby league for Bradford Northern. Trevor Foster was a Sergeant Physical Training Instructor in the British Army during World War II. Trevor Foster was born on 3 December 1914 in Newport, Monmouthshire, but is best known for his association with the Bradford Northern rugby"}]}, {"title": "Theodore Hesburgh", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Theodore Hesburgh Rev. Theodore Martin Hesburgh, CSC (May 25, 1917 \u2013 February 26, 2015) was a native of Syracuse, New York, who became an ordained priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross and is best known for his service as the president of the University of Notre Dame for thirty-five years (1952\u20131987). In addition to his career as an educator and author, Hesburgh was a public servant and social activist involved in numerous American civic and governmental initiatives, commissions, and international humanitarian projects. Hesburgh received numerous honors and awards for his service, most notably the United States's Presidential Medal of"}, {"context": "Freedom (1964) and Congressional Gold Medal (2000). As of 2013, he also held the world's record for the individual with most honorary degrees with more than 150. Hesburgh is credited with bringing Notre Dame, long known for its football program, to the forefront of American Catholic universities and its transition to a nationally respected institution of higher education. He supervised the university's dramatic growth, as well as the successful transfer of its ownership from Holy Cross priests to the Notre Dame Board of Trustees in 1967. During his tenure as president, the university also became a coeducational institution. In addition"}, {"context": "to his service to Notre Dame, Hesburgh held leadership positions in numerous groups involved in civil rights, peaceful uses of atomic energy, immigration reform, and Third World development. Hesburgh was also active on the boards of numerous businesses, nonprofits, civic organizations, and Vatican missions. Theodore Martin Hesburgh was born on May 25, 1917, in Syracuse, New York, to Theodore Bernard Hesburgh, a Pittsburgh Plate Glass warehouse manager, and Anne Murphy Hesburgh. His father was of German ancestry; his mother's family was of Irish descent. Young Theodore was the second child and oldest son in a family of five children that"}, {"context": "included two boys and three girls. He attended Holy Rosary, a parochial school in Syracuse, and also served as an altar boy. Hesburgh claimed that he had wished to become a priest since the age of six. Father Thomas Duffy, a missionary priest from the Congregation of Holy Cross, which owned the University of Notre Dame, encouraged Hesburgh's interest in joining the priesthood. Hesburgh graduated from Holy Rosary High School in Syracuse in 1934 and enrolled in the Holy Cross Seminary at Notre Dame in the fall. In 1937 his teachers decided to send the promising young seminarian to study"}, {"context": "in Rome, Italy, where he graduated from the Pontifical Gregorian University with a bachelor of philosophy degree in 1940. When the American consul in Rome ordered all U.S. citizens to leave Italy in 1940 due to the outbreak of World War II, Hesburgh returned to the United States to continue his studies. He spent three years (1940\u201343) studying theology at Holy Cross College and two years (1943\u201345) at The Catholic University of America, where he earned a doctorate in sacred theology in 1945. On June 24, 1943, Hesburgh was ordained a priest for the Congregation of Holy Cross at Notre"}, {"context": "Dame's Sacred Heart Church (later renamed the Basilica of the Sacred Heart). Inspired by an inscription carved in stone above the church's door, Hesburgh dedicated his life to \"God, Country, and Notre Dame.\" Afterwards, Father Ted, as he preferred to be called, returned to Washington, D.C., to complete his studies and assist at area parishes. In addition, Hesburgh served as a chaplain at the National Training School for Boys (a juvenile detention facility) and at a military installation. He also ran a large United Service Organization (USO) club in a Knights of Columbus hall in Washington, D.C. Although Hesburgh expressed"}, {"context": "an interest in serving as a chaplain in the U.S. Navy during World War II, he returned to South Bend, Indiana, in 1945, after completion of his studies in Washington, D.C., to begin a teaching career at Notre Dame. Hesburgh joined the Notre Dame faculty as an instructor in the university's Department of Religion in 1945. In 1948 Hesburgh was named head of the Department of Theology and in 1949 Notre Dame's president, John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C., appointed Hesburgh executive vice president. Three years later, at the age of thirty-five, Hesburgh succeeded Cavanaugh as president. Hesburgh served as Notre Dame's"}, {"context": "president for thirty-five years, from 1952 until his retirement in 1987. At that time his was \"the longest presidency in American higher education.\" Hesburgh immediately began efforts to transform the school, primarily known for its football program, \"into a nationally respected institution of higher learning.\" In 1953 the university created the Distinguished Professors Program to attract top scholars to Notre Dame. By the time of Hesburgh's retirement in 1987, the school had established more than a hundred distinguished professorships. Hesburgh supervised dramatic growth at the university and expansion of its endowment, as well as its transition to a coeducational institution"}, {"context": "which occurred in 1972. During his presidency (1952\u201387), the annual operating budget increased from $9.7 million to $176.6 million and the university's endowment increased from $9 million to $350 million. Research funding increased from $735,000 to $15 million. Student enrollment nearly doubled from 4,979 to 9,676, and its faculty more than doubled from 389 to 951. The average faculty salary rose from $5,400 to $50,800. The number of degrees conferred annually doubled from 1,212 to 2,663. While Hesburgh was president, the university also initiated a forty new building projects, including the $8 million library with the famous \"Word of Life\""}, {"context": "mural, better known as \"Touchdown Jesus,\" on its fa\u00e7ade. Hesburgh played a key role in developing the Land O'Lakes Statement that North American representatives of the International Federation of Catholic Universities issued in 1967. The document outlined a commitment to academic freedom with independent governance and insisted that \"a Catholic university properly developed can even more fully achieve the ideal of a true university.\" The statement created some controversy because it declared that Catholic universities should be autonomous, free from all authority, including the Catholic Church. Despite the conflicts that the statement initiated, Hesburg's commitment to excellence \"transformed Notre Dame"}, {"context": "into one of the most recognizable and prestigious Catholic universities in the United States\". In 1967, Hesburgh ended the university's exclusive, century-long leadership by the Congregation of Holy Cross clergy. Hesburgh and Father Howard Kenna worked together to establish a plan for transferring ownership of the university from the Congregation of Holy Cross priests to the University of Notre Dame Board of Trustees. The new governing board included laypersons and Holy Cross priests as trustees and fellows. During the 1960s, when student demonstrations were held at colleges and universities across the United States, Hesburgh and many other collegiate presidents came"}, {"context": "under attack. For Notre Dame the climax of student unrest occurred in 1968\u201369. On February 17, 1969, Hesburgh took a controversial position in dealing with anti-Vietnam War student activism on campus when he issued an eight-page letter to the student body outlining the university's stance on protests. Hesburgh's letter stated that student protesters who violated the rights of others or disrupted the school's operations would be given fifteen minutes to cease and desist before facing suspension, or expulsion if they refused to disperse. Hesburgh's action provoked controversy and made national headlines. The letter was reprinted in the \"New York Times\","}, {"context": "the \"Wall Street Journal\", and the \"Washington Post\". Although Hesburgh received harsh criticism from Notre Dame's students, including requests for his resignation, responses to editorials in 250 newspapers about his \"fifteen-minute rule\" were nearly all favorable. In addition, President Richard Nixon sent Hesburgh a telegram praising his \"tough stance\" on the campus's student protests. At President Nixon's request, Hesburgh offered advice to Vice President Spiro Agnew in a letter written on February 27, 1969, that included suggestions for potential actions that could be taken to control the violence on college campuses. Hesburgh, who generally disagreed with the Nixon administration's policy"}, {"context": "in Vietnam and favored an accelerated withdrawal of the troops, advised against repressive legislation to control campus protests. Hesburgh argued that university and college administrations should be allowed to continue to decide the appropriate action to take on their respective campuses. The National Governors Conference agreed with his view; the majority of state governors opposed the proposed legislation. In October 1969, Hesburgh publicly expressed his opposition to the war by signing a letter with other college presidents calling for withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam and was present at an on-campus peace Mass with 2,500 Notre Dame students the following"}, {"context": "day. Hesburgh, a member and later chair of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission, was publicly vocal in his support for equal rights, but he did not immediately recognize or take significant action to eliminate institutional racism at Notre Dame, where the number of black students and employees \"remained at token levels until the late 1960s.\" In 1969, after some of Notre Dame's African American student activists criticized the low level of blacks enrolled at the university, Hesburgh appointed a student-faculty committee to assess the issue. The committee's findings caused him to take immediate measures to increase minority employment and aggressively"}, {"context": "recruit minority students. Hesburgh also persuaded the university's trustees to lift their forty-year ban on participation in postseason football games and used revenue generated from Notre Dame's bowl game appearances to fund minority scholarships. The Notre Dame Fighting Irish's win over the University of Texas Longhorns in the Cotton Bowl Classic in 1970 raised $300,000 for Notre Dame's scholarship fund. Notre Dame, as with other colleges and universities around the country, continued to experience antiwar protests as the Vietnam War proceeded to escalate. In early May 1970, after learning of rumors that a group of students and antiwar activists planned"}, {"context": "to firebomb the Notre Dame campus's Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) building, Hesburgh responded with a public statement on May 4. In an address to a crowd of approximately 2,000 students, Hesburgh spoke against the war and objected to Nixon's decision to send troops into Cambodia. During his conciliatory remarks, Hesburgh also outlined steps that he thought the government could take to address student concerns. On May 18, Hesburgh sent a letter to President Nixon and a copy of his address, which became known as the Hesburgh Declaration. Although campus unrest caused classes to be canceled on May 6, Notre"}, {"context": "Dame's seven days of protest ended without damage, violence, or National Guard presence as it did on other college campuses, such as Columbia University, the University of California, Berkeley, and elsewhere. By the early 1970s, Hesburgh had become the most well-known Catholic in the United States. He continued to respond to student concerns during the 1970s and 1980s. To increase student involvement in the administration's decision-making process, Hesburgh added student representatives to university committees. Hesburgh's career included many civic activities, as well as American and international initiatives beyond his work at Notre Dame. Hesburgh estimated he spent about 40 percent"}, {"context": "of his time off-campus and believed that his civic involvement \"enriched\" his priesthood. Beginning in 1955, Hesburgh served in a number of posts on government commissions that included National Science Board and the U.S. Civil Rights Commission, and also served on the boards of non-profit organizations, such as the Rockefeller Foundation, and Vatican missions. His career included at least sixteen presidential appointments involving some of the major social issues of his era: civil rights, campus unrest, Third World development, peaceful uses of atomic energy, and immigration reform, \"including the American policy of amnesty for immigrants in the mid-1980s.\" Hesburgh's first"}, {"context": "presidential appointment occurred in 1954, when President Dwight Eisenhower appointed him to the National Science Board. Although Hesburgh had no previous experience as an activist supporting civil rights issues, President Eisenhower made him a member of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission in 1957, beginning fifteen years of service on the commission. Hesburgh emerged as a civil rights advocate and spokesperson for the commission. In an appendix to the commission's annual report in 1959, Hesburgh outlined his position on civil rights and equality: In 1961 Hesburgh persuaded the Indiana Conference of Higher Education to support a Notre Dame-based pilot project for"}, {"context": "President John F. Kennedy's new Peace Corps initiative that trained new volunteers for service in Chile, but he felt that the Kennedy administration had a poor record on civil rights issues. In contrast to his assessment of the Kennedy administration's civil rights efforts, Hesburgh praised Lyndon B. Johnson's work to secure passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in the U.S. Congress and his courage for supporting the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Hesburgh also made public appearances to show his support for the civil rights movement. On July 21, 1964, Hesburgh delivered an impromptu speech during Martin Luther"}, {"context": "King Jr.'s civil rights rally in Chicago, Illinois. At the conclusion of the event, he joined hands with King and other civil rights supporters as the group sang \"We Shall Overcome.\" Hesburgh served as chairman of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission from 1969, when President Nixon appointed him to the leadership position, until 1972, when White House aides asked for Hesburgh's resignation. His dismissal from the commission in 1972 followed a series of disagreements between Hesburgh, the commission, and the Nixon administration about civil rights policies. Hesburgh objected to the president's slowdown policy on school desegregation, opposed Nixon's anti-busing policy,"}, {"context": "and advocated for the renewal of the Voting Rights Act, which the Nixon administration wanted to amend. Hesburgh publicly explained that he believed the primary reason for his dismissal was due to the commission's report on minority employment in government. According to Rick Perlstein in (2008), when Thomas Eagleton dropped out of the race as George McGovern's vice presidential running mate in the 1972 presidential election, Hesburgh was considered as a replacement candidate for Eagleton, but he declined the offer. President Jimmy Carter appointed Hesburgh to a blue-ribbon immigration reform commission in 1979; the commission's finding that any national immigration"}, {"context": "reform proposals can succeed only if the American national border is properly secured beforehand was cited by various opponents of illegal immigration to the United States. Throughout his career, Hesburgh was active on many advisory boards related to higher education, science, business, and civic affairs. He also traveled the world on behalf of the university and the organizations he served. In the field of higher education, Hesburgh was a contributor to \"The Pursuit of Excellence\" (1958), an analysis of the U.S. education system that the Rockefeller Brothers Fund commissioned as part of its Special Studies Project. Hesburgh also served as"}, {"context": "a member of the International Federation of Catholic Universities, and as its president from 1963 to 1970; a board member and eventual president of the Association of American Colleges and Universities; a board member of the American Council on Education; and a board member of the Institute of International Education, among other education-related groups. In 1990, during his retirement years, Hesburgh became the first priest to be elected to the Harvard Board of Overseers (board of directors), and served from 1994 to 1996 as the board's president. Hesburgh also served as co-chairman of the Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics that"}, {"context": "made significant revisions to the regulation of American collegiate sports. Hesburgh was involved with several science-related projects and organizations. From 1956 until 1970, he served as the permanent Vatican representative to the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, Austria. In addition to serving on the U.S. National Science Board, Hesburgh was appointed U.S. ambassador to the 1979 United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development. He also served with the Midwestern Universities Research Association and the Nutrition Foundation Board. While serving on the board of the United States Institute of Peace, Hesburgh \"helped organize a meeting of scientists and"}, {"context": "representative leaders of six faith traditions who called for the elimination of nuclear weapons.\" Hesburgh was a board member of numerous business and civic organizations. From 1961 to 1982 he served on the board of the Rockefeller Foundation, and from 1977 to 1982 as board chairman. Hesburgh also served as a director for the Chase Manhattan Bank and a member of the advisory board of People for the American Way, among many other organizations. Hesburgh's interest in international affairs also led to his service on numerous international commissions and humanitarian projects. In 1968 Pope Paul VI appointed Hesburgh as head"}, {"context": "of the Vatican representatives attending the twentieth anniversary of the United Nations' human rights declaration in Tehran, Iran, and as a member of the Holy See's U.N. delegation in 1974. Pope John Paul II appointed Hesburgh to the Pontifical Council for Culture in 1983. After his retirement as president of the University of Notre Dame in 1987, Hesburgh took a year off for travel and vacation. Upon his return, he came to campus to work each day at his new office on the thirteenth floor of the library that eventually bore his name, and wrote his autobiography, \"God, Country, Notre"}, {"context": "Dame: The Autobiography of Theodore M. Hesburgh\" (1990) with Jerry Reedy. The book spent six weeks on the \"New York Times\" best-seller list. At the conclusion of the book, Hesburgh remarked: Hesburgh kept busy in his retirement years, which also included time to relax at the Holy Cross property at Land O' Lakes, Wisconsin. He wrote regularly, including a second book, \"Travels with Ted and Ned\" (1992), which received mixed reviews, and edited \"The Challenge and Promise of a Catholic University\" (1994), a collection of essays on Catholic higher education. Hesburgh continued to deliver speeches and lectures, as well as"}, {"context": "serving on numerous boards and committees, including his controversial decision in 1994 to co-chair the legal defense fund for President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Clinton with former U.S. Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach. Hesburgh was especially active in the development of five institutions he organized: the Ecumenical Institute for Theology Studies at Tantur, Jerusalem; Notre Dame's Center for Civil and Human Rights; the Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies; the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies; and the Hank Family Environmental Research Center. Other retirement activities included co-chairing the Knight Commission with William C. \"Bill\" Friday, former president of"}, {"context": "the University of North Carolina, and joining the Harvard Board of Overseers in 1990. In 2009, he supported the invitation to Barack Obama to speak at Notre Dame, which was controversial because of Obama's strong endorsement of pro-choice legislation. Hesburgh died on February 26, 2015, at the age of 97. His death, funeral, and memorial service gained widespread media attention. Attendees and speakers at the memorial service included former President Jimmy Carter, Condoleezza Rice, Lou Holtz, cardinals Theodore McCarrick and Roger Mahony, former U.S. senator Harris L. Wofford, Indiana governor Mike Pence, First Lady Rosalynn Carter, former U.S. senator Alan"}, {"context": "K. Simpson, U.S. senator Joe Donnelly, William G. Bowen, and a video message from President Barack Obama. Hesburgh's leadership as president of the University of Notre Dame brought it to the forefront of American Catholic universities. A \"Time\" magazine cover story from February 9, 1962, named him as \"the most influential figure in the reshaping of Catholic higher education in the U.S.\" Long known for its football program, Notre Dame also became known for its academics. Among his major accomplishments at Notre Dame, Hesburgh succeeded in transferring of ownership of Notre Dame from Holy Cross priests to the Notre Dame"}, {"context": "Board of Trustees in 1967. During his tenure as president, Notre Dame began admitting women, transforming the university into a coeducational institution in 1972. While Hesburgh was slow to recognize that Notre Dame's \"policies and practices unintentionally produced unequal outcomes,\" he took decisive action after its minority students challenged him to do so. By the 1970s Notre Dame was a \"much more diverse university than it had been ten years earlier.\" The university has named several buildings, scholarships, and academic programs in his honor, including the Hesburgh Library, the Hesburgh Institute for International Studies, which Hesburgh founded in 1985, the"}, {"context": "Hesburgh-Yusko Scholarship, and the Hesburgh International Scholar Experience. Hesburgh's papers are housed in the Archives of the University of Notre Dame. Notre Dame's Hesburgh Library initially opened as the Memorial Library on September 18, 1963, and was renamed in his honor in 1987. In his retirement, Hesburgh maintained a private office on the library's thirteenth floor. Hesburgh, one of the country's \"most respected clergyman,\" was a strong supporter of interfaith dialogue. He also brought a Catholic perspective to the numerous government commissions, civic initiatives, and other projects in which he was involved. From his position within the American political establishment"}, {"context": "and as a major figure in the Catholic Church from the 1950s to the 1990s, he used his influence to urge support of political policies and legislation to help solve national problems. Hesburgh remained an activist for most of his adult life, especially in the area of civil rights and equality. He played a significant role in national affairs, beginning in the mid-twentieth century, and became well known for his liberal point of view, which was based on concepts of freedom and autonomy. Hesburgh supported the peaceful use of atomic energy, aid to developing Third World countries (especially Africa and"}, {"context": "Latin America), and civil rights and equality. Although his remarks and actions were controversial at times, \"he nearly always came through unscathed.\" As a fifteen-year member of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission, Hesburgh took a public stand against racism and prejudice. He used his skills as a leader to forge strong alliances, even with those who held different political philosophies. For Hesburgh, civil rights were a moral issue, as he once declared: While Hesburgh was often criticized for his social and political ideas, many praised his \"contributions to ecumenism, civil rights, and world peace\" Hesburgh received numerous honors and awards"}, {"context": "for his public service. In 1964 President Johnson awarded Hesburgh the Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest honor. In 2000 Hesburgh was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal, the first person from higher education to receive the honor. On September 1, 2017, the United States Postal Service (USPS) released a First Class postage stamp honoring Father Hesburgh in the year of the 100th anniversary of his birthday. The release ceremony was held at Joyce Center at the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana. Hesburgh's awards include, among many others: In a flight that took place on February 28, 1979,"}, {"context": "Hesburgh and the plane's crew set a world record \"for the fastest any human beings have ever flown, except the astronauts in a rocket.\" Hesburgh, one of a very few number of civilians to ride in a Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird, flew at Mach 3.35 (about 2,200 miles per hour) as a favor owed to him by President Jimmy Carter. In 1982, after receiving his ninetieth honorary degree, Hesburgh's name was added to the Guinness Book of World Records as the individual with the \"Most Honorary Degrees.\" As of 2013, he had received more than 150 honorary degrees. Hesburgh is the"}, {"context": "recipient of more than 150 honorary degrees. These include: Theodore Hesburgh Rev. Theodore Martin Hesburgh, CSC (May 25, 1917 \u2013 February 26, 2015) was a native of Syracuse, New York, who became an ordained priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross and is best known for his service as the president of the University of Notre Dame for thirty-five years (1952\u20131987). In addition to his career as an educator and author, Hesburgh was a public servant and social activist involved in numerous American civic and governmental initiatives, commissions, and international humanitarian projects. Hesburgh received numerous honors and awards for his"}]}, {"title": "Queen's Lane Coffee House", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Queen's Lane Coffee House Queen's Lane Coffee House is a historic coffee house dating from 1654 in Oxford, England. It claims to be the oldest continually serving coffee house in Europe. The coffee house is situated on the north side of the High Street (at No. 40), on the corner with Queen's Lane, hence the name. Close by are both The Queen's College to the west and St Edmund Hall to the north. It is popular with both Oxford University and Oxford Brookes University students and tourists. In 2009 it rebranded itself as \"QL\". There is a second smaller QL"}, {"context": "cafe and delicatessen at 126 High Street under the same ownership. Cafe QL (now Cafe Bonjour) in Headington was once owned by the same family but was sold some years ago. The cafe has been owned by the same family since 1983. It serves a wide range of traditional British dishes such as fish and chips, sausages and pies. It also offers Turkish and Mediterranean dishes including moussaka, kofte, salads and vegetarian and Halal alternatives. Queen's Lane Coffee House Queen's Lane Coffee House is a historic coffee house dating from 1654 in Oxford, England. It claims to be the oldest"}]}, {"title": "Alison Castle", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Alison Castle Alison Castle is an American photographer and book editor who most prominently worked on \"The Stanley Kubrick Archives\" for Taschen She is also the editor of \"Linda McCartney's Life in Photography\", \"Some Like It Hot\", \"Kubrick's Napoleon: The Greatest Movie Never Made\", \"Marc Newson: Works\", and \"Saturday Night Live: The Book\", all published by TASCHEN. Castle is the daughter of Nancy Jurs and Wendell Castle, prominent artists who reside in Scottsville, New York. She attended Allendale Columbia School in Pittsford. Castle studied philosophy as an undergraduate at Columbia University and received her graduate degree in photography and film"}, {"context": "from the New York University/International Center of Photography masters program. She is currently based in Paris. Alison Castle Alison Castle is an American photographer and book editor who most prominently worked on \"The Stanley Kubrick Archives\" for Taschen She is also the editor of \"Linda McCartney's Life in Photography\", \"Some Like It Hot\", \"Kubrick's Napoleon: The Greatest Movie Never Made\", \"Marc Newson: Works\", and \"Saturday Night Live: The Book\", all published by TASCHEN. Castle is the daughter of Nancy Jurs and Wendell Castle, prominent artists who reside in Scottsville, New York. She attended Allendale Columbia School in Pittsford. Castle studied"}]}, {"title": "2005 InterLiga", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2005 InterLiga For 2005, Mexico was granted a third berth in the Libertadores. The Mexican federation decided to grant one of its Libertadores berths (\"Mexico 1\") based strictly on play during the league season, but retained InterLiga for the other two spots (\"Mexico 2\" and \"Mexico 3\"). The group phase of InterLiga remained the same as in 2004, but the final games were changed. The top team from each group plays the second-place team from the opposite group, with both winners advancing to Copa Libertadores. Of the two final winners, the one with the highest point total during group play"}, {"context": "will be designated \"Mexico 2\" and automatically advance to the group stage. The other final winner will be \"Mexico 3\", and will enter the preliminary round of Copa Libertadores. The 2005 InterLiga was again played in California and Texas, and expanded into Arizona. The finals were held January 12 at Reliant Stadium in Houston. The eight qualified clubs participated in the following groups: Matches at Bank One Ballpark (Phoenix, Arizona) Matches at The Home Depot Center (Carson, California) Matches at Spartan Stadium (San Jose, California) Matches at Alamodome (San Antonio, Texas) Matches at Cotton Bowl (Dallas, Texas) Matches at Reliant"}, {"context": "Stadium (Houston, Texas) The scorers from the 2005 InterLiga 2005 InterLiga For 2005, Mexico was granted a third berth in the Libertadores. The Mexican federation decided to grant one of its Libertadores berths (\"Mexico 1\") based strictly on play during the league season, but retained InterLiga for the other two spots (\"Mexico 2\" and \"Mexico 3\"). The group phase of InterLiga remained the same as in 2004, but the final games were changed. The top team from each group plays the second-place team from the opposite group, with both winners advancing to Copa Libertadores. Of the two final winners, the"}]}, {"title": "British Bluegrass News", "paragraphs": [{"context": "British Bluegrass News British Bluegrass News is a newsletter first published in the 1970s by Phillip Morley under the name The British Bluegrass & Old Time Music Newsletter. It later became a small A5 magazine under the title of The British Bluegrass & Old Time Music Journal. In the 1980s, Jan Jerrold joined the staff to give a helping hand and the name was changed to The British Bluegrass News, which is its working name today. The subject of the publication is the Bluegrass music scene throughout the UK. When the British Bluegrass Music Association was formed on November 3,"}, {"context": "1990, British Bluegrass News became is its quarterly magazine. There is a consistent following of Bluegrass in the UK. Though seemingly unknown, UK Bluegrass bands, ranging from those started in the 1970s to the present day, perform at festivals and weekly/monthly sessions. The British Bluegrass News aims to bring these bands to light. British Bluegrass News British Bluegrass News is a newsletter first published in the 1970s by Phillip Morley under the name The British Bluegrass & Old Time Music Newsletter. It later became a small A5 magazine under the title of The British Bluegrass & Old Time Music Journal."}]}, {"title": "Donald Knauss", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Donald Knauss Donald R. Knauss (born 1951) is an American business executive. He is the former CEO of Clorox. Knauss has a BA in History from Indiana University, graduating in 1977. Knauss enlisted in the Marines, initially serving in Hawaii in 1978; he left in 1981 and took up a position with Procter & Gamble. Knauss worked for Frito-Lay and Tropicana, mainly in marketing, although he also was head of the southeast sales department for Frito-Lay. Knauss was head of the North American operations of The Coca-Cola Company. Knauss was Chief Executive Officer of Clorox. According to Forbes he received"}, {"context": "$21.8 million compensation from 2007 to 2012; $6.37m renumeration in 2012 making him the 11th highest earning CEO in Household & Personal Products. In November 2014 he handed over to Benno Dorer, who had until that point had been Executive VP and Chief Operating Officer, Cleaning, International and Corporate Strategy. Knauss holds key roles at three companies: Clorox Company (Director and Chairman of the Board), McKesson Corporation (independent director), URS Corporation (Director) and Kellogg Company (Director). In addition, in 2014 he was appointed to the newly created position at Clorox of Executive Chairman. While CEO at Clorox, Knauss led the"}, {"context": "2007 purchase of Burt\u2019s Bees for $925m, which was in response to the firm\u2019s sluggish growth in other areas. In the fiscal year of 2014, with Knauss in these executive roles, Clorox generated $5.6bn. Knauss is the chairman of the Board of Trustees at the University of San Diego, where he has served as a board member since 2008. He is also on the Board of Trustees of the US Marine Corps University Foundation, a member of the Economic Advisory Council At Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and on the Board of Trustees for the University Foundation and Morehouse"}, {"context": "College. Knauss is on the Dean\u2019s Advisory Board at the College of Arts & Sciences at Indiana University and the Board of Directors of the Grocery Manufacturers of America and the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Knauss also has a strong interest in baseball, being responsible for the controversial renaming of the Houston Astros' stadium after Minute Maid and campaigning to keep the Oakland Athletics in Oakland. Donald Knauss Donald R. Knauss (born 1951) is an American business executive. He is the former CEO of Clorox. Knauss has a BA in History from Indiana University, graduating in 1977. Knauss enlisted in"}]}, {"title": "Some Everyday Folk and Dawn", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Some Everyday Folk and Dawn Some Everyday Folk and Dawn (1909) is a novel by Australian writer Miles Franklin. The novel is set in the small town of Noonoon at a time when Australian women have just been granted the right to vote. At an election two male candidates face off: one styling himself the \"women's\" candidate and the other the \"men's\". Grandma Clay runs a boarding house in the town and living with her are her granddaughter Dawn and grandson Andrew. Against the backdrop of the election campaign the story follows the development of a love affair between Dawn"}, {"context": "and a local athlete, Ernest Breslow. A reviewer in \"The Sydney Morning Herald\" found some good and some not so good elements in the book: \"Australia is shown in all its up-country attractiveness-and unattractiveness; but we who know the subtle charm know also how to forgive the ofttimes crudity of colour and form. Those who prefer to do so may classify the book as fiction, but for us it has too much acute realism to pass as mere make-believe. It is, of course, a story of sorts, but beyond that it is a true picture of Australia, and as such"}, {"context": "we prefer to label it as fact.\" On the other hand a reviewer in \"The Queenslander\" was not impressed with the book at all: \"The young author of \"My Brilliant Career\" has written a big story with much that is good in it and much that is worthless. It is one of the \"Australian books for English readers\" sort of thing, and will cause a good deal of resentment on the part of many Australians.\" Some Everyday Folk and Dawn Some Everyday Folk and Dawn (1909) is a novel by Australian writer Miles Franklin. The novel is set in the"}]}, {"title": "Ray Charles (musician, born 1918)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ray Charles (musician, born 1918) Ray Charles (born Charles Raymond Offenberg; September 13, 1918April 6, 2015) was an American musician, singer, songwriter, vocal arranger and conductor who was best known as organizer and leader of the Ray Charles Singers who were featured on Perry Como's records and television shows for 35 years and were also known for a series of 30 choral record albums produced in the 1950s and 1960s for the Essex, MGM, Decca and Command labels. As a vocalist, Charles, along with Julia Rinker Miller, sang the theme song to the television series \"Three's Company\" (\"Come and Knock"}, {"context": "on Our Door\"). As a songwriter, Charles was best known for the choral anthem \"Fifty Nifty United States\" in which he set the names of the states to music in alphabetical order. It was originally written for \"The Perry Como Show\". He is also known for \"Letters, We Get Letters\", also originally written for Como's show and later used on the \"Late Show with David Letterman\". In his later years, he continued to serve as a musical consultant to television programs, most notably for 31 years on the Kennedy Center Honors. Charles was acknowledged as an authority on American popular"}, {"context": "music. At the age of 13, Charles Raymond \"Chuck\" Offenberg (as he was known then) won a contest to sing on the radio in Chicago. At 16, while still at Hyde Park High School, he had his own 15minute radio program on WENR and won a vocal scholarship to the Chicago Musical College. After graduation, he attended Central YMCA College, where he met fellow future choral director Norman Luboff, who was to become a lifelong friend. In 1936, Offenberg joined the Federal Theater show \"O Say Can You Sing\", sharing a dressing room with the young Buddy Rich. In 1942,"}, {"context": "Offenberg, with his wife, Bernice and son, Michael, came to New York City and he started getting work, singing on the radio for Lyn Murray, Ray Bloch and other choral directors. By 1944, he was doing 10 radio shows a week. In May 1944, Offenberg changed his name to Ray Charles. It would be 10 more years until the \"other\" Ray Charles changed his name from \"Ray Charles Robinson\" to Ray Charles. Close harmony was all the rage and Charles became the arranger and tenor for the Double Daters, a quartet featured on \"Million Dollar Band\". Drafted into the Navy"}, {"context": "in 1944, Charles was assigned to Hunter College, where he created an entire new music library for the WAVE choruses and trained the \"Singing Platoons\", three choruses of 80 WAVES each, on six-week training cycles that sang on the radio, bond rallies and at local veterans hospitals. He also conducted the band on their two CBS weekly shows. Discharged in 1946, Charles sang on New York radio (\"Um Um Good\" for Campbell's soups among other gigs) and on many record dates. In 1947, he was the conductor for the Broadway hit \"Finian's Rainbow\", and conducted the original cast recording. Charles"}, {"context": "initially became associated with Perry Como in 1948 through his arrangements for the vocal group the Satisfiers. The group performed on Como's \"The Chesterfield Supper Club\". From 1949 to 1951, he was choral arranger-conductor on \"The Big Show\", the last big radio variety show with Tallulah Bankhead and Meredith Willson. Charles was also a soloist and sang in the choir on \"Manhattan Merry-Go-Round\", \"Tuesday on Broadway\", \"The Prudential Family Hour\", \"The Celenese Hour\", \"The Schafer Beer Program\" and \"The American Melody Hour\", and he wrote the theme for Danny Kaye's \"7-Up Radio Show\". Before its relocation to Los Angeles, Charles"}, {"context": "did some singing on the radio show, \"Your Hit Parade\". In 1950, when the show returned to New York, he became the arranger and conductor of the Hit Paraders, the choral group on the show, first on radio and later when it went to television, for seven years. Charles never got screen credit for his work as arranger and choral director of the Hit Paraders because the sponsor of \"Your Hit Parade\" was Lucky Strike and he was already getting a choral-director credit on \"The Perry Como Chesterfield Show\". Lucky Strike and Chesterfield were competitors and Como's Chesterfield show aired"}, {"context": "three times a week on CBS. For the next 35 years the Ray Charles Singers became a fixture on the Perry Como television show. It was a busy time with television's top variety shows, records and commercial jingles. In 1955, the 15-minute \"Perry Como Show\" moved back to NBC and became an hour-long program. It was here where he met the \"other\" Ray Charles. The Screen Actors Guild normally does not allow two members to have the same name, but Charles the performer was registered as Ray Robinson though he performed as Ray Charles. Charles the composer also wrote special"}, {"context": "material and did the choral work on \"Caesar's Hour\" with Sid Caesar, the successor to \"Your Show of Shows\". In 1959, Charles produced the summer replacement for \"The Perry Como Show\". Allan Sherman (\"Hello Muddah, Hello Fadduh\"), a friend of Charles', was the head writer. Also on the staff was Andy Rooney. The stars were Tony Bennett (his first series), Teresa Brewer and the Four Lads. In June 1959, the Ray Charles Singers, a name bestowed on them by Perry Como, began recording a series of albums. Due to advances in recording technology, they were able to create a softer"}, {"context": "sound than had been heard before and this was the birth of what has been called \"easy listening\". Record producer Jack Hansen used some of the singers to provide backing vocals for Buddy Holly's last songs, which Holly had composed and recorded shortly before his death in February 1959. The singers' close harmonies behind Holly's lead vocals simulated the sound of Holly's hit records with the Crickets. Six songs resulted from the Hansen sessions, led by the 45-rpm single \"Peggy Sue Got Married\"/\"Crying, Waiting, Hoping\". On a cruise in 1964, Charles heard a Mexican song called \"Cuando Calienta el Sol\"."}, {"context": "He liked it, recorded it, under the English title \"Love Me with All Your Heart\", and his recording became a hit, riding to #3 on Billboard Magazine, #2 on Cashbox Magazine. This was followed by \"Al Di La\", also a very popular recording. The Ray Charles Singers were not one group of vocalists. They were different combinations of singers on records, tours and TV shows. What made them the Ray Charles Singers was the conducting and arranging of Ray Charles. He generally recorded with 20 singers (12 men and 8 women) and these vocalists appeared on Perry Como's television show."}, {"context": "The Ray Charles Singers also were the voices behind many commercial jingles. Charles decided to produce a \"live\" performing group to send on the road with Perry Como. The group of 12 singers opened in Las Vegas at the International Hotel and also opened the show for Como at Harrah's in South Lake Tahoe. Charles wrote the music and lyrics for an album produced by the Continental Insurance Company for the New York World's Fair in 1964, titled \"Cinema '76.\" It was a companion piece to a 30-minute show about unsung heroes of the American Revolution. Charles had also worked"}, {"context": "on film projects: \"Funny Lady\" and \"Racing With the Moon\". After years working in television and writing hundreds of jingles, Charles started making trips to the West Coast to seek new employment opportunities. The television industry was changing and migrating to Los Angeles. After a couple of years commuting, in 1968 Charles and his family relocated to Los Angeles, where he produced a Bing Crosby special and worked on \"The Hollywood Palace\". By 1968, \"The Perry Como Show\" was doing specials, so Charles could continue working with Como while residing in California. Then Charles wrote and arranged for two seasons"}, {"context": "of the \"Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour\". In 1971, he suggested to the other Ray Charles that he perform \"America the Beautiful\" when a guest on the Campbell show. Also that year Charles wrote special material for the first Julie Andrews TV special, with Andrews and Gene Kelly. Charles became the musical guru to \"Sha Na Na\" and guided that show through three seasons. His son, Jonathan, and daughter, Wendy, also worked on the show with their father. Charles, duetting with Julia Rinker, sang the title theme song for the long-running situation comedy \"Three's Company\". Charles eventually went to London to"}, {"context": "help on \"The Muppet Show\". Writing special material for Carol Burnett and Brooke Shields, among others and working with Miss Piggy and Kermit the Frog, Charles shared an office with Jim Henson, whom Charles considered \"a genius\". For thirty-two years, 1982 through 2014, Charles was the musical consultant of the Kennedy Center Honors and for 14 years performed the same function for the \"Fourth of July\" and \"Memorial Day\" concerts on PBS. Ray Charles won two Emmy Awards for special musical material, music and lyrics for two comedy specials: \"The Funny Side of Marriage\" and \"The First Nine Months\". His"}, {"context": "choral anthem, \"Fifty Nifty United States\", in which he set the names of the states to music in alphabetical order, is now a staple of school choirs. He self-deprecatingly billed himself as \"the other Ray Charles\" in a humorous tribute to the blues singer with whom he worked on several occasions. For his 90th birthday, Ray gave a concert at the L.A. Jazz Bakery. With the help of female singer Lynn Roberts and an instrumental combo, Ray demonstrated his vocal longevity to a full house by singing his way through the songs of World War II. Charles died of cancer"}, {"context": "at the age of 96 on April 6, 2015, in Beverly Hills, California. He was survived by two sons, Michael (born 1941) and Jonathan (born 1946). His wife Bernice (19162002) and daughter Wendy (19502004) predeceased him. Charles donated a collection of his personal papers, including his scripts and musical arrangements for the Kennedy Center Honors galas, to the Great American Songbook Foundation shortly before his death. Ray Charles (musician, born 1918) Ray Charles (born Charles Raymond Offenberg; September 13, 1918April 6, 2015) was an American musician, singer, songwriter, vocal arranger and conductor who was best known as organizer and leader"}]}, {"title": "Mark Tucker (business)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mark Tucker (business) Mark Edward Tucker (born 29 December 1957) is an English businessman, best known for his various roles at Prudential plc, where he was the CEO until September 2009. He currently serves as Group Chairman of HSBC Holdings plc. Tucker started adult life as a trainee professional footballer, making appearances for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Rochdale and Barnet, although he never played a first team match. After retiring from professional football, Tucker studied Business Management at the University of Leeds. He was then qualified as an accountant at PricewaterhouseCoopers. He joined Prudential plc in 1986, initially working for Prudential Portfolio"}, {"context": "Managers. He progressed through various roles in the UK, Hong Kong, and the US, where he was a Senior Vice President at Jackson National Life from 1992 to 1993. He was appointed Chief Executive of Prudential Corporation Asia and an executive director of Prudential plc, but left the group in May 2004 after growing frustrated at the lack of upward opportunity at Prudential to join HBOS as Finance Director. Following Jonathan Bloomer's ousting as CEO of Prudential in early 2005, due to bungled attempts to merge with American General and sell off Egg, Tucker rejoined Prudential in March 2005 as"}, {"context": "CEO. In March 2009 it was announced he will step down at the end of September 2009, Tucker stating he had achieved all that he wanted to achieve in the role and the decision to leave was \"entirely personal\". He does not intend to retire, stating \"There\u2019s at least one more big job in me\". Tucker is a member of the Board of Directors of Goldman Sachs.. He served as the CEO and President of Asian focus insurer AIA Group from June 2009 to September 2017, where he successfully led the former Asian assurance arm of New York-based American International"}, {"context": "Group (AIG) for an IPO on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in October 2010. It raised approximately HK$159.08 billion (US$20.51 billion), the world's third largest IPO ever. Mark Tucker was appointed to the Board as a non-executive director and Group Chairman-designate of HSBC Holdings plc on 1 September 2017. He became non-executive Group Chairman on 1 October 2017, succeeding executive chairman Douglas Flint who retired. Tucker is married with one son and one daughter. During Tucker's time with AIA, the company became Premier League team Tottenham Hotspur's shirt main sponsor. Mark Tucker (business) Mark Edward Tucker (born 29 December 1957)"}]}, {"title": "Rochelle Jones", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Rochelle Jones Rochelle Peabody Jones (1945\u20132006) was a South Florida author and journalist, and former press secretary to Congressman Claude Pepper. Jones\u2019 books and articles are widely referenced in the Social Science and Policy Analysis fields. Jones wrote for many publications, including the Washington Post, The Nation, The Congressional Quarterly, and was a longtime reporter for People Magazine and contributed articles on health and medicine to CNN.com, WebMD, The New York Daily News, The St. Petersburg Times, and had reporting duties for Knight-Ridder/Tribune syndicated paper The Bradenton Herald. She also taught courses on writing. Jones was born August 1945 and"}, {"context": "grew up in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Jones graduated from Duke University in the 1960s and began her career at The Palm Beach Post where she won awards for journalism, one for a series of articles on women in prison. She was awarded a Congressional Fellowship from the American Political Science Association in the early 1970s. Jones served on the board of the Woolly Mammoth Theater Company, in Washington DC. In the 1970s and early 1980s, she was legislative aide to Senator Sam Nunn and Senator Lloyd Bentsen. While an aide to Congressman Claude Pepper, Chairman of the House Subcommittee on"}, {"context": "Health and Long-term Care, in the mid 1980s, Jones developed her expertise in the fields of health, Medicare/Medicaid and geriatric issues. Jones was the author of: Rochelle Jones Rochelle Peabody Jones (1945\u20132006) was a South Florida author and journalist, and former press secretary to Congressman Claude Pepper. Jones\u2019 books and articles are widely referenced in the Social Science and Policy Analysis fields. Jones wrote for many publications, including the Washington Post, The Nation, The Congressional Quarterly, and was a longtime reporter for People Magazine and contributed articles on health and medicine to CNN.com, WebMD, The New York Daily News, The"}]}, {"title": "Di-trans,poly-cis-decaprenylcistransferase", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Di-trans,poly-cis-decaprenylcistransferase In enzymology, a di-trans,poly-cis-decaprenylcistransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are di-trans,poly-cis-decaprenyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate, whereas its two products are diphosphate and di-trans,poly-cis-undecaprenyl diphosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring aryl or alkyl groups other than methyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is di-trans,poly-cis-decaprenyl-diphosphate:isopentenyl-diphosphate undecaprenylcistransferase. Other names in common use include di-trans,poly-cis-undecaprenyl-diphosphate synthase, undecaprenyl-diphosphate synthase, bactoprenyl-diphosphate synthase, UPP synthetase, undecaprenyl diphosphate synthetase, and undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetase. This enzyme participates in terpenoid biosynthesis. As of late 2007, 15 structures have been"}, {"context": "solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . Di-trans,poly-cis-decaprenylcistransferase In enzymology, a di-trans,poly-cis-decaprenylcistransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are di-trans,poly-cis-decaprenyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate, whereas its two products are diphosphate and di-trans,poly-cis-undecaprenyl diphosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring aryl or alkyl groups other than methyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is di-trans,poly-cis-decaprenyl-diphosphate:isopentenyl-diphosphate undecaprenylcistransferase. Other names in common use include di-trans,poly-cis-undecaprenyl-diphosphate synthase, undecaprenyl-diphosphate"}]}, {"title": "Charles R. Conn", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Charles R. Conn Charles R. Conn (born 22 August 1961) is a former warden and global CEO of Rhodes House and the Rhodes Trust. He was responsible for administering the Rhodes Scholarship from 2013 to 2018. Conn studied at Boston University's University Professors Program before reading philosophy, politics and economics at Balliol College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar from Massachusetts.Conn subsequently worked at the Boston Consulting Group and gained an MBA at Harvard Business School. Conn was a partner at McKinsey & Company, where he focused on growth strategies and energy.He co-founded Citysearch in 1995, and in 1997 the California"}, {"context": "Software Industry Council named him Entrepreneur of the Year. Conn oversaw the merger with Ticketmaster, acquisition of Match.com and the company\u2019s public share offering. He became chairman of Ticketmaster Online-Citysearch in 2001. Conn subsequently worked as senior advisor to the Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation where his projects included the preservation of wild salmon ecosystems and the Palmyra Atoll research station. He is a Henry Crown Fellow of the Aspen Institute. Conn also sits or has sat on several company and non-profit boards or advisory committees, including Patagonia, the Arcadia Foundation, the Oxford Internet Institute, Trout Unlimited, and the Atlantic"}, {"context": "Salmon Foundation. He acts as an adviser and investor in start-up technology companies that focus on clean energy solutions and related areas. Conn was warden and CEO of the Rhodes Trust from June 2013 to August 2018. He was the first American to hold this position, and the first Warden of Rhodes House not to have served previously on the University of Oxford faculty. During his time as CEO of Rhodes House, Conn led a project to transform the Rhodes Trust into a 21st-century institution. This involved raising funds to secure the endowment for existing country scholarships and expand the"}, {"context": "scholarships globally. During his time as warden the annual number of scholars increased from 83 to 101, adding China, UAE, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Palesetine, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Malaysia, East Africa, West Africa and new global Rhodes Scholarships. During Conn\u2019s tenure, the Trust started a convening program of current and alumni fellows. The Trust also pioneered several new partnerships, including with Atlantic Philanthropies to set up the \"Atlantic Institute\" and with the \"Eric & Wendy Schmidt Fund for Strategic Innovation\" to establish \"Schmidt Science Fellows\". Other partnerships included the Said Foundation, Templeton Foundation and Schwarzman Scholars program. * Since moving"}, {"context": "to Oxford, Conn has become a trustee of the Mandela Rhodes Foundation in Cape Town, South Africa, and an advisory board member of the Oxford Internet Institute. In January 2014, he became a Professorial Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford University. Conn announced his retirement as warden of Rhodes House for the end of his five-year term, in August 2018. Conn was married to Beverley Robertson, they have three children together. His partner is Camilla Borg, who is a member of the staff of Rhodes House as director of special projects. \"Thinking About Historical Legacies: Looking for Just Principles and Processes\","}, {"context": "The Institute for Historical Justice & Reconciliation; 2018. \"Robbing the Grandchildren,\" Stanford Social Innovation Review; 2007. \"Conservation Biology through the Lens of a Career in Salmon Conservation.\" Conservation Biology; 2011. He was a co-author of 'Staircases to growth' in McKinsey Quarterly and 'Revolution in Upstream Oil & Gas' in the same publication. Charles R. Conn Charles R. Conn (born 22 August 1961) is a former warden and global CEO of Rhodes House and the Rhodes Trust. He was responsible for administering the Rhodes Scholarship from 2013 to 2018. Conn studied at Boston University's University Professors Program before reading philosophy, politics"}]}, {"title": "Oskarshamn", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Oskarshamn Oskarshamn is a coastal city and the seat of Oskarshamn Municipality, Kalmar County, Sweden with 17,258 inhabitants in 2010. D\u00f6derhultsvik was the original name before a town charter was granted in 1856. The name was then changed to Oscarshamn (meaning: Oscar's port) after the king Oscar I of Sweden. The spelling has later changed to Oskarshamn. The location of Oskarshamn was known as D\u00f6derhultsvik since the Medieval age. In 1645, the city of Kalmar, to the south, made a request to the Royal Government on holding commerce in the bay there, which was granted, giving it merchancy rights as"}, {"context": "a \"k\u00f6ping\". There followed 200 years of merchancies in the town, during which it was governed and dependent on Kalmar; while the surrounding towns and municipalities made frequent requests to grant it a charter, consequently turned down each of the attempts made in the years: 1786, 1798, 1800, 1815, 1818, 1823, 1825, 1830 and 1838. In 1843 it got some independence, with a local council, but the council itself was occupied by citizens of Kalmar. In 1854, the King Oscar I of Sweden promised to grant it a charter as soon as it had fulfilled certain demands, including building a"}, {"context": "prison and a council hall, among other things. When they had accomplished the feats, the charter was granted, and the city became one of the Cities of Sweden starting 1856, on May 1. This status has today no legal significance, but Oskarshamn is now the seat of the much larger Oskarshamn Municipality, without being a political entity of its own. Industrialisation began with the inauguration of the railway line to N\u00e4ssj\u00f6. From then on, industries as well as the harbour began to expand. The biggest private employer for a long time was the Oskarshamn Shipyard, which at its height had"}, {"context": "almost 1500 employees. But in the 1970s, the Swedish shipbuilding industry suffered a large financial crisis and many shipyards closed down. In Oskarshamn, the shipyard went through a large downsizing which left many people unemployed. However, at around the same time, two major industries were established in Oskarshamn. In 1966, Scania AB bought the truck cab factory, which had been building truck cabs since 1948, and started expanding. The Scania factory is today one of the biggest employers in Kalmar county with almost 2000 employees. Liljeholmens Stearinfabriks AB, established in Oskarshamn in 1970, is the world\u2019s largest candle manufacturer, specialized"}, {"context": "in stearin candles. The oldest person in Sweden Astrid Zachrison was born \u00c5by in Fliseryd, just west of Oskarshamn. She died on her 113th birthday. The shipyard founded in 1863 is still active, as well as commercial and passenger shipping. Three different ferry lines transport passengers to Gotland, \u00d6land and Bl\u00e5 Jungfrun. Between 1965-1985, a nuclear power facility was constructed outside Oskarshamn. Three BWR units were built, that today delivers about 10% of Sweden's electrical supply. There is also a laboratory for research concerning long-time storage of spent nuclear fuel. The \u00c4sp\u00f6 Hard Rock Laboratory is open to the public"}, {"context": "to visit. The two top employers in Oskarshamn are Scania truck manufacturer and the OKG nuclear power plant. Other companies are for instance; Liljeholmens candle factory, battery manufacturer SAFT, Elajo, Bygg Hemma. In the port of Oskarshamn there are tourist boats which take visitors to the island and national park Bl\u00e5 Jungfrun. There are also boats that cruise the coastal waters closer to Oskarshamn. Within the municipality there is the Oskarshamn archipelago which consists of over 5 000 islands and small islets. In the harbor area there are some restaurants, pubs and caf\u00e9s. There are also viewpoints over the harbour."}, {"context": "On the south side of the port there is a 72-metre (236 ft) wooden bench called \"L\u00e5nga Soffan\". It was built in 1867 and it is believed to be the longest of its kind in Europe. From the bench there is a panorama view over the harbor and the quite lively shipping activity going on there. There is a marina for private boats at the innermost of the harbor. Another panorama-view of Oskarshamn and the sea outside is obtained from the top of the town\u2019s northern water-tower which is open to the public. The older part of Oskarshamn is preserved"}, {"context": "fairly well. In one particular part of town there are older wooden houses originating from the 19th century. The area is called Besv\u00e4ret and Fnyket. Oskarshamns Stadspark is a public park located immediately south of the towns central parts. Fredriksbergs Herrg\u00e5rd is a manor-house built in 1784 situated just outside the city center of Oskarshamn. It is open for the public to visit and houses a restaurant, caf\u00e9 and a small museum. Oskarshamn was the home of the famous woodcarver Axel Petersson D\u00f6derhultarn. His studio as well as the D\u00f6derhultarn Museum, containing more than 200 of his carvings are located"}, {"context": "here. There is also a maritime museum in Oskarshamn. At the release of \"The Simpsons\" film, Swedish newspaper Sydsvenska Dagbladet concluded that Oskarshamn is the Swedish equivalent to Springfield, the Simpsons' hometown. Each summer there is a music festival located to the harbor area. The festival, named \"Latitud 57\"and connected to the other international Latitude music festivals, is taking place simultaneously as the annual \"Oskarshamn Offshore Race\" which is a popular competition for powerboats. The world championship in Offshore was held here 2011. There are four main elementary schools in Oskarshamn, Norra Skolan, Vallhalla skolan, R\u00f6dsle Skolan and Kristinebergs Skolan."}, {"context": "There is also two high schools, Oscarsgymnasiet (The main high school) and Elajogymnsiet (Specializing in electricity). The rail traffic is today limited to a few passenger trains a day to and from N\u00e4ssj\u00f6 and freight trains to and from the harbour. There is also a ferry line between the town and Visby on the Swedish island of Gotland. Oskarshamn also has its own airport, situated some to the north of the city centre. IK Oskarshamn is the name of the local ice hockey team. The team has played in the second highest hockey-league in Sweden, Hockeyallsvenskan, since 1996. Craftstaden IBK"}, {"context": "is the name of the floorball team which is playing in the division 1-league. IFK Oskarshamn and Oskarshamns AIK are two of the towns' soccer teams. The latter plays in the division 1-league. During 5th to 10 July 2011, Oskarshamn hosted the world championship in offshore powerboat racing. Oskarshamn is twinned with: Oskarshamn Oskarshamn is a coastal city and the seat of Oskarshamn Municipality, Kalmar County, Sweden with 17,258 inhabitants in 2010. D\u00f6derhultsvik was the original name before a town charter was granted in 1856. The name was then changed to Oscarshamn (meaning: Oscar's port) after the king Oscar I"}]}, {"title": "Fire Emblem Awakening", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Fire Emblem Awakening Fire Emblem Awakening is a tactical role-playing video game, developed by Intelligent Systems and Nintendo SPD and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 3DS handheld video game console in April 2012 in Japan, and April 2013 outside Japan. It is the thirteenth entry in the \"Fire Emblem\" series, and the first to be developed for the Nintendo 3DS. The gameplay, like previous \"Fire Emblem\" games, focuses on tactical movement of characters across a battlefield fighting enemy units. Other features include the ability to build relationships between the characters to improve their abilities, adjustable difficulty levels, a mode"}, {"context": "that disables the permanent death of characters, and multiple camera perspectives in battle. The story of \"Awakening\" takes place 2000 years after the events of the and \"Fire Emblem Gaiden\", focusing on a group of soldiers from the kingdom of Ylisse. The player controls a customizable Avatar character, (known widely by Fire Emblem fans as Robin, his/her default name) who suffers from amnesia. The Avatar is taken in by Chrom, the prince of Ylisse, and his personal army known as the \"shepherds\" of Ylisse. Over the course of the story, the Avatar aids Chrom's army in defending Ylisse from monsters"}, {"context": "dubbed the Risen, and attacks from the hostile nation of Plegia. Development of \"Fire Emblem Awakening\" began in 2010, with multiple veterans of the \"Fire Emblem\" series filling key development roles. Development was handled by Intelligent Systems with supervision from Nintendo. As the series had seen declining sales with previous installments, \"Awakening\" was designed as the possible last entry in the series, with elements from all previous \"Fire Emblem\" games incorporated. Due to the 3DS still being fine-tuned by developers, the team's decisions for content and graphics were made based on what they thought was feasible for what they had"}, {"context": "available to them. However, some gameplay options and proposals were met with mixed feelings, such as the option to disable permanent character death, often known as 'permadeath', a staple of the \"Fire Emblem\" franchise. Upon release, the game received critical acclaim and achieved strong sales worldwide, with many critics praising the new additions to the traditional gameplay and accessibility to newcomers of the series. After release, the game was nominated for multiple awards from video game publications, often being cited as one of the best games on the 3DS platform, is credited with boosting sales for the 3DS and is"}, {"context": "considered one of the best role-playing video games of all time. \"Awakening\"s commercial success ensured the continuation of the series. The successor of \"Awakening\", \"Fire Emblem Fates\", was released in Japan in June 2015, and in Western territories in February 2016. In \"Fire Emblem Awakening\", the player begins the game as one of the central characters, a customizable Tactician Avatar: the Avatar's gender, hair color, feature types, and voice can all be customized. There are two modes of play: Casual Mode and Classic Mode. In Classic mode, characters defeated in battle are permanently dead, unable to be used for the"}, {"context": "rest of the game. Casual Mode enables the player to disable permanent character deaths. With permanent death disabled, fallen units are restored after the completion of the battle. When Chrom or the Avatar character dies in battle in any mode, the player receives a \"Game Over\" message and must restart the battle. The game has multiple difficulty levels: the three standard modes are Normal, Hard and Lunatic. A fourth difficulty level, Lunatic+, is unlocked after completing the game on Lunatic mode. The playing mode and difficulty level are selected at the beginning of a new game. After the player is"}, {"context": "given access to a party of characters, they can travel across a world map both to new locations and revisit old locations. The time of day on the world map is synced to the player's time zone and time of day. New locations can contain main story missions as well as side stories where new characters can be recruited. Previously visited locations have shops where the player can acquire new weapons. They also can contain random enemy skirmishes. Between missions, players can go to a customizable central base called the Barracks, where the player can watch scenes between characters and"}, {"context": "perform other activities. The player can recruit approximately forty characters, not including characters included in downloadable content. The game features multiple uses of the Nintendo 3DS-exclusive SpotPass and StreetPass functions via the world map. During navigation, the player can encounter other players and interact via StreetPass. The player can do battle with a party of up to ten characters from another player's world. Whichever player wins the battle gains access to the party. Avatars can also be either befriended or defeated in battle, and loaned out to other players using this function. \"Awakening\" uses a turn-based tactical role-playing battle system."}, {"context": "The terrain is displayed on the top screen of the 3DS, while unit information is displayed on the bottom screen. Before each battle, the player selects a limited number of characters from their roster for use in battle. The player can either control each unit manually or activate an auto-battle option. Character movement is dictated by a tile-based movement system. During combat, player-controlled sprite characters and enemy units controlled by the game's artificial intelligence (AI) each get one turn where they position their units. An additional turn is added when unaffiliated AI-controlled units are in the field. Playable characters positioned"}, {"context": "next to each other in the field will support one-another, granting buffs, and performing actions such as blocking attacks. Two characters can also pair up as a single mobile unit, enabling both units to attack at once. As the relationship between characters strengthens, they gain greater bonuses to their strength and effectiveness when paired up in battle. During combat, the perspective switches to a 3D scene between combatants. Optional camera angles, including a first-person view through the eyes of playable characters, can be activated using the 3DS stylus. During battles, characters earn experience points (XP) through successful actions during battle."}, {"context": "When the character has reached 100 XP, their level is raised by one, increasing various stats including health and attack power. New skills are also learned by each character. The game includes a character class system, with approximately forty classes available. Each character, including the Avatar, has a starting class. When a unit reaches Level 10, they can either upgrade or change their classes using special items called Master Seals and Second Seals. A Master Seal promotes the character's class, improving character stats and giving access to new ability sets or weapons. A Second Seal allows a character to change"}, {"context": "class, or \"reclass\", when they are either at Level 10 or have reached their current Advanced Class. Upon reclassing, a character's experience level is reset to Level 1 while their stats and abilities are retained. The classes that most characters can reclass into are limited. The exception to this is the Avatar, who is able to reclass into any class available to their gender. Regardless of future changes, characters retain learned skills from earlier classes. A character's class affects both their attack capabilities and their mobility on the battlefield: for example, mages and archers can attack at greater ranges than"}, {"context": "melee units, mounted units have more powerful attacks than foot units, while flying units have greater mobility and range. Relationships between characters are built up through Support conversations between chapters. The normal rankings of relationships are C to A, with A standing for a close friendship. For characters of opposing genders, an additional S ranking is available, in which the characters fall in love, marry and have children. Relationships also have a direct impact during battles, with certain character pairings granting positive effects such as increased mobility or an automatic guarding action. A couple's children can be found and recruited"}, {"context": "in optional chapters made available by the parent characters' marriage, with their appearance and in-game abilities varying depending on who their parents were. Most characters have a specific list of units which they can have Support conversations with; the Avatar can build a relationship with all characters, and (depending on their chosen gender) marry any unit from any generation as long as they are not a direct descendant. The game takes place approximately 2000 years after the events of \"\". In ancient times, the Fell Dragon Grima attempted to destroy the world. To stop Grima, the Divine Dragon Naga (voiced"}, {"context": "by Mela Lee) chose the ruler of the Halidom of Ylisse (known as the First Exalt) and granted them power through two magical objects: Falchion, a sword with the power to slay dragons; and the Fire Emblem, a magical shield. Using these, the Exalt struck down Grima, sending it into a long slumber. In the intervening period, the continents of Archanea and Valentia became known as Ylisse and Valm. By the present time, the land of Ylisse is divided between Halidom of Ylisse, which continues to worship Naga, and is ruled by Exalt Emmeryn (voiced by Erin Fitzgerald) and defended"}, {"context": "by the Shepherds, her brother Chrom's (voiced by Matthew Mercer) militia force; the kingdom of Plegia, which worships Grima; and Regna Ferox, a country whose rulers periodically compete for dominance. Fifteen years prior to \"Awakening\", the last Exalt of Ylisse, Emmeryn's father, waged a religious war against Plegia, which greatly damaged both countries and left bitterness on both sides. Ylisse has slowly recovered from the war thanks to Emmeryn's peaceful actions. After dreaming of killing Chrom, the amnesiac Avatar wakes up in a field and is found by Chrom and members of his personal army, the Shepherds. The Avatar joins"}, {"context": "the Shepherds, after exhibiting the qualities of a tactician when they defend a nearby town from Plegian bandits. After gaining an alliance with Regna Ferox, the Shepherds move to fight both Plegia's forces and revenant monsters called the Risen; they are helped by a masked man calling himself \"Marth\". After a confrontation between Plegia and the Shepherds, Emmeryn is almost killed by Validar and his minions. The assassination plot is foiled with aid from \"Marth\", who has prior knowledge of the event, and is also revealed to be a woman. Soon after, Plegian forces capture Emmeryn as she goes to"}, {"context": "parley with King Gangrel, Plegia's ruler, and prevent another war. Gangrel demands the Fire Emblem in exchange for Emmeryn's life. Though Chrom almost accepts Gangrel's terms, Emmeryn stops him by throwing herself over a cliff, becoming a martyr to both Ylisse and Plegia. Eventually, the Shepherds triumph over Plegia, defeating Gangrel and restoring peace to the continent. Two years after Gangrel's defeat, Chrom inherits the throne of Ylisse, marries, and fathers a newborn daughter named Lucina. Chrom leads the Shepherds again when Emperor Walhart of Valm threatens to invade Ylisse. During the campaign, \"Marth\" returns, and reveals that she is"}, {"context": "a Lucina from an alternate timeline from more than 10 years in the future where Grima has been resurrected, and used a time traveling spell devised by Naga to return to the past in order to prevent the events leading to her future. To combat Grima, Chrom must perform the \"Awakening\", a ritual that grants him Naga's power, by combining the Fire Emblem with five magical gems divided among the nations. During and after the war in Valm, the Shepherds manage to retrieve four of the gemstones. They are then ambushed by Validar, the new king of Plegia and the"}, {"context": "Avatar's father, after he offers them the last gemstone. Validar takes control of the Avatar and steals the Fire Emblem from Chrom. He also reveals that the Avatar was born as the ideal vessel for Grima. Lucina realizes that Grima used the Avatar to kill Chrom in her timeline, and attempts to execute them; Chrom forces her to stand down, remaining confident the Avatar can overcome Grima's control. Alternatively, if the Avatar is Lucina's husband or mother, Lucina is unable to go through with it and stands down on her own. The Shepherds manage to track down Validar, who uses"}, {"context": "the Avatar to attack Chrom, mirroring the events of their nightmare. However, the Avatar uses their foreknowledge to prevent Chrom's death, allowing the Shepherds to kill Validar and recover the Fire Emblem. At this point, the possessed Avatar from Lucina's future appears, revealing that the present timeline Avatar's amnesia was caused by Grima's unsuccessful attempt to possess them. The future Avatar then uses the power gathered for Grima's resurrection to restore its dragon form. In a race against time, Chrom performs the Awakening and summons Naga. Although Chrom now has the power to stop Grima, Naga reveals that she only"}, {"context": "has enough power to put Grima to sleep for another thousand years. Naga explains that the only way to truly destroy Grima is to have him destroy himself through the Avatar, which could come at cost of the Avatar's life. Naga tells them that the Avatar will only survive if their bonds with Chrom and the Shepherds are strong enough. In the final battle, the Shepherds manage to weaken Grima. Chrom, already set against the sacrifice of the Avatar, offers to deliver the final blow to the fell dragon. Depending on the player's final choice, the game will reach one"}, {"context": "of two different endings. If the player lets Chrom deal the final blow, Grima is put back to sleep for another thousand years, though the Avatar is left with regrets. If the player stops Chrom from dealing the final blow, the Avatar will kill Grima, causing both to vanish. Chrom and the Shepherds refuse to believe that the Avatar is dead, and vow to find them and bring them home. In a post-credits scene, the Avatar wakes up in a field similar to the beginning of the game, where Chrom and Lissa find them and welcome them home. The original"}, {"context": "planning for \"Fire Emblem Awakening\" began in 2010, when Nintendo SPD director Genki Yokota was finishing his work on \"Xenoblade Chronicles\". The game was co-developed by Nintendo and regular \"Fire Emblem\" developer Intelligent Systems. Among the staff members were veterans of the \"Fire Emblem\" series, including project manager Masahiro Higuchi, who had first worked on \"\", and Intelligent Systems producer Kouhei Maeda, who first worked as a scenario writer for \"\". The first proposals were made after the completion of \"\", a remake for the Nintendo DS of the . Development was very slow for the first year, during which"}, {"context": "time producer Hitoshi Yamagami organized the game's development structure. Once this was completed, he handed the main production duties over to co-director Genki Yokota. The art director was Toshiyuki Kusakihara. Character designs were done by Kusakihara and Y\u016bsuke Kozaki. Kusakihara was brought on board to offer a fresh perspective on the \"Fire Emblem\" series and new ideas for the team, while Kozaki was brought in to help create a distinctive art style that would be well received overseas, as had his previous work for the Wii title \"No More Heroes\". During development, Kusakihara and Kozaki had lengthy meetings about various"}, {"context": "aspects of the game. These meetings became so time-consuming that Kusakihara compared his situation to the legend of Urashima Tar\u014d. Due to declining sales for the series, the developers were told by Nintendo that \"Awakening\" would be the last \"Fire Emblem\" game if it failed to sell above 250,000 units. This caused panic for the team, with them considering including a high number of elements new to the game. Among the concepts were a modern-day setting or using the planet Mars as a setting. Eventually, the team decided that these elements would alienate rather than attract players and stuck to"}, {"context": "the medieval setting and style of previous \"Fire Emblem\" titles. As a compromise, the team decided to make it the \"culmination\" of all the games in \"Fire Emblem\" series to that point, incorporating gameplay elements from multiple titles. This approach was approved by the team and the proposal was completed within a month, though the decision also created difficulties with choosing which elements to include, and how to balance them so they did not clash with one another. The game's final title, \"\"Awakening\"\", was born from this concept of an ultimate \"Fire Emblem\" game. It was initially just casually suggested"}, {"context": "by Yamagami when discussing ideas for a title with Yokota, and Yokota liked it. As development progressed, the team continued to come up with ideas that increased workload, but they maintained a positive attitude and pushed forward in spite of the consequent pressures. Internally, the game was known as \"Fire Emblem Fin: The Children from the Brink\". Maeda was mainly responsible for the original scenario, thinking out the rough outline before the team created the events of each chapter in detail. Some plot points, such as the true identity of \"Marth\", were planned from an early stage, while many of"}, {"context": "the other plot twists came about during its development. Many of them were added at the suggestion of team members from both Intelligent Systems and Nintendo. Two key story themes while developing the game were the love for the characters, and the bonds characters developed over the course of the story. The latter theme was expressed in gameplay through the cooperative behavior of adjacent characters. While voice acting was included, it was limited to snappy lines meant to evoke a certain feeling. This was because the team had concerns about the amount of content in the game, which would increase"}, {"context": "a great deal with full voice acting, and its effect on the pacing. The team also used multiple well-known Japanese voice actors for the characters. Special voice overs and visuals were created for the character \"confession\" sequences. All the main characters had a personalized back story, and appropriate personalities were chosen for them. The first one to be finalized was the child character Inigo, who was created by character planner Nami Kumoru. A large team of writers were employed to create the character dialogue, and a story bible containing the characters' personality traits was created for the writers to work"}, {"context": "from. While developing the playable and enemy characters, the team used feedback from fans saying they should name all the characters, including foot soldiers. Wanting to give the impression of every character having their own lives, they created full artwork for all characters. Creating the characters proved to be one of the hardest parts of development. While designing the characters, Kozaki took their backstories into account: for example, the thief character Gaius was drawn with a sack of sweets, as he had a love for them. Kozaki was also responsible for creating the 2D artwork which represented the characters during"}, {"context": "conversations. Once Nintendo gave the go-ahead for development, Intelligent Systems formed a small internal development team to handle the project. \"Awakening\" was the first \"Fire Emblem\" game for the Nintendo 3DS. The platform was as yet unreleased and still undergoing final development. Because of this, the team had a large number of ideas for features to include, but they also only had a limited idea of what the system was capable of. Consequently, they had difficulties deciding how the 2D sprites and 3D environments would interact with each other, and ensuring they did not clip through objects. One notable feature"}, {"context": "missing from in-game character models was their feet. The original idea was to add a unique and uniform deformation to characters. As the team did not have much knowledge of the platform's CPU strength, the amount of character bones they could include were intentionally limited. This meant that the bones needed for the operation of ankles and feet were omitted. Later, it was discovered that ankles and feet could be included, but the team decided to leave that for a future game if it came to pass. A different explanation was that the team wanted players to focus on the"}, {"context": "top half of characters, so made their heads the largest part of their character models while shrinking their feet. The concept for character graphics on the map underwent changes. Initially, some of the team felt that accurately displaying a character's equipment and class would be enough, but later it was decided to give them all individual characteristics. They were also able to add more unique character expressions than previous \"Fire Emblem\" games, enabling a greater emotional range during scenes of drama. A different element was the environmental effects the team incorporated, such as dust clouds when characters performed actions in"}, {"context": "battle. For the full-motion cutscenes, the team wanted to create a sense of grandeur and spectacle, using the openings of Taiga drama series as inspiration. Japanese animation company Kamikaze Douga was in charge of supervising the production and art assets of the game's cutscenes. Cutscene animation was handled by Studio Anima. According to team members, their request to Studio Anima was to make the world \"come alive\" during the full-motion sequences, which were included at crucial moments in the plot. The first part of the game to receive full attention from the team was the gameplay. As a test map,"}, {"context": "the team used the opening map for \"Mystery of the Emblem\". One of the early options was switching between 16x16 and 24x24 pixel characters depending on the camera's overhead distance. In the end, the team used a hardware-based scaling system instead of switching between graphics types so as to keep the frame rate consistent in battle. While designing the levels, the team created both maps with a plot-driven structure and maps that allowed for player freedom. An aspect of the battle system new to the series was the inclusion of an optional first-person viewpoint during battles. This was done with"}, {"context": "western players in mind, as developers wanted to both give players an option on their perspective in battle and demonstrate the platform's 3D effects. The difficulty levels proved a point of debate amongst the team, ranging from the naming of difficulties to whether to include the ability to adjust it on the fly, which some felt was contrary to \"Fire Emblem\" traditions. There was also debate about both the inclusion and mechanics of the marriage system. While some aspects went smoothly, there was contention about the ability to marry any of the characters, and Kusakihara's suggestion of having characters kissing"}, {"context": "at the conclusion of each romance was vetoed by the team. An effort was made to make the interface and graphics easy for players to understand. An example of this was the cursor, which in previous games had been a triangular shape and for \"Awakening\" was changed to a pointing hand. One of the more controversial ideas that made it into the final game was the \"Casual Mode\", first introduced in \"New Mystery of the Emblem\". Initially opposed by staff members at Nintendo and Intelligent Systems, Yamagami and others successfully defended the feature. Yamagami's stance was that modern gamers would"}, {"context": "not be pleased with needing to invest extra time because a character had died. In another interview, team members said that \"Awakening\" was the first time the team conformed to the popular image of Nintendo games being easy to play and user-friendly. The game was first announced in September 2011 as part of Nintendo's 2012 lineup for the 3DS, alongside titles such as \"Monster Hunter 4\" and \"Bravely Default\". As part of its release, Nintendo created a limited edition Nintendo 3DS bundle with \"Awakening\" pre-installed. The game's localization and western release was planned from an early stage, hence the inclusion"}, {"context": "of multiple aesthetic and gameplay elements meant to appeal to a western audience. The localization process was handled collaboratively by independent video game localization company 8-4 and Nintendo of America. The localization process took approximately one year. The game was first announced for release in Europe in February 2012, with the stated release period being that year. In April of the same year, Nintendo of America registered a web domain for \"Fire Emblem Awakening\". Its North American release was confirmed in June through Nintendo's Twitter account. The release windows for western regions were announced in December. For its western release,"}, {"context": "the game included both the English and Japanese voice tracks. Like in Japan, a limited 3DS bundle with \"Awakening\" pre-installed was created for North America and Europe, with Europe also receiving the 3DS XL model as part of the bundle. There was some confusion upon its release in North America: on the day of release, while it was available through Nintendo's online store, multiple online retailers did not have it stocked. While Nintendo was fairly non-committal on the incident, they did state that due to variabilities in shipping, retailers could received stocks on different days. \"Fire Emblem Awakening\" was the"}, {"context": "first packaged title released by Nintendo to receive downloadable content (DLC) after launch, taking the form of additional maps and characters from previous entries in the \"Fire Emblem\" series. The idea for DLC content came up when the game was close to completion. Due to this, the team could not do anything that would invalidate the main story. For the additional playable characters, the team focused on the main cast, picked out the most suitable, and left the final choice to Maeda. Starting from the game's release, over twenty different playable maps were released over several months at the rate"}, {"context": "of one map per week. Nintendo decided to release downloadable content for the game in all available regions. After it becomes available, the DLC can be accessed using the game's SpotPass system: within the context of the game's world, after a certain point in the game, the characters can access an area called the Outrealm Gate, being transported to the DLC maps. Various artists have contributed illustrations for the downloadable characters, including those who have worked on previous titles, such as Senri Kita, and newcomers, such as Kimihiko Fujisaka. One of the DLC maps received censorship upon release in North"}, {"context": "America and Europe, with a shot of a female playable character altered to hide her knickers. \"Fire Emblem Awakening\" has received widespread critical acclaim, holding an aggregate score of 92/100 on Metacritic, based on 72 reviews. After its release, \"Awakening\" was placed on GameSpot's list of the best games on the 3DS, and reached second place on a similar list by GameTrailers. IGN included the game on two different lists: it reached #2 on their list of the top 25 Nintendo 3DS games, and #21 on their list of the top 125 Nintendo games of all time. \"Slant Magazine\"s staff"}, {"context": "ranked it the eleventh best video game of 2013. \"Famitsu\" said in its review that the game could be enjoyed by hardcore fans and newcomers alike, as it made accommodations for both, and particularly praised the new gameplay features. IGN's Audrey Drake called \"Awakening\" \"the most fluid and stunning strategy RPG experience available on a portable, and features the best storytelling and production value of any 3DS game to date.\" Jeremy Parish, writing for 1UP.com, said that though the \"Fire Emblem\" series had changed little over the years while holding a place of respect within the genre, the changes Intelligent"}, {"context": "Systems implemented made \"Awakening\" \"an engrossing title that should enjoy impressive shelf life.\" His main criticism was against the enemy AI, which occasionally unbalanced the gameplay. Ray Carsillo of \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\", while sharing Parish's opinion on the lack of a restart option, called \"Awakening\" \" probably the best \"Fire Emblem\" to come to the States yet.\" While Eurogamer's Rich Stanton, giving the game a perfect score, called it \"a special game\", praising its story themes and how it made him care about his characters. GameTrailers said that the game \"takes positive strides forward with new additions like enhancements to"}, {"context": "the social system and battle mechanics, and the series\u2019 established formula is all the better for it.\" Despite feeling mixed about the interface and multiplayer, GameSpot's Heidi Kemps called \"Awakening\" the best installment in the series for some time. Alexa Ray Corriea, writing for Polygon, said that the development team had \"added just enough to the time-tested \"Fire Emblem\" formula to bolster its challenges without cutting away its roots.\" \"Game Informer\"s Kimberley Wallace said that \"[\"Awakening\"] made me scratch and claw for victory, and I savored every moment.\" Chris Carter of Destructoid, similar to \"Famitsu\", recommended it to old and"}, {"context": "new players, saying: \"If you've been itching to get into a Fire Emblem game, this is a great place to start. If you've been playing them all along, you'll feel right at home.\" \"Awakening\" was nominated for multiple awards after release. At the 2012 \"Famitsu\" Awards 2012, \"Awakening\" was among the games awarded the magazine's Excellence Award. In the west, it was nominated in the \"Best RPG\" category at the Spike Video Game Awards 2013. It was nominated in multiple categories in Destructoid's 2013 Game of the Year awards, including Game of the Year, Best Role-Playing Game, Best Story, and"}, {"context": "Best Soundtrack. It was also nominated for GameSpot's Game of the Year 2013 in the Nintendo 3DS category. In IGN's Best of 2013 awards, it won in both the Best 3DS Strategy Game and Best 3DS Story categories. At the Game Developers Choice Awards 2014, it was nominated in the Best Handheld/Mobile Game category. The game's Japanese version sold exceptionally well, with it being the fastest selling entry in the series since detailed weekly tallies began. During its opening week, the game managed to sell 242,600 units, reaching the top of the sales charts and beating the debut sales of"}, {"context": "the previous two \"Fire Emblem\" releases. It sold through 81.63% of its initial shipment, causing sell-outs in some stores. Japanese sales tracker Media Create attributed the initial high sales to Nintendo's promotional campaign. Demand for the limited Japanese bundle also exceeded Nintendo's expectations, as the pre-order website crashed from the amount of people trying to buy it. As marketing the game as any product other than a limited edition would have violated a Japanese commercial law, Nintendo were unable to reopen the pre-orders after the initial sales period despite complaints. By the beginning of 2013, the game had sold 455,268"}, {"context": "units, placing it among the top 30 high-selling titles for 2012. In addition to the main game, Nintendo reported that 1.2 million units of downloadable content had been sold by September 2012, bringing in an additional 380 million yen (about $4.8 million). Sales in the west were equally good. During its first month on sale in North America, the game sold 180,000 units, with 63,000 units of the total sales being eShop downloads. These figures gave \"Awakening\" the best ever first month sales for the franchise in North America. Sales of the title continued to rise in the coming months,"}, {"context": "with the total figure reaching 240,000 units by April, including a further 20,000 digital sales. By September, total sales in North America had reached 390,000 units. In the UK, \"Awakening\" debuted in third place on the charts behind \"\" and \"BioShock Infinite\". The game and the hardware bundle collectively boosted sales of the 3DS and 3DS XL by nearly 50% over the previous week. As of December 2014, the game had sold just over 1.9 million copies worldwide, and has become the best-selling \"Fire Emblem\" title in the west. The game's strong sales, well exceeding the figure set by Nintendo"}, {"context": "during development, saved the \"Fire Emblem\" series from cancellation. In January 2015, a new \"Fire Emblem\" title created for the 3DS by the same team as \"Awakening\", \"Fire Emblem Fates\", was announced for a worldwide release. The success of \"Awakening\" has been credited with popularizing the 3DS platform among other Japanese RPG developers, such as Square Enix and Atlus. \"Awakening\"s success has also resulted in characters making appearances in other Nintendo games. Lucina and the Avatar, under their default character name \"Robin\" and using their default male and female appearance, were featured in the crossover fighting video game \"Super Smash"}, {"context": "Bros. for Nintendo 3DS\" and \"Wii U\". Chrom was considered for the game, but was deemed too similar to other \"Fire Emblem\" characters in the game, so his appearance was relegated to a small non-playable cameo, however, he was made playable in the franchise's next entry Super Smash Bros Ultimate. Lucina and the Avatar were also made available as playable characters in \"\" for those who purchased their Amiibo figures and connected them to the 3DS. Costumes based on Chrom and Lucina are also available in Capcom's \"\" video game, in a cross-promotion done with Nintendo. During promotion for \"Fates\","}, {"context": "a \"Fire Emblem\"-themed trading card game was released. A set themed after \"Awakening\" includes a code to download Lucina as a playable character in \"Fates\". Chrom & Lucina are both playable units in \"Project X Zone 2\", and multiple characters from \"Awakening\" feature in \"Tokyo Mirage Sessions \u266fFE\", a crossover with the \"Megami Tensei\" series. Fire Emblem Awakening Fire Emblem Awakening is a tactical role-playing video game, developed by Intelligent Systems and Nintendo SPD and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 3DS handheld video game console in April 2012 in Japan, and April 2013 outside Japan. It is the thirteenth"}]}, {"title": "Peoria High School (Arizona)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Peoria High School (Arizona) Peoria High School is a public secondary school located in Peoria, Arizona, United States. It is the oldest high school in the Peoria Unified School District, opening in August 1922, and the fifth-largest of the district's seven high schools, with an enrollment of about 1,600. Rapid growth from infill developments in the farms bordering Peoria High School, master planned communities being built to the south, and students moving into the bordering Youngtown area caused a major spike in Peoria High School's enrollment. Between 2000 and 2004, a new building complex was constructed, and students were eating"}, {"context": "during three lunch periods. During the 2003-2004 school year, the school hit a peak in its student population, in the low 3,000s, and also welcomed the district's largest freshman class, with more than 900 new students. The school was ranked as 5A, at the time the largest Arizona Interscholastic Association classification, and was the third largest high school in the state. The school was also in need of major renovations. A reliever high school was finally constructed, and Raymond S. Kellis High School (in Glendale city limits) was opened for the 2004-2005 school year. The new high school is located"}, {"context": "in the city limits of Glendale, approximately 3 miles south of Peoria High. This relieved most of the rapidly expanding areas from Peoria High, including all of Country Meadows Elementary and Cotton Boll Elementary, and most of Sun Valley Elementary students. This also gave Alta Loma Elementary students a choice to attend either Peoria or Kellis and Ira A. Murphy Elementary students a choice to attend either Peoria or Centennial. Due to the opening of Kellis, the number of students enrolled at Peoria has rapidly declined over the years to its current number in the 1,600s. Many different academic tracks"}, {"context": "are offered for students to meet their needs. The first is the basic track which helps the student to take classes that interest them and allow a wide variety with no added weight in GPA. Another track is the honors program which offers somewhat of a harder work load and helps to boost the student's GPA by weighting the grades more. The last track is the Advanced Placement (AP) program which offers college level classes and college credit for those that apply. This track weights the grades the same as an honors class, but allows the student to leave high"}, {"context": "school with a certain number of college credits already to their name. All students may take a mixture of basic, honors and AP if they wish. Peoria High School has more than 94% of its students graduate after four years. The graduation ceremony takes place at the University of Phoenix Stadium, which is located in the neighboring city of Glendale. One of the more active clubs on campus is the student council. Some of the council's functions include promoting school spirit by planning spirit weeks, pep rallies, dances, homecoming and the prom. Student council includes freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors."}, {"context": "Freshmen elections take place in December. All other elections are held at the end of each year for the following year. Starting with the 2009-2010 season, the PHS Band and Instrumental music program is under the direction of Mr. Chris Pierson, who comes from the University of Arizona and Northern Arizona University. The Division II band program is well respected, with the symphonic and jazz bands having received numerous \"excellent\", \"superior\" and \"superior with distinction\" ratings at the Arizona Band and Orchestra Director's Association events. The band program is directed and organized by Mr. Chris Pierson, with numerous staff members"}, {"context": "assisting and running various aspects of the band program. Ms. Jenny Bement is the Assistant Director, Mr. Cutler Boughn is the Percussion Caption-Head and Ms. Erin Abrahamson is the Colorguard Caption-Head. Various other staff include additional brass, percussion, woodwind and colorguard instructors who assist in teaching their various areas of expertise. A nationally recognized program at Peoria is that of agriculture. Every year, the students plan a 2-day conference for students throughout the state to attend. The Peoria Dance Theatre is a club for females and males who are skilled in all forms of dance. The club holds a dance"}, {"context": "concert for the community and school twice a year: one in the winter and one in the spring. To join, one must audition for the program, which traditionally occurs in the early spring for the following year. Originally designated for students of minorities, this engineering club is recognized nationwide for its excellence and attention to detail. No longer for minority students, anyone may participate, regardless of race or year in school. In addition to having a high school M.E.S.A team, a junior team is offered to 6-8th grade students who attend Peoria's feeder schools. In the late 1980s, Peoria was"}, {"context": "one of the most dominant and successful athletics programs in Arizona. Between 1984 and 1989, Peoria won 8 State Championships in Men's and Women's Basketball, Women's Softball, Men's Baseball, Football and Wrestling. Peoria High School (Arizona) Peoria High School is a public secondary school located in Peoria, Arizona, United States. It is the oldest high school in the Peoria Unified School District, opening in August 1922, and the fifth-largest of the district's seven high schools, with an enrollment of about 1,600. Rapid growth from infill developments in the farms bordering Peoria High School, master planned communities being built to the"}]}, {"title": "Weightlifting at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics \u2013 Girls' 48 kg", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Weightlifting at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics \u2013 Girls' 48 kg The girls' 48 kg weightlifting event was the first women's event at the weightlifting competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, with competitors limited to a maximum of 48 kilograms of body mass. The whole competition took place on August 15 at 14:30. Each lifter performed in both the snatch and clean and jerk lifts, with the final score being the sum of the lifter's best result in each. The athlete received three attempts in each of the two lifts; the score for the lift was the heaviest weight"}, {"context": "successfully lifted. Weightlifting at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics \u2013 Girls' 48 kg The girls' 48 kg weightlifting event was the first women's event at the weightlifting competition at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, with competitors limited to a maximum of 48 kilograms of body mass. The whole competition took place on August 15 at 14:30. Each lifter performed in both the snatch and clean and jerk lifts, with the final score being the sum of the lifter's best result in each. The athlete received three attempts in each of the two lifts; the score for the lift was the"}]}, {"title": "The Devils (play)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Devils (play) The Devils is a play, commissioned by Sir Peter Hall for the Royal Shakespeare Company and written by British dramatist John Whiting, based on Aldous Huxley's book, \"The Devils of Loudun\". \"The Devils\" had its first performance at London's Aldwych Theatre in February, 1961, with Dorothy Tutin portraying the deformed and hysterical Sister Jeanne of the Angels, and Richard Johnson as the existential hero, Father Urbain Grandier. Diana Rigg appeared in the supporting role of Philippe and Max Adrian played the zealot exorcist, Father Pierre Barre (Max Adrian himself would go on to appear in the film"}, {"context": "version of the play, albeit not as Pierre Barre, but as Ibert, the chemist). Whiting revised his text in 1963, shortly before his death from cancer. The play was subsequently produced at the Arena Stage in Washington, D.C. under the direction of Zelda Fichandler, and on Broadway in 1965, with Anne Bancroft and Jason Robards in the leading roles. The Broadway version was produced by Alexander H. Cohen and directed by Michael Cacoyannis, and ran for a total of 31 performances. In 1967, the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles presented \"The Devils\" as its inaugural production, directed by Gordon"}, {"context": "Davidson and starring Frank Langella in the role of Grandier. The play was performed by the Melbourne Theatre Company as part of its repertory season. It starred Fred Parslow and Joanna McCallum. The play's action takes place primarily in Loudun, France in 1634 and revolves around a secular priest Urbain Grandier, whose adamant public opposition to Cardinal Richelieu's ongoing centralization of the French government makes him a hot political target. The hysterical Sister Jeanne, Mother Superior of the Convent of St Ursula, falls in lust with Urbain Grandier, and subsequently accuses him of bewitching her. When these charges of witchcraft"}, {"context": "are brought against the priest, both church and state move swiftly to destroy him. The investigation, subsequent trial and eventual execution quickly take on a ludicrous carnival-like atmosphere with crazed nuns (including Sister Jeanne herself), dubious medical procedures, ecclesiastical torture and outrageous public exorcisms, all depicted with considerable onstage realism. Readers of both Huxley's book and Whiting's play will note several alterations made for the stage. First, the addition of a Chorus-like character, the \"Sewerman\", who not only provides ironic commentary but assists in the narrative action of the highly episodic play itself. Secondly, the role of \"Philippe\" is a"}, {"context": "composite character, fashioned from two historical figures in Huxley's text: \"Madeline de Brou\" and \"Philippe Trincant\", the young and vulnerable daughter of Loudun's Magistrate. Whiting's \"The Devils\" also provided ample text, following some adaptation, for Krzysztof Penderecki's opera, \"The Devils of Loudun\" (\"Die Teufel von Loudun\"). It was also heavily used by British film director Ken Russell in the preparation for the screenplay of his highly controversial film version, \"The Devils\" (1971). Russell's film has been banned in several countries and was originally issued an \"X\" rating in the United States, despite numerous edits. The Devils (play) The Devils is"}]}, {"title": "Stylidium candelabrum", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Stylidium candelabrum Stylidium candelabrum is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the genus \"Stylidium\" (family Stylidiaceae). It is an erect annual plant that grows from 6 to 20 cm tall. Elliptical leaves, about 11-100 per plant, are scattered along the stem. The leaves are generally 2.5\u201318 mm long and 1.5\u20139 mm wide. This species generally has 1-13 scapes and cymose inflorescences that are 3\u201316 cm long. Flowers are white. \"S. candelabrum\" is endemic to the northernmost area of the Northern Territory in Australia and much of its range is within a national park and therefore has been evaluated to be"}, {"context": "neither rare nor threatened. Its typical habitat is shallow sand associated with sandstone pavements and it appears to prefer areas with higher rainfall. It flowers in the southern hemisphere from March to July. Its conservation status has been assessed as secure. Stylidium candelabrum Stylidium candelabrum is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the genus \"Stylidium\" (family Stylidiaceae). It is an erect annual plant that grows from 6 to 20 cm tall. Elliptical leaves, about 11-100 per plant, are scattered along the stem. The leaves are generally 2.5\u201318 mm long and 1.5\u20139 mm wide. This species generally has 1-13 scapes and"}]}, {"title": "William Champneys", "paragraphs": [{"context": "William Champneys The Very Rev. William Weldon Champneys (1807\u20131875) was an Anglican priest and author in the 19th century. He was the eldest son of the Rev. William Betton Champneys, B.C.L. of St John's College, Oxford, by his marriage with Martha, daughter of Montague Stable, of Kentish Town. He was born in Camden Town, St Pancras, London, 6 April 1807, and was educated by the Rev. Richard Povah, rector of St James's, Duke's Place, city of London, and having matriculated from Brasenose College, Oxford, on 3 July 1824, was soon after elected to a scholarship. He took his B.A. degree"}, {"context": "in 1828, and his M.A. in 1831. He was then ordained to the curacy of Dorchester on Thames near Oxford, whence he was transferred three months afterwards to the curacy of and St Ebbe's Church, Oxford, and in the same year was admitted a fellow of his college. In this parish he established national schools, the first that were founded in the city, and during the severe visitation of the cholera in 1832 he assiduously devoted himself to the sick. Later he held incumbencies at Whitechapel and St Pancras; and was a Canon of St Paul's Cathedral from1851. He was"}, {"context": "in 1837, appointed rector of St Mary's, Whitechapel, a parish containing thirty-three thousand people, where, mainly through his personal exertions in the course of a short time, three new churches were built. Here also he erected schools for boys and girls, and a special school for infants; but finding that many children could not attend in consequence of being in want of suitable apparel, he set up a school of a lower grade, which was practically the first ragged school opened in the metropolis. In connection with the district he founded a provident society, assisted in the commencement of a"}, {"context": "shoeblack brigade, with a refuge and an industrial home for the boys, and co-operated with others in the work of building the Whitechapel Foundation Commercial School. He was the originator of a local association for the promotion, health, and comfort of the industrial classes, and also of the Church of England Young Men's Society, the first association of young men for religious purposes and mutual improvement which was seen in Whitechapel. The London coal-whippers were indebted to him for the establishment of an office, under an act of parliament in 1843, where alone they could be legally hired, instead of"}, {"context": "as before being obliged to wait in public-houses. His principles were evangelical and catholic. His sermons attracted working men by plain appeals to their good sense and right feeling. On 3 Nov. 1851, on the recommendation of Lord John Russell, he was appointed to a canonry in St Paul's, and the dean and chapter of that cathedral in 1860 gave him the vicarage of St Pancras, a benefice at one time held by his grandfather. The rectory of Whitechapel had been held by him during twenty-three years, and on his removal he received many valuable testimonials and universal expressions of"}, {"context": "regret at his departure. He was named dean of Lichfield on 11 November 1868; attached to the deanery was the rectory of Tatenhill, and his first act was to increase the stipend of the curate of that rectory from \u00a3100 to \u00a3600 a year, and to expend another 600l. in rebuilding the chancel of the church. He died at the deanery, Lichfield, on 4 February 1875, and was buried in the cathedral yard on 9 February. He married on 20 March 1838, Mary Anne, fourth daughter of Paul Storr, of Beckenham, Kent. His seven children included the distinguished physician Francis"}, {"context": "Champneys, the architect and author Basil Champneys and the rowing clergyman Weldon Champneys. William Champneys The Very Rev. William Weldon Champneys (1807\u20131875) was an Anglican priest and author in the 19th century. He was the eldest son of the Rev. William Betton Champneys, B.C.L. of St John's College, Oxford, by his marriage with Martha, daughter of Montague Stable, of Kentish Town. He was born in Camden Town, St Pancras, London, 6 April 1807, and was educated by the Rev. Richard Povah, rector of St James's, Duke's Place, city of London, and having matriculated from Brasenose College, Oxford, on 3 July"}]}, {"title": "2010\u201311 Syracuse Orange men's basketball team", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2010\u201311 Syracuse Orange men's basketball team The 2010\u201311 Syracuse Orange men's basketball team represented Syracuse University in the 2010\u201311 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The head coach was Jim Boeheim, serving for his 35th year. The team played its home games at the Carrier Dome in Syracuse, New York and are members of the Big East Conference. They finished the season 27\u20138, 12\u20136 in Big East play and lost in the semifinals of the 2011 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament to Connecticut. They received an at-large bid in the 2011 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament where they beat"}, {"context": "Indiana State in the second round before being upset in the third round by Marquette. Due to NCAA sanctions, seven wins were vacated. Syracuse graduated two starters from the previous year's team, shooting guard Andy Rautins and center Arinze Onuaku. In addition, junior forward Wes Johnson declared that he would enter the 2010 NBA Draft. He was selected fourth overall by the Minnesota Timberwolves. In the USA TODAY/ESPN coaches preseason poll, Syracuse ranked #13 in the country. In the AP preseason poll, writers voted Syracuse #10 in the country. In the Big East preseason Coaches' Poll, Syracuse was predicted to"}, {"context": "finish third. The Orange received two first place votes. Fabricio de Melo was named Preseason Rookie of the Year. Kris Joseph was named to the All-Big East second team and Rick Jackson received an honorable mention. A preseason poll of writers in Big East cities conducted by the Syracuse Post-Standard predicted the Orange would finish third. Two writers predicted Syracuse would finish first. Kris Joseph was named to the pre-season All-Big East first team and received some preseason Player of the Year votes. Fabricio de Melo won the Rookie of the Year with nine votes while Dion Waiters received two"}, {"context": "votes. Syracuse went 26-7 on the year and lost to Connecticut 76-71 (OT) in the semifinals of the Big East Conference tournament. They earned a #3 seed in the NCAA tournament and will face Indiana State in the second round. Syracuse loses to Marquette by thrilling shots and sadly after Jackson finished his career in Syracuse. !colspan=12| Exhibition !colspan=12| Regular Season !colspan=12| Big East Regular Season !colspan=12| Big East Tournament !colspan=12| NCAA Tournament \u2020 2010\u201311 Syracuse Orange men's basketball team The 2010\u201311 Syracuse Orange men's basketball team represented Syracuse University in the 2010\u201311 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The"}]}, {"title": "Mari\u0301a Jose\u0301 Alvarado", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Alvarado Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Alvarado Mu\u00f1oz (19 July 1995 \u2013 13 November 2014) was a Honduran model, TV Host and beauty paegant titleholder who was Miss Honduras World 2014. She was born on July 19, 1995 in Santa B\u00e1rbara, Honduras as Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Alvarado Mu\u00f1oz. She was an actress, taking part in a TV show X-O da dinero (1959). In December 2014 she had been scheduled to compete at the Miss World 2014 contest in London, but was murdered prior to the event. On the night of 13 November 2014, Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 (19) and her older sister, Sof\u00eda Trinidad"}, {"context": "Alvarado Mu\u00f1oz (23), disappeared after leaving a party in Santa B\u00e1rbara, Honduras. According to witnesses she stepped into a car without license plates. On 19 November, the same day Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 had been expected to travel to London, the sisters' bodies were found. They had both been shot and buried in a field near Cablotales. Plutarco Ruiz, Sof\u00eda Trinidad's boyfriend, as well as another man, Aris Maldonado, were arrested on suspicion of kidnapping and murder of the two sisters. Ruiz confessed to the murders, stating he had shot Sof\u00eda Trinidad after an argument on the night of the party, then"}, {"context": "shot Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 twice in the back as she tried to flee. It was announced the same day that Honduras would not send a replacement to the Miss World pageant as a sign of respect for Alvarado. The chairwoman of the Miss World organization Julia Morley released a statement \"\"to everyone around the world who has been touched by the awful news from Honduras this morning ... We are devastated by this terrible loss of two young women, who were so full of life. Our thoughts and prayers are with the family and friends of Maria Jose Alvarado and Sof\u00eda"}, {"context": "Trinidad at this time of grief\".\" Morley also stated the Miss World pageant would hold a special memorial service for Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 and her sister on 23 November. Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Alvarado Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Alvarado Mu\u00f1oz (19 July 1995 \u2013 13 November 2014) was a Honduran model, TV Host and beauty paegant titleholder who was Miss Honduras World 2014. She was born on July 19, 1995 in Santa B\u00e1rbara, Honduras as Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Alvarado Mu\u00f1oz. She was an actress, taking part in a TV show X-O da dinero (1959). In December 2014 she had been scheduled to compete at the Miss"}]}, {"title": "Shanghai Communique\u0301", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Shanghai Communiqu\u00e9 The Joint Communiqu\u00e9 of the United States of America and the People's Republic of China, also known as the Shanghai Communiqu\u00e9 (1972), was an important diplomatic document issued by the United States of America and the People's Republic of China on February 28, 1972 during President Richard Nixon's visit to China. The document pledged that it was in the interest of all nations for the United States and China to work towards the normalization of their relations, although this would not occur until the Joint Communiqu\u00e9 on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations seven years later. The US and"}, {"context": "China also agreed that neither they nor any other power should \"\"seek hegemony in the Asia-Pacific region\"\". This was of particular importance to China, which shared a militarized border with the Soviet Union. Regarding the political status of Taiwan, in the communiqu\u00e9 the United States acknowledged the One-China policy (but did not endorse the PRC's version of the policy) and agreed to cut back military installations on Taiwan. This \"constructive ambiguity\" (in the phrase of US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, who oversaw the American side of the negotiations) would continue to hinder efforts for complete normalization. The communiqu\u00e9 included"}, {"context": "wishes to expand the economic and cultural contacts between the two nations, although no concrete steps were mentioned. Shanghai Communiqu\u00e9 The Joint Communiqu\u00e9 of the United States of America and the People's Republic of China, also known as the Shanghai Communiqu\u00e9 (1972), was an important diplomatic document issued by the United States of America and the People's Republic of China on February 28, 1972 during President Richard Nixon's visit to China. The document pledged that it was in the interest of all nations for the United States and China to work towards the normalization of their relations, although this would"}]}, {"title": "Crime & Delinquency", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Crime & Delinquency Crime and Delinquency is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of Criminology. The journal's editor is Paul E. Tracy (University of Massachusetts Lowell). It has been in publication since 1955 and is currently published by SAGE Publications. \"Crime & Delinquency\" is a policy-oriented journal which contains research and analysis for both scholars and professionals who work in the fields of criminology and criminal justice. The journal focuses on issues and concerns that impact the criminal justice system, including the social, political and economic contexts of criminal justice. \"Crime and Delinquency\" is abstracted and"}, {"context": "indexed in, among other databases: SCOPUS, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the \"Journal Citation Reports\", its 2017 impact factor is 1.941, ranking it 16 out of 61 journals in the category \u2018Criminology and Penology\u2019. Crime & Delinquency Crime and Delinquency is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of Criminology. The journal's editor is Paul E. Tracy (University of Massachusetts Lowell). It has been in publication since 1955 and is currently published by SAGE Publications. \"Crime & Delinquency\" is a policy-oriented journal which contains research and analysis for both scholars and professionals who work"}]}, {"title": "Sierra de Orihuela", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sierra de Orihuela Sierra de Orihuela () is a long mountain range in the Vega Baja del Segura () comarca, Valencian Community, Spain. Its highest point is Pe\u00f1a de Orihuela (634 m). This range is named after the town of Orihuela (), located at the feet of the mountains. The western end of the range is within the limits of the Santomera municipal term, in the Region of Murcia. These conspicuous limestone mountains rise abruptly from the low Segura River Valley floor and have some very steep cliffs popular with rock climbers, like \"La Pared Negra\". There is very little"}, {"context": "vegetation on the arid mountain slopes and both physically and geologically the Sierra de Orihuela is similar to the Sierra de Callosa range located only 2.6 km to the east. Smoother Sierra de Hurchillo is located 4.8 km to the south Sierra de Orihuela Sierra de Orihuela () is a long mountain range in the Vega Baja del Segura () comarca, Valencian Community, Spain. Its highest point is Pe\u00f1a de Orihuela (634 m). This range is named after the town of Orihuela (), located at the feet of the mountains. The western end of the range is within the limits"}]}, {"title": "High rising terminal", "paragraphs": [{"context": "High rising terminal The high rising terminal (HRT), also known as upspeak, uptalk, rising inflection, or high rising intonation (HRI), is a feature of some variants of English where declarative sentence clauses end with a rising-pitch intonation, until the end of the sentence where a falling-pitch is applied. Empirically, one report proposes that HRT in American English and Australian English is marked by a high tone (high pitch or high fundamental frequency) beginning on the final accented syllable near the end of the statement (the terminal), and continuing to increase in frequency (up to 40%) to the end of the"}, {"context": "intonational phrase. New research suggests that the actual rise can occur one or more syllables after the last accented syllable of the phrase, and its range is much more variable than previously thought. The origins of HRT remain uncertain. Anecdotal evidence places the conception of the American English variety on the West Coast \u2013 anywhere from Southern California to the Pacific Northwest. With respect to the southern hemisphere, it has been suggested that the feature may have originated in New Zealand. It is unclear whether the American English varieties and the Oceanic varieties had any influence on each other regarding"}, {"context": "the spread of HRT. In the United States, the phenomenon of HRT may be fairly recent but is an increasingly common characteristic of speech especially among younger speakers. However, serious scientific and linguistic inquiry on this topic has a much more extensive history in linguistic journals from Australia, New Zealand, and Britain where HRT seems to have been noted as early as World War II. It has been noted in speech heard in areas of Canada, in Cape Town, the Falkland Islands, and in the United States where it is often associated with a particular sociolect that originated among affluent"}, {"context": "teenage girls in Southern California (see Valleyspeak and Valley girl). It was observed in Mississippi in 1963 (see \"Twirling at Ole Miss\" in \"Red-Dirt Marijuana and Other Tastes\"). Elsewhere in the United States, this tonal pattern is characteristic of the speech heard in parts of the rural Upper Midwest that have come under the influence of Norwegian phonology through Norwegian migration to Minnesota and North Dakota. Although it is characterized in Britain as \"Australian question intonation\" (AQI) and blamed on the popularity of Australian soap operas among teenagers, HRT is also a feature of several Irish-English dialects, especially in mid-Ulster"}, {"context": "and Belfast English. A 1986 report stated that in Sydney, it is used more than twice as often by young generations as by older ones, and particularly by women. It also subtly indicates that the speaker is \"not finished yet\", thus perhaps discouraging interruption. High rising terminal also occurs in non-English languages, such as in Arabic (Iraqi Arabic, Egyptian Arabic and Lebanese Arabic), Cham, Tuvaluan, Dominican Spanish, and Spanish. Media in Australia, Britain, and the United States have negatively portrayed the usage of HRT, claiming that its use exhibits a speaker's insecurities about the statement and undermines effective speaking. \"Time\""}, {"context": "reports that it hampers job interviews. Recent evidence shows that leaders of the peer group are more likely to use HRT in their declaratives than the junior members of the particular peer group. According to University of Pennsylvania phonologist Mark Liberman, George W. Bush began to use HRT extensively in his speeches as his presidency continued. Linguist Robin Lakoff drew attention to the pattern in her book \"Language and Women's Place\", which argued that women were socialized to talk in ways that lacked power, authority, and confidence. Rising intonation on declarative sentences was one of the features Lakoff included in"}, {"context": "her description of \"women's language\", a gendered speech style which in her view both reflected and reproduced its users' subordinate social status. Since the rising-pitch is mostly applied to clauses before the end of the sentence, it serves as a type of notice that the sentence remains 'in-progress' and thus to prevent interruption. Because HRT has been popularized as \"Valley Girl Speak\", it has acquired an almost exclusively feminine gender connotation. Studies confirm that more women use HRT than men. Linguist Thomas J. Linneman contends, \"The more successful a man is, the less likely he is to use HRT; the"}, {"context": "more successful a woman is, the more likely she is to use uptalk\". Though women appear to use HRT more often than men, the differences in frequency are not significant enough to brand HRT as an exclusively female speech pattern. Susan Miller, a vocal coach in Washington, D.C., insists that she receives both male and female clients with equal frequency\u2014not because either gender is concerned that they sound too feminine, but that they sound too young. Susan Sankin, a New York State licensed speech pathologist, affirms that she has \"now noticed in my practice that it is a conversational style"}, {"context": "that extends equally across gender, age, and socioeconomic levels. It seems that nobody is immune to this trend that has become as contagious as the common cold\". Findings have thus been inconclusive regarding HRT as a gendered speech pattern, though the (partial) evidence that HRT is more common among women is consistent with the third principle of the gender paradox identified by sociolinguist William Labov, namely that \"in linguistic change from below, women use higher frequencies of innovative forms more than men do\". Viewing HRT as \"change from below\" also explains why it appears to be more common among young"}, {"context": "speakers. Despite inconclusive research, there appears to be merit to the claim that gendered connotations of HRT give rise to difficulties in the feminist sphere. Anne Charity Hudley, a linguist at the College of William & Mary, suggests, \"When certain linguistic traits are tied to women ... they often will be assigned a negative attribute without any actual evidence\". Negative associations with the speech pattern, in combination with gendered expectations, have contributed to an implication that for female speakers to be viewed as authoritative, they ought to sound more like men than women. These implications are perpetuated by various media,"}, {"context": "including the coverage of politics. Female U.S. Senator Kirsten Gillibrand, for example, has voiced her concern that traditionally feminine speech patterns do not allow a female speaker to be taken seriously. \"To meet those standards,\" she says, \"you have to speak less like a young girl and more like a young, aspiring professional...it's a choice every young woman is going to have to make about how she wants to be and how she wants to be received\". Feminist objections to this may take issue with the perhaps arbitrary distinction Gillibrand makes between a \"young girl\" and \"a young, aspiring professional\"."}, {"context": "Further, the choice young women purportedly must make about how she wants to be received does not appear to be a choice young men must also make\u2014at least not one as widely urged by authoritative figures. Lydia Dallet of \"Business Insider\" affirms this concern. High rising terminal The high rising terminal (HRT), also known as upspeak, uptalk, rising inflection, or high rising intonation (HRI), is a feature of some variants of English where declarative sentence clauses end with a rising-pitch intonation, until the end of the sentence where a falling-pitch is applied. Empirically, one report proposes that HRT in American"}]}, {"title": "Eshan Nayeck", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Eshan Nayeck Eshan \"Alexandr\u00e9\" Nayeck (died 10 October 1987) was a convicted Mauritian murderer and the last person to be executed in Mauritius. On 23 July 1983, 37-year-old Abdool Rashid Atchia was stabbed and killed in the central marketplace of Port Louis. The assailant fled in the ensuing confusion. In 1987, Nayeck was arrested and tried for the murder of Atchia. In July 1987, the assize court convicted him and sentenced him to death. Nayeck appealed to the government for clemency, but it was refused and Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth signed the execution warrant. Nayeck was executed by hanging at"}, {"context": "Beau Bassin Prison on 10 October 1987. One hour after his execution, doctors stated that Nayeck had died of strangulation. He was the second person executed by Mauritius since its 1968 independence. The death penalty was abolished in Mauritius in 1995. Eshan Nayeck Eshan \"Alexandr\u00e9\" Nayeck (died 10 October 1987) was a convicted Mauritian murderer and the last person to be executed in Mauritius. On 23 July 1983, 37-year-old Abdool Rashid Atchia was stabbed and killed in the central marketplace of Port Louis. The assailant fled in the ensuing confusion. In 1987, Nayeck was arrested and tried for the murder"}]}, {"title": "Aylmer Byron Hunt", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Aylmer Byron Hunt Aylmer Byron Hunt (April 26, 1864 \u2013 May 4, 1925) was a Canadian politician. Born in Bury, Canada East, the son of James Hunt and Jane Stokes, Hunt was educated at the Bury Model School. He was by occupation a trader and lumber merchant. He unsuccessfully contested Compton as the Liberal Party of Quebec candidate for the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in the general elections of 1900. He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada for Compton in the general elections of 1904. He was unseated on petition but elected again in the by-election"}, {"context": "that followed. He was re-elected in 1908 but was defeated in 1911. A Liberal, he was elected again in 1917 and 1921. Aylmer Byron Hunt Aylmer Byron Hunt (April 26, 1864 \u2013 May 4, 1925) was a Canadian politician. Born in Bury, Canada East, the son of James Hunt and Jane Stokes, Hunt was educated at the Bury Model School. He was by occupation a trader and lumber merchant. He unsuccessfully contested Compton as the Liberal Party of Quebec candidate for the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in the general elections of 1900. He was first elected to the House of"}]}, {"title": "Thomas Carter (minister)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Thomas Carter (minister) The Rev. Thomas Carter (1608 \u2013 5 September 1684) was a Puritan minister who was ordained in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1642. Carter was born in Hinderclay, Suffolk, England, and baptized there on 3 July 1608. His father was James Carter, who was buried 3 May 1625. He had an older brother, James, baptized 14 June 1603, and an older sister, Mary, baptized 25 March 1605 or 1606. He studied at St John's College, Cambridge, receiving his B.A. in 1630 and his M.A. in 1633. Carter was a student at Cambridge at the same time as"}, {"context": "John Harvard, and the two probably knew each other there. Like Harvard and many other Puritans, Carter immigrated to New England as part of the Great Migration, becoming a freeman of Dedham, Massachusetts in 1637. Carter was active in the church, both at Dedham, and at Watertown, Massachusetts, where he served as an elder. Having demonstrated spiritual gifts during his time as an elder, on November 22, 1642, Carter was ordained at Woburn, Massachusetts and he became the pastor of the Woburn congregation. In 1638, Carter married Mary Parkhurst (1614\u20131687), daughter of George Parkhurst and Phoebe Leete, whose cousin William"}, {"context": "Leete became Governor of the Colony of Connecticut. Together, they had eight children: Samuel, Judith, Theopilus, Mary, Abigail, Deborah, Timothy, and Thomas. A painting by Albert Thompson depicting the occasion of his ordination is currently displayed at the Woburn Public Library. His ordination, as the painting suggests, included all of the major ministers of Massachusetts, including John Cotton, Richard Mather, John Eliot, Edward Johnson, John Wilson, with Increase Nowell sitting in the front row. Thomas Carter (minister) The Rev. Thomas Carter (1608 \u2013 5 September 1684) was a Puritan minister who was ordained in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1642."}]}, {"title": "Geoffrey Healey", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Geoffrey Healey Geoffrey Carroll Healey (1922\u20131994), British automotive engineer, was born in Perranporth, Cornwall, the son of Donald Healey and his wife Ivy Maud, on 14 December 1922. Initially a pupil at Truro School, he transferred to Emscote Lawn School, Warwick in 1934, when his father joined the Triumph Motor Company in Coventry as their Experimental Manager. Geoffrey moved to Warwick School in April 1937 and took his School Certificate there in 1939. At the start of the Second World War, Geoffrey his mother and brothers moved back to Cornwall, whereupon Geoffrey studied metallurgy at the Camborne School of Mines."}, {"context": "Soon afterwards he became an apprentice at Cornercroft in Coventry and studied engineering at Coventry Technical College. He joined the new REME corps of the Army in late 1943, serving in Syria, the Lebanon and Egypt, reaching the rank of Captain. Demobilised in 1947, he joined Armstrong Siddeley Motors as a development engineer. He stayed there for two years, before joining his father Donald in Warwick, also as Development Engineer. In 1949 the most sporting of all the Healeys, the Silverstone, was announced. It had a shorter chassis and stiffer springing and was capable of 107 mph. The cars had"}, {"context": "numerous competition successes including class wins in the 1947 and 1948 Alpine rallies and the 1949 Mille Miglia. It remains a highly sought after car to this day and many of the other Healeys have been converted into Silverstone replicas. In 1952, a joint venture with the British Motor Corporation created the Austin-Healey marque and later on the Austin-Healey Sprite. The Healey Frogeye Sprite was conceived by Donald and Geoffrey prior to Donald's death and taken through to production by Geoffrey and Keith Brading of the Frogeye Car Co. Donald Healey became a director of Jensen Motors in the late"}, {"context": "1960s and a result of this was the Lotus engined Jensen-Healey which appeared in 1972. The Donald Healey Motor Company was finally sold to the Hamblin Group, although Healey Automobile Consultants and the engineering parts of the company remained in the hands of Geoffrey and Donald Healey. Geoffrey worked as a Vehicle test engineer for Rover Group up until his retirement, running test programmes in UK and overseas. Two years after his death on 29 April 1994, his life story was published as \"The Healey Story\". This has been reviewed as \"a Cornish father and son partnership and their 30-year"}, {"context": "involvement in the motor industry. The cars they made are still highly sought-after in Europe, the US and Australia, where many of the specials Geoffrey Healey prepared can now be found.\" Geoffrey's widow, Margot A-M Healey (n\u00e9e Murcell), died on 30 November 2015, aged 88, after being diagnosed with Motor Neurone Disease. 'The Healey Story: A Dynamic Father and Son Partnership and Their World-beating Cars'. Geoffrey Healey . G.T.Foulis & Co (1996) (Haynes Group) Geoffrey Healey Geoffrey Carroll Healey (1922\u20131994), British automotive engineer, was born in Perranporth, Cornwall, the son of Donald Healey and his wife Ivy Maud, on 14"}]}, {"title": "Alan Haydock", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Alan Haydock Alan John Steve Haydock (born Uccle, 13 January 1976) is a Belgian football player of British descent who plays in the midfield. He currently plays for S.K. Halle. He started his career with Diegem Sport in the lower divisions then moved to the defunct R.W.D. Molenbeek in 1994. Alan scored a goal on his debut against A.A. Gent in 1995. In 2000, he moved to R.A.A. Louvi\u00e9roise, another side from the Jupiler League where he played 3 seasons, won the Belgian Cup final in 2003 and participated in the UEFA Cup matches against Benfica the following year. In"}, {"context": "2003, he joined F.C. Brussels, the de facto successor to his former club Molenbeek, where he stayed for five seasons and became club captain. On Brussels' relegation from the Jupiler League in 2008, he joined newly promoted A.F.C. Tubize. Alan was selected in the Belgium Under-21 national team on 6 occasions. Alan Haydock Alan John Steve Haydock (born Uccle, 13 January 1976) is a Belgian football player of British descent who plays in the midfield. He currently plays for S.K. Halle. He started his career with Diegem Sport in the lower divisions then moved to the defunct R.W.D. Molenbeek in"}]}, {"title": "Ben Lyons", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ben Lyons Ben Lyons (born October 8, 1981) is an American entertainment reporter/sports commentator. Lyons is the son of entertainment reporter Jeffrey Lyons and the grandson of the American newspaper columnist Leonard Lyons. Lyons started his own production company in 2002 and produced segments for the TV show, Hip-Hop Nation. In 2004, MTV hired him to co-host \"Your Movie Show\". In 2006, Lyons hosted entertainment segments on \"The Daily 10\". In addition, he began to write a column for E! Online called \"The Lyons Den\". Lyons hosted \"My Family's Got GUTS\", on Nickelodeon and has appeared in \"Disaster Movie\" and"}, {"context": "\"The House Bunny\". He is a regular contributor to \"Good Morning America\". In 2012, Lyons left E! and became a correspondent on Extra. Lyons also joined ESPN as a commentator in 2012. In September 2008, Lyons became a co-host of the TV show, \"At the Movies\". Critics said Lyons lacked a proper understanding of film history, used language that sounded like movie advertising (in order to promote his own profile), and had a conflict of interest with some actors whose movies he reviewed. Roger Ebert gave implied criticism of Lyons in his online blog. Lyons and his co-host, Ben Mankiewicz,"}, {"context": "were fired from the program less than a year later, on August 2009. Lyons also hosts a podcast of The Players' Tribune. Lyons is ESPN Sports Commentator. Lyons was named Fathom Events host in April 2016. Ben Lyons Ben Lyons (born October 8, 1981) is an American entertainment reporter/sports commentator. Lyons is the son of entertainment reporter Jeffrey Lyons and the grandson of the American newspaper columnist Leonard Lyons. Lyons started his own production company in 2002 and produced segments for the TV show, Hip-Hop Nation. In 2004, MTV hired him to co-host \"Your Movie Show\". In 2006, Lyons hosted"}]}, {"title": "Sexual harassment in the military", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sexual harassment in the military Sexual harassment in the military is unwanted sexual behaviour, which is defined as threatening, offensive, or otherwise upsetting to others in a military setting. The behaviour is more common in the military than in civilian life. Women are substantially more likely than men to experience sexual harassment in the armed forces. Other groups at higher risk include child cadets/recruits and military detainees. Sexual harassment is unwanted sexual behaviour which is threatening or otherwise upsetting to others. Some example definitions in use by state armed forces are: Sexual harassment in the military includes a broad spectrum"}, {"context": "of behaviour. Undirected behaviours that affect the working environment, such as sexist jokes and the prominent display of pornographic material, may constitute sexual harassment, as do directed behaviours targeted at one or more individuals, such as unwanted sexual advances and sexual assault. Research in Canada has found that a culture of undirected sexual harassment increases the risk of directed sexual harassment and assault. In the British army, a woman told the following story to researchers in 2006:\u2018A friend was out on an exercise when a group of men ducked her head in a bucket of water and each time she"}, {"context": "came up for breath she had to repeat \u201cI am useless and I am a female\u201d. She told the story and said it was a joke but I could see she was upset.\u2019In the Canadian armed forces, demeaning attitudes to women are pervasive, according to the \"Deschamps Review\" of 2015:'Interviewees reported regularly being told of orders to \u201cstop being pussies\u201d and to \u201cleave your purses at home\u201d [...] The use of the word \u201ccunt\u201d, for example, is commonplace, and rape jokes are tolerated. [...] A commonly held attitude is that, rather than be a soldier, a sailor or an aviator,"}, {"context": "a woman will be labeled an \u201cice princess\u201d, a \u201cbitch\u201d, or a \u201cslut\u201d. Another saying is that women enter the CAF \u201cto find a man, to leave a man, or to become a man\u201d.'A woman in the French army, pseudonymised by the \"Independent\" newspaper as Captain Carole, was raped by her commanding officer:'It was months before I could pronounce the word \"rape\"... I blamed myself. I said: \"We are trained in hand to hand combat. Why didn\u2019t I stop him?\" But when that happens you are terrorised.' Studies of sexual harassment have found that it is markedly more common in"}, {"context": "military than civilian settings. Several reasons for this have been suggested. A Canadian study found that key risk factors associated with military settings are the typically young age of personnel, the isolated locations of bases, the minority status of women, and the disproportionate number of men in senior positions. Other Canadian research has found that an emphasis in military organisations on conformity, obedience, and hierarchical power relations, combine to increase the risk, particularly to personnel of low rank, who are less able than others to resist inappropriate expectations made of them. The traditionally masculine values and behaviours that are rewarded"}, {"context": "and reinforced in military settings are also thought to play a role. Canadian research has also found that the risk of sexual misconduct increases during deployment on military operations. While some male personnel are sexually harassed, women are substantially more likely to be affected. Women who are younger and joined the military at a younger age face a greater risk, according to American, British, Canadian, and French research. Cadet forces are military youth organisations for younger teenagers based in communities and schools, and are common around the world. There is some evidence from the UK, where hundreds of complaints of"}, {"context": "the sexual abuse of cadets have been recorded since 2012, and from Canada, where one in ten complaints of sexual assault in the military are from cadets, that these institutions are susceptible to a culture of sexual harassment. Individuals detained by the military are particularly vulnerable to sexual harassment. During the Iraq War, for example, personnel of the US army and US Central Intelligence Agency committed a number of human rights violations against detainees in the Abu Ghraib prison, including rape, sodomy, and other forms of sexual abuse. Another example is the detention of two Iraqi men on a British"}, {"context": "warship at the start of the Iraq War, when they were made to strip naked and were then sexually humiliated. Although the risk of sexual misconduct in the armed forces is widely acknowledged, personnel are frequently reluctant to report incidents. For example: Since the number of official complaints represents only a fraction of sexual harassment in the military, armed forces that have committed to reduce prevalence produce periodic estimates of its extent using anonymised surveys. Women affected by sexual harassment are more likely than other women to suffer stress-related mental illness afterwards. Research in the US found that when sexual"}, {"context": "abuse of female military personnel is psychiatrically traumatic, the odds of suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after deployment on operations increase by a factor of nine. Research in the US has found that personnel affected by sexual harassment are somewhat less likely to develop depression or PTSD if a formal report leads to effective action to address the issue. The military leadership in some countries has begun to acknowledge a culture of sexual misconduct in the armed forces. For example: Widespread reports of sexual harassment in the Australian armed forces led to the establishment of the Defence Abuse Response"}, {"context": "Taskforce to investigate complaints from women between 1991 and 2011. It received 2,439 complaints, of which it deemed 1,751 to be plausible. A Royal Commission into institutional child sexual abuse was established in 2012, which investigated widespread allegations of historical abuse in the navy. The Commission took evidence from 8,000 individuals and reported in 2017 that many recruits of both sexes and from the age of 15 had been repeatedly sexually abused by older recruits between 1967 and 1971, including by anal gang rape, and in some cases young recruits had been forced to rape each other. The practice was"}, {"context": "\u2018tolerated\u2019 by senior staff, according to the Commission. According to official statistics gathered by \"Maclean's\" magazine, the Canadian military police received an average of 178 complaints of sexual assault between 2000 and 2014, representing an estimated 10% of all cases. In 2014, the ombudsman of the Canadian armed forces described sexual harassment in the institution as 'a huge problem'. In 2015, after widespread allegations of sexual misconduct in the military, a major official report, the \"External Review into Sexual Misconduct and Sexual Harassment in the Canadian Armed Forces\" (the \"Deschamps Review\"), was published. It found that sexual harassment was commonplace"}, {"context": "and embedded in military culture, and that pervasive degrading attitudes to women and LGBTQ personnel were jeopardising their safety. The \"Deschamps Review\" also criticised the armed forces for a culture of dismissiveness. One male interview told the Review, for example: \"Girls that come to the Army know what to expect.\" It stated that senior NCOs are frequently seen as tolerating sexual harassment and discouraging the individuals affected from making a complaint. The following year, in 2016, a major study of 43,000 Canadian armed forces personnel reported that 27% of female personnel reported at least one incident of sexual assault since"}, {"context": "they joined the military, and 5% of female regular armed forces personnel reported the same in the previous 12 months (equivalent to approximately 960 women per year). The extent of sexual harassment in the French armed forces first came to light in 2014 when 35 cases of sexual harassment and assault were detailed in \"La Guerre Invisible\", a book by Leila Minano and Julia Pascual. According to the \"Independent\" newspaper, the armed forces had not been required to report incidents or to keep statistics, and an official report acknowledged that awareness of the problem had been institutionally suppressed. Following concerns"}, {"context": "expressed in 2004 by the UK Equal Opportunities Commission (now the Equality and Human Rights Commission) about persistent sexual harassment in the British armed forces, a number of anonymised, official surveys have been undertaken. The first, in 2006, found that a male-dominated culture sexualised women and diminished their military competence. Among the comments made to researchers by male personnel about their female counterparts were: \u2018Ok there are a few exceptions but on the whole they [women] shouldn\u2019t be here.\u2019; 'They're all lesbians or sluts.'; and 'They are emotionally unstable.' The report found that 15% of women had had a 'particularly"}, {"context": "upsetting' experience of sexual harassment in the previous 12 months; the proportion rose to 20% in the youngest age group. A similar survey in 2009 found the 8% of women in the army had had a \u2018particularly upsetting\u2019 experience in the previous 12 months, and the most recent survey, in 2015, found that 13% of women reported the same. In 2017, a BBC \"Panorama\" documentary found multiple cases of the sexual abuse of cadets from age 11 during the 1980s, and reported that the victims and their parents were discouraged from making a formal complaint or contacting the police. The"}, {"context": "Ministry of Defence paid \u00a32 million in 2012 and 2013 to settle allegations of the child sexual abuse of military cadets, and between 2012 and 2017 recorded a further 363 allegations, of which 282 were referred to the police. In 2017, the Department of Defense reported that an estimated 14,900 military personnel were sexually assaulted in 2016, of whom 6,172 made an official complaint. According to an article published in \"Medscape\", up to 80% of women in the armed forces have been sexually harassed, and 25% have experienced a sexual assault. Sexual harassment in the military Sexual harassment in the"}]}, {"title": "Teprotide", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Teprotide Teprotide is nonapeptide which has been isolated from the snake \"Bothrops jararaca\". It is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor), which inhibits the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and may potentiate some of the pharmacological actions of bradykinin. It has a molecular formula of CHNO and has been looked at as an antihypertension agent. The antihypertensive effects of teprotide were first observed by Sergio Ferreira in 1965 and it was first isolated by Ferreira \"et al.\" along with eight other peptides in 1970. Teprotide was synthesized in 1970 by Ondetti \"et al.\" and from there its"}, {"context": "antihypertensive properties were studied more closely. Teprotide was chosen as a lead because of its long-lasting \"in vivo\" activity. This was demonstrated by Bianchi \"et al\". by administering teprotide to dogs and rats and observing that it inhibited the vasopressor response induced by angiotensin I. Teprotide was shown to be an effective antihyperension agent but it had limited use because of its expense and lack of oral activity. It was found that teprotide inhibits the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. From this researchers conducted structure-activity studies which allowed them to identify the active binding site of the"}, {"context": "ACE which allowed for the development of antihypertension drugs to be developed. Captopril was the first antihypertension drug developed by Ondetti and Cushman. Many ACE inhibitors have been developed since this time but this was the start of them. Teprotide Teprotide is nonapeptide which has been isolated from the snake \"Bothrops jararaca\". It is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor), which inhibits the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and may potentiate some of the pharmacological actions of bradykinin. It has a molecular formula of CHNO and has been looked at as an antihypertension agent. The antihypertensive effects"}]}, {"title": "Kamila Sto\u0308sslova\u0301", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Kamila St\u00f6sslov\u00e1 Kamila St\u00f6sslov\u00e1 (n\u00e9e Neumannov\u00e1; 1891\u20131935) holds an unusual place in music history. The composer Leo\u0161 Jan\u00e1\u010dek, upon meeting her in 1917 in the Moravian resort town of Luha\u010dovice, fell deeply in love with her, despite both being married and the fact he was almost forty years older than she. She was a profound influence on the composer in his last decade. Kamila was living in Luha\u010dovice with her husband, David St\u00f6ssel, and their two sons, Rudolf (born 1913) and Otto (born 1916). David was in the army and assisted Jan\u00e1\u010dek in obtaining vital food supplies in wartime. Probably"}, {"context": "David St\u00f6ssel's army service meant he could be at Luha\u010dovice only on some days, thus giving Jan\u00e1\u010dek opportunities to walk and converse with Kamila during that first week. Jan\u00e1\u010dek arrived in the resort on 3 July 1917 (he preferred Luha\u010dovice over other spas due to its proximity to his house in Brno). By 8 July he had jotted down a fragment of her speech in his diary. His correspondence with Kamila had begun with a brief note by 24 July 1917. Despite her ambivalence to his feelings for her, Jan\u00e1\u010dek was inspired by her to create the lead characters of"}, {"context": "three of his operas; K\u00e1\u0165a in \"Katya Kabanov\u00e1\", the vixen in \"The Cunning Little Vixen\" and Emilia Marty in \"The Makropulos Affair\". Other works that were inspired by his passion include \"The Diary of One Who Disappeared\", the \"Glagolitic Mass\", his \"Sinfonietta\" and the \"String Quartet No. 2\" (subtitled \"Intimate Letters\"). While many of these works reveal a realization that the composer's love for her was unrequited, she was nonetheless the subject of intense correspondence. There are over 700 letters (and the aforementioned string quartet which was inspired by them) that bear witness to his intense obsession with this young"}, {"context": "woman. Although she always remained emotionally aloof, she was with him when he died in 1928. During the final year of his life, he wrote to Kamila almost every day. In the award-winning TV film \"In Search of Jan\u00e1\u010dek\", written and directed by Petr Ka\u0148ka, her character was performed by Zuzana Vejvodov\u00e1. Kamila St\u00f6sslov\u00e1 Kamila St\u00f6sslov\u00e1 (n\u00e9e Neumannov\u00e1; 1891\u20131935) holds an unusual place in music history. The composer Leo\u0161 Jan\u00e1\u010dek, upon meeting her in 1917 in the Moravian resort town of Luha\u010dovice, fell deeply in love with her, despite both being married and the fact he was almost forty years"}]}, {"title": "Ian McCann", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ian McCann Ian McCann (28 August 1933 \u2013 16 February 2018) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Hawthorn Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Ian coached the Commonwealth Bank Football Club for two seasons in the VAFA's section B.. Ian was a member of Northern Golf Club, A Hall of Fame inductee at Pascoe Vale Central Cricket Club, a Broadmeadows Rotarian, a member of Commonwealth Bank Retired Officers Association, and lead vocalist in the trio The Hat Band performers at the British Isles Dance Club Brunswick for 25 years. Ian served in the Army as"}, {"context": "a conscript. Ian McCann Ian McCann (28 August 1933 \u2013 16 February 2018) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Hawthorn Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Ian coached the Commonwealth Bank Football Club for two seasons in the VAFA's section B.. Ian was a member of Northern Golf Club, A Hall of Fame inductee at Pascoe Vale Central Cricket Club, a Broadmeadows Rotarian, a member of Commonwealth Bank Retired Officers Association, and lead vocalist in the trio The Hat Band performers at the British Isles Dance Club Brunswick for 25 years. Ian served in the"}]}, {"title": "Barak Badash", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Barak Badash Barak Badash () is an Israeli footballer moved who played as a striker. Badash began his senior career with the semi-professional team of Maccabi Hadera, from there he transferred to Maccabi Ramat-Amidar, there he played one year and transferred to Hapoel Tel-Aviv. Badash played 14 matches with Hapoel and scored two goals. At the end of the season, he was transferred to Bney-Yehuda Tel-Aviv, where he played for two years. In the summer of 2007, he transferred to Hakoah Amidar Ramat-Gan, where he scored 18 goals in 58 appearances. After two years with the club, he transferred to"}, {"context": "Ashdod and in the middle of the season to Hapoel bear-Sheva, where he scored 7 goals in 13 matches. On 5 July 2010, he signed with Hapoel Ironi Kiryat Shmona, where he won the Toto Cup in his first season with the club. In the next season, he won the Israeli Championship with Kiryat Shmona, the club's first title. On 30 August 2012, he played on loan in Belgium for Waasland-Beveren. After one season, he returned to Kiryat Shmona. On 30 January 2014, he moved to Maccabi Tel Aviv after Maccabi paid a $150,000 transfer fee to Kiryat Shmona. In"}, {"context": "the 2015\u201316 season, Badash played for Hapoel Ra'anana. After 13 years since he left the youth ranks of Maccabi Netanya, Badash returned to his home club and made his senior debut for Netanya on 12 September 2016. On 17 May 2009, Badash married girlfriend Sharon in a Jewish ceremony at Trask, a wedding hall in the Tel Aviv Port area. He is also known by his uncanny resemblance to Swedish international footballer Zlatan Ibrahimovi\u0107. Barak Badash Barak Badash () is an Israeli footballer moved who played as a striker. Badash began his senior career with the semi-professional team of Maccabi"}]}, {"title": "Jehiel ben Samuel Pisa", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Jehiel ben Samuel Pisa Jehiel of Pisa (died February 10, 1492) was a philanthropist and scholar of Pisa. The wealth he had acquired in the banking business he spent liberally for charitable purposes. Himself a scholar, he extended his protection to Jewish learning. Johanan Alemanno, the teacher of Pico di Mirandola, seems to have lived for years in Jehiel's house. Jehiel was on intimate terms with Don Isaac Abravanel, with whom he carried on a correspondence. In 1472 Abravanel induced Lopo de Almeida and the physician Joao Sezira, Alfonso's ambassadors to the pope, to pay Jehiel a visit. They carried"}, {"context": "costly presents to Jehiel's wife from Abravanel, and valuable manuscripts, among which were copies of Abravanel's own works, to Jehiel. The end of Jehiel's life was embittered by the apostasy of one of his daughters. On that occasion Abravanel wrote him a letter of consolation, in which he reminded him of the saying of the Rabbis (M. \u1e32. 20b) that the result of education is not dependent upon the merits of the parents: thorns grow in every field among the ears of corn. Gedaliah ibn Ya\u1e25ya relates that most of Jehiel's fortune was spent in aiding the refugees of Spain."}, {"context": "Jehiel's death was bewailed by the poets and writers of his time, such as Eliezer Ezra of Volterra, Solomon of Camerino, and the astronomer Abba Mari \u1e24alfon. Jehiel ben Samuel Pisa Jehiel of Pisa (died February 10, 1492) was a philanthropist and scholar of Pisa. The wealth he had acquired in the banking business he spent liberally for charitable purposes. Himself a scholar, he extended his protection to Jewish learning. Johanan Alemanno, the teacher of Pico di Mirandola, seems to have lived for years in Jehiel's house. Jehiel was on intimate terms with Don Isaac Abravanel, with whom he carried"}]}, {"title": "Patrick Seitz", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Patrick Seitz David Patrick Seitz (born March 17, 1978 in Riverside, California) is an American voice actor, ADR director and script writer known for his work for Bang Zoom! Entertainment, Viz Media, Funimation, New Generation Pictures, Studiopolis, Disney/Pixar, Riot Games and NYAV Post. He provided voices for English versions of Japanese anime and video games, including over 100 projects since his initial foray into the voice-over industry in 2000 with the \"Amazing Nurse Nanako\" OVA. Seitz began acting in plays at the age of fourteen when he tried out for and got into The King and I. He continued doing"}, {"context": "theater through high school and took acting and singing lessons. Prior to his current level of involvement in the voice-over industry, he taught English studies at his high school alma mater and received a Bachelor of Arts in Creative Writing, Master of Fine Arts in Creative and the Performing Arts Writing (both from UC Riverside). Seitz's video game roles include \"Eternal Sonata\", \"Mortal Kombat\", \"Castlevania\", \"BlazBlue\", \"League of Legends\", \"Xenoblade Chronicles X\", \"Octopath Traveler\", and \"Tekken\". On the other side of the mic, Seitz adapted and directed the English dubs of \"Girls Bravo\", \"Kamichu\", and \"Tales of Phantasia\" OVA, in"}, {"context": "addition to adapting over 100 episodes of other series, including \"Aggretsuko\", \"Zegapain\", \"Hell Girl\", and \"Romeo x Juliet.\" Patrick Seitz David Patrick Seitz (born March 17, 1978 in Riverside, California) is an American voice actor, ADR director and script writer known for his work for Bang Zoom! Entertainment, Viz Media, Funimation, New Generation Pictures, Studiopolis, Disney/Pixar, Riot Games and NYAV Post. He provided voices for English versions of Japanese anime and video games, including over 100 projects since his initial foray into the voice-over industry in 2000 with the \"Amazing Nurse Nanako\" OVA. Seitz began acting in plays at the"}]}, {"title": "Weston, Lincolnshire", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Weston, Lincolnshire Weston is a village and civil parish in the South Holland district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated approximately north-east from the town of Spalding. The Civil Parish also includes Weston Hills. The population of the civil parish including Austendike was at the 2011 census 2,054. There is evidence of a Romano-British settlement which consists of earthworks and pottery dating from the 1st to 2nd centuries AD. The name is from the Old English \"West+tun\", or \"West Village\". It is written as \"Westune\" in the \"Domesday Book\". Weston railway station on the Spalding and Norwich Railway opened in"}, {"context": "1858 and closed in 1959. The deserted medieval village of Wykeham was once the site of Wykeham Hall, the country residence of the prior of Spalding. All that is left today are earthworks and the ruined chapel of Saint Nicholas. The ecclesiastical parish is Weston St Mary It is one of the three parishes in the relatively small \"Cowbit group\" of the Deanery of West Elloe, in the Diocese of Lincoln. The parish is called Weston St Mary to differentiate it from the adjacent Weston Hills, also in the Cowbit group. The third parish is Cowbit itself. The limestone parish"}, {"context": "church is a Grade I listed building dedicated to Saint Mary and dates from 1170. It was restored by George Gilbert Scott between 1858 and 1867, and by J. L. Pearson 1885-56. It has a 15th-century west tower, and the font dates from 1200. The lychgate is a Grade II listed war memorial erected in 1918 of red brick and wood. The churchyard cross is also Grade II listed and a scheduled monument, being medieval in origin with modern additions. Weston, Lincolnshire Weston is a village and civil parish in the South Holland district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated"}]}, {"title": "Moon Castle: The Space Adventure", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Moon Castle: The Space Adventure Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf - Moon Castle: The Space Adventure (\u559c\u7f8a\u7f8a\u4e0e\u7070\u592a\u72fc\u4e4b\u5154\u5e74\u9876\u5471\u5471 \"X\u01d0 Y\u00e1ng Y\u00e1ng y\u01d4 Hu\u012b T\u00e0i L\u00e1ng zh\u012b t\u00f9ni\u00e1n d\u01d0nggu\u0101gu\u0101\" \"Pleasant Goat and Grey Wolf's Excellent Year of the Rabbit\") is a 2011 Chinese animated comedy film directed by Sung Pong Choo and part of the film series based on the \"Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf\" animated television series. The film was released on January 21, 2011. It is preceded by \"\" (2010) and is followed by \"\" (2012). The plot follows the goats, who go to the moon in a"}, {"context": "candy-shaped spaceship in order to assist the Queen of the Moon. The Bitter Gourd King and his gourd troopers are attacking the World of Sweetness with bitter juice, and the Queen needs the help of the goats. Wolfie and his family come with the goats by accident. At one point the Gourd King kidnaps Wolfie's family, and Weslie comes to tears upon seeing his parents. The Cantonese version of the film has a voice cast including Michael Tse, Kate Tsui and Evergreen Mak Cheung-ching. The film emphasizes importance of family. Yu said \"Unlike the mostly fun plots in the previous"}, {"context": "two sequels, we play up the love theme this time.\" The film was scheduled to be released on Friday January 28, 2011, in Mainland China. Yu Tak-wai, the creative director of Creative Power Entertaining, stated that the film was scheduled to be released in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan later during the year 2011. It was released in China on January 21, 2011, during the Chinese New Year. A 2011 \"China Daily\" article stated that the film was predicted to make over 150 million yuan ($25 million US). The film earned at the Chinese box office. Moon Castle: The Space"}]}, {"title": "Have a Nice Day (Count Basie album)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Have a Nice Day (Count Basie album) Have a Nice Day is a 1971 studio album by Count Basie and his orchestra, with all music composed and arranged by Sammy Nestico. This was Basie's debut recording for Daybreak. Sammy Nestico, a graduate of Duquesne University who worked for the US Air Force Band, primarily the Airmen of Note, in Washington, DC for 12 years after World War II, had at this time been writing for Basie for four years. Reissued on CD in West Germany by EmArcy Records (Catalog #824 867-2) and Marketed by Phonogram. (CD itself says \"Made in"}, {"context": "W. Germany by Polygram\") All music composed by Sammy Nestico. Have a Nice Day (Count Basie album) Have a Nice Day is a 1971 studio album by Count Basie and his orchestra, with all music composed and arranged by Sammy Nestico. This was Basie's debut recording for Daybreak. Sammy Nestico, a graduate of Duquesne University who worked for the US Air Force Band, primarily the Airmen of Note, in Washington, DC for 12 years after World War II, had at this time been writing for Basie for four years. Reissued on CD in West Germany by EmArcy Records (Catalog #824"}]}, {"title": "Laura Matilda Towne", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Laura Matilda Towne Laura Matilda Towne (May 3, 1825 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania \u2013 February 22, 1901, in St. Helena Island, South Carolina) was an abolitionist and educator. She was best known for forming the first freedmen's schools (schools for newly freed slaves). Laura Towne was buried at the Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia. Laura Matilda Towne, the daughter of John Towne and Sarah Robinson was born on May 3, 1825 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Laura Towne originally studied medicine when the American Civil War broke out. She was raised in Philadelphia hearing sermons about the abolition of slavery by her minister,"}, {"context": "William Henry Furness at the First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia. Influenced by these teachings, Towne answered the call for volunteers when the Union captured Port Royal and other Sea Islands area of South Carolina. With the help of her Quaker friend Ellen Murray (January 31, 1834 \u2013 April 7, 1908) they founded the Penn Center on St. Helena Island, the first school for newly freed slaves in the United States. The school started with nine students and operated out of the back room of a plantation house. Towne and Murray spent the next forty years of her life ministering to"}, {"context": "the freed slaves, developing their trust, providing them with medical care, teaching them to read and write, and fighting for their land rights. Towne and Murray eventually adopted several African American children and raised them as their own. She took care of the school for the rest of her life and eventually gave up practicing medicine. After her death, Penn School was transferred to Hampton Institute, at which time it began operating as the Penn Normal, Industrial, and Agricultural School. Recognized as a National Historic Landmark, the Penn Center trained generations of students, including U.S. Congressman Robert Smalls (1839-1915). During"}, {"context": "the Civil Rights era the Penn Center served as a training ground for non-violent civil disobedience by welcoming Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.. Now a National Historic Landmark, the Penn Center celebrated 150 years education, leadership and service. Laura Matilda Towne Laura Matilda Towne (May 3, 1825 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania \u2013 February 22, 1901, in St. Helena Island, South Carolina) was an abolitionist and educator. She was best known for forming the first freedmen's schools (schools for newly freed slaves). Laura Towne was buried at the Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia. Laura Matilda Towne, the daughter of John Towne"}]}, {"title": "Appin mine disaster", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Appin mine disaster The Appin coal mine disaster was a coal mine disaster in New South Wales that killed fourteen people in 1979, where a group of 46 workers were working the 3-11 pm shift and eating in the crib room, approximately 600 metres underground. An explosion that was caused by sparks from a fan control box which ignited a buildup of flammable and poisonous methane gas ripped apart the busiest pit, late on the night of Tuesday, 24 July 1979, and caused a series of fires in the mine's damaged ventilation system. Just after 11 pm, a huge roar"}, {"context": "was heard, and one survivor reported that the men had very little warning. Engineer Jim Hoffman felt the blast one kilometre away. The rescue team's members were very distressed by what they saw. Among the twisted metal and clouds of gas were the bodies of ten men sitting where they had been relaxing in the crib room, with another four bodies being found a few metres from the coal face. The miners had no time to escape the danger or save themselves. Thirty-one survivors reached the surface, with some sustaining severe burns. The search for survivors lasted 16 hours. 81"}, {"context": "miners working on the same seam of coal were killed under similar circumstances nearly 100 years earlier. The New South Wales government ordered a judicial inquiry into the disaster that found both the state government and the mine's owners, Australian Iron and Steel Ltd., guilty of contributing to the explosion. The men responsible for carrying out safety checks before the explosion had noted the gas build-up and the ventilation problem, but did not warn anyone of the potential danger. However, the explosion was confined to the K panel heading due to the fact that the area had been adequately Stone"}, {"context": "Dusted only months before the explosion. One of the miners killed, Jurgen Lauterbach, was one of the miners responsible for this. The other two miners were 'Burnsie' and Phil Watson. The deaths of the 14 men led to the imposition of stricter safety rules for all mines. It was recommended that automatic devices be installed in mines to give continuous reading of gases, that a special officer supervise ventilation, and that the number of mine inspectors be increased. Appin mine disaster The Appin coal mine disaster was a coal mine disaster in New South Wales that killed fourteen people in"}]}, {"title": "Flight feather", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Flight feather Flight feathers (\"Pennae volatus\") are the long, stiff, asymmetrically shaped, but symmetrically paired pennaceous feathers on the wings or tail of a bird; those on the wings are called remiges (), singular remex (), while those on the tail are called rectrices (), singular rectrix (). The primary function of the flight feathers is to aid in the generation of both thrust and lift, thereby enabling flight. The flight feathers of some birds have evolved to perform additional functions, generally associated with territorial displays, courtship rituals or feeding methods. In some species, these feathers have developed into long"}, {"context": "showy plumes used in visual courtship displays, while in others they create a sound during display flights. Tiny serrations on the leading edge of their remiges help owls to fly silently (and therefore hunt more successfully), while the extra-stiff rectrices of woodpeckers help them to brace against tree trunks as they hammer on them. Even flightless birds still retain flight feathers, though sometimes in radically modified forms. The moult of their flight feathers can cause serious problems for birds, as it can impair their ability to fly. Different species have evolved different strategies for coping with this, ranging from dropping"}, {"context": "all their flight feathers at once (and thus becoming flightless for some relatively short period of time) to extending the moult over a period of several years. Remiges (from the Latin for \"oarsman\") are located on the posterior side of the wing. Ligaments attach the long \"calami\" (quills) firmly to the wing bones, and a thick, strong band of tendinous tissue known as the \"postpatagium\" helps to hold and support the remiges in place. Corresponding remiges on individual birds are symmetrical between the two wings, matching to a large extent in size and shape (except in the case of mutation"}, {"context": "or damage), though not necessarily in pattern. They are given different names depending on their position along the wing. Primaries are connected to the manus (the bird's \"hand\", composed of carpometacarpus and phalanges); these are the longest and narrowest of the remiges (particularly those attached to the phalanges), and they can be individually rotated. These feathers are especially important for flapping flight, as they are the principal source of thrust, moving the bird forward through the air. The mechanical properties of primaries are important in supporting flight. Most thrust is generated on the downstroke of flapping flight. However, on the"}, {"context": "upstroke (when the bird often draws its wing in close to its body), the primaries are separated and rotated, reducing air resistance while still helping to provide some thrust. The flexibility of the remiges on the wingtips of large soaring birds also allows for the spreading of those feathers, which helps to reduce the creation of wingtip vortices, thereby reducing drag. The barbules on these feathers, friction barbules, are specialized with large lobular barbicels that help grip and prevent slippage of overlying feathers and are present in most of the flying birds. Species vary somewhat in the number of primaries"}, {"context": "they possess. The number in non-passerines generally varies between 9 and 11, but grebes, storks and flamingos have 12, and ostriches have 16. While most modern passerines have ten primaries, some have only nine. Those with nine are missing the most distal primary (sometimes called the remicle) which is typically very small and sometimes rudimentary in passerines. The outermost primaries\u2014those connected to the phalanges\u2014are sometimes known as pinions. Secondaries are connected to the ulna. In some species, the ligaments that bind these remiges to the bone connect to small, rounded projections, known as quill knobs, on the ulna; in other"}, {"context": "species, no such knobs exist. Secondary feathers remain close together in flight (they cannot be individually separated like the primaries can) and help to provide lift by creating the airfoil shape of the bird's wing. Secondaries tend to be shorter and broader than primaries, with blunter ends (see illustration). They vary in number from 6 in hummingbirds to as many as 40 in some species of albatross. In general, larger and longer-winged species have a larger number of secondaries. Birds in more than 40 non-passerine families seem to be missing the fifth secondary feather on each wing, a state known"}, {"context": "as diastataxis (those that do have the fifth secondary are said to eutaxic). In these birds, the fifth set of secondary covert feathers does not cover any remiges, possibly due to a twisting of the feather papillae during embryonic development. Loons, grebes, pelicans, hawks and eagles, cranes, sandpipers, gulls, parrots, and owls are among the families missing this feather. Tertials arise in the brachial region and are not considered true remiges as they are not supported by attachment to the corresponding bone, in this case the humerus. These elongated \"true\" tertials act as a protective cover for all or part"}, {"context": "of the folded primaries and secondaries, and do not qualify as flight feathers as such. However, many authorities use the term tertials to refer to the shorter, more symmetrical innermost secondaries of passerines (arising from the olecranon and performing the same function as true tertials) in an effort to distinguish them from other secondaries. The term humeral is sometimes used for birds such as the albatrosses and pelicans that have a long humerus. The calami of the flight feathers are protected by a layer of non-flight feathers called \"covert\" feathers or \"tectrices\" (singular \"tectrix\"), at least one layer of them"}, {"context": "both above and beneath the flight feathers of the wings as well as above and below the rectrices of the tail. These feathers may vary widely in size \u2014 in fact, the upper tail tectrices of the male peafowl, rather than its rectrices, are what constitute its elaborate and colorful \"train\". The outermost primaries of large soaring birds, particularly raptors, often show a pronounced narrowing at some variable distance along the feather edges. These narrowings are called either notches or emarginations depending on the degree of their slope. An emargination is a gradual change, and can be found on either"}, {"context": "side of the feather. A notch is an abrupt change, and is only found on the wider trailing edge of the remige. (Both are visible on the primary in the photo showing the feathers; they can be found about halfway along both sides of the left hand feather\u2014a shallow notch on the left, and a gradual emargination on the right.) The presence of notches and emarginations creates gaps at the wingtip; air is forced through these gaps, increasing the generation of lift. Feathers on the alula or bastard wing are not generally considered to be flight feathers in the strict"}, {"context": "sense; though they are asymmetrical, they lack the length and stiffness of most true flight feathers. However, alula feathers are definitely an aid to slow flight. These feathers\u2014which are attached to the bird's \"thumb\" and normally lie flush against the anterior edge of the wing\u2014function in the same way as the slats on an airplane wing, allowing the wing to achieve a higher than normal angle of attack \u2013 and thus lift \u2013 without resulting in a stall. By manipulating its thumb to create a gap between the alula and the rest of the wing, a bird can avoid stalling"}, {"context": "when flying at low speeds or landing. The development of the remiges (and alulae) of nestling hoatzins is much delayed compared to the development of these feathers in other young birds, presumably because young hoatzins are equipped with claws on their first two digits. They use these small rounded hooks to grasp branches when clambering about in trees, and feathering on these digits would presumably interfere with that functionality. Most youngsters shed their claws sometime between their 70th and 100th day of life, but some retain them\u2014 though callused-over and unusable\u2014 into adulthood. Rectrices (from the Latin for \"helmsman\"), which"}, {"context": "help the bird to brake and steer in flight, lie in a single horizontal row on the rear margin of the anatomic tail. Only the central pair are attached (via ligaments) to the tail bones; the remaining rectrices are embedded into the rectricial bulbs, complex structures of fat and muscle that surround those bones. Rectrices are always paired, with a vast majority of species having six pairs. They are absent in grebes and some ratites, and greatly reduced in size in penguins. Many grouse species have more than 12 rectrices. Some species (including ruffed grouse, hazel grouse and common snipe)"}, {"context": "have a number that varies among individuals. Domestic pigeons have a highly variable number, due to centuries of selective breeding. In order to make the discussion of such topics as moult processes or body structure easier, ornithologists assign a number to each flight feather. By convention, the numbers assigned to primary feathers always start with the letter P \"(P1, P2, P3, etc.)\", those of secondaries with the letter S, those of tertials with T and those of rectrices with R. Most authorities number the primaries descendantly, starting from the innermost primary (the one closest to the secondaries) and working outwards;"}, {"context": "others number them ascendantly, from the most distal primary inwards. There are some advantages to each method. Descendant numbering follows the normal sequence of most birds' primary moult. In the event that a species is missing the small distal 10th primary, as some passerines are, its lack does not impact the numbering of the remaining primaries. Ascendant numbering, on the other hand, allows for uniformity in the numbering of non-passerine primaries, as they almost invariably have four attached to the manus regardless of how many primaries they have overall. This method is particularly useful for indicating wing formulae, as the"}, {"context": "outermost primary is the one with which the measurements begin. Secondaries are always numbered ascendantly, starting with the outermost secondary (the one closest to the primaries) and working inwards. Tertials are also numbered ascendantly, but in this case, the numbers continue on consecutively from that given to the last secondary (e.g. ... S5, S6, T7, T8, ... etc.). Rectrices are always numbered from the centermost pair outwards in both directions. The flight feathers of some species have undergone evolutionary changes which allow them to provide additional functionality. In some species, for example, either remiges or rectrices make a sound during"}, {"context": "flight. These sounds are most often associated with courtship or territorial displays. The outer primaries of male broad-tailed hummingbirds produce a distinctive high-pitched trill, both in direct flight and in power-dives during courtship displays; this trill is diminished when the outer primaries are worn, and absent when those feathers have been moulted. During the northern lapwing's zigzagging display flight, the bird's outer primaries produce a humming sound. The outer primaries of the male American woodcock are shorter and slightly narrower than those of the female, and are likely the source of the whistling and twittering sounds made during his courtship"}, {"context": "display flights. Male club-winged manakins use modified secondaries to make a clear trilling courtship call. A curve-tipped secondary on each wing is dragged against an adjacent ridged secondary at high speeds (as many as 110 times per second\u2014slightly faster than a hummingbird's wingbeat) to create a stridulation much like that produced by some insects. Both Wilson's and common snipe have modified outer tail feathers which make noise when they are spread during the birds' roller coaster display flights; as the bird dives, wind flows through the modified feathers and creates a series of rising and falling notes, which is known"}, {"context": "as \"winnowing\". Differences between the sounds produced by these two former conspecific subspecies\u2014and the fact that the outer two pairs of rectrices in Wilson's snipe are modified, while only the single outermost pair are modified in common snipe\u2014were among the characteristics used to justify their splitting into two distinct and separate species. Flight feathers are also used by some species in visual displays. Male standard-winged and pennant-winged nightjars have modified P2 primaries (using the descendant numbering scheme explained above) which are displayed during their courtship rituals. In the standard-winged nightjar, this modified primary consists of an extremely long shaft with"}, {"context": "a small \"pennant\" (actually a large web of barbules) at the tip. In the pennant-winged nightjar, the P2 primary is an extremely long (but otherwise normal) feather, while P3, P4 and P5 are successively shorter; the overall effect is a broadly forked wingtip with a very long plume beyond the lower half of the fork. Males of many species, ranging from the widely introduced ring-necked pheasant to Africa's many whydahs, have one or more elongated pairs of rectrices, which play an often-critical role in their courtship rituals. The outermost pair of rectrices in male lyrebirds are extremely long and strongly"}, {"context": "curved at the ends. These plumes are raised up over the bird's head (along with a fine spray of modified uppertail coverts) during his extraordinary display. Rectrix modification reaches its pinnacle among the birds of paradise, which display an assortment of often bizarrely modified feathers, ranging from the extremely long plumes of the ribbon-tailed astrapia (nearly three times the length of the bird itself) to the dramatically coiled twin plumes of the magnificent bird-of-paradise. Owls have remiges which are serrated rather than smooth on the leading edge. This adaptation disrupts the flow of air over the wings, eliminating the noise"}, {"context": "that airflow over a smooth surface normally creates, and allowing the birds to fly and hunt silently. The rectrices of woodpeckers are proportionately short and very stiff, allowing them to better brace themselves against tree trunks while feeding. This adaptation is also found, though to a lesser extent, in some other species that feed along tree trunks, including woodcreepers and treecreepers. Scientists have not yet determined the function of all flight feather modifications. Male swallows in the genera \"Psalidoprocne\" and \"Stelgidopteryx\" have tiny recurved hooks on the leading edges of their outer primaries, but the function of these hooks is"}, {"context": "not yet known; some authorities suggest they may produce a sound during territorial or courtship displays. Over time, a small number of bird species have lost their ability to fly. Some of these, such as the steamer ducks, show no appreciable changes in their flight feathers. Some, such as the Titicaca grebe and a number of the flightless rails, have a reduced number of primaries. The remiges of ratites are soft and downy; they lack the interlocking hooks and barbules that help to stiffen the flight feathers of other birds. In addition, the emu's remiges are proportionately much reduced in"}, {"context": "size, while those of the cassowaries are reduced both in number and structure, consisting merely of 5\u20136 bare quills. Most ratites have completely lost their rectrices; only the ostrich still has them. Penguins have lost their differentiated flight feathers. As adults, their wings and tail are covered with the same small, stiff, slightly curved feathers as are found on the rest of their bodies. The ground-dwelling kakapo, which is the world's only flightless parrot, has remiges which are shorter, rounder and more symmetrically vaned than those of parrots capable of flight; these flight feathers also contain fewer interlocking barbules near"}, {"context": "their tips. Once they have finished growing, feathers are essentially dead structures. Over time, they become worn and abraded, and need to be replaced. This replacement process is known as moult (molt in the United States). The loss of wing and tail feathers can affect a bird's ability to fly (sometimes dramatically) and in certain families can impair the ability to feed or perform courtship displays. The timing and progression of flight feather moult therefore varies among families. For most birds, moult begins at a certain specific point, called a focus (plural foci), on the wing or tail and proceeds"}, {"context": "in a sequential manner in one or both directions from there. For example, most passerines have a focus between the innermost primary (P1, using the numbering scheme explained above) and outermost secondary (S1), and a focus point in the middle of the center pair of rectrices. As passerine moult begins, the two feathers closest to the focus are the first to drop. When replacement feathers reach roughly half of their eventual length, the next feathers in line (P2 and S2 on the wing, and both R2s on the tail) are dropped. This pattern of drop and replacement continues until moult"}, {"context": "reaches either end of the wing or tail. The speed of the moult can vary somewhat within a species. Some passerines that breed in the Arctic, for example, drop many more flight feathers at once (sometimes becoming briefly flightless) in order to complete their entire wing moult prior to migrating south, while those same species breeding at lower latitudes undergo a more protracted moult. In many species, there is more than one focus along the wing. Here, moult begins at all foci simultaneously, but generally proceeds only in one direction. Most grouse, for example, have two wing foci: one at"}, {"context": "the wingtip, the other between feathers P1 and S1. In this case, moult proceeds descendantly from both foci. Many large, long-winged birds have multiple wing foci. Birds that are heavily \"wing-loaded\"\u2014that is, heavy-bodied birds with relatively short wings\u2014have great difficulty flying with the loss of even a few flight feathers. A protracted moult like the one described above would leave them vulnerable to predators for a sizeable portion of the year. Instead, these birds lose all their flight feathers at once. This leaves them completely flightless for a period of three to four weeks, but means their overall period of"}, {"context": "vulnerability is significantly shorter than it would otherwise be. Eleven families of birds, including loons, grebes and most waterfowl, have this moult strategy. The cuckoos show what is called saltatory or transilient wing moults. In simple forms, this involves the moulting and replacement of odd-numbered primaries and then the even-numbered primaries. There are however complex variations with differences based on life history. Arboreal woodpeckers, which depend on their tails\u2014particularly the strong central pair of rectrices\u2014for support while they feed, have a unique tail moult. Rather than moulting their central tail feathers first, as most birds do, they retain these feathers"}, {"context": "until last. Instead, the second pair of rectrices (both R2 feathers) are the first to drop. (In some species in the genera \"Celeus\" and \"Dendropicos\", the third pair is the first dropped.) The pattern of feather drop and replacement proceeds as described for passerines (above) until all other rectrices have been replaced; only then are the central tail rectrices moulted. This provides some protection to the growing feathers, since they're always covered by at least one existing feather, and also ensures that the bird's newly strengthened tail is best able to cope with the loss of the crucial central rectrices."}, {"context": "Ground-feeding woodpeckers, such as the wrynecks, do not have this modified moult strategy; in fact, wrynecks moult their outer tail feathers first, with moult proceeding proximally from there. There are often substantial differences between the remiges and rectrices of adults and juveniles of the same species. Because all juvenile feathers are grown at once\u2014a tremendous energy burden to the developing bird\u2014they are softer and of poorer quality than the equivalent feathers of adults, which are moulted over a longer period of time (as long as several years in some cases). As a result, they wear more quickly. As feathers grow"}, {"context": "at variable rates, these variations lead to visible dark and light bands in the fully formed feather. These \"growth bars\" and their widths have been used to determine the daily nutritional status of birds. Each light and dark bar correspond to around 24 hours and the use of this technique has been called \"ptilochronology\" (analogous to dendrochronology). In general, juveniles have feathers which are narrower and more sharply pointed at the tip. This can be particularly visible when the bird is in flight, especially in the case of raptors. The trailing edge of the wing of a juvenile bird can"}, {"context": "appear almost serrated, due to the feathers' sharp tips, while that of an older bird will be straighter-edged. The flight feathers of a juvenile bird will also be uniform in length, since they all grew at the same time. Those of adults will be of various lengths and levels of wear, since each is moulted at a different time. The flight feathers of adults and juveniles can differ considerably in length, particularly among the raptors. Juveniles tend to have slightly longer rectrices and shorter, broader wings (with shorter outer primaries, and longer inner primaries and secondaries) than do adults of"}, {"context": "the same species. However, there are many exceptions. In longer-tailed species, such as swallow-tailed kite, secretary bird and European honey buzzard, for example, juveniles have shorter rectrices than adults do. Juveniles of some \"Buteo\" buzzards have narrower wings than adults do, while those of large juvenile falcons are longer. It is theorized that the differences help young birds compensate for their inexperience, weaker flight muscles and poorer flying ability. A wing formula describes the shape of distal end of a bird's wing in a mathematical way. It can be used to help distinguish between species with similar plumages, and thus"}, {"context": "is particularly useful for those who ring (band) birds. To determine a bird's wing formula, the distance between the tip of the most distal primary and the tip of its greater covert (the longest of the feathers that cover and protect the shaft of that primary) is measured in millimeters. In some cases, this results in a positive number (e.g., the primary extends beyond its greater covert), while in other cases it is a negative number (e.g. the primary is completely covered by the greater covert, as happens in some passerine species). Next, the longest primary feather is identified, and"}, {"context": "the differences between the length of that primary and that of all remaining primaries and of the longest secondary are also measured, again in millimeters. If any primary shows a notch or emargination, this is noted, and the distance between the feather's tip and any notch is measured, as is the depth of the notch. All distance measurements are made with the bird's wing closed, so as to maintain the relative positions of the feathers. While there can be considerable variation across members of a species\u2014and while the results are obviously impacted by the effects of moult and feather regeneration\u2014even"}, {"context": "very closely related species show clear differences in their wing formulas. The distance that a bird's longest primaries extend beyond its longest secondaries (or tertials) when its wings are folded is referred to as the primary extension or primary projection. As with wing formulae, this measurement is useful for distinguishing between similarly plumaged birds; however, unlike wing formulae, it is not necessary to have the bird in-hand to make the measurement. Rather, this is a useful \"relative\" measurement\u2014some species have long primary extensions, while others have shorter ones. Among the \"Empidonax\" flycatchers of the Americas, for example, the dusky flycatcher"}, {"context": "has a much shorter primary extension than does the very similarly plumaged Hammond's flycatcher. Europe's common skylark has a long primary projection, while that of the near-lookalike Oriental skylark is very short. As a general rule, species which are long distance migrants will have longer primary projection than similar species which do not migrate or migrate shorter distances. Flight feather Flight feathers (\"Pennae volatus\") are the long, stiff, asymmetrically shaped, but symmetrically paired pennaceous feathers on the wings or tail of a bird; those on the wings are called remiges (), singular remex (), while those on the tail are"}]}, {"title": "David Freed (printmaker)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "David Freed (printmaker) David Freed (born 1935) is an American artist based in Richmond, Virginia where he taught in the Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts. His art has been shown extensively throughout the world and is in the collections of major museums and private collections. He is known for his masterful prints using the intaglio technique of etching and for his collaboration with major poets such as Charles Wright and Larry Levis in creating artist's books combining his etchings with their poetry. After earning a BFA from Miami University, David Freed attended the University of Iowa in the"}, {"context": "early 1960,s where he met the poet Charles Wright with whom he would later collaborate. Freed and Wright were both pursuing MFA degrees, but in different fields. Wright was working on a degree in poetry from the Iowa Writers\u2019 Workshop and Freed was in visual arts, studying under legendary printmaker Mauricio Lasansky. In 1963 both Freed and Wright were awarded Fulbright grants, with which Freed continued the study of printmaking at the Royal College of Art in London and Wright worked on his poetry in Italy. In Richmond, Freed is represented by Reynolds Gallery. Also in Richmond, his prints and"}, {"context": "collaborative poem books are in the collection of Virginia Commonwealth University's James Branch Cabell Library's Special Collection and Archives. In 1996 he curated an exhibition \"30 Years of VCU Printmaking\" at Artspace. His art is included in the collection of the Smithsonian American Art Museum Renwick Gallery. Other collections include: Albertina Museum, Austria; Albright-Knox Gallery, Buffalo, New York; Art Institute of Chicago; Bowes Museum, Exeter, England; British Government Art Collection; Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York; Corcoran Gallery, Washington, D.C.; Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, England; Frederic R. Weisman Museum, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; Kings Place Gallery, The"}, {"context": "Ruth Borchard Collection, London; Mint Museum, Charlotte, North Carolina; Morris Museum of Art, Augusta, Georgia; Museum Boymans van Beuningen, Holland; Museum of Modern Art, New York; National Collection of Fine Arts, Washington, D.C.]; Oklahoma Art Center, Oklahoma City; and Philadelphia Museum of Art. In 2001 Ted Potter presented \"David Freed, Printmaker,\" the first comprehensive museum exhibition of works by Virginia Commonwealth University's School of the Arts faculty member David Freed. Ted Potter, then the gallery director of VCU's Anderson Gallery both curated and wrote the 107-page illustrated exhibition catalog for the David Freed retrospective show. \"David Freed epitomizes the artist/teacher,"}, {"context": "whose commitment to teaching excellence enhances rather than limits his ability to make significant art,\" said Potter, adding, \"This retrospective exhibition is a fitting tribute to this master printmaker and dedicated teacher.\" Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Charles Wright said of Freed: \"There is a modesty in Freed's work - not of ambition but of presentation - that is like the spread of light in certain Renaissance paintings. One doesn't know where it comes from, but it is everywhere, enlightening, leaving us, somehow, more room to look in, a seduction of sorts that eschews excess.\" In addition to the Fulbright Grant, other"}, {"context": "awards to Freed include Virginia Commonwealth University Award of Distinction, Southern Graphic Council (2009); Theresa Pollak Prize for Excellence in the Arts, Richmond, Virginia (2001); Faculty Grant-in-Aid, Virginia Commonwealth University (1989\u201390; 1983\u201384); Virginia Museum of Fine Arts (1983\u201384); Nattie Marie Jones Fellowship (1983); and World Print Competition (1977). Beginning in 1966 Freed was a full-time printmaking professor at Virginia Commonwealth University's School of the Arts. After his Fulbright work, he returned to the United States in 1964 to teach sculpture, design and children's classes at the Toledo Museum of Art. Freed has been a visiting lecturer at Reading University, England"}, {"context": "(1992); Central School of Art, England (1989, 1986, 1977, 1976, 1969); Brighton School of Art, Brighton, England (1989); Is Bisonte, Florence, Italy (1989); Loughborough University School of Art, Loughborough, England (1986, 1976); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (1997, 1974); and the John Ruskin School, Oxford, England (1972, 1970). David Freed was born in Toledo, Ohio, in 1936, the first child of Clark and Thelma Freed. He and his wife, Mary, live in Richmond, Virginia and have two sons. David Freed (printmaker) David Freed (born 1935) is an American artist based in Richmond, Virginia where he taught in the Virginia Commonwealth University"}]}, {"title": "Georgian National Center of Manuscripts", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Georgian National Center of Manuscripts The Georgian National Centre of Manuscripts (; formerly the \"Institute of Manuscripts\"), located in Tbilisi, Georgia, is a repository of ancient manuscripts, of historical documents and of the private archives of eminent public figures. The centre was established on 30 June 1958 on the basis of the collection in the Department of Manuscripts at the Georgian National Museum. The founder and the first director of the Institute was Professor Ilia Abuladze, a Corresponding Member of the Georgian Academy of Sciences. The collection of the National Centre of Manuscripts comprises manuscripts, historical documents, early printed books,"}, {"context": "rare publications and heirlooms. The Centre carries out various projects related to scientific research, exhibitions and restoration. Specialists working at and with the Centre engage in the description, systematization, study and publication of the material housed at the Centre, as well as in the production of data bases dealing with this material. The Centre also has rich academic library and includes rooms dedicated in memory of Korneli Kekelidze, Ivane Javakhishvili, Ilia Abuladze, Niko Berdzenishvili, Elene Metreveli and Shalva Amiranashvili. The National Centre of Manuscripts was founded in 1958 under the name \"The Institute of Manuscripts of the Georgian Academy of"}, {"context": "Sciences\". It was created on the basis of the collection in the Department of Manuscripts at the State Museum of Georgia and on the initiative of Ilia Abuladze, who became the first director of the Institute. In 1962, the name of the Institute was supplemented with \"Kekelidze\" to honour the Georgian philologist and literary historian Korneli Kekelidze. From 1968 until 1989, the director of the Institute was Elene Metreveli, Academician of the Georgian Academy of Sciences. During the period from 1989 to 2006, the director of the Institute was Zaza Aleksidze, a Corresponding Member of the Georgian Academy of Sciences."}, {"context": "In 2006, the \"Korneli Kekelidze Institute of Manuscripts of the Georgian Academy of Sciences\" was abolished and replaced through the establishment of a legal entity under public law, the \"Korneli Kekelidze Institute of Manuscripts\". On 23 May 2007, on the initiative of the staff at the Institute, its name was changed to \"The National Centre of Manuscripts\". This initiative was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science and was approved by the government. Organizational and administrative activities of the Centre are managed by the director, whereas scientific and development activities are managed and implemented by the Scientific Council. In"}, {"context": "addition, the Centre contains other structural units: departments and laboratories. Currently there are eight departments (Codicology, Source Studies and Diplomatics, Archival Studies, Fund Management, Exhibitions, Education, the Library, Art History) and two laboratories (Restoration and Conservation, Digitalization). The Director of the National Centre of Manuscripts manages organizational and administrative activities of the Centre. In relations with third parties, the director is the official representative of the Centre and is responsible for ensuring that the Centre's activities are the legitimate, reasonable and effective. According to the Charter of the National Centre of Manuscripts, the Scientific Council elects a director for a"}, {"context": "period of four years. Mandatory requirements for this post are a higher degree and work experience of not less than five years. The director of the Centre has a deputy who, in the event of the absence of the former, serves as Acting Director. At present, the director of the Centre is Zaza Abashidze. The Scientific Council of the National Centre of Manuscripts is, together with the Director, the executive body of the Centre. The Scientific Council discusses and takes decisions by voting on matters regarding the management and development of the Centre. The members of the Council are elected"}, {"context": "for a five-year period at the general meeting of the scientific members of the National Centre of Manuscripts. The number of Council members depends on the number of the Centre's structural units (departments and laboratories). Each structural unit is represented on the Council by one or two academic colleagues (two if the number of academics in the structural unit is greater than ten). The Council is led by a chairman, elected for five years by the Council itself. At present the chairman of the Scientific Council is Shalva Gloveli. Department of Codicology performs work in two main directions: Department of"}, {"context": "Source Studies and Diplomatics was founded at the beginning of the establishment of the Centre. The specifics of the material itself defined the scientific-research activity profile of the department. The department activities mainly cover the following: In the scientific-research activity of the department great attention was given to the description \u2013 research and publication oriental sources of Georgian history \u2013 Armenian, Arabic, Persian, Turkish sources. This Department was established in 2007 on the basis of the private archives of writers and public figures preserved at the National Centre of Manuscripts. Department works in the following directions: The Department Fund Management"}, {"context": "manages the funds of manuscript books and historical documents as well as the private archives. Other funds created in the Department\u2019s structure are also within its competence. The library books, the funds of memorial cabinets and articles as well as the cartography funds are managed and controlled by the Department of Library, but the issues of creation, integration or division are agreed with the Department of Fund Management. The aim of the Department of Exhibition is to give mass appeal to the cultural heritage preserved in the Centre by the means of the various exhibition projects. The Exhibition Department arranges"}, {"context": "permanent and mobile exhibitions both inside and outside Georgia. The Exhibition Department supports development of the exhibition system of the National Centre of Manuscripts and it's compliance with the international standards of exhibitions. Department of Education by means of the educational and exhibition projects, various programs and services implements integration of the cultural and intellectual heritage preserved at the Centre in the life of society. Interaction and direct contact with this heritage Department supports self-realization and development of the members and groups of society. There are 10935 Georgian, 11654 Russian and 6496 other foreign-language books in the field of humanities"}, {"context": "kept at the main depositories of the Library of the National Centre of Manuscripts. The library also counts 3096 Georgian, 7285 Russian and about 4000 other foreign journals. The main part of the library books and journals are kept at depositories, encyclopedias, dictionaries and referral literature in the reading hall of the library. The library has an integrated catalogue that, in addition to main depository catalogues, lists the catalogues of the books and journals kept at 6 memorial halls of the National Centre of Manuscripts. Department of Art History studies art of the Georgian books, works on creation and preparation"}, {"context": "of the corpus of miniatures which are included in the manuscripts for publishing. Illumination of manuscripts is studied considering chronological and thematic aspects in order to define artistic styles typical to the different scriptoriums, epoch or subject matter. Special attention is devoted to the matters related to the copyists, artists and book-binders. The Laboratory of Conservation and Restoration was established at the National Centre of Manuscripts in 2006. This Laboratory replaced the former Department of the Hygiene and Restoration. In the Laboratory of Conservation and Restoration the works are performed in several directions: At the centre of the National Centre"}, {"context": "of Manuscripts functions the Laboratory of Digitalization, where the materials kept at the Centre are scanned, sorted and encoded in digital format. Digitalization of the manuscripts, documents, miniatures and photo materials the Centre supports their fixation and presentation to the scientific circles. Digitalization is also a good tool for the preservation of the existing material \u2013 in the future materials which might be lost in the course of time can be restored on the basis of the digital copy. The collection of the National Centre of Manuscripts comprises handwritten books, historical documents and archival funds. The collection of the manuscripts"}, {"context": "and historical documents are divided into groups (sub-funds) according to language, in the archival fund are kept private archives of the Georgian and foreign public figures, also archives of the various organizations. Collection of the manuscripts is divided into groups of Georgian, Oriental, Greek, Russian and manuscripts in other languages. Out of these groups collection of the Georgian manuscripts is the biggest. It comprises thousands of manuscripts, dated from 5th to 19th centuries. Among them are also palimpsests. Collection of the Georgian manuscripts is divided into four sub-collections \u2013 A, H, Q and S. This collection contains both church and"}, {"context": "secular literary works. The preserved writings - \"Martyrdom of Saint Shushanik\", \"Martyrdom of Evstati Mtskheteli\", \"Martyrdom of Abo Tbileli\" form the cornerstone of the medieval Georgian church literature. Except of this collection comprises the notable works of Byzantine church literature translated into Georgian by Eqvtime Mtatsmindeli, Giorgi Mtatsmindeli, Eprem Mtsire, Arsen Ikaltoeli and other remarkable Georgian figures. From the secular literature are noteworthy handwritten copies of \"Vepkhistkaosani\" (\"Man in the Panter Skin\"), also other manuscripts containing astrological, geographic, medical, mathematic or military writings. The Oriental collection mostly consists of Arabic, Persian and Turkish manuscripts. Collection preserves also around 300 Armenian,"}, {"context": "Syrian, Hebrew and one single Coptic manuscript. The collection of the Greek manuscripts contains 51 handwritten copies in Old and Modern Greek dated to the period from 9th to 18th centuries. Manuscripts are written both on paper and parchment. According to content these are mostly church writings, among them theological writings, Psalms, Chants, other, also medical writings. The collection of the Russian manuscripts comprises more than 500 manuscripts. Most of them are of the late period, from 16th to 19th century. Here are kept the Russian translations of the correspondence of the Georgian kings, nobles and of their family members,"}, {"context": "autographs of Lev Tolstoi and Pyotr Tchaikovsky, church writings, etc. Besides these collections, there is also a collection of the foreign manuscripts which is mixed and contains the handwritten books copied from the 15th to the 20th century in different European languages \u2013 German, Italian, Polish, French manuscripts. Collection of the historical documents of the National Centre of Manuscripts comprises Georgian, Armenian, Arabic, Ottoman and Persian documents. Overall number of these documents exceeds 30 000 and they are dated to 10th-19th centuries. Collection of the Georgian handwritten documents contains both secular and church documents. Arabic documents are of Dagestan origin"}, {"context": "and they represent life of the local Caucasian nations in 18th-19th centuries. One of the documents tells about the movement of Imam Shamil. The collection contains some other documents about relations of Georgia and Dagestan. The collection also includes around 200 Armenian documents, dated to the 18th-19th centuries. These are various records, books of purchases and debts, official correspondence of the Armenian ecclesiastical figures. etc. The noteworthy part of the collection of the Oriental manuscripts kept at the National Centre of Manuscripts are Persian and Turkish (Ottoman) documents, among them Shahs\u2019 pirmans (orders), records, letters, purchase documents, etc. These documents"}, {"context": "illustrate political, social and economic life of Georgia and other countries in Caucasus; they also represent confrontation of Russia and Persia in the Caucasus region. These documents are also important for their ornamentation \u2013 the Persian handwritten documents are decorated in accordance with the best traditions of the Persian illuminated manuscripts. The archival funds of the National Centre of Manuscripts are brought together archives of the Georgian and foreign scientists, writers, poets, painters, political, public and military figures, emigrant and church personalities, also archives of the Georgian Historical-Ethnographic Society and chancellery of the Synod. In whole 179 private archives are"}, {"context": "kept at the depositories of the National Centre of Manuscripts, out of them 111 funds have been processed and the remaining 68 are being processed. Of the material preserved in the archival funds special mention should be made of the papyrus collection that belonged to the Georgian papyrologist Grigol Tsereteli, containing 150 papyri dating from the 2nd century B.C. \u2013 15th century A.D. Of no less interest is the material preserved in the other archival funds: original foreign-language documents connected with the life and activities of the Georgian and foreign public figures of the 19th-20th centuries in Georgian, Latin, French,"}, {"context": "English, Italian, Russian, Azeri, Armenian and other foreign languages; the richest epistolary legacy; numerous folkloristic records; unique photographs, invaluable material reflective of the new and most recent history of the South Caucasus in the field of politics, economy, church life, journalism, theatre, music and so on. Georgian National Center of Manuscripts The Georgian National Centre of Manuscripts (; formerly the \"Institute of Manuscripts\"), located in Tbilisi, Georgia, is a repository of ancient manuscripts, of historical documents and of the private archives of eminent public figures. The centre was established on 30 June 1958 on the basis of the collection in"}]}, {"title": "Venussian Tabutasco", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Venussian Tabutasco Venussian Tabutasco Is a 2004 experimental film produced, written and directed by Daryush Shokof. The title is made up by Shokof, similar to many other titles of works. It is an original conceptual film about the residents of different stories in a building viewed completely through a glass elevator. Shot on location in Berlin, Germany in 2004, the film is 60 minutes long and was initially supposed to be shot \"uncut\" and digitally. The music score for the film is composed by Tom Dokoupil. The film was screened in BAPFF film festival in Berlin, Germany, in 2005 and"}, {"context": "at the New York International Independent Film Festival on March 4, 2007 The stories of the people living in this building are told as camera tilts constantly up and down the 5 story building while we see the actions through the glass elevator of the building. The scenes are homages from Tati, to Buster Keaton, Hitchcock, to Bu\u00f1uel, and finally ends with Tarantino's suitcase effect. There is a Gangster story on the fifth floor, in which a thief has stolen a suitcase from the gangsters who now know where he lives. The thief's girlfriend falls in love with the boy"}, {"context": "in the third floor who is actually an undecided homosexual who in turn falls in love with the man on the second floor, and together they beat up the boxer who helps the gangsters on the first floor. Eventually their lives interrelate to one another as they are seen appearing and disappearing in and out of the elevator. As the film continues, new stories unfold connecting the lives of the residents further and more hilariously to one another. Venussian Tabutasco Venussian Tabutasco Is a 2004 experimental film produced, written and directed by Daryush Shokof. The title is made up by"}]}, {"title": "NHL on Versus", "paragraphs": [{"context": "NHL on Versus The NHL on Versus was a presentation of National Hockey League (NHL) games broadcast on Versus. Versus became the NHL's cable partner in the United States beginning in the 2005\u201306 season from previous partner ESPN, providing coverage of regular season games, playoff games, and select games from the Stanley Cup Finals. Before the beginning of the 2011\u201312 season, Comcast\u2014the owners of Versus\u2014acquired a majority stake in NBC Universal, the parent company of the NBC and the NHL's current American broadcast television partner. As a result of this merger and the impending relaunch of Versus as the NBC"}, {"context": "Sports Network in 2012, all NHL telecasts on Versus were re-branded under the \"NHL on NBC\" name beginning with the 2011\u201312 season. The NHL's television deal with Versus was made at the conclusion of the 2004\u201305 NHL lockout that caused the cancellation of an entire season. At the time, Versus offered a two-year, US$130 million contract (with a network option for a third year) that delivered guaranteed money for Commissioner Gary Bettman (ESPN, which previously held the rights and broadcast games on \"ESPN National Hockey Night\", wanted a revenue-sharing deal similar to NBC's). Versus was expected to use NHL coverage"}, {"context": "to show it was a legitimate suitor for Major League Baseball and National Football League packages that were to be negotiated later in 2005, but they did not land agreements with either league. In 2007, the NHL signed an agreement to extend the NHL on Versus to the 2010\u20132011 season. Versus paid $72.5 million for 2007\u20132008 and will pay inflationary increases over the next three years. In January 2011, Comcast officially acquired NBC Universal. Then in April of that year, NBC Sports and Versus announced they had reached a ten-year extension to the television contract with the National Hockey League"}, {"context": "worth nearly 2 billion dollars over the life of the contract. The new contract takes advantage of the NBC-Comcast merger. Comcast/NBC also announced that Versus would become NBC Sports Network, and both the cable channel and NBC would increase its number of games. Under this contract, NBC Sports Network usually airs at least two regular season games per week, while the main NBC broadcast network airs afternoon games on selected weekends. Coverage of the playoffs and the Finals is split between the two networks, with some first-round games also being shown on another cable channel owned by NBC Universal. As"}, {"context": "a consequence of its re-branding as NBC Sports Network all NHL coverage on Versus was re-branded as \"NHL on NBC\" beginning at the start of the 2011\u201312 season. The network broadcast at least 54 games during the regular season (usually two games per week, sometimes three or just one), plus the All-Star Game, Skills Competition, and YoungStars game. At the end of the season, the network would have blanket coverage of the playoffs, culminating in the first two games of the Stanley Cup Finals. Versus also shows the NHL Awards Show and first round of the NHL Draft. Versus scheduled"}, {"context": "a few doubleheaders during the regular season (consisting of a game in the Eastern Time Zone or Central Time Zone, and then a Mountain or Pacific Time Zone game). Playoff coverage usually involved doubleheaders throughout the first two rounds, except weekends prior to 2007\u201308, when NBC often televised multiple games during its broadcast windows. Under the terms of the contract running from 2007\u20132011, Versus aired 54 or more NHL games each season, generally on Monday and Tuesday nights, and provided coverage of as many Stanley Cup Playoff games as possible (generally two per night in the first two rounds; the"}, {"context": "Conference Finals are usually played on alternating days), and two games of the Stanley Cup Finals (Games 3 and 4 in , and ). On April 19, 2011, the league and NBCUniversal (which had been acquired by Versus parent company Comcast, announced a new ten-year agreement. Beginning with the 2011\u201312 season, the channel would now air 90 regular season telecasts (expanding its coverage on Wednesdays in the process), air any future Heritage Classic games, all Stanley Cup Playoff games would be aired nationally on a NBCUniversal channel, while Versus would have exclusive television rights to Games 3 and 4 of"}, {"context": "the Stanley Cup Finals. In preparation for the re-launch of Versus as NBC Sports Network (now NBCSN) in January 2012 as part of a major re-launch of the NBC Sports division coinciding with the 2012 NHL Winter Classic, all broadcasts on Versus transitioned to the \"NHL on NBC\" branding and presentation beginning in the 2011\u201312 season. Much of the framework of the Versus deal continues to be the basis of NBCSN's coverage. Included in the schedule was a \"Game of the Week\" for selected dates. In this \"Exclusive\" time period, which was created in 2006\u201307, no other National Hockey League"}, {"context": "game could be broadcast involving a team based in the United States and, in most cases, no other game was scheduled unless it involves two Canadian teams. Regional carriers are allowed to air games outside Versus' exclusive window. Like NBC, games aired on \"The NHL on Versus\" usually featured teams based in the United States, with the exception of playoffs. As previously mentioned, for the first two playoff rounds, Versus occasionally simulcast TSN or CBC feeds depending on the schedule and match-ups, although it made a commitment to offering its own production in most cases. (This practice continues on NBCSN.)"}, {"context": "The selection of teams for \"The NHL on Versus\" was somewhat more diverse (possibly because there are more game slots to air) than its broadcast partner, NBC. Because of inordinately high ratings in the Buffalo and Pittsburgh markets, Versus had made note to air a significant number of games featuring the Buffalo Sabres and Pittsburgh Penguins. Traditionally ratings-friendly teams such as the New York Rangers, Detroit Red Wings, and Boston Bruins, along with the Comcast-owned Philadelphia Flyers, also got selected regularly, frequently at or near the maximum of nine appearances per team during the regular season. Any regular season game"}, {"context": "selected by Versus aired exclusively on that network, which had caused controversy due to the relative lack of availability of Versus compared to other channels like ESPN (a similar situation developed with \"Thursday Night Football\" on the NFL Network, but unlike the NHL games on Versus, these games are not exclusive to NFL Network, and must be simulcast over-the-air in the primary markets of the participating teams). Versus also provided postgame coverage after every game they broadcast. The postgame show was initially known as Hockey Central, airing from their Stamford, Connecticut studios. Beginning in the 2011\u201312 season, the program was"}, {"context": "renamed NHL Live, and began incorporating \"NHL on NBC\" personalities. During the playoffs, Versus' first-round and second-round games could have been subject to blackout in the participating teams' regional markets (although they have exclusivity for two second-round games per series). Versus regained full national coverage for its Conference and Stanley Cup Final telecasts. Beginning with the 2006 playoffs, Versus simulcast the CBC's coverage of some games, generally first and second round matchups from Western Canada, instead of using their own crews and announcers. In the early 1990s, SportsChannel America covered the Stanley Cup playoffs in a similar fashion. Versus continued"}, {"context": "to use CBC and TSN feeds to augment its own playoff coverage, sometimes even picking up a Canadian broadcast of a game involving two American teams. (NBCSN, Versus' successor, does so as well - even incorporating coverage from Comcast-owned regional sports networks.) In 2007, Canadians accused the NHL of giving the CBC second billing to Versus' coverage of the playoffs. Since the 2011\u20132012 season, NBC Sports and NBCSN have exclusive rights to the entire Stanley Cup playoffs starting in round 2 (Conference Semifinals), and non-exclusive rights for the first round (Conference Quarterfinals), and will air each game nationally. Versus had"}, {"context": "about 20 million fewer subscribers than ESPN when the NHL started on Versus, but its owner Comcast switched Versus from a digital tier to basic cable to make NHL games available to more cable subscribers as well as re-branded the network (which was then known as the Outdoor Life Network) as a sports network. For Versus, the NHL coverage was a good addition as Versus' ratings grew by about 275% when it showed an NHL game. Versus' games rated substantially higher than any non-Tour de France programming that Versus had ever aired in comparable timeslots (rating between 0.2 and 0.3"}, {"context": "during the regular season). Still, these numbers were quite small compared to ratings for most other sports on national cable channels reaching at least as many homes as Versus. Versus' playoff viewership did not increase as much as it or the league might have hoped. Versus reached a viewership of 610,836 households for Game 1 of the 2006 Stanley Cup Finals. This figure was 39% fewer households than what ESPN drew for the Stanley Cup series opener two years earlier (though ESPN has a larger reach than Versus). Game 2 was seen in slightly fewer households (605,501). Versus averaged a"}, {"context": "0.2 Nielsen Media Research household rating, about level with the 2005\u201306 regular season NHL numbers and its 2006 prime time average. Versus' coverage of the 2007 All-Star Game garnered a .7 rating (474,298 viewing homes and 672,948 total viewers). Ratings were down 76% from ABC's ratings in 2004, the last time the game was played, and down 82% from ABC's coverage in 2000. However, some of that significant drop can be attributed to the game being played on a weeknight (Wednesday) as opposed to the traditional weekend game, and the fact that Versus is a cable television network unlike ABC"}, {"context": "which is a broadcast network. The 2008 All-Star Game was scheduled for a Sunday. In 2007\u201308, NHL audiences on Versus in the United States remained small, but increased over the previous two seasons. Versus averaged 246,154 viewers a game, up 24 percent from the previous year. Over the year, channel distribution increased to 73.6 million households from 70.8 million. Conference Finals ratings were averaging a 1.2 HH rating. Game 2 between the Flyers and Penguins drew a 1.7 HH rating, 2.3 million viewers; an NHL record on Versus. NHL on Versus The NHL on Versus was a presentation of National"}]}, {"title": "Dansefeber", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Dansefeber Dansefeber was the Norwegian iteration of the dance competition show \"So You Think You Can Dance\". It was broadcast on TVNorge (Norway) and hosted by Kjetil Tefke in its first season (2006) and Henriette Lien in the second (2006-2007). The winners for seasons 1 and 2 were Adil Khan and Hanna Mj\u00e5vatn, respectively. Like its American predecessor and other shows within the So You Think You Can Dance franchise, prospective competitors are first assessed at open auditions. \"Dansefeber\" held several of these auditions in major cities across Norway in its search for its initial talent pool, with dancers from"}, {"context": "a wide variety of backgrounds encouraged to audition. The auditions succeeded in drawing in dancers from styles as varied as ballroom, hip-hop, streetdance, contemporary, jazz, and ballet, amongst others. Dancers who qualified to move beyond this point in the competition earned a ticket to \"Feberdagene\" (\"The Fever Days\"), \"Dansefeber's\" version of the \"Boot Camp\" portion of the season. From the dancers sent on to this phase, twenty dancers (ten male and ten female) were chosen per season to advance to the main portion of the competition. In the first season, dancers switched partners every week of the competition from the"}, {"context": "first week of live performance shows. However, starting in the second season, couples stayed together (unless broken up by an elimination) until the show reached twelve finalists, in a format more consistent with other \"So You Think You Can Dance\" shows. Between the top twenty and the top twelve, viewers voted based on the couple, rather than the individual. Once the show reached its top twelve dancers, the dancers randomly pick their partner's name from a hat as well as their style(s) of dance. The first season was hosted by Henriette Lien and Kjetil Tefke. Judges were ballroom/jazz choreographer Jan"}, {"context": "Ivar Lund, contemporary choreographer Merete Lingj\u00e6rde, breakdancer Lars Undli and hip-hop choreographer Vibeke S\u00f8rlie. This first season featured 16 picked from the open audition/Fever Days participants to be perform as finalists in live show. The winner of Season 1 was breakdancer Adil Khan, with Maria Nyg\u00e5rd as the first runner-up. The second season was hosted by Henriette Lien alone and judges Merete Lingj\u00e6rde and Vibeke S\u00f8rlie returned, with new judge, the TV-producer Geir Bie. Auditions were held in Oslo, Bergen and Trondheim. This season, the number of finalists was increased to a Top 20 for the live shows. The winner"}, {"context": "of season 2 was contemporary dancer Hanna Mj\u00e5vatn, with Eric N\u00e6rb\u00f8 named as the runner-up. At the top 12 week performance, hip-hop dancer Mona-Jeanette Berntsen, was injured in a hip-hop routine with Ole Petter Knarvik, and was unable to compete further in the competition. As a result, the judges ruled that she could come back the following season and try out again. The show was not renewed for a third season, however, but rather replaced by multi-national competition So You Think You Can Dance Scandinavia, which included contestants from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Berntsen was allowed entry to this new"}, {"context": "competition and was ultimately its first (and only) winner. Dansefeber Dansefeber was the Norwegian iteration of the dance competition show \"So You Think You Can Dance\". It was broadcast on TVNorge (Norway) and hosted by Kjetil Tefke in its first season (2006) and Henriette Lien in the second (2006-2007). The winners for seasons 1 and 2 were Adil Khan and Hanna Mj\u00e5vatn, respectively. Like its American predecessor and other shows within the So You Think You Can Dance franchise, prospective competitors are first assessed at open auditions. \"Dansefeber\" held several of these auditions in major cities across Norway in its"}]}, {"title": "LG Optimus (original)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "LG Optimus (original) The LG Optimus, also known as the LG Optimus GT540, LG GT540 Swift and the LG Loop GT540, is a mid-level Android smartphone designed and manufactured by LG Electronics. Released running Android 1.6 Donut, the device can be officially upgraded to Android 2.1 Eclair via an LG software release. The Optimus is designed for first time smartphone users and is available in four colors: black, white, pink and silver. First announced in April, 2010 and first sold in June, 2010, the Optimus is available from wireless service providers worldwide. Reviews for the device have been generally positive."}, {"context": "Although the phone lacks cutting edge hardware, reviewers have found that the device performs well considering its reasonable price. The Optimus, also known as the GT540 Swift and the Loop GT540, is a mid-level Android smartphone designed and manufactured by LG Electronics. The GT540 Optimus ships with Android 1.6 Donut, but can be officially upgraded to Android 2.1 Eclair via an LG software release. Android enthusiasts have created unofficial updates that allow the GT540 to run Android 2.2 Froyo, Android 2.3 Gingerbread and Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich. LG designed the Optimus for first time smartphone users, marketing the device"}, {"context": "under the slogan \"Optimal performance for first time smartphone users.\" The LG Optimus received a generally positive reception. TechRadar commented, \"Given that it's free on \u00a315 a month contracts, you don't really have the right to expect top notch features. And, taking that into consideration, we have to say that the LG Optimus is a nicely rounded phone.\" Although the reviewer added that \"there's nothing outstanding about it, but the features fit together well enough.\" Electricpig.co.uk was slightly less enthusiastic. While the reviewer praised the phone's \"surprisingly pleasant media skills\", the reviewer also criticized the device's resistive touch screen and"}, {"context": "preferred the older LG GW620 in some respects. LG previously claimed that Optimus is not capable of running Android 2.2 (Froyo) due to its low hardware specifications. But developers Quarx and Ankuch, successfully ported Cyanogenmod 6 to GT540. Further another developer, Mur4ik, successfully ported CyanogenMod 7 based on Gingerbread. Few months later, developer named Mike Gapinski, managed to get Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich to GT540.<br> Only 1 month after the Jelly Bean Source was released even Android 4.1 was ported to it. The Optimus does not support all Bluetooth devices. One such issue is connecting to a Bluetooth Keyboard,"}, {"context": "the device will pair over Bluetooth, but is not able to establish an ongoing connection. This has been noted with the 49 key mini keyboard. LG Support confirmed this as a software issue that they do not have an existing patch to fix. LG Optimus (original) The LG Optimus, also known as the LG Optimus GT540, LG GT540 Swift and the LG Loop GT540, is a mid-level Android smartphone designed and manufactured by LG Electronics. Released running Android 1.6 Donut, the device can be officially upgraded to Android 2.1 Eclair via an LG software release. The Optimus is designed for"}]}, {"title": "Divorcees Anonymous", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Divorcees Anonymous Divorcess Anonymous was an organization in the United States which received notable press attention in the 1950s. The group's goal was to prevent divorce, primarily by teaching women to win back or change their husbands, reflecting the societal views of the time. The group was founded in 1949 by Samuel Starr, a Chicago divorce attorney who believed almost all divorced couples regretted that decision. The name, without a doubt, derived from organizations as Alcoholics Anonymous. According to Starr, the group started when he was loathe to take on a new divorce case for a propsective client couple, believing"}, {"context": "them to be focused only on \"some little peeves.\" His next client that day was a regretful divorcee, who either at her own suggestion or Starr's, successfully counseled the couple to remain together. Starr then recruited other divorced female clients to do the same work, and the group grew from five members to 100 within a month. The organization was profiled in the February 1950 issues of \"Good Housekeeping\" and \"Redbook\", the latter of which was condensed and reprinted in \"Reader's Digest\" in May 1950. By 1956, the group had claimed to have \"saved\" 3,000 marriages. Starr moved into a"}, {"context": "smaller office in 1959, claiming his divorce business had dropped by 75 percent. In 1961, it was reported that \"DA\" had 30 chapters across the United States. A 1957 episode of \"Armstrong Circle Theatre\", also titled \"Divorcees Anonymous,\" featured two women (played by Bibi Osterwald and June Dayton) who try to persuade a third woman not to divorce. Frank Overton played Sam Starr. Divorcees Anonymous dropped from press reports during the 1960s, and has received little attention since that time. Historian Kristin Celello's 2009 book \"Making Marriage Work: A History of Marriage and Divorce in the Twentieth-Century United States\" provides"}, {"context": "a brief history of DA. Cellelo notes that marriage counseling views which developed in the 1960s and 1970s, including that some marriages are better off ended, reflected a great change from the goals of Divorcees Anonymous. Divorcees Anonymous Divorcess Anonymous was an organization in the United States which received notable press attention in the 1950s. The group's goal was to prevent divorce, primarily by teaching women to win back or change their husbands, reflecting the societal views of the time. The group was founded in 1949 by Samuel Starr, a Chicago divorce attorney who believed almost all divorced couples regretted"}]}, {"title": "Gene doping", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Gene doping Gene doping is the hypothetical non-therapeutic use of gene therapy by athletes in order to improve their performance in those sporting events which prohibit such applications of genetic modification technology, and for reasons other than the treatment of disease. , there is no evidence that gene doping has been used for athletic performance-enhancement in any sporting events. Gene doping would involve the use of gene transfer to increase or decrease gene expression and protein biosynthesis of a specific human protein; this could be done by directly injecting the gene carrier into the person, or by taking cells from"}, {"context": "the person, transfecting the cells, and administering the cells back to the person. The historical development of interest in gene doping by athletes and concern about the risks of gene doping and how to detect it moved in parallel with the development of the field of gene therapy, especially with the publication in 1998 of work on a transgenic mouse overexpressing insulin-like growth factor 1 that was much stronger than normal mice, even in old age, preclinical studies published in 2002 of a way to deliver erythropoietin (EPO) via gene therapy, and publication in 2004 of the creation of a"}, {"context": "\"marathon mouse\" with much greater endurance than normal mice, created by delivering the gene expressing PPAR gamma to the mice. The scientists generating these publications were all contacted directly by athletes and coaches seeking access to the technology. The public became aware of that activity in 2006 when such efforts were part of the evidence presented in the trial of a German coach. Scientists themselves, as well as bodies including the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), the International Olympic Committee, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, started discussing the risk of gene doping in 2001, and by 2003"}, {"context": "WADA had added gene doping to the list of banned doping practices, and shortly thereafter began funding research on methods to detect gene doping. Genetic enhancement includes manipulation of genes or gene transfer by healthy athletes for the purpose of physically improving their performance. Genetic enhancement includes gene doping and has potential for abuse among athletes, all while opening the door to political and ethical controversy. The history of concern about the potential for gene doping follows the history of gene therapy, the medical use of genes to treat diseases, which was first clinically tested in the 1990s. Interest by"}, {"context": "the athletic community was especially spurred by the creation in a university lab of a \"mighty mouse\", created by administering a virus carrying the gene expressing insulin-like growth factor 1 to mice; the mice were stronger and remained strong even as they aged, without exercise. The lab had been seeking treatments for muscle wasting diseases, but when their work was made public, the lab was inundated with calls from athletes seeking the treatment, with one coach offering his whole team. The scientist told \"The New York Times\" in 2007: \"I was quite surprised, I must admit. People would try to"}, {"context": "entice me, saying things like, 'It'll help advance your research.' Some offered to pay me.\" He also told the \"Times\" that every time similar research is published he gets calls and that he explains that, even should the treatment became ready for use in people, which would take years, there would be serious risks, including death; he also said that even after he explains this, the athletes still want it. In 1999, the field of gene therapy was set back when Jesse Gelsinger died in a gene therapy clinical trial, suffering a massive inflammatory reaction to the drug. This led"}, {"context": "regulatory authorities in the US and Europe to increase safety requirements in clinical trials even beyond the initial restrictions that had been put in place at the beginning of the biotechnology era to deal with the risks of recombinant DNA. In June 2001, Theodore Friedmann, one of the pioneers of gene therapy, and Johann Olav Koss an Olympic gold medallist in speed skating, published a paper that was the first public warning about gene doping. Also in June 2001, a Gene Therapy Working Group, convened by the Medical Commission of the International Olympic Committee noted that \"we are aware that"}, {"context": "there is the potential for abuse of gene therapy medicines and we shall begin to establish procedures and state-of-the-art testing methods for identifying athletes who might misuse such technology\". Research was published in 2002 about a preclinical gene therapy called Repoxygen, which delivered the gene encoding erythropoietin (EPO) as a potential treatment for anemia. The scientists from that company also received calls from athletes and coaches. In that same year the World Anti-Doping Agency held its first meeting to discuss the risk of gene doping, and the US The President's Council on Bioethics discussed gene doping in the context of"}, {"context": "human enhancement at several sessions. In 2003, the field of gene therapy took a step forward and a step back; first gene therapy drug was approved, Gendicine, which was approved in China for the treatment of certain cancers, but children in France who had seemingly been effective treated with gene therapy for severe combined immunodeficiency (non-human) began developing leukemia. In 2003 the BALCO scandal became public, in which chemists, trainers and athletes conspired to evade doping controls with new and undetectable doping substances. In 2003 the World Doping Agency proactively added gene doping to the list of banned doping practices."}, {"context": "Also in 2003, a symposium convened by the American Association for the Advancement of Science focused on the issue. Research published in 2004 showing that mice given gene therapy coding for a protein called PPAR gamma had about double the endurance of untreated mice and were dubbed \"marathon mice\"; those scientists received calls from athletes and coaches. Also in 2004 the World Anti-Doping Agency began to fund research to detect gene doping, and formed a permanent expert panel to advise it on risks and to guide the funding. In 2006 interest from athletes in gene doping received widespread media coverage"}, {"context": "due its mention during the trial of a German coach who was accused and found guilty of giving his athletes performance enhancing drugs without their knowledge; an email in which the coach attempted to obtain Repoxygen was read in open court by a prosecutor. This was the first public disclosure that athletes were interested in gene doping. In 2011 the second gene therapy drug was approved; Neovasculgen, which delivers the gene encoding VEGF, was approved in Russia to treat peripheral artery disease. In 2012 Glybera, a treatment for a rare inherited disorder, became the first treatment to be approved for"}, {"context": "clinical use in either Europe or the United States. As the field of gene therapy has developed, the risk of gene doping becoming a reality has increased with it. There are numerous genes of interest as agents for gene doping. They include erythropoietin, insulin-like growth factor 1, human growth hormone, myostatin, vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, endorphin, enkephalin and alpha-actinin-3. The risks of gene doping would be similar to those of gene therapy: immune reaction to the native protein leading to the equivalent of an genetic disease, massive inflammatory response, cancer, and death, and in all cases, these"}, {"context": "risks would be undertaken for short-term gain as opposed to treating a serious disease. Alpha-actinin-3 is found only in skeletal muscle in humans, and has been identified in several genetic studies as having a different polymorphism in world-class athletes compared with normal people. One form that causes the gene to make more protein is found in sprinters and is related to increased power; another form that causes the gene to make less protein is found in endurance athletes. Gene doping agents could be designed with either polymorphism, or for endurance athletes, some DNA construct that interfered with expression like a"}, {"context": "small interfering RNA. Myostatin is a protein responsible for inhibiting muscle differentiation and growth. Removing the myostatin gene or otherwise limiting its expression leads to an increase in muscle size and power. This has been demonstrated in knockout mice lacking the gene that were dubbed \"Schwarzenegger mice\". Humans born with defective genes can also serve as \"knockout models\"; a German boy with a mutation in both copies of the myostatin gene was born with well-developed muscles. The advanced muscle growth continued after birth, and the boy could lift weights of 3 kg at the age of 4. In work published"}, {"context": "in 2009, scientists administered follistatin via gene therapy to the quadriceps of non-human primates, resulting in local muscle growth similar to the mice. Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein that acts as a hormone, controlling red blood cell production. Athletes have injected the EPO protein as a performance-enhancing substance for many years (blood doping). When the additional EPO increases the production of red blood cells in circulation, this increases the amount of oxygen available to muscle, enhancing an athlete's endurance. Recent studies suggest it may be possible to introduce another EPO gene into an animal in order to increase EPO production endogenously."}, {"context": "EPO genes have been successfully inserted into mice and monkeys, and were found to increase hematocrits by as much as 80 percent in those animals. However, the endogenous and transgene derived EPO elicited autoimmune responses in some animals in the form of severe anemia. Insulin-like growth factor 1 is a protein involved in the mediation of the growth hormone. Administration of IGF-1 to mice has resulted in more muscle growth and quicker muscle and nerve regeneration. If athletes were to use this the sustained production of IGF-1 could cause heart disease and cancer. Modulating the levels of proteins that affect"}, {"context": "psychology are also potential goals for gene doping; for example pain perception depends on endorphins and enkephalins, response to stress depends on BDNF, and an increase in synthesis of monamines could improve the mood of athletes. Preproenkephalin has been administered via gene therapy using a replication-deficient herpes simplex virus, which targets nerves, to mice with results good enough to justify a Phase I clinical trial in people with terminal cancer with uncontrolled pain. Adopting that approach for athletes would be problematic since the pain deadening would likely be permanent. VEGF has been tested in clinical trials to increase blood flow"}, {"context": "and has been considered as a potential gene doping agent; however long term follow up of the clinical trial subjects showed poor results. The same is true of fibroblast growth factor. Glucagon-like peptide-1 increases the amount of glucose in the liver and has been administered via gene therapy to the livers of mouse models of diabetes and was shown to increase gluconeogenesis' for athletes this would make more energy available and reduce the buildup of lactic acid. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is the main regulatory organization looking into the issue of the detection of gene doping. Both direct and"}, {"context": "indirect testing methods are being researched by the organization. Directly detecting the use of gene therapy usually requires the discovery of recombinant proteins or gene insertion vectors, while most indirect methods involve examining the athlete in an attempt to detect bodily changes or structural differences between endogenous and recombinant proteins. Indirect methods are by nature more subjective, as it becomes very difficult to determine which anomalies are proof of gene doping, and which are simply natural, though unusual, biological properties. For example, Eero M\u00e4ntyranta, an Olympic cross country skier, had a mutation which made his body produce abnormally high amounts"}, {"context": "of red blood cells. It would be very difficult to determine whether or not M\u00e4ntyranta's red blood cell levels were due to an innate genetic advantage, or an artificial one. A 2016 review found that about 120 DNA polymorphisms had been identified in the literature related to some aspect of athletic performance, 77 related to endurance and 43 related to power. 11 had been replicated in three or more studies and six were identified in genome-wide association studies, but 29 had not been replicated in at least one study. The 11 replicated markers were: The six GWAS markers were: The"}, {"context": "World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) determined that non therapeutic form of genetic manipulation for enhancement of athletic performance is not allowed in sport. The WADA code implemented guidelines to determine if said technology should be prohibited in sport. If two of the three conditions are met, then the technology is prohibited in sport; harmful to one's health, performance enhancing, and/or against the \"spirit of sport\". The high risks associated with gene therapy can be outweighed by the potential save the lives of individuals with diseases. According to Alain Fischer, who was involved in clinical trials of gene therapy in children with"}, {"context": "severe combined immunodeficiency, \"Only people who are dying would have reasonable grounds for using it. Using gene therapy for doping is ethically unacceptable and scientifically stupid.\" As seen with past cases, including the steroid tetrahydrogestrinone THG, athletes may choose to incorporate risky genetic technologies into their training regimes. The mainstream perspective is that gene doping is dangerous and unethical, as is any application of a therapeutic intervention for non-therapeutic or enhancing purposes, and that it compromises the ethical foundation of medicine and the spirit of sport. Others, who support human enhancement on broader grounds, or who see a false dichotomy"}, {"context": "between \"natural\" and \"artificial\" or a denial of the role of technology in improving athletic performance, do not oppose or support gene doping. Gene doping Gene doping is the hypothetical non-therapeutic use of gene therapy by athletes in order to improve their performance in those sporting events which prohibit such applications of genetic modification technology, and for reasons other than the treatment of disease. , there is no evidence that gene doping has been used for athletic performance-enhancement in any sporting events. Gene doping would involve the use of gene transfer to increase or decrease gene expression and protein biosynthesis"}]}, {"title": "Roger Jackling", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Roger Jackling Sir Roger Tustin Jackling (born 23 November 1943) is a British retired Civil Servant who served as the first Director General of the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom. Educated at Wellington College, New York University and Jesus College, Oxford, Jackling joined the Ministry of Defence in 1969. He was appointed a Fellow of the Centre for International Affairs at Harvard University in 1985 and Principal of the Civil Service College in 1986. He went on to be Deputy Under-Secretary (Resources, Programmes & Finance) and then Second Permanent Under-Secretary of State at the Ministry of Defence from 1997."}, {"context": "He was appointed Director General of the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom on its formation in 2002. Roger Jackling Sir Roger Tustin Jackling (born 23 November 1943) is a British retired Civil Servant who served as the first Director General of the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom. Educated at Wellington College, New York University and Jesus College, Oxford, Jackling joined the Ministry of Defence in 1969. He was appointed a Fellow of the Centre for International Affairs at Harvard University in 1985 and Principal of the Civil Service College in 1986. He went on to be Deputy Under-Secretary"}]}, {"title": "Peter Plouviez", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Peter Plouviez Peter William Plouviez FRSA (30 July 1931 \u2013 5 October 2017) was a British trade union leader. Plouviez began working for the British Actors' Equity Association in 1960, and became its general secretary in 1974. As leader of the union, he arranged for the Variety Artistes' Federation to join, and also built closer ties with the Actors' Equity Association and Screen Actors Guild in the United States. Under his leadership, membership of the union grew from 10,000 to 46,000, although about 80% of them were out of work at any given time. Plouviez retired in 1991, and was"}, {"context": "made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts the following year. Also in 1992, he became chair of the Equity Trust Fund, a position he held until 2006. Peter Plouviez Peter William Plouviez FRSA (30 July 1931 \u2013 5 October 2017) was a British trade union leader. Plouviez began working for the British Actors' Equity Association in 1960, and became its general secretary in 1974. As leader of the union, he arranged for the Variety Artistes' Federation to join, and also built closer ties with the Actors' Equity Association and Screen Actors Guild in the United States. Under his"}]}, {"title": "Bernard O'Donoghue", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bernard O'Donoghue Bernard O'Donoghue FRSL (born 1945) is a contemporary Irish poet and academic. Born in Cullen, County Cork, Ireland, he moved to Manchester, England, when he was 16, where he attended St Bede's College. He has lived in Oxford, England, since 1965. O'Donoghue was emeritus fellow and tutor in Old English and Medieval English, Linguistics and the History of the English Language, Modern Irish Literature, Yeats and Joyce at Wadham College, Oxford University from 1995 to 2011, where he had been referred to as \"the nicest man in Oxford\". He was previously reader and lecturer at Magdalen College, Oxford,"}, {"context": "from 1971 to 1995, and was a colleague of John Fuller and David Norbrook. His former students include actress Rosamund Pike and journalist and satirist Ian Hislop. In 2006, Penguin Books published O'Donoghue's new translation of \"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight\". O'Donoghue has a wide range of specialities. He has written on courtly love, Thomas Hoccleve and Seamus Heaney. His published poetry collections include \"Poaching Rights\" (1987), \"The Absent Signifier\" (1990), \"The Weakness\" (1991), \"Gunpowder\" (1995, which won the Whitbread Prize for Poetry), and \"Here Nor There\" (1999), \"Poaching Rights\" (1999) and \"Outliving\" (2003). O'Donoghue has said that the"}, {"context": "Anglo-Saxon elegies such as \"The Seafarer\" and \"The Wanderer\" are his \"model for the perfectly formed lyric poem\". Along with the British poet and translator David Constantine, O'Donoghue is an editor of the distinguished Oxford Poets imprint of Carcanet Press. He is the senior member of the Oxford University Poetry Society. O'Donoghue received the 1995 Whitbread prize for Poetry for his collection \"Gunpowder\", and the Cholmondeley Award in 2009. He has also been shortlisted multiple times for the T.S. Eliot Prize. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1999. He succeeded Seamus Heaney as Honorary"}, {"context": "President of the Irish Literary Society of London in 2014. Bernard O'Donoghue Bernard O'Donoghue FRSL (born 1945) is a contemporary Irish poet and academic. Born in Cullen, County Cork, Ireland, he moved to Manchester, England, when he was 16, where he attended St Bede's College. He has lived in Oxford, England, since 1965. O'Donoghue was emeritus fellow and tutor in Old English and Medieval English, Linguistics and the History of the English Language, Modern Irish Literature, Yeats and Joyce at Wadham College, Oxford University from 1995 to 2011, where he had been referred to as \"the nicest man in Oxford\"."}]}, {"title": "Calothamnus hirsutus", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Calothamnus hirsutus Calothamnus hirsutus is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a small, spreading shrub with prominent hairs on the leaves giving them a smoky appearance. The flowers are deep red and are usually in dense clusters between the older leaves. (In 2014 Craven, Edwards and Cowley proposed that the species be renamed \"Melaleuca hirsuta\".) \"Calothamnus hirsutus\" is a compact, many-branched shrub growing to a height of about . The older branches are corky but the younger shoots are densely hairy. Its leaves are usually long, in diameter,"}, {"context": "cylindrical in shape and taper to a non-prickly point. They have many well-spaced, upright hairs on their surface and conspicuous oil glands. The flowers are deep red and in dense clusters of 4 to 8 individual flowers, usually on the older branches and between the leaves. The petals are long, thin, papery and orange to brown. The stamens are arranged in 5 claw-like bundles with 20 to 25 stamens per bundle. Flowering occurs from October to February and is followed by fruits which are woody, almost spherical capsules which are hairy at first but become glabrous with age. The fruits"}, {"context": "are in diameter. \"Calothamnus hirsutus\" was first formally described in 1984 by Trevor Hawkeswood in the botanical journal \"Nuytsia\". The specific epithet (\"hirsutus\") is a Latin word meaning \"rough\" or \"hairy\" referring to the long, simple hairs on the leaves. \"Calothamnus hirsutus\" occurs from near Arrowsmith to the suburbs of Perth and the Helena Valley in the Avon Wheatbelt, Geraldton Sandplains, Jarrah Forest, Swan Coastal Plain biogeographic regions. There is a significant population in the Anstey-Keane Dampland reserve in the Perth suburb of Forrestdale. \"Calothamnus hirsutus\" is classified as \"not threatened\" by the Western Australian government department of parks and"}, {"context": "wildlife. Calothamnus hirsutus Calothamnus hirsutus is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a small, spreading shrub with prominent hairs on the leaves giving them a smoky appearance. The flowers are deep red and are usually in dense clusters between the older leaves. (In 2014 Craven, Edwards and Cowley proposed that the species be renamed \"Melaleuca hirsuta\".) \"Calothamnus hirsutus\" is a compact, many-branched shrub growing to a height of about . The older branches are corky but the younger shoots are densely hairy. Its leaves are usually long, in"}]}, {"title": "Hookworm infection", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hookworm infection Hookworm infection is an infection by a type of intestinal parasite known as a hookworm. Initially, itching and a rash may occur at the site of infection. Those only affected by a few worms may show no symptoms. Those infected by many worms may experience abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and tiredness. The mental and physical development of children may be affected. Anemia may result. Two common hookworm infections in humans are ancylostomiasis and necatoriasis, caused by the species \"Ancylostoma duodenale\" and \"Necator americanus\" respectively. Hookworm eggs are deposited in the stools of infected people. If these end"}, {"context": "up in the environment, they can hatch into larvae (immature worms), which can then penetrate the skin. One type can also be spread through contaminated food. Risk factors include walking barefoot in warm climates, where sanitation is poor. Diagnosis is by examination of a stool sample with a microscope. The disease can be prevented on an individual level by not walking barefoot in areas where the disease is common. At a population level, decreasing outdoor defecation, not using raw feces as fertilizer, and mass deworming is effective. Treatment is typically with the medications albendazole or mebendazole for one to three"}, {"context": "days. Iron supplements may be needed in those with anemia. Hookworms infected about 428 million people in 2015. Heavy infections can occur in both children and adults, but are less common in adults. They are rarely fatal. Hookworm infection is a soil-transmitted helminthiasis and classified as a neglected tropical disease. No symptoms or signs are specific for hookworm infection, but they give rise to a combination of intestinal inflammation and progressive iron-deficiency anemia and protein deficiency. Coughing, chest pain, wheezing, and fever sometimes result from severe infection. Epigastric pains, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea can occur early or in"}, {"context": "later stages, as well, although gastrointestinal symptoms tend to improve with time. Signs of advanced severe infection are those of anemia and protein deficiency, including emaciation, cardiac failure, and abdominal distension with ascites. Larval invasion of the skin (mostly in the Americas) can produce a skin disease called cutaneous larva migrans also known as creeping eruption. The hosts of these worms are not human and the larvae can only penetrate the upper five layers of the skin, where they give rise to intense, local itching, usually on the foot or lower leg, known as ground itch. This infection is due"}, {"context": "to larvae from the \"A. braziliense\" hookworm. The larvae migrate in tortuous tunnels between the stratum basale and stratum corneum of the skin, causing serpiginous vesicular lesions. With advancing movement of the larvae, the rear portions of the lesions become dry and crusty. The lesions are typically intensely itchy. The incubation period can vary between a few weeks to many months, and is largely dependent on the number of hookworm parasites an individual is infected with. Hookworm infections in humans, include ancylostomiasis and necatoriasis. Ancylostomiasis is caused by \"Ancylostoma duodenale\" which is the more common type found in the Middle"}, {"context": "East, North Africa, India, and (formerly) in southern Europe. Necatoriasis is caused by \"Necator americanus\" the more common type in the Americas, sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, China, and Indonesia. Other species are transmitted by cats to human through a bite or contact with the cat feces. These include \"Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Ancylostoma braziliense, and Uncinaria stenocephala\". Other animals such as birds, dogs, and cats may also be affected. \"A. tubaeforme\" infects cats, \"A. caninum\" infects dogs, and \"A. braziliense\" and \"Uncinaria stenocephala\" infect both cats and dogs. Hookworms are much smaller than the giant roundworms \"Ascaris lumbricoides\". \"A. duodenale\" worms are"}, {"context": "grayish white or pinkish with the head slightly bent in relation to the rest of the body. This bend forms a definitive hook shape at the anterior end for which hookworms are named. They possess well-developed mouths with two pairs of teeth. While males measure approximately one centimeter by 0.5 millimeter, the females are often longer and stouter. Additionally, males can be distinguished from females based on the presence of a prominent posterior copulatory bursa. \"N. americanus\" is very similar in morphology to \"A. duodenale\". \"N. americanus\" is generally smaller than \"A. duodenale\" with males usually 5 to 9 mm"}, {"context": "long and females about 1 cm long. Whereas \"A. duodenale\" possesses two pairs of teeth, \"N. americanus\" possesses a pair of cutting plates in the buccal capsule. Additionally, the hook shape is much more defined in \"Necator\" than in \"Ancylostoma\". The hookworm thrives in warm soil where temperatures are over 18\u00b0C. They exist primarily in sandy or loamy soil and cannot live in clay or muck. Rainfall averages must be more than 1000 mm (40 inches) a year for them to survive. Only if these conditions exist can the eggs hatch. Infective larvae of \"N. americanus\" can survive at higher"}, {"context": "temperatures, whereas those of \"A. duodenale\" are better adapted to cooler climates. Generally, they live for only a few weeks at most under natural conditions, and die almost immediately on exposure to direct sunlight or desiccation. Infection of the host is by the larvae, not the eggs. While \"A. duodenale\" can be ingested, the usual method of infection is through the skin; this is commonly caused by walking barefoot through areas contaminated with fecal matter. The larvae are able to penetrate the skin of the foot, and once inside the body, they migrate through the vascular system to the lungs,"}, {"context": "and from there up the trachea, and are swallowed. They then pass down the esophagus and enter the digestive system, finishing their journey in the intestine, where the larvae mature into adult worms. Once in the host gut, \"Necator\" tends to cause a prolonged infection, generally 1 to 5 years (many worms die within a year or two of infecting), though some adult worms have been recorded to live for 15 years or more. \"Ancylostoma\" adults are short-lived, surviving on average for only about 6 months. However, the infection can be prolonged because dormant larvae can be \"recruited\" sequentially from"}, {"context": "tissue \"stores\" (see Pathology, above) over many years, to replace expired adult worms. This can give rise to seasonal fluctuations in infection prevalence and intensity (apart from normal seasonal variations in transmission). They mate inside the host, females laying up to 30,000 eggs per day and some 18 to 54 million eggs during their lifetimes, which pass out in feces. Because 5 to 7 weeks are needed for adult worms to mature, mate, and produce eggs, in the early stages of very heavy infection, acute symptoms might occur without any eggs being detected in the patient's feces. This can make"}, {"context": "diagnosis very difficult. \"N. americanus\" and \"A. duodenale\" eggs can be found in warm, moist soil where they eventually hatch into first-stage larvae, or L1. L1, the feeding noninfective rhabditoform stage, will feed on soil microbes and eventually molt into second-stage larvae, L2, which is also in the rhabditoform stage. It will feed for about 7 days and then molt into the third-stage larvae, or L3. This is the filariform stage of the parasite, that is, the nonfeeding infective form of the larvae. The L3 larvae are extremely motile and seek higher ground to increase their chances of penetrating the"}, {"context": "skin of a human host. The L3 larvae can survive up to 2 weeks without finding a host. While \"N. americanus\" larvae only infect through penetration of skin, \"A. duodenale\" can infect both through penetration and orally. After the L3 larvae have successfully entered the host, they then travel through the subcutaneous venules and lymphatic vessels of the human host. Eventually, the L3 larvae enter the lungs through the pulmonary capillaries and break out into the alveoli. They then travel up the trachea to be coughed and swallowed by the host. After being swallowed, the L3 larvae are then found"}, {"context": "in the small intestine, where they molt into the L4, or adult worm stage. The entire process from skin penetration to adult development takes about 5\u20139 weeks. The female adult worms release eggs (\"N. americanus\" about 9,000\u201310,000 eggs/day and \"A. duodenale\" 25,000\u201330,000 eggs/day), which are passed in the feces of the human host. These eggs hatch in the environment within several days and the cycle starts anew. Hookworm infection is generally considered to be asymptomatic, but as Norman Stoll described in 1962, it is an extremely dangerous infection because its damage is \u201csilent and insidious.\u201d An individual may experience general"}, {"context": "symptoms soon after infection. Ground-itch, which is an allergic reaction at the site of parasitic penetration and entry, is common in patients infected with \"N. americanus\". Additionally, cough and pneumonitis may result as the larvae begin to break into the alveoli and travel up the trachea. Then once the larvae reach the small intestine of the host and begin to mature, the infected individual will suffer from diarrhea and other gastrointestinal discomfort. However, the \u201csilent and insidious\u201d symptoms referred to by Stoll are related to chronic, heavy-intensity hookworm infections. Major morbidity associated with hookworm infection is caused by intestinal blood"}, {"context": "loss, iron deficiency anemia, and protein malnutrition. They result mainly from adult hookworms in the small intestine ingesting blood, rupturing erythrocytes, and degrading hemoglobin in the host. This long-term blood loss can manifest itself physically through facial and peripheral edema; eosinophilia and pica caused by iron deficiency anemia are also experienced by some hookworm-infected patients. Recently, more attention has been given to other important outcomes of hookworm infection that play a large role in public health. It is now widely accepted that children who suffer from chronic hookworm infection can suffer from growth retardation as well as intellectual and cognitive"}, {"context": "impairments. Additionally, recent research has focused on the potential of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes when the mother is infected with hookworm during pregnancy. The disease was linked to nematode worms (\"Ankylostoma duodenalis\") from one-third to half an inch long in the intestine chiefly through the labours of Theodor Bilharz and Griesinger in Egypt (1854). The symptoms can be linked to inflammation in the gut stimulated by feeding hookworms, such as nausea, abdominal pain and intermittent diarrhea, and to progressive anemia in prolonged disease: capricious appetite, pica (or dirt-eating), obstinate constipation followed by diarrhea, palpitations, thready pulse, coldness of the skin, pallor"}, {"context": "of the mucous membranes, fatigue and weakness, shortness of breath and in cases running a fatal course, dysentery, hemorrhages and edema. The worms suck blood and damage the mucosa. However, the blood loss in the stools is not visibly apparent. Blood tests in early infection often show a rise in numbers of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell that is preferentially stimulated by worm infections in tissues (large numbers of eosinophils are also present in the local inflammatory response). Falling blood hemoglobin levels will be seen in cases of prolonged infection with anemia. In contrast to most intestinal helminthiases,"}, {"context": "where the heaviest parasitic loads tend to occur in children, hookworm prevalence and intensity can be higher among adult males. The explanation for this is that hookworm infection tends to be occupational, so that coworkers and other close groups maintain a high prevalence of infection among themselves by contaminating their work environment. However, in most endemic areas, adult women are the most severely affected by anemia, mainly because they have much higher physiological needs for iron (menstruation, repeated pregnancy). An interesting consequence of this in the case of \"Ancylostoma duodenale\" infection is translactational transmission of infection: the skin-invasive larvae of"}, {"context": "this species do not all immediately pass through the lungs and on into the gut, but spread around the body via the circulation, to become dormant inside muscle fibers. In a pregnant woman, after childbirth some or all of these larvae are stimulated to re-enter the circulation (presumably by sudden hormonal changes), then to pass into the mammary glands, so that the newborn baby can receive a large dose of infective larvae through its mother's milk. This accounts for otherwise inexplicable cases of very heavy, even fatal, hookworm infections in children a month or so of age, in places such"}, {"context": "as China, India and northern Australia. An identical phenomenon is much more commonly seen with \"Ancylostoma caninum\" infections in dogs, where the newborn pups can even die of hemorrhaging from their intestines caused by massive numbers of feeding hookworms. This also reflects the close evolutionary link between the human and canine parasites, which probably have a common ancestor dating back to when humans and dogs first started living closely together. Filariform larvae is the infective stage of the parasite, infection occurs when larvae in soil penetrate the skin, or when they are ingested through contaminated food and water following skin"}, {"context": "penetration, larvae Diagnosis depends on finding characteristic worm eggs on microscopic examination of the stools, although this is not possible in early infection. Early signs of infection in most dogs include limbular limping and anal itching. The eggs are oval or elliptical, measuring 60 by 40 \u00b5m, colorless, not bile stained and with a thin transparent hyaline shell membrane. When released by the worm in the intestine, the egg contains an unsegmented ovum. During its passage down the intestine, the ovum develops and thus the eggs passed in feces have a segmented ovum, usually with 4 to 8 blastomeres. As"}, {"context": "the eggs of both \"Ancylostoma\" and \"Necator\" (and most other hookworm species) are indistinguishable, to identify the genus, they must be cultured in the lab to allow larvae to hatch out. If the fecal sample is left for a day or more under tropical conditions, the larvae will have hatched out, so eggs might no longer be evident. In such a case, it is essential to distinguish hookworms from \"Strongyloides\" larvae, as infection with the latter has more serious implications and requires different management. The larvae of the two hookworm species can also be distinguished microscopically, although this would not"}, {"context": "be done routinely, but usually for research purposes. Adult worms are rarely seen (except via endoscopy, surgery or autopsy), but if found, would allow definitive identification of the species. Classification can be performed based on the length of the buccal cavity, the space between the oral opening and the esophagus: hookworm rhabditoform larvae have long buccal cavities whereas \"Strongyloides\" rhabditoform larvae have short buccal cavities. Recent research has focused on the development of DNA-based tools for diagnosis of infection, specific identification of hookworm, and analysis of genetic variability within hookworm populations. Because hookworm eggs are often indistinguishable from other parasitic"}, {"context": "eggs, PCR assays could serve as a molecular approach for accurate diagnosis of hookworm in the feces. The infective larvae develop and survive in an environment of damp dirt, particularly sandy and loamy soil. They cannot survive in clay or muck. The main lines of precaution are those dictated by good hygiene behaviors: Moxidectin is available in the United States as (imidacloprid + moxidectin) topical solution for dogs and cats. It utilizes moxidectin for control and prevention of roundworms, hookworms, heartworms, and whipworms. Most of these public health concerns have focused on children who are infected with hookworm. This focus"}, {"context": "on children is largely due to the large body of evidence that has demonstrated strong associations between hookworm infection and impaired learning, increased absences from school, and decreased future economic productivity. In 2001, the 54th World Health Assembly passed a resolution demanding member states to attain a minimum target of regular deworming of at least 75% of all at-risk school children by the year 2010. A 2008 World Health Organization publication reported on these efforts to treat at-risk school children. Some of the interesting statistics were as follows: 1) only 9 out of 130 endemic countries were able to reach"}, {"context": "the 75% target goal; and 2) less than 77 million school-aged children (of the total 878 million at risk) were reached, which means that only 8.78% of at-risk children are being treated for hookworm infection. School-based mass deworming programs have been the most popular strategy to address the issue of hookworm infection in children. School-based programs are extremely cost-effective as schools already have an available, extensive, and sustained infrastructure with a skilled workforce that has a close relationship with the community. With little training from a local health system, teachers can easily administer the drugs which often cost less than"}, {"context": "US$0.50 per child per year. Recently, many people have begun to question if the school-based programs are necessarily the most effective approach. An important concern with school-based programs is that they often do not reach children who do not attend school, thus ignoring a large amount of at-risk children. A 2008 study by Massa \"et al.\" continued the debate regarding school-based programs. They examined the effects of community-directed treatments versus school-based treatments in the Tanga Region of Tanzania. A major conclusion was that the mean infection intensity of hookworm was significantly lower in the villages employing the community-directed treatment approach"}, {"context": "than the school-based approach. The community-directed treatment model used in this specific study allowed villagers to take control of the child's treatment by having villagers select their own community drug distributors to administer the antihelminthic drugs. Additionally, villagers organized and implemented their own methods for distributing the drugs to all children. The positive results associated with this new model highlight the need for large-scale community involvement in deworming campaigns. Many mass deworming programs also combine their efforts with a public health education. These health education programs often stress important preventative techniques such as: washing your hands before eating, and staying"}, {"context": "away from water/areas contaminated by human feces. These programs may also stress that shoes must be worn, however, these come with their own health risks and may not be effective. Shoe wearing patterns in towns and villages across the globe are determined by cultural beliefs, and the levels of education within that society. The wearing of shoes will prevent the entry of hookworm infections from the surrounding soils into tender skin regions; such as areas between the toes. Historical examples, such as the hookworm campaigns in Mississippi and Florida from 1943 to 1947 have shown that the primary cause of"}, {"context": "hookworm infection is poor sanitation, which can be solved by building and maintaining toilets. But while these may seem like simple tasks, they raise important public health challenges. Most infected populations are from poverty-stricken areas with very poor sanitation. Thus, it is most likely that at-risk children do not have access to clean water to wash their hands and live in environments with no proper sanitation infrastructure. Health education, therefore, must address preventive measures in ways that are both feasible and sustainable in the context of resource-limited settings. Evaluation of numerous public health interventions has generally shown that improvement in"}, {"context": "each individual component ordinarily attributed to poverty (for example, sanitation, health education and underlying nutrition status) often have minimal impact on transmission. For example, one study found that the introduction of latrines into a resource-limited community only reduced the prevalence of hookworm infection by four percent. However, another study in Salvador, Brazil found that improved drainage and sewerage had a significant impact on the prevalence of hookworm infection but no impact at all on the intensity of hookworm infection. This seems to suggest that environmental control alone has a limited but incomplete effect on the transmission of hookworms. It is"}, {"context": "imperative, therefore, that more research is performed to understand the efficacy and sustainability of integrated programs that combine numerous preventive methods including education, sanitation, and treatment. The most common treatment for hookworm are benzimidazoles, specifically albendazole and mebendazole. BZAs kill adult worms by binding to the nematode\u2019s \u03b2-tubulin and subsequently inhibiting microtubule polymerization within the parasite. In certain circumstances, levamisole and pyrantel pamoate may be used. A 2008 review found that the efficacy of single-dose treatments for hookworm infections were as follows: 72% for albendazole, 15% for mebendazole, and 31% for pyrantel pamoate. This substantiates prior claims that albendazole is"}, {"context": "much more effective than mebendazole for hookworm infections. Also of note is that the World Health Organization does recommend anthelmintic treatment in pregnant women after the first trimester. It is also recommended that if the patient also suffers from anemia that ferrous sulfate (200 mg) be administered three times daily at the same time as anthelmintic treatment; this should be continued until hemoglobin values return to normal which could take up to 3 months. Hookworm infection can be treated with local cryotherapy when the hookworm is still in the skin. Albendazole is effective both in the intestinal stage and during"}, {"context": "the stage the parasite is still migrating under the skin. In case of anemia, iron supplementation can cause relief symptoms of iron deficiency anemia. However, as red blood cell levels are restored, shortage of other essentials such as folic acid or vitamin B12 may develop, so these might also be supplemented. Other important issues related to the treatment of hookworm are reinfection and drug resistance. It has been shown that reinfection after treatment can be extremely high. Some studies even show that 80% of pretreatment hookworm infection rates can be seen in treated communities within 30\u201336 months. While reinfection may"}, {"context": "occur, it is still recommended that regular treatments be conducted as it will minimize the occurrence of chronic outcomes. There are also increasing concerns about the issue of drug resistance. Drug resistance has appeared in front-line anthelmintics used for livestock nematodes. Generally human nematodes are less likely to develop resistance due to longer reproducing times, less frequent treatment, and more targeted treatment. Nonetheless, the global community must be careful to maintain the effectiveness of current anthelmintic as no new anthelmintic drugs are in the late-stage development. It is estimated that between 576 and 740 million individuals are infected with hookworm."}, {"context": "Of these infected individuals, about 80 million are severely affected. The major cause of hookworm infection is \"N. americanus\" which is found in the Americas, sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia. \"A. duodenale\" is found in more scattered focal environments, namely Europe and the Mediterranean. Most infected individuals are concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia/the Pacific Islands with each region having estimates of 198 million and 149 million infected individuals, respectively. Other affected regions include: South Asia (50 million), Latin America and the Caribbean (50 million), South Asia (59 million), Middle East/North Africa (10 million). A majority of these infected individuals"}, {"context": "live in poverty-stricken areas with poor sanitation. Hookworm infection is most concentrated among the world\u2019s poorest who live on less than $2 a day. While hookworm infection may not directly lead to mortality, its effects on morbidity demand immediate attention. When considering disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), neglected tropical diseases, including hookworm infection, rank among diarrheal diseases, ischemic heart disease, malaria, and tuberculosis as one of the most important health problems of the developing world. It has been estimated that as many as 22.1 million DALYs have been lost due to hookworm infection. Recently, there has been increasing interest to address"}, {"context": "the public health concerns associated with hookworm infection. For example, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation recently donated US$34 million to fight Neglected Tropical Diseases including hookworm infection. Former US President Clinton also announced a mega-commitment at the Clinton Global Initiative (CGI) 2008 Annual Meeting to de-worm 10 million children. Many of the numbers regarding the prevalence of hookworm infection are estimates as there is no international surveillance mechanism currently in place to determine prevalence and global distribution. Some prevalence rates have been measured through survey data in endemic regions around the world. The following are some of the most"}, {"context": "recent findings on prevalence rates in regions endemic with hookworm. Darjeeling, Hooghly District, West Bengal, India (Pal \"et al.\" 2007) Xiulongkan Village, Hainan Province, China (Gandhi \"et al.\" 2001) Hoa Binh, Northwest Vietnam (Verle \"et al.\" 2003) Minas Gerais, Brazil (Fleming \"et al.\" 2006) KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Mabaso \"et al.\" 2004) Lowndes County, Alabama, United States There have also been technological developments that may facilitate more accurate mapping of hookworm prevalence. Some researchers have begun to use geographical information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) to examine helminth ecology and epidemiology. Brooker \"et al.\" utilized this technology to create helminth"}, {"context": "distribution maps of sub-Saharan Africa. By relating satellite derived environmental data with prevalence data from school-based surveys, they were able to create detailed prevalence maps. The study focused on a wide range of helminths, but interesting conclusions about hookworm specifically were found. As compared to other helminths, hookworm is able to survive in much hotter conditions and was highly prevalent throughout the upper end of the thermal range. Improved molecular diagnostic tools are another technological advancement that could help improve existing prevalence statistics. Recent research has focused on the development of a DNA-based tool that can be used for diagnosis"}, {"context": "of infection, specific identification of hookworm, and analysis of genetic variability in hookworm populations. Again this can serve as a major tool for different public health measures against hookworm infection. Most research regarding diagnostic tools is now focused on the creation of a rapid and cost-effective assay for the specific diagnosis of hookworm infection. Many are hopeful that its development can be achieved within the next five years. The symptoms now attributed to hookworm appear in papyrus papers of ancient Egypt (c. 1500 BC), described as a derangement characterized by anemia. Avicenna, a Persian physician of the eleventh century, discovered"}, {"context": "the worm in several of his patients and related it to their disease. In later times, the condition was noticeably prevalent in the mining industry in England, France, Germany, Belgium, North Queensland, and elsewhere. Italian physician Angelo Dubini was the modern-day discoverer of the worm in 1838 after an autopsy of a peasant woman. Dubini published details in 1843 and identified the species as \"A. duodenale\". Working in the Egyptian medical system in 1852 German physician Theodor Bilharz, drawing upon the work of colleague Wilhelm Griesinger, found these worms during autopsies and went a step further in linking them to"}, {"context": "local endemic occurrences of chlorosis, which would probably be called iron deficiency anemia today. A breakthrough came 25 years later following a diarrhea and anemia epidemic that took place among Italian workmen employed on the Gotthard Rail Tunnel. In an 1880 paper, physicians Camillo Bozzolo, Edoardo Perroncito, and Luigi Pagliani correctly hypothesized that hookworm was linked to the fact that workers had to defecate inside the 15 km tunnel, and that many wore worn-out shoes. In 1897, it was established that the skin was the principal avenue of infection and the biological life cycle of the hookworm was clarified. In"}, {"context": "1899, American zoologist Charles Wardell Stiles identified progressive pernicious anemia seen in the southern United States as being caused by the hookworm \"A. duodenale\". Testing in the 1900s revealed very heavy infestations in school-age children. In Puerto Rico, Dr. Bailey K. Ashford, a US Army physician, organized and conducted a parasite treatment campaign, which cured approximately 300,000 people (one-third of the Puerto Rican population) and reduced the death rate from this anemia by 90 percent during the years 1903\u20131904. On October 26, 1909 the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease was organized as a result of a"}, {"context": "gift of US$1 million from John D. Rockefeller, Sr. The five-year program was a remarkable success and a great contribution to the United States' public health, instilling public education, medication, field work and modern government health departments in eleven southern states. The hookworm exhibit was a prominent part of the 1910 Mississippi state fair. The Commission found that an average of 40% of school-aged children were infected with hookworm. Areas with higher levels of hookworm infection prior to the eradication program experienced greater increases in school enrollment, attendance, and literacy after the intervention. Econometric studies have shown that this effect"}, {"context": "cannot be explained by a variety of alternative factors, including differential trends across areas, changing crop prices, shifts in certain educational and health policies and the effect of malaria eradication. No significant contemporaneous results were found for adults who should have benefited less from the intervention owing to their substantially lower (prior) infection rates. The program nearly eradicated hookworm and would flourish afterward with new funding as the Rockefeller Foundation International Health Division. The RF's hookworm campaign in Mexico showed how science and politics play a role in developing health policies. It brought together government officials, health officials, public health"}, {"context": "workers, Rockefeller officials and the community. This campaign was launched to eradicate hookworms in Mexico. Although the campaign did not focus on long-term treatments, it did set the terms of the relationship between Mexico and the Rockefeller Foundation. The scientific knowledge behind this campaign helped shape public health policies, improved public health and built a strong relationship between USA and Mexico. In the 1920s, hookworm eradication reached the Caribbean and Latin America, where great mortality was reported among people in the West Indies towards the end of the 18th century, as well as through descriptions sent from Brazil and various"}, {"context": "other tropical and sub-tropical regions. Early treatment relied on the use of Epsom salt to reduce protective mucus, followed by thymol to kill the worms. Later tetrachloroethylene was the leading method. It was not until later in the mid-20th century when new organic drug compounds were developed. It is estimated that a third of all pregnant women in developing countries are infected with hookworm, 56% of all pregnant women in developing countries suffer from anemia, 20% of all maternal deaths are either directly or indirectly related to anemia. Numbers like this have led to an increased interest in the topic"}, {"context": "of hookworm-related anemia during pregnancy. With the understanding that chronic hookworm infection can often lead to anemia, many people are now questioning if the treatment of hookworm could effect change in severe anemia rates and thus also on maternal and child health as well. Most evidence suggests that the contribution of hookworm to maternal anemia merits that all women of child-bearing age living in endemic areas be subject to periodic anthelmintic treatment. The World Health Organization even recommends that infected pregnant women be treated after their first trimester. Regardless of these suggestions, only Madagascar, Nepal and Sri Lanka have added"}, {"context": "deworming to their antenatal care programs. This lack of deworming of pregnant women is explained by the fact that most individuals still fear that anthelmintic treatment will result in adverse birth outcomes. But a 2006 study by Gyorkos et al. found that when comparing a group of pregnant women treated with mebendazole with a control placebo group, both illustrated rather similar rates in adverse birth outcomes. The treated group demonstrated 5.6% adverse birth outcomes, while the control group had 6.25% adverse birth outcomes. Furthermore, Larocque et al. illustrated that treatment for hookworm infection actually led to positive health results in"}, {"context": "the infant. This study concluded that treatment with mebendazole plus iron supplements during antenatal care significantly reduced the proportion of very low birth weight infants when compared to a placebo control group. Studies so far have validated recommendations to treat infected pregnant women for hookworm infection during pregnancy. A review of effects of antihelminthics (anti-worm drugs) given in pregnancy found that there was not enough evidence to support treating pregnant women in their second or third trimesters. The women who were treated in the second trimester and the women who had no treatment showed no difference in numbers of maternal"}, {"context": "anemia, low birth weight, preterm birth or deaths of babies. The intensity of hookworm infection as well as the species of hookworm have yet to be studied as they relate to hookworm-related anemia during pregnancy. Additionally, more research must be done in different regions of the world to see if trends noted in completed studies persist. Co-infection with hookworm and \"Plasmodium falciparum\" is common in Africa. Although exact numbers are unknown, preliminary analyses estimate that as many as a quarter of African schoolchildren (17.8\u201332.1 million children aged 5\u201314 years) may be coincidentally at-risk of both \"P. falciparum\" and hookworm. While"}, {"context": "original hypotheses stated that co-infection with multiple parasites would impair the host's immune response to a single parasite and increase susceptibility to clinical disease, studies have yielded contrasting results. For example, one study in Senegal showed that the risk of clinical malaria infection was increased in helminth-infected children in comparison to helminth-free children while other studies have failed to reproduce such results, and even among laboratory mouse experiments the effect of helminths on malaria is variable. Some hypotheses and studies suggest that helminth infections may protect against cerebral malaria due to the possible modulation of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines responses."}, {"context": "Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying this supposed increased susceptibility to disease are unknown. For example, helminth infections cause potent and highly polarized immune response characterized by increased T-helper cell type 2 (T2) cytokine and Immunoglobulin E(IgE) production. However, the effect of such responses on the human immune response is unknown. Additionally, both malaria and helminth infection can cause anemia, but the effect of co-infection and possible enhancement of anemia is poorly understood. The hygiene hypothesis states that infants and children who lack exposure to infectious agents are more susceptible to allergic diseases via modulation of immune system development. The theory was"}, {"context": "first proposed by David P. Strachan who noted that hay fever and eczema were less common in children who belonged to large families. Since then, studies have noted the effect of gastrointestinal worms on the development of allergies in the developing world. For example, a study in Gambia found that eradication of worms in some villages led to increased skin reactions to allergies among children. While annual or semi-annual mass antihelminthic administration is a critical aspect of any public health intervention, many have begun to realize how unsustainable it is due to aspects such as poverty, high rates of re-infection,"}, {"context": "and diminished efficacy of drugs with repeated use. Current research, therefore, has focused on the development of a vaccine that could be integrated into existing control programs. The goal of vaccine development is not necessarily to create a vaccine with sterilizing immunity or complete protection against immunity. A vaccine that reduces the likelihood of vaccinated individuals developing severe infections and thus reduced blood and nutrient levels could still have a significant impact on the high burden of disease throughout the world. Current research focuses on targeting two stages in the development of the worm: the larval stage and the adult"}, {"context": "stage. Research on larval antigens has focused on proteins that are members of the pathogenesis-related protein superfamily, \"Ancylostoma\" Secreted Proteins. Although they were first described in \"Anyclostoma\", these proteins have also been successfully isolated from the secreted product of \"N. americanus\". \"N. americanus\" ASP-2 (Na-ASP-2) is currently the leading larval-stage hookworm vaccine candidate. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study has already been performed; 36 healthy adults without a history of hookworm infection were given three intramuscular injections of three different concentrations of Na-ASP-2 and observed for six months after the final vaccination. The vaccine induced significant anti-Na-ASP-2 IgG and cellular immune"}, {"context": "responses. In addition, it was safe and produced no debilitating side effects. The vaccine is now in a phase one trial; healthy adult volunteers with documented evidence of previous infection in Brazil are being given the same dose concentration on the same schedule used in the initial study. If this study is successful, the next step would be to conduct a phase two trial to assess the rate and intensity of hookworm infection among vaccinated persons. Because the Na-ASP-2 vaccine only targets the larval stage, it is critical that all subjects enrolled in the study be treated with antihelminthic drugs"}, {"context": "to eliminate adult worms prior to vaccination. Adult hookworm antigens have also been identified as potential candidates for vaccines. When adult worms attach to the intestinal mucosa of the human host, erythrocytes are ruptured in the worm\u2019s digestive tract which causes the release of free hemoglobin which is subsequently degraded by a proteolytic cascade. Several of these proteins that are responsible for this proteolytic cascade are also essential for the worm\u2019s nutrition and survival. Therefore, a vaccine that could induce antibodies for these antigens could interfere with the hookworm\u2019s digestive pathway and impair the worm\u2019s survival. Three proteins have been"}, {"context": "identified: the aspartic protease-hemoglobinase APR-1, the cysteine protease-hemoglobinase CP-2, and a glutathione S-transferase. The term \"hookworm\" is sometimes used to refer to hookworm infection. A hookworm is a type of parasitic worm (helminth). Hookworm infection Hookworm infection is an infection by a type of intestinal parasite known as a hookworm. Initially, itching and a rash may occur at the site of infection. Those only affected by a few worms may show no symptoms. Those infected by many worms may experience abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and tiredness. The mental and physical development of children may be affected. Anemia may result."}]}, {"title": "H. H. Champlin House", "paragraphs": [{"context": "H. H. Champlin House The H.H. Champlin House is a two-and-one half-story sandstone building designed in the Tudor Revival style. The house, completed in 1939, is located at 612 S. Tyler in Enid, Oklahoma. It is located within the Kisner Heights addition to the city of Enid, developed from farmland formerly owned by R.H. Kisner. Architects Roy Shaw and Norris Wheeler designed the house. The D.C. Bass Company constructed the main house with walls of Briar Hill sandstone and Vermont slate roofing and terrace. A variety of windows were custom made for the house by Kawneer Company of Niles, Michigan."}, {"context": "Jacoby Art Glass Company of St. Louis, Missouri created art glass insets for the Tudor arch windows, featuring scenes from Oklahoma history. The property also includes a carport and greenhouse. The property is currently owned by H.H. Champlin's great-grandson, Joel Champlin. Herbert Hiram Champlin was born to Charles Augustus Champlin and Alice Pickard on February 18, 1868 in Winnebago County, Illinois. He was the oldest of six sons, and one daughter who died at the age of three years. C.A. Champlin served in the Union Army in the Civil War, along with his two brothers Bradford and Joel, who died"}, {"context": "in the war. H.H. Champlin's family moved to McPherson County, Kansas, where his father soon died. H.H. Champlin graduated from McPherson High School, and then attended Friends University and Hill's Business College. Champlin married Ary Delight Noble on November 14, 1895. They had four children. Herbert H. Champlin died on April 30, 1944. Champlin participated in the land run of 1893, investing in the Enid State Guaranty Bank. Champlin became ill and returned to Kansas. Upon recovery returned to operate a lumber yard with operations in Enid, Hobart, Kingfisher and Lawton. Charley and Sherman Goltry had taken control of the"}, {"context": "Bank during Champlin's absence, and Champlin repurchased the bank from them. During the wave of bank closings in March 1933, Governor William H. Murray ordered all banks in the State of Oklahoma to close. Champlin refused and continued to operate the bank which was financially sound. In response, the governor called out the National Guard. Captain Stephen J. England led eighteen militia men into town to close the bank, earning the First National Bank of Enid the distinction of the only bank ever to be closed by the military in American history. Although it survived the depression, the bank was"}, {"context": "among several banks in Enid that closed in the 1980s as a result of a bad economy. In 1916, oil was discovered at Garber Field. Champlin bought the mineral rights from George Beggs, a farmer who resided in the area. Ary Champlin had encouraged him to do so. He purchased a small refinery from Victor Bolene, and built a pipeline between it and Garber Field. In 1920, he purchased the Goodwell Oil Company which consisted of several bulk plants and service stations. During his lifetime, the Champlin Oil Company expanded to operate service stations and wholesale outlets in twenty midwestern"}, {"context": "states and drilling and production operations in Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, and New Mexico. By Mr. Champlin's death in 1944, the company employed over 800 people in Enid. Following nine years of continued family ownership, the company went public in 1953. It had several owners: H. H. Champlin House The H.H. Champlin House is a two-and-one half-story sandstone building designed in the Tudor Revival style. The house, completed in 1939, is located at 612 S. Tyler in Enid, Oklahoma. It is located within the Kisner Heights addition to the city of Enid, developed from farmland formerly owned by R.H. Kisner. Architects"}]}, {"title": "Agusti\u0301n Ca\u0301rdenas", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Agust\u00edn C\u00e1rdenas Agust\u00edn C\u00e1rdenas Alfonso (April 10, 1927, Matanzas, Cuba \u2013 February 9, 2001, Havana, Cuba) was a Cuban sculptor who was active in the Surrealist movement in Paris. His sculpture was influenced by Br\u00e2ncu\u0219i, Henry Moore, and Jean Arp. Poet Andr\u00e9 Breton said of his artistic hand that it was \"efficient as a dragonfly.\" C\u00e1rdenas was a descendant of slaves from Senegal and the Congo, and was born in Matanzas, a major port in the sugar industry. In Cuba, C\u00e1rdenas studied under Juan Jos\u00e9 Sicre, and from 1943 to 1949 at Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes \u201cSan Alejandro\u201d in"}, {"context": "Havana. He was member of \"Asociaci\u00f3n de Grabadores de Cuba\" (AGC) from 1951 to 1955, and of the creative group \"Los Once\" from 1953 to 1955. C\u00e1rdenas' work was exhibited several times in 1952 \"\"Pintura \u00c1vila Escultura C\u00e1rdenas\"\" at Palacio de los Trabajadores in Havana, and in 1955 he exhibited a selection of his pieces in \"\"Agust\u00edn C\u00e1rdenas: 20 esculturas\"\" at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana. He settled in Paris in 1955 and in 1957 joined the Surrealist movement there. His work incorporated aspects of his African heritage and of Dogon totems. In 1987, his work"}, {"context": "was in the Corea Gallery, Seoul, South Korea. In 1993, his work was exhibited in \"\"Agust\u00edn C\u00e1rdenas\"\" in the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana and in 2002, C\u00e1rdenas's work was presented in \"Desires and Grace\" at the Haim Chanin Fine Arts Gallery in New York City. C\u00e1rdenas also took part in many group exhibitions such as the \"IV Exposici\u00f3n Nacional de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado\" at the Centro Asturiano in Havana in 1950 and the \"\"Exposition Internationale du Surr\u00e9alisme Eros\"\" at the Galerie Daniel Cordier in Paris in 1960. He participated in the \"II Bienal Internacional de"}, {"context": "la Peque\u00f1a Escultura\" in 1973 in Budapest, Hungary and the exhibition of Abstract Art \"\"Tono a Tono\"\" in the Sal\u00f3n de la Solidaridadin the Hotel Habana Libre in Havana in 2000. C\u00e1rdenas has been awarded with several distinctions during his life, including \"Segundo Premio VI Sal\u00f3n Nacional de Pintura y Escultura\", Salones del Capitolio Nacional, Havana, by the Cuban government (1953) and the \"Silver Medal XXXVII\", Sal\u00f3n de Bellas Artes, C\u00edrculo de Bellas Artes, Havana (1955). In 1976, he was awarded with the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in France and the Fujisankey Biennal Prize at the Hakone Open-Air"}, {"context": "Museum, Fujisankey, Japan. Also in 1995 he received \"Premio Nacional de Artes Pl\u00e1sticas\" by the Cuban Ministry of Culture. His works can be found in many permanent collections around the world, including the Centre National des Arts du Cirque, Fonds National d\u2019Art Contemporain and Mus\u00e9e de la Sculpture en Plein Air in Paris; the Mus\u00e9e d\u2019Art et d\u2019Industrie at Saint-\u00c9tienne, France; the Hakone Open-Air Museum, Hakone, Japan; the Mus\u00e9e d\u2019Art Contemporain, Argel, Algeria; Museo de Bellas Artes in Caracas, Venezuela, and in the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana in Havana, Cuba. Agust\u00edn C\u00e1rdenas Agust\u00edn C\u00e1rdenas Alfonso (April"}]}, {"title": "Human rights in Mali", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Human rights in Mali According to the U.S. Department of State's annual report on human rights in Mali for 2003, Mali's government generally respects the human rights of its citizens and observes relevant constitutional provisions (e.g., freedom of speech and of the press, freedom of assembly and association, freedom of religion) and prohibitions (e.g., arbitrary arrest and detention, forced exile, torture, and discrimination based on race, sex, disability, language, or social status). There have been no reports of political prisoners or politically motivated disappearances in Mali. But prison conditions are poor (overcrowded, with inadequate medical facilities and food supplies), and"}, {"context": "there are occasional instances of arbitrary arrest or detention. Moreover, the judicial system has a large case backlog, which has caused significant delays in trials as well as long periods of pretrial detention. Men play a dominant role in society, and women continue to suffer from widespread discrimination and domestic violence. Child labor and trafficking in children as forced labor remain serious problems. Relationships based on hereditary servitude and bondage persist between some ethnic groups. There were no reports that the government or its agents committed arbitrary or unlawful killings. On August 12, the body of Youssouf Dembele, secretary general"}, {"context": "of the Niono chapter of the opposition African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence party, was found in the town of Niono in the region of Segou. Dembele was one of the primary whistle-blowers in a $15.5 million (7.21 billion CFA francs) corruption scandal involving the governmental Office du Niger, which oversees agricultural production in Segou. Dembele's death was under investigation at year's end. On October 17, in Gao, soldiers arrested and killed Assaleh ag Mohamed, a gendarme and ethnic Tuareg. Several soldiers associated with the killing were taken into custody and were awaiting trial at year's end. There were no"}, {"context": "reports of politically motivated disappearances. The constitution and law prohibit such practices; however, there were occasional reports that police abused civilians, and police use of excessive force to disperse demonstrators resulted in injuries. Overall prison conditions remained poor. Prisons continued to be overcrowded, medical facilities were inadequate, and food supplies were insufficient. Men and women were separated in Bamako prisons; however, outside the capital, men and women were held in the same building but in separate cells. In Bamako juvenile offenders usually were held in the same prison as adult offenders, but they were kept in separate cells. Pretrial detainees"}, {"context": "were held with convicted prisoners. The government permitted prison visits by human rights monitors; however, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and other monitors were required to submit a request to the prison director, who then forwarded it to the Ministry of Justice. Approvals, which took up to one week, were routinely granted, but the week delay hindered the ability of monitors to ascertain if there were human rights violations. Several NGOs, including the Malian Association of Human Rights and the Malian Association of Women Lawyers, visited prisoners and worked with female and juvenile prisoners to improve their conditions. The constitution and law"}, {"context": "prohibit arbitrary arrest and detention, and the government generally observed these prohibitions; however, on occasion, police arrested and detained persons arbitrarily. Security forces include the army, air force, gendarmerie, National Guard, and police. The army and air force are under the control of the civilian minister of defense. The National Guard is administratively under the minister of defense; however, it is effectively under the control of the minister of internal security and civil protection. The police and gendarmerie are under the Ministry of Internal Security and Civil Protection. Police have responsibility for law enforcement and maintaining order in urban areas,"}, {"context": "while gendarmes have that responsibility in rural areas. The national police force is organized into districts. Each district has a commissioner who reports to the regional director at national headquarters. The police force was moderately effective but lacked resources and training. Corruption was a problem, and some police and gendarmes extorted bribes. Impunity was not a problem, and individual police were charged and convicted of abuses. The gendarmerie conducted investigations of police officers. Judicial warrants are required for arrest. Complainants normally deliver warrants, which stipulate when a person is scheduled to appear at a police station. However, police sometimes served"}, {"context": "warrants, generally in response to an influential relative of the complainant or if they received a bribe. In cases involving a monetary debt, the arrested person frequently resolved the case at the police precinct, and the police received a portion of the recovered money. The law provides that suspects must be charged or released within 48 hours and that they are entitled to counsel; however, in practice detainees were not always charged within the 48\u2011hour period. Limited rights of bail or the granting of conditional liberty exist, particularly for minor crimes and civil matters. On occasion authorities released defendants on"}, {"context": "their own recognizance. Detainees have the right to a lawyer of their choice or a state-provided lawyer if indigent, but administrative backlogs and an insufficient number of lawyers often prevented prompt access. Detainees were allowed prompt access to family members. Police arbitrarily arrested journalists, demonstrators, students, and one teacher during the year. Lengthy pretrial detention was a problem. In extreme cases, individuals remained in prison for several years before their cases came to trial. Approximately 77 percent of imprisoned persons were awaiting trial The constitution and law provide for an independent judiciary; however, the executive branch continued to exert influence"}, {"context": "over the judicial system, and corruption and limited resources affected the fairness of some trials. Domestic human rights groups alleged that there were instances of bribery and influence peddling in the courts. The minister of justice appoints and may suspend judges, and the Justice Ministry supervises both law enforcement and judicial functions. The president heads the Council of Magistrates, which oversees judicial activity. On September 10, a deputy public prosecutor, senior magistrate, and judge accused of corruption in 2005 were tried and found not guilty. The country has a lower Circuit Court, a Supreme Court with both judicial and administrative"}, {"context": "powers, and a Constitutional Court that oversees constitutional issues and acts as an election arbiter. The constitution also provides for the convening of a high court of justice to try senior government officials in cases of treason. Except in the case of minors, trials generally are public, and defendants have the right to be present and have an attorney of their choice. Court-appointed attorneys are provided for the indigent without charge. Defendants have the right to consult with their attorney, but administrative backlogs and an insufficient number of lawyers often prevented prompt access. Defendants and attorneys have access to government"}, {"context": "evidence relevant to their cases. Defendants are presumed innocent and have the right to confront witnesses and to appeal decisions to the Supreme Court. These rights extend to all citizens and all groups. Contrary to customary procedures, the June 26 trial of six persons charged with \"offending\" the head of state was conducted behind closed doors (see Freedom of speech, below). Village chiefs, in consultation with the elders, decided the majority of disputes in rural areas. If these decisions were challenged in court, only those found to have legal merit were upheld. Journalists and a high school teacher were imprisoned"}, {"context": "in June for \"offending\" the head of state (see Freedom of speech, below). There is an independent and impartial judiciary in civil matters. The constitution and law prohibit such actions, and the government generally respected these prohibitions. The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech and of the press; however, the government limited press freedom during the year and intimidated journalists or publishers into practicing self-censorship. Individuals criticized the government publicly and privately, generally without reprisal; however, on occasion the government attempted to impede such criticism. The independent media were active and expressed a wide variety of views. Journalists"}, {"context": "were subject to harassment and arrest. For example, on March 5, a court convicted Kabako newspaper journalists Diaby Macoro Camara and Oumar Bore of defaming Marimantia Diarra, the minister of planning; a December 2006 article in Kabako alleged that the minister ordered a local mayor to annul the marriage of his ex-fianc\u00e9 and compelled police to raid her residence. The newspaper claimed the mayor and police confirmed the allegations. Both journalists received a four\u2011month suspended sentence and a $100 (46,500 CFA francs) fine. Referring to the case, the Committee to Protect Journalists issued a statement that \"sending journalists to jail"}, {"context": "for their reporting is out of step with Mali's democratic values\". In June Bassirou Kassim Minta, a local high school teacher, assigned his class a fictional essay about the mistress of an unnamed head of state and was arrested on June 14 for \"offending the head of state\"; Info-Matin journalist Seydina Oumar Diarra wrote an article criticizing Minta's judgment, but was arrested on the same charge on June 14. On June 20, four newspaper editors\u2014Sambi Toure of Info-Matin, Birama Fall of Le Republican, Alexis Kalambry of Les Echos, and Mahamane Hameye Cisse of Le Scorpion\u2014also were charged and arrested after"}, {"context": "they reprinted the original article to demonstrate solidarity with Diarra. Defense lawyers for the six boycotted legal proceedings to protest the government's restrictions on the press and handling of the case. At the June 26 trial, the judge accepted a motion from the public prosecutor to remove the press and observers from the courtroom to \"protect\" the public from the \"salacious\" details of the case. The five journalists were convicted, given suspended prison sentences, and fined between $400 (178,800 CFA francs) and $1,200 (536,400 CFA francs). Minta, the teacher, was sentenced to two additional months' imprisonment and fined $1,200 (536,400"}, {"context": "CFA francs). Outside the courtroom, leaders of the local journalists union objected to being barred from attending legal proceedings involving professional colleagues. The government harassed media outlets during the year. For example, in March the Office du Niger (ON), a government agency that regulates irrigation and agriculture in the country's rice-growing region, served an eviction notice on Radio Jamakan, a local radio station that operated out of an ON\u2011owned building in Markala. Radio Jamakan and the CPJ charged that the eviction was a result of the station's March 3\u20134 broadcast of an opposition meeting. In 2006 ON stopped supplying electricity"}, {"context": "to the station after it broadcast a conference of government critics. There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet except for pornography or material deemed objectionable to Islamic values. There were no credible reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms without judicial oversight. Individuals and groups engage in the expression of views via the Internet, including by e\u2011mail. The Ministry of Islamic Affairs continues to block Web sites considered anti-Islamic or pornographic. In November 2011 the Telecommunications Authority blocked and banned a local blog, Hilath.com, at the request of the Islamic Ministry because of its"}, {"context": "anti-Islamic content. The blog was known for promoting religious tolerance, as well as for discussing the blogger\u2019s homosexuality. NGO sources stated that in general the media practiced self-censorship on issues related to Islam due to fears of being labeled \"anti-Islamic\" and subsequently harassed. This self-censorship also applied to reporting on problems in and criticisms of the judiciary. There were numerous Internet cafes in Bamako, although home access in the capital was limited to those able to pay the high installation and monthly fees. Outside of Bamako, there were a few sites where the Internet was available for public use, but"}, {"context": "many towns in the country had no Internet access. Apart from the arrest of a high school teacher for assigning an essay topic deemed offensive to the head of state, there were no government restrictions on academic freedom or cultural events. The constitution and law provide for freedom of assembly, and the government generally respected this right; however, on June 21, police used tear gas and batons to disrupt a march of approximately 100 journalists who were protesting the arrests of five colleagues and a high school teacher (see section 2.a.). At least one demonstrator\u2014Ibrahim Coulibaly, the president of the"}, {"context": "Union of Journalists\u2014was injured by police and required hospitalization. Trials were still pending for five medical students, who were arrested in November 2006 for damaging property. The students' union claimed that the five, including one woman, were physically and sexually abused while in police custody. The constitution and law provide for freedom of association, and the government generally respected this right; however, the law prohibits association deemed immoral. In June 2005 the governor of the District of Bamako cited this law to refuse official recognition of a gay rights association. The constitution and law provide for freedom of religion, and"}, {"context": "the government generally respected this right. The government required that all public associations, including religious associations, register; the process was routine and not burdensome. Traditional indigenous religious groups were not required to register. The Jewish population was estimated at less than 50, and there were no reports of antisemitic acts. The constitution and law provide for freedom of movement within the country, foreign travel, emigration, and repatriation, and the government generally respected these rights. Police routinely stopped and checked both citizens and foreigners to restrict the movement of contraband and to verify vehicle registrations. Some police and gendarmes extorted bribes."}, {"context": "The constitution and law specifically prohibit forced exile; the government did not use it. The law provides for the granting of asylum or refugee status in accordance with the 1951 UN Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 protocol, and the government has established a system for providing protection to refugees. In practice, the government provided protection against refoulement, the return of persons to a country where there is reason to believe they feared persecution, and granted refugee status or asylum. A national committee in charge of refugees operated with institutional assistance from the Office of the"}, {"context": "UN High Commissioner for Refugees. During the year the government also provided temporary protection to 241 individuals who may not qualify as refugees under the 1951 convention and the 1967 protocol. The constitution and law provide citizens with the right to change their government peacefully, and citizens exercised this right in practice through periodic, free, and fair elections held on the basis of universal suffrage. On April 29, President Amadou Toumani Toure was elected to a second five-year term with 71 percent of the vote. Legislative elections were held in July. Domestic and international observers characterized both elections as generally"}, {"context": "free, fair, and without evident fraud, but there were administrative irregularities. Political parties generally operated without restrictions. Fourteen women were elected to the 147-member National Assembly. There were five women in the 27-seat cabinet, five women on the 33-member Supreme Court, and three women on the nine-member Constitutional Court; a woman chaired the Supreme Court. The National Assembly had 14 members of historically marginalized pastoralist and nomadic ethnic minorities representing the northern regions of Gao, Timbuktu, and Kidal. The cabinet also had two members from such ethnic minorities. The law provides criminal penalties for official corruption; however, officials frequently engaged"}, {"context": "in corrupt practices with impunity. The government continued its campaign to curb corruption, which hindered development and governmental efforts to improve human rights. The auditor general's 2007 annual report cited approximately $218 million (101.4 billion CFA francs) in lost revenues in 2006 due to financial mismanagement, corruption, and fraud. The report charged local fuel importation companies with widespread tax evasion and customs duty fraud, including missing revenues of $15.5 million (7.2 billion CFA francs) from the governmental Office du Niger. The auditor general also identified cases of fraud and fiscal mismanagement within the ministries of education, health, and energy. The"}, {"context": "constitution requires the prime minister and other cabinet members to annually submit to the Supreme Court a financial statement and written declaration of their earnings. These documents were not made public. The law provides for public access to government information, and the government granted such access. If an information request is refused, the person inquiring can appeal to an administrative court, which must handle the appeal within three months. A number of domestic and international human rights groups generally operated without government restriction, investigating and publishing their findings on human rights cases. Government officials were generally cooperative and responsive to"}, {"context": "their views. The constitution and law prohibit discrimination based on social origin, color, language, sex, or race, and the government generally enforced these provisions effectively; however, violence and discrimination against women, FGM, and trafficking in children were problems. The law criminalizes rape, but spousal rape is legal, and most cases of rape were unreported. Domestic violence against women, including spousal abuse, was tolerated and common. Spousal abuse is a crime, but police were reluctant to enforce laws against or intervene in cases of domestic violence. Assault is punishable by prison terms of one to five years and fines of up"}, {"context": "to $1,000 (465,000 CFA francs) or, if premeditated, up to 10 years' imprisonment. Many women were reluctant to file complaints against their husbands because they were unable to support themselves financially. The Ministry for the Promotion of Women, Children, and the Family produced a guide on violence against women for use by health care providers, police, lawyers, and judges. The guide provides definitions of the types of violence and guidelines on how each should be handled. NGOs Action for the Defense and Promotion of Women Rights and Action for the Promotion of Household Maids operated shelters. Prostitution is not addressed"}, {"context": "by any law, but third party activities (procuring) are illegal. Prostitution is common in cities. The law does not specifically address sexual harassment, which occurred commonly. Family law favored men, and women were particularly vulnerable in cases of divorce, child custody, and inheritance rights, as well as in the general protection of civil rights. Women had very limited access to legal services due to their lack of education and information, as well as the prohibitive cost. For example, if a woman wanted a divorce, she had to pay approximately $60 (28,000 CFA francs) to start the process, a prohibitive amount"}, {"context": "for most women. While the law gives women equal property rights, traditional practice and ignorance of the law prevented women\u2014even educated women\u2014from taking full advantage of their rights. A community property marriage must be specified in the marriage contract. In addition, if the type of marriage was not specified on the marriage certificate, judges presumed the marriage was polygynous. Traditional practice discriminated against women in inheritance matters, and men inherited most of the family wealth. Women's access to employment and to economic and educational opportunities was limited. Women constituted approximately 15 percent of the formal labor force, and the government,"}, {"context": "the country's major employer, paid women the same as men for similar work. Women often lived under harsh conditions, particularly in rural areas, where they performed difficult farm work and did most of the childrearing. The Ministry for the Promotion of Women, Children, and the Family was charged with ensuring the legal rights of women. Under a 2004\u201308 national plan of action to promote the status of women, the government continued efforts to reduce inequalities between men and women and to create links between women within the Economic Community of West African States and throughout Africa. Several women's rights groups,"}, {"context": "such as the Association of Malian Women Lawyers, the Association of Women in Law and Development, the Collective of Women's Associations, and the Association for the Defense of Women's Rights, worked to highlight legal inequities, primarily in the family code, through debates, conferences, and women's rights training. These groups also provided legal assistance to women and targeted magistrates, police officers, and religious and traditional leaders in educational outreach to promote women's rights. The government has shown a commitment to providing for children's welfare and rights. Several laws protect children and provide for their welfare, including an ordinance that provides for"}, {"context": "regional positions as \"child delegates\" to safeguard the rights and interests of children. Education was tuition free and, in principle, open to all; however, students were required to provide their own uniforms and supplies. Only 56.6 percent of children from seven to 12 years old attended primary school during the 2005\u201306 school year, and girls' enrollment was lower than boys'. Approximately 11 percent of students attended private Arabic-language schools, or \"medersas\", most of which taught core subjects including math, science, and foreign languages. An unknown number of primary school-aged children throughout the country attended part-time Koranic schools teaching only the"}, {"context": "Koran. These schools are partially funded by students, who are required to beg for money. The government provided subsidized medical care to children as well as adults, but the care was limited in quality and availability. Boys and girls had equal access to medical care. Statistics on child abuse were unreliable, and reported cases of abuse were rare, according to local human rights organizations. The social services department investigated and intervened in cases of child abuse or neglect. Most cases of sexual exploitation go unreported, and a government study recommended that the country strengthen its laws to protect children. Female"}, {"context": "genital cutting was common, particularly in rural areas, and was performed on girls between the ages of six months to six years. Government programs aim to eliminate FGM by 2008. Women may legally marry at age 18 (or at age 15 with parental consent) and men at age 21. Underage marriage was a problem throughout the country with parents in some cases arranging marriages for girls as young as nine. Most trafficking occurred within the country. Children were trafficked to rice fields in the central regions; boys were trafficked to mines in the south; and girls were trafficked for involuntary"}, {"context": "domestic servitude in Bamako. Victims were generally trafficked for agricultural work, domestic servitude, begging, gold mining, and prostitution. The victims were usually from the central regions of the country and not a specific ethnic group. Women and girls were trafficked from Nigeria for sexual exploitation, mainly by Nigerian traffickers. The law prohibits the contractual use of persons without their consent. Penalties increase if a minor is involved and range from five to 20 years' imprisonment. Although legal protections and measures are in place, parents of child victims were reluctant to file charges, and cases often languished within the justice system."}, {"context": "During the year there also were reports of trafficking in persons between Mali and its neighbors, primarily Guinea, Burkina Faso, and C\u00f4te d'Ivoire. For example, in March security forces in Sikasso arrested two Ivorian nationals for trafficking 34 boys from C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, ranging in age from 16 to 18. A Malian accomplice escaped. The victims, who believed they were going to play for European soccer teams, were repatriated by a local NGO and the UN. Officials in Sikasso refused to release the two suspects on bail. The accused traffickers were awaiting trial at year's end. Authorities took no action during"}, {"context": "the year against two persons who were arrested in October 2006 for allegedly trafficking 24 citizens, including 20 children, from Burkina Faso. The Ministry for the Promotion of Women, Children, and the Family and the Ministry of Labor and Civil Service shared responsibility for combating trafficking. The two ministries, in cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Territorial Administration, developed a program to identify and rehabilitate victims, educate the population on trafficking, and strengthen the legal system with regard to the movement and trafficking of minors. When asked, the government assisted with international trafficking investigations and"}, {"context": "the extradition of citizens accused of trafficking in other countries, but there were no such cases during the year. The government worked closely with international organizations and NGOs to coordinate the repatriation and reintegration of trafficking victims. Welcome centers in Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, and Bamako assisted in returning trafficked children to their families. The government provided temporary shelter and protection for victims at these centers. There was no specific law protecting the rights of persons with disabilities in employment, education, access to health care, or in the provision of other state services; however, the government did not discriminate against persons"}, {"context": "with disabilities. There is no law mandating accessibility to public buildings. There were no reports of societal discrimination against persons with disabilities. The Ministry of Social Affairs is charged with the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities. Societal discrimination continues against Tuareg servile caste members (\"\u00e9klan\" / \"Ikelan\" in Tamasheq, \"Bouzou\" in Hausa, \"Bella\" in Songhai). Often these castes formed distinct settled communities traditionally bonded to semi-nomadic Tuareg aristocratic castes. Hereditary servitude relationships between certain ethnic groups continue in some places to the present day. Members of hereditary Tuareg servile communities reported that they have not benefited from"}, {"context": "equal education opportunities and were deprived of civil liberties by other groups and castes. \"Ikelan\" communities in Gao and M\u00e9naka also reported systematic discrimination by local officials and others that hindered their ability to obtain identity documents or voter registration cards, locate adequate housing, protect their animals from theft, seek legal protection, or access development aid. In 2008, the Tuareg-based human rights group Temedt, along with Anti-Slavery International, reported that \"several thousand\" members of the Tuareg Bella caste remain enslaved in the Gao Region and especially around the towns of M\u00e9naka and Ansongo. They complain that while laws provide redress,"}, {"context": "cases are rarely resolved by Malian courts. Societal discrimination based on sexual orientation occurred. Additionally, Mali was one of two countries behind removing specific protection for gays from a UN resolution on executions in 2010. Societal discrimination based on persons with HIV/AIDS occurred. The law provides for workers to form or join unions of their choice without previous authorization or excessive requirements, and workers exercised these rights. Only the military, the gendarmerie, and the National Guard were excluded from forming unions. An estimated 95 percent of salaried employees were organized, including teachers, magistrates, health workers, and senior civil servants. The"}, {"context": "law does not prohibit antiunion discrimination, but there were no reports of antiunion behavior or activities during the year. The law allows unions to conduct their activities without interference, and the government respected these rights. The law provides for the right to collective bargaining, and workers exercised this right freely. Unions have the right to strike, and workers exercised this right. There are no export processing zones. Civil servants and workers in state-owned enterprises are required to give two weeks' notice of a planned strike and to enter into mediation and negotiations with the employer and a third party, usually"}, {"context": "the Ministry of Labor and State Reforms. The labor code prohibits retribution against strikers, and the government generally enforced these laws effectively. The law prohibits forced or compulsory labor, including by children; however, there were reports that such practices occurred. The law prohibits the contractual use of persons without their consent, and penalties include a fine and hard labor. Penalties increase significantly if a minor, defined as someone less than 15 years of age, is involved. Hereditary servitude relationships continued to informally link different ethnic groups, particularly in the north. There was evidence that members of the black Tamachek community"}, {"context": "continued to live in forced servitude and were deprived of civil liberties by members of other ethnic groups. During the year members of the black Tamachek community reported on the continued existence of feudal slave-related practices in the country. Black Tamachek residents in Anderamboukane reported that they were regularly forced to work as domestics or day laborers for Tuareg notables. On September 4, a three-year-old Tamachek child named Moumou ag Tamou was taken from his family in Kidal by a man claiming traditional ownership rights over the child. Family members in Kidal immediately notified local authorities, and black Tamachek leaders"}, {"context": "in Bamako met with the minister of justice to discuss the case. An investigation was ongoing at year's end. On August 22, several black Tamachek groups urged the government to adopt a law criminalizing slavery. No action had been taken on the request by year's end. The labor code has specific policies that pertain to child labor; however, these regulations often were ignored in practice, and child labor was a problem. The labor code permits children between the ages of 12 and 14 to work up to two hours per day during school vacations with parental approval. Children 14 to"}, {"context": "16 may work up to 4.5 hours per day with the permission of a labor inspector, but not during nights, on Sundays, or on holidays. Children aged 16 to 18 could work in jobs that were not physically demanding; boys could work up to eight hours per day, and girls up to six hours per day. Child labor predominated in the agricultural, mining, and domestic help sectors and, to a lesser degree, in craft and trade apprenticeships and cottage industries. Laws against unjust compensation, excessive hours, or capricious discharge did not apply to the vast number of children who worked"}, {"context": "in rural areas helping with family farms, household chores and herds, apprenticing in trades, or working in the informal sector, such as street vendors. Trafficking in children was a problem. The authorities enforced labor code provisions through inspectors from the Ministry of Labor and State Reforms, which conducted surprise inspections and complaint-based inspections; however, resource limitations restricted the frequency and effectiveness of oversight by the Labor Inspection Service, which operated only in the formal sector. The Ministry for the Promotion of Women, Children, and Families, with the assistance of the International Program for the Elimination of Child Labor (IPEC), led"}, {"context": "a week-long National Campaign Against Child Labor to publicize and combat child labor. IPEC worked with labor inspectors, ministry officials, and local NGOs to prevent child labor. The national minimum wage rate, set during the year, was approximately $53 (24,660 CFA francs) per month, which did not provide a decent standard of living for a worker and family. The minimum wage was supplemented by a required package of benefits, including social security and health care. While this total package could provide a minimum standard of living for one person, most wage earners supported large extended families and supplemented their income"}, {"context": "by subsistence farming or employment in the informal sector. The labor code specifies conditions of employment, including hours, wages, and social security; however, many employers either ignored or did not comply completely with the regulations. The legal workweek was 40 hours (45 hours for agricultural employees), with a requirement for a 24-hour rest period. Workers had to be paid overtime for additional hours. The law provides a broad range of legal protections against hazards in the workplace, and workers' groups brought pressure on employers to respect sections of the regulations, particularly those affecting personal hygiene. With high unemployment, however, workers"}, {"context": "often were reluctant to report violations of occupational safety regulations. The Labor Inspection Service oversees these standards but limited enforcement to the modern, formal sector. It was not effective in investigating and enforcing workers' safety and was insufficiently funded for its responsibilities. Workers had the right to remove themselves from dangerous work situations and to request an investigation by the Social Security Department, which is responsible for recommending remedial action where deemed necessary; it was not known if any worker had done so. The following chart shows Mali's ratings since 1972 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually"}, {"context": "by Freedom House. A score of 1 is \"most free\"; 7 is \"least free\". Mali's stances on international human rights treaties are as follows: Human rights in Mali According to the U.S. Department of State's annual report on human rights in Mali for 2003, Mali's government generally respects the human rights of its citizens and observes relevant constitutional provisions (e.g., freedom of speech and of the press, freedom of assembly and association, freedom of religion) and prohibitions (e.g., arbitrary arrest and detention, forced exile, torture, and discrimination based on race, sex, disability, language, or social status). There have been no"}]}, {"title": "Biela Valley Trolleybus", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Biela Valley Trolleybus The Biela Valley Trolleybus ( or \"Bielathalbahn\") was a trolleybus service in the German state of Saxony. The facility opened on 10 July 1901 and had closed again by September 1904. It was one of the first trolleybus operations in the world. The 4.4-kilometre long route was also known at the time as the \"Gleislose Bahn\" or \"trackless railway\" \u2013 its full name being \"Gleislose Bielathal-Motorbahn mit elektrischer Oberleitung\" (\"Trackless Biela Valley Motor Line with Electric Overhead Cable\"). It was operated by the firm of \"Bielathal-Motorbahn K\u00f6nigstein\" and served the lower valley of the Biela in Saxon"}, {"context": "Switzerland. The route linked K\u00f6nigstein on the Elbe with the then independent village of H\u00fctten. The terminus was at \"Kurbad K\u00f6nigsbrunn\". Biela Valley Trolleybus The Biela Valley Trolleybus ( or \"Bielathalbahn\") was a trolleybus service in the German state of Saxony. The facility opened on 10 July 1901 and had closed again by September 1904. It was one of the first trolleybus operations in the world. The 4.4-kilometre long route was also known at the time as the \"Gleislose Bahn\" or \"trackless railway\" \u2013 its full name being \"Gleislose Bielathal-Motorbahn mit elektrischer Oberleitung\" (\"Trackless Biela Valley Motor Line with Electric"}]}, {"title": "Final Fantasy: Legend of the Crystals", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Final Fantasy: Legend of the Crystals \"Legend of the Crystals\" takes place 200 years after the events of \"Final Fantasy V\". It is divided into four thirty-minute OVA episodes spanning two VHS tapes. The story takes place on the same world as \"Final Fantasy V\", named Planet R, set two hundred years in the future, where three of the four crystals have been stolen. The original heroes in \"Final Fantasy V\" are now legends of the past and a new evil, \"Deathgyunos,\" has risen on the Black Moon and must be dealt with. Mid, a recurring character from \"Final Fantasy"}, {"context": "V\", contacts a new hero and heroine: Prettz and Linally (a descendant of Bartz). They eventually meet the sky pirate Rouge and Valkus, commander of the Iron Wing. The OVA introduces several original characters and a few characters who made an appearance in \"Final Fantasy V\". The main protagonist Prettz is a headstrong and reckless young man with feelings for Linally who rides a motorcycle and uses a nodachi and spiked bombs as his weapons. The other protagonist Linally is a brave, young, blue-haired girl, the direct descendant of Bartz and a novice in the art of summoning (she can"}, {"context": "only summon Chocobo), and became a vessel for the Wind Crystal after the others were taken. Supporting characters include: Valkus is the bumbling general of the Tycoon air force, leading the flag-airship Iron Wing, who, despite his aggressiveness and large size, is fiercely loyal to Queen Lenna; Rouge, a scantily clad sky pirate captain, with a love for all things shiny, who attempted to take the Wind Crystal from Linally and company, but was captured by Tycoon and held prisoner until Queen Lenna offered her a full pardon if she agreed to aid the others; and Mid, Cid's grandson, an"}, {"context": "engineer who returns as a ghost to aid the heroes with his advice and general knowledge of historical events important to the series, and, although apparently unable to physically manipulate the world in this state, is clever enough to convince his living allies to complete tasks with words alone. The antagonist of \"Final Fantasy: Legend of the Crystals\" is Ra Devil, a powerful wizard intent on gaining the power of the Void for his own ambition. He steals Cid's brain away in hopes of using its knowledge of the four Crystals to his advantage, assuming his true form, Deathgyunos, once"}, {"context": "he succeeds. The original score was composed by Masahiko Sato and contains numerous cues to Nobuo Uematsu's original soundtrack to \"Final Fantasy V\" including the opening and the Chocobo theme. Legend of the Crystals is separated into 4 individually titled episodes: In VHS format, Episodes I and II were contained on the first video, with episodes III and IV on the second, later released as a boxed set. The OVA has had mixed reviews. IGN described it as notable for being the first sequel to a \"Final Fantasy\" title, but stated it \"did not become a favourite addition to the"}, {"context": "\"Final Fantasy\" Legacy\", citing its animation as \"nothing special\" and noting its reliance on comedy over dramatic story telling. T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews called it \"a cruel mockery of all Final Fantasy stands for\", citing it as basing the storyline off the \"weakest\" title in the series, and citing the finale as anti-climactic and the villain disappointing. Animefringe criticized it as one of several failed attempts to translate \"Final Fantasy\" to film, calling it a \"lacklustre and drawn-out retelling of \"Final Fantasy V\"\". Kotaku called the film \"a mess\" for its un-Final Fantasy aesthetic and fan service. However, GameSpot described it"}, {"context": "as a worthy adaptation of the series, and noted while the animation was \"somewhat simple\", the story was immersive and praised it for not meandering to include all aspects of the game. \"EX\" praised the title heavily, noting the similarity to Square's existing characters helped lend credence to the \"Final Fantasy\" title. They additionally noted with exception to the backgrounds the animation was good, and the dubbed voices for the English version were believable, notably Linally's and Prettz's, and added \"\"Final Fantasy\" provides a good balance of action, adventure, and just enough humour to make the characters personable.\" Final Fantasy:"}]}, {"title": "Aaron Laffey", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Aaron Laffey Aaron Steven Laffey (born April 15, 1985) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut with the Cleveland Indians in 2007 and also played in MLB with the Seattle Mariners, New York Yankees, Toronto Blue Jays, New York Mets, and Colorado Rockies. Laffey had been committed to Virginia Tech before signing with the Cleveland Indians out of high school. In Laffey's first pro season in 2003, he was with the Burlington Indians of the Rookie level and went 3\u20131 in 9 games (4 starts) while striking out 46 in 34 innings"}, {"context": "pitched. In 2004, while with the Single-A Mahoning Valley Scrappers, Laffey went 3\u20131 with a 1.24 ERA in 8 starts which earned him a promotion to the Single-A Lake County Captains 3\u20137 with a 6.53 ERA in 19 games. He started the 2005 season with Lake County and went 7\u20137 with a 3.22 ERA in 142.1 innings pitched and was called up to the Double-A Akron Aeros for one game in which he picked up the victory by going 5 innings and allowed 2 runs while striking out 6. Laffey started the 2006 year with the Singel-A Advanced Kinston Indians"}, {"context": "which he was 4\u20131 with a 2.18 ERA in 10 games (4 starts). His performance earned him a promotion to Double-A Akron where he went 8\u20133 with a 3.53 ERA in 19 games, all starts. In 2007, he pitched 6 games with Akron going 4\u20131 with a 2.31 ERA in 6 starts. He was promoted to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons and went 7\u20133 with a 3.28 ERA before his call up to the majors. On August 4, 2007, Laffey made his major league debut against the Minnesota Twins; he went 5.1 innings allowing 6 hits, 3 runs, 1 walk, and"}, {"context": "3 strikeouts while losing the game. In his second start on August 9, against the Chicago White Sox, Laffey picked up his first major league victory. He went innings allowed 6 hits, 4 runs, 3 walks, and struck out 4 in the Indians 7\u20135 victory. On August 10, a day after Laffey's first major league victory, he was demoted to Triple-A Buffalo. On August 25, Laffey was recalled to pitch against the Kansas City Royals. Laffey won again, going 6 innings, allowing 8 hits, only 2 runs, walked only 1, and struck out 4. Laffey went into spring training in"}, {"context": "2008, competing for the fifth spot in the rotation, however Cliff Lee won the job and Laffey was sent back to Buffalo, but was brought back up following an injury to Jake Westbrook. Laffey was named American League Rookie of the Month for the month of May. Laffey had a 3\u20132 record and an 0.79 ERA for the month. Opponents batted .220 against him in May over a 34 inning span. On March 2, 2011, Laffey was traded to the Seattle Mariners in exchange for prospect Matt Lawson. He was designated for assignment on August 17, after recording a 4.01"}, {"context": "ERA in innings, spanning 36 appearances. Laffey was claimed off waivers by the New York Yankees on August 19, 2011. Laffey made his debut the next night against the Minnesota Twins. He was designated for assignment the next day to clear a roster spot for Alex Rodriguez, though he was placed on optional waivers. Laffey cleared waivers and was sent to Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders. He was called back up to the majors when the rosters expanded in September, and pitched regularly as a reliever through the final weeks of the season, compiling a 2\u20131 record for the Yankees. Laffey was claimed"}, {"context": "off waivers by the Kansas City Royals on October 11, 2011. He was non-tendered by the Royals on December 12, 2011. On December 30, 2011, Laffey signed a split contract with the Toronto Blue Jays. After failing to make the team out of spring training, Laffey had his contract purchased by Toronto on April 8, 2012. However, Laffey was sent back down to the Triple-A Las Vegas 51s on April 14 without having pitched for the Jays. After pitching for six weeks in Las Vegas (compiling a 2\u20135 record, and a 4.88 ERA in 9 starts) Laffey was again called"}, {"context": "up to the majors on May 28, but was again sent back down just three days later without having thrown a pitch for the Blue Jays. Laffey made two more starts for Las Vegas (in which he went 1\u20130) before being called up to the Jays for the third time on June 11. He finally pitched his first game as a Blue Jay on June 13, giving up 2 runs in three innings of relief work against the Washington Nationals. On October 4, 2012, Laffey was outrighted to the Blue Jays Triple-A affiliate Buffalo Bisons. On December 27, 2012 he"}, {"context": "signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets, that included an invitation to Major League spring training. Laffey made his first start for the Mets on April 7 going four and a third innings giving up three earned runs, striking out five, and walking one in a 4\u20133 victory over the Miami Marlins. Laffey received a no-decision for the game. Laffey was designated for assignment on April 21, 2013. He had pitched four games for the Mets, earning no decisions and finishing with a 7.20 ERA. On April 23, 2013, the Blue Jays announced that they had claimed"}, {"context": "Laffey on waivers. He made his first start for the 2013 Blue Jays on April 26 against the New York Yankees, filling in for Josh Johnson, who was scratched due to a sore right triceps. Laffey pitched 2 innings, giving up 2 earned runs on 2 hits and walking 5 batters. He was designated for assignment following the game. The Blue Jays announced on April 29 that Laffey had refused an assignment to the Buffalo Bisons, and had become a free agent. On April 30, 2013, Laffey signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He was assigned"}, {"context": "to the Triple-A Albuquerque Isotopes on May 2. In 11 starts for the Isotopes, he was 4\u20133 with a 5.61 ERA. He was released on July 1, 2013. He signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers on July 11, 2013. On January 23, 2014, he signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles. He was released on March 24. Laffey signed a minor league contract with Washington Nationals on March 30, 2014, and spent the entire season with the Class AAA Syracuse Chiefs, compiling a 12-6 record. Laffey signed a minor league deal with the Colorado Rockies"}, {"context": "on November 22, 2014. He was promoted to the major leagues in 2015, and was designated for assignment on July 11, 2015. On April 3, 2017, Laffey signed with the Somerset Patriots of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. On May 15, 2017, Laffey signed a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017. On February 21, 2018, Laffey signed with the Acereros de Monclova of the Mexican League. He was released on April 6, 2018. On April 11, 2018, Laffey signed with the Somerset Patriots of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball."}, {"context": "On May 22, 2018, Laffey's contract was purchased by the New York Mets. On June 6, 2018, following a start for the Las Vegas 51s where he allowed 14 runs (12 earned), Laffey announced his retirement. Aaron Laffey married Jackie Laffey on December 1, 2007, after a three-year engagement. They have two sons and a daughter together, Braeden Parker (June 27, 2010), Ashton Ryker (November 10, 2011) and Peyton Grace (February 27, 2015). His secondary pitches include an above-average slider and changeup. He primarily throws an 87-88 mph sinker which classifies him as a ground-ball pitcher. Aaron Laffey Aaron Steven"}]}, {"title": "Fernando Poe Jr.", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Fernando Poe Jr. Ronald Allan Kelley Poe (August 20, 1939 \u2013 December 14, 2004), better known as Fernando Poe Jr. and colloquially known as FPJ and Da King, was a Filipino actor. During the latter part of his career, Poe was defeated by then President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo in the 2004 Philippine presidential elections. His long career as an action film star earned him the nickname \"King of Philippine Movies\" (often shortened to \"Da King\"). Poe was posthumously declared a National Artist of the Philippines for Film on May 23, 2006 by President Macapagal-Arroyo. The award was confirmed by President Benigno"}, {"context": "Aquino III on July 20, 2012, and was presented to his family on August 16. Poe was the son of Filipino actor Fernando Poe Sr. (born Allan Fernando Poe y Reyes), a native from San Carlos, Pangasinan and Elizabeth \"Bessie\" Kelley, an Irish American \"mestiza\". He was born in Manila on August 20, 1939. His parents were not legally married when he was born, they were later married in 1940. In 2004, Poe's political opponents tried to derail his bid for the 2004 Philippine presidency when they sought to disqualify him as an illegitimate son of a non-Filipino mother. He"}, {"context": "was the second among six siblings and it from his brother Andy (born Fernando Poe II), whose given name Poe used as his own professional name, to bank on the popularity of his father who was a top actor in his time. Conrad Poe was Poe's half-brother, the illegitimate son of Fernando Poe Sr. and actress Patricia Mijares. Pou is the original spelling of the family's surname from his paternal grandfather, playwright Lorenzo Pou, a Catalan migrant from Majorca, Spain, who ventured into mining and business in the Philippines. In 1953, Poe finished his primary education at San Beda College,"}, {"context": "Lepanto. For high school, he went to San Sebastian College. He continued his education at Mapua Institute of Technology and University of the East and took the course theater arts. When his father died from rabies at age 35, Poe became the family's breadwinner. In order to support his family, he dropped out of school. Poe dropped out of college to work in the Philippine film industry as a messenger boy, and was given acting roles in subsequent years. Starting as a stuntman for Everlasting Pictures, he was given a starring role in the movie \"Anak ni Palaris\" (\"Son of"}, {"context": "Palaris\") at the age of 14. The movie was not a big hit. In 1957 the movie \"Lo Waist Gang\" made him popular, and the film was such a big hit that low-waist pants became a fad. Also known as 'FPJ' from his initials, Poe acted in a number of movies which depicted him as the champion of the poor and downtrodden. He also directed nine movies, under the pseudonym Ronwaldo Reyes. \"Reyes\" originated from the surname of his paternal grandmother, Martha. He established FPJ Productions in 1961 and later organized other film companies. In 1963, he testified against criminal"}, {"context": "gangs, known as the Big Four, who extorted money from the film industry. In 1965, he shared the lead in \"The Ravagers\" (in the Philippines this is titled \"Only the Brave Know Hell\"), a film depicting the United States and the Philippines working together against Japanese war time occupation. The film is considered one of the most influential Filipino films. Poe won the most best actor awards at the FAMAS. Among the movies that received awards were \"Mga Alabok ng Lupa\" (1967), \"Asedillo\" (1971), \"Durugin si Totoy Bato\", \"Umpisahan Mo, Tatapusin Ko\" (1983), and \"Muslim Magnum .357\" (1987). Among his"}, {"context": "roles were Flavio in the mythical \"Ang Panday\" series, \"Kahit Konting Pagtingin\", \"Dito sa Pitong Gatang\" and \"Aguila\". His last movie was \"Pakners\" which also stars 9-ball billiards champion Efren \"Bata\" Reyes. Fernando Poe Jr., was the Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (KNP)'s candidate for the 2004 presidential election. He accepted nomination in December 2003 and was to be the opposition candidate in the Philippines' 2004 presidential election. Poe married actress Susan Roces (real name: Jesusa Sonora) in a civil wedding in December 1968. They later married in a religious service and among their primary sponsors were then-President Ferdinand Marcos and"}, {"context": "First Lady Imelda. Poe and Roces adopted a daughter, Grace Poe, who became a senator. Poe was also partnered with Anna Marin and had one son, Ronian and with former actress Rowena Moran and had a daughter, Lourdes Virginia. Poe was very reclusive about his personal life. However, in February 2004, during the presidential campaign, Poe admitted to having fathered two children out of wedlock. Poe was admitted to St. Luke's Medical Center in Quezon City in the evening of December 11, 2004 after complaining of dizziness at a gathering in his production studio during a Christmas party. He suffered"}, {"context": "from a stroke and slipped into a coma while being treated for a brain clot. Doctors described his condition as a cerebral thrombosis with multiple organ failure. He died at the age of 65 on December 14 at 12:01 am, without regaining consciousness. Organizers of the nine-day wake claimed numbers as high as two million. The funeral procession drew tens of thousands who crowded the streets of Quezon City, an event that was reminiscent of the funeral processions of Ninoy Aquino in 1983 and matinee idol Julie Vega in 1985. He was buried in his family plot along with his"}, {"context": "father and mother in Manila North Cemetery. On December 14, 2012, eight years after his death, a monument to Poe was erected at the corner of Roxas Boulevard and Arquiza Street, with widow Susan Roces and daughter Grace Poe attending the unveiling. Fernando Poe Jr. Ronald Allan Kelley Poe (August 20, 1939 \u2013 December 14, 2004), better known as Fernando Poe Jr. and colloquially known as FPJ and Da King, was a Filipino actor. During the latter part of his career, Poe was defeated by then President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo in the 2004 Philippine presidential elections. His long career as an"}]}, {"title": "Jan at Blue Fox", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Jan at Blue Fox Jan at Blue Fox was an early light entertainment show created by the BBC in 1952, and in total it lasted for four episodes; little else is known about this early show. The show was derived from the \"Jan's Journal\" columns written by Ronald Duncan for the Evening Standard. The columns were loosely based on Duncan's life as a farmer in North Devon. It was adapted for television by Ronald Duncan and George F. Kerr and starred Philip Ray as 'Jan'. The episodes were: 1: The Day the Tramp Came 2: Fruit and Flower Show Day"}, {"context": "3: A Day of Visitors 4: The Day of the Wreck No footage remains of this programme, as all of the episodes were aired live and never recorded for posterity. The only existing visual record today of this show consists of still photographs. Duncan's \"Jan's Journal\" columns were published in three compilations volumes: \"Jan's Journal\" , \"The Blue Fox\" and \"Jan at the Blue Fox\", described by the \"New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature\" as one of a series of \"articles and stories on country themes rptd [reported] from the \"Evening Standard\".\" Jan at Blue Fox Jan at Blue Fox"}]}, {"title": "Li Tianyou", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Li Tianyou Li Tianyou (; 1914\u20131970) was a general (\"shang jiang\") of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. He led Communist forces to victory during the Battle of Siping. He was Lin Biao's chief of staff during the Chinese Civil War. Earlier in the war, he earned a reputation as a reckless military leader due to his intentional sacrifice of his entire division during the Long March, even though that bought more time for the Communist forces to retreat from the pursuing KMT forces. During the Korean War, he commanded the PVA 13th Army which defeated the UN forces in northwestern"}, {"context": "Korea. Li Tianyou Li Tianyou (; 1914\u20131970) was a general (\"shang jiang\") of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. He led Communist forces to victory during the Battle of Siping. He was Lin Biao's chief of staff during the Chinese Civil War. Earlier in the war, he earned a reputation as a reckless military leader due to his intentional sacrifice of his entire division during the Long March, even though that bought more time for the Communist forces to retreat from the pursuing KMT forces. During the Korean War, he commanded the PVA 13th Army which defeated the UN forces in"}]}, {"title": "Donray", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Donray Donray (born Donald Arvin Ray, July 29, 1945) is a contemporary American artist in the style of Postmodern Expressionism with elements of Surrealism, Futurism and Fauvism. He is included in the \"Who's Who in American Art\". He is known for metaphorical imagery exploring the dynamic nature of life and the human desire for spiritual enlightenment and fulfillment. Donray's subjects include figures, objects and landscapes in motion, and his methods include acrylic on various media including Masonite, paper, canvas, and drawings in charcoal, conte crayon, and color pastels. His works have been collected and shown by a number of notable"}, {"context": "people and entities. Donray may be best known for an innovative technique he uses in his acrylic works, a technique he has pioneered. It involves an acrylic-on-acrylic collage. The collage material is the same as that being used to paint with, and developed through a tedious process of mixing, pouring, manipulation and cutting. The result is a dramatic display of intermingling color, texture, depth, reflecting light, motion and energy. Donray was born Donald Arvin Ray in Houston, Texas, July 29, 1945. He showed an interest in art at an early age and learned to draw from his mother. After service"}, {"context": "in the U.S. Marine Corps, he studied law at Baylor University, and also studied painting privately while in school. He lived and worked in East Texas until 1989 when he moved to Dallas, living in the colorful Deep Ellum section of that city from 1990 to 1993. In 1993 Donray moved to New York, locating first in the DUMBO area of Brooklyn and later moving to Manhattan, maintaining a studio on 14th Street near 7th Avenue on the border between Greenwich Village and Chelsea. While in New York, he became friends with artists Knox Martin, Norman Bluhm, Mel Chin, Carl"}, {"context": "Ashby and Irv Tepper, and critic and museum curator James Harithas. He also was friends with industrial music pioneer J.G. Thirlwell of the band Foetus, whose portrait he painted. Donray regularly attended the lectures of Knox Martin at the Art Students League of New York, and was so impressed that Martin became a trusted and reliable mentor to the artist. Many consider Donray's New York years as his formative period. Six years later, in 1999, Donray returned to Texas. In the late 90s and early 2000s Donray slowly built a critical following for his work. Some of his best-known works"}, {"context": "to date were created in this period, including the acrylic-on-canvas paintings \"Woman in a Boat\" and \"Blue Laced Red Wyandotte\" (both in the Allegiance Capital collection), his Butterfly Series, and \"Trouble in the Chute\", purchased by billionaire Bob McNair, a businessman, philanthropist and owner of the Houston Texans. The work hangs at NRG Stadium (formerly Reliant Stadium) in Houston. Actor Johnny Depp also owns a Donray painting. In early 2009, his art received increasing mainstream popularity and attention, signified by the announced February purchase of a broad cross-section of his works by Allegiance Capital Corporation, an investment-banking firm. In April,"}, {"context": "Prestige Financial Center, a financial services company, purchased three of his works. Donray describes himself as fiercely independent in both his work and his influences, and as such has been influenced not only by Expressionism, Futurism, Surrealism and Fauvism, but also by Baroque, Romanticism, and German Expressionism. In the artist's statement he posted to his website in 2010, he said, \"I reject the labels that have been placed upon me by those who have written about my work. While some of what has been written about my art contains a measure of truth, the labels are meaningless. I acknowledge the"}, {"context": "influence of some artists that have come before me, but I am not an 'expressionist' nor am I a 'surrealist,' a 'fauvist' or a 'futurist.' My goals and aspirations are different from those who were categorized as such and so is my art. If I have borrowed anything from any of those artists or movements, it has been to use as components to forge a new form of expression that is my own.\" His work is described by critics and other artists as \u201cfierce,\u201d \u201cat once raw and refined\u201d (Donald Kuspit); \u201cvertiginous and confrontational\u201d (Knox Martin); \u201cfigurative, abstract and American\u201d"}, {"context": "(Edward Lucie-Smith); \u201ccomplex and luminous\u201d (Ruth Bass); and \u201cvibrant with near violent colors\u201d (Harold Rubin, The Rivington Gallery, London, UK). Donray emphasizes color and a \"primacy of motion\" in which he sees \"everything as being in a constant state of flux \u2013 even inanimate objects.\" He regularly experiments with various unique techniques using acrylics and pastels. His innovative technique in his acrylic works, a technique he pioneered, involves an acrylic-on-acrylic collage created by the artist. Unlike the collage material used by other artists, Donray uses the same material as what is being used to paint with, and develops it through"}, {"context": "a tedious process of mixing, pouring, manipulation and cutting. He also creates works using charcoal on paper. Thematically, his work touches on \"living and survival, spiritual quest and warning.\" Most frequent subjects are nudes; the earth; dancers, musicians and performers; wild things; and Native American dancers. \"The works of Donray have, as a central vibration, major rhymes of his physiognomy that are like dashes of pique reflecting off encounters of the wondrous with excitement in hustling technique that is masterfully appropriate for his motif of luminous and vertiginous confrontations. What a rush!\"- Knox Martin, NY abstract expressionist \"The paintings demonstrate"}, {"context": "an inverted approach; gentle and focused at the same time being super-macho and withdrawn. Viewers are invited to draw near but not to intrude on the artist\u2019s thoughts\u2026\" - Edward Lucie-Smith, international art critic \"There is a verve, an energy, a dynamic surging gesture, violent movement, an overall vividness and vitality \u2013 that places Donray\u2019s paintings among the most interesting of what might be called post-modern expressionist painting.\" - Donald Kuspit, art critic, poet, and professor Donray has dealers in New York City, London, and in the Dallas/Fort Worth area where he works and resides. Donray Donray (born Donald Arvin"}]}, {"title": "Bu\u0308ndnerfleisch", "paragraphs": [{"context": "B\u00fcndnerfleisch B\u00fcndnerfleisch, also known as Bindenfleisch or Viande des Grisons, is an air-dried meat that is produced in the canton of Graub\u00fcnden, Switzerland. The main ingredient is beef, taken from the animal\u2019s upper thigh or shoulder, the fat and the sinews being removed. Before drying, the meat is treated with white wine and seasonings such as salt, onion and assorted herbs. The initial curing process, lasting 3 \u2013 5 weeks, takes place in sealed containers stored at a temperature close to freezing point. The meat is regularly rearranged during this stage, in order to ensure that the salt and seasonings"}, {"context": "will be evenly distributed and absorbed. During a second drying phase the meat is then hung in free-flowing air at a temperature of between 9 and 14 \u00b0C. It is also periodically pressed in order to separate out residual moisture: from this pressing B\u00fcndnerfleisch acquires its characteristic rectangular shape. Traditionally B\u00fcndnerfleisch was not a smoked meat. The extent of water loss during the salting and drying processes, whereby the product loses approximately half of its initial weight, is sufficient to confer excellent keeping qualities and a high nutritional value, without the need for any additional preservatives. B\u00fcndnerfleisch is served with"}, {"context": "bread, sliced very thinly. It is often part of the traditional dish raclette, served to accompany the cheese of the same name alongside ham and vegetables. It can also be served in soup, cut into strips or little cubes. Most B\u00fcndnerfleisch is consumed inside Switzerland, but some is exported within Europe, to Canada and the United States and to Japan. B\u00fcndnerfleisch appears to be related to the dried meat product from the Besan\u00e7on region of France known as 'br\u00e9si'. It is also very similar to bresaola, which is produced in the neighbouring Italian province of Valtellina; unlike B\u00fcndnerfleisch, bresaola is"}, {"context": "not pressed, though. On September 25, 2010, Switzerland's finance minister Hans-Rudolf Merz, reading in parliament a nearly incomprehensible text which had been prepared by bureaucrats, started giggling uncontrollably when he reached a mention of B\u00fcndnerfleisch. B\u00fcndnerfleisch B\u00fcndnerfleisch, also known as Bindenfleisch or Viande des Grisons, is an air-dried meat that is produced in the canton of Graub\u00fcnden, Switzerland. The main ingredient is beef, taken from the animal\u2019s upper thigh or shoulder, the fat and the sinews being removed. Before drying, the meat is treated with white wine and seasonings such as salt, onion and assorted herbs. The initial curing process,"}]}, {"title": "It's Complicated (song)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "It's Complicated (song) \"It's Complicated\" is the third single from A Day to Remember's fourth album, \"What Separates Me from You\", released on October 25, 2011. Lead vocalist, Jeremy McKinnon wrote the lyrics, while the music was written by himself, guitarists Kevin Skaff and Neil Westfall, and A Day to Remember. The song, along with 3 others from the album, was mixed by David Bendeth. In September 2011, it was revealed that \"It's Complicated\" would be released as the third single from the album on October 25, though it was only released as a radio single. \"It's Complicated \" charted"}, {"context": "on \"Billboard\"s Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart, at number 34. The band played an acoustic version of \"It's Complicated\" for MTV on February 14, 2012. \"It's Complicated\" is available to play on the Rock Band games. Liz Ramanand from Loudwire said the song had \"catchy guitar riffs\" and the song's style being \"a poppy punk feel\". Ramanand also called the song an \"anthem for the brokenhearted\" that \"will get fists pumping\" and the chorus \"very appealing\". Personnel per album booklet. It's Complicated (song) \"It's Complicated\" is the third single from A Day to Remember's fourth album, \"What Separates Me from"}]}, {"title": "Damboya (woreda)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Damboya (woreda) Damboya is one of the woredas in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Kembata Tembaro Zone, Damboya is bordered on the south by Kedida Gamela, on the west by Angacha, on the north by the Hadiya Zone, and on the east by the Bilate River which separates it from Alaba. Towns in Damboya include Damboya. The town of Durame is surrounded by Damboya woreda. Damboya was separated from Kedida Gamela woreda. Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the CSA, this woreda has a total population of 82,622, of whom 41,543 are"}, {"context": "men and 41,079 women; 8,122 or 9.83% of its population are urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants were Protestants, with 82.07% of the population reporting that belief, 10.35% were Muslim, 5.17% practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 2.23% were Catholic. Damboya (woreda) Damboya is one of the woredas in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Kembata Tembaro Zone, Damboya is bordered on the south by Kedida Gamela, on the west by Angacha, on the north by the Hadiya Zone, and on the east by the Bilate River which separates it from Alaba. Towns in"}]}, {"title": "St Peter's Church, Castle Park, Bristol", "paragraphs": [{"context": "St Peter's Church, Castle Park, Bristol St Peter's is a ruined church in Castle Park, Bristol, England. It was bombed during World War II and is now preserved as a memorial. The foundation of the church can be traced back to 1106 when it was endowed on Tewkesbury Abbey, with a 12th-century lower tower, the rest of the church being built in the 15th century. Excavations in 1975 suggest that this was the site of Bristol's first church; the 12th-century city wall runs under the west end of the present church. It was bombed during the Bristol Blitz of 24\u201325"}, {"context": "November 1940 and ruined. It is maintained as a monument to the civilian war dead of Bristol. It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II* listed building. The church ran St Peter's Hospital, a workhouse located between the church and Floating Harbour which was destroyed by bombing during the Bristol Blitz. Parish records for St Peter's church, Bristol are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. P. St PE) (online catalogue) including a baptism register, marriage registers and a burial register. The archive also includes records of the incumbent, churchwardens, charities, societies and vestry plus plans and photographs. Some"}, {"context": "of these records were severely damaged when the church was bombed but duplicate entries of the parish registers can be found in the bishop's transcripts of these records. St Peter's Church, Castle Park, Bristol St Peter's is a ruined church in Castle Park, Bristol, England. It was bombed during World War II and is now preserved as a memorial. The foundation of the church can be traced back to 1106 when it was endowed on Tewkesbury Abbey, with a 12th-century lower tower, the rest of the church being built in the 15th century. Excavations in 1975 suggest that this was"}]}, {"title": "Euro-Populars for San Marino", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Euro-Populars for San Marino The Euro-Populars for San Marino (, EPS) was a Christian democratic political party in San Marino. It emerged in September 2007 as a split from the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party (PDCS). It held 5 seats out of 60 in the Grand and General Council prior to the elections from its time as part of the PDCS. For the 2008 general election the first elections the Euro-Populars for San Marino competed in, the party was part of the Pact for San Marino coalition and had its candidates in the list of the PDCS. The electoral coalition won"}, {"context": "35 seats out of 60 in the Grand and General Council in the Sammarinese parliamentary election, 2008 gaining 54.22% of the national vote and a governmental majority of 5, becoming the new government of San Marino. The Euro-Populars for San Marino itself gained a few seats and a small percentage of the national vote as part of the coalition. On 4 March 2011, the party merged with the Centre Democrats (DdC) to form the Union for the Republic. Euro-Populars for San Marino The Euro-Populars for San Marino (, EPS) was a Christian democratic political party in San Marino. It emerged"}]}, {"title": "Be\u0301zout matrix", "paragraphs": [{"context": "B\u00e9zout matrix In mathematics, a B\u00e9zout matrix (or B\u00e9zoutian or Bezoutiant) is a special square matrix associated with two polynomials, introduced by and and named after \u00c9tienne B\u00e9zout. B\u00e9zoutian may also refer to the determinant of this matrix, which is equal to the resultant of the two polynomials. B\u00e9zout matrices are sometimes used to test the stability of a given polynomial. Let formula_1 and formula_2 be two complex polynomials of degree at most \"n\", (Note that any coefficient formula_4 or formula_5 could be zero.) The B\u00e9zout matrix of order \"n\" associated with the polynomials \"f\" and \"g\" is where the"}, {"context": "entries formula_7 result from the identity It is in formula_9 and the entries of that matrix are such that if we let formula_10 for each formula_11, then: To each B\u00e9zout matrix, one can associate the following bilinear form, called the B\u00e9zoutian: The last row and column are all zero as \"f\" and \"g\" have degree strictly less than \"n\" (equal 4). The other zero entries are because for each formula_18, either formula_4 or formula_5 is zero. An important application of B\u00e9zout matrices can be found in control theory. To see this, let \"f\"(\"z\") be a complex polynomial of degree \"n\""}, {"context": "and denote by \"q\" and \"p\" the real polynomials such that \"f\"(i\"y\") = \"q\"(\"y\") + i\"p\"(\"y\") (where \"y\" is real). We also note \"r\" for the rank and \"\u03c3\" for the signature of formula_31. Then, we have the following statements: The third statement gives a necessary and sufficient condition concerning stability. Besides, the first statement exhibits some similarities with a result concerning Sylvester matrices while the second one can be related to Routh\u2013Hurwitz theorem. B\u00e9zout matrix In mathematics, a B\u00e9zout matrix (or B\u00e9zoutian or Bezoutiant) is a special square matrix associated with two polynomials, introduced by and and named after"}]}, {"title": "McCraith House", "paragraphs": [{"context": "McCraith House The McCraith House is located in Dromana, Victoria, positioned atop a stone walled plinth over-looking Port Phillip Bay. Due to its unique geometric shape, this building is commonly referred to as the Butterfly House or Larrakeyah. In 1954, Gerald and Ellen McCraith commissioned emerging Melbourne-based architect partnership Chancellor and Patrick to design the beachside weekender, which was completed in 1956. Exemplary of structurally inspired modernist architecture in Australia, The McCraith house is national heritage listed and remains astonishingly close to its original state including \u201cexterior and interior wall colours, furniture, crockery, even the bed linen.\u201d The layout of"}, {"context": "the Butterfly house set a new standard for holiday houses in Australia. A stone plinth holds the main living and private spaces to emphasize the view of the bay. The Children Bedroom and laundry are located on the ground floor, allowing the main active spaces such as the lounge room to have priority access to the views. The connection to the exterior was strengthened through the open plan living, removing the strict separation of the traditional dining area, lounge and exterior lounge. This provides a more relaxed and free flowing movement within the house, complimenting the associated lifestyle of beach-side"}, {"context": "living. Due to the increased availability of family cars, a sheltered parking space is included underneath the cantilevered floor resulting in ease of access for residents. The Butterfly House is one of the earliest examples in Australia to use prefabricated structural steel in a domestic building. The structural core consists of two triangulated truss frames, bolted to large concrete footings at the inverted tip of the triangles. Steel \u2018C\u2019 section purlins and steel cross bracing form the base of the first floor, tying the triangulated truss frames together. The two dominant floor beams overlap the first floor truss supporting a"}, {"context": "series of timber floor joists that are cantilevered at each end forming the balcony and a portion of the living space floor. The \u2018Butterfly\u2019 roof is supported by a series of timber joists in a specific geometric configuration. The McCraith house is framed by a steel triangular structural system which represents the simplification of form that is a familiar aspect within the modernist architectural movement. Ornamentation is derived through the structural elements applied to the exterior, which contrast the classical approach to architectural embellishment. The house maintains the presentation of a modernist building whilst including the prominent architectural vernacular of"}, {"context": "the veranda. Elements from the McCraith house are found in the design of Iggulden House located in Beaumaris. The most notable similarities between these two houses are cantilevers created by the projected horizontal lines and butterfly roof. Use of material contrast to emphasize change in program can be recognised in both buildings, where the timber beams of the veranda meet the glass threshold and pass through to the exposed stone walls. The post-and-beam structure is heavily pronounced in the exterior which is also seen in Richard Neutra\u2019s Miller House. The materiality of the McCraith House is also comparable to Richard"}, {"context": "Nuetra\u2019s \u201cMiller House\u201d through the use of glass and steel in its design to allow natural light to flow through the house. Both are rare examples of domestic steel construction from the mid twentieth century. Recently the McCraith house has featured in several exhibitions by the Mornington Peninsula Regional Gallery, including \u2018The house on the hill\u2019 and \u2018Desire and identity: The architecture of Chancellor and Patrick\u2019 in 2006 and 2010 respectively, recognising the talent and work of Chancellor & Patrick . The house was also the focus of a story on ABC\u2019s Sunday Arts programme, which was screened on the"}, {"context": "19/11/2006. McCraith House The McCraith House is located in Dromana, Victoria, positioned atop a stone walled plinth over-looking Port Phillip Bay. Due to its unique geometric shape, this building is commonly referred to as the Butterfly House or Larrakeyah. In 1954, Gerald and Ellen McCraith commissioned emerging Melbourne-based architect partnership Chancellor and Patrick to design the beachside weekender, which was completed in 1956. Exemplary of structurally inspired modernist architecture in Australia, The McCraith house is national heritage listed and remains astonishingly close to its original state including \u201cexterior and interior wall colours, furniture, crockery, even the bed linen.\u201d The layout"}]}, {"title": "Kalayanthani", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Kalayanthani Kalayanthani () is a small suburb in Thodupuzha Taluk. It lies in the Idukki district of Kerala, South India. The suburb is 9 km east of Thodupuzha, on the Velliyamattom route. Kalayanthani is the meeting point of the Alakode and Velliamattom village Panchayats. The main public establishments of Kalayanthani are St. Mary's Catholic Church (1920), the famous Muslim Mosque Konthalapally, St. George's High School., Yugasilpi Arts and Sports Club and Viswadeepthi library. Kalayanthani is known as the 'Land of Art'. Inspector General of Police Tomin Thachankary, well known lyricist Baby John Kalayanthani, popular novelist, cartoonist and freelance journalist Ignatious"}, {"context": "Kalayanthani,famous artist and playwright Skylark ( K.O. Varkey) and senior Journalist Roy Mathew Pallickamyalil were all born in Kalayanthani. A post office, a branch of Union bank, Urban Bank, Alakode service Cooperative Bank, and a primary health center are the main public institutions in Kalayanthani. The main public establishments of Kalayanthani are St. Mary's Catholic Church (1920), the famous Muslim Mosque Konthalapally, St. George's High School., Yugasilpi Arts and Sports Club and Viswadeepthi library. It is a very small town having only a few hotels, textile shops, stationary shops, provision shops, and hardware shops. It is the Junction of two"}, {"context": "roads; one to Chilavu and the other to Vettimattam. The famous oil palm plantation (Ennappanathottam) of Agriculture Department is located at Vettimattam, which is two kilometers away from the town of Kalayanthani. The name 'Kalayanthani' might have come from two words, 'Kalayam' and 'Thanni' (the Malayalam name of two species of trees). There is another version which defines the word \u2018Kalayam \u2019 as \u2018Kalaham\u2019(quarrel) and \u2018Thanni\u2019 as \u2018Thanne\u2019. Malayalam is the Local Language here. Kalayanthani has all communities (Christians, Hindus, Muslims) but Christianity takes the lead. Kalayanthani has a high school (St. George's high school), managed by the Kothamangalam catholic"}, {"context": "diocese and headed by the senior most teacher as Headmaster, which is really a benefit to the nearby villages. Most of the people in Kalayanthani are farmers. They farm Rubber, Rice, Pepper, Ginger etc. 90% of the population are from middle-class families. There are number of people working abroad as Nurse, Engineer, Technicians, govt employees. Kalayanthani Kalayanthani () is a small suburb in Thodupuzha Taluk. It lies in the Idukki district of Kerala, South India. The suburb is 9 km east of Thodupuzha, on the Velliyamattom route. Kalayanthani is the meeting point of the Alakode and Velliamattom village Panchayats. The"}]}, {"title": "Douglas S. Wright", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Douglas S. Wright Douglas S. \"Doug\" Wright is a former attorney, mayor of Topeka, Kansas and candidate for the United States Congress. Wright, who serve as Mayor of Topeka from 1983 to 1989, was is the son of another former Topeka mayor, Chuck Wright, who led the city from 1965 to 1969. Wright was an assistant city attorney before defeating incumbent Mayor Bill McCormick in 1983. At the time of his election, Wright was 34 years old. He served as mayor from 1983 to 1989 and is remembered as an effective, hard working and aggressive mayor. He was a driving"}, {"context": "force behind the development of Heartland Park Topeka, the Kansas Expo Center, the Topeka Performing Arts Center and Westridge Mall. He served as a member of the Board of Directors of the National League of Cities and as President of the Governing Body of the League of Kansas Municipalities. In 1984, Wright welcomed the Olympic Torch to the city running one kilometer with it as it made its way to Los Angeles. In 1985, the city changed its form of government from a city commission to a city council form of government. That same year, he was re-elected to the"}, {"context": "mayor's office. Wright attempted to lure the Kansas City Sizzlers to Topeka in 1986. He led the effort to return a two-hundred-year-old bell looted from a Buddhist temple during the American occupation of Japan following World War II. He also oversaw recovery efforts after a 1988 tornado that destroyed more than 20 homes and damaged 15 businesses. Wright lost his re-election bid in 1989 to former Parks Commissioner Harry \u201cButch\u201d Felker III by about 5,000 votes. During the 1980s and 1990s, Wright rebuffed overtures from Republican officials to run for Congress against Jim Slattery. Slattery and Wright were fraternity brothers"}, {"context": "at Washburn. After the seat became open with the election of Sam Brownback to the U.S. Senate, in 1996, Wright sought the Republican nomination for the 2nd District congressional seat. He finished second in the primary to eventual winner Jim Ryun. Throughout the 1990s, Wright practiced law. He was also the chairman of Myriad Development Corporation which attempted to build an 8,000 seat arena in Olathe, Kansas. Myriad sought about $20 million in state tax incentives but was unsuccessful. Myriad\u2019s CEO was Greg Bair. After serving his sentence, he worked as a car salesman before earning a teaching certificate from"}, {"context": "Washburn University. He then completed a student teaching rotation at Highland Park High School in Topeka. In May 2009, a committee of the Kansas Board of Education denied Wright\u2019s application for a teaching license. Wright filed suit and a Judge Larry Hendricks ordered the Board to reconsider its decision. In December 2009, the Kansas Board of Education in a 6-4 vote upheld its decision to bar Wright from obtaining a Kansas teaching license. The Board\u2019s decision came despite support from several including Dale Cushinberry, principal at Highland Park where Wright completed his student teaching, Matthew Herbert, the teacher who supervised"}, {"context": "his student teaching and would later go on to serve on the Lawrence City Commission and several of the professors who taught Wright when he earned his teaching certificate. According to press reports, \"The requirements to obtain a teaching license for a person with a criminal past include waiting at least five years since the conviction, finishing any probationary period and presenting evidence of rehabilitation.\" The Kansas Board gave no explanation of its decision. Wright grew up in Topeka where his mother, Alice Clare (n\u00e9e Brownfield) Wright, was a school teacher and his father Charles W. Wright, Jr. also served"}, {"context": "as Mayor of Topeka from 1965 to 1969. He graduated from Washburn University with a degree in history and a law degree from Washburn Law School. He later returned to earn a teaching certificate. While an undergraduate at Washburn, Wright was a member of the Kansas Beta Chapter of Phi Delta Theta. In 1985, Wright was named the Topeka Phi Delta Theta Alumni Club's \"Phi of the Year.\" He was married to Susan Kennedy Wright and together they had two children, Sara and Adam. His wife died in October 2006. He is a fourth cousin, once removed, of Democratic Vice-Presidential"}, {"context": "nominee, Tim Kaine, of Virginia. In 2003, Wright was charged by Shawnee County District Attorney Robert Hecht with 47 counts of felony theft. Forty-three counts stemmed from Wright\u2019s alleged theft of approximately $86,000 between January 1998 and February 2002 from his elderly great-aunt, Vera L. Johnson. Wright had power of attorney over Johnson\u2019s affairs. The other four counts alleged that Wright had misappropriated approximately $3,000 from the Topeka Lawyers Club, a social club where Wright served as secretary-treasurer. Wright was convicted of theft and fraud in connection with the affairs of his elderly great aunt. Wright served ten months in"}, {"context": "prison. The Kansas Supreme Court disbarred Wright in September 2003. The former mayor repaid his aunt with interest and in 2009 had his conviction expunged. Douglas S. Wright Douglas S. \"Doug\" Wright is a former attorney, mayor of Topeka, Kansas and candidate for the United States Congress. Wright, who serve as Mayor of Topeka from 1983 to 1989, was is the son of another former Topeka mayor, Chuck Wright, who led the city from 1965 to 1969. Wright was an assistant city attorney before defeating incumbent Mayor Bill McCormick in 1983. At the time of his election, Wright was 34"}]}, {"title": "Shang Kexi", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Shang Kexi Shang Kexi (\u5c1a\u53ef\u559c; Shang Ko-hsi; August 25, 1604 \u2013 November 12, 1676) was a Han Chinese general of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. His family had migrated to Liaodong in 1576 and his father, Shang Xueli, served in the army guarding the northeast frontier. As his father did, Shang Kexi joined the army and guarded the frontier against the attack of the Jurchens. With the decay and fall of the Ming Emperors, Shang Kexi sought better fortune in the service of the Manchu Qing Dynasty and he was one of the most powerful generals that surrendered to the"}, {"context": "Qing. He fought for the Qing in Southern China and established his power in Guangdong where he ruled the territory as his own domain amassing wealth and possessing a trained army. In 1673 a war between the Emperor and the powerful Han princes, Wu Sangui and Geng Jingzhong, started when they opposed the Emperor's plan of resettling them in Manchuria. Shang remained loyal to the Qing and took no part in the rebellion. Shang died in 1676 and was succeeded by his son Shang Zhixin who rebelled shortly after but was defeated by the Manchus in 1677. Shang Kexi Shang"}]}, {"title": "Rick Glenn", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Rick Glenn Ricky Lee Glenn (born April 12, 1989) is an American mixed martial artist. He was the Professional Fighters League (formerly known as World Series of Fighting (WSOF) ) featherweight champion and Midwest Cage Fight featherweight champion. Glenn competes in Featherweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Glenn was born in Marshalltown, Iowa, an idyllic small town of Midwest America. With an adventure spirit, he had interest in BMX biking but the interest in fighting outweighed biking since he was young. He did a year of wrestling at Marshalltown High School and started boxing training when he was"}, {"context": "fourteen. He loved combat sport so much that when his local boxing gym closed down, he travelled one and half hour each trip to other gym to get his boxing practice. He later transitioned to MMA training at a friend's basement and switch to his uncle's garage. When Glenn was seventeen, still a high school student and with one year wrestling, some boxing experience and self-taugh MMA skills, he was asked to fight on a short notice for a local promotion. Still in his work uniform, Glenn left his work at a local Staples shift early in Marshalltown, rushing out"}, {"context": "to the venue, in time for a few stretches, and stepped in the cage 5 minutes later, wining his first fight. This win set of his MMA career where he put it \u201cHe was a tough guy, but I cut him up really good. I was shocked, I mean, I was fighting for my life in there. I was fighting grown men when I was in high school, and that first win meant everything.\u201d After high school, Glenn moved to Cedar Rapids and attended a community college, majoring in physical therapy. He joined a MMA gym under Duke Roufus guidance"}, {"context": "where his training partner was Erik Kock and Ben Askren. Glenn fought 17 amateur fights in a short period with record of 15-1-1 and he would go on to fight 21 times professionally, losing only 3 bouts, and 97% of his wins have been by way of knockout, submission, or TKO prior signed by UFC. He moved to Milwaukee and left his employment at Costco to train full time. Glenn fought most of the fights in regional Midwest of American. He was the World Series of Fighting (WSOF) featherweight champion and Midwest Cage Fight featherweight champion. Glenn amassed a record"}, {"context": "of 18-3-1 prior signed by UFC. In his past 17 bouts, Glenn's only loss was to WSOF featherweight champion Lance Palmer, and he held notable victories over Johnny Case and Georgi Karakhanyan. Glenn made his promotion debut on September 17, 2016 at against Evan Dunham in Texas. He moved up to lightweight for this fight bout replacing injured Abel Trujillo on 12 days notice. He was bested by Dunham via unanimous decision and this unsuccessful debut snapped a three-fight winning streak since losing his WSOF title to Lance Palmer in 2014. He next faced Phillipe Nover on February 11, 2017"}, {"context": "at UFC 208. He outpointed Nover and win via split decision (27-30, 29-28, 29-28). Glenn faced Gavin Tucker on October 9, 2017 at UFC 215. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Tucker suffered four broken bones on his face during the one-sided beating from Glenn and many criticized the referee, Kyle Cardinal, for not stopping the fight. Glenn faced Myles Jury on December 30, 2017 at UFC 219. He lost the fight by unanimous decision. Glenn faced Dennis Bermudez on July 14, 2018 at UFC Fight Night 133. He won the fight via split decision. Glenn was scheduled to"}, {"context": "face Arnold Allen on November 30, 2018 at . However, Allen pulled out of the fight on November 16 citing a cut he received while training, and he was replaced by Kevin Aguilar. At the weigh-ins, Glenn weighed in at 148.5 pounds, 2.5 pounds over the featherweight non-title fight limit of 146. He was fined 20 percent of their purse, which went to his opponent Kevin Aguilar. The bout proceeded at catchweight. Glenn lost the fight via unanimous decision. Glenn's moniker \"The Gladiator\" was given to him by his uncle for his killer instinct demeanour inside the boxing ring. Rick"}]}, {"title": "Royal Automobile Club Volunteer Force", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Royal Automobile Club Volunteer Force The Royal Automobile Club Volunteer Force (also known as \"RAC Corps of Volunteer Motor Drivers\") was a group of civilian members of the Royal Automobile Club, who at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, took their personal cars and joined the British Army in France and Belgium, to act as chauffeurs for senior officers. Following their involvement in the early battles of the war, several of their number were appointed to senior positions in the British military establishment. Shortly after departure of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) for France on 7 August"}, {"context": "1914, the War Office made a request to the Royal Automobile Club (RAC), that twenty-five suitable members, together with their own vehicles, make themselves available to the General Headquarters at the front. Volunteers were interviewed and their cars inspected by the RAC themselves under the direction of the club secretary, Julian Orde. Once accepted, the volunteers were told to obtain an officer's khaki Service Dress uniform (without badges) and whatever else they thought they might need, and to present themselves at Southampton Docks for embarkation on 21 August. The only equipment issued by the RAC was a brassard, described by"}, {"context": "one volunteer as \"somewhat pretentious\"; however, the War Office undertook to provide a daily allowance of 10 French Francs, as well as rations and petrol. The volunteers and their cars arrived in Le Havre on 22 August aboard SS \"Gloucester Castle\". They drove in convoy as far as Amiens where they met Major-General Frederick Robb, the Inspector-General of Lines of Communications. The volunteers were appointed to various corps and divisional headquarters of the BEF, while 6 of them were selected to go to the BEF's General Headquarters which were then located at Le Cateau. The volunteers served with distinction during"}, {"context": "the Retreat from Mons, the First Battle of the Marne and the First Battle of Ypres, ferrying around staff officers and dispatches under the most dangerous conditions. In the early part of the campaign there was no defined front line; drivers at various times found themselves being chased by a uhlan cavalry patrol, shot at by a German sentry and detained at bayonet-point by French soldiers as suspected spies. A further group of forty-six volunteers were recruited by the RAC for service in the Siege of Antwerp, some of whom joined the ranks of the RNAS Armoured Car Section. Others"}, {"context": "were co-opted as staff officers or found other roles in the various divisional headquarters which they operated with. By the end of the war, 226 RAC members and 24 staff had served as volunteers, and between them had gone on to be awarded three Victoria Crosses and twelve Distinguished Service Orders. Royal Automobile Club Volunteer Force The Royal Automobile Club Volunteer Force (also known as \"RAC Corps of Volunteer Motor Drivers\") was a group of civilian members of the Royal Automobile Club, who at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, took their personal cars and joined the"}]}, {"title": "National Museum of Taiwan Literature", "paragraphs": [{"context": "National Museum of Taiwan Literature The National Museum of Taiwan Literature (NMTL; ) is a museum located in Tainan, Taiwan. The museum researches, catalogs, preserves, and exhibits literary artifacts. As part of its multilingual, multi-ethnic focus, it holds a large collection of local works in Taiwanese, Japanese, Mandarin and Classical Chinese. It was planned as a national-level organization to fill in a long-perceived gap in how the Republic of China's institutions had handled Taiwanese literature as a field of academic inquiry and popular discourse. The Council for Cultural Affairs under the Executive Yuan set up the initial planning office. Tainan"}, {"context": "was chosen for its historical significance as a cultural center. The museum is housed in the , itself a national historical monument. The building was constructed in 1916 during the Japanese rule of Taiwan. The museum was opened in 2003. The museum is accessible within walking distance South West from Tainan Station of the Taiwan Railway Administration. National Museum of Taiwan Literature The National Museum of Taiwan Literature (NMTL; ) is a museum located in Tainan, Taiwan. The museum researches, catalogs, preserves, and exhibits literary artifacts. As part of its multilingual, multi-ethnic focus, it holds a large collection of local"}]}, {"title": "Miss California Teen USA", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Miss California Teen USA The Miss California Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of California in the Miss Teen USA pageant. This pageant is part of the Miss Universe Organization, owned by William Morris Endeavor (also known as WME). The most successful Miss California Teen USA was Shauna Gambill, who won the Miss Teen USA crown in 1994. She later became the only Californian teen to cross over to the Miss California USA crown. At Miss USA 1998, Gambill placed first-runner up to Shawnae Jebbia of Massachusetts, in what is widely considered to"}, {"context": "be one of the closest and most controversial decisions in recent years. She was later named Miss World USA 1998 and was a semi-finalist at the 1998 Miss World pageant. I Cassidy Wolf became the second Miss Teen USA from the state of California, when she won the Miss Teen USA 2013 pageant on August 10, 2013 in the Bahamas. In the 1980s, the pageant was directed by Richard Guy and Rex Holt, who also oversaw the Miss California USA, Miss Texas USA and Miss Texas Teen USA pageants. They lost the contract in 1990, when it came up for"}, {"context": "renewal. The pageant was later directed by Carolee Munger, K2 Productions and is currently directed by Top 10 Productions, Inc. At the beginning K2 Productions was directed by former Miss Teen USA 1995 Keylee Sue Sanders and Keith Lewis. Top 10 Productions, Inc. is led by Pam Wilson and Alex Kuty who have been heavily involved with pageant for many years. During the Munger era, the pageant was held in Fresno in early September, but after K2 Productions took over the state the 2006 pageant was staged in Palm Springs and the 2007 event in San Rafael. Currently under the"}, {"context": "direction of Top 10 Productions, Inc. the pageant has found a new home with recurring events in Long Beach, California. Miss California Teen USA titleholders have been invited to red-carpet movie premieres, such as that for \"Santa Clause 3\" attended by Kylee Lin, and \"She's the Man\", attended by Jessica Powell. Age at the time of the Miss Teen USA pageant Miss California Teen USA The Miss California Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of California in the Miss Teen USA pageant. This pageant is part of the Miss Universe Organization, owned by"}]}, {"title": "Neobalaenidae", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Neobalaenidae Neobalaenidae is a family of baleen whales (suborder Mysticeti) including the extant pygmy right whale. Although traditionally considered related to balaenids, a recent phylogenetic study by Fordyce and Marx (2013) recovered the living pygmy right whale as a member of Cetotheriidae, making it the only extant cetotheriid, but not all authors agree with this argument. The family Neobalaenidae was long restricted to the pygmy right whale from the Southern Hemisphere due to the unusual skeletal form of the species relative to other extant mysticetes. Until the early 2010s Neobalaenidae was unknown from the fossil record despite a study by"}, {"context": "Sasaki et al. (2005) placing the divergence date of Neobalaenidae from other living baleen whales at 23 mya. Fordyce and Marx (2013) found that the pygmy right whale formed a well-supported clade with Eschrichtiidae and Balaenopteridae based on molecular data, and that, within 'cetotheres', it was most closely related to the herpetocetines (\"Herpetocetus\" and \"Nannocetus\"), rendering the pygmy right whale the only living species of Cetotheriidae. For his part, Bisconti (2012) described the first pygmy right whale from the fossil record, \"Miocaperea\", from the Pisco Formation of Peru. Bisconti et al. (2013), however, found, based on morphological data, it to"}, {"context": "be more closely related to Balaenidae (the bowhead and right whales), but added that additional specimens are expected to resolve these conflicting results within a few years. Cladistic analyses by Gol'din & Steeman (2015) and Gol'din (2018) partly agreed with Fordyce and Marx (2013) in recovering neobalaenids as closer to cetotheres than to Balaenidae, but disagreed with their recovery of the pygmy right whale as a herpetocetine, instead recovering Neobalaenidae outside Cetotheriidae. Examples of Neobalaenidae in the fossil record include \"Miocaperea\", a couple of indeterminate earbones from Australia (one similar to \"Caperea\"), and specimens from Pleistocene localities in the Northern"}, {"context": "Hemisphere. Neobalaenidae Neobalaenidae is a family of baleen whales (suborder Mysticeti) including the extant pygmy right whale. Although traditionally considered related to balaenids, a recent phylogenetic study by Fordyce and Marx (2013) recovered the living pygmy right whale as a member of Cetotheriidae, making it the only extant cetotheriid, but not all authors agree with this argument. The family Neobalaenidae was long restricted to the pygmy right whale from the Southern Hemisphere due to the unusual skeletal form of the species relative to other extant mysticetes. Until the early 2010s Neobalaenidae was unknown from the fossil record despite a study"}]}, {"title": "Port of Colombo", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Port of Colombo The Port of Colombo (known as Port of Kolomtota during the early 14th Century Kotte Kingdom) is the largest and busiest port in Sri Lanka. Located in Colombo, on the southwestern shores on the Kelani River, it serves as an important terminal in Asia due to its strategic location in the Indian Ocean. During the 1980s, the port underwent rapid modernization with the installation of Cranes, Gantries and other modern-day terminal requirements. Currently with a capacity of 5.7 million TEUs and a dredged depth of over , the Colombo Harbour is one of the busiest ports in"}, {"context": "the world, and ranks among the top 35 ports. It is also one of the biggest artificial harbours in the world handling most of the country's foreign trade. It has an annual cargo tonnage of 30.9 million tons. The port is also the naval base for Sri Lanka Navy Western Fleet under the Commander Western Naval Area (COMWEST). The Port of Colombo is home to the second tallest building in South Asia and is the center for many commercial interests. The Port of Colombo was known to Roman, Arab, and Chinese traders more than 2000 years ago. By the 8th"}, {"context": "century, Arab Muslim traders settled in Colombo as a base for their trade for that part of the world. Today, they make up the local Sri Lankan Moor community. Among the users of the port, China, India and Persia were among the first people to use the harbour. In 1505 the Portuguese first discovered the Port of Colombo when first arriving to the island. In an effort to protect the coast from invaders the King of Kotte at the time, Parakamabahu VIII made a treaty with the Portuguese giving them the right to trade cinnamon from the island, and receiving"}, {"context": "full authority of the coastline. The Portuguese established a trading post in the port but they soon expelled the Muslims and began building a fort in 1517. In order of protecting their interests in coastal India the Portuguese Knew that controlling the island was vital, and so took advantage of royal rivalries between the Kingdoms. However, when the King of Sitawaka, Mayadunne, invaded the Kotte Kingdom and forced the Portuguese into retreat they retreated into the Port of Colombo, besieging the city many times. When the Kotte kingdom fell to the Kingdom of Sitawaka, the Portuguese were able to control"}, {"context": "the entire coast, making the Port of Colombo their capital. That area of the city is still called \"Fort\". In 1638 the Dutch empire signed a treaty with Rajasinghe II of Kandy for monopoly over the island's trade goods and in turn promising help in the Kandyan King's war effort with the Portuguese. In 1656 the Portuguese were eventually defeated through a terrible siege which ended with only 93 Portuguese survivors leaving the fort. The area captured by the Dutch was given back to the Sinhalese king, however continued to control the area and the rich cinnamon lands. Until 1796,"}, {"context": "The Port of Colombo was also the capital of the Dutch Maritime Provinces controlled by the Dutch East India Company. The Port of Colombo fell to the British in 1796, when they first arrived on the island. However it remained a Kandyan Kingdom military outpost until it was surrendered in 1815. The Port was made the capital of the new British crown colony called Ceylon. The British decided to build houses and civilian buildings rather than making it into a military centre, giving birth to the modern Port of Colombo. In 1865, the Municipal Council was created by the British"}, {"context": "in the Port of Colombo in an effort to teach the local population self-governance. The Colombo Municipal Council was practically the Legislative Council of Ceylon, meeting for the first time in 1866. In 1912, the Port was converted into a sheltered harbour, and the Colombo Port Commission was established in 1913. Much of the city was planned during the British occupation of the Port of Colombo. The Port saw dramatic changes when the country gained its independence in 1948. The Queen Elizabeth Quay was opened in 1954, while 16 alongside berths, transit sheds and warehouses were completed. In 1958 The"}, {"context": "Port Corporation was founded. Sri Lanka's economy began to improve, even though it had influences of Portuguese, Dutch and British cultures while its own had been repressed. The Sri Lanka Ports Authority was created in 1980. The harbour underwent a major transformation to handle containerised cargo in the early 1980s, with two being built by the end of the 1980s and three more in the early 1990s. Due to this, and its strategic location amidst trade routes, the port became more attractive to main line shipping than any other port in the region. After the introduction of private sector operators,"}, {"context": "it consolidated its position as a major regional hub port for transshipment cargo in the late 1990s. The main channel of the port was deepened to 15 meters, while it also reached the one million mark for annual handling of container TEUs in 1996. In 1997 the Oil Berth was opened and container traffic made it to the 1.5 million TEUs mark. 1998 saw the opening of a new container terminal while 1999 saw a new container yard begin operation. The Oluvil Lighthouse was commissioned, and the Oluvil Maritime Training Center opened also in 1999. The South Asia Gateway Terminal"}, {"context": "began operations, and a new 50 thousand DWT berth was constructed. A third berth at Galle Regional Port was started in 2000, while the Peliyagoda Container Freight Station was opened. The second phase of the North Pier development started, and the port opened a one-stop documentation center opened its doors. In 2002, the multi-purpose Ashraff Quay was inaugurated, while the new Customer Service Center for LCL and breakbulk cargoes was opened in the same year. 2003 saw the Unity Container Terminal and the Colombo Port Maritime Museum open. In 2004 the Port handled 2.2 million TEUs of containerized cargo, which"}, {"context": "increased to 2.45 million TEUs in 2005. At present, the port handles 15% of transshipment cargo in South Asia. However, in early 2009, the container throughput of Nhava Sheva Harbour surpassed that of Colombo. In 2008, the port commenced a large-scale expansion project at a cost of US$1.2 billion, which is expected to dramatically increase the port's capacity and capabilities. The project, which is headed by the Sri Lanka Ports Authority and built by the Hyundai Engineering & Construction Company, is expected to be completed by 11 April 2012. The expansion project will consist of four new terminals that are"}, {"context": "1200m in length and can accommodate 3 berths each, alongside a depth of (which can be deepened to ). The channel width of the harbour is to be 560m and depth of 20m, with harbour basin depth of 18m and a 600m turning circle. Once completed, it will increase the annual container handling capacity from 4 million TEUs to approximately 12 million TEUs. It will also be able to accommodate larger container vessels, carrying around 12,000 TEUs. The first terminal was awarded to the China Merchants Holdings (International) - Aitken Spence consortium on 16 September 2010. The new terminal is"}, {"context": "planned to be operational by First Quarter 2013. The 2.4 million TEU capacity Colombo South Container Terminal, the first terminal under new expansion in the Port of Colombo is built by Colombo International Container Terminals Ltd., (CICT), a joint venture company between China Merchants Holdings (International) Co., Ltd. (CMHI) and the Sri Lanka Ports Authority (SLPA). It is developing the new port under a 35-year build, operate, and transfer agreement with the SLPA. Commenced construction in December 2011, the first \"pace\" was ceremonially opened for traffic on 8 August 2013, making Colombo Port complex one of the biggest in the"}, {"context": "World. Total length of new Breakwater is 6830 m. Berth Depth is 18 m. The Colombo Port currently has three container terminals: Jaya Container Terminal (JCT), South Asia Gateway Terminal (SAGT - operated by John Keells Holdings) and Unity Container Terminal (UCT). These terminals operate round the clock for faster turn around time than any other operator in the region. Port facilities include: Now with the expansion of the Colombo South Harbour project CICT(Colombo International Container Terminal) was established and 12 Quay Cranes were added. Additional facilities include the Bandaranaike Quay (BQ) and Prince Vijaya Quay (PVQ) with four rail"}, {"context": "mounted quay cranes, and of bonded warehouses. Port of Colombo The Port of Colombo (known as Port of Kolomtota during the early 14th Century Kotte Kingdom) is the largest and busiest port in Sri Lanka. Located in Colombo, on the southwestern shores on the Kelani River, it serves as an important terminal in Asia due to its strategic location in the Indian Ocean. During the 1980s, the port underwent rapid modernization with the installation of Cranes, Gantries and other modern-day terminal requirements. Currently with a capacity of 5.7 million TEUs and a dredged depth of over , the Colombo Harbour"}]}, {"title": "Toni Linhart", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Toni Linhart Anton Hans J\u00f6rg Linhart (24 July 1942 \u2013 12 May 2013) was an Austrian football player who later started a successful career in American football in the U.S.. Linhart was born in Donawitz, Austria. He played association football for Wiener Sportclub in the Austrian Bundesliga and also for the Austria national football team. In 1972 he moved to the US and joined the New Orleans Saints in the National Football League as a placekicker. He spent most of his NFL career with the Baltimore Colts. Linhart was voted into the Pro Bowl twice, and was the NFL's leading"}, {"context": "scorer in 1976. Toni Linhart is one of only three Austrians who have played in the NFL, the other two being Ray Wersching and Toni Fritsch, also placekickers in the 1970s. On November 11, 1979, the New York Jets lost to the Buffalo Bills 14-12 \u2013 the difference coming from two missed extra points by Linhart. He had been cut earlier in the 1979 season by the Baltimore Colts and was signed by the Jets to fill in for the injured Pat Leahy; he never played in the NFL again after this. On 12 May 2013, Toni Linhart died in"}, {"context": "Timonium, Maryland, aged 70. Toni Linhart Anton Hans J\u00f6rg Linhart (24 July 1942 \u2013 12 May 2013) was an Austrian football player who later started a successful career in American football in the U.S.. Linhart was born in Donawitz, Austria. He played association football for Wiener Sportclub in the Austrian Bundesliga and also for the Austria national football team. In 1972 he moved to the US and joined the New Orleans Saints in the National Football League as a placekicker. He spent most of his NFL career with the Baltimore Colts. Linhart was voted into the Pro Bowl twice, and"}]}, {"title": "Kyven Gadson", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Kyven Gadson Kyven Ross Gadson (born July 9, 1992) is an American amateur wrestler. Currently a senior competitor in amateur freestyle wrestling, earlier Gadson, while wrestling for the Iowa State Cyclones, was a three-time All-American in NCAA Division I collegiate wrestling and won the 2015 NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships in the 197-lb weight class by pinning future Olympic and World Championship gold medalist Kyle Snyder in his final collegiate match. Wrestling for Waterloo East High School in Waterloo, Iowa, Gadson compiled a prep record of 113-12. In his sophomore season, he finished as the runner-up at the Iowa state"}, {"context": "wrestling tournament in the 145-lb weight class. Gadson was undefeated in both his junior and senior, winning the Iowa state wrestling tournament in the 171-lb and 189-lb weight classes, respectively. He finished his senior season ranked as sixth-best high school wrestler in the at 189-lb weight class by both the Amateur Wrestling News (AWN) and Intermat. In high school, Gadson was coached by his father William \"Willie\" Gadson, a former Iowa State Cyclone NCAA Division I collegiate wrestling All-American. Additionally, Gadson was the 2011 FILA Junior freestyle national champion at 96-kg, 2009 FILA Cadet freestyle national champion at 85-kg, the"}, {"context": "2009 Northern Plains Junior Freestyle champion, the ASICS Folkstyle Nationals champion at 152-lb in 2008, the runner-up in the 2008 USAW Preseason Nationals, finished fifth at the 2007 USAW Cadet Folkstyle Nationals, and was a Greco-Roman and freestyle state champion as a high school sophomore. During the 2010-11 season of NCAA Division I collegiate wrestling for the Iowa State Cyclones (ISU), Gadson redshirted. While wrestling unattached, Gadson was the Harold Nichols Cyclone Open tournament champion. During the 2011-12 season, Gadson's redshirt freshman collegiate wrestling season was cut short by an injury to his shoulder suffered in the first period of"}, {"context": "his first match wrestling for the Cyclones against Keldrick Hall in a dual meet against the Oklahoma Sooners. While he would almost assuredly have qualified for a medical hardship redshirt due to being unable to compete in (far) less than 25 percent of the competitive season as a redshirt freshman, Gadson ultimately decided to forego the opportunity for another season of collegiate wrestling that a medical hardship redshirt would have afforded. During the 2012-13 season, Gadson finished his redshirt sophomore season as an All-American by finishing in sixth place at the 2013 NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships in the 197-lb"}, {"context": "weight class. Additionally, Gadson was the 197-lb Big 12 Conference champion and the runner-up at the UNI Open due to a forfeit in the championship match for injury concerns. In recognition of Gadson's athletic achievements while returning from a season-ending injury a year earlier, he was recognized as the Amateur Wrestling News (AWN) Comeback Wrestler of the Year and the AWN Courage Award winner, as well as the ISU Outstanding Wrestler and ISU Total Commitment Award winner. During the 2013-14 season, Gadson finished his redshirt junior season as an All-American by finishing in fourth place at the 2014 NCAA Division"}, {"context": "I Wrestling Championships in the 197- lb weight class. Additionally, Gadson was the 197-lb Big 12 Conference champion, the Southern Scuffle tournament runner-up, and the Harold Nichols Cyclone Open tournament runner-up. Also, he was an Academic All-Big 12 First-Team member. During the 2014-15 season, Gadson finished his redshirt senior season as the 2015 NCAA Division I Wrestling Champion in the 197-lb weight class by pinning future Olympic and World Championship gold medalist Kyle Snyder in his final collegiate match. Additionally, Gadson was the 197-lb Big 12 Conference champion, the Cliff Keen Las Vegas Invitational champion, and Kaye Young Open tournament"}, {"context": "champion. Also, he was an Academic All-Big 12 First-Team member. Gadson is currently the second-ranked American freestyle wrestler at the 97-kg (214-lb) weight class after Olympic and World Championship gold medalist Kyle Snyder. As a senior freestyle wrestler, he is the 2017 U.S. Open champion, finished second at the 2017 U.S. World Team Trials, finished third in the 2017 Dave Schultz Memorial International tournament, finished third in Cerro Pelado International tournament, was the 2016 UWW University Nationals champion, and finished third in at the 2016 U.S. Open. Son of William (Willie) and Augusta Gadson. His father Willie, a former Iowa"}, {"context": "State Cyclone NCAA Division I collegiate wrestling All-American, coached Kyven in high school, but passed away while Kyven was in college. Gadson has earned a bachelor's degree in Child, Family and Adult Services and a master's degree in Higher Education, Leadership and Learning; both from Iowa State University. Kyven Gadson Kyven Ross Gadson (born July 9, 1992) is an American amateur wrestler. Currently a senior competitor in amateur freestyle wrestling, earlier Gadson, while wrestling for the Iowa State Cyclones, was a three-time All-American in NCAA Division I collegiate wrestling and won the 2015 NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships in the"}]}, {"title": "Josephine Wall", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Josephine Wall Josephine Wall (born May 1947 in Farnham, Surrey) is a popular English fantasy artist and sculptor. Educated at Farnham and Parkstone (Dorset) grammar schools, she studied at Bournemouth College and worked at Poole Pottery as a designer and painter of Delphis Ware. Her pottery figures include characters from Tolkien's \"Lord of the Rings\" and mythological creatures. Pieces of this work now feature in a book on the history of Poole Pottery. Her paintings are mainly influenced and inspired by Arthur Rackham, with lesser influences from surrealist artists such as Magritte and Dal\u00ed, and the romanticism of the pre-Raphaelites."}, {"context": "A number of her works were exhibited in Teheran and Tokyo during 1974 and her first solo exhibition took place the following year in Swindon. Josephine and her paintings were the subject of a special feature on Southern Television in 1990. Following a visit to the Spring Fair in Birmingham in 1993 she signed contracts with firms in Britain and Switzerland to publish her work as prints, posters and cards for worldwide distribution. Her originals and limited edition prints by are often sold through Courtenay's Fine Art and Courtyard of Romance. In addition to a range of Limited Edition Prints,"}, {"context": "Josephine Wall continues to work with her exclusive licensing agents Art Impressions in California (Art Impressions Inc. www.artimpressionsinc.com) who began licensing her work around the world in 1996. They are responsible for finding the contacts and setting up licensing deals. It has been used for greeting cards, calendars, posters, stained glass, craft transfers (\u201cT\u201d shirts), journals, stationery, cheques and cheque covers, mugs, magnets, suncatchers, treasure boxes, wall murals, scrapbook paper sets, fabric squares, figurines, and puzzles. In 1998 five original works were selected for an exhibition at London's Mall Gallery entitled \u201cArt of the Imagination\u201d. Josephine has subsequently joined the"}, {"context": "circle of artists in the society of the same name. Since then her works have been selected by Ron and Yvette Emard (Founders of Courtyard of Romance)for exhibitions at New York Art Expo and have been the subject of a book \u201cThe Fantasy World of Josephine Wall\u201d, jointly published by the artist and Courtyard of Romance. Pop singer Britney Spears has used a number of Josephine's images on her website. Britney also purchased a number of Limited Edition prints and Josephine is working on an original painting for her. Ron and Yvette Emard have also been featured in at least"}, {"context": "two of Josephine's paintings and are the proud owners of the largest private collection of Josephine Wall originals in the world. In 2008, Sunbeams Initiatives, Inc., Jacksonville, Florida was chosen as Josephine's Official International Marketing Group and \"One Stop Shop\" source for all of her art. This includes retail and wholesale sales of original paintings, prints, games, greeting cards, books and other quality products which carry her name. The company is headed by Dr. Patricia Sager as its President and CEO. Dr. Sager personally handles much of Ms. Wall's personal appearances and event planning worldwide. 1967 - Following three years"}, {"context": "at Bournemouth College studying Fine Art, Josephine worked at Poole Pottery as a designer and painter of Delphis Ware (now very collectable), later modeling animals to be displayed at Harrods in London. Her pottery figures include characters from Tolkien\u2019s \"Lord of the Rings\" and mythological creatures. Certain pieces of this work now form part of a book on the history of Poole Pottery. 1974 - A number of larger paintings were exhibited in Teheran and Tokyo. 1975 - Held her first solo exhibition in Swindon. 1990 - Following a period during which she brought up her three children whilst still"}, {"context": "exhibiting both locally and abroad, a second solo exhibition was held at the Mayfield Gallery in Bournemouth. Also during this year, Josephine and her paintings were the subject of a special feature on Southern Television in the UK. 1991 - Held her third solo exhibition at the Mayfield Gallery. 1993 - Following a visit to the Spring Fair in Birmingham she signed contracts with F.J.Warren based in Hitchen, England and Wizard and Genius from Switzerland to publish her work in the form of framing prints, posters and cards. These prints are distributed worldwide. 1995 - Josephine\u2019s painting \"Dance of all"}, {"context": "Seasons\" was selected for the cover of W&G\u2019s \u201cCheerful Joys\u201d catalogue. 1996 - Signed a licensing agreement with Art Impressions based in Los Angeles, California, which has led to many new outlets for Josephine\u2019s images. Many products are now produced including cards, stationery, puzzles, journals, bookplates, back to school products, mugs, needlepoint kits and posters, as well as limited edition prints. 1998 - Five original works were selected for an exhibition at London\u2019s prestigious Mall Gallery entitled \u201cArt of the Imagination\u201d. Josephine has subsequently joined the circle of artists in the society of the same name, with the possibility of"}, {"context": "many more exhibitions worldwide. 1999 \u2013 Many products are now produced including cards, stationery, puzzles, journals, bookplates, back to school products, mugs, needlepoint kits and posters, as well as limited edition prints. 2004 \u2013 First exhibition at the New York Art Expo, resulting in 6 images being selected for use as Hand Embellished Limited Edition Prints for sale at auctions on board cruise ships around the world. 2005 \u2013 Exhibition at New York Art Expo at which my first book was released \u201cThe Fantasy World of Josephine Wall\u201d. Received a nomination for the Artv Awards (like Oscars for art) which"}, {"context": "is to be held on 28 October this year at the M.G.M.Grand Hotel in Las Vegas. Pop Icon Britney Spears requested the use of a number of images for use on her new website www.britneyspears.com. Britney also purchased a number of Limited Edition prints and Josephine created an original painting for her. 2006 \u2013 Leanin\u2019 Tree requested a series of \u201cZodiac\u201d images which were completed in 6 months, and have proved to be very popular. They were exhibited all together at Courtenays Fine Art Gallery in Westbourne. Seven were sold that evening, and the rest soon followed. 2010 \u2013 Josephine"}, {"context": "opened her own gallery in Penn Hill, Poole, Dorset U.K. (josephinewall-gallery@talktalk.net). Displaying her latest Originals and Limited Edition Prints, she has had visitors from around the world including \u2013 U.S.A., Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Arab Emirates, Japan, Holland, France, Kuwait, Russia, Czech Republic, and many more. She loves to welcome people to her gallery, and spend time talking to them about art. 2012 \u2013 Originated \u201cThe Official Josephine Wall\u201d Facebook page, which was created to communicate with followers of her work, and to let them see the latest paintings. These pages are administered by her Grandson Charlie, and her"}, {"context": "agents in the U.S. - Entertainment One Licensing\u2014because she doesn\u2019t type..!! Josephine Wall Josephine Wall (born May 1947 in Farnham, Surrey) is a popular English fantasy artist and sculptor. Educated at Farnham and Parkstone (Dorset) grammar schools, she studied at Bournemouth College and worked at Poole Pottery as a designer and painter of Delphis Ware. Her pottery figures include characters from Tolkien's \"Lord of the Rings\" and mythological creatures. Pieces of this work now feature in a book on the history of Poole Pottery. Her paintings are mainly influenced and inspired by Arthur Rackham, with lesser influences from surrealist artists"}]}, {"title": "Romance scam", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Romance scam A romance scam is a confidence trick involving feigning romantic intentions towards a victim, gaining their affection, and then using that goodwill to commit fraud. Fraudulent acts may involve access to the victim's money, bank accounts, credit cards, passports, e-mail accounts, or national identification numbers; or forcing the victims to commit financial fraud on their behalf. In many instances, a mail-order bride scam will also bait the victim into committing felonies to establish citizenship for the perpetrator. Romance scammers create personal profiles using stolen photographs of attractive people for the purpose of asking others to contact them. This"}, {"context": "is often known as catfishing. Communications are exchanged between the scammer and victim over a period of time until the scammer feels they have connected with the victim enough to ask for money. These requests may be for gas money, bus or airplane tickets to visit the victim, medical or education expenses. There is usually the promise the scammer will one day join the victim in the victim's home. The scam usually ends when the victim realizes they are being scammed or stops sending money. Criminal networks defraud lonely people around the world with false promises of love and romance."}, {"context": "Scammers post profiles on dating websites, social media accounts, classified sites and even online forums to search for new victims. The scammer usually attempts to obtain a more private method of communication such as an email or phone number to build trust with the victim. Scammers prey on the victim's false sense of a relationship to lure them into sending money. In 2016, the US Federal Bureau of Investigation received reports of more than US $220 million being lost by victims of relationship scams. This was approximately seven times what was stolen through phishing scams and almost 100 times the"}, {"context": "reported losses from ransomware attacks. Narratives used to extract money from the victims of romantic scams include the following: Some romance scammers seek out a victim with an obscure fetish and will make the victim think that if they pay for the scammer's plane ticket, they will get to live out their sexual fantasy with the scammer. Other scammers like to entice victims to perform sexual acts on webcam. They then record their victims, play back the recorded images or videos to them and then extort money to prevent them from sending the recordings to friends, family, or employers, often"}, {"context": "discovered via social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter etc. The pro-dater differs from other scams in method of operation; a face-to-face meeting actually does take place in the scammer's country but for the sole purpose of manipulating the victim into spending as much money as possible in relatively little time, with little or nothing in return. The scheme usually involves accomplices, such as an interpreter or a taxi driver, each of whom must be paid by the victim at an inflated price. Everything is pre-arranged so that the wealthy foreigner pays for expensive accommodation, is taken not to an"}, {"context": "ordinary public caf\u00e9 but to a costly restaurant (usually some out-of-the-way place priced far above what locals would ever be willing to pay), and is manipulated into making various expensive purchases, including gifts for the scammer such as electronics and fur coats. The vendors are also typically part of the scheme. After the victim has left, the merchandise is returned to the vendors and the pro-dater and their various accomplices take their respective cut of the take. As the pro-dater is eager to date again, the next date is immediately set up with the next wealthy foreigner. The supposed relationship"}, {"context": "goes no further, except to inundate the victim with requests for more money after they return home. Unlike a gold digger, who marries for money, a pro-dater is not necessarily single or available in real life. Another variation of the romance scam is when the scammer insists they need to marry in order to inherit millions of dollars of gold left by a father, uncle, or grandfather. A young woman will contact a victim and tell them of their plight: not being able to remove the gold from their country as they are unable to pay the duty or marriage"}, {"context": "taxes. The woman will be unable to inherit the fortune until she gets married, the marriage being a prerequisite of the father, uncle or grandfather's will. The scammer convinces their victim they are sincere until they are able to build up enough of a rapport to ask for thousands of dollars to help bring the gold into the victim's country. The scammer will offer to fly to the victim's country to prove they are a real person so the victim will send money for the flight. However, the scammer never arrives. The victim will contact the scammer to ask what"}, {"context": "happened, and the scammer will provide an excuse such as not being able to get an exit visa, or an illness, theirs or a family member. Scammers are very adept at knowing how to \"play\" their victims - sending love poems, sex games in emails, building up a \"loving relationship\" with many promises of \"one day we will be married\". Often photos of unknown African actresses will be used to lure the victim into believing they are talking to that person. Victims may be invited to travel to the scammer's country; in some cases the victims arrive with asked-for gift"}, {"context": "money for family members or bribes for corrupt officials, only to be beaten and robbed or murdered. A rapidly growing technique scammers are using is to impersonate American military personnel. Scammers prefer to use the images, names and profiles of soldiers as this usually inspires confidence, trust and admiration in their female victims. Military public relations often post information on soldiers without mentioning their families or personal lives, so images are stolen from these websites by organized Internet crime gangs often operating out of Nigeria or Ghana. These scammers tell their victims they are lonely, or supporting an orphanage with"}, {"context": "their own money, or needing financial assistance because they can not access their own money in a combat zone, etc. The money is always sent to a third party to be collected for the scammer. Sometimes the third party is real, sometimes fictitious. Funds sent by Western Union and MoneyGram do not have to be claimed by showing identification if the sender sends money using a secret pass phrase and response. The money and can be picked up anywhere in the world. Some scammers may request Bitcoin as an alternative payment method. Sensitive people are more vulnerable to online dating"}, {"context": "scams, based on a study conducted by the British Psychological Society. Per their results, sensitive and less emotionally intelligent people are more likely to be vulnerable to online dating scams. SCAMwatch, a website run by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), provides information about how to recognise, avoid and report scams. In 2005, the ACCC and other agencies formed the Australasian Consumer Fraud Taskforce (ACFT). The site provides information about current scams, warning signs and staying safe online. Many romance scams, money payment, Nigerian advance fee scam, blackmail and extortionist scams occur in the West African, Russian, Ukrainian, American"}, {"context": "and Trinidad and Tobago sites that rip off vulnerable westerners as of 2012 to 2016 according to Ukrainian authorities and the FBI. Romance scam A romance scam is a confidence trick involving feigning romantic intentions towards a victim, gaining their affection, and then using that goodwill to commit fraud. Fraudulent acts may involve access to the victim's money, bank accounts, credit cards, passports, e-mail accounts, or national identification numbers; or forcing the victims to commit financial fraud on their behalf. In many instances, a mail-order bride scam will also bait the victim into committing felonies to establish citizenship for the"}]}, {"title": "Malsawmzuala", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Malsawmzuala Malswamzuala (born 12 September 1997) is an Indian footballer who play as a midfielder for Jamshedpur FC in Indian Super League. Malswamzuala made his debut for Bengaluru FC on 9 January 2015 against Salgaocar. On 10 April 2016, Malsawmzuala scored screamer against East Bengal F.C. in a crucial game in I-League. on 2 September 2016, ISL club Delhi Dynamos secure the signing of Malsawmzuala on loan from Bengaluru FC. On 18 November 2016, Sawmtea scored his first ISL goal against FC Pune City in debut match for Delhi Dynamos. Sawmtea is youngest goal scorer in history of Indian Super"}, {"context": "League. In July 2018, Sawmtea signed with Kolkata based club ATK for 2 years. On 30 November 2018, Jamshedpur FC signed Malsawmzuala on loan for remaining of the season from ATK. Malswamzuala has made debut for India U19 in Frenz International U19 Cup which was held in Malaysia. On 4 January 2015, he made his debut for India U19 against Estudiantes coming-on as 64th-minute substitute for Robinson Singh at the UiTM Stadium. Malsawmzuala Malswamzuala (born 12 September 1997) is an Indian footballer who play as a midfielder for Jamshedpur FC in Indian Super League. Malswamzuala made his debut for Bengaluru"}]}, {"title": "Dragon, Utah", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Dragon, Utah Dragon is a ghost town located in Uintah County, at the extreme eastern edge of Utah, United States. Founded in about 1888 as a Gilsonite mining camp, Dragon boomed in the first decade of the 20th century as the end-of-line town for the Uintah Railway. Although it declined when the terminus moved farther north in 1911, Dragon survived as the largest of the Gilsonite towns. It was abandoned after its mining operations stopped in 1938 and the Uintah Railway went out of business in 1939. Dragon lies on the tiny Evacuation Creek at the mouth of Dragon Canyon,"}, {"context": "approximately west of the Colorado state line and southeast of Vernal, the area's main city. This part of the Uinta Basin has been isolated and barren throughout modern times. The reason for the town's existence was the veins of natural asphalt called Gilsonite, found nowhere else in the world at the time, that run southeast to northwest through this region. The present-day center of Gilsonite mining, Bonanza, is about to the north of Dragon. As the commercial mining of Gilsonite began in 1888, a significant deposit was discovered some up Dragon Canyon. Observers said that the vein of the black"}, {"context": "substance formed the shape of a dragon along the surface of the ground, and the operation was named the Black Dragon Mine. The name \"Dragon\" was soon given to both the canyon and the mining camp that grew up in the flat area at the canyon's mouth. The mine and town developed slowly at first, because of the difficulty of transporting the Gilsonite out of the area. The town received its first telegraph line, to Fort Duchesne, in 1901. In 1902, subsidiaries of the Gilson Asphaltum Company took over the Black Dragon Mine and began work on a narrow gauge"}, {"context": "railway to serve the mine. In 1904 the Uintah Railway reached Dragon, where it stopped. The company also built toll roads to Vernal and Fort Duchesne, ferries on the Green River, and a toll bridge over the White River at Ignatio, making Dragon the regional transportation hub. As the terminal station on the only railroad ever to enter the Uinta Basin, Dragon began to boom. At the completion of the railroad, the town had a depot, warehouse, locomotive shops, store, boarding house, homes, two saloons, and a barber shop. The railroad company built the Uintah Railway Hotel in Dragon to"}, {"context": "lodge passengers. A school was established in 1904. Gilsonite is a flammable hydrocarbon mixture, and Dragon experienced a number of mining accidents. In 1908, a fire started in one section of Dragon's Gilsonite vein. A nearly inextinguishable fire similar to a coal seam fire, it was still burning two years later. Also in 1908, an explosion in the Black Dragon Mine killed two miners. In 1910, a costly fire sparked in stored Gilsonite completely destroyed the Uintah Railway warehouse, along with hundreds of tons of freight. In 1910 a public library was established in Dragon, with an unusual arrangement. The"}, {"context": "Uintah Railway would transport library books free of charge to and from any borrower along its route. At the 1910 census, the population of \"Dragon Precinct\" (the town and surrounding area) was 287. The output of the Black Dragon Mine was declining, however, and other rich Gilsonite deposits had been discovered to the north. In 1911 the Uintah Railway extended its line northward, establishing a new end-of-line town called Watson north of Dragon, with a spur line to the southwest of Watson to Rainbow, the new mining center. The loss of the railroad terminus caused a moderate decline in Dragon,"}, {"context": "but because the railroad's shops and roundhouse were still here, Dragon remained the stable population center in the Gilsonite mining area. The railroad saw the need to encourage the shipping of diverse products, and in 1912 they built large sheep shearing pens at Dragon. Enough people remained in 1917 to support a renovation of the Dragon schoolhouse. The census precinct, greatly expanded but still named for Dragon, reported populations of 487 in 1920 and 452 in 1930. By 1938, all of the Gilsonite mining activity moved still further north, to the Bonanza area. The Dragon and Rainbow mines closed down."}, {"context": "Trucks to Vernal and Craig, Colorado replaced trains for hauling Gilsonite. People started to abandon Dragon, Rainbow, and Watson. In 1939 Dragon's population was just 72, mostly railroad workers. Having lost the majority of its freight business, the Uintah Railway ceased operation in 1939. The 1940 census recorded a \"South Dragon precinct\" population of 10. Only ruins remain at the Dragon site. There is a rubble pile where the hotel stood, a sidewalk that ran to the old schoolhouse, some foundations, and a small cemetery. Dragon, Utah Dragon is a ghost town located in Uintah County, at the extreme eastern"}]}, {"title": "Vritti", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Vritti Vritti, literally \"whirlpool\", is a technical term in yoga meant to indicate that the contents of mental awareness are disturbances in the medium of consciousness. Vritti can be taken as a catch-all term for any content in consciousness, where consciousness is regarded as a medium or container for any possible mental content. The scope of the idea is very broad, referring not only to thoughts and perceptions experienced in a normal waking state, but also to all super-physical perceptions, such as dreams or in any altered state of consciousness. Vritti has also been translated as \"waves\" or \"ripples\" of"}, {"context": "disturbance upon the otherwise calm waters of the mind. The classical definition of yoga as stated in the Yoga Sutras is to calm the waves and return, or reunite (yoga = union) mind to its calm state, or samadhi. The concept of vritti is central to the main definition of yoga given in Sutra 1.2 of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: \"yoga chitta vritti nirodha\". I.K. Taimni translates this as: \"Yoga is the silencing of the modifications of the mind\". Central to the definition of yoga is the concept of \"vritti\" as a modification of the mind, which it is"}, {"context": "the intent of yogic practices to silence. In the context of yoga, the presence of vrittis in consciousness is regarded as impediments to enlightenment. Swami Vivekananda uses the metaphor of a lake to illustrate this concept: \u201c[Chitta] is the mind-stuff, and Vrttis are the waves and ripples rising in it when external causes impinge on it. The bottom of the lake we cannot see, because its surface is covered with ripples. It is only possible when the ripples have subsided, and the water is calm, for us to catch a glimpse of the bottom. If the water is muddy, the"}, {"context": "bottom will not be seen; if the water is agitated all the time, the bottom will not be seen. If the water is clear, and there are no waves, we shall see the bottom. That bottom of the lake is our own true Self; the lake is the Chitta, and the waves are the Vrttis.\u201d Thus it is the goal of yoga to \"still\" or \"silence' the modifications in consciousness, the vrittis, and thereby set the stage to learn the technique of samadhi, an advanced mental method for achieving enlightenment. In the context of Hinduism and yoga, vrittis refer to"}, {"context": "different tendencies, or psycho-physical propensities, which give scope for the mind to express a variety of feelings and emotions. Hindu texts describe samskaras to be a result of past actions and experiences that have left an imprint on the mind. The expression of samskaras gives rise to vrittis, which collectively represent the behaviour that makes each person unique: their desires and repulsions, their predispositions and complexes. According to some modern descriptions, a vritti triggers the glands associated with that particular propensity to secrete the corresponding hormones. Usually this is done subconsciously, although yogis endeavour to control and master the expression"}, {"context": "of their vritties, through the practice of asanas (postures) and sadhana (meditation), leading to the attainment of siddhis (occult powers), and giving clear passage for the kundalini to rise. Vritties need not be considered confined to the esoteric experiences of advanced yogiis. The seat of the vritti of love, or mamata in Sanskrit, is the heart; the seat of the vritti of fear (bhaya) is the stomach. The sensation of feeling one's heart swoon, or \"getting butterflies\" corresponds to the physical expression of these psychic propensities. Each vritti may have negative or positive expression. Even love, when over-expressed, leads to"}, {"context": "intense possessiveness. The goal of the yogii is thus not to suppress, or annul their vritties, rather it is to find a harmonious balance, and ultimately, to channelize these tendencies inward. As a word, \"vritti\" means literally vortex (of consciousness), or \"circular activity with no beginning and no end\". Below are the Vrittis associated with each of the Tantric Chakras: Vritti Vritti, literally \"whirlpool\", is a technical term in yoga meant to indicate that the contents of mental awareness are disturbances in the medium of consciousness. Vritti can be taken as a catch-all term for any content in consciousness, where"}]}, {"title": "Arthur Smith Woodward", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Arthur Smith Woodward Sir Arthur Smith Woodward, FRS (23 May 1864 \u2013 2 September 1944) was an English palaeontologist, known as a world expert in fossil fish. He also described the Piltdown Man fossils, which were later determined to be fraudulent. He is not related to Henry Woodward, whom he replaced as curator of the Geology Department of the British Museum of Natural History. Woodward was born in Macclesfield, Cheshire, England and was educated there and at Owens College, Manchester. He joined the staff of the Department of Geology at the Natural History Museum in 1882. He became assistant Keeper"}, {"context": "of Geology in 1892, and Keeper in 1901. He was appointed Secretary of the Palaeontographical Society and in 1904, was appointed President of the Geological Society. He was elected in June 1901 a Fellow of the Royal Society He was the world expert on fossil fish, writing his \"Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum\" (1889\u20131901). His travels included journeys to South America and Greece. In 1901, for the trustees of the Natural History Museum, he made excavations of fossil bones from Pikermi (near Athens). His contribution to palaeoichthyology resulted in him receiving many awards, including a Royal"}, {"context": "Medal from the Royal Society in 1917, the Lyell and Wollaston Medals of the Geological Society, the Linnean Medal of the Linnean Society and the Clarke Medal of the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1914. He retired from the museum in 1924. In 1942 Woodward was awarded the Mary Clark Thompson Medal from the United States National Academy of Sciences. Woodward's reputation suffered from his involvement in the Piltdown Man hoax where he gave a name to a new species of hominid from southern England, which was ultimately discovered (after Woodward's death) to have been a forgery. Woodward"}, {"context": "was a leading advocate of orthogenesis. He believed there was a general trend in evolution from the fossil record and speculated that the human brain might have been the product of such a trend. He discussed his views on human evolution in his book \"The Earliest Englishman\" (1948). He married Maud Leanora Ida Seeley, the daughter of zoologist Harry Govier Seeley, in 1894. Woodward died in Haywards Heath, Sussex in 1944 at the age of 80. On 21 May 2014 a one-day symposium was held at the Natural History Museum in London to commemorate the 150th anniversary of Woodward's birth."}, {"context": "Speakers were selected to give not just historical accounts of the man and his science but also accounts of how current research connects back to his influence. The proceedings of this symposium were published in March 2016 Arthur Smith Woodward Sir Arthur Smith Woodward, FRS (23 May 1864 \u2013 2 September 1944) was an English palaeontologist, known as a world expert in fossil fish. He also described the Piltdown Man fossils, which were later determined to be fraudulent. He is not related to Henry Woodward, whom he replaced as curator of the Geology Department of the British Museum of Natural"}]}, {"title": "Alina Popa", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Alina Popa Popa grew up Br\u0103ila, Romania. At the age of 12, she began competing in track and field in order to lose weight. In college, she studied English and Romanian for four years, majoring in the former with a teacher degree At the age of 19, she chanced upon a gym in her hometown, where she encountered a young woman preparing for the National Junior Championships. This inspired Popa to begin a training regimen of her own. She would continue lifting for the next two years before a trainer suggested she train competitively. Popa entered her first local competition"}, {"context": "in 2000, a regional cup in which she placed second. Later that same year, she placed third in her division at the National Championships. In 2003, upon reaching a weight of she began competing in the heavyweight bracket, representing her country until 2005. In 2006, she relocated to Switzerland, close to Zurich, and has competed for her adopted country as an amateur. She received her IFBB pro card in 2008 after winning the overall and heavyweight at the 2008 IFBB Worlds Santa Susanna.As a pro athlete, she represents her native country, Romania. Popa competed in her first Ms. International in"}, {"context": "2010 and her first Ms. Olympia in 2011. With the exception of the 2010 Ms. International, every IFBB professional bodybuilding competition Popa has attended has found her placing within the top five. At the 2013 and 2014 Ms. Olympia competitions, she finished second behind Iris Kyle. To date, this is her second highest placing. Her trainer is bodybuilder Dylan Armbrust, owner of Armbrust Pro Gym and ex-husband of professional bodybuilder Heather Armbrust. Due to injuries, Popa stated in an interview that she will not participate in the 2015 Wings of Strength Rising Phoenix World Championships. She also stated that she"}, {"context": "planned on a return to competition in 2016. Popa currently lives in Arvada, Colorado, and she is divorced. As of September 11, 2013, Popa started working at Armbrust Pro Gym in Wheat Ridge, Colorado, as a personal trainer, and also poses as a freelance fitness model. Alina Popa Popa grew up Br\u0103ila, Romania. At the age of 12, she began competing in track and field in order to lose weight. In college, she studied English and Romanian for four years, majoring in the former with a teacher degree At the age of 19, she chanced upon a gym in her"}]}, {"title": "Nemesio Camacho", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Nemesio Camacho Nemesio Camacho Mac\u00edas (November 1869 - 7 May 1929) was a Colombian businessman and politician. The Stadium Nemesio Camacho in Bogot\u00e1 is named after him. He was the manager of the Bank of the Republic, the Colombian Train of the Pacific and the Tramways of Bogot\u00e1. He was also Ministry of Finance and Public Credit appointed by the President Rafael Reyes. His son Luis Camacho, was the person who offered the land where the stadium would be constructed. Nemesio Camacho Macias (Subachoque, Colombia, November 1869 - Paris, France, May 7, 1929) was a Colombian lawyer, politician, and businessman."}, {"context": "He was a minister, senator and the chief of the Central Bank of Bogota Tram and Pacific Railroad. His son Luis Camacho donated the land which was called \"El Campin\" to build the football stadium that bears his name in Bogota. Nemesio Camacho was born in the town of Subachoque (Cundinamarca) in November 1869, the same year his mother, Isabel Macias, died. In 1882 he was admitted to study at the College of San Bartolom\u00e9 in Bogot\u00e1 and in the same year, his father, Silverio Camacho, died. Later studies in litereratura National University, but he interrupted his studies to study"}, {"context": "philosophy and law at the External University ending in 1890. He obtained a law degree with \"outstanding acclaim\". At their level, opening a law office and exercising the right to 1895, when it bursts the civil war, in which financially supports and funds the generals Servant Sarmiento and Rafael Uribe in the Company of the West. At this time he was appointed director of the Liberal Party and is postulated as a candidate for president with John the Evangelist Manrique and Miguel Samper . After the war, he returned to his trade as a lawyer until 1905, when capital brings"}, {"context": "Pepe Sierra to the creation of the Central Bank and is appointed manager, a position he held until August 1907. In the same year, 1905 Rafael Reyes closed the Congress and Nemesio Camacho was elected representative in the Assembly of Cundinamarca. In 1908 it is part of society that is responsible for organizing the concession for the construction of the Pacific Railway and the following year associates on a Milk Producers Cooperative. The President Rafael Reyes was appointed Minister of Public Works and Development in 1908 and between April and May 1909 provisionally assumed in the Ministry of Finance and"}, {"context": "Treasury for resignation of Jorge Holguin, while these charges was developed infrastructure such as the layout intercity roads and railways, and installation of electrical service in various municipalities. Owned by Nemesio Camacho in Bogota's historic center, designed in 1909 by French architect Gaston Lelarge . At the end of his work as a minister is appointed manager Pacific Railroad by the board, holding the position between 1910 and 1915. In 1910 he supported the presidential candidate Carlos E. Restrepo and is a member of the Constituent Assembly that drafted the Constitutional Reform of the same year. In 1912 was one"}, {"context": "of the initiators and founders of the Olympia Theatre in Bogota on society formed by brothers John and Donato Di Domenico. 1 In 1913 participated in the Convention of the Liberal Party led by General Rafael Uribe Uribe and the following year assumed again Party leadership after the assassination of Rafael Uribe. He served twice as the office of Senator and House Representative by the Colombian Liberal Party . 4 Between 1919 and 1922 he was manager of the Tramway de Bogot\u00e1, its popularity in this role was so great that the tram cars were known popularly as \"Nemesia\". 3"}, {"context": "In small cooperative management of employees organized keepers tram rails sections, made the expansion of the Central Station, ran the extension of lines to the south and the west and doubled the capacity of the line of Gauteng . In 1921 he led the coalition that pressured the resignation of President Marco Fidel Su\u00e1rez . In 1924 on the initiative of Gonzalo Mejia, helps fund the construction of the Teatro Jun\u00edn de Medell\u00edn, whose inauguration is done on 8 October of the same year with a screening of the Italian film \"La Sombra\". 1 In December 1926 the society to"}, {"context": "participate in the creation of a Fruit Company. In 1928 as House Representative presents a draft reform of the electoral system which proposes the issuance of the certificate of citizenship for all voters. This project is approved as Law 31 of November 12, 1929, 5 with 41 votes in the House and 21 votes in the Senate, a few months after his death. Due to his health, he traveled to France for medical treatment, but died on May 7 of 1929. His remains were repatriated and buried in the Central Cemetery of Bogota. Properties The Estadio Nemesio Camacho El Campin."}, {"context": "At death, Camacho left an immense fortune primarily consisting of properties in Bogota and shares in different companies, the result of its business activities, the exercise of their profession and family heritage. In 1934 the mayor of Bogot\u00e1 Jorge Gaitan drove the idea to build a football stadium for the citizens taking advantage of the 400th birthday of the capital and to receive the 1938 Bolivarian Games . Councilman Luis Camacho Matiz, son of Nemesio Camacho El Campin offered hacienda that was part of the goods that were the legacy of his father (located in Old Street Cundinamarca) as land"}, {"context": "to build the stadium that bears his name. Nemesio Camacho Nemesio Camacho Mac\u00edas (November 1869 - 7 May 1929) was a Colombian businessman and politician. The Stadium Nemesio Camacho in Bogot\u00e1 is named after him. He was the manager of the Bank of the Republic, the Colombian Train of the Pacific and the Tramways of Bogot\u00e1. He was also Ministry of Finance and Public Credit appointed by the President Rafael Reyes. His son Luis Camacho, was the person who offered the land where the stadium would be constructed. Nemesio Camacho Macias (Subachoque, Colombia, November 1869 - Paris, France, May 7,"}]}, {"title": "Bleach (season 10)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bleach (season 10) The tenth season of the \"Bleach\" anime series, released on DVD as the , is directed by Noriyuki Abe, and produced by TV Tokyo, Dentsu and Studio Pierrot. The 16-episode season is based on Tite Kubo's manga series. The episodes' plot continues to follow Ichigo Kurosaki's and his friends' battle against the Espada, the strongest of former Soul Reaper Captain S\u014dsuke Aizen's army, to rescue Orihime Inoue. Episodes 204 and 205 are centered on a soccer match developed by the Kasumi\u014dji Soul Reapers who appeared in season 9. The season aired from October 2008 to February 2009"}, {"context": "on TV Tokyo in Japan. The English adaptation of the anime is licensed by Viz Media, and aired on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim from February to May 2011. Aniplex released the season in a series of DVD compilations, with each of the four volumes containing four episodes. The first DVD volume was released on May 27, 2009, and the fourth one on August 26, 2009. The episodes use three pieces of theme music: one opening theme and two closing themes. The opening theme is \"Velonica\" by Aqua Timez. The first ending theme, \"Hitohira no Hanabira\" by Stereopony, is used for"}, {"context": "episode 190 to 201, and the second ending theme, by Shion Tsuji, is used for the remainder. To promote the third feature film, \"\", which was released on December 13, 2008, the credits from episodes 197 through 201 use teaser footage. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Bleach (season 10) The tenth season of the \"Bleach\" anime series, released on DVD as the , is directed by Noriyuki Abe, and produced by TV Tokyo, Dentsu and Studio Pierrot. The 16-episode season is based on Tite Kubo's manga series. The episodes' plot continues to follow Ichigo Kurosaki's and his friends' battle against the Espada, the"}]}, {"title": "Joseph Lee, Baltimore", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Joseph Lee, Baltimore Joseph Lee, the residential part of Bayview, is a neighborhood in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Part of the larger Bayview or Hopkins Bayview neighborhood, it borders the Greektown neighborhood. It is sometimes called the \"A to K\" or \"ABC neighborhood\" because its north-south streets are arranged in alphabetical order: Anglesea, Bonsal, Cornwall, Drew, Elrino, Folcroft, Gusryan, Hornel, Imla, Joplin, and Kane. Most of the homes in the community are traditional Baltimore row homes. The earliest houses, built in the 1920s, are in the western portion of the neighborhood and generally have three bedrooms. The houses in the"}, {"context": "eastern portion, built in the 1950s, typically have two bedrooms. Some have formstone fronts made popular in the 1940s, though these are not as ubiquitous as in Highlandtown. The neighborhood is also known for its azalea bushes that line some of the streets. The area that comprises today's Joseph Lee neighborhood was part of the Baltimore Canton Company's (founded by Peter Cooper, William Patterson, Robert Oliver, and Columbus O'Donnell) original purchase of of land in 1828. While most of the development of the land occurred nearer to the waterfront before the 1900s, the company was still involved in the development"}, {"context": "when the Joseph Lee neighborhood was created. In the book, \"Streetwise Baltimore: the stories behind baltimore street names\" by Carleton Jones, an entry for \"Drew Street\" is found on page 66 that reads: Dan Drew was one of the slipperiest Wall Street customers who ever graced New York, but he also invested in Baltimore's Canton Company. In a 1918 annexation the firm, large east side landowners, christened the street in Drew's name. It is just west of Key Medical Center and leads into and across Eastern Avenue. The land became part of Baltimore City with the March 29, 1918, annex"}, {"context": "that expanded the city limits to their present size. The neighborhood was built in the shadow of the existing City Hospitals (Francis Scott Key Medical Center), which housed the Bay View Asylum, acute care, chronic care, and tuberculosis (TB) wards. Construction of the homes in the neighborhood began as early as 1926, beginning on Anglesea and Bonsal streets. By 1933, home construction was complete for the homes through to Cornwall street. New homes continued to be built continuing westward from Drew to Kane Streets through the 1950s. Several development projects in and around the neighborhood have been started in recent"}, {"context": "years to improve the look and value of the community. In early 2006, a former Anchor Fence plant and headquarters was redeveloped into \"Anchor Square\" an open-air shopping center. Also in 2006, a new biomedical research facility opened on the Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center campus to house the National Institutes on Aging and Drug Abuse. An urgent-care center, Patient First, opened on the Bayview campus in 2007. In late 2007, a \"Streetscape\" project was initiated to beautify and improve the road and sidewalks of Eastern Avenue. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,175 people residing in the"}, {"context": "neighborhood. The racial makeup of Joseph Lee was 61.1% White, 16.5% African American, 0.6% Native American, 3.2% Asian, 1.0% from other races, and 4.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.0% of the population. Joseph Lee has a growing Hispanic and Latino population, especially Puerto Ricans. There were 1,165 housing units in the neighborhood. 49.4% of the population were employed, 0.8% were unemployed, and 50.6% were not in the labor force. The median household income was $27,569. Patterson Senior High is a school that is part of the Baltimore City Public School System. Located"}, {"context": "on the eastern side of the neighborhood on Kane Street. Our Lady of Fatima School is a private grade K - 8 school run by the Archdiocese of Baltimore. Located to the south of Patterson High school on Pratt Street. Voting districts: 26th Ward, Precincts 004 & 005 \"US Congress:\" Congressional district: 3 Represented by: John Sarbanes Senators: Chris Van Hollen, Benjamin L. Cardin \"State of Maryland:\" Legislative district: 46 State Delegates: Pete A. Hammen, Carolyn J. Krysiak, Brian K. McHale State Senator: George W. Della, Jr. \"Baltimore City:\" Baltimore City Council District: 1 Represented by: Jim Kraft \"Joseph Lee"}, {"context": "Community Association:\" President: Eline Welkie Joseph Lee, Baltimore Joseph Lee, the residential part of Bayview, is a neighborhood in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Part of the larger Bayview or Hopkins Bayview neighborhood, it borders the Greektown neighborhood. It is sometimes called the \"A to K\" or \"ABC neighborhood\" because its north-south streets are arranged in alphabetical order: Anglesea, Bonsal, Cornwall, Drew, Elrino, Folcroft, Gusryan, Hornel, Imla, Joplin, and Kane. Most of the homes in the community are traditional Baltimore row homes. The earliest houses, built in the 1920s, are in the western portion of the neighborhood and generally have three"}]}, {"title": "OPM (band)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "OPM (band) OPM is an American band based in Los Angeles, California. OPM has a distinctive sound, combining hip hop, rock music, and pop with laid-back reggae. Originally called \"Stash\", the name OPM, according to the band's frontman John E. Necro, is an abbreviation of the phrase \"Open People's Minds\" (originally \"Other People's Money\"). This was stated during an interview with MarijuanaRadio.com. The name also sounds like the drug opium. The band's original members were John E. Necro, Matthew Meschery and Geoff Turney, with Gary Dean and Etienne Franc later appointed permanent members in 2001. John E. and Geoff aka"}, {"context": "Casper first met on a bus ride through 2 girls they were dating in 1996. At the time John E. was a label scout at Island Records and Geoff was in a band called \"Alpha Jerk\". In 1997 John E. invited Geoff to do some recordings with him and his then brother-in-law Matthew Meschery. After 2 years they finally managed to start writing songs and sent a 3 track demo to Atlantic Records, leading them to get signed despite having never played live together. OPM released their debut album, \"Menace to Sobriety,\" in August 2000 on Atlantic Records. Their debut"}, {"context": "single \"Heaven Is a Halfpipe\" charted worldwide and won the Kerrang! Award for Best Single. They performed their hit single on \"Top of the Pops\" on July 20, 2001. After the \"Menace to Sobriety\" tour, Matthew Meschery decided to leave the band. John E. Necro stated \"that was the biggest blow of anyone\" and \"I don't think Matthew thought it through. It seemed like a really good idea when we got started, but it was more than he bargained for\" during an interview in 2009. In the October 2015 edition of Rock Sound magazine, Matthew revealed he would \"often get"}, {"context": "stage fright\" when performing live and \"The idea of touring another record for two years felt pretty daunting. I was done.\" Matthew along with Etienne Franc and Gary Dean then formed a band by the name of \"The Free Agency\" in 2003 after they all departed OPM. As of 2007, Matthew has been working for ITVS. In 2002, they replaced Matthew with Big B and signed to Suburban Noize Records. They left Atlantic Records as they weren't interested in releasing another OPM album. John E. spoke of this in 2004 by saying \"They'd spent so much to promote the first"}, {"context": "album, that we thought everything was a go with the second record. But they kept sending us back into the studio\u2026we wrote over 50 songs while waiting for the label to make a move. We finally got to the point where we realized that we needed more attention than they were giving us, so we started working on getting out of our deal.\" Their second album, \"ForThemAsses\", was released in June 2004. The album was produced by OPM and Steve Gallagher and features guest appearances by reggae artists Yellowman and Eek-A-Mouse along with Johnny Richter of the Kottonmouth Kings. The"}, {"context": "only single from the album was Horny which was released a year later in 2005. Jonathan Williams was then appointed as a permanent member, having provided keyboards for the \"ForThemAsses\" album. Matt Rowe was appointed as bass player in 2005 along with Robert Bradley on drums. Their third album was \"California Poppy\", released in July 2006. The album was supported by the release of the In the OPMDEN EP in 2006. In 2008 Robert left the band and was immediately replaced by Carlos Perez. OPM released their fourth album, \"Golden State of Mind\" in September 2008. The album was produced"}, {"context": "by Michael Patterson who also produced the band's debut album. Carlos Perez then left the band to become the drummer for Big B in 2009 and was replaced by Shane Mayo. The band joined the new label MNO records, founded by John E. and released their single \"Holiday Under The Sun\" in 2010. In 2012 the band released a new EP called \"Heaven Can Wait\" to celebrate 13 years since the band's formation. When asked why a 13th anniversary, John E. Necro explained the band were originally planning a 10th anniversary, but due to a band hiatus which involved building"}, {"context": "a new studio, he claimed the 10th year \"slipped past us, without realizing\" and decided on 13 since it is considered an unlucky number. It featured 5 re-recordings of classic songs. In 2013 they released a new single entitled \"Everything's The Same In LA\". Matt Rowe and Shane Mayo left the band in 2014 to focus on their other band \"Garrett Lee Robinson\", who are also signed to OPM's label MNO records. In 2015 Carlos Perez returned to OPM to provide drums after originally leaving the band in 2009. OPM released their 4th EP entitled \"\"The Minge Dynasty\"\" in August"}, {"context": "2015 as well as announcing a European tour for 2015. The EP features a new single called \"Millionaire Like Me\". Big B returns to feature on the EP, produced by Ras MG. They also re-released \"Menace to Sobriety\" in September 2015 for the 15th anniversary of the release of their debut album. The re-release featured one bonus track called \"Feel The Pain\", which was one of the band's first songs recorded in 1999 with the original line-up (John E., Matthew and Geoff). From \"Menace to Sobriety\": From \"ForThemAsses\": From \"The Minge Dynasty\": Non-Album Singles OPM (band) OPM is an American"}]}, {"title": "Abergwili railway station", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Abergwili railway station Abergwili railway station served the village of Abergwili in Wales. It was the first station after Gwili Junction, the point where the line through it divided from the Carmarthen to Aberystwyth Line. Opened by the Llanelly Railway, the station was absorbed into the London and North Western Railway as part of its ownership of the Central Wales Line. Becoming part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923, it passed on to the London Midland Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948. Later transferred to the Western Region of British Railways, it"}, {"context": "was closed by the British Railways Board. The site is now lost under a spur of Carmarthen's new bypass road. Abergwili railway station Abergwili railway station served the village of Abergwili in Wales. It was the first station after Gwili Junction, the point where the line through it divided from the Carmarthen to Aberystwyth Line. Opened by the Llanelly Railway, the station was absorbed into the London and North Western Railway as part of its ownership of the Central Wales Line. Becoming part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923, it passed on to the"}]}, {"title": "Sport in Halifax, Nova Scotia", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sport in Halifax, Nova Scotia Halifax, Nova Scotia, with the largest urban population in Atlantic Canada, is a major sporting centre. The municipal and provincial governments maintain a network of public parks, sports fields, skating arenas, and other facilities throughout urban and rural areas of the municipality. Additionally, many schools in the Halifax Regional School Board and several universities make use of their gymnasiums and sports fields for community use outside of school programs. Ranging from walking trails and provincial parks to tennis courts, swimming pools, shooting ranges and artificial turf soccer fields, Halifax residents have access to virtually every"}, {"context": "type of sport facility, with organized leagues available throughout the area. The Gaelic games of Hurling and Gaelic football, governed by the Gaelic Athletic Association, are played in Halifax. The local team is the Halifax Gaels. The team competes in the Eastern Canada GAA division. Beginners are actively encouraged. HRM's plentiful sheltered lakes in the urban core of Dartmouth and Halifax provide private paddling clubs with some of the best race courses in Canada, in particular Lake Banook. Lake Banook and all the clubs on the lake hosted World Senior Canoe Kayak Championships in 1997 and 2009. The Armdale Yacht"}, {"context": "Club, Royal Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron, Dartmouth Yacht Club and Bedford Yacht Club provide organized sailing competitions on a daily or weekly basis throughout the summer sailing season. St. Margarets Bay in the western part of the municipality, along with areas of the Eastern Shore, provide additional support to sailing sport enthusiasts. The city hosts two of the four 50 metre swimming pools in Atlantic Canada: Centennial Pool, built for the 1969 Canada Games, and the pool at Dalhousie University. Smaller 25-metre pools exist at the Dartmouth Sportsplex, the Canada Games Centre, Cole Harbour Place, Captain William Spry Centre, Stadplex,"}, {"context": "Sackville Sports Stadium, the Waegwoltic Club, and the Shearwater Fitness and Sports Centre. There are also several smaller public pools of about 20 metres length. The YMCA in the Spring Garden district is being rebuilt and will include a 25-metre competition pool. The facility is set to open in 2017 or 2018. Several lakes in the city are popular places for swimming in the summer. The city posts lifeguards to the most popular lakes. Dalhousie University, St. Mary's University and Mount St. Vincent University all field varsity and intramural teams for sports, enjoyed by members of the public and university"}, {"context": "communities. The Saint Mary's Huskies Canadian Interuniversity Sport football team is a popular draw, and play their games at Huskies Stadium. Both Dalhousie and St. Mary's field ice hockey and soccer teams have a fierce rivalry. Hockey teams are the most popular sports draw in Halifax. The Scotiabank Centre is home to the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League's Halifax Mooseheads, who usually lead the league in attendance. The Dartmouth Sportsplex hosts the Metro Marauders Junior-A team. On August 24, 2006 it was announced Halifax would receive an American Basketball Association team. The team was known as the Rainmen. After one"}, {"context": "year in the ABA, the Rainmen left the league and joined the Premier Basketball League. From 2011 they played in the National Basketball League of Canada until declaring bankruptcy and folding in July 2015. The Rainmen were replaced in late 2015 by the Halifax Hurricanes, based in the Scotiabank Centre. Rumours of a Canadian Football League team have been around for decades, with one team, the Atlantic Schooners, existing only on paper. The Halifax Regional Municipality has considered lobbying to have a CFL team located in the area, though the proposal has never been formally endorsed by the municipal or"}, {"context": "provincial governments. Huskies Stadium hosted Touchdown Atlantic, a CFL exhibition game, in 2005, and planned to host another in 2006, but the suspension of one of the scheduled teams forced the cancellation of the game. The Nova Scotia Keltics play in the Rugby Canada Super League. On September 13, 2018 the National Lacrosse League announced it would be expanding into Halifax for the 2019-20 season. HRM has hosted the World Junior Hockey Championships, as well as the Brier and Tournament of Hearts curling championships. HRM was selected to host the 2007 World Indoor Lacrosse Championship in May, 2007. National teams"}, {"context": "from Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, the Iroquois Nation, Scotland, and the United States participated. Canada defeated the Iroquois Nation in the final by a score of 21-4. The inaugural World Indoor Lacrosse Championship were held in Hamilton, Kitchener, Mississauga, and Oshawa, Ontario, Canada in May, 2003. The World Indoor Lacrosse Championship is an International Lacrosse Federation-sanctioned event. Halifax also co-hosted the 2008 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships with Quebec City. In 2015, Halifax will host the Eastern Canada GAA finals. Teams will compete in Hurling and Gaelic Football. Teams from Quebec, Newfoundland, Ontario and Nova Scotia will be competing."}, {"context": "The Halifax Gaels will be hosting the event. In 1969, the then cities of Halifax and Dartmouth hosted the first edition of the Canada Summer Games. In preparation for the games the cities built a range of new sports venues, including a softball facility, the paddling course at Lake Banook, and the first Olympic-size swimming pool in Atlantic Canada, the Centennial Pool. In February 2011, the city hosted the 2011 Canada Winter Games. Several new facilities were built for the games, including the Canada Games Centre and the Emera Oval. The skating oval, originally intended to be temporary, proved very"}, {"context": "popular with the public and was made a permanent fixture on the Halifax Common. Halifax was selected as the Canadian bid for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, beating other Canadian municipalities such as Hamilton, Ontario, York Regional Municipality, Ontario, and Ottawa, Ontario. The estimated costs for the games in Halifax were projected at C$800 million, to which the federal government committed $400 million in the fall of 2006. Leaked information projected these costs could escalate to $1.6 billion as the bid committee prepared for submitting the final bid information in May 2007 to the Commonwealth Games Federation. A major cost was"}, {"context": "projected to be the construction of a 50,000 seat stadium and sports complex, including an athlete's village, on former Department of National Defence property at Shannon Park on the Dartmouth waterfront. Officials had estimated these facilities would cost $163 million alone. Shannon Park was chosen as the most suitable location since it is situated on the Halifax Harbour where proposed high speed ferries could connect to other parts of Bedford Basin and the downtown central business district, as well as being situated astride several major highways and a rail line. On March 8, 2007 the provincial and municipal governments issued"}, {"context": "a joint statement withdrawing Halifax from the bidding process for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, citing the projected costs to public finances and lack of available funding. Halifax's withdrawal left two remaining bids under consideration: Abuja, Nigeria and Glasgow, United Kingdom. The Commonwealth Games Federation announced at a meeting in Sri Lanka on November 9, 2007 that Glasgow would host the 2014 Games. Sport in Halifax, Nova Scotia Halifax, Nova Scotia, with the largest urban population in Atlantic Canada, is a major sporting centre. The municipal and provincial governments maintain a network of public parks, sports fields, skating arenas, and other"}]}, {"title": "A.R.O.G", "paragraphs": [{"context": "A.R.O.G A.R.O.G: A Prehistoric Film () is a 2008 Turkish science-fiction comedy film, directed by Cem Y\u0131lmaz and Ali Taner Baltac\u0131, about a used carpet salesman who is sent back in time by an old interplanetary adversary out for revenge. The film, which went on nationwide general release across Turkey on , was the highest grossing Turkish films of 2008 and is one of the most expensive Turkish films ever made. It is a sequel to G.O.R.A. (2004). Arif settles back on earth with Ceku after saving the planet GORA. However, his defeated archenemy Commander Logar has followed him and"}, {"context": "is intent on getting his revenge. He tricks Arif into a time machine and sends him back 1 million years into the past. After a series of adventures including an encounter with a T-Rex, Arif stumbles upon a settlement of cavemen. Arif tries to teach them about modern technology, but it appears that they are being oppressed by a rival tribe and their leader Kaaya. Kaaya tricks Arif into a do-or-die football-like game that is heavily stacked against them. However, Arif uses his wits to defeat Kaaya's team and win the game for his fledgling team. Commander Logar who warps"}, {"context": "into the past is left stranded there and Arif and Ceku live happily ever after. A.R.O.G A.R.O.G: A Prehistoric Film () is a 2008 Turkish science-fiction comedy film, directed by Cem Y\u0131lmaz and Ali Taner Baltac\u0131, about a used carpet salesman who is sent back in time by an old interplanetary adversary out for revenge. The film, which went on nationwide general release across Turkey on , was the highest grossing Turkish films of 2008 and is one of the most expensive Turkish films ever made. It is a sequel to G.O.R.A. (2004). Arif settles back on earth with Ceku"}]}, {"title": "Darius Rice", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Darius Rice Darius Lashaun Rice (born November 16, 1982) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Al-Karkh SC in Iraq. He played college basketball for the University of Miami. Rice played college basketball at the University of Miami. Not being drafted by any NBA team and being unknown in Europe, Rice signed for the 2004-05 season with the NBA Development League club Florida Flame. During his career, Rice played in Venezuela, Poland, China, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, Hungary, Bahrain, Japan, Israel and Macedonia. On December 28, 2014, Rice signed with the Macedonian team KK Karpo\u0161 Sokoli. On"}, {"context": "October 29, 2016, Rice was acquired by the Austin Spurs. However, he was waived on November 11. Darius Rice Darius Lashaun Rice (born November 16, 1982) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Al-Karkh SC in Iraq. He played college basketball for the University of Miami. Rice played college basketball at the University of Miami. Not being drafted by any NBA team and being unknown in Europe, Rice signed for the 2004-05 season with the NBA Development League club Florida Flame. During his career, Rice played in Venezuela, Poland, China, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, Hungary, Bahrain, Japan,"}]}, {"title": "Qt Creator", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Qt Creator Qt Creator is a cross-platform C++, JavaScript and QML integrated development environment which is part of the SDK for the Qt GUI application development framework. It includes a visual debugger and an integrated GUI layout and forms designer. The editor's features include syntax highlighting and autocompletion. Qt Creator uses the C++ compiler from the GNU Compiler Collection on Linux and FreeBSD. On Windows it can use MinGW or MSVC with the default install and can also use Microsoft Console Debugger when compiled from source code. Clang is also supported. Development of what would eventually become Qt Creator had"}, {"context": "begun by 2007 or earlier under transitional names Workbench and later Project Greenhouse. It debuted during the later part of the Qt 4 era, starting with the release of Qt Creator, version 1.0 in March 2009 and subsequently bundled with Qt 4.5 in SDK 2009.3. This was at a time when the standalone Qt Designer application was still the widget layout tool of choice for developers. There is no indication that Creator had layout capability at this stage. The record is somewhat muddied on this point (perhaps due to changes in ownership or the emphasis on Qt Quick), but the"}, {"context": "integration of Qt Designer under Qt Creator is first mentioned at least as early as Qt 4.7 (ca. late 2011). Currently (in the Qt 5 era) it is simply stated that \"[Qt Designer's] functionality is now included as part of [\"sic\"] Qt Creator IDE.\" Qt Creator includes a project manager that can use a variety of project formats such as .pro, CMake, Autotools and others. A project file can contain information such as what files are included into the project, custom build steps and settings for running the applications. Qt Creator includes a code editor and integrates Qt Designer for"}, {"context": "designing and building graphical user interfaces (GUIs) from Qt widgets. The code editor in Qt Creator supports syntax highlighting for various languages. In addition to that, the code editor can parse code in C++ and QML languages and as a result code completion, context-sensitive help, semantic navigation are provided. Qt Designer is a tool for designing and building graphical user interfaces (GUIs) from Qt widgets. It is possible to compose and customize the widgets or dialogs and test them using different styles and resolutions directly in the editor. Widgets and forms created with Qt Designer are integrated with programmed code,"}, {"context": "using the Qt signals and slots mechanism. Qt Quick Designer is a tool for developing animations by using a declarative programming language QML. Qt Creator provides support for building and running Qt applications for desktop environments (Windows, Linux, FreeBSD and Mac OS), mobile devices (Android, BlackBerry, iOS, Maemo, and MeeGo) and embedded Linux devices. Build settings allow the user to switch between build targets, different Qt versions and build configurations. For mobile device targets, Qt Creator can generate an installation package, install it to a mobile device that is attached to the development computer and run it there. Installation packages"}, {"context": "can be published on the Ovi Store. Qt Creator is integrated with a set of tools, such as version control systems and Qt Simulator. The following version control systems are supported: Qt Simulator is a tool for testing Qt applications that are intended for mobile devices in an environment similar to that of the device. Qt Creator does not include a debugger for native code. It provides a debugger plugin that acts as an interface between the Qt Creator core and external native debuggers to debug the C++ language. Qt Creator displays the raw information provided by the native debuggers"}, {"context": "in a simplified manner. Debuggers supported are: Qt Creator Qt Creator is a cross-platform C++, JavaScript and QML integrated development environment which is part of the SDK for the Qt GUI application development framework. It includes a visual debugger and an integrated GUI layout and forms designer. The editor's features include syntax highlighting and autocompletion. Qt Creator uses the C++ compiler from the GNU Compiler Collection on Linux and FreeBSD. On Windows it can use MinGW or MSVC with the default install and can also use Microsoft Console Debugger when compiled from source code. Clang is also supported. Development of"}]}, {"title": "Ministry of Interior (Thailand)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ministry of Interior (Thailand) The Ministry of Interior of the Kingdom of Thailand (; ; Abrv: MOI) is a cabinet-level department in the Government of Thailand. The ministry has wide ranging responsibilities. The ministry is responsibile for local administration, internal security, citizenship, disaster management, road safety, land management, issuance of national identity cards, and public works. The ministry is responsible for appointing the 76 governors of the Provinces of Thailand. The minister of interior ( is the head of the ministry. He is appointed by the King of Thailand on the recommendation of the prime minister. Since 30 August 2014,"}, {"context": "the head of the ministry has been retired General Anupong Paochinda. He is aided by one deputy minister. The ministry in its present form was founded by King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) in his reforms of the Siamese government. The ministry was founded on the 1 April 1892. He appointed his brother Prince Damrong Rajanubhab, to be its first \"minister of state\". At the time the ministry was divided into three divisions: the central division (, the northern division (, and the local administration division (. Prince Damrong reorganized the workings of the entire ministry and as a result the entire"}, {"context": "country. He created the monthon system, a complete new system of sub-divisions of the kingdom. He and the ministry took on so much power, that he was considered second only to the king. After King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) succeeded his father in 1910, the relationship between king and Prince Damrong deteriorated. In 1915 Prince Damrong resigned, officially citing health reasons, though it was an open secret that disagreements with the king were the real reason. During the Revolution of 1932 (actually, coup d'\u00e9tat), the Minister of Interior was Prince Paribatra Sukhumbandhu, who was exiled after the revolution because of his"}, {"context": "power. From then on the minister became an appointed position within the Cabinet of Thailand. Most ministers had been former police officials. The MOI, being responsible for provincial affairs, will, in conjunction with other ministries, deploy 7,663 teams to visits to 83,151 communities starting 21 February 2018 to explain the NCPO's Thai Niyom project. At meetings with people in each village, the ministry will a host free lunch for all participants, including villagers, resource persons, and officials. The interior minister explained that most of the Thai Niyom two-billion baht luncheon budget is to be spent on food for villagers, estimated"}, {"context": "at about 50 baht per head. Four visits will be made by officials to each village. Overall, the program was originally to cost 47 billion baht. In addition to the two billion baht luncheon budget, the combined ministries have been allocated 3.2 billion baht to help farmers switch to \"economical crops\"; 3.4 billion baht to develop new crop varieties; six billion baht to increase the value of agricultural products and avoid low prices; 15 billion baht to reduce economic inequality and enhance quality of life; 19 billion baht to upgrade irrigation systems; and 769 million baht for a \"big data"}, {"context": "management project\". The budget has since swollen to 100 billion baht. \"Thai Niyom\", as defined by Gen Prayut Chan-o-cha, is \"Thainess without ignoring global practices and international norms\". It is neither nationalism nor patriotism and it is different from populism. \"It is the extent[ion] of the \"pracharat\" (people's state) policy which emphasises internal growth and public participation and support while the government seeks cooperation from the private sector and the academic sector. Cooperation creates the power of three\u2014government, public and private sector,\" he said. A 61-member panel known as \"steering committee for development under sustainable Thai Niyom Yangyeun ('Sustainable Thai-ism')"}, {"context": "projects\" was set up to supervise the program. Each tambon (sub-district) team will have 7 to 12 members, consisting of local officials, security personnel, academics and volunteers brought together under the \"Tam Kwam Dee Duay Hua Jai\" ('Do good deeds by hearts') project. Interior Minister Anupong Paojinda denied the program was aimed at boosting the popularity of the military government. He insisted it was the government's duty to take good care of the people. The Thai Niyom program was officially launched by Prayut in Nonthaburi Province on 9 February 2018 to all 76 provincial governors, chiefs of 878 districts, and"}, {"context": "high ranking officials of related agencies. The 100 billion baht program allocates 35 billion baht for \"grass-roots\" economic development, 34.5 billion baht for tourism, community development, and village funds, and 30 billion for agricultural reform. The four phases of the project run until 20 May 2018. Ministry of Interior (Thailand) The Ministry of Interior of the Kingdom of Thailand (; ; Abrv: MOI) is a cabinet-level department in the Government of Thailand. The ministry has wide ranging responsibilities. The ministry is responsibile for local administration, internal security, citizenship, disaster management, road safety, land management, issuance of national identity cards, and"}]}, {"title": "Limnai (Gallipoli)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Limnai (Gallipoli) Limnai or Limnae (), was an ancient Greek city dating back to 7th century B.C. at the Gallipoli peninsula. The city was founded by migrants coming from Ionia. The city was one of the richest and most busy seaports of the Gallipoli region in its time and maintained its existence until the Roman era. Until 2018, the existence of the ancient city was known from ancient texts, but the exact location was not certain. In 2018, the city discovered near the Be\u015fyol plain. According to the archaeologists: \"Only pieces of bowls, crockery and tiles can be seen on"}, {"context": "the surface since the architectural remnants of the city are underground. However, these pieces give us information about the field the city covered, as well as when the city was established and when it was desolated.\" Limnai (Gallipoli) Limnai or Limnae (), was an ancient Greek city dating back to 7th century B.C. at the Gallipoli peninsula. The city was founded by migrants coming from Ionia. The city was one of the richest and most busy seaports of the Gallipoli region in its time and maintained its existence until the Roman era. Until 2018, the existence of the ancient city"}]}, {"title": "Zdene\u030ck Rotrekl", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Zden\u011bk Rotrekl Zden\u011bk Rotrekl (October 1, 1920 \u2013 June 9, 2013) was a Czech and Czechoslovak Catholic poet, literary historian and writer. He was severely persecuted for his work and Roman Catholic beliefs during Czechoslovakia's Communist era from 1948 to 1989, including thirteen years in prison. The Communist government also banned his work for more than forty years. The \"Prague Daily Monitor\" has called him \"one of the most distinguished personalities of the Catholic stream in Czech poetry of the latter half of the 20th century.\" Rotrekl was born in 1920 in Brno, Czechoslovakia. He published his first full volume"}, {"context": "of poetry when he was just 20 years old. He enrolled at Faculty of Arts in Brno in the aftermath of World War II, where he pursued studies in Sanskrit, history, and art history. However, he was expelled from the university following the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'\u00e9tat for supporting democracy. Prior to 1948, Rotrekl had published three books of poetry. Following his expulsion from his university, Rotreki was sentenced to death in a 1949 show trial. His sentence was later commuted to life in prison, ultimately spending thirteen years imprisoned by Czechoslovakia's Communist authorities. Rotreki worked in blue collar positions"}, {"context": "after his release. The government banned him from publishing his work for more than 40 years, from 1948 to 1989. He was only able to release his writings through the samizdat, or dissident, networks. He completed his undergraduate degree during the late 1960s, and was hired as a journalist for \"Obroda\" (\"Renewal\") magazine. Rotreki was removed from his positions following the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia which crushed the Prague Spring. He was essentially blacklisted by the Communist government throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Czech Republic President V\u00e1clav Havel the Order of Tom\u00e1\u0161 Garrigue Masaryk in 1995. He also received"}, {"context": "the Jaroslav Seifert Prize, a Czech literary award, in 2001. Zden\u011bk Rotrekl died in Brno, Czech Republic, on June 9, 2013, at the age of 92. His funeral was held at St Thomas Church in Brno on June 15, 2013. Zden\u011bk Rotrekl Zden\u011bk Rotrekl (October 1, 1920 \u2013 June 9, 2013) was a Czech and Czechoslovak Catholic poet, literary historian and writer. He was severely persecuted for his work and Roman Catholic beliefs during Czechoslovakia's Communist era from 1948 to 1989, including thirteen years in prison. The Communist government also banned his work for more than forty years. The \"Prague"}]}, {"title": "BEEBUG", "paragraphs": [{"context": "BEEBUG BEEBUG was a magazine published for users of the BBC Microcomputer between 1982 and 1994. It was the first subscription magazine for computers made by Acorn Computers. The group was formed in 1982 by Sheridan Williams and Lee Calcraft. Calcraft and Williams were contributors to \"Personal Computer World\" magazine (\"PCW\") at the time. Calcraft was writing under pseudonyms in \"PCW\", \"Acorn User\" and \"The Micro User\". Williams was a founding contributor to \"PCW\". When Acorn announced that they had won the contract to provide the computer to support the BBC's Computer Literacy Project, BEEBUG was formed to provide a"}, {"context": "magazine and support group. It turned out that Acorn were unable to supply the BBC Micro for many months and customers who had ordered the computer were anxious to learn as much about it before its arrival. Within 6 months membership reached 10,000 and by 1985 membership exceeded 30,000; in the final issue, the editors estimated 60,000 people had subscribed at one time or another during the magazine's lifetime. The company is still in existence and nowadays the core business involves providing computer networks in schools. The first issue of the \"Beebug Newsletter\" appeared in April 1982 and the last"}, {"context": "issue, volume 12 no 10, in April 1994. Newsagents sold the magazine at some point. It was the first subscription magazine for computers made by Acorn Computers. At the start the cover was monochrome, but a colour printed cover was then introduced in March 1983 when membership was 16,000. At the beginning each issue had 28 pages, but it expanded to 50 pages by 1985 when membership exceeded 30,000. The content included hints, program listings, hardware and software reviews, brain teasers and competitions. Illustrations were rudimentary. The magazine sometimes included special members' offers for items such as operating system upgrades."}, {"context": "Cover mounted tape cassettes containing programs, binders and an advertising supplement were also published. It was published 10 times a year in A5 format. It was published by BEEBUG Publications Ltd, based in St Albans, UK. In 1985 membership including a postal subscription in the UK cost \u00a311-90 a year (10 issues). The magazine and its younger Acorn Archimedes companion \"RISC User\" were considered by \"Archive\" in 1990 as \"friendly rival[s]\". The magazine was remembered in 1998 as being \"an essential source of information and tips for BBC Micro and Master users\". Professor Krisantha Weerasuriya of Sri Lanka's University of"}, {"context": "Colombo noted the user group and its magazine to be \"very helpful\" in a 1988 issue of the \"BMJ\". A review from a 1984 issue of the magazine was cited in United States patent in 1993. Some of the topics covered in the magazine listings included fractal trees, Lorenz attractors and modelling of 3D functions. Such basic principles have been included in the 2004 book \"Flash Math Creativity\", with reference to the magazine's coverage of the topics. An enhanced version of one listing was included in the 1996 book \"An Introduction to Experimental Physics\". BEEBUG BEEBUG was a magazine published"}]}, {"title": "Edmund Dymond", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Edmund Dymond Edmund Gilbert Dymond FRSE RMS (1901-1953) was a Scottish physicist and meteorologist who served with James Mann Wordie on his Arctic explorations of 1937. He is also remembered for his refinement of the Radiosonde during the Second World War. He was born in Hairwain in south Wales. He suffered from ill-health in his childhood which interrupted his studies but was studious by nature. He won a place at Cambridge University reading Natural Sciences. He made a special study of electron collisions in gases and was made a Fellow of St Johns College in 1925. From 1932 to 1952"}, {"context": "he lectured in Natural Philosophy at Edinburgh University. In 1933 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Charles Galton Darwin, Charles Glover Barkla, Robert Schlapp, and Ernest Bowman Ludlam. In 1937 he was chosen by James Mann Wordie to act as official meteorologist on a trip of the Endurance to Baffin Bay and the Canadian Arctic. Working with H. Carmichael he developed methods for measuring cosmic ray intensity at a height of 12 miles (19 km) above the surface of the planet. During the Second World War he was posted to Kew Observatory"}, {"context": "to make studies of the outer atmosphere, and perfected the British Radiosonde. He returned to Edinburgh in 1946 and died there on 26 January 1953. Edmund Dymond Edmund Gilbert Dymond FRSE RMS (1901-1953) was a Scottish physicist and meteorologist who served with James Mann Wordie on his Arctic explorations of 1937. He is also remembered for his refinement of the Radiosonde during the Second World War. He was born in Hairwain in south Wales. He suffered from ill-health in his childhood which interrupted his studies but was studious by nature. He won a place at Cambridge University reading Natural Sciences."}]}, {"title": "Profinite integer", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Profinite integer In mathematics, a profinite integer is an element of the ring where \"p\" runs over all prime numbers, formula_2 is the ring of \"p\"-adic integers and formula_3 (profinite completion). Example: Let formula_4 be the algebraic closure of a finite field formula_5 of order \"q\". Then formula_6. A usual (rational) integer is a profinite integer since there is the canonical injection The tensor product formula_8 is the ring of finite adeles formula_9 of formula_10 where the prime ' means restricted product. There is a canonical pairing where formula_12 is the character of formula_13 induced by formula_14. The pairing identifies"}, {"context": "formula_15 with the Pontrjagin dual of formula_16. Profinite integer In mathematics, a profinite integer is an element of the ring where \"p\" runs over all prime numbers, formula_2 is the ring of \"p\"-adic integers and formula_3 (profinite completion). Example: Let formula_4 be the algebraic closure of a finite field formula_5 of order \"q\". Then formula_6. A usual (rational) integer is a profinite integer since there is the canonical injection The tensor product formula_8 is the ring of finite adeles formula_9 of formula_10 where the prime ' means restricted product. There is a canonical pairing where formula_12 is the character of"}]}, {"title": "Charles R. Doering", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Charles R. Doering Charles Rogers Doering is professor of mathematics at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He is notable for his research that is generally focused on the analysis of stochastic dynamical systems arising in biology, chemistry and physics, to systems of nonlinear partial differential equations. Recently he has been focusing on fundamental questions in fluid dynamics as part of the $1M Clay Institute millennium challenge concerning the regularity of solutions to the equations of fluid dynamics. With J. D. Gibbon, he notably co-authored the book \"Applied Analysis of the Navier-Stokes Equations\", published by Cambridge University Press. He received"}, {"context": "his BS from Antioch College, 1977; his MS from the University of Cincinnati, 1978; and his PhD from The University of Texas at Austin under C\u00e9cile DeWitt-Morette, 1985, in the area of applying stochastic differential equations to statistical mechanics and field theory. His masters thesis was entitled: \"Generation of solutions to the Einstein equations.\" His PhD thesis was entitled, \"Functional stochastic differential equations: mathematical theory of nonlinear parabolic systems with applications in field theory and statistical mechanics.\" In 1986-87, he was a Director's Postdoctoral Fellow 1986-87, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory; in 1987-96, he rose to Professor"}, {"context": "of Physics, 1987\u201396, Clarkson University; in 1994-96, he was Deputy Director of Los Alamos' Center for Nonlinear Studies. Doering has received a number of honours including the NSF Presidential Young Investigator, 1989\u201394; Fellow of the American Physical Society, 2000; and the Humboldt Research Award, 2003. Doering is an editor of \"Physics Letters A.\" Charles R. Doering Charles Rogers Doering is professor of mathematics at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He is notable for his research that is generally focused on the analysis of stochastic dynamical systems arising in biology, chemistry and physics, to systems of nonlinear partial differential equations."}]}, {"title": "Cameron Corner, Queensland", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Cameron Corner, Queensland Cameron Corner is a locality in the Shire of Bulloo, Queensland, Australia. It is located about west-southwest of Brisbane, Queensland and is the point in the outback of eastern Australia where the boundary lines of the states of Queensland, South Australia, and New South Wales meet (the area immediately to the north and east of the intersection of the state boundaries). The noted Dingo Fence passes through Cameron Corner along the New South Wales border. The corner and locality are named for the surveyor, John Brewer Cameron, from the New South Wales Lands Department, who spent two"}, {"context": "years during 1880\u20131882 marking the border between New South Wales and Queensland. Cameron erected a post there in September 1880 to mark its intersection with the border of South Australia. He placed a wooden marker every mile (1.6 km) eastwards along the interstate boundary. This general area, which includes Sturt Stony Desert in the Lake Eyre Basin, was first explored by Captain Charles Sturt, who in 1844 went in search of a supposed inland sea in the center of Australia. The Cameron Corner Store was established in 1990 by a Vietnam War veteran, Sandy Nall, and his wife Cathrine. As"}, {"context": "of 2014, the store is operated by the sole permanent residents of Cameron Corner, Fenn and Cheryl Miller. The store reportedly has a Queensland liquor licence, a New South Wales postal code and a South Australian telephone number. The locality also features a desert golf course. New Year's Eve is celebrated three times each year in Cameron Corner (also in Poeppel Corner and Surveyor Generals Corner), because the three states that meet at the corner are in three time zones. Cameron Corner Survey Marker which marks the corner is a heritage-listed site, being listed on the Queensland Heritage Register in"}, {"context": "2012. Cameron Corner, Queensland Cameron Corner is a locality in the Shire of Bulloo, Queensland, Australia. It is located about west-southwest of Brisbane, Queensland and is the point in the outback of eastern Australia where the boundary lines of the states of Queensland, South Australia, and New South Wales meet (the area immediately to the north and east of the intersection of the state boundaries). The noted Dingo Fence passes through Cameron Corner along the New South Wales border. The corner and locality are named for the surveyor, John Brewer Cameron, from the New South Wales Lands Department, who spent"}]}, {"title": "Herbert Reah Harper", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Herbert Reah Harper Herbert Reah Harper (23 June 1871 \u2013 27 July 1956) was a British born, Australian electrical engineer who played an important role in the development of first the Melbourne electric supply and then the State Electricity Commission of Victoria. Harper was born in London on 23 June 1871 to parents James Harper, a commercial traveler and Hannah, n\u00e9e Reah. Harper attended Dulwich College and studied engineering at the City and Guilds Technical College, Finsbury, then took up an apprenticeship at the Rennoldson Electrical Engineering Company, a Tynside engineering firm located in South Shields, gaining experience in marine"}, {"context": "engineering. He was engaged in England to Eva Beatrice Ellis, whom he married at St Alban's Church, Armadale in Melbourne on 11 January 1902 and had four children. He died at Toorak on 27 July 1956. In 1893 he began work at the Brush Electrical Engineering Company and in 1895 he supervised the installation of electric supply in Malta for that firm, staying on as chief engineer for the power authority. On return to England he supervised a number of tramway and town lighting systems. In 1889 he was sent to Melbourne as assistant to F. W. Clements, to manage"}, {"context": "the Brush Electrical Engineering Co subsidiary Electric Light and Traction Co. Harper became electrical engineer to the Melbourne City Council in 1901 (replacing Arthur Arnot), where he was involved in the expansion of the generation and distribution system including introducing three-phase transmission and a new generator at Spencer Street Power Station. Harper was correspondent to the London Institution of Electrical Engineers and American Institute of Electrical Engineers, and following an overseas tour in 1911, recognised the potential for Victorian brown coal, after seeing Germany's use. He recommended the establishment of a public utility on the lines of the Ontario Hydro"}, {"context": "Electricity and was appointed to the government brown coal advisory committee (chaired by Department of Mines director Hyman Herman). This led to him becoming the first chief engineer on the State Electricity Commission of Victoria retiring in 1936. He is commemorated by the Monash University Harper Power Laboratory. Herbert Reah Harper Herbert Reah Harper (23 June 1871 \u2013 27 July 1956) was a British born, Australian electrical engineer who played an important role in the development of first the Melbourne electric supply and then the State Electricity Commission of Victoria. Harper was born in London on 23 June 1871 to"}]}, {"title": "Rahman Johnson", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Rahman Johnson Rahman K. Johnson (born May 26, 1976, in Orange Park, Florida) is a local television & radio personality and former Group 5 At Large Representative for the Duval County Soil and Water Conservation District. With his election to the Duval County Soil and Water Conservation District in 1999, Johnson became the youngest elected official in Florida at the time. There was some controversy surrounding an unapproved cellular phone, which was billed through the city. After much debate, it was eventually settled with Johnson agreeing to pay the $800 bill. In August 2000 Johnson was a delegate to the"}, {"context": "Democratic National Convention. In January 2001 \"Ebony\" magazine named Johnson one of \"30 Young [Black] Leaders under 30\" nationally. In 2002 Johnson campaigned first for the Jacksonville City Council, then for state representative, but was defeated in the September 2002 Democratic primary. Johnson has served as an on-air radio personality in Jacksonville for WJBT 92.7, WSOL V101.5, and WXQL 105.7. He also served as a host for several shows on the local cable station (\"Teen Cultural Perspective\", \"The Video Zone\"). He appeared on an episode (#20) of the action/adventure series \"Sheena\" in 2001. In January 2003 he appeared in a"}, {"context": "regional theatre production of \"Miss Evers' Boys\" in Jacksonville. He was the host of \"SPLAT\", a Nickelodeon show which aired in the summer and early fall of 2004. Rahman Johnson Rahman K. Johnson (born May 26, 1976, in Orange Park, Florida) is a local television & radio personality and former Group 5 At Large Representative for the Duval County Soil and Water Conservation District. With his election to the Duval County Soil and Water Conservation District in 1999, Johnson became the youngest elected official in Florida at the time. There was some controversy surrounding an unapproved cellular phone, which was"}]}, {"title": "Mike Rizzo", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mike Rizzo Michael \"Mike\" Rizzo, is an American DJ/producer/remixer from New York City since the early 1990s. He is well known for working with various artists such as Jennifer Green and Sun, all of whom scored hits on both Billboard's Hot Dance Club Play and Hot Dance Airplay charts. He also achieved success on both charts in 2005 with the song \"Can't Go On\", which featured female singer Allie (Credited as \"Mike Rizzo Presents Allie\"). The music video for his song, \"I Wanna Hold You\", which he produced and co-wrote and featured recording artist Adam Barta. From January to February"}, {"context": "2010, Rizzo headlined pop singer-songwriter Utada's tour, \"\". In December 2010, he was nominated for \"Best Remixed Recording, Non-classical\" at the 53rd Annual Grammy awards, for the single \"Orpheus (Quiet Carnival) by Latin-jazz artist Sergio Mendes. Mike Rizzo Michael \"Mike\" Rizzo, is an American DJ/producer/remixer from New York City since the early 1990s. He is well known for working with various artists such as Jennifer Green and Sun, all of whom scored hits on both Billboard's Hot Dance Club Play and Hot Dance Airplay charts. He also achieved success on both charts in 2005 with the song \"Can't Go On\","}]}, {"title": "Convergence of measures", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Convergence of measures In mathematics, more specifically measure theory, there are various notions of the convergence of measures. For an intuitive general sense of what is meant by \"convergence in measure\", consider a sequence of measures \u03bc on a space, sharing a common collection of measurable sets. Such a sequence might represent an attempt to construct 'better and better' approximations to a desired measure \u03bc that is difficult to obtain directly. The meaning of 'better and better' is subject to all the usual caveats for taking limits; for any error tolerance \u03b5 > 0 we require there be \"N\" sufficiently"}, {"context": "large for \"n\" \u2265 \"N\" to ensure the 'difference' between \u03bc and \u03bc is smaller than \u03b5. Various notions of convergence specify precisely what the word 'difference' should mean in that description; these notions are not equivalent to one another, and vary in strength. Three of the most common notions of convergence are described below. This section attempts to provide a rough intuitive description of three notions of convergence, using terminology developed in calculus courses; this section is necessarily imprecise as well as inexact, and the reader should refer to the formal clarifications in subsequent sections. In particular, the descriptions"}, {"context": "here do not address the possibility that the measure of some sets could be infinite, or that the underlying space could exhibit pathological behavior, and additional technical assumptions are needed for some of the statements. The statements in this section are however all correct if formula_1 is a sequence of probability measures on a Polish space. The various notions of convergence formalize the assertion that the 'average value' of each 'sufficiently nice' function should converge: To formalize this requires a careful specification of the set of functions under consideration and how uniform the convergence should be. The notion of \"weak"}, {"context": "convergence\" requires this convergence to take place for every continuous bounded function formula_3. This notion treats convergence for different functions \"f\" independently of one another, \"i.e.\" different functions \"f\" may require different values of \"N\" \u2264 \"n\" to be approximated equally well (thus, convergence is non-uniform in formula_3). The notion of \"strong convergence\" formalizes the assertion that the measure of each measurable set should converge: Again, no uniformity over the set formula_6 is required. Intuitively, considering integrals of 'nice' functions, this notion provides more uniformity than weak convergence. As a matter of fact, when considering sequences of measures with uniformly"}, {"context": "bounded variation on a Polish space, strong convergence implies the convergence formula_2 for any bounded measurable function formula_3. As before, this convergence is non-uniform in formula_3 The notion of \"total variation convergence\" formalizes the assertion that the measure of all measurable sets should converge \"uniformly\", i.e. for every formula_10 there exists \"N\" such that formula_11 for every \"n > N\" and for every measurable set formula_6. As before, this implies convergence of integrals against bounded measurable functions, but this time convergence is uniform over all functions bounded by any fixed constant. This is the strongest notion of convergence shown on"}, {"context": "this page and is defined as follows. Let formula_13 be a measurable space. The total variation distance between two (positive) measures \u03bc and \u03bd is then given by Here the supremum is taken over \"f\" ranging over the set of all measurable functions from \"X\" to [\u22121, 1]. This is in contrast, for example, to the Wasserstein metric, where the definition is of the same form, but the supremum is taken over \"f\" ranging over the set of measurable functions from \"X\" to [\u22121, 1] which have Lipschitz constant at most 1; and also in contrast to the Radon metric,"}, {"context": "where the supremum is taken over \"f\" ranging over the set of continuous functions from \"X\" to [\u22121, 1]. In the case where \"X\" is a Polish space, the total variation metric coincides with the Radon metric. If \u03bc and \u03bd are both probability measures, then the total variation distance is also given by The equivalence between these two definitions can be seen as a particular case of the Monge-Kantorovich duality. From the two definitions above, it is clear that the total variation distance between probability measures is always between 0 and 2. To illustrate the meaning of the total"}, {"context": "variation distance, consider the following thought experiment. Assume that we are given two probability measures \u03bc and \u03bd, as well as a random variable \"X\". We know that \"X\" has law either \u03bc or \u03bd but we do not know which one of the two. Assume that these two measures have prior probabilities 0.5 each of being the true law of \"X\". Assume now that we are given \"one\" single sample distributed according to the law of \"X\" and that we are then asked to guess which one of the two distributions describes that law. The quantity then provides a"}, {"context": "sharp upper bound on the prior probability that our guess will be correct. Given the above definition of total variation distance, a sequence \u03bc of measures defined on the same measure space is said to converge to a measure \"\u03bc\" in total variation distance if for every \"\u03b5\" > 0, there exists an \"N\" such that for all \"n\" > \"N\", one has that For formula_13 a measurable space, a sequence \u03bc is said to converge strongly to a limit \"\u03bc\" if for every set formula_20. For example, as a consequence of the Riemann\u2013Lebesgue lemma, the sequence \u03bc of measures"}, {"context": "on the interval [\u22121, 1] given by \u03bc(\"dx\") = (1+ sin(\"nx\"))\"dx\" converges strongly to Lebesgue measure, but it does not converge in total variation. In mathematics and statistics, weak convergence is one of many types of convergence relating to the convergence of measures. It depends on a topology on the underlying space and thus is not a purely measure theoretic notion. There are several equivalent definitions of weak convergence of a sequence of measures, some of which are (apparently) more general than others. The equivalence of these conditions is sometimes known as the Portmanteau theorem. Definition. Let formula_21 be a"}, {"context": "metric space with its Borel formula_22-algebra formula_23. A bounded sequence of positive probability measures formula_24 on formula_25 is said to converge weakly to the finite positive measure formula_26 (denoted formula_27) if any of the following equivalent conditions is true (here formula_28 denotes expectation or the formula_29 norm with respect to formula_30, while formula_31 denotes expectation or the formula_29 norm with respect to formula_26): In the case formula_51 with its usual topology, if formula_52 and formula_53 denote the cumulative distribution functions of the measures formula_30 and formula_26, respectively, then formula_30 converges weakly to formula_26 if and only if formula_58 for all"}, {"context": "points formula_59 at which formula_53 is continuous. For example, the sequence where formula_30 is the Dirac measure located at formula_62 converges weakly to the Dirac measure located at 0 (if we view these as measures on formula_63 with the usual topology), but it does not converge strongly. This is intuitively clear: we only know that formula_62 is \"close\" to formula_65 because of the topology of formula_63. This definition of weak convergence can be extended for formula_21 any metrizable topological space. It also defines a weak topology on formula_68, the set of all probability measures defined on formula_69. The weak topology"}, {"context": "is generated by the following basis of open sets: where If formula_21 is also separable, then formula_68 is metrizable and separable, for example by the L\u00e9vy\u2013Prokhorov metric, if formula_21 is also compact or Polish, so is formula_68. If formula_21 is separable, it naturally embeds into formula_68 as the (closed) set of dirac measures, and its convex hull is dense. There are many \"arrow notations\" for this kind of convergence: the most frequently used are formula_78, formula_79 and formula_80. Let formula_81 be a probability space and X be a metric space. If is a sequence of random variables then \"X\" is"}, {"context": "said to converge weakly (or in distribution or in law) to \"X\" as if the sequence of pushforward measures (\"X\")(P) converges weakly to \"X\"(P) in the sense of weak convergence of measures on X, as defined above. Convergence of measures In mathematics, more specifically measure theory, there are various notions of the convergence of measures. For an intuitive general sense of what is meant by \"convergence in measure\", consider a sequence of measures \u03bc on a space, sharing a common collection of measurable sets. Such a sequence might represent an attempt to construct 'better and better' approximations to a desired"}]}, {"title": "Barry Leibowitz", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Barry Leibowitz Barry Leibowitz (born September 10, 1945 in New York, New York) is a retired American-Israeli professional basketball player. Barry dearly adores his greatest guy of a son Jon. A 6'2\" guard from Long Island University, Leibowitz played one season (1967\u201368) in the American Basketball Association as a member of the Pittsburgh Pipers, New Jersey Americans and Oakland Oaks. He later played professionally in Israel for Hapoel Tel Aviv from 1968 until 1982, and coached the team to the league and cup double in 1968-69. Leibowitz was the captain of Israeli national team that won the silver medal at"}, {"context": "EuroBasket 1979, and also participated at the 1973, 1975, 1977 and 1981 European championships. Barry Leibowitz Barry Leibowitz (born September 10, 1945 in New York, New York) is a retired American-Israeli professional basketball player. Barry dearly adores his greatest guy of a son Jon. A 6'2\" guard from Long Island University, Leibowitz played one season (1967\u201368) in the American Basketball Association as a member of the Pittsburgh Pipers, New Jersey Americans and Oakland Oaks. He later played professionally in Israel for Hapoel Tel Aviv from 1968 until 1982, and coached the team to the league and cup double in 1968-69."}]}, {"title": "Boris Khreschatitsky", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Boris Khreschatitsky Borys Rostislavovich Khreschatytsky (1881, Stanitsa Novomykolaivska, Don Host Oblast \u20131940) was a general of the Russian Empire. He commanded the Ukrainian troops in the Far East (1918\u20131924). In January 1918 he arrived in Chita, and later traveled to Kharbin, where he came under the command of General Khorvat. From March 8 to November 14, 1918 he held the position of Chief of Staff of the Russian troops guarding the right-of-way of the Chinese Eastern Railway. In this position, at the beginning of summer 1918, Khreschatytsky began forming the Ukrainian army of the Green Ukraine (\"Zeleny Klyn\"). However, when"}, {"context": "forming the second Ukrainian division, he received an order from Admiral Alexander Kolchak in September 1918 \u2014 to send Ukrainian units to an anti-bolshevist front. From November 1918 until August 1919 Khreschatytsky served Kolchak's army, participating in fighting against Soviet Russia and rising to the rank of lieutenant-general. By autumn 1919 he had become inspector of the Far-Eastern formations of strategic reserve and general on the special commissions at commander by the troops of the Priamur's territorial department. In 1920 Khreschatytsky came under the command of ataman Grigory Semyonov. From April 27, 1920 and to July 7, 1921 he held"}, {"context": "the position of Chief of Staff of the Cossack troops of the Far East. At the beginning of 1920 (according to other sources - by the summer of 1918) the Ukrainian regional government appointed Khreschatytsky as commander of the Far-Eastern Ukrainian army. He supported the ideas of ataman G.M. Semyonov on the creation of a single state of Kazaks and Ukrainians in the Far East from Lake Baikal to the Pacific Ocean. From June 26, 1920 there was a manager by the department of foreign affairs of the Zabaykal's government of Semyonov and he negotiated with the Japanese about a"}, {"context": "joint fight against Red Army. From August, 1921 Khreschatytsky participated in the work of the Supreme Military Soviet of the Zabaykal. After the defeat of the troops (the Far Eastern Army) of General Semyonov and the disbanding in 1920 of the Ukrainian regiments of General L. V. Verigo in Vladivostok, Khreschatytsky emigrated to Kharbin in Manchuria. Boris Khreschatitsky Borys Rostislavovich Khreschatytsky (1881, Stanitsa Novomykolaivska, Don Host Oblast \u20131940) was a general of the Russian Empire. He commanded the Ukrainian troops in the Far East (1918\u20131924). In January 1918 he arrived in Chita, and later traveled to Kharbin, where he came"}]}, {"title": "Humnyska", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Humnyska Humnyska () is a village (\"selo\") in Busk Raion, Lviv Oblast of Western Ukraine. The village covers an area of 2,389 km at an altitude of above sea level. Local government is administered by Humnyska village council. A village Chuchmany is also in the structure of local government. The village is located near the highway in European route E40 connecting Lviv with Kiev. Distance to the highway is . And a distance from the regional center Lviv is , from the district center Busk, and from Kiev. Village Humnyska, probably founded in the fifteenth century; have a record of"}, {"context": "where it was first mentioned in 1476. Traces of Stone Age settlements (3rd millennium BC) and early Bronze Age the archaeological excavations have revealed near the village Chuchmany and Humnyska. From 1772 the village was a part of Austrian Empire, since 1867 as part of Austro-Hungarian Empire. From 1920 to 1939 Humnyska were part of Second Polish Republic. In 1931 in the village was built school. The first director was Stepan Kalynevych. He led the school until 1945 and made a significant contribution to the development of education in rural areas. The first church building was built of wood in"}, {"context": "1724. The new building was built and consecrated November 21, 1926, and it survived to the present day. This is the Church of St. Michael the Archangel. The Church is in the list of wooden churches Lviv region. In 1838 Markiyan Shashkevych was a priest in the Church of St. Michael the Archangel. Humnyska Humnyska () is a village (\"selo\") in Busk Raion, Lviv Oblast of Western Ukraine. The village covers an area of 2,389 km at an altitude of above sea level. Local government is administered by Humnyska village council. A village Chuchmany is also in the structure of"}]}, {"title": "Fringeworthy", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Fringeworthy Fringeworthy is a role-playing game first published in 1982 by Tri Tac Games. In 1984, a second edition saw a print run of 4000 and new expanded version was released in 1992. \"Fringeworthy\" is famous for being the first alternate history adventure role-playing game ever published. In 2009 a \"d20 Modern\" edition was released. A \"Savage Worlds\" and a \"Fudge\" version are in development. 2013: A Japanese research team in the Antarctic finds a gateway to Alien and Alternate Earths. Sayuri Tanuma became the first known Fringeworthy, a person with the special ability that lets one use the Fringepaths."}, {"context": "She explored our local system and our nearest Alternate Earths, meeting an alien named Schmert. The United Nations forms the United Nations Interdimensional Survey Service (UNISS) along with IDET (Inter-Dimensional Exploration Teams) to oversee the administration of the Fringepaths and their exploration. As a member of IDET, characters help explore other worlds, help other alternate worlds with their problems, and face down the menaces that exist on the Fringepaths. Players play characters with the 1-in-100,000 ability to use the equipment left behind by a race named the Tehrmelern. They created the pathways, called the fringes, that lead to other worlds"}, {"context": "and other places. The Mellor are a species of shape-changers, engineered by the Tehrmelern to aid in their undetected study and social uplift of other beings. Centuries ago, the Mellor became infected by some mysterious force that turned them to a path of indiscriminate genocide. As of 2013, they have nearly eradicated the Tehrmelern and have wiped out entire worlds of other races. They are a cunning and implacable enemy. The game was written by Tri Tac Games founder Richard Tucholka, one of the creators of the game called The Morrow Project. He based it on a series of unpublished"}, {"context": "science fiction stories he wrote in the '70s. The original game system uses Tri Tac's Classic combat/rules model which is highly detailed. The game system makes it possible to use real weapons in the game as long as basic stats are known about the weapon, so an issue of \"Guns and Ammo\" magazine or \"Jane's Defence Weekly\" can be used as a Tri Tac game supplement. Character creation, like combat, in the Classic Edition, is highly \"granular\", with 15 basic attribute scores and between 6 and 19 secondary abilities and skills, many of which may be moderated by an Education"}, {"context": "Type attribute. The currently recommended system is \"d20 Modern\" from Wizards of the Coast. However, the game is presented as far as possible in a systemless fashion to allow it to be used with many game systems. Fringeworthy Classic, Fringeworthy, Fringeworthy d20 Rogue 417, Cloisters, Invasion US, Weirdzone, Hardwired Hinterland Fringeworthy Fringeworthy is a role-playing game first published in 1982 by Tri Tac Games. In 1984, a second edition saw a print run of 4000 and new expanded version was released in 1992. \"Fringeworthy\" is famous for being the first alternate history adventure role-playing game ever published. In 2009 a"}]}, {"title": "Omaha School District (Arkansas)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Omaha School District (Arkansas) Omaha School District is a public school district in Boone County, Arkansas, United States which serves the city of Omaha (Arkansas) and surrounding unincorporated areas within Boone County. Omaha High School serves ninth through twelfth grades. Based on the 2009-2010 academic year, the total enrollment in the school was 185 and total full-time teachers was 24.60, with a teacher/student ratio of 7.52. Omaha Elementary School serves preschool through sixth grades. Based on the 2009-2010 academic year, the total enrollment in the school was 284 and total full-time teachers was 22.40, with a teacher/student ratio of 12.68."}, {"context": "Within the geographic area covered by the Omaha School District, there were 590 individuals under the age of 18, during the 2009-2010 academic year. Omaha School District (Arkansas) Omaha School District is a public school district in Boone County, Arkansas, United States which serves the city of Omaha (Arkansas) and surrounding unincorporated areas within Boone County. Omaha High School serves ninth through twelfth grades. Based on the 2009-2010 academic year, the total enrollment in the school was 185 and total full-time teachers was 24.60, with a teacher/student ratio of 7.52. Omaha Elementary School serves preschool through sixth grades. Based on"}]}, {"title": "David Wright (swimming coach)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "David Wright (swimming coach) David Alexander Wright (born 3 March 1948) is a New Zealand swimming coach. Wright was born in Lawrence, Otago, New Zealand. He attended Wairoa College in New Zealand, Thorp High School in Wisconsin, the United States and Victoria University of Wellington. Wright is an ASCA International Level 5 swimming coach. He has coached national swimming representatives from New Zealand, the United States Virgin Islands, the United States of America and Saudi Arabia. Most notable students include NZ National and/or US State Champions and/or Saudi Arabian Champions Toni Jeffs, Nichola Chellingworth, Jane Copland, Joseph Skuba, Rhi Jeffrey,"}, {"context": "Jane Ip, John Foster, Lara van Egten, Loai Tashkandi, Eyad Massoud and Oswaldo Quevedo. Notable events include the award of US Swimming's Certificate of Excellence in 2007, appointment in 2003/2004 as National Coach for the US Virgin Islands, coach of Toni Jeffs at the Barcelona Olympic Games and the 1992 World Short Course Championships where she placed third, coach of Ozzie Quevedo in 2009 when he set two Master's World records in the 50 meters butterfly (24.17) and 100 meters butterfly (54.9) and in 2016 coached Loai Tashkandi to two silver medals in GCC international meet. Currently coaching Jeddah national"}, {"context": "swimmers in Saudi Arabia. In association with track coach Arthur Lydiard and New Zealand international swimmer Jane Copland published two books on swimming \"Swim to the Top\" (), June 2002 and \"Swimming\u2013A Training Program\" (), April 2004. Contributor to the swimming website www.swimwatch.net. The table below shows the fastest times of swimmers coached by Wright. 50 FREE R JEFFREY 25.59 25/3/12 100 FREE R JEFFREY 55.65 25/3/12 200 FREE R JEFFREY 2.02.31 25/3/12 400 FREE J MARSTON 4.21.38 25/3/12 800 FREE J MARSTON 8.58.89 29/10/11 1500 FREE J MARSTON 17.09.8617/9/11 50 BACK N JOHNS 31.37 8/4/14 100 BACK J MARSTON"}, {"context": "1.06.87 23/1/14 200 BACK J MARSTON 2.21.83 23/1/14 50 BRST J IP 33.42 8/4/14 100 BRST J IP 1.12.11 8/4/14 200 BRST J COPLAND 2.36.38 1/8/02 50 FLY R JEFFREY 28.78 17/9/11 100 FLY R JEFFREY 1.01.70 21/1/12 200 FLY R JEFFREY 2.19.05 23/2/12 200 IM J COPLAND 2.23.27 1/8/05 400 IM J MARSTON 5.06.09 24/1/13 10KM OW B MEHER 2.15.55 50 FREE J SKUBA 23.38 25/6/09 100 FREE J SKUBA 50.95 25/6/09 200 FREE J FOSTER 1.52.55 31/7/07 400 FREE J FOSTER 4.01.52 21/6/07 800 FREE A MEEDER 9.19.03 20/7/05 1500 FREE A MEEDER 18.00.8020/05/05 50 BACK J FOSTER"}, {"context": "28.52 21/6/07 100 BACK J FOSTER 1.03.00 16/2/07 200 BACK A MEEDER 2.35.09 20/5/05 50 BRST Z RADEMAKER 31.74 1/3/11 100 BRST Z RADEMAKER 1.11.42 1/3/11 200 BRST A MEEDER 2.59.02 27/5/05 50 FLY O QUEVEDO 25.25 16/7/09 100 FLY O QUEVEDO 55.90 16/7/09 200 FLY J WRIGHT 2.13.94 26/1/12 200 IM J WRIGHT 2.20.52 27/1/11 400 IM A MEEDER 5.24.18 23/6/05 Prior to his career as a swimming coach, Wright coached track athletes including his wife Alison Wright, who represented New Zealand, Oceania and the United Kingdom over 800, 1500 and 3000 meters. She is also the holder of"}, {"context": "New Zealand\u2019s longest standing open women\u2019s track and field record, the 1000 meters run in Berlin in 1979. Unusually, Wright is one of very few coaches to have guided competitors in the two principal Olympic sports of track and swimming to participate at Olympic/World Championship level in both sports. The fastest track times of runners helped by Wright are shown in the schedule below Women's 800 2:02.7 Cologne 1979 Women's 1000 2:38.54 Berlin 1979 Women's 1500 4:11.68 Zurich 1979 Women's 3000 9:00.85 Cork 1981 David Wright (swimming coach) David Alexander Wright (born 3 March 1948) is a New Zealand swimming"}]}, {"title": "Edward Wynne (jurist)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Edward Wynne (jurist) Edward Wynne (baptized 25 February 1734 \u2013 27 December 1784) was an English lawyer and scholar. Wynne was the son of William Wynne, sergeant-at-law, and was baptized at St Clement Danes, London on 25 February 1734. He was admitted as a member of the Middle Temple in 1749 (being called to the bar in 1758). He matriculated at Jesus College, Oxford in 1753, but left the college without taking a degree. His wealth meant that he did not need to work actively as a lawyer. On his father's death in 1765, he inherited the estate of Little"}, {"context": "Chelsea in Kensington, London; he also owned the manor of Polsew at St Erme, near Truro in Cornwall. On his mother's death in 1779, he inherited property in Somerset. He owned a house in Essex Street, London, as well as property in Dudley and Wales. His inheritance also included his father's library, which contained the collections of Narcissus Luttrell. Wynne had a library of almost 2,800 volumes, including many books on English law and Roman law. In 1765, he published \"A Miscellany Containing Several Law Tracts\", which included some of Wynne's own works and one of his father's works (\"Observations"}, {"context": "Touching the Antiquity and Dignity of the Degree of Serjeant at Law\"). His most important work was \"Eunomus, or, Dialogues Concerning the Law and Constitution of England\" (1768), an attempt to explain English legal principles and defend it against charges that it was only interesting to lawyers. It also attempt to refute criticism of cost and delay in the legal process. It reached its fifth edition in 1822, although it was overshadowed by William Blackstone's \"Commentaries on the Laws of England\". Wynne, who never married, died of cancer of the mouth, at his house in Little Chelsea, London, on 27"}, {"context": "December 1784. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, in the same grave as his parents. His property was divided between his sister and his brother, who was a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. His library was auctioned after his death in a sale that lasted eleven days. Edward Wynne (jurist) Edward Wynne (baptized 25 February 1734 \u2013 27 December 1784) was an English lawyer and scholar. Wynne was the son of William Wynne, sergeant-at-law, and was baptized at St Clement Danes, London on 25 February 1734. He was admitted as a member of the Middle Temple in 1749 (being"}]}, {"title": "Maple Match", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Maple Match Maple Match is a dating website and iOS app started by Joe Goldman in Austin, Texas. The site first launched in May 2016 after Donald Trump became the presumptive nominee of the Republican Party. The stated goal of the site is to match Americans with Canadian citizens to help the former avoid a Trump presidency. Within a week of the site's launch, about 13,000 people had signed up, a quarter of whom were Canadian, even though the app was unreleased. The company reported that its user base \"almost doubled\" on the night of November 8 when Trump's victory"}, {"context": "was announced. Goldman responded to claims that the site was satirical by maintaining that it is completely serious. Maple Match Maple Match is a dating website and iOS app started by Joe Goldman in Austin, Texas. The site first launched in May 2016 after Donald Trump became the presumptive nominee of the Republican Party. The stated goal of the site is to match Americans with Canadian citizens to help the former avoid a Trump presidency. Within a week of the site's launch, about 13,000 people had signed up, a quarter of whom were Canadian, even though the app was unreleased."}]}, {"title": "Red Flag (band)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Red Flag (band) Red Flag is a synthpop act founded in 1984 in San Diego by brothers Chris and Mark Reynolds. After the death of Mark in 2003, Chris has continued as a solo act since 2007 under the name Red Flag. Hailing from Liverpool, England, and after growing up there, the brothers moved to locations such as Montreal and Seattle, following their father's itinerant job. In 1979, the family settled in California, arriving first in Los Angeles, then San Diego. The brothers first started playing electronic music in 1982, when Mark Reynolds bought a Roland Juno-60 synthesizer over a"}, {"context": "guitar on a trip to a music store. The first song they recorded, \"Distant Memories\", under the name Shades of May, was selected for a compilation album, \"Local Heroes\", by San Diego radio station 91X in 1984. Shades of May subsequently received offers to play live, and the brothers began to study music and computer technology seriously in turn. In this interim, the band also changed its name to Red Flag. Later, the name would frequently be associated with the red flag iconography of the Soviet Union, though the band insisted that it was taken from a warning signal used"}, {"context": "in surfing. Later in March 1988, they performed at a party for Resource Record Pool, a record pool based in Southern California, at the Mannikin club in Pacific Beach. There, the band was noticed by Synthicide Records (a subsidiary of Enigma Records) head and producer Jon St. James. After their demo tapes were reviewed the following day, the band recorded their first single, \"Broken Heart\" (as well as its B-side, \"Control\") at St. James's recording studio, Formula One, a week later. St. James, best known for his work with singer Stacey Q, co-produced the record with her; she also provided"}, {"context": "backing vocals and coached Mark on his singing. \"Broken Heart\" was released in July 1988; the single was printed on 12\" clear red vinyl, and received airplay on both 91X and the influential KROQ-FM. That month also saw the band play at larger venues, such as Videopolis at Disneyland. Their first album, \"Na\u00efve Art\", was released in 1989 under label Enigma. Released at the time of seminal new wave/synthpop group Depeche Mode's greatest success, it drew comparisons as being stylistically similar to that group's recordings, featuring extensive use of synthesizers and dance beats, and vocals that were generally deep and"}, {"context": "gloomy in mood. Several singles from the album charted highly on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Music/Club Play charts, such as \"Russian Radio\" (No. 11) and \"If I Ever\" (No. 12). Red Flag went on to appear on \"American Bandstand\", and the video for \"Russian Radio\" was played by MTV's \"120 Minutes\". Notable producers who worked on \"Na\u00efve Art\" include Paul Robb of synthpop band Information Society and Joseph Watt of remix service Razormaid. \"Na\u00efve Art\" remains the only full album Razormaid ever produced. Red Flag toured frequently, playing at first as opening act to new wave and synthpop artists"}, {"context": "such as Devo, Thomas Dolby, Book of Love and Real Life. In 1991, Enigma Records closed, and the duo signed on with I.R.S. Records and released \"Machines\" in 1992 before leaving the label in 1993. The brothers then founded an independent record label, Plan B Records, from which they have released all their subsequent recordings. Red Flag tracks have appeared on numerous compilations, including several put out by Razormaid. By 2000 and the release of the highly acclaimed dark album, \"The Crypt\", the brothers were performing with European electropop and futurepop bands like Dance or Die, Melotron, Mesh, T.O.Y., and"}, {"context": "De/Vision. On 17 May 2002, Red Flag performed for an audience of nearly one thousand at a concert at the Museum of the Nation in Lima, Peru. Mark Reynolds committed suicide on 7 April 2003. In 2007, Chris Reynolds relaunched the band's official website, announcing plans to record a new Red Flag album solo. The new album, titled \"Born Again\", which marked Chris Reynolds' debut as vocalist, captivated fans in the dark industrial and goth genres. Chris Reynolds also revealed plans for a winter 2007 release Christmas-themed album and possibly a \"best of\" album in the coming year. Red Flag's"}, {"context": "comeback tour was kicked off by shows in Chicago and included festival performances at Dark Arts Festival 07 and Gothicfest 07 and Gothic Cruise 08. Paul Fredric of Asmodeus X and Phase Theory filled in on electronic percussion. \"Na\u00efve Art\", Red Flag's first album, was acclaimed by critics as a mixture of classically oriented melodies, driving dance beats and industrial sounding samples and fills. The 1994 album \"The Lighthouse\" stood out as being stylistically unlike any of the band's prior or subsequent recordings, with highly ambient, tranquil melodies. The 2000 release of the highly acclaimed and dark album, \"The Crypt\","}, {"context": "marked a new darker and more industrial style for Red Flag. Though often compared at the time to some of the music hailing from Europe's futurepop movement, Red Flag's music has been characterised by a unique style set apart from any other electronic music; distinguishing Red Flag in terms of melodies, vocals, and an expertly crafted electronic style all their own. The releases of both \"Fear of a Red Planet\" and \"The Bitter End\" were harshly criticised by critics in the synthpop genre, who were unaccustomed to and unaccepting of Red Flag's increasingly dark style, lamenting what they considered the"}, {"context": "gloomy and dark aspects of these albums compared to Red Flag's earlier synthpop works. Only in later years were these two albums noticed anew in the goth and darkwave genres, by both fans and DJs, where they are enjoying a resurgence of interest and airplay. \"Codebreaker t133\" fared no better in 2003, with synthpop adherents than preceding albums. The uptempo album with all songs set to a beat of 133 per minute was more danceable than some prior Red Flag works but the album failed to catch on. Red Flag's 2002 remix album, \"Who are the Skulls?\", featured other synthpop"}, {"context": "artists such as Information Society's Paul Robb, Cosmicity, Provision, and Rob Rowe of Cause & Effect. The concept of the album was to organise a project in answer to the many requests from other remixers to work with the band. In 2007, Chris Reynolds resumed recording as Red Flag and released the album \"Born Again\" to acclaim among the gothic community. Red Flag (band) Red Flag is a synthpop act founded in 1984 in San Diego by brothers Chris and Mark Reynolds. After the death of Mark in 2003, Chris has continued as a solo act since 2007 under the"}]}, {"title": "Jordi Pujol", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Jordi Pujol Jordi Pujol i Soley (, born 9 June 1930) is a Spanish politician who was the leader of the party Converg\u00e8ncia Democr\u00e0tica de Catalunya (CDC) from 1974 to 2003, and President of the Generalitat de Catalunya from 1980 to 2003. Pujol was born in Barcelona, studied at the German School of Barcelona and received a medical degree from the University of Barcelona. During his college years, he joined different activist groups that were seeking to rebuild the ideal Catalonia that the Spanish Civil War and Franco's dictatorship had undermined. Among these organizations were \"Grup Torras i Bages\" (where"}, {"context": "he met other activists such as Jaume Carner or Joan Revent\u00f3s), \"Comissi\u00f3 Abat Oliva\", \"Grup Pere Figuera\" or \"Cofradia de la Mare de D\u00e9u de Montserrat de Virt\u00e8lia\". In 1960, in the course of an homage to Catalan poetist Joan Maragall, held in Palau de la M\u00fasica Catalana, part of the audience sang the \"Cant de la Senyera\" (\"The Song of the Flag\" in English) despite being previously prohibited by the Spanish authorities. Jordi Pujol was among those who organized this protest, and he was captured and detained for his protests against the regime of Francisco Franco. He was sentenced"}, {"context": "to seven years in prison, accused of organizing the opposition campaign. However, he got out after spending two and a half years in jail, and immediately started a new line of political activity with the slogan \"building the country\". This aimed to raise Catalans' national awareness and create the necessary cultural and financial institutions for the development of Catalonia. As a physician, Pujol was inventor of the antibiotic ointment Neobacitrin while working in the family-run laboratory Fides Cuatrecasas. Later this ointment achieved great success and is still used today. In 1974, he passed definitively to the political sphere on founding"}, {"context": "the political party called Converg\u00e8ncia Democr\u00e0tica de Catalunya (CDC) (\"Democratic Convergence of Catalonia\" in English), of which he was the first Secretary. The political party was not legalized until 1977, during the Spanish transition to democracy after Franco's death in November 1975. From 1977 to 1980, Pujol was Minister without portfolio in the Provisional government of Catalonia, presided by Josep Tarradellas. In 1977 he led Pacte Democr\u00e0tic per Catalunya, a coalition of Catalan parties that were trying to approve the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia. In the Spanish general election of 1977 he was elected to the Spanish Congress of"}, {"context": "Deputies, representing Barcelona. Pujol was re-elected at the 1979 General Election but resigned from the parliament in 1980. On 20 March 1980, the first Parliament of Catalonia elections after Franco's regime were held. The Catalan nationalist party Converg\u00e8ncia i Uni\u00f3 (coalition of CDC and Democratic Union of Catalonia) won the elections and Jordi Pujol was elected President of the Generalitat de Catalunya on 24 April 1980. He was reelected again in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1995 and 1999. Pujol is an avid supporter of European integration. In 1985, he started a collaboration with Edgar Faure in the Council of the Regions"}, {"context": "of Europe (CRE), which would later become the Assembly of European Regions (AER). Pujol was the President of the Assembly of European Regions from 1992 to 1996. Pujol retired in 2003, ending 23 years of service as the President of Catalonia. He left the head of the party (CDC) to Artur Mas. In 2003 he gave to Biblioteca de Catalunya the bibliographic collection assembled during his presidency of Catalonia, with more than 16,000 documents. During the last decades of the Franco regime and his 23 years as President of the Generalitat de Catalunya, Jordi Pujol pertained to the majority establishment"}, {"context": "in Catalan nationalism, which, instead of seeking a fully independent republic, intended to work towards a federalized Spain that would, according to Pujol, recognize Catalonia \"as a country, as a collective with its own personality and differences,\" and a \"guarantee that her own identity be respected\". However, with the conservative People's Party opposing the Catalan Statute of Autonomy, as well as the recognition for the language in the east of Aragon, Pujol has stated that, at least shortly before the Spanish transition to democracy, \"there is more aggression towards Catalonia than ever\", and that Catalans can \"no longer hope for"}, {"context": "anything from the Spanish state\". A lifelong federalist, Pujol has recently become very disenfranchised by the Spanish political arena. He also has recently stated, regarding the recent surge of Catalan separatism that more people than ever want independence, \"and they are right to want it.\" He married Marta Ferrusola in Santa Maria de Montserrat in 1956 and the couple have seven children. In July 2014, Jordi Pujol released a note explaining that for 34 years, including 23 as the President of Catalonia, he had maintained secret foreign bank accounts inherited from his father. The note apologized for his actions and"}, {"context": "explained that the millions had been declared and taxes paid. The scandal erupted in the Spanish media as it involves allegations against many family members, including trafficking of influence, bribery, money laundering and public corruption. At this time, his sons Jordi and Oleguer Pujol Ferrusola are being investigated by tax authorities. Another son Oriol Pujol resigned from his leadership position in CiU earlier in the month to face charges of public corruption as well. As a direct result of Pujol's admission on 29 July, Judge Pablo Ruz issued an indictment against Jordi Pujol Ferrusola and his wife for money laundering"}, {"context": "and tax evasion. On 29 July Catalan president Mas, after a meeting with Pujol i Soley, announced that Pujol renounced both his salary and the office that he had been assigned as ex-president, as well as the honorary title of founding chairman of CDC and CiU. The opposition parties from both left and right, nationalist and non-nationalist, have demanded he testify before the parliament. The main government allies in the Catalan parliament, Esquerra Republicana, have declared that they support stripping Pujol of all his honors. The Catalan government has declared this a \"private matter\" that will have no impact on"}, {"context": "the movement for Catalan independence and the referendum scheduled for 9 November 2014. In announcing his resignation from all party offices, President Mas initially stated that Pujol would keep the right to be called \"The Right Honorable\" as a former president of Catalonia. Hours later the party spokesperson Francesc Homs stated that Pujol must \"forfeit everything,\" including the Medalla de Oro of Catalunya and all honorifics previously awarded to him. Indicative of the conflicted reaction of many Catalan nationalists, his personal friend Xavier Trias, the Mayor of Barcelona, lamented on Catalonia Radio \"He must disappear...He failed us. It is a"}, {"context": "disaster that has taken place and the shadowy times of Pujol are finished while a new era begins.\" Perhaps no one is more deeply conflicted than current President Mas who has acknowledged that Pujol is his \"political father\" and has stated that \"he does not know the details and he is not interested in them either.\" The impact of the Pujol family scandals on the Catalan independence movement, the CIU party and Mas' political future remain to be seen. Pujol and his family have been suspected for many years of cashing in on the political power he amassed as a"}, {"context": "23-year president of Catalonia. In 1984 his family's bank went bankrupt and was taken over by the Spanish government. His children have amassed a fortune in private businesses that frequently did business and received contracts from the Catalan government. Pujol's wife and children have investments in the tens of millions of dollars in Mexico, Panama and Argentina. Financial records show the movement of money between foreign banks in Andorra, Switzerland, Jersey, Cayman Islands and other tax havens in excess of \u20ac100 million. Critics, including Jordi Pujol Ferrusola's former girlfriend, charge that this family wealth could not be accumulated from a"}, {"context": "family inheritance or successful business practices. Ever since the 1984 bankruptcy of Banca Catalana, as well as in subsequent years, whenever corruption allegations were made against Pujol, his supporters claimed that the charges were politically motivated against Catalonia. The matter is still under investigation in 2017. In early September 2014, public opinion polls began to show a measurable impact of the Pujol scandals on Catalan politics and public opinion. According to a poll conducted by El Periodico, a Catalan newspaper, 55% of Catalan voters believe the scandals will negatively affect the \"right to decide\" on November 9. El Pais, a"}, {"context": "Madrid newspaper, likewise found in its polling that 54% of Catalans believe that the corruption scandals are having a negative effect on the independence movement. In addition, over 78% of those Catalans polled by El Periodico believed that the Pujol family had collected illegal payments for government contracts habitually. In anticipation of the 11 September national holiday, the Diada, as well as the planned November 9 vote, the political strategies of the major parties are in flux. Pujol's old party has moved to a position of both welcoming (and limiting) his testimony in the Catalan parliament and reasserting that the"}, {"context": "critics are seeking political advantage from the investigations. Through its public statements the party is trying to remain optimistic about holding the vote while at the same time recognizing that the planned consultation may be deemed unconstitutional by Spain's Constitutional court. While the difficulty of maintaining the sovereignty alliance, and the competing demands of legality and democracy, is undeniably challenging for President Mas, his political decision-making has become increasingly difficult due to the Pujol scandals. On 5 September 2014 The Jordi Pujol Center for Studies announced its closing. The Center had been the major focus of Pujol's work in retirement"}, {"context": "sponsoring different academic activities related to ethics and disseminating his political philosophy. The Catalan government and many private sources of income ended their affiliations and it was decided that it was no longer a viable entity in light of the scandals. Jordi Pujol Jordi Pujol i Soley (, born 9 June 1930) is a Spanish politician who was the leader of the party Converg\u00e8ncia Democr\u00e0tica de Catalunya (CDC) from 1974 to 2003, and President of the Generalitat de Catalunya from 1980 to 2003. Pujol was born in Barcelona, studied at the German School of Barcelona and received a medical degree"}]}, {"title": "Pseudovadonia livida", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Pseudovadonia livida Pseudovadonia livida, the fairy-ring longhorn beetle, is a beetle species of \"flower longhorns\" belonging to the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Lepturinae. Subspecies include: This beetle is widespread in most of Europe, in East Palearctic ecozone and in the Near East (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic (Bohemia, Moravia), Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Iran, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Sicily, Slovakia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom). This species mainly inhabits pine forests, but they are also present in deciduous trees (\"Quercus\" and \"Castanea\" species. The adults of \"Pseudovadonia livida\" grow"}, {"context": "up to . These small beetles are robust and have a broad head with large eyes, dense puncturation and erect pubescence. The antennae are black and robust, slightly shorter than the body. Pronotum is quadrate and shiny black, with shallow puncturation on the surface. Also the scutellum is shining black. Elytra are reddish-brown with darker suture. Shoulders are much wider than the base of the pronotum. They are covered with fine semi-erect golden hair. Adults can be encountered from May through September, completing their life cycle in two years. They are very common flower-visitors, especially Apiaceae species, feeding on pollen"}, {"context": "and the nectar. Larvae do not develop in dead wood, as usual in many species of Cerambycidae, but in humus infested by fungus \"Marasmius oreades\", feeding on mycelium. Pseudovadonia livida Pseudovadonia livida, the fairy-ring longhorn beetle, is a beetle species of \"flower longhorns\" belonging to the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Lepturinae. Subspecies include: This beetle is widespread in most of Europe, in East Palearctic ecozone and in the Near East (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Czech Republic (Bohemia, Moravia), Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Iran, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Sicily, Slovakia, Spain,"}]}, {"title": "D (band)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "D (band) In March 2003, D was formed with their initial lineup of vocalist Asagi, guitarist Ruiza, drummer Hiroki, guitarist Sin, and bassist Lena. They released their first EP, \"New Blood\" on July 18. Soon after its release, Ruiza had to leave the band due to undisclosed health issues. D went on a short pause of activities from that point, however Asagi and Hiroki continued to play concerts under the name \"Night of the Children\" with a support guitarist, Tetsu. Meanwhile, Sin decided to leave the music scene and Hiroki called a former bandmember, Hide-Zou, to fill in. Once Ruiza"}, {"context": "was released from the hospital on September 27, D officially resumed activities with Hide-Zou replacing Sin on guitar. Two months after their reunion, they recorded their first single \"Alice\" which given away for free at only one show in Tokyo that November. \"Alice\" was released as a single on November 27. On January 7 of the following year, they released their second EP: \"Paradox\". During 2004, D released another EP \"Yume Narishi Kuuchuu Teien\", as well as a single entitled \"Mayutsuki no Hitsugi\", which was only for sale at three concerts in November, in Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka. They also"}, {"context": "released a remastered version of their first EP, with a previously unreleased track \"Gareki no Hana\". \"New Blood: Second Impact\" was released on December 8 of that year, quickly followed by their fourth single, \"Mahiru no Koe: Synchronicity\". In 2005, Lena remained in the band long enough to release one more single and promotional video, \"Yami Yori Kurai Doukoku no a Capella to Bara Yori Akai Jounetsu no Aria\". On July 27, after finishing the recording of the forthcoming album, Lena left the band and Hide-Zou recorded bass for that release. They released their first full album titled \"The Name"}, {"context": "of the Rose\" on September 28 in two versions, each packaged with a DVD containing a different promotional video. D launched their own publication called \"Mad Tea Party Magazine\" on August 7. On December 5, 2005, Tsunehito joined as the new bassist. The band re-released their first full album: \"The Name of the Rose\", with re-recorded bass tracks by Tsunehito. The updated album contained three extra tracks: \"Shiroi Yoru\", \"Tsukiyo no Renka\", and \"Mayutsuki no Hitsugi\". Keeping with the trend of remastering their old albums, in 2006 D re-released their EPs \"Paradox\" and \"Yume Narishi Kuchuu Teien\". The latter came"}, {"context": "with two additional tracks that were previously unreleased. Their seventh single, \"Taiyou wo Okuru Hi\", was released in two types: a limited edition with the promotional video for the title track, and a regular edition with an instrumental version of the title track. Two months later they released their second album, \"Tafel Anatomie\" on October 18. In 2007, D launched an official fan club, Ultimate Lover, and released their first DVD of live concert footage, \"Tafel Anatomie: Tour 2006 Final\" on March 14. Soon after, the band announced in-store events and a three-date tour in Osaka, Nagoya, and Tokyo on"}, {"context": "their website to support their \"Dearest You\" single to be released on April 25. In the summer, D had a dual single release campaign, with \"Ouka Sakisomenikeri\" released on July 18 and \"Schwarzschild\" on August 15. On November 7, they released their third full-length album \"\" with an expanded version of their usual multiple-version marketing tactic; buyers could choose from two special editions each containing a DVD with different promotional video, and a regular edition with a thirty-six page booklet. D signed with the major record label Avex Trax in 2008. Their last indies tour was called \"Follow Me\", and"}, {"context": "a DVD of footage from the final concert was released later in July. Their first major single called \"Birth\" was released on May 7. Their second major single, \"Yami no Kuni no Alice/Hamon\", was released on September 3. The title track was used as the theme for the movie \"\", and the b-side track \"Hamon\" was used as the ending theme for the Nintendo DS game \"Twilight Syndrome\". Their first major label-sponsored concert entitled \"Birth: Sora e no Kaiki\" was held on August 8, followed by their year's end \"Alice in Dark Edge\" tour. Their first activity of 2009 was"}, {"context": "the release of their third major single, \"Snow White\". Then on February 25, they released their fourth full-length album titled \"Genetic World\". In the months following, they released a special combination concert photo book and live album \"D Tour 2008: Alice in Dark Edge Final\", and a live DVD: \"D Tour 2008: Alice in Dark Edge\" in March. D's tour for \"Genetic World\" kicked off in April 2009 and ended that May. In September, Asagi opened a website for his company Rosen Kranz (God Child Records). Soon they announced the revival of \"Mad Tea Party Magazine\", and it was decided"}, {"context": "that the eleventh volume and eighth special edition photo book would be released on October 13. D's fourth major single \"Tightrope\" was released on September 23. A previously unreleased song \"Day by Day\" was soon announced to be the theme song for a dating simulation game for Japanese mobile phones called \"Love\u03c6Summit\", part of the \"Neo Romance\" series from KOEI, as well as the title track of a new single that was to be released on December 2. The band's first single of 2010, \"Kaze ga Mekuru Peji\", was used as the opening theme for the television drama \"Shinsengumi Peacemaker\","}, {"context": "aired on TBS and MBS, and was scheduled for sale on March 10. Their fifth album, titled \"7th Rose\" in honor of their seven years of activity, was released later that month. A compilation DVD: \"D 1st Video Clips\" containing footage from their short television program \"Bara no Yakata\", and several promotional videos from their independent and major releases was also released on March 31. Their single, \"In the Name of Justice\", was released on November 17, 2010. It featured two special editions, one carrying the song's PV, other packing \"the making of\" the title track, also including \"Grand Master\","}, {"context": "and a regular edition featuring \"Yoru no Me to Ginyushijin\". On January 12, 2011, D released their sixth album called \"Vampire Saga\". D covered Malice Mizer's song \"Gekka no Yasoukyoku\" for the compilation: \"Crush! -90's V-Rock Best Hit Cover Songs-\". The album was released on January 26, 2011 and features current visual kei bands covering songs from bands that were important to the '90s visual kei movement. In the spring of 2011, D did its first overseas tour through Torpedo Productions, in May the group visited Europe and played with the tour name \"VAMPIRE SAGA in Europe - 'Path of"}, {"context": "the Rose'\". They visited France, Germany, Italy, Austria, Russia, England and Finland, and were at Project A-Kon 2011 in Texas. After returning to Japan, they released the single \"Torikago Goten ~L'Oiseau bleu~\" and created their official Facebook page. On November 21 the same year, the band released their new mini album titled \"Huang Di ~Yami ni Umareta Mukui~\", the release was limited and sold out quickly thanks to the group's expanding fanbase and popularity. On December 28 an article with the band was published on MJP.jp with a long interview with the singer Asagi, who discussed the evolution of the"}, {"context": "songs on the new album. On April 20, 2012, was the first stop of D's second European tour. To promote their new single \"Dying Message\" and also to again feel the energy of their western fans. Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Poland, Italy, Austria, Russia and Finland was on the tour schedule. Last show was May 9 in Russia. Following this, they embarked on their first South American Tour (Chile, Brazil and Argentina) in May. After the tour the group released the single \"Dying Message\" on May 30, 2012. On July 18, D released the single \"Danzai no Gunner\". In"}, {"context": "the PV to \"Danzai no Gunner\", Asagi (vocal) used a gun for the first time to save Tsunehito (bass) from a mad doctor. From July to August the band did a promotion tour called \"Danzai no Gunner\". On October 18, the band released a documentary DVD about their visit in Europe \"Dying message ~2012 Overseas Odyssey Tour Documentary & Off-Shot\". On November 4, the band appeared on YouTube on the Online TV-show (visual kei)Viju Love Cafe, where they promoted their latest PV for \"Namonaki Mori no Yumegatari\". On November 14, the band released their latest EP called \"Namonaki Mori no"}, {"context": "Yumegatari\" with songs including \"Hikari no Niwa\", \"Canis Lupus\" and \"Like a Black Cat - Mujitsu No Tsumi\". The musicians are still in their infant years, reaching out into the world and broadening the visual kei stage. On April 2013, around the celebration of their 10th anniversary, D released news about joining the major label Victor Entertainment. They released \"Treasure box\", a greatest hits album which includes songs from their times under God Child Records label. Later that year, they released \"Bloody Rose \"Best Collection 2007-2011\"\", which includes material from their Avex Trax era. On May 2013, the band started"}, {"context": "their 10th year anniversary tour. Between May 1 till 5th each band member had a show where their played their personal favorites from the band's many songs. The next 5 dates each had a show for each big record the band had released during their 10 years of performing. The band has expressed interest for a new tour in Europe. On July 2013, the band began touring Japan and visiting each of the members home towns in celebration of their major label signing with a new visual for \"Rosenstrauss\", focusing the theme of the tour on the character \"Rosalie\" of"}, {"context": "their vampire story. Hiroki collaborated with many musicians on Dead End's tribute album, specifically on the song \"Dress Burning\". On March 26, 2014, the band released new Best of album titled \"D Vampire Chronicle: V-Best Selection\". Their seventh full-length album titled \"Kingdom\" was released on November 12, 2014. This album, it will continue D's popular vampire story, but is also described as a musical biography of the band: \"beautiful, violent and transcending genre boundaries\". D has announced that they went on an activity pause next year after finishing their 47-prefectures live tour due to worsening of vocalist Asagi's temporomandibular joint"}, {"context": "disorder. D's hiatus ended in mid 2015. On December 9, 2015, they released a new single \"Master Key\". This single continues the \"\"Alice in Wonderland\"\" theme that also ran through D's previous single \"Happy Unbirthday\", which was released in September. D held a tour also named \"MASTER KEY\" starting from November, they held the tour final at Akasaka Blitz (with the guests: Hello Kitty and My Melody) on December 11. On April 27, 2016, Asagi released a major debut solo single titled \"Seventh Sense/\u5c4d\u306e\u738b\u8005/\u30a2\u30f3\u30d7\u30b5\u30a4\". It features many well-known artists, including Hiro and Shuse of La'cryma Christi, Sakura of Zigzo, Hitoki"}, {"context": "of Kuroyume, Keiichi Miyako of Sophia, Ken Morioka of Soft Ballet, Sakito of Nightmare, Shinya of Dir En Grey, Shinya Yamada of Luna Sea, K-A-Z of Sads and many more. On October 26, D released their first album after their return from hiatus. They released their eighth album called \"Wonderland Savior\". Asagi said that X Japan, Luna Sea, Malice Mizer, L'Arc~en~Ciel, and Buck-Tick are the Japanese bands that influenced them the most. Asagi's favorite bands have female singers, naming Enya, Bj\u00f6rk, Evanescence. Hiroki's favorites are Skid Row and Dream Theater, while Ruiza picked X Japan and Dream Theater, and Hide-Zou"}, {"context": "chose Luna Sea. Tsunehito's favorite Japanese bands are Kuroyume and Buck-Tick. Ruiza and Hide-Zou stated that they were influenced by Kouichi from Laputa. D (band) In March 2003, D was formed with their initial lineup of vocalist Asagi, guitarist Ruiza, drummer Hiroki, guitarist Sin, and bassist Lena. They released their first EP, \"New Blood\" on July 18. Soon after its release, Ruiza had to leave the band due to undisclosed health issues. D went on a short pause of activities from that point, however Asagi and Hiroki continued to play concerts under the name \"Night of the Children\" with a"}]}, {"title": "Jadwiga Lenartowicz Rylko", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Jadwiga Lenartowicz Rylko Dr. Jadwiga Lenartowicz-Rylko (October 1, 1910 \u2013 December 2, 2010) was a Polish Catholic physician imprisoned in the Ravensbruck, Gross-Rosen, Neusalz, and Flossenb\u00fcrg concentration camps operated by the German Third Reich during World War II. While Lenartowicz was incarcerated as a political prisoner, she was assigned to medically treat the prisoners held captive in Adolf Hitler's multiple Nazi concentration camps by working as a camp doctor. Lenartowicz was the daughter of a feldsher. As Lenartowicz grew up, she watched her father take care of his patients in the city of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a. She went on to follow in"}, {"context": "his footsteps going into the medicine. Once completed with medical school, she would go on to her residency at the Anna Maria Hospital. World War II would affect her life the most when she would be arrested by the Gestapo. Jadwiga Helena Lenartowicz was born in \u0141\u00f3d\u017a as one of five daughters of Helena and Stanis\u0142aw Lenartowicz, a medical practitioner. Jadwiga was three years old when her father enlisted for service in World War I. During his time in the military, the family lived off a small pension he received. Jadwiga and her family struggled with hunger; her mother would"}, {"context": "make sacrifices to wait in long lines to receive food from dispensaries. Four years later, Lenartowicz's father returned from the war. Two decades later, she again saw her father enlist in the military at the onset of World War II. Following the return to independence, the restructuring of Poland led to many changes in society; paving the way for Lenartowicz to enter the medical field. During this time, most women had taken up domestic skills, but Lenartowicz decided to go into medicine. She followed in her father's footsteps, and began her medical training, albeit, she became a physician, not a"}, {"context": "feldsher. After 6 years, Lenartowicz became a physician in the Second Polish Republic after completing her medical studies in Pozna\u0144 in 1936. Lenartowicz attended Poznan University where she completed her medical education in 6 years. During her time in medical school, she was characterized as fun, playful, and silly. She was part of a new generation of educational reform. During this time, Poland underwent multiple reforms to enhance education. Due to widespread recovery from economic hardships from the war, a significant decrease in school attendance occurred. Once her medical education was completed, she began her residency at Anna Maria Hospital,"}, {"context": "where she would specialize in pediatrics. From her biography, her characterization had transitioned to a more serious and mature countenance with more responsibility at the hospital and the growing tension of another war. During the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany, Lenartowicz was arrested by Gestapo on the night of January 13, 1944, for suspicion of political resistance. She was interrogated many times until she confessed to listening to radio broadcasts. She was sent to Ravensbruck concentration camp as a political prisoner on March 17, 1944. There, she would be known by her prisoner number and a red triangular badge"}, {"context": "marked with the letter \u201cP\u201d. She was transported from Ravensbruck to Gross-Rosen concentration camp for Jewish female slave labor and assigned to medically treat women from sub-camps for textile factories, fields and production jobs. She was moved to Neusalz slave labor camp in Nowa S\u00f3l and from there sent on a death march. The women marched around 300 miles to Flossenb\u00fcrg over 40 days. During the march, food and water became dire, and environmental conditions were extreme; prisoners and officers had very little of everything: food, water, and warmth. Lenartowicz would survive the long march, and her final stop would"}, {"context": "be Flossenb\u00fcrg. In mid-April, the American allies would liberate Flossenb\u00fcrg; Lenartowicz Lenartowicz was free. After 1945, Lenartowicz stayed at a displaced persons camp. As a camp doctor, she was given better opportunity to survive. She was given a greater quantity for her meal, better quality clothing, better hygiene, and better overall treatment. Lenartowicz treated many ill persons that were sick due to malnutrition, working conditions, and living conditions. She had minimal resources for treatment, but she managed with what she had. The youngest prisoner was 13 years of age, and the oldest around 30. Jadwiga was in charge of infirmary"}, {"context": "and prevented the outbreak of typhoid fever by begging the SS for antiserum. The number of women she saved can only be guessed. On a daily basis, she would treat patients coming in with great oversight from SS doctors, holding her accountable of any person that was not truly sick. In her biography, she often recounts that the ethical lines in medicine were often blurred due to the lack of supplies and brutality of the camps. Once liberated, Lenartowicz continued her work as a doctor and treated the liberated people for malnutrition and various diseases. Lenartowicz worked at various refugee"}, {"context": "camps after liberation, until the countries could reassess their borders. In 1946, she was stationed at the Kafertal displaced persons camp where she served as physician and was assigned a rank in the U.S. Army. Kafertal turned into a major centre for education and training of the displaced persons; Lenartowicz helped provide basic medical aid training to guards who wanted to further their job skills. At Kafertal, Lenartowicz also met Colonel Wladyslaw Rylko and married him on June 28, 1947 in Bad Soden, Germany. In 1950, Lenartowicz-Rylko gave birth to her daughter, Barbara Maria Rylko. Soon thereafter, they left Europe"}, {"context": "for the United States. Thanks to a longtime friend\u2019s willingness to sponsor their immigration, the family was able to settle into Detroit, Michigan. While in the United States, the couple faced many hardships such as finding work, proper housing, and financial stability. Unable to gain medical licensure, Lenartowicz-Rylko never practiced medicine as a physician again. Her husband died in 1969. She died in 2010 at the age of 100. Jadwiga Lenartowicz Rylko is the subject of a biographical book written by her own daughter, anthropologist Barbara Rylko-Bauer. The book was published by the University of Oklahoma Press as Hardcover in"}, {"context": "2014, and as paperback in 2015 under the title \"A Polish Doctor in the Nazi Camps\". It received several notable awards including 2015 IPPY Gold Medal in Biography, 2014 IndieFab Book of the Year Award, 2015 Michigan Notable Book Finalist, and 2015 Next Generation Indie Book Award. Jadwiga Lenartowicz Rylko Dr. Jadwiga Lenartowicz-Rylko (October 1, 1910 \u2013 December 2, 2010) was a Polish Catholic physician imprisoned in the Ravensbruck, Gross-Rosen, Neusalz, and Flossenb\u00fcrg concentration camps operated by the German Third Reich during World War II. While Lenartowicz was incarcerated as a political prisoner, she was assigned to medically treat the"}]}, {"title": "The Speewah", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Speewah The Speewah is a mythical Australian station that is the subject of many tall tales told by Australian bushmen. The stories of the Speewah are Australian folktales in the oral tradition. The Speewah is synonymous with hyperbole as many of the tales about the place are used to enhance the storytellers' masculinity by relating events of extreme hardship and overcoming the dangers of the Australian wilderness. Typically men talk of the Speewah when they are faced with hard labour as a means of making their jobs mentally easier, though it can also be seen as a way of"}, {"context": "legitimising their bragging. Speech of this sort is used to make light of the situation or to re-affirm the speakers' masculinity or bush skills to the detriment of others. The Speewah station in The Kimberleys, Western Australia, is considered by some to be the original Speewah of legend, but may merely have been named after the legend in homage. The property is listed by the Australian Government as being located at . The town of Speewah is located west of Cairns on the Kennedy Highway and is considered to be named after the legend. The Speewah is an imaginary land"}, {"context": "and its boundaries have never been defined: the Speewah can be anywhere that the storyteller wants it to be, and tales have it situated anywhere from Cape York to the Otways, from Brisbane to Broome \u2013 anywhere in Australia. Its location is kept ambiguous and when questioned people from different regions of Australia will give a different answer. 'The men from the Darling Ranges said it was \"back o' Bourke\" and the men of Bourke said it was out West and the men of the West pointed to Queensland and in Queensland they told you the Speewah was in the"}, {"context": "Kimberleys.' At any rate the territory itself is supposedly very large. When one wanted to close the gate to the station he had to take a week's rations with him, and a jackeroo who was sent to bring the cows in from the horse paddock was said to be gone for six months, not due to incompetence (for there are no incompetent workers on the Speewah) but simply due to the sheer size of the Speewah. When the cook was frying up bacon and eggs for the men, he needed a motorbike to get around the frying pan. The dust"}, {"context": "storms were so thick that the rabbits dug warrens in them. The boundary riders had to make sure that their watches were changed for each separate time zone. A portion of land owned by Jim Dillon south-west of Wyndham, Western Australia that was settled at the beginning of the 20th century was named after the mythical land of the Speewah. This property (or station) still appears on maps as 'The Speewah' and has caused much debate from the storytelling community as to whether or not this is the original Speewah of legend or whether (which is more likely) it is"}, {"context": "merely named after the legend in homage. This property is listed by the Australian Government as being . There is a \"Speewa\" straddling the border of Victoria and New South Wales near . The Speewa Ferry across the Murray River links Speewa, Victoria with Speewa, New South Wales. There is a hidden, private \"Speewah\" in the south west of Western Australia that has its roots in the original \"Speewah\" in the Kimberleys. Speewah is also a real place in Far North Queensland. It is about 10 kilometres west of Cairns \u2013 a few kilometres south of the tourist town of"}, {"context": "Kuranda. It could be described as a bushland residential area. Crooked Mick is a larger-than-life character from Australian Oral Tradition, emerging during the era of the swagmen, and sheep shearing. A sort of Aussie Paul Bunyan, a sheep shear that he is almost ubiqitious with the equally fantastic Speewah; there are Speewah tales without Crooked Mick, but there are no Crooked Mick tales not set in the Speewah. Crooked Mick, like his American Wild West counterparts, is a giant of a man and skilled in many trades. Hard-working, hard-playing, Made of Iron and with an appetite to match his size,"}, {"context": "and with his colossal strength and quick wit. Crooked Mick is regarded as the quintessential bushman. Nothing was beyond his capabilities; he could lift huge weights, shear a massive number of sheep in no time flat, bake pies so light that a gust of wind would carry them, kick crocodiles up to the moon, move the mountains, and then generally do anything that everyone else could do, but 100 times better. The reason behind the \"Crooked\" in his name, while always a physical feature, varied from story to story. Some described him as having one eye higher than the other."}, {"context": "Some said it was because his nose was all twisted due to having been bitten by a crocodile that tried to yank it off and then gave up in the swamp of the river. Others proclaimed it was because his habit of wolfing down two whole sheep for every meal and tearing their skins off with his teeth left his teeth twisted and gnarled. Most commonly, it's because he walks crooked; sometimes it's just a limp from being ringbarked when he was a teenager, more often it's because one hot day he stuck one leg into a trough to cool"}, {"context": "it off and then took it out to place the other one in, but it buckled under his weight when he tried to stand on it alone, leaving him with a bent leg for the rest of his life. Crooked Mick was said to have died, but again the stories vary. A fairly common story has the teller describe how they heard several others give their explanations for Crooked Mick's death (like a dust storm causing him to throttle himself with his own giant beard), only to then hear the real truth \u2013 like how Crooked Mick became The Man"}, {"context": "in the Moon when he built his own pogo stick and bounced all the way from earth to the moon. The Speewah The Speewah is a mythical Australian station that is the subject of many tall tales told by Australian bushmen. The stories of the Speewah are Australian folktales in the oral tradition. The Speewah is synonymous with hyperbole as many of the tales about the place are used to enhance the storytellers' masculinity by relating events of extreme hardship and overcoming the dangers of the Australian wilderness. Typically men talk of the Speewah when they are faced with hard"}]}, {"title": "Love and Marriage (1996 TV series)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Love and Marriage (1996 TV series) Love and Marriage is an American situation comedy television series starring Anthony Denison and Patricia Healy as a New York working couple trying to raise a family. The series premiered September 28, 1996 on Fox as the first series created by Amy Sherman-Palladino (before her marriage to Daniel Palladino), who would later go on to create \"Gilmore Girls\" and \"Bunheads\". The show was canceled after two episodes. Jack, who manages a parking garage by day, and his wife April, who works nights waitressing in a Manhattan restaurant, barely have any time to spend together,"}, {"context": "or with their three children Michael, Gemmy and Christopher. Louis and Trudy, and son Max, are their new neighbors from New Rochelle, New York. Nine episodes are registered with the United States Copyright Office. Howard Rosenberg of the \"Los Angeles Times\" called the series \"another routine sitcom\", which revolves around a \"noisy family\". Steven Linan, also of the \"Los Angeles Times\", said the \"uninspired sitcom could use further alterations in concept and scripts\" since the show already had its title changed from \"Come Fly With Me\". Tom Shales of \"The Washington Post\" was equally unimpressed and called the series \"among"}, {"context": "the least amusing\" of the new season. However, Tony Scott of \"Variety\" said \"sharply written by creator Amy Sherman, directed expertly by Gail Mancuso, the Nardinis are people worth visiting\". Scott further stated that the series \"exudes joy, not cynicism, charm, not snideness\". Love and Marriage (1996 TV series) Love and Marriage is an American situation comedy television series starring Anthony Denison and Patricia Healy as a New York working couple trying to raise a family. The series premiered September 28, 1996 on Fox as the first series created by Amy Sherman-Palladino (before her marriage to Daniel Palladino), who would"}]}, {"title": "San Antonio Air Logistics Center", "paragraphs": [{"context": "San Antonio Air Logistics Center The San Antonio Air Logistics Center is a former air depot of the United States Air Force located alongside Kelly Air Force Base. It was closed as part of the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission. Kelly's World War II mission turned the base into a huge industrial complex. A new organization, the San Antonio Air Service Command, managed the increased supply and maintenance workload. Kelly workers overhauled, repaired, and modified aircraft, engines, and related equipment. Kelly's maintenance shops worked on thousands of Army aircraft, including B-17s, B-25s, B-29s, P-51s, and the C-47 cargo plane."}, {"context": "Rapid production lines established a rate of overhaul on accessories, bombsights, guns, and electrical equipment that set records for both military and commercial repair agencies. By 1944, Kelly's workforce had grown tremendously. In 1939, old Duncan Field had 1,100 civilian employees and only 10 military personnel. By 1945, over 15,000 civilians and 16,000 military worked at Kelly. During World War II, nearly 40 percent of the workers at the field were women. \"Kelly Katies\" were the Kelly counterparts to \"Rosie the Riveters\", women everywhere who did non-traditional work, contributing greatly to the successful war effort. They worked in nearly every"}, {"context": "shop at Kelly, including engine overhaul. Because of the need for more storage space, Kelly annexed Normoyle Ordnance Depot, known today as East Kelly, in 1945. An out-processing center for the thousands of soldiers who had received their discharges was also located at Normoyle. After the end of the war, more and more AT-6, P-51, and B-29 aircraft were delivered to Kelly Field for maintenance and storage. Disposal and aircraft storage programs took up more and more of Kelly's time and space. Kelly's maintenance workers stopped repairing very heavy bombers and began supporting the occupational forces in Europe and Japan"}, {"context": "with air transportation, communications, and weather systems. In 1946, the San Antonio Air Technical Services Command became the San Antonio Air Materiel Area (SAAMA). As the Air Force moved through its first decade of independence, its aircraft, engines, accessories, and support equipment became increasingly sophisticated and complex, requiring use of new technologies and innovative programs to meet the challenges of the future. On 16 June 1958, prime maintenance responsibility for all items within the Air Force's Nuclear Weapons Program were assigned to SAAMA. The Directorate of Special Weapons remains the only logistical nuclear ordnance manager in the Air Force. It"}, {"context": "managed all United States Air Force nuclear weapon equipment such as missile re-entry systems, warheads, bomb arming and fusing devices, tools, and tests handling and training equipment. The center repaired and overhauled B-52s for over 30 years. In the early 1960s, the B-52 Stratofortress was the major depot-level maintenance workload for SAAMA. Modifications to the B-52s performed at Kelly increased the load capability of each plane and increased the aircraft's range. In addition, the San Antonio shops camouflage-painted the B-52Gs for Southeast Asia Arc Light operations. This era in Kelly's history ended when the Air Force shifted the B-52 workload"}, {"context": "to Oklahoma City AMA at Tinker AFB in the spring of 1993. The 36-year-old relationship between Kelly and the big bomber was the longest association between any Air Force weapons system and a single ALC to that point. In August 1962, SAAMA \"loaned\" the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) six aircraft - two F-102s, two TF102s and two T33s - so the astronauts at Houston's Manned Spacecraft Center could maintain their flying proficiency. Two years later, Directorate of Maintenance workers built three Apollo capsule trainers for NASA. And Kelly's Directorate of Aerospace Fuels supplied NASA with the required liquid"}, {"context": "propellants from the very beginning of the Space Administration's push into space. Kelly's workload remained relatively stable until the mid-1960s, when American efforts to prevent the fall of the South Vietnamese government led to direct American involvement. Following the Gulf of Tonkin incident in August 1964, all air materiel areas began supporting Southeast Asia on a 24-hour basis. By 31 December 1965, SAAMA had sent 11 supply teams, totaling 89 personnel, on temporary duty to Southeast Asia to establish supply centers throughout the western Pacific, including South Vietnam. Kelly also sent maintenance teams to Southeast Asia. Those who remained in"}, {"context": "San Antonio also strove to meet the demands for materiel and aircraft maintenance. On 1 July 1965, Kelly opened as an aerial port of embarkation to provide though-plane cargo service to Southeast Asia. Kelly Air Force Base personnel processed and routed vital war material earmarked for South Vietnam to the Southeast Asian Theater. By 1967, the pace of the United States build-up intensified. The C-141A Starlifter cargo aircraft began to enter the Air Force inventory in sufficient numbers to replace the aging C-124 Globemaster II. With air terminal modernization and the increased use of C-141 aircraft, Military Airlift Command (MAC)"}, {"context": "aircrews seldom experienced any delays at Kelly's aerial port. On 1 November 1965, SAAMA assumed responsibility for the Air Force's entire watercraft program. This included all landing-type vessels, spares, engines, and combat ships. Other items included cargo tanks, special service vessels, barges, small craft, dredges, rigging, and marine hardware. Earlier that year, on 3 August, Kelly became responsible for assembly and shipment of the necessary airfield lighting equipment to establish four semi-fixed installations in Southeast Asia. In August 1966, the Air Force Logistics Command established PROJECT LOGGY SORT (LOGGY-Specialize Overseas Repair Test) to study the requirements for repair and maintenance"}, {"context": "of United States Air Force tactical aircraft in a combat environment in Southeast Asia. The goal was to provide tactical fighter units with greater mobility and flexibility. The F-4C Phantom II aircraft was selected as the test vehicle because it was the most modern system in existence and best represented planned future weapon systems. SAAMA, as manager for the F-4s aerospace ground equipment, accumulated, analyzed and established base level repair restrictions on the items. Weapon systems used in Southeast Asia managed by SAAMA included F-102 Delta Dagger, F-106 Delta Dart, A-37 Dragonfly, O-2 Skymaster, and F-5 Freedom Fighter aircraft, while"}, {"context": "the major maintenance workloads centered around aircraft engines, airfield lighting equipment, life support system items, aerospace ground equipment, and fuels. Specific maintenance workloads were B-52 aircraft modifications such as the T34, T-56 and J79 engine overhaul and recoverable-aerospace item repair. The early 1970s witnessed the establishment of the Vietnamization Program, also known as the Nixon Doctrine. This new policy was the key to planned reductions in the United States military forces in South Vietnam. As part of this effort, SAAMA personnel were deeply involved in the planning and construction of an engine facility at Bien Hoa Air Base. This assignment"}, {"context": "began in February 1971 when the Air Force Logistics Command gave the SAAMA the responsibility for developing complete plans and specifications for converting an existing building at Bien Hoa Air Base into an engine overhaul facility. One month later, the San Antonio Air Materiel Area became involved with yet another project to provide logistics support. On 20 October 1972, SAAMA initiated PROJECT ENHANCE PLUS, to transfer A-37, F-5E Tiger II, and T-38 Talon aircraft, engines, and support spares to the Republic of Vietnam to carry on the war after American withdrawal. Nearly every directorate at Kelly contributed to this effort."}, {"context": "The San Antonio Air Materiel Area set several records during this period. In addition to the transfer of A-37s, F-5s, and T-38s, over 18.3 million pounds of cargo were sent on 232 missions using C-141, C-5 Galaxy, Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 aircraft. United States Air Force Headquarters congratulated all concerned for their support in this project. They said it was proud of the ability shown by all air logistics centers and other activities to get the job done in spite of the critical time, worldwide scope of the operation, and the many actions which had to be completed. The"}, {"context": "C-5A Galaxy, the world's largest aircraft, entered the Air Force inventory on 8 October 1965. San Antonio Air Materiel Area had both management and repair responsibility for the giant transport and its TF39 engine. Weighing about 350 tons, the aircraft can transport 98 percent of equipment issued to an Army division, including the 100,000 pound M-1 tank, self-propelled artillery equipment, missiles, and helicopters. On its initial visit to Kelly on 31 January 1970, prominent figures as well as public spectators greeted the C-5A. In 1974, San Antonio Air Materiel Area changed its name to the San Antonio Air Logistics Center,"}, {"context": "but the dedication and support to the Air Force mission remained the same. The F100 engine became a major engine workload for Kelly in the late 1970s as F-16 Fighting Falcons and F-15 Eagles entered the Air Force inventory in increasing numbers. Air Force officials predicted the F100 to be Kelly's largest overhaul workload since the Pratt and Whitney R4360 engine, which dominated overhaul activities at the base for more than a decade. The San Antonio Air Materiel Area was designated as the Specialized Repair Activity for the F100 in 1969. During Operation Just Cause, Kelly served as a transit"}, {"context": "point for more than 8,200 troops deploying to Panama and as a reception site for some 250 incoming wounded service members. Later, the base moved more than 10,000 short tons of material and 4,700 passengers and deployed 17 million pounds of munitions to Southwest Asia for Operation Desert Storm. During the 1990s, it supported US operations in Kosovo. In 1992, a major defense reorganization had shifted ownership of most of Kelly's warehouse space from the Air Force to the new Defense Logistics Agency. The following year, the Base Realignment and Closure Commission added Kelly and three other logistics centers to"}, {"context": "the list of installations marked for closure. Local officials convinced the commissioners to spare the base, but it was only a temporary stay. Kelly Air Force Base was closed because the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission decided the base's workload should be consolidated with that of other Air Force depots. At the same time McClellan Air Force Base in Sacramento, California, was also closed. Instead of shifting all workloads, some were outsourced or privatized by the Clinton administration. Parts of the installation were shifted to Lackland Air Force Base, with a significant portion becoming Port San Antonio. 1,873 acres"}, {"context": "(7.58 km\u00b2) of land, including hangars and industrial facilities previously known as the San Antonio Air Logistics Center, is operated by the Greater Kelly Development Authority (a political subdivision of the State of Texas, now renamed the Port Authority of San Antonio) as the Port San Antonio business park. As of 2006, there are still some isolated USAF activities on Port San Antonio subordinate to Lackland, as well as a substantial tract of military family housing. Port San Antonio (formerly known as KellyUSA) has now renamed the logistics center Port San Antonio in line with its business strategy of becoming"}, {"context": "the largest inland port in South Texas. San Antonio Air Logistics Center The San Antonio Air Logistics Center is a former air depot of the United States Air Force located alongside Kelly Air Force Base. It was closed as part of the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission. Kelly's World War II mission turned the base into a huge industrial complex. A new organization, the San Antonio Air Service Command, managed the increased supply and maintenance workload. Kelly workers overhauled, repaired, and modified aircraft, engines, and related equipment. Kelly's maintenance shops worked on thousands of Army aircraft, including B-17s, B-25s,"}]}, {"title": "Eliezer Liepman Philip Prins", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Eliezer Liepman Philip Prins Eliezer Liepman Philip Prins (Eliezer Liepman; 1835\u20131915), merchant and scholar of Arnhem, the Netherlands. Until 1876 Prins was privately tutored, after which time he continued his studies in Amsterdam and moved to Frankfurt in 1887. Eliezer Liepman Philip Prins, was the son of Raphael (Philip) Liepman Prins and Mietje Benjamin Schaap. He worked in the family's famous carpet business for many years. After he reached middle age, Liepman decided to devote the rest of his life to serious and exhaustive Jewish studies; as part of his investigation he corresponded with many scholars of his generation. In"}, {"context": "1885 Eliezer Liepman Philip Prins took his family to Frankfurt, where he continued to study and write on a variety of Jewish and general subjects. He was married 16 October 1856 in Amsterdam to Henriette Jacobson (1836-1886), the daughter of Jacob Meijer Levien Jacobson and Sara Abraham Jacobson. They had 8 children: Following the death of his first wife he remarried in Frankfurt on 18 March 1887 to Sarah Lob of Mainz. They had 4 children: After the death of his second wife, he married Jenny Epstein. Eliezer Liepman Philip Prins edited and published the following books: In recent years"}, {"context": "more details became known about him as one of his grandchildren, Els Bendheim, initiated the publication of his correspondence, the marginal notes he made in his books, and an anthology of his work in Dutch. The Eliezer Liepman Philip Prins library, consisting of 6,000 books, was moved to Jerusalem (and opened to the public in 1930); it is still kept as such at the Lifshitz College of Education. Eliezer Liepman Philip Prins Eliezer Liepman Philip Prins (Eliezer Liepman; 1835\u20131915), merchant and scholar of Arnhem, the Netherlands. Until 1876 Prins was privately tutored, after which time he continued his studies in"}]}, {"title": "Xose\u0301 Manuel Beiras", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Xos\u00e9 Manuel Beiras Xos\u00e9 Manuel Hixinio Beiras Torrado (born 7 April 1936) is a Galician politician, economist, writer and intellectual. He is professor of Structural Economy at the Faculty of Economic Sciences of the University of Santiago de Compostela. He is a former member of the National Council of the Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG in the Galician acronym), he is currently the leader of ANOVA-Irmandade Nacionalista, an independentist political party with representation in the Galician parliament. Beiras graduated with a law degree in 1957 from the University of Santiago de Compostela. That same year, he moved to Paris to study"}, {"context": "economics at the University of the Sorbonne, where he also studied French Language and Literature. In 1960, he taught his first course on Political Economy at the Complutense University of Madrid and a year later, in 1961, he moved to London to attend the London School of Economics, where he continued to advance his studies. During the 1966/1967 academic year, Beiras received a scholarship from the Juan March Foundation, which allowed him to attend a research course with Fran\u00e7ois Perrou at the Institut de Sciencie Economique Apliqu\u00e9e (Paris). During his time in France, he became acquainted with Rob\u00e8rt Lafont's concept"}, {"context": "of \"internal colonialism\", a concept that would remain embedded in his political discourse for years to come. He was the vice-director of the \"Revista de Economia da Galiza\" (\"Galician Journal of Economics\") from 1963 to 1968. In 1967, he was granted a prize from \"Casa Galiza\" in New York City for his book \"O problema do desenrolo na Galiza rural\" (\"The Problem of Development in Rural Galicia\"). In 1968 he moved back to Galicia for good, taking up a job as a lecturer in economy at the University of Santiago de Compostela. In 1970, while spending a few months in"}, {"context": "Madrid, he published his doctoral dissertation under the title \"Estructura y problemas de la poblacion gallega\" (\"Structure and Problems of the Galician Population\"). His dissertation earned him a Extraordinary Doctoral Prize, as well as a position as associate professor in Structural Economy. In 1972 he published one of this key works: \"O atraso econ\u00f3mico da Galiza\" (\"\"The Economic Underdevelopment of Galicia\"\"), and he was offered the post of temporary Dean, a position he eventually accepted in 1975. While still publishing books, he directed a research project on the modernization of Galian agriculture sponsored by the Pedro Barri\u00e9 de la Maza"}, {"context": "foundation and the University of Montpellier. In 1977 he was invited to join the \"Real Academia Galega\" (\"The Royal Galician Academy\") \u2013 the institution he would leave in 1982 as he disagreed with the linguistic policies endorsed by the Academy (and following the example of Carvalho Calero). In 1980 he became head professor of Structural Economy at the University of Santiago de Compostela, where Beiras still remains today. The 1980s were prolific in publications not just related to economics or politics, but also literary. He would even publish translations from French classics into Galician. As a politician he was one"}, {"context": "of the founding members of the clandestine Galician Socialist Party, in 1963, in Francoist Spain. In 1964 he took on the role of International Relations, a position which would grant him access to a number of European Socialist organizations. He would eventually become Secretary General of the party in 1971. Yet, he resigned in 1977 due to the unfavorable results in the first democratic elections of Spain after the death of Franco. In 1982 Beiras tookpart in the foundation of the BNG (Galician Nationalist Bloc) as member of the National Directive Board. In 1985 he gained a seat at the"}, {"context": "Galician Parliament and gradually became the indisputable leader of Galician nationalism. Beiras took the party to its best results ever in 1997, receiving the support of almost 25 per cent of the electorate. In 2004 he established a number of pacts with nationalist parties from Catalonia and Basque Country in order to gain greater media coverage and, most importantly, joint political weight in the Spanish Parliament. That same year, 2004, he decided to renounce to the candidacy for the Galician presidency for the next elections and gradually leaves active politics. However, being unhappy with the internal dynamics of BNG shortly"}, {"context": "after he yielded leadership, he fostered a critical organization within it - the \"Encontro Irmandinho\" - in order to promote party transparency and internal democracy. After abandoning the first line of BNG, Beiras has been actively involved in anti-globalization movements such as Altermundo and the World Social Forum (WSF) . In 2008 he was invited to join the Council of the WSF . Beiras is also the co-founder and president of the politically oriented foundation \"Galiza Sempre\", since 1999. He has published a large number of books and articles in politics and economics, but as an intellectual Beiras has also"}, {"context": "shown an interest in literature and music (he is an accomplished pianist). He contributed to the creation of publishing houses such as Editorial Galaxia and Edici\u00f3ns Laiovento. At present he is a regular columnist of newspaper \"Galicia Hoxe\". Occasionally he publishes in the newspaper \"A Nosa Terra\" and in the prestigious Galician cultural journal Grial. Xos\u00e9 Manuel Beiras Xos\u00e9 Manuel Hixinio Beiras Torrado (born 7 April 1936) is a Galician politician, economist, writer and intellectual. He is professor of Structural Economy at the Faculty of Economic Sciences of the University of Santiago de Compostela. He is a former member of"}]}, {"title": "Alfons van Blaaderen", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Alfons van Blaaderen Alfons van Blaaderen (born 27 October 1963) is a Dutch physicist. He is a professor at Utrecht University, working in the field of soft matter. Van Blaaderen was born on 27 October 1963 in Naarden. He attended the Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs and subsequently studied physics and chemistry at Utrecht University. In 1992 he obtained his PhD at Utrecht University under professor A. Vrij, with a dissertation titled: \"Colloidal dispersions of (organo-)silica spheres: formation mechanism, structure and dynamics\". In 1999 he was named professor of experimental physics of condensed matter. In 2011 Van Blaaderen was awarded the Peter"}, {"context": "Debye Prize by the Edmond Hustinx Foundation. Van Blaaderen was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2013. Alfons van Blaaderen Alfons van Blaaderen (born 27 October 1963) is a Dutch physicist. He is a professor at Utrecht University, working in the field of soft matter. Van Blaaderen was born on 27 October 1963 in Naarden. He attended the Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs and subsequently studied physics and chemistry at Utrecht University. In 1992 he obtained his PhD at Utrecht University under professor A. Vrij, with a dissertation titled: \"Colloidal dispersions of (organo-)silica spheres: formation"}]}, {"title": "Serena del Mar", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Serena del Mar Serena del Mar is a large-scale urban development located on the northern coast of Cartagena, Colombia. The project's master plan calls for residential, retail, commercial, hospitality, recreational, institutional, and educational facilities. The 1000 hectare (2,472 acres) site is located 12 kilometers from Cartagena\u2019s historic old city and 8 kilometers from Rafael N\u00fa\u00f1ez International Airport. It is led by the development firm Novus Civitas, which has brought together international urban planners, architects, and landscapers, including EDSA, Moshe Safdie, Wallace Roberts & Todd, Brandon Haw, and Robert Trent Jones II to work on the developments architecture, design, and master"}, {"context": "plan. Construction of Phase I of the project began in March 2015. One of the first projects currently under construction is the Centro Hospitalario Serena del Mar, a 409-bed international medical services university hospital, designed by Moshe Safdie and operated by Fundaci\u00f3n Santa Fe De Bogota (a Johns Hopkins Medicine International Affiliate) Serena del Mar\u2019s master plan contemplates over 20,000 housing units ranging from student housing to single-family homes and multi-family apartment complexes for members of different age groups and socioeconomic levels. The first phase of these residential projects is currently being developed. Serena del Mar will also include an"}, {"context": "educational component. The Serena del Mar educational component will include a public school for approximately 800 students, as well Universidad de los Andes first satellite campus, designed by Brandon Haw, which will open for classes in 2018. The Fundaci\u00f3n Serena del Mar serves as the development's social foundation and works with the surrounding communities to try and improve quality of life, social development, and the environment. The Fundaci\u00f3n Serena del Mar has directly and positively impacted 87% of the surrounding community members through programs based on social development, environmental integration, and revenue generation. The foundation's programs include professional training workshops,"}, {"context": "educational programs, recreational activities, cultural meet ups, environmental and health conferences, and value formation. In May 2018 the Universidad de Los Andes campus at Serena del Mar will begin classes. In 2019 the Centro Hospitalario Serena del Mar will begin operations. Serena del Mar Serena del Mar is a large-scale urban development located on the northern coast of Cartagena, Colombia. The project's master plan calls for residential, retail, commercial, hospitality, recreational, institutional, and educational facilities. The 1000 hectare (2,472 acres) site is located 12 kilometers from Cartagena\u2019s historic old city and 8 kilometers from Rafael N\u00fa\u00f1ez International Airport. It is"}]}, {"title": "Noel Brunning", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Noel Brunning Noel Brunning is an Australian television presenter, currently working as the main anchor of \"GWN7 News\" on GWN7 (formerly Golden West Network) in regional Western Australia. Brunning joined GWN in 1986, and rose through the ranks until he became the main presenter on \"Golden West News\" in 1998. In 2007, he went on long service leave to stand as a conservative independent candidate for the Forrest constituency in the Federal Election. His candidacy was unsuccessful and Brunning returned to GWN shortly after the election to resume his role as main anchor of Golden West News. During his election"}, {"context": "campaign, there was a local propaganda movement involving T-shirts depicting Brunning's face, and various humorous slogans. Noel Brunning Noel Brunning is an Australian television presenter, currently working as the main anchor of \"GWN7 News\" on GWN7 (formerly Golden West Network) in regional Western Australia. Brunning joined GWN in 1986, and rose through the ranks until he became the main presenter on \"Golden West News\" in 1998. In 2007, he went on long service leave to stand as a conservative independent candidate for the Forrest constituency in the Federal Election. His candidacy was unsuccessful and Brunning returned to GWN shortly after"}]}, {"title": "Hanna Jaff", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hanna Jaff Hanna Jazmin Jaff Bosdet (born November 4, 1986) is a reality television personality, and activist. Hanna was born in San Diego to an Iraqi Kurdish father and a Mexican mother of partial French descent. She spent much of her childhood in Tijuana. After completing high school from the University of San Diego High School, San Diego, Jaff completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology from the National University with minors in Political Science and Criminal Justice. She also completed a Master's Degree in International Relations from Harvard University. Studied abroad at Columbia University and Sorbonne. In March"}, {"context": "2014, she received an honorary doctorate from the Claustro Coctoral in Mexico for her work in the human welfare. In 2013, she organized the first ever Kurdish festival in Mexico which was one of the largest festivals held outside of Kurdistan. In 2017, Jaff was the spokeswomen for TEDx Nishtiman and TEDx Ciudad de Puebla held in Erbil, Iraq and San Andres Cholula, Mexico. She founded a nonprofit organization, Jaff Foundation for Education in June 2013 to teach English to immigrants and refugees. The organization works to host charity events. It has launched non-discrimination campaigns to support immigrants and refugees."}, {"context": "As of 2016, it has locations in all major states in Mexico and it has over 7,000 active volunteers that works for them. In 2017, Hanna launched a clothing line under the brand name, We Are One Campaign to support the victims of war in the Middle East. Jaff has received awards including \"Honorary Representative of the Garmiyan Kurdistan for Latin America\". Other awards include: In August 2018, Netflix announced that Jaff would be one of the actors of the first reality television show \"Made in Mexico\", which began airing on September 28, 2018. Hanna Jaff Hanna Jazmin Jaff Bosdet"}]}, {"title": "Charles Brown (New Zealand politician, born 1820)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Charles Brown (New Zealand politician, born 1820) Charles Brown (1820 \u2013 2 September 1901) was a New Zealand politician from the Taranaki area. Brown was born in London, England, the son of Charles Armitage Brown (the close friend and biographer of the poet John Keats) and Abigail O'Donohue, an Irish house servant at Wentworth Place where Brown and Keats resided. Brown said later in life that his parents were married in a Catholic service in Ireland in August 1819, but this claim seems to be discounted by biographers as an attempt to cover up his illegitimacy, which was a social"}, {"context": "stigma in those times. At the age of two, he was taken by his father to Italy, where they lived for a number of years, initially in Pisa and later in Florence. Brown received all his early education in Italy from his father. In his writings his father refers to his son by the name \"Carlino\", and this appeared to be his commonly used name in England and Europe. In 1826 at age six, Carlino's portrait was painted by artist Joseph Severn, who had nursed John Keats in his final illness and was a close friend of his father. Around"}, {"context": "1836 in order to provide a better education for Brown, they returned to England and lived in Plymouth. Unlike his literary father, Brown had a more pragmatic nature and was attracted to civil engineering. In 1840, his father became a shareholder in the newly formed Plymouth Company, which aimed to colonise New Plymouth, New Zealand. Shortly afterwards, his father's finances were ruined when he was forced to repay a friend's loan having agreed to be guarantor. With what little fortune remained to him, his father decided that they should emigrate to New Plymouth, as a pioneer community would provide the"}, {"context": "best opportunities for Carlino as a civil engineer given their limited capital. Aged 17, Brown junior emigrated on the \"Amelia Thompson\", the first settler ship of the Plymouth Company, arriving in 1841. His father followed on the \"Oriental\", arriving three weeks later. Brown and his father lived on top of a hill near the mouth of Te Henui stream, in what is now the suburb of Welbourn. The short Brown Street in that area is named in the family's honour. Brown's father died of an apoplectic stroke on 5 June 1842, only eight months after his arrival in New Plymouth."}, {"context": "He was buried on Marsland Hill above the original St Mary's church. Charles Brown married twice; first, on 13 May 1851, Margaret Joy Horne with whom he had four daughters (and a son who died as a baby), and then Jessie Northcroft, with whom he had twin sons and a daughter. The children of the first marriage included: and from his second marriage: In 1839, Brown went to Midhurst in West Sussex to visit his uncle William. There he met Robert Chorley who agreed to employ and train him as a millwright and engineer. After serving a probationary term, Brown"}, {"context": "complained to his father that Chorley was no more than a simple millwright, and so after his apprenticeship he would have to look for employment elsewhere to obtain the promised qualification. By the end of the following year, the arrangement with Chorley was ended and Brown was engaged on designing a \"machine for cutting tobacco\". Brown brought saw-milling equipment with him to New Plymouth and established a successful timber business. He also founded and owned the newspaper \"Taranaki News\" from 1859. In 1855, Carlino Brown \u2013 now, in New Zealand, known as Charles \u2013 became a member of the militia"}, {"context": "with the rank of Captain. He served in the Maori Wars, in particular the First Taranaki War and the Second Taranaki War. In 1860, Brown commanded a force of 150 militia and volunteers in a major battle against three or four hundred Maori at Waireka Hill. He was promoted to the rank of Major on 7 November 1864. He was widely known as \"The Major\" in his community thereafter. In 1853, the Constitution Act divided the colony into six provinces, each with an elected Provincial Council and governed by a Superintendent. On 16 July 1853 at age 33, Charles Brown"}, {"context": "was elected first Superintendent of the Taranaki Provincial Government. He was defeated at the next election and retired from the position on 4 January 1857. On 24 May 1861, he was again elected as Superintendent, holding that office until 4 September 1865. He served two separate terms in the 2nd New Zealand Parliament as representative for the Grey and Bell electorate. He was elected at the general election on 8 November 1855, and resigned on 16 August 1856 to (unsuccessfully) contest the superintendency. He contested a 17 May 1858 by-election against Dillon Bell in the Grey and Bell electorate. Brown"}, {"context": "and Bell received 75 and 61 votes, respectively. Brown was thus declared elected. He resigned in 1860, when his militia service required his full attention. He later served in the 3rd New Zealand Parliament as representative for the Town of New Plymouth electorate from 1864 to 1865, and in the 4th New Zealand Parliament as representative for the Omata electorate from 1868 to 1870. He was Colonial Treasurer (forerunner to the modern Minister of Finance) in the first Fox Ministry under Premier William Fox. With three others, Brown contested the New Plymouth electorate in the , but he came last."}, {"context": "Later in life, Charles served the community of New Plymouth as a Maori interpreter, having learned the language and customs of the Maori people over his long life in New Plymouth. In the 1890s, Brown donated memorabilia of John Keats to the Keats House museum. Some he had inherited from his father, Keats' friend Charles Armitage Brown, while others were obtained from Keats' relatives and friends and their descendants with whom the Brown family remained in contact over the years. His descendants continued to donate Keats memorabilia over the years. In 1901, aged 81, he stepped back into the path"}, {"context": "of a train in New Plymouth while crossing the main street of the town and was killed. The death of such a local celebrity, which was witnessed by many citizens, led to the relocation of the railway line. Like his father, he was buried on Marsland Hill. His headstone names him as Charles Keats Brown. Charles Brown featured in the 2009 film \"Bright Star\", written and directed by Jane Campion which focuses on the final years of John Keats' life and his relationship with Fanny Brawne and Charles's father Charles Armitage Brown. In the film, Charles Armitage Brown (played by"}, {"context": "actor Paul Schneider) is presented as close to \"a villain, a cynical boor who knocks up his housemaid (Antonia Campbell-Hughes) and banishes Fanny so the boys can work on their plays and poems\". Abigail, the pregnant housemaid in the movie was presumably intended to represent Abigail O'Donohue, Charles Brown's mother. In one scene, Abigail shows off her baby to the Brawne family. Charles Brown (New Zealand politician, born 1820) Charles Brown (1820 \u2013 2 September 1901) was a New Zealand politician from the Taranaki area. Brown was born in London, England, the son of Charles Armitage Brown (the close friend"}]}, {"title": "Collegio Teutonico", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Collegio Teutonico The Collegio Teutonico (German College), historically often referred to by its Latin name Collegium Germanicum, is one of the Pontifical Colleges of Rome. It was established in 1399 and maintained at the Vatican for the education of future ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic Church of German nationality. The German College is now divided into two separate colleges. The Pontificio Collegio Teutonico di S. Maria dell\u2019 Anima was created in 1399 when Theodoric of Niem founded a hospice for German pilgrims. A confraternity in aid of the suffering souls in purgatory was soon after formed, and in 1499 the"}, {"context": "first stone of the beautiful church, \"Santa Maria dell'Anima\", was laid, near the \"Santa Maria della Pace\". In 1859 this pia opera was reorganized; a college of chaplains to officiate in the church was established; the chaplains were to remain only two or at the most three years, and at the same time were to continue their studies. They devote themselves chiefly to canon law with a view to employing their knowledge in the service of their respective dioceses; and they receive living and tuition gratis. Other priests also are admitted who come to Rome at their own expense for"}, {"context": "the purpose of study. At present there are 8 chaplains and about 10 other priests residing there. The college continues to assist poor Germans who come to Rome, either to visit the holy places or in search of occupation. The Collegio Teutonico del Campo Santo was established by Christian archeologist Anton de Waal in 1876 to receive priests belonging to the German Empire or German provinces of Austria, who remained there for two or, at the most, three years pursuing their studies and officiating in the Church of Santa Maria della Piet\u00e0 in Camposanto dei Teutonici near St. Peter's. The"}, {"context": "revenues of the Campo Santo and the chaplaincies that have been founded devote themselves to the study of Christian archeology or Church history. In 1888 the Roman institute of the G\u00f6rres Society (G\u00f6rresgesellschaft) was established in the Campo Santo Teutonico; together they publish a quarterly review, the \"R\u00f6mische Quartalschrift fur christliche Arch\u00e4ologie und Kirchengeschichte\". The site of the Campo Santo dei Tedeschi goes back to the days of Charlemagne and was then called the Schola Francorum. In the course of time the German residents in Rome were buried in the church of the Schola, then called S. Salvatore in Turri."}, {"context": "In 1454 a confraternity was established, and in addition the guilds of German bakers and cobblers had their quarters there. In 1876, owing to the altered conditions of modern times (see: Kulturkampf), the institute was put to its present purpose . The collegio is located in Italy and is one of the properties which form part of the territory of Holy See but which are located outside the confines of Vatican City boundaries. It is one of the properties of the Holy See which are regulated by the 1929 Lateran Treaty signed with the Kingdom of Italy. As such, it"}, {"context": "has extraterritorial status. Bishop Alois Hudal was rector of the \"Pontificio Istituto Teutonico Santa Maria dell'Anima\". After the end of the war in Italy, Hudal became active in ministering to German-speaking prisoners of war and internees then held in camps throughout Italy. In December 1944 the Vatican Secretariat of State received permission to appoint a representative to \"\"visit the German-speaking civil internees in Italy\"\", a job assigned to Hudal. Hudal used this position to aid the escape of wanted Nazi war criminals, activity about which he was later unashamedly open. Collegio Teutonico The Collegio Teutonico (German College), historically often referred"}]}, {"title": "Jim McCrery", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Jim McCrery James Otis McCrery III (born September 18, 1949) is an American lawyer, politician and lobbyist who served as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1988 to 2009. He represented the 4th District of Louisiana, based in the north-western quadrant of the state. McCrery was a ranking member on the House Ways and Means Committee. Had the Republicans maintained control of the U.S. House in 2007, he would have been in line to chair the Ways and Means Committee. Instead, the slot went to the veteran Democrat Charles Rangel of Harlem in New York"}, {"context": "City. He was also a member of the Executive Committee of the National Republican Congressional Committee and the Republican Main Street Partnership, a group of Moderate Republicans. McCrery did not seek reelection in 2008 and was replaced as Representative by John C. Fleming, a fellow Republican. McCrery was born in Shreveport and reared in Leesville, the seat of Vernon Parish in western Louisiana. He graduated in 1967 from Leesville High School. In 1971, McCrery earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in both English and history from Louisiana Tech University in Ruston in Lincoln Parish. Thereafter in 1975, he obtained a"}, {"context": "degree from the Louisiana State University Paul M. Hebert Law Center in Baton Rouge. McCrery joined the law firm of Jackson, Smith & Ford in Leesville, where he worked from 1975 to 1978. From January through August 1979, he was a staff member of U.S. Representative Buddy Leach, a Leesville native. McCrery resigned from Rep. Leach's staff in August 1979 to join the staff of the Shreveport City Attorney's office. After Leach was unseated in 1980 by Buddy Roemer of Bossier City, McCrery was hired as district manager and later legislative director for Representative Roemer. In 1984, McCrery returned to"}, {"context": "Louisiana to work for Georgia Pacific Corporation, a forest products company. He remained there until his election to Congress four years later. After Roemer resigned from Congress to become governor, McCrery ran for his former boss's seat as a Republican. McCrery emerged from the special election in a runoff with Democratic State Senator Foster L. Campbell Jr. of Elm Grove, near Bossier City. A third contender, Shreveport journalist and then public relations representative Stanley R. Tiner, a Democrat, was eliminated in the first round of voting. McCrery became only the sixth Republican to represent Louisiana in the House since the"}, {"context": "end of Reconstruction. He was the first Republican in the Fourth District seat since George Luke Smith was unseated in 1874. In his bid for a full term in 1988, McCrery handily defeated Adeline McDade Roemer (1923-2016), the wife of businessman and political operative Charles E. Roemer II, and the Democratic mother of McCrery's former benefactor, Buddy Roemer. In 1992, Louisiana lost a district as a result of sluggish population growth during the 1980s. Also, the state was ordered, temporarily, to draw a second black-majority district by the Justice Department. The legislature responded by shifting most of Shreveport and Bossier"}, {"context": "City's black voters into a new 4th District that stretched in roughly a \"Z\" shape all the way to Baton Rouge. Most of McCrery's former territory was merged with the 5th District, represented by 16-year incumbent Democrat Jerry Huckaby, who is now retired in Lincoln Parish. On paper, McCrery was in serious danger, since Huckaby retained nearly all of his former territory. However, the new Fifth was significantly more urbanized than its predecessor because of the presence of Shreveport. McCrery retained 55 percent of his former constituents. Also, since the new 4th had absorbed most of the old 5th's blacks"}, {"context": "as well, the new 5th District was only 16 percent African American; the old 5th was 30 percent black. McCrery was thus such a heavy favorite that national Democratic leaders wrote off the seat as a loss and urged Huckaby to retire. Huckaby chose to stay in the race and was heavily defeated, carrying only one parish in the district. McCrery thus became the first Louisiana Republican to unseat a Democratic incumbent at the federal level. McCrery was reelected seven more times with no substantive opposition and was completely unopposed in 1996, 1998, and 2004. His district was renumbered as"}, {"context": "the 4th again in 1997, after the United States Supreme Court ruled the 4th was an unconstitutional racial gerrymander. In the mid-term election of 2006, McCrery defeated Democratic challengers Patti Cox and Artis Cash and Republican Chester T. \"Catfish\" Kelley. From 2007\u20132009, McCrery was the ranking Republican on the House Ways and Means Committee. In 2007, in the early stages of the campaign for the Republican presidential nomination for 2008, McCrery announced his endorsement of candidate Mitt Romney, the former governor of Massachusetts for the party's nomination, a designation Romney won in 2012, not 2008. On December 7, 2007 McCrery"}, {"context": "announced his decision not to seek reelection in 2008. Closed primaries were held by both parties in the fall of 2008 to begin the process of choosing a successor to McCrery. In the Republican primary, physician John C. Fleming of Minden in Webster Parish, beat McCrery's preferred successor, Jeff R. Thompson, a Bossier City attorney. After Fleming won the Republican nomination, McCrery endorsed him in an appearance on \"The Moon Griffon Show\", a syndicated radio program based in Monroe. In the general election held on December 6, Fleming narrowly defeated the outgoing Caddo Parish District Attorney Paul J. Carmouche, a"}, {"context": "Democrat from Shreveport. Thompson would go on to be elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives in 2011. Congressman McCrery sat on the following House Ways and Means subcommittees: McCrery sponsored or cosponsored six public bills in the 109th Congress that have been signed into law by the president, all of which involved disaster mitigation and assistance in response to 2005 hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma. In January 2009, McCrery joined a top lobbying firm, Capitol Counsel in Washington, D.C. He is the lead Republican in the company. Among his clients is General Electric. On August 3, 1991, McCrery married"}, {"context": "the former Mary Johnette Hawkins (born December 1966), a Republican, a former television newswoman and communications specialist from Shreveport. The couple has two sons, Scott and Otis McCrery. The McCrerys subsequently divorced. McCrery is a United Methodist. In August 2014, Governor Bobby Jindal, who once worked as a summer intern on McCrery's congressional staff, appointed McCrery to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of John George, a Shreveport physician, to the influential Louisiana State University Board of Supervisors. During the China\u2013U.S trade talks of March 2007, McCrery and New York Democrat Charles Rangel committed a gaffe when they accidentally"}, {"context": "insulted Chinese Vice Premier Wu Yi by referring to her as the Vice Premier of the \"Republic of China\" in a letter. The Republic of China is a name for the self-ruling government on the island of Taiwan, which the PRC considers a rogue province. Jim McCrery James Otis McCrery III (born September 18, 1949) is an American lawyer, politician and lobbyist who served as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1988 to 2009. He represented the 4th District of Louisiana, based in the north-western quadrant of the state. McCrery was a ranking member on"}]}, {"title": "The Happy Highwayman", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Happy Highwayman The Happy Highwayman is a collection of short stories by Leslie Charteris, first published in 1939 by Hodder and Stoughton in the United Kingdom and The Crime Club in the United States. This was the 21st book to feature the adventures of Simon Templar, alias \"The Saint\". The 1963 Hodder and Stoughton paperback edition erroneously gives 1933 as the book's original publishing date. This was the last set of Saint short stories until the publication of \"Saint Errant\" nine years later. It is also the first Saint book since \"Thieves' Picnic\" in which Templar's girlfriend and partner,"}, {"context": "Patricia Holm, does not appear. Also absent is Hoppy Uniatz, Templar's sidekick. However, the story \"The Charitable Countess\" does include the return of Inspector Fernack, last seen in 1935's \"The Saint in New York\". In his introduction to the 1963 Fiction Publishing Corporation edition of 1930s \"Enter the Saint\", Charteris writes that he had no intention of updating his early stories as they were republished, preferring them to remain as period pieces. When Hodder & Stoughton republished \"The Happy Highwayman\" in 1963, however, some updates were done to parts of the texts. This is most noticeable in the story \"The"}, {"context": "Star Producers\". When originally published in 1939, several major stars of the day were referenced, specifically William Powell, John Barrymore and Greta Garbo. For the 1963 edition, these names were replaced with 1960s stars William Holden, Marlon Brando, and Brigitte Bardot, respectively. (However, a reference to Charles Laughton is left unaltered.) Another story, \"The Man Who Was Lucky\", makes reference to the Atomic Age in the 1963 edition, a term not in use when it was first published in 1939. \"The Happy Highwayman\" collection marked the end of an era in the Saint series. Beginning with the next book, \"The"}, {"context": "Saint in Miami\", Charteris relocated Templar to the United States where most of the 1940s adventures would take place; afterwards, Templar's adventures became more international in scope. \"The Happy Highwayman\", as a result, was the last Saint book for many years to be primarily set in Great Britain. In addition, beginning with \"The Saint in Miami\" Templar's adventures became primarily World War II-focused. Aside from a few subtle references, the character of Claud Eustace Teal disappears from the series after this book, not to return until an appearance in the 1956 short story collection \"The Saint Around the World\", though"}, {"context": "a few off-the-cuff references will be made to him in the interim. The next Saint book to be primarily set outside the US would be \"The Saint in Europe\", published in 1953. The book consisted of 9 stories (the order varies between editions): Some editions of this book omit the stories \"The Charitable Countess\" and \"The Mug's Game\". All but three of the stories from this collection formed the basis for episodes of the 1962-69 TV series, \"The Saint\". \"The Man Who Was Lucky\" and \"The Charitable Countess\" were both adapted during the show's first season, on 13 and 20"}, {"context": "December 1962 respectively. \"The Well-Meaning Mayor\" and \"The Benevolent Burglary\" aired during the second season on 5 and 26 December 1963 respectively. \"The Smart Detective\" was adapted during \"The Saint's\" abbreviated fourth season on 22 July 1965. \"The Man Who Liked Ants\" was adapted as \"The House on Dragon's Rock\", which aired on 24 November 1968 as an episode of the sixth season. The Happy Highwayman The Happy Highwayman is a collection of short stories by Leslie Charteris, first published in 1939 by Hodder and Stoughton in the United Kingdom and The Crime Club in the United States. This was"}]}, {"title": "Ladakh Ecological Development and Environmental Group", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ladakh Ecological Development and Environmental Group The Ladakh Ecological Development and Environmental Group (LEDeG) is an environmental NGO based in Karzu, Leh, Ladakh, Jammu Kashmir in northern India. Established independently in 1983, its goal is to promote ecological and sustainable development of Ladakh, focusing mainly on the promotion of renewable energy, particularly solar energy. The organization pays particular attention to environmental, economic and cultural issues affecting disadvantaged communities in Ladakh. The official website has stated exactly what the organization is geared towards: The International Society for Ecology and Culture (ISEC), now known as Local Futures, originally established LEDeG in Ladakh"}, {"context": "in 1978. By 1980, it had become a small group under the leadership of ISEC's founder and notable environmental activist in the Ladakh region, Helena Norberg-Hodge. Although LEDeG became independent in 1983, it is still closely connected to Local Futures/ISEC in achieving its goals of ecological development and sustainability in Ladakh. LEDeG has made some considerable progress in Ladakh towards renewable energy and improving efficiency to benefit the local people. In 2003-2007, they installed a solar photovoltaic power plant at Tangtse, with support from ICEF, MNRE and LAHDC. The power plant supplies electricity to over 350 households, for five hours"}, {"context": "in a day. In the years since its founding, LEDeG has become the most influential non-governmental organization in the Ladakh region. Ladakh Ecological Development and Environmental Group The Ladakh Ecological Development and Environmental Group (LEDeG) is an environmental NGO based in Karzu, Leh, Ladakh, Jammu Kashmir in northern India. Established independently in 1983, its goal is to promote ecological and sustainable development of Ladakh, focusing mainly on the promotion of renewable energy, particularly solar energy. The organization pays particular attention to environmental, economic and cultural issues affecting disadvantaged communities in Ladakh. The official website has stated exactly what the organization"}]}, {"title": "Three Nationwide Plaza", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Three Nationwide Plaza Three Nationwide Plaza is a 408 ft(124m) postmodern highrise building located at the address 3 Nationwide Plaza in Downtown Columbus, Ohio. The building is part of the larger multi-building complex known as Nationwide Plaza. Nationwide Plaza is the headquarters of Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company. Three Nationwide Plaza is the 10th tallest building in Columbus. Construction on the building finished in December 1988. The architect responsible was the NBBJ Group and the building design follows a postmodern style. The building was constructed for approximately $89 million and the main materials used were glass, steel, and precast concrete panels."}, {"context": "The buildings that make up Nationwide Plaza are: Three Nationwide Plaza Three Nationwide Plaza is a 408 ft(124m) postmodern highrise building located at the address 3 Nationwide Plaza in Downtown Columbus, Ohio. The building is part of the larger multi-building complex known as Nationwide Plaza. Nationwide Plaza is the headquarters of Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company. Three Nationwide Plaza is the 10th tallest building in Columbus. Construction on the building finished in December 1988. The architect responsible was the NBBJ Group and the building design follows a postmodern style. The building was constructed for approximately $89 million and the main materials"}]}, {"title": "Sardar Nasrullah Khan Dreshak", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sardar Nasrullah Khan Dreshak Sardar Nasrullah Khan Dreshak is a Pakistani politician who has been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan since August 2018. Previously he was a member of the National Assembly from 1997 to 1999 and again from 2002 to 2007 and a Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, between 1977 and May 2018. He was born on 28 June 1942 in Rajanpur District. He graduated from Government College, Lahore in 1962. He has a degree of Bachelor of Laws where he obtained in 1964 from Punjab University Law College and a degree of"}, {"context": "Master of Arts where he received in 1966 from University of the Punjab. He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from Constituency PP-140 (D.G. Khan-VI) in Pakistani general election, 1970 and became Provincial Minister of Punjab for Irrigation and Power. He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from Constituency PP-185 (D.G. Khan-II) in Pakistani general election, 1977. He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from Constituency PP-189 (Rajanpur) in Pakistani general election, 1985. He ran for the seat of the National Assembly of Pakistan from Constituency NA-134 (Rajanpur) as a candidate"}, {"context": "of Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) in Pakistani general election, 1988 but was unsuccessful. He received 52,542 votes and lost the seat to Ashiq Muhammad Khan Mazari, a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP).<ref name=\"ecp/88-97\"></ref> In the same election, he was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from Constituency PP-205 (Rajanpur-II) as a candidate of Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI). He secured 32,485 votes and defeated Muhammad Amanullah Khan, a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP).<ref name=\"ecp/pa-88-97\"></ref> He was inducted into the Punjab provincial cabinet of Chief Minister Nawaz Sharif and was made Provincial Minister of Punjab for Irrigation, Law"}, {"context": "and Parliamentary Affairs. He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from Constituency PP-205 (Rajanpur-II) as a candidate of IJI in Pakistani general election, 1990. He secured 40,174 votes and defeated Hafeez-ur-Rehman Khan, a candidate of the Pakistan Democratic Alliance (PDA). Following the election, he was inducted into the Punjab provincial cabinet of Chief Minister Ghulam Haider Wyne and was made Provincial Minister of Punjab for Planning and Development, with the additional portfolio of Law and Parliamentary Affairs. He ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from Constituency PP-205 (Rajanpur-II) as an independent candidate"}, {"context": "in Pakistani general election, 1993 but was unsuccessful. He received 30,340 votes and lost the seat to an independent candidate, Muhammad Amanullah Khan. In the same election, he ran for the seat of the National Assembly from Constituency NA-134 (Rajanpur) as an independent candidate, but was unsuccessful. He received 61,210 votes and lost the seat to Balakh Sher Mazari. He was elected to the National Assembly from Constituency NA-134 (Rajanpur) as an independent candidate in Pakistani general election, 1997. He secured 73,112 votes and defeated Balakh Sher Mazari. He was re-elected to the National Assembly from Constituency NA-175 (Rajanpur-II) as"}, {"context": "an independent candidate in Pakistani general election, 2002. He secured 69,030 votes and defeated an independent candidate, Sardar Khalid Bashir Mazari. He ran for the seat of the National Assembly from Constituency NA-174 (Rajanpur-I) as an independent candidate and from Constituency NA-175 (Rajanpur-II) as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) in Pakistani general election, 2008 but was unsuccessful and lost the seats to Sardar Muhammad Jaffar Khan Leghari and Dost Muhammad Mazari, respectively. In the same election, he ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from Constituency PP-249 (Rajanpur-III) as a candidate of PML-Q"}, {"context": "but was unsuccessful. He received 24,373 votes and lost the seat to Muhammad Amanullah Khan, a candidate of PPP. He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as an independent candidate from Constituency PP-249 (Rajanpur-III) in Pakistani general election, 2013. He received 40,136 votes and defeated Sardar Muhammad Tariq Drishak, a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N). In the same election, he ran for the seat of the National Assembly from Constituency NA-174 (Rajanpur-I) as an independent candidate but was unsuccessful. He received 61,863 votes and lost the seat to Sardar Muhammad Jaffar Khan Leghari. In the"}, {"context": "same election, he also ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from Constituency PP-247 (Rajanpur-I) as an independent candidate but was unsuccessful. He received 108 votes and lost the seat to Shahbaz Sharif. He was re-elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) from Constituency NA-194 (Rajanpur-II) in Pakistani general election, 2018. In September 2018, a deputy commissioner from Rajanpur accused Dreshak and his two sons of illegally interfering in transfers and postings of members of Revenue Department and officials of the Border Military Police. Sardar Nasrullah Khan Dreshak Sardar Nasrullah Khan"}]}, {"title": "The Crossing Dead", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Crossing Dead The Crossing Dead is an action video game created by Wizard Games Incorporated. The goal of the game is to travel as far as possible, while facing many obstacles. Some customers have described it as a cross between the games \"Crossy Road\" and \"the Walking Dead\". The player is able to move forwards, left, right, and backwards. A player's score is identical to how far they went before they died. For example, if a player goes forwards 56 blocks, backwards 3, and then forwards 102, that player would have a score of 155. The player faces many"}, {"context": "obstacles while traveling. One of the most common of these is zombies. Zombies do not purposely move towards the player, but there are so many of them in the world that they can be very difficult to avoid. If a player and a zombie are on the same square, the player will turn into a zombie and the game will be over. Two other major obstacles include streets and moving logs. The streets contain cars that run the player over, so the player must avoid these. The moving logs move over a giant void, which if the player falls in,"}, {"context": "the game will be over. Other obstacles include lightning-like bolts and fire balls. Note that all of these obstacles will additionally kill zombies as well, except for other zombies. To aid the player are several items scattered throughout the world, which players can use to defend themselves. These items include guns, saws, and many more. Players can pick these up, and use them for different purposes, depending on what item they picked up. Some will make players immune to fire, some make them immune to zombies, and others allow them to kill zombies. No item will last for an infinite"}, {"context": "amount of time; most run out or break within 20 seconds. The player can also collect coins that are scattered throughout the world. These can be used to buy new characters. Coins are saved from the previous round of the game, meaning that the player can save up coins by playing many times until they have enough to buy something desired. The Crossing Dead The Crossing Dead is an action video game created by Wizard Games Incorporated. The goal of the game is to travel as far as possible, while facing many obstacles. Some customers have described it as a"}]}, {"title": "Operation Velvetta", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Operation Velvetta Operation Velvetta (; also known as Operation Alabama) was a 1948 Israeli Air Force operation to ferry Supermarine Spitfires purchased in Czechoslovakia to Israel. The fighter planes were purchased from Czechoslovakia at $23,000 per plane. Arrangements were also made with the Yugoslavian leader Josip Broz Tito to use the city of Nik\u0161i\u0107 (an abandoned Luftwaffe airbase) as a waystation for 60 purchased Spitfires (codenamed \"Yoram\"). The commander of the Israelis at Nik\u0161i\u0107 airfield was Gideon (Geda) Shochat, son of Manya Shochat and former RAF officer. The first of the two legs of the journey was from Kunovice, Czechoslovakia"}, {"context": "to Nik\u0161i\u0107 (codenamed \"Alabama\"). The second leg was more difficult, crossing 2,250 km of open water from Nik\u0161i\u0107 to Israel. This operation was of high secrecy, as it was opposed by both Britain and the USSR. To preserve secrecy, the Israelis were not allowed to talk with Yugoslavian soldiers or citizens. They were given permission to use the base at Nik\u0161i\u0107 and repaint their aircraft markings with Yugoslav roundels for the flight to Israel so that the shipment would not arouse any suspicions. After landing in Israel, the roundels were removed to uncover hidden Israeli roundels. The first leg of"}, {"context": "the journey took place on September 24. This section, which took an hour and a half, went well for the most part. Blau's landing gear failed to deploy, and although he was fine, the aircraft was severely damaged. The second part of the mission was much more difficult. This was a non-stop, five-hour-long flight over 2,500 miles of open water - quite a feat for the Spitfire. Sam Pomerance, the mechanic-in-chief in Czechoslovakia, suggested that to make the planes as light and efficient as possible, they should be fitted with extra fuel tanks and that nonessentials, such as radios and"}, {"context": "guns, should be removed. Walkie-talkies were used to talk during the flight. If forced to land in Albania or Greece on the way to Israel, the pilots decided to say that they were flying to Israel. The mission was successful and helped support the Israelis during the War of Independence. On September 27, 5 planes left for Israel. Alon and Senior ran out of fuel and had to make an emergency landing in Rhodes. They were arrested and interrogated, but did not reveal the flight path. On October 3, Israel sent an envoy to Greece and they were returned. The"}, {"context": "rest of the Spitfires successfully landed in Ramat David. Pomerance returned to Czechoslovakia and made 15 more flights to Israel, dividing the pilots into two formations. The planes left on December 15 and yet again on the December 18, but both times were forced to return due to rain and other poor weather conditions. Bill and Sam Pomerance were lost in flight, and it was later found out that Bill made an emergency landing 160 miles north of the Yoram airfield and Sam was killed when his plane crashed into the mountains. On December 19, 12 more Spitfires were flown"}, {"context": "to Israel. One plane was disabled due to technical issues. On December 22, the first formation of 5 planes flew to Israel; one plane turned back due to an engine failure. On December 26, the second 6-plane formation successfully arrived in Israel. A Skymaster was sent to Czechoslovakia to retrieve the guns and other parts that had been stripped from the aircraft. The following is a list of people known to have participated in the operation: Operation Velvetta Operation Velvetta (; also known as Operation Alabama) was a 1948 Israeli Air Force operation to ferry Supermarine Spitfires purchased in Czechoslovakia"}]}, {"title": "Free standard", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Free standard A free standard or libre standard is a standard whose specification is publicly available. The concept of Free/Libre standards emerged in the software industry as a reaction against closed \"de facto\" \"standards\" which served to reinforce monopolies. Users of a free standard have the same four freedoms associated with free software, and the freedom to participate in its development process. The standardisation process typically requires a complete free software reference implementation, which demonstrates that it is implementable and renders it usable. A libre standard is not patent-encumbered. The Free Standards Group, for example, developed standards and released them"}, {"context": "under the GNU Free Documentation License with no cover texts or invariant sections. Reference implementations and test suites, etc. were released as Free software. Similar processes are now followed by the various \"open\" standards bodies, the word \"open\" having been popularised by the \"open source\" movement in order to engage powerful industry players Free standard A free standard or libre standard is a standard whose specification is publicly available. The concept of Free/Libre standards emerged in the software industry as a reaction against closed \"de facto\" \"standards\" which served to reinforce monopolies. Users of a free standard have the same"}]}, {"title": "Sonnet 111", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sonnet 111 Sonnet 111 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. It is a member of the Fair Youth sequence, in which the poet expresses his love towards a young man. The youth chides the goddess of fortune for providing for the poet nothing better than the public's / common people's applause. For this success the poet has to make his living in the public sphere, what is a shame. In doing so he is degraded, and almost finds himself sullied like a professional dyer stained with his dyes. He asks the youth"}, {"context": "to hope the poet will be regenerated after taking cleansing medicine against his infection. No medicine will be too bitter, but the youth's pity will be the most effective cure. Sonnet 111 is an English or Shakespearean sonnet. The English sonnet has three quatrains, followed by a final rhyming couplet. It follows the typical rhyme scheme of the form \"ABAB CDCD EFEF GG\" and is composed in iambic pentameter, a type of poetic metre based on five pairs of metrically weak/strong syllabic positions. The 4th line exemplifies a regular iambic pentameter: Line 10 has two common metrical variations, an initial"}, {"context": "reversal and a final extrametrical syllable or \"feminine ending\": Lines 12, 13, and 14 also have feminine endings. Lines 8, 13, and 14 also have initial reversals, and they potentially occur in lines 1, 3, and 9. The meter demands that line 14's \"even\" function as one syllable. Sonnet 111 Sonnet 111 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. It is a member of the Fair Youth sequence, in which the poet expresses his love towards a young man. The youth chides the goddess of fortune for providing for the poet nothing better"}]}, {"title": "National Citizens Alliance", "paragraphs": [{"context": "National Citizens Alliance The National Citizens Alliance (, formerly the National Advancement Party of Canada) is an unregistered minor federal political party in Canada. The party was formed in 2014 and registered with Elections Canada in 2015 under the name Democratic Advancement Party of Canada. It later became the National Advancement Party. The National Advancement Party voluntarily deregistered with Elections Canada on December 31, 2017, and created a new party called the National Citizens Alliance, which applied for registration with Elections Canada in May 2018. The party is headquartered in Calgary, Alberta and led by writer Stephen Garvey. In August"}, {"context": "2015, the National Advancement Party of Canada was registered under the party name, Democratic Advancement Party of Canada (DAPC). The DAPC ran four candidates in the 2015 federal election. In January 2017, the party name was changed to National Advancement Party of Canada (NAPC). On December 13, 2017 the National Advancement Party voluntarily deregistered itself from Elections Canada effective December 31, 2017. The NAPC, under the DAPC name, fielded four candidates. Garvey was a candidate in Calgary Skyview, Fahed Khalid was a candidate in Bow River, Max Veress was a candidate in Calgary Forest Lawn, and Faizan Butt was a"}, {"context": "candidate in Calgary Nose Hill. No candidate was elected. The NAPC fielded two candidates in by-elections for the Calgary ridings in April 2017: Garvey was the candidate in Calgary Heritage (79 votes, 0.3% of the total), and Kulbir Singh Chawla was the candidate in Calgary Midnapore (81 votes, 0.3% of the total). As of 2018, the NCA advocates these policies: The party wants to limit the immigration rate, which they believe to be too high for proper screening and vetting, as well as restricting or halting immigration from nations with strong terrorist activities, or do not share what they describe"}, {"context": "as Canadaian values. They also advocate deportation of all illegal immigrants who entered Canada through the United States as part of a Safe Third Country Agreement loophole. The NCA supports abortion rights, but banning them after 3 months of pregnancy. The party states it supports LGBT rights but also states it will prohibit \"schools and any other relevant organizations/institutions from exposing children to indoctrination [on] sexual identity\". The party supports gun rights, and describes the current gun regulations as excessive and ineffective. They want to increase penalties for animal cruelty, and a full ban on bestiality, which is currently only"}, {"context": "partly banned in Canada. National Citizens Alliance supports Quebec preserving their culture, but opposes full independence, instead advocating for greater cooperation between the federal government and Quebec. Stephen Garvey is a former associate of the anti-immigrant group Worldwide Coalition Against Islam (WCAI), until publicly cutting ties with the group in June 2017. He has led or acted as spokesperson for multiple protests against M-103 as NAPC leader. Garvey was the lead organizer of a March 2017 protest in Calgary against Motion 103 (M-103), a non-binding resolution in the federal House of Commons which condemned Islamophobia and all other forms of"}, {"context": "systemic racism and religious discrimination. In May 2017, Garvey was the spokesperson for a protest in Red Deer which alleged that Syrian students at Lindsay Thurber Comprehensive High School were given more lenient punishments for participating in a fight than other students. The allegations were false, as school officials and local RCMP confirmed all eight students involved were suspended for one week. In June 2017, the NAPC held an impromptu press conference in protest against the City of Calgary for revoking the special event permit for the party's \"Say No to Hate and Racism Festival\", which the City viewed as"}, {"context": "\"anti-Muslim and Islamophobic\" and other observers characterized as \"anti-Islam\". Garvey, former candidate Kulbir Singh Chawla and several other National Advancement supporters were interrupted later that month at another press conference by marchers from the anti-fascist group Calgary Antifa. National Citizens Alliance The National Citizens Alliance (, formerly the National Advancement Party of Canada) is an unregistered minor federal political party in Canada. The party was formed in 2014 and registered with Elections Canada in 2015 under the name Democratic Advancement Party of Canada. It later became the National Advancement Party. The National Advancement Party voluntarily deregistered with Elections Canada on"}]}, {"title": "Crobot", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Crobot Crobot is an American Rock band from Pottsville, Pennsylvania composed of Brandon Yeagley and Chris Bishop. They were signed to Wind-up Records in 2013. In the Summer of 2011, Brandon Yeagley and Chris Bishop created Crobot, joined later by brothers Paul and Jake Figueroa, who previously performed similar styles of music in another band. In 2012 the band\u2019s original lineup self-released their debut EP, \"The Legend of the Spaceborne Killer\", along with a music video for the eponymous first single. Later that year, the rhythm section of the band was revamped with the addition of the Figueroa brothers on"}, {"context": "bass and drums. The Figueroa brothers departed from the band early 2017 and were replaced by Dan Ryan on drums and James Alexander Lascu on bass in June 2017. In 2013, Crobot was discovered by Wind-up Records, and was officially signed in December. On May 13, 2014, they released their self-titled EP, produced by Machine (Clutch, Lamb of God, Cobra Starship, Gym Class Heroes). The EP featured four tracks from their upcoming full-length album and received positive reviews. Their first single and video for \u201cNowhere to Hide\u201d debuted on Revolver on May 14, 2014 and hit number 16 on the"}, {"context": "Billboard Mainstream Rock chart. In May, Crobot was added to the 2014 lineup for Taco Bell\u2019s Feed the Beat campaign. In 2014, the band toured with Chevelle, Clutch, The Sword, Truckfighters, KYNG, Kill Devil Hill, in addition to playing festivals such as SXSW, Rock on the Range, and Summerfest. They embarked on their first UK tour in September 2014, with The Virginmarys. Crobot performed at the \"ShipRocked\" music festival at sea from February 2\u20136 with Limp Bizkit, Black Label Society, Buckcherry, and fellow Wind-Up Records band Filter. The band then headed to Europe for a stint with Black Label Society"}, {"context": "and Anthrax before returning to the U.S. in April for a tour starting in Denver. At the end of September 2015 Crobot performed again at sea as part of the Motorhead's Motorboat line-up . They also supported Motorhead and Anthrax on a few warm-up dates prior to the Motorboat in September 2015. On June 8, 2016 Crobot released their new single \"Not for Sale\" taken from their second studio album \"Welcome to Fat City\", released September 23. Crobot describes their music as \u201cDirty. Groove. Rock.\u201d, and has been compared to hard rock bands like Wolfmother, Queens of the Stone Age,"}, {"context": "Rage Against the Machine and Soundgarden. Frontman Brandon Yeagley has been praised for his power packed vocals and dynamic stage presence, guiding the band\u2019s \u201cundeniably magnetizing live shows.\u201d Crobot Crobot is an American Rock band from Pottsville, Pennsylvania composed of Brandon Yeagley and Chris Bishop. They were signed to Wind-up Records in 2013. In the Summer of 2011, Brandon Yeagley and Chris Bishop created Crobot, joined later by brothers Paul and Jake Figueroa, who previously performed similar styles of music in another band. In 2012 the band\u2019s original lineup self-released their debut EP, \"The Legend of the Spaceborne Killer\", along"}]}, {"title": "Legends (PBM)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Legends (PBM) Legends is an award-winning computer moderated play-by-mail fantasy strategy game. \"Legends\" was created in 1986 by Jim Landes from his previous game, \"Epic\". The original system had three paper manuals and operated by print-based turn-sheets via snail mail. In 1995, two years after Midnight Games had been acquired by a new owner, the game system underwent a major update with many major rule changes and new elements some of which were based on the suggestions of players. This new version was called \"Legends II\" and could be played via email, initially via a DOS utility called the Legends"}, {"context": "Turn Editor, and currently via the deluxe Legends Position Editor. \"Legends\" is currently owned by Sam Roads of Harlequin Games, who took over in 2002, and it is distributed in German by SSV Graz. Although many modules were produced for the system, the 2009 release of \"The One Ring\" marked a high point. An officially licensed version of \"Legends\" based on Tolkien's \"The Lord of the Rings\", it went on to win Best PBM at the 37th Game Manufacturers Association Origins Awards. The modules, or game worlds, which have been designed to run under the Legends game system include: Up"}, {"context": "to 200 players can participate in a single game, which can last between 18 months and 5 years. Legends (PBM) Legends is an award-winning computer moderated play-by-mail fantasy strategy game. \"Legends\" was created in 1986 by Jim Landes from his previous game, \"Epic\". The original system had three paper manuals and operated by print-based turn-sheets via snail mail. In 1995, two years after Midnight Games had been acquired by a new owner, the game system underwent a major update with many major rule changes and new elements some of which were based on the suggestions of players. This new version"}]}, {"title": "Hangu, Pakistan", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hangu, Pakistan Hangu () is a town in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is the principal city of the Hangu District. The central village of Hangu city named Saidan Banda is situated South-East far from the City of about two kilometers. Hangu valley is mainly inhabited by the Bangash Various public & private school & colleges exist in Hangu district. A campus of the Agriculture University was to be built in Hangu City but the project is still pending, as the funds were allegedly transferred to Charsadda by the ANP provincial government. Recently the government degree college hangu"}, {"context": "start BS Hons 4-year program under Kohat University of Science and Technology. There are two government high schools for boys and two for girls in Hangu. 1st government high school was built in 1935 in British era. Two Government Degree colleges for boys and girls and a number of Private institutes are serving well to promoting the education in the area. One government high school in Hangu is the Government High School Ibrahim Zai. And there is High school named Tameer e Millat High school Hangu for boys and girls located in Madras a road sangerh Hangu The name Hangu"}, {"context": "may have originated from Chinese travelers. Hangu is also the name of a place in China, and since many Chinese travelers have passed through the area for centuries, it's possible that travelers, like Hiuen Tsang, saw some similarities with their own region and thus named it Hangu. the Handu Hanjo a member of minority family derived the for it city. On 22 August 2008, sixteen militants (including two Chechens) were killed by Pakistani security forces in a skirmish at Hangu when security forces opened fire on their explosive-laden vehicle at a security checkpoint. One of the militants was arrested. One"}, {"context": "policeman and a member of the security forces were injured in the explosion. It was later discovered that the militants came from Darra Adamkhel, a town between Peshawar and Kohat with a thriving arms industry. On 10 December 2010 a suicide bomber killed eleven people (including two policemen, a woman and a child) and injured another twenty-two. The attack occurred near Al-Zahra hospital which was under construction. On 27 May 2011, 28 people were killed and another 55 injured when a suicide bomber exploded his vehicle at a checkpoint in the Hangu bazaar. Among the victims were four policemen. The"}, {"context": "explosion inflicted heavy damage to the offices of the Hangu police chief and special branch, the city police station, seventeen shops, three restaurants and a branch of the National Bank. The press was contacted by a Taliban spokesman claiming responsibility for the attack. On Thursday, 23 August 2012 militants opened fire on a police van, killing three officers and injuring another two. It was suspected that the Taliban was behind the attack. On Sunday, 26 January 2014, six children were killed in a toy-bomb explosion. Hangu, Pakistan Hangu () is a town in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It"}]}, {"title": "Paul Carige", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Paul Carige Paul Carige (born 5 August 1973) is an Australian former rugby league footballer of the 1990s. He played for the Illawarra Steelers, Parramatta Eels, and the Salford City Reds. He mostly played at centre, but occasionally he played the odd game at fullback or wing. Carige mage his first grade d\u00e9but for the Illawarra Steelers in round 2 of the 1996 season in his sides' 18\u201310 loss against the Auckland Warriors at Ericsson Stadium. He played 16 games and scored a try in his d\u00e9but season. In 1997, Carige joined the Parramatta Eels. The 1997 season also saw"}, {"context": "the recruitment of a new coach, former Illawarra Steelers and St. George Dragons coach Brian Smith. Smith's appointment saw a reversal in the club's fortunes. They went from being easybeats (not having made a finals appearance since their premiership win in 1986) to title contenders. The Eels lost both of their finals matches that year to the Newcastle Knights and the North Sydney Bears in week 1 and week 2 respectively. In 1998, the Eels went within one game of making their first Grand Final appearance since 1986. Carige is probably best remembered for his poor performance in the Eels"}, {"context": "32\u201320 extra-time loss to the Bulldogs in the 1998 preliminary final at the Sydney Football Stadium. With just 11 minutes left, the Eels had a commanding 18\u20132 lead, and looked like inevitable victors, but three quick tries to Craig Polla-Mounter, Rod Silva and Willie Talau saw the Bulldogs draw level at 18-all. With only seconds remaining in regular time, Carige kicked the ball on the first tackle straight to the Bulldogs' five-eighth Craig Polla-Mounter. Polla-Mounter almost stole the match in regular time when his attempt at field goal narrowly missed. In extra-time, Carige caught a ball from a kick return,"}, {"context": "deep in his own territory, and ran over the sideline further hampering his sides' chances. The Bulldogs went on to win the match 32\u201320, and would subsequently qualify for the 1998 NRL Grand Final against the Brisbane Broncos the following week. Despite being contracted with the Eels until the end of the 1999 season, Carige's stint with the Eels ended after this match. In his two seasons with the Eels, he played 45 games and scored 13 tries. After the preliminary final loss, Carige was forced to flee out of Sydney to Coffs Harbour after receiving abuse from people wherever"}, {"context": "he went and received further abuse from disgruntled fans over the internet. In 1999, Carige joined an English Super League side, the Salford City Reds. After playing 27 games and scoring 7 tries for the Reds, Carige left Salford at the end of the 1999 Super League season. Carige then returned to Queensland where he went on to play for The Wynnum-Manly Seagulls in The Queensland Cup and then captain/coached The Fassifern Bombers in The Ipswich local competition in 2005. In November 2018, Carige unexpectedly made a comeback after several years in hiding, taking to the field for Parramatta in"}, {"context": "the Legends of League tournament. Paul Carige Paul Carige (born 5 August 1973) is an Australian former rugby league footballer of the 1990s. He played for the Illawarra Steelers, Parramatta Eels, and the Salford City Reds. He mostly played at centre, but occasionally he played the odd game at fullback or wing. Carige mage his first grade d\u00e9but for the Illawarra Steelers in round 2 of the 1996 season in his sides' 18\u201310 loss against the Auckland Warriors at Ericsson Stadium. He played 16 games and scored a try in his d\u00e9but season. In 1997, Carige joined the Parramatta Eels."}]}, {"title": "Joseph Warner (surgeon)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Joseph Warner (surgeon) He was the eldest son of Ashton Warner (1691\u20131752) of Antigua. He was sent to England young, and was educated for six or seven years at Westminster School. Warner was apprenticed for seven years to Samuel Sharp, surgeon to Guy's Hospital, on 3 December 1734. He passed his examination for the great diploma of the Barber-Surgeons' Company on 1 December 1741; and on 2 March 1742 he paid the fee of \u00a310 and took the livery of the company. At this period Warner was acting with Sharp as joint lecturer on anatomy at Guy's Hospital. He volunteered"}, {"context": "to accompany the Duke of Cumberland in suppressing the 1745 Jacobite rebellion; and he was elected surgeon to Guy's Hospital, in succession to Pierce, on 22 February 1746, a post he resigned on 30 June 1780. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 6 December 1750, and on 5 April 1764 he was chosen a member of the court of assistants of the Corporation of Surgeons. He became a member of its court of examiners on 6 August 1771, and he served as its master in 1780 and in 1784. When the Royal College of Surgeons was"}, {"context": "created in 1800 Warner became its first member. He was one of very few surgeons who had belonged to each of the three English corporate bodies of surgeons: Barber-Surgeons' Company, Corporation of Surgeons and Royal College. Warner died at his house in Hatton Street, London on 24 July 1801. With William Bromfeild, Sir C\u00e6sar Hawkins and Sharp he made up the group dominating civil surgical practice in London, and with whom John Hunter had to compete. A dispute with Hunter led Warner to write an account of teaching at Guy's. Warner's writings on surgery were of their time. His major"}, {"context": "work was \"Cases on Surgery \u2026 to which is added an Account of the Preparation and Effects of the Agaric of the Oak in Stopping of Bleedings after some of the most capital Operations\", London, 1754; 2nd edit. 1754, 3rd edit. 1760, 4th edit. 1784; translated into French, Paris, 1757. It was a concise, wide-ranging survey. He wrote also: Warner married Elizabeth Saunders. William Warner of Dominica (died 1793) was their son; and Joseph Warner of St Vincent (1756\u20131833) has been identified tentatively as their second son. Warner had brothers including William Warner of Antigua (died 1771), the merchant Edward"}, {"context": "Warner of Austin Friars (died 1772), Daniel Warner and Samuel Henry Warner. Joseph Warner (surgeon) He was the eldest son of Ashton Warner (1691\u20131752) of Antigua. He was sent to England young, and was educated for six or seven years at Westminster School. Warner was apprenticed for seven years to Samuel Sharp, surgeon to Guy's Hospital, on 3 December 1734. He passed his examination for the great diploma of the Barber-Surgeons' Company on 1 December 1741; and on 2 March 1742 he paid the fee of \u00a310 and took the livery of the company. At this period Warner was acting"}]}, {"title": "Marcius Agrippa", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Marcius Agrippa Marcius Agrippa (fl. late 2nd/early 3rd century) was originally a slave serving as a beautician. He later became a freedman in some unknown way and then (illegally) started to encroach upon the rank of Equestrian, serving as \"advocatus fisci\" (an important official of the imperial treasury) during the reign of Septimius Severus. His impersonation of a man of higher rank was discovered shortly afterwards, and the emperor exiled him to an island. He was called back to Rome by the emperor Caracalla, probably given a grant of \"ingenuitas\", (i.e., an official declaration that he had the rights and"}, {"context": "legal status of one who had been born free) and he was elevated to senatorial rank. He was appointed by the emperor Macrinus in 217, first to the government of Pannonia and afterwards to that of Dacia. Agrippa is almost certainly the same person as the Marcius Agrippa, Roman admiral (likely of the Misenum fleet), who is mentioned by the Augustan histories \"as privy to the death of Antoninus Caracallus.\" Marcius Agrippa Marcius Agrippa (fl. late 2nd/early 3rd century) was originally a slave serving as a beautician. He later became a freedman in some unknown way and then (illegally) started"}]}, {"title": "Tama\u0301s Sa\u0301ringer-Kenyeres", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tam\u00e1s S\u00e1ringer-Kenyeres Tam\u00e1s S\u00e1ringer-Kenyeres (born 1961) is a Hungarian agronomist and politician, member of the National Assembly (MP) from Fidesz\u2013KDNP Zala County Regional List between 2010 and 2014. He was born in Keszthely as the third child of Gyula S\u00e1ringer, professor of the Institute for Plant Protection and Department of Entomology in the Georgikon Faculty of the University of Pannonia, and M\u00e1ria Kenyeres, plant protection product engineer. S\u00e1ringer-Kenyeres graduated as agronomist in 1986 and as agro-chemical engineer in 1990 from the University of Pannonia. He worked for the H\u0151gy\u00e9sz State Farm for six years since 1986 and Nagybajom Agricultural Co"}, {"context": "between 1988 and 1992. He was a regional representative of DuPont de Nemours Ltd. in Southern Transdanubia for eight years. He founded his own businesses in 1999. S\u00e1ringer-Kenyeres began his political career in 2002, when he became mayoral candidate of Fidesz in Keszthely during the 2002 local elections. He joined the party after the elections and became a member of the Cultural Board. He joined Keszthely branch of the Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP) in 2005 and elected its chairman in 2006. He was elected a member of the General Assembly of Zala County in the 2006 local elections. Tam\u00e1s"}]}, {"title": "Death of Ahmad Sarbani Mohamed", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Death of Ahmad Sarbani Mohamed Ahmad Sarbani Mohamed was a Malaysian customs officer from Port Klang. On 6 April 2011, he was found dead in an open air badminton court on the first floor of the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) building in Kuala Lumpur. His death coincided with the MACC's investigation into allegations of corruption in the Royal Malaysian Customs. The MACC insists that Ahmad Sarbani was not murdered, nor did he commit suicide, but rather fell to his death trying to escape from the building. In September 2011, the coroner's court ruled the death an accident. Ahmad Sarbani's death"}, {"context": "came nearly two years after the death of Teoh Beng Hock in the custody of the MACC. A royal commission of inquiry ruled Teoh's death as suicide resulting from abusive behaviour by MACC officers, a verdict which was rejected by the victim's family. Ahmad Sarbani bin Mohamed was the Selangor Customs assistant director. He was attached to the Port Klang Customs office. At the time of his death, Ahmad Sarbani was 56 years old. He is survived by his parents, his wife, and five children. On 29 March 2011, the MACC announced that it had uncovered a syndicate involved in"}, {"context": "tax evasion, money laundering and illegal money outflows worth RM108 billion. That figure was later revised to RM2.2 billion. A special task force comprising the MACC, the Inland Revenue Board, the Customs Department and Bank Negara Malaysia raided over 100 premises, including 25 Royal Malaysian Customs offices, in what was known as \"Operation 3B.\" Ahmad Sarbani was among 62 customs officers who were detained relation to the investigation. He was first detained on 1 April 2011. He was then picked up again by the MACC for questioning on 4 April. During this round of questioning, he confessed to accepting between"}, {"context": "RM50 and RM100 a month from Schenker Logistics officer Wan Zainal Abidin Wan Zaki and between RM30 and RM200 a month from a Top Mark Freight & Shipping officer called Ah Seng. After giving his statement, Sarbani was released on bail. He returned to the MACC building on Jalan Cochrane, Kuala Lumpur at 8:26am on 6 April, apparently to change a statement he had previously given. The MACC maintains he had gone on his own accord without prior appointment. According to MACC accounts, Ahmad Sarbani was brought into a room on the third floor by an officer and disappeared a"}, {"context": "few minutes after 10:15am. He was then found dead in the open air badminton court on the first floor at 10:20am. Police classified the case as sudden death. In a press conference after the news emerged, MACC director of investigations Mustafar Ali said Ahmad Sarbani went to the MACC building without prior appointment. Two MACC investigating officers who met Ahmad Sarbani were suspended on 8 April. The MACC also announced that all business with accused persons, suspects, witnesses and complainants would be conducted only on the ground floor with heightened supervision. None of the Customs officers initially held under the"}, {"context": "tax evasion and money laundering allegations has been charged. Ahmad Sarbani's family lawyers denied allegations that he was involved in money laundering and rejected suggestions that he committed suicide. On 2 June 2011, Attorney-General Abdul Gani Patail agreed to hold an inquest into Ahmad Sarbani's death. The inquest was held from 4 to 15 July 2011 at the magistrate's court in Kuala Lumpur and continued on 2 August. Sarbani's wife, Maziah, told the court that her husband was \"very calm, patient and rational\" and would \"never\" have committed suicide. Schenker Logistics senior executive Wan Zainal Abidin Wan Zaki denied that"}, {"context": "Sarbani ever took bribes from his company. Zainal Abidin said Sarbani called him at 8:55pm on 4 April to tell him that his name was mentioned by Sarbani when questioned by the MACC. He also told the court he felt Sarbani was being pressured. Zainal Abidin last spoke to Sarbani at 9:55pm on 5 April to ask how he was. Customs officer Abdul Rahim Abdul Kadir, who among those arrested in the MACC crackdown on tax evasion and money laundering, told the court that he was beaten and forced to confess to accepting bribes by the MACC. He said he"}, {"context": "lodged a police report on the incident then retracted it out of fear. Another Customs officer, Mohd Khairul Hisyam Mohd Gazali, said Sarbani told him on 2 April that he was pressured by the MACC to confess that he had accepted bribes but refused to give in. Three of Sarbani's colleagues testified that Sarbani was calm and patient man with \"high integrity.\" Investigating officer Abdul Ghani Ali testified that he was under orders from KL MACC investigation unit head Mohd Fauzi Husin not to allow Sarbani to change his statement on 6 April. He said he ordered Sarbani to wait"}, {"context": "in the MACC office before Sarbani was found dead. Ghani also said: \"Throughout my career, I think no one has confessed like this before. I\u2019ve never met a suspect who confessed.\" Assistant superintendent Mohd Rosly Mohd Saup testified that Sarbani denied accepting bribes from a Top Mark officer on 2 April. Assistant superintendent Sheikh Niza Khairy Sheikh Mohamad said Sarbani confessed to him on 4 April to receiving \"goodwill payments\" and that Sarbani went to the MACC office two days later to change his statement. DSP Sharul Othman Mansor from the Bukit Aman Forensic Division said Sarbani fell 10 m"}, {"context": "to his death. Forensic investigator DSP Sharul Othman Mansor told the court that Sarbani's death was neither suicide nor murder. He instead claimed that Sarbani tried to jump over the roof of the badminton court, but missed and fell to his death. Sharul added that there were no signs of a struggle and that an optical illusion made the roof appear near to the corner of the window. Forensic pathologist Faridah Mohd Noor, who performed the autopsy, said the death was \"accidental\" based on \"the injuries and circumstantial evidence.\" On 26 September 2011, the coroner's court ruled Sarbani's death an"}, {"context": "accident. Coroner Aizatul Akmal Maharani said the fear of being arrested must have preyed heavily on Ahmad Sarbani\u2019s mind so as to make him consider the window exit. Aizatul also remarked that the MACC officer tasked to look after Sarbani on 6 April had been \"negligent.\" Prominent blogger Raja Petra Kamaruddin alleged on his \"Malaysia Today\" blog that Sarbani fell accidentally from the third-floor pantry window of the MACC building after being forced onto the ledge by a senior MACC officer. He claimed the MACC then went through great lengths, including \"concoct[ing] the most plausible story\" and wiping CCTV footage,"}, {"context": "to cover up the incident. Raja Petra also posted what appeared to be Sarbani's cautioned statement denying that he had ever received \"additional profit\" as a Customs officer. Sarbani's family lawyer Awtar Singh said Raja Petra's allegations were \"plausible [\"ada asasnya\"].\" The MACC's lawyer called the allegations \"nonsense.\" Death of Ahmad Sarbani Mohamed Ahmad Sarbani Mohamed was a Malaysian customs officer from Port Klang. On 6 April 2011, he was found dead in an open air badminton court on the first floor of the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) building in Kuala Lumpur. His death coincided with the MACC's investigation into"}]}, {"title": "Samba Financial Group", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Samba Financial Group Samba Financial Group (formerly known as The Saudi American Bank), is a large banking firm in Saudi Arabia. The combined institution had 66 branches in the Kingdom. Its international operations consist of a branch each in London, Qatar and Dubai, as well as a subsidiary that has 28 branches across major cities in Pakistan. The company dates back to 1955. After a partial nationalization program by the Saudi government, Citibank owned a 40% stake in the company in 1980, but sold its remaining interest in 2004. Samba, or The Saudi American Bank as it was once known,"}, {"context": "was established on February 12, 1980 with the takeover of Citibank branches in Jeddah and Riyadh in accordance with a Saudi requirement that forced all foreign banks to be at least 60% owned by Saudi nationals. Citigroup entered a Technical Management Agreement under which it agreed to manage the new bank. The former Prime Minister of Pakistan, Shaukat Aziz, was the Managing Director of the bank in the 1990s. First National City Bank (Citibank) opened its Jeddah branch in 1955, and its Riyadh branch in 1966. Citibank created SAMBA, in which it took a 40% share, to take over its"}, {"context": "branches in Saudi Arabia, pursuant to a Royal Decree on February 12, 1980. In 1985 SAMBA opened a branch in Istanbul that it closed after 1994, and at one point maintained a subsidiary in Geneva and a representative office in Beirut. In the late 1980s SAMBA opened a branch in London. Speed Cash Services : \u2014Samba Financial group is the first in Banking sector to have simplified the process of transferring the money overseas just within hours, Mohd Akhter Alam ( General Manager) was the pioneer for these services. In July 1999 SAMBA merged with United Saudi Bank by an"}, {"context": "exchange of shares, to form one of the largest banks in the Middle East. Before the merger Citibank owned 30 percent of SAMBA, having sold a 10 percent tranche to two public agencies in 1991. After the merger Citibank was still the largest shareholder with 23 percent of the shares. Kingdom Holding Company (owned by Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal) also had a large share ownership deriving from his ownership in United Saudi Bank. SAMBA was always the acronym for the Saudi American Bank but the name was changed to Samba Financial Group permanently in 2003 and all references to Saudi"}, {"context": "American Bank were removed. This name change followed Citibank's decision to pull out of Saudi Arabia and sell its by then 20% stake to the General Organisation for Social Insurance. Officially, this was done due to the anticipated relaxation of laws governing foreign banks' operations in the Kingdom. Some speculate that this was due to rising anti-American sentiment in Saudi Arabia. This has become more evident after the change of the Saudi British Bank name as well to SABB in 2006. Nevertheless, SABB is still an HSBC partnership and they have changed their artwork and colors from Green and White"}, {"context": "to the HSBC logo. In 2004, Citibank sold its remaining stake in the company. In March 2007, Samba Financial Group acquired 68% of Crescent Commercial Bank Limited (CCBL) in Pakistan. CCBL, established in 2002, was formerly known as Mashreq Bank Pakistan Limited, which in turn was the result of the merger in 2003 of Crescent Investment Bank Limited and the Pakistan branches of Mashreq Bank psc. CCBL is now named Samba Bank. It currently operates 37 branches across Pakistan; the bank hopes to expand its network of branches in 2018. In 2008, Samba opened a branch in Dubai. In August"}, {"context": "2011, Samba made the list of top ten safest banks 2011 in the Middle East ranked at number four. Samba Financial Group Samba Financial Group (formerly known as The Saudi American Bank), is a large banking firm in Saudi Arabia. The combined institution had 66 branches in the Kingdom. Its international operations consist of a branch each in London, Qatar and Dubai, as well as a subsidiary that has 28 branches across major cities in Pakistan. The company dates back to 1955. After a partial nationalization program by the Saudi government, Citibank owned a 40% stake in the company in"}]}, {"title": "Tom Clancy's SSN", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tom Clancy's SSN Tom Clancy's SSN is a simulation video game of the 688i (Improved \"Los Angeles\"-class nuclear hunter/killer submarine). The game player is in command of in a limited war against China over the Spratly Islands. Gameplay is limited to a 15 mission single-player campaign in which the player carries out anti-submarine, anti-surface ship roles, intelligence gathering activities, and the launch of submarine based cruise missiles. Tom Clancy also wrote a book by the same name, based on this storyline. \"SSN\" is also the title of a board wargame published by Game Designer's Workshop in 1975, and was the"}, {"context": "first attempt at a serious modern submarine and anti-submarine warfare simulation game published for the entertainment market. It was designed by Stephen Newberg and developed by Marc Miller. The computer game version uses video briefings and fictional news reports to enhance the atmosphere both before and after the missions. The view during gameplay is from the perspective of an external trailing rotatable camera. In game player weapons are limited to submarine-launched torpedoes, with a VLS system for launching Tomahawk missiles at off-map targets (as a mission objective). The player is provided with a simplified scanning screen display for sonar. Thermoclines"}, {"context": "at various depths are simulated as well, affecting sonar readings and accuracy. Commands are limited to directional steering, ballast tank and periscope controls, basic sonar functions, and weapons targeting and firing, providing an arcade like feel to the game play, as opposed to a true submarine command simulation. \"Tom Clancy SSN\" was a joint venture of Simon & Schuster Interactive, Virtus Corp., and Clancy Interactive, a company Clancy formed to translate his concepts into multimedia products. Tom Clancy's SSN Tom Clancy's SSN is a simulation video game of the 688i (Improved \"Los Angeles\"-class nuclear hunter/killer submarine). The game player is"}]}, {"title": "Fugitive Days", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Fugitive Days Fugitive Days is a memoir by Bill Ayers. Ayers chronicles his childhood, his radicalization, his days as a leader of the Weather Underground, and his days on the run from the US government. The book was originally published by Beacon Press in 2001 and was republished by Penguin Group in 2003, featuring a new afterword by the author. Timothy Noah of \"Slate\" described Ayers' tales of bombings and other illegal activities as \"self-indulgent and morally clueless...Ayers periodically expresses mild regret for his crimes, in tones reminiscent of a middle-aged insurance executive who wishes he hadn't gotten drunk quite"}, {"context": "so often at his college fraternity\". Former Weather member Cathy Wilkerson called it \"inaccurate\" and \"a cynical, superficial romp...making these struggles seem like a glorious carnival\". Jesse Lemisch's \"New Politics\" review describes it as \"a dubious account, full of anachronisms, inaccuracies, unacknowledged borrowings from unnamed sources...It's also faux literary and soft core... littered with boasts of Ayers's sexual achievements, utterly untouched by feminism.\" In contrast, Studs Terkel called the book \"a deeply moving elegy to all those young dreamers who tried to live decently in an indecent world\". In October 2008 it was reported that John D. Hancock was attempting"}, {"context": "to make a movie based on the book. Fugitive Days Fugitive Days is a memoir by Bill Ayers. Ayers chronicles his childhood, his radicalization, his days as a leader of the Weather Underground, and his days on the run from the US government. The book was originally published by Beacon Press in 2001 and was republished by Penguin Group in 2003, featuring a new afterword by the author. Timothy Noah of \"Slate\" described Ayers' tales of bombings and other illegal activities as \"self-indulgent and morally clueless...Ayers periodically expresses mild regret for his crimes, in tones reminiscent of a middle-aged insurance"}]}, {"title": "Gridlock (band)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Gridlock (band) Gridlock is a San Francisco based experimental electronic band originally created by Mike Wells in 1994. A year later, Mike Cadoo joined up, and the duo released their first two demos, Sickness and Frozen, and soon signed to Pendragon Records in 1997. Their style was originally akin to the sound of Skinny Puppy with less vocals and an ambient aspect not normally found in industrial at the time. Eventually, they took on more and more ambient and futuristic electronic sounds and slowly lessened their industrial edge whilst removing any trace of vocals. On March 24, 2005, the band"}, {"context": "announced its dissolution on its website, but promised to continue making music under Wells' and Cadoo's respective side projects. Their last recorded material to be released was two tracks on the 2006 Hymen Records compilation \"Travel Sickness\". Gridlock (band) Gridlock is a San Francisco based experimental electronic band originally created by Mike Wells in 1994. A year later, Mike Cadoo joined up, and the duo released their first two demos, Sickness and Frozen, and soon signed to Pendragon Records in 1997. Their style was originally akin to the sound of Skinny Puppy with less vocals and an ambient aspect not"}]}, {"title": "Polyunsaturated fat", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Polyunsaturated fat Polyunsaturated fats are fats in which the constituent hydrocarbon chain possesses two or more carbon\u2013carbon double bonds. Polyunsaturated fat can be found mostly in nuts, seeds, fish, seed oils, and oysters. \"Unsaturated\" refers to the fact that the molecules contain less than the maximum amount of hydrogen (if there were no double bonds). These materials exist as \"cis\" or \"trans\" isomers depending on the geometry of the double bond. Saturated fats have hydrocarbon chains which can be most readily aligned. The hydrocarbon chains in trans fats align more readily than those in cis fats, but less well than"}, {"context": "those in saturated fats. In general, this means that the melting points of fats increase from cis to trans unsaturated and then to saturated. See the section about the chemical structure of fats for more information. The position of the carbon-carbon double bonds in carboxylic acid chains in fats is designated by Greek letters. The carbon atom closest to the carboxyl group is the \"alpha\" carbon, the next carbon is the \"beta\" carbon and so on. In fatty acids the carbon atom of the methyl group at the end of the hydrocarbon chain is called the \"omega\" carbon because \"omega\""}, {"context": "is the last letter of the Greek alphabet. Omega-3 fatty acids have a double bond three carbons away from the methyl carbon, whereas omega-6 fatty acids have a double bond six carbons away from the methyl carbon. The illustration below shows the omega-6 fatty acid, linoleic acid. While it is the \"nutritional\" aspects of polyunsaturated fats that are generally of greatest interest, these materials also have non-food applications. Drying oils, which polymerize on exposure to oxygen to form solid films, are polyunsaturated fats. The most common ones are linseed (flax seed) oil, tung oil, poppy seed oil, perilla oil, and"}, {"context": "walnut oil. These oils are used to make paints and varnishes. In preliminary research, omega-3 fatty acids in algal oil, fish oil, fish and seafood have been shown to lower the risk of heart attacks. Other preliminary research indicates that omega-6 fatty acids in sunflower oil and safflower oil may also reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Among omega-3 fatty acids, neither long-chain nor short-chain forms were consistently associated with breast cancer risk. High levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), however, the most abundant omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in erythrocyte (red blood cell) membranes, were associated with a reduced risk of"}, {"context": "breast cancer. The DHA obtained through the consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids is positively associated with cognitive and behavioral performance. In addition DHA is vital for the grey matter structure of the human brain, as well as retinal stimulation and neurotransmission. Dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids is under preliminary research to assess the risk of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (motor neurone disease). The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids as established by comparative studies shows an omega-6:omega-3 ratio under 4:1 may influence health. Contrary to conventional advice, an evaluation of evidence from 1966-1973 pertaining to the"}, {"context": "health impacts of replacing dietary saturated fat with linoleic acid found that participants in the group doing so had \"increased\" rates of death from all causes, coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular disease. Although this evaluation was disputed by many scientists, it fueled debate over worldwide dietary advice to substitute polyunsaturated fats for saturated fats. Polyunsaturated fat supplementation does not decrease the incidence of pregnancy-related disorders, such as hypertension or preeclampsia, but may increase the length of gestation slightly and decreased the incidence of early premature births. Expert panels in the United States and Europe recommend that pregnant and lactating women"}, {"context": "consume higher amounts of polyunsaturated fats than the general population to enhance the DHA status of the fetus and newborn. Results from observational clinical trials on polyunsaturated fat intake and cancer have been inconsistent and vary by numerous factors of cancer incidence, including gender and genetic risk. Some studies have shown associations between higher intakes and/or blood levels of polyunsaturated fat omega-3s and a decreased risk of certain cancers, including breast and colorectal cancer, while other studies found no associations with cancer risk. Food sources of polyunsaturated fats include: Polyunsaturated fat Polyunsaturated fats are fats in which the constituent hydrocarbon"}]}, {"title": "Ek Se Badh Kar Ek", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ek Se Badh Kar Ek Ek Se Badh Kar Ek is an Indian show launched in 1995 on Doordarshan. The show was sponsored by BPL, and initially directed by Mukul Anand. The initial episodes of the serial were written by journalists Madhulika Verma and Rauf Ahmed. The programme's protagonist is Antara, played by Kartika Rane, who is a love interest of two of her uncle's tenants, played by Tiku Talsania and Ravi Baswani, living in the house haunted by a ghost named Raja. After Mukul Anand's death, the production house was taken over by BR Films, and the series was"}, {"context": "then directed by Ravi Chopra. Ek Se Badh Kar Ek Ek Se Badh Kar Ek is an Indian show launched in 1995 on Doordarshan. The show was sponsored by BPL, and initially directed by Mukul Anand. The initial episodes of the serial were written by journalists Madhulika Verma and Rauf Ahmed. The programme's protagonist is Antara, played by Kartika Rane, who is a love interest of two of her uncle's tenants, played by Tiku Talsania and Ravi Baswani, living in the house haunted by a ghost named Raja. After Mukul Anand's death, the production house was taken over by BR"}]}, {"title": "Lynwood Tourist Court Historic District", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Lynwood Tourist Court Historic District The Lynwood Tourist Court Historic District encompasses a historic tourist accommodation, now known as the Lynwood Motel, at 857 Park Avenue in Hot Springs, Arkansas. Built about 1944, it is a little-altered example of a 1940s traveler accommodation with English Revival styling. It has sixteen units, each of which originally included a garage (now enclosed to create additional living space), and a small office building. Each unit includes a sleeping area, bathroom, and kitchenette, and is marked on the exterior by a steeply-pitched gable. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places"}, {"context": "in 2004. Lynwood Tourist Court Historic District The Lynwood Tourist Court Historic District encompasses a historic tourist accommodation, now known as the Lynwood Motel, at 857 Park Avenue in Hot Springs, Arkansas. Built about 1944, it is a little-altered example of a 1940s traveler accommodation with English Revival styling. It has sixteen units, each of which originally included a garage (now enclosed to create additional living space), and a small office building. Each unit includes a sleeping area, bathroom, and kitchenette, and is marked on the exterior by a steeply-pitched gable. The district was listed on the National Register of"}]}, {"title": "Tetraophasis", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tetraophasis Tetraophasis is a genus of Galliform in the family Phasianidae, which includes pheasants, Perdixs, grouse, turkeyss, tragopan, and koklass. It contains the following species: The name \"Tetraophasis\" is a combination of the genus name \"Tetrao\" (the name Carl Linnaeus gave grouse in 1758), and the modern Latin word \"phasis\", meaning \"pheasant\". Monal-partridge are close relatives of monals and more distantly related to tragopan. They are boreal adapted species of high altitudes. Like monals they dig in alpine biomes for tubers, rhizomes and invertebrates as well as rodent pups and voles. Monal-partridges are important prey species for raptors, owls and"}, {"context": "yellow-throated martens. Like monals, monal-partridges are strictly monogamous. The female incubates the eggs until the last 48 hours when the male may take over night time nest brooding. This is a habit documented in blood pheasants, tragopans and monals. Both sexes rear the chicks, which are not fully mature until their second year. Unlike monals the sexes do not separate during winter. Monal-partridges are strong fliers. They evidently compete with koklass as the two are rarely to be heard or seen in the same valleys. Tetraophasis Tetraophasis is a genus of Galliform in the family Phasianidae, which includes pheasants, Perdixs,"}]}, {"title": "Flameback angelfish", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Flameback angelfish The flameback angelfish or flameback pygmy angelfish (\"Centropyge aurantonotus\") is an omnivorous marine angelfish, with blue body and yellow to orange colouration from the face to middle or end of dorsal fin. It is easily confused with the orangeback angelfish (\"Centropyge acanthops\"), but in the latter the yellow to orange colouration extends to cover the entire back. It is native to the southern Caribbean Sea and the coastal waters of Brazil; it reaches a maximum length of . When kept in an aquarium flameback angelfish are distributed throughout the tank. They prefer reef tanks to fish only tanks."}, {"context": "Flameback angelfish The flameback angelfish or flameback pygmy angelfish (\"Centropyge aurantonotus\") is an omnivorous marine angelfish, with blue body and yellow to orange colouration from the face to middle or end of dorsal fin. It is easily confused with the orangeback angelfish (\"Centropyge acanthops\"), but in the latter the yellow to orange colouration extends to cover the entire back. It is native to the southern Caribbean Sea and the coastal waters of Brazil; it reaches a maximum length of . When kept in an aquarium flameback angelfish are distributed throughout the tank. They prefer reef tanks to fish only tanks."}]}, {"title": "CHYF-FM", "paragraphs": [{"context": "CHYF-FM CHYF-FM is a radio station which broadcasts a First Nations community radio format on the frequency 88.9 FM in M'Chigeeng First Nation, Ontario, Canada. Owned by director Anong Migwans Beam, with co-director Mark Larochelle, members of the board include director of culture Alma-Jean Migwans, director of history Terry Debassige, carrying on business as GIMA Radio (not for profit), the station received CRTC approval to use the 88.9 MHz frequency on June 17, 2010. The station began testing with Industry Canada on August 23, 2010, and has announced a celebration of inaugural broadcast in honor of Carl Beam on August"}, {"context": "25, 2010, at the location of the stations host, Neon Raven Art Gallery, 53 Corbiere Rd, M'chigeeng, which was also the home and ancestral land of Carl Beam. In 2015, Gimaa Radio relaunch fuels hopes for language renaissance. On November 28, 2016, Gimaa Giigidoowin Communications (GGC) applied for authority to effect a change in the ownership and effective control of the English and aboriginal language Type B Native radio station CHYF-FM M'Chigeeng. The CRTC approved the application on March 21, 2017. CHYF-FM CHYF-FM is a radio station which broadcasts a First Nations community radio format on the frequency 88.9 FM"}]}, {"title": "Pennsylvania Route 59", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Pennsylvania Route 59 Pennsylvania Route 59 (PA 59) is a long state highway located in northwest Pennsylvania. The route links Warren to Smethport, terminating at U.S. Route 6 at both ends. PA 59 acts as a northerly bypass to US 6, directly connecting Warren and Smethport while US 6 dips south to serve Kane and Mount Jewett. This highway also serves the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers' Kinzua Dam and FirstEnergy's Seneca Pumped Storage Generating Station. PA 59 begins at an intersection with US 6 in Mead Township, Warren County, heading east on two-lane undivided Kinzua Road. The road"}, {"context": "passes through areas of woods and homes in the community of Rogertown, turning to the northeast. The route heads into the Allegheny National Forest, running along the southeastern bank of the Allegheny River. PA 59 turns east and passes south of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers' Kinzua Dam, at which point it also passes north of FirstEnergy's Seneca Pumped Storage Generating Station. The road curves north and northeast as it runs along the eastern shore of the Allegheny Reservoir. The route heads east and crosses Kinzua Bay near the Kinzua Point information center. PA 59 enters Corydon Township"}, {"context": "in McKean County and continues east through more of the Allegheny National Forest as an unnamed road. The route comes to an intersection with PA 321, where that route turns east for a concurrency with PA 59 and the name becomes Kane-Marshburg Road. The road leaves the national forest and heads through more forested areas with scattered homes as PA 321 splits to the northwest as it crosses into Lafayette Township. PA 59 heads through more wooded areas with some fields and residences as an unnamed road, coming to a junction with the western terminus of PA 770 in Marshburg"}, {"context": "and turning southeast. The route runs through more forests, passing through a small tract of the Allegheny National Forest. Farther southeast, the road crosses US 219 in Timbuck and becomes Mt. Alton Road. PA 59 passes southwest of Federal Correctional Institution, McKean and heads through more wooded areas with some fields and homes, passing through Lafayette. The route passes south of Bradford Regional Airport and runs through Mount Alton, heading through more forests. The road enters Keating Township and becomes Mt. Alton-Ormsby Road, passing through Backus and crossing under a Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad line. PA 59 heads northeast and"}, {"context": "passes a few fields before intersecting the southern terminus of PA 646 in Ormsby. At this point, the route turns east as Smethport Ormsby Road and runs through more forests. The road passes a few farm fields before heading into Smethport and running past homes on West Main Street. PA 59 comes to its eastern terminus at another intersection with US 6, at which point West Main Street continues east as part of that route. The portion of PA 59 between Longhouse Drive and PA 321 is part of the Longhouse National Scenic Byway, a Pennsylvania Scenic Byway and National"}, {"context": "Forest Scenic Byway. Pennsylvania Route 59 Pennsylvania Route 59 (PA 59) is a long state highway located in northwest Pennsylvania. The route links Warren to Smethport, terminating at U.S. Route 6 at both ends. PA 59 acts as a northerly bypass to US 6, directly connecting Warren and Smethport while US 6 dips south to serve Kane and Mount Jewett. This highway also serves the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers' Kinzua Dam and FirstEnergy's Seneca Pumped Storage Generating Station. PA 59 begins at an intersection with US 6 in Mead Township, Warren County, heading east on two-lane undivided Kinzua"}]}, {"title": "A\u0301lvaro Torres-Caldero\u0301n", "paragraphs": [{"context": "\u00c1lvaro Torres-Calder\u00f3n \u00c1lvaro Torres-Calder\u00f3n (born 1975) is a Peruvian poet. Torres-Calder\u00f3n was born in Peru in 1975. He has been recognized as member of a new generation of poets in his country. His book of poems \"Claroscuro\" talks about his childhood, adolescence and questions about life. It has references to magical beings such as angels, demons and fairies. He is also a lawyer and studied in his native country and in Spain. Torres-Calder\u00f3n received his doctorate in literature and Romance languages in the United States. Torres-Calder\u00f3n has participated in the publication of the book \"Alejo Carpentier Ante la Cr\u00edtica\", Caracas:"}, {"context": "Monte Avila, 2005, with his article \"Alejo Carpentier y el Hombre Fronterizo: Una Constante en el Reino de Este Mundo\". He also published in the U.S. a set of poems called \"Spells\" at the Stonepile Writers Anthology from the North Georgia College & State University Press in November 2010. He has contributed to the Peruvian literary journal \"Tinta Expresa\" with the article \"Naci\u00f3n, Identidad y Frontera en la Prosa de Clorinda Matto de Turner\". Torres-Calder\u00f3n has participated in several national and international literary conferences as well as interviews in Peruvian newspapers and a radio presentation of his creative works (December"}, {"context": "2010). He has performed and assisted in many theatrical works at college and university level and performed musically at the same level. His interests include Integration Law, Latin-American female writers of the 19th century, Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed, and Latin American civilization. \u00c1lvaro Torres-Calder\u00f3n \u00c1lvaro Torres-Calder\u00f3n (born 1975) is a Peruvian poet. Torres-Calder\u00f3n was born in Peru in 1975. He has been recognized as member of a new generation of poets in his country. His book of poems \"Claroscuro\" talks about his childhood, adolescence and questions about life. It has references to magical beings such as angels, demons and fairies. He is"}]}, {"title": "Moltke (crater)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Moltke (crater) Moltke is a lunar impact crater near the southern edge of the Mare Tranquillitatis. It is a small, bowl-shaped crater surrounded by a bright halo of higher-albedo material. Just to the south lies the rille system named Rimae Hypatia. These follow a course running roughly east-southeast to west-northwest, and have a length of approximately 180 kilometers. About 50 kilometers to the northwest of this crater is the landing site of Apollo 11. The crater is named after Helmuth von Moltke the Elder. By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side"}, {"context": "of the crater midpoint that is closest to Moltke. Moltke B was informally called \"Little Moltke\" by the Apollo 10 and Apollo 11 crews. Moltke (crater) Moltke is a lunar impact crater near the southern edge of the Mare Tranquillitatis. It is a small, bowl-shaped crater surrounded by a bright halo of higher-albedo material. Just to the south lies the rille system named Rimae Hypatia. These follow a course running roughly east-southeast to west-northwest, and have a length of approximately 180 kilometers. About 50 kilometers to the northwest of this crater is the landing site of Apollo 11. The crater"}]}, {"title": "Matthew White (countertenor)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Matthew White (countertenor) Matthew White (born 1973) is a Canadian countertenor. Born in Ottawa, Ontario, White began singing as a treble with St Matthew's Men and Boys Choir in Ottawa and studied with Jan Simons in Montreal, Quebec. He graduated in English Literature from McGill University. He has sung with Glyndebourne Festival Opera, New York City Opera, Houston Grand Opera, Cleveland Opera, and Opera Atelier. On June 9, 2003, White sang the roles of Evanthes and Bacchus in the first performance in modern times of Johann Georg Conradi's 1691 opera \"Ariadne\" at the Boston Early Music Festival. The studio recording"}, {"context": "with the same cast received a Grammy nomination for Best Opera Recording of 2005. White was an active soloist in oratorio and on the concert stage, where he specialises in Baroque music. He has appeared at the Vancouver, Boston, and Utrecht Early Music Festivals and has sung with Tafelmusik Baroque Orchestra, Boston's Handel and Haydn Society, Les Violons du Roy, and Les Voix Humaines. In December 2010, he will sing in Handel's Messiah with Boston Baroque, a leading period instrument ensemble under the direction of Martin Pearlman. He is also the musical director and soloist of Montreal's Les Voix Baroques"}, {"context": "ensemble with whom he tours extensively. Matthew White has recorded for the Naxos, Harmonia Mundi and Analekta labels. His recording, \"Elegeia\" won a 2004 Cannes Classical Award for best new early music solo recording. White has now ceased to perform as a countertenor and has been Artist Director of Early Music Vancouver since the 2013-14 season. Matthew White (countertenor) Matthew White (born 1973) is a Canadian countertenor. Born in Ottawa, Ontario, White began singing as a treble with St Matthew's Men and Boys Choir in Ottawa and studied with Jan Simons in Montreal, Quebec. He graduated in English Literature from"}]}, {"title": "Frequency selective surface", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Frequency selective surface A frequency-selective surface (FSS) is any thin, repetitive surface (such as the screen on a microwave oven) designed to reflect, transmit or absorb electromagnetic fields based on the frequency of the field. In this sense, an FSS is a type of optical filter or metal-mesh optical filters in which the filtering is accomplished by virtue of the regular, periodic (usually metallic, but sometimes dielectric) pattern on the surface of the FSS. Though not explicitly mentioned in the name, FSS's also have properties which vary with incidence angle and polarization as well - these are unavoidable consequences of"}, {"context": "the way in which FSS's are constructed. Frequency-selective surfaces have been most commonly used in the radio frequency region of the electromagnetic spectrum and find use in applications as diverse as the aforementioned microwave oven, antenna radomes and modern metamaterials. Sometimes frequency selective surfaces are referred to simply as periodic surfaces and are a 2-dimensional analog of the new periodic volumes known as photonic crystals. Many factors are involved in understanding the operation and application of frequency selective surfaces. These include analysis techniques, operating principles, design principles, manufacturing techniques and methods for integrating these structures into space, ground and airborne"}, {"context": "platforms. Historically, the first approach to solving for fields reflected and transmitted by FSS was the spectral domain method (SDM), and it is still a valuable tool even today [Scott(1989)]. The spectral domain method is known at Ohio State University as the periodic method of moments (PMM). The SDM starts out with an assumed Floquet/Fourier series solution for all fields, currents and potentials whereas the PMM starts out with a single scatterer, then adds in all of the scatterers in the infinite plane (in the \"spatial\" domain), then uses a transformation to yield the spectral domain representation of the fields."}, {"context": "Both approaches are effectively the same approach, in the sense that they both assume an infinite planar structure which gives rise to a discrete Fourier series representation for the fields. The spectral domain method has one very important advantage over other \u2013 strictly numerical - solutions to Maxwell's equations for FSS. And that is that it yields a matrix equation of very small dimensionality, so it is amenable to solution on virtually any type of computer. The dimension of the matrix is determined by the number of current basis functions on each individual scatterer and can be as small as"}, {"context": "1\u00d71 for a dipole at or below resonance. The matrix elements however take longer to compute than with volumetric approaches such as FEM. Volumetric approaches require that a volume surrounding the unit cell be gridded accurately, and can require many thousands of elements for an accurate solution, though the matrices are usually sparse. The spectral domain method is based on Floquet's principle, which implies that when an infinite, planar, periodic structure is illuminated by an infinite plane wave, then every unit cell in the periodic plane must contain exactly the same currents and fields, except for a phase shift, corresponding"}, {"context": "to the incident field phase. This principle allows all currents, fields and potentials to be written in terms of a modified Fourier series, which consists of an ordinary Fourier series multiplied by the incident field phase. If the periodic plane occupies the \"x\"-\"y\" plane, then the Fourier series is a 2-dimensional Fourier series in \"x\", \"y\". As in Fourier optics, the Floquet\u2013Fourier series expansion of fields and currents \"in the plane of the FSS\" leads immediately to the discrete plane wave spectrum representation of the fields on either side of the FSS. Perfectly electrically conducting (PEC) periodic surfaces are not"}, {"context": "only the most common but also the easiest to understand mathematically, as they admit only electric current sources J. This section presents the spectral domain method for analyzing a free-standing (no substrate) PEC FSS. The electric field E is related to the vector magnetic potential A via the well-known relation (Harrington [2001], Scott [1989], Scott [1997]): and the vector magnetic potential is in turn related to the source currents via (Harrington [2001], Scott [1997]): where Frequency-selective surfaces are frequently stratified in the direction normal to the plane of the surface. That is, all dielectrics are stratified and all metallic conductors"}, {"context": "are considered stratified as well, and they will be regarded as perfectly planar. As a result, we are excluding metallic vias (wires perpendicular to the plane of the FSS) which could potentially connect currents from different strata of the FSS structure. With this type of a stratified structure in mind, we can then use a plane wave expansion for the fields in and around the FSS, since plane waves are the eigenfunction solution to the vector wave equations in \"source-free media\". To solve equations (1.1) and (1.2) for a free-standing, doubly periodic surface, we consider an infinite 2D periodic surface"}, {"context": "occupying the entire x-y plane, and assume a discrete plane wave expansion for all currents, fields and potentials (Tsao [1982], Scott [1989], Fourier optics): where for mathematical simplicity, we assume a rectangular lattice in which \u03b1 only depends on \"m\" and \u03b2 only depends on \"n\". In the equations above, and, where \"l\", \"l\" are the dimensions of the unit cell in the \"x\",\"y\" directions respectively, \u03bb is the free space wavelength and \u03b8, \u03c6 are the directions of an assumed incident plane wave, with the FSS regarded as lying in the \"x\"-\"y\" plane. In (2.2c), the root is taken"}, {"context": "which has a positive real part and non-positive (\"i\".\"e\"., either negative or zero) imaginary part). Substituting equations (2.1) into (1.1) and (1.2) yields the spectral domain Greens function relating the radiated electric field to its source currents (Scott [1989]), where we now consider only those components of the field vectors lying in the plane of the FSS, the x-y plane: where, One notices the branch point singularity in the equation above (the inverse square root singularity), which is no problem thanks to the discrete spectrum, as long as the wavelength never equals the cell spacing. With this, the electric field"}, {"context": "boundary condition on the surface of PEC material within a unit cell becomes (Scott [1989]): where again, we are restricting our attention to the x,y components of currents and fields, which lie in the plane of the scatterer. Equation (3.3) is not strictly correct, since only the tangential components of electric field are actually zero on the surface of the PEC scatterers. This inexactness will be resolved presently when (3.3) is tested with the current basis functions, defined as residing on the surface of the scatterer. In this type of problem, the incident field is considered a plane wave expressed"}, {"context": "as in the x-y plane. As is usual in the method of moments, we assume an expansion for the source currents over some known set of basis functions with unknown weighting coefficients \"J\" (Scott [1989]): Substituting (4.1) into (3.3) and then testing the resulting equation with the \"i\"-th current basis function (i.e., dotting from the left and integrating over the domain of the \"i\"-th current basis function, thereby completing the quadratic form) produces the \"i\"-th row of the matrix equation as (Scott [1989]): This is the \"i\"-th row of the electric field integral equation (EFIE) for a free-standing metallic FSS."}, {"context": "Equation (4.2) may be readily modified for analyzing FSS with surrounding dielectric sheets (substrates and/or superstrates), and even complex multi-layer FSS structures (Scott [1989]). All of these matrix equations are very simple to implement and require only that the 2D Fourier transform (FT) of the basis functions be computed, preferably in closed form. There is a striking similarity between eqn. (4.2) above, and the Bloch wave - MoM method eqn. (4.2) for computing \u03c9\u2013\u03b2 diagrams for triply-periodic electromagnetic media such as photonic crystals (Scott [1998], Scott [2002], available on researchgate.net). Given this similarity, eqn. (4.2) and its numerous variants in"}, {"context": "dielectric-layered FSS structures (Scott [1989]) could also be used (with the RHS set to zero) to find surface waves in complex FSS structures. The RWG (Rao\u2013Wilton\u2013Glisson) basis functions (Rao, Wilton and Glisson [1982]) are a very versatile choice for many purposes and have a transform that is readily computed using area coordinates. Equations (4.2) and (3.1) have been used to solve for the electric current J and then the scattered fields E to compute reflection and transmission from various types of FSS (Scott[1989]). The reflected field is due to the currents on the FSS (the field radiated by the FSS)"}, {"context": "and the transmitted field is equal to the radiated field plus the incident field, and differs from the reflected field only for the \"m\" = 0, \"n\" = 0 order (the zero order). For wavelengths greater than the FSS lattice dimensions, only one \u2013 out of the infinitude of Floquet modes \u2013 actually propagates. All of the others are (exponentially decaying in the z-direction, normal to the plane of the FSS, since the quantity under the root in (2.2c) is negative. And for FSS spacings greater than roughly a tenth of a wavelength or so, these evanescent wave fields have"}, {"context": "negligible effect on FSS stack performance. So, for practical purposes, in the frequency bands for which we'll be likely to use the FSS, a single propagating wave will be sufficient to capture the significant properties of a multi-layer FSS stack. This single propagating wave can be modeled in terms of an equivalent transmission line. The FSS sheet may be represented in terms of lumped RLC networks placed in parallel across the transmission line. The shunt admittance FSS model is exact only for an infinitesimally thin FSS, for which the tangential electric field is continuous across the FSS; for finite thickness"}, {"context": "FSS, a tee or pi network can be used as a better approximation. Both free space and transmission lines admit TEM traveling wave solutions, and even the TE/TM plane waves in free space can be modeled using equivalent transmission line models. The main thing is that both free space and transmission lines admit traveling wave solutions with a z-dependence of the form: One can construct equivalent transmission lines as follows: For TEM waves, For TE waves, For TM waves, where \u03b8 is the angle off-normal that the incident wave makes with respect to the FSS. Z for free space is"}, {"context": "377 Ohms. Circuit elements placed in parallel across an equivalent transmission line have some factors in common with thin FSS. The continuity of tangential electric field condition for thin FSS mirrors the voltage continuity condition on either side of the shunt circuit elements. The magnetic field jump condition for the FSS mirrors the Kirchhoff current division law for the equivalent circuit. For sufficiently thick FSS sheets, a more general pi or tee model will likely be required for good approximation to the real FSS. For all but the most tightly packed dipole arrays (the brickwork-like \"gangbuster\" low-pass filters), a first"}, {"context": "order understanding of FSS operation can be achieved by simply considering the scattering properties of a single periodic element in free space. A dipole or patch in free space will strongly reflect energy for wavelengths comparable in size to the object itself, for example when the dipole is 1/2 wavelength in length. For frequencies below this first resonance (and for frequencies between the first and second resonance), the object will reflect little energy. So, this resonance phenomenon observed with dipoles and patches leads naturally to the notion of modeling them as a resonant circuit connected in parallel across a transmission"}, {"context": "line - in this case the element is a series connection of a capacitor and inductor, which produces a reflective short circuit at resonance. This type of structure would be known as a band-reject or band-stop filter. Bandpass filters may be constructed using apertures in conducting planes, which are modeled as a shunt element consisting of a parallel connection of an inductor and a capacitor. One-dimensional line gratings can be modeled as shunt inductors (for polarization parallel to the lines) or shunt capacitors (for polarization perpendicular to the lines). Tightly packed \"gangbuster\" dipole arrays are lowpass structures that can be"}, {"context": "modeled using shunt capacitors. The exact circuit topology and element values of an equivalent circuit for a FSS sheet have to be determined using first-principles codes. A bandpass mesh-type FSS sheet is a parallel connection of L,C and bandstop patch-type FSS sheet is a series connection of L,C and in both cases, the L,C values are determined from the center frequency and bandwidth of the filter. The equivalent transmission line circuit models for FSS came into being from the observation that FSS yield reflection and transmission properties that are very similar to the reflection and transmission properties of inductors and"}, {"context": "capacitors placed in parallel across a transmission line. The two fundamental types of FSS are shown in Fig. 2.4.1-1 to the right - the bandpass mesh-type FSS and the bandstop patch-type FSS (Metal-mesh optical filters). The equivalent circuit for a patch-type bandstop FSS is shown in Fig. 2.4.1-2. The impedance of the series connection of the inductor and the capacitor is (Desoer, Kuh [1984]): or, and this series connection of an inductor and capacitor produces a zero impedance (short circuit) condition when At the short circuit condition, all incident energy is reflected, and so this is the equivalent circuit of"}, {"context": "a resonant patch bandstop filter. The magnitude of the reflection coefficient is: where Z is the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. The frequencies for the upper and lower 3 dB points are given as the solution to the equation: where, So, if the center frequency and the width of the resonance are determined from first principles codes, the L,C of the equivalent circuit may be readily obtained by fitting the reflection response of the equivalent resonant circuit to the reflection response of the actual FSS, and in this way, the circuit parameters L,C are readily extracted. Once that is"}, {"context": "done, then we can use the equivalent circuit model for multi-layer FSS design. Any nearby dielectrics should be included in the equivalent circuit. For small values of \u03c9, the impedance of the inductor, j\u03c9L, is smaller than the impedance of the capacitor, 1/j\u03c9C, therefore the capacitor dominates the shunt impedance and so the patch-type bandstop FSS is capacitive below resonance. We'll use this fact in section 2.3.1 to design a lowpass FSS filter using equivalent circuits. The equivalent circuit for a mesh-type bandpass FSS is shown in Fg. 2.4.2-1. The admittance of the parallel connection of inductor and capacitor is"}, {"context": "(Desoer, Kuh [1984]): and this admittance is zero (open-circuit condition) when When the parallel combination of inductor and capacitor produces an open circuit, all energy is transmitted. In the same way, the magnitude of the transmission coefficient of the bandpass filter is: Below resonance, the admittance of the inductor, 1/j\u03c9L is greater than the admittance of the capacitor j\u03c9C, therefore the mesh-type bandpass FSS is inductive below resonance. Fig. 2.4.3-1 shows the comparison in reflection between a single-layer crossed dipole FSS and its fitted equivalent circuit. The equivalent circuit is a series connection of a capacitor and inductor placed in"}, {"context": "parallel across the transmission line, as in Fig. 2.4.1-2. This resonator produces a short circuit condition at resonance. The fit is very good below the resonance though not nearly as good above. The real FSS has a reflection null at 18.7 GHz (the frequency at which the wavelength equals the unit cell dimension of .630\"), which is not accounted for in the equivalent circuit model. The null is known as a Wood's anomaly and is caused by the inverse square root singularity in the spectral domain Green's function (3.1) going to infinity. Physically, this represents a uniform plane wave propagating"}, {"context": "in the plane of the FSS. In the spatial domain, the coherent summation of all of the spatial domain Green's function's becomes infinite, so that any finite current produces an infinite field on the surface of the FSS. As a result, all currents must be zero under this condition. This example illustrates the usefulness and shortcomings of the simple equivalent circuit model. The equivalent circuit only includes features related to the individual scattering element, not features related to the periodic array, such as interactions between the scatterers. If a mesh type FSS is created from a patch type FSS in"}, {"context": "such a way that the metal portions or the former are replaced by aperture portions of the latter, then the two FSS are said to be duals of one another. Duality only strictly applies when no dielectric substrates are present, therefore it is only approximately satisfied in practice, though even when dielectric substrates are present, duality can be useful in FSS design. As a side note, Pathological FSS patterns such as a checkerboard FSS may be treated as the limit of the patch and mesh as the patch (and aperture) size approaches the unit cell size, with electrical connections of"}, {"context": "the mesh retained in the limit. For dual FSS, the reflection coefficient of the patch will be equal to the transmission coefficient of the mesh. Circuit duality The dual circuit of the bandstop filter can be obtained simply equating the reflection coefficient of the bandstop FSS to the transmission coefficient of the bandpass FSS to obtain (if we use L, C for the bandstop patch FSS and L, C for the bandpass mesh FSS): This produces a bandpass circuit (with parameters L, C) which is the dual of the bandstop circuit (with parameters L, C). Once the transmission line equivalent"}, {"context": "circuit has been determined, multi-layer FSS design becomes much simpler and more intuitive - like ordinary filter analysis and design. Now while it is certainly possible to design multi-layer FSS structures using first principles codes and generalized scattering matrices (GSM), it is far easier, quicker and more intuitive to use equivalent circuit models for FSS design, since it is possible to leverage decades' worth of research performed on electrical filter analysis and design and bring it to bear on FSS structures. And, FSS filters are even easier to design than waveguide filters since the incidence angle does not vary with"}, {"context": "frequency. As an example of how to use FSS equivalent circuits for quick and efficient design of a practical filter, we can sketch out the process that would be followed in designing a 5-stage Butterworth filter (Hunter [2001], Matthaei [1964]) using a stack of 5 frequency selective surfaces, with 4 air spacers in between the FSS sheets. The lowpass prototype L,C ladder network is shown in Fig. 3.1.1-1 (Hunter [2001]). The cutoff frequency will be scaled to 7 GHz and the filter will be matched to 377 Ohms (the impedance of free space) on the input and output sides. The"}, {"context": "idea we'll follow is that the shunt capacitors will eventually be replaced by sub-resonant (capacitive) patch-type FSS sheets and the series inductors will be replaced by air spacers between the 5 FSS layers. Short transmission lines are approximately equivalent to series inductors. The transmission magnitude and phase response of the scaled Butterworth L,C filter is shown in Fig. 3.1.2-1. Transmission magnitude is flat in the passband (below the 7 GHz cutoff frequency) and has a monotonically decreasing skirt on the high frequency side of the passband. The phase through the filter is linear throughout the 7 GHz passband, making this"}, {"context": "filter an ideal choice for a linear phase filter application, for example in the design of an ultra-wideband filter that approximates a true time delay transmission line. This is the baseline lumped L,C filter that will be the starting point for our 5-layer FSS Butterworth filter design. Now we begin the process of transforming the prototype Butterworth lumped L,C filter into an equivalent FSS Butterworth filter. Two modifications of the baseline lumped L,C filter will be necessary, in order to obtain the corresponding FSS filter. First, the series inductors will be replaced by their equivalent transmission line sections, and then"}, {"context": "the shunt capacitors will be replaced by capacitive frequency selective surfaces. At this point in the development, the series inductors in the prototype L,C ladder network will now be replaced by sub-half-wavelength air spacers (which we will model as transmission lines) between the FSS layers. The thickness of the air spacers may be determined as shown in Fig. 3.1.3-1, in which we compare the ABCD matrix of a series inductor with the ABCD matrix of a short transmission line (Ramo [1994]), in order to obtain the proper length of transmission line between the shunt capacitors (sub-resonant FSS layers) to produce"}, {"context": "a Butterworth filter response. It is well known that a series inductor represents an approximate lumped circuit model of a short transmission line, and we'll exploit this equivalence to determine the required thickness of the air spacers. With the thickness of the air spacers between sheets now determined, the equivalent circuit now takes on the form shown in Fig. 3.1.4-1: Now the only thing left to do is to find the lowpass FSS that yields the shunt capacitance values called out in Fig. 2.3.1-4. This is usually done through trial and error. Fitting a shunt capacitor to a real FSS"}, {"context": "is done by repeated running of a first principles code to match the reflection response of the shunt capacitor with the reflection from a capacitive FSS. Patch-type FSS below resonance will produce a capacitive shunt admittance equivalent circuit, with closer packing of elements in the FSS sheet yielding higher shunt capacitance values in the equivalent circuit. FSS can seemingly take on a nearly infinite number of forms, depending on the application. And now FSS are being used in the development of certain classes of meta-materials. FSS are typically resonance region structures (wavelength comparable to element size and spacing). FSS can"}, {"context": "be classified either by their form or by their function. Morphologically, Munk (Munk [200]) classified FSS elements into 2 broad categories: those that are \"wire-like\" (one-dimensional) and those that are \"patch-like\" (two-dimensional) in appearance. His lifelong preference was for the one-dimensional wire-like FSS structures, and they do seem to have advantages for many applications. Frequency selective surfaces, as any type of filter, may also be classified according to their function, and these usually fall into 3 categories: low-pass, high-pass and bandpass, in addition to band-stop filters. FSS may be made to be absorptive as well, and absorption is usually over"}, {"context": "some frequency band. A number of FSS scatterer configurations are now known, ranging from early types such as resonant dipoles, disks and squares to crossed dipoles, Jerusalem crosses, four-legged loaded slots and tripoles, The FSS reflection and transmission properties are determined by both the individual scatterer and the lattice. Typically FSSs are fabricated by chemically etching a copper-clad dielectric sheet, which may consist of Teflon (\u03b5=2.1), Kapton, (\u03b5=3.1), fiberglass (\u03b5-4.5) or various forms of duroid (\u03b5=6.0, 10.2). The sheet may range in thickness from a few thousandths of an inch to as much as 20\u201340 thousand. Applications of FSS range"}, {"context": "from the mundane (microwave ovens) to the forefront of contemporary technology involving active and reconfigurable structures such as smart skins. Frequency selective surface A frequency-selective surface (FSS) is any thin, repetitive surface (such as the screen on a microwave oven) designed to reflect, transmit or absorb electromagnetic fields based on the frequency of the field. In this sense, an FSS is a type of optical filter or metal-mesh optical filters in which the filtering is accomplished by virtue of the regular, periodic (usually metallic, but sometimes dielectric) pattern on the surface of the FSS. Though not explicitly mentioned in the"}]}, {"title": "Hugh Arnold", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hugh Arnold Hugh Arnold (1872\u20131915) was born in Wimbledon, the son of a solicitor. Arnold was educated at the Slade School of Fine Art before attending the London County Council (LCC) Central School of Arts and Crafts where he studied under Christopher Whall from 1989 to 1903. He designed stained glass windows for James Powell & Sons and also did some independent work. While an officer in the Northumberland Fusiliers, Arnold died on active service at Gallipoli in 1915. Some of Arnold's works were: Some of his windows are on display at the Stained Glass Museum at Ely, being lancet"}, {"context": "windows depicting Queen Victoria and Edward VII which Arnold made in 1910 for St Mary Magdalene in Barnstaple, Devon Arnold wrote a booklet on the stained glass of Balliol College Chapel. He was also the author of a study of medieval glass published in 1913 titled \u201cStained Glass of the Middle Ages in England and France.\u201d Arnold's name appears on the Helles Memorial. Hugh Arnold Hugh Arnold (1872\u20131915) was born in Wimbledon, the son of a solicitor. Arnold was educated at the Slade School of Fine Art before attending the London County Council (LCC) Central School of Arts and Crafts"}]}, {"title": "2010 Liechtenstein referendum", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2010 Liechtenstein referendum A referendum on building an approach road for an industrial zone in Schaan was held in Liechtenstein on 14 March 2010. The proposal was approved by 52% of voters. On 18 November 2009 the Landtag voted 18\u20137 to spend 15 million francs on an approach road for an industrial zone in Schaan. The road would be 1.4km long, although 75% of the route was already roadway. A separate cycle and pedestrian path would also be created alongside the road. The Free List and Transport Club Liechtenstein (VCL) believed it to be the first step in attempts to"}, {"context": "build a bypass and started an attempt to force a referendum. Between 29 November and 23 December they collected 1,257 signatures, surpassing the requirement of 1,000 in article 66 of the constitution. Due to an error in the count, the reported total number of votes was lower than the sum of the valid and invalid votes. 2010 Liechtenstein referendum A referendum on building an approach road for an industrial zone in Schaan was held in Liechtenstein on 14 March 2010. The proposal was approved by 52% of voters. On 18 November 2009 the Landtag voted 18\u20137 to spend 15 million"}]}, {"title": "Washington, Oklahoma", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Washington, Oklahoma Washington is a town in McClain County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 520 as of the 2000 census. A post office called Washington has been in operation since 1904. The town was named after George Washington, first President of the United States. Washington is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all of it land. Washington is located along State Highway 24. As of the census of 2000, there were 520 people, 186 households, and 146 families residing in the town. The population density was 503.8"}, {"context": "people per square mile (194.9/km\u00b2). There were 192 housing units at an average density of 186.0 per square mile (72.0/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the town was 92.12% White, 2.88% Native American, 1.15% Pacific Islander, 1.92% from other races, and 1.92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.23% of the population. There were 186 households out of which 42.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.1% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.0% were non-families. 18.3% of all households were made"}, {"context": "up of individuals and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.18. 31.7% of the population was under the age of 18, 6.7% were 18 to 24, 31.9% were 25 to 44, 17.5% from 45 were 64, and 12.1% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males. The median income for a household in the town was"}, {"context": "$31,875, and the median income for a family was $36,806. Males had a median income of $31,429 versus $20,089 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,309. About 13.1% of families and 17.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.0% of those under age 18 and 18.8% of those age 65 or over. Washington is the home of Washington Public Schools, which comprises a single K-12 school at 101 E. Kerby, Washington, OK 73093. The mascot is the warrior and school colors are red and white. , the graduation rate was 94.7%, there were"}, {"context": "17.4 students per teacher, and 916 enrolled students. Sports played by students include: softball, football, basketball, baseball, cheerleading, golf, and track. Extra-curricular activities include academic team, band, FCCLA, FFA, newspaper, NHS, science club, STUCO, and yearbook. Washington, Oklahoma Washington is a town in McClain County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 520 as of the 2000 census. A post office called Washington has been in operation since 1904. The town was named after George Washington, first President of the United States. Washington is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of"}]}, {"title": "Andrew III, Baron of Vitre\u0301", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Andrew III, Baron of Vitr\u00e9 Andrew III of Vitr\u00e9 (c. 1200 \u2020 8 February 1250 at the Battle of Al Mansurah, in Egypt) was Baron of Vitr\u00e9 and Aubign\u00e9 from 1211 to 1250. Andrew III was the eldest son of Andrew II, Baron of Vitr\u00e9, and his third wife Eustacie of Rays, daughter of Harsco\u00ebt of Rays. He is said to have founded the old convent of the Jacobins in Nantes in 1228 In c. 1230 he rebuilt the Ch\u00e2teau de Vitr\u00e9 and surrounded it with fortifications that encompassed the Vieil-Bourg and the church of Notre-Dame of Vitr\u00e9. He also"}, {"context": "founded the castle of Chevr\u00e9, a lordship belonging to the Baronny of Vitr\u00e9. He took part to the Seventh Crusade in 1248 with Louis IX of France and died at the Battle of Al Mansurah. In his last will and testament dated 1248, Andrew of Vitr\u00e9 gave his wife \"le chastel de Chasteillon, le moulin de l'estangs doud. lieu et Vendelays o touz ses appartenances\" (the castle of Chasteillon, the mill by the pond of the aforementioned place and Vendelays and all its dependencies). One of the executors wasGuillaume Merlin, dean of Mayenne. Andrew III married twice. He married firstly"}, {"context": "in 1212 Catherine of Thouars Lady of Aubign\u00e9, daughter of Constance, Duchess of Brittany, and Guy of Thouars. They had: He married secondly around January 1240 Thomasse of La Guerche, Lady of Pouanc\u00e9 and Mareuil. They had: Andrew III, Baron of Vitr\u00e9 Andrew III of Vitr\u00e9 (c. 1200 \u2020 8 February 1250 at the Battle of Al Mansurah, in Egypt) was Baron of Vitr\u00e9 and Aubign\u00e9 from 1211 to 1250. Andrew III was the eldest son of Andrew II, Baron of Vitr\u00e9, and his third wife Eustacie of Rays, daughter of Harsco\u00ebt of Rays. He is said to have founded"}]}, {"title": "Apni Mitti", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Apni Mitti Apni Mitti is a Punjabi-language TV serial written by Kripal Kajak, which airs on Alpha ETC Punjabi from January 2007. The show is being shot in and around Chandigarh. The show is based on deception in human relationships. The story of the serial takes place in Sarangpur village near Chandigarh, where villagers gets lured by the bright lights and easy money of America, after their own lad Jimmy, who makes it big out there. The desperation to get to USA drives a few families of the village to take up drastic steps. The story beautifully projects the shady"}, {"context": "side of human nature and women\u2019s tolerance and sacrifice in our male dominated society. The main character, Hardeep (played by Gurvinder), who fulfills his desire of going abroad by marrying to a village girl for a huge dowry later gets married to another Spanish girl in the USA to gain material comforts out there. Deception in human relationship is not the only theme of the story. The serial has also captured the realistic angle of exploitation of the gullible villagers at the hands of travel agents along with the hardships one has to face in an alien nation. Apni Mitti"}]}, {"title": "Torrance Marshall", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Torrance Marshall Torrance James Marshall (born June 12, 1977) is a former professional American football player. He played high school football at Miami Sunset Senior High. He played college football at the University of Oklahoma and was the MVP of the 2001 Orange Bowl. In the past, he has played in the National Football League, primarily as a linebacker for the Green Bay Packers. He is the nephew of former NFL player Harvey Clayton. Marshall intended to spend his college playing career with the University of Miami, but was not accepted due to academic reasons. Instead, he attended Kemper Military"}, {"context": "School, where he had a total of 198 tackles, and later Miami-Dade Community College. In 1999, he began attending the University of Oklahoma as a criminal justice major, and was co-captain of his football team for two consecutive seasons. He was a third-team All-American as a senior and finished second on the team in total tackles. He was named MVP of the 2001 Orange Bowl where the Sooners defeated the Florida State Seminoles to win the national championship for the 2000 season. He was also named MVP of the Senior Bowl. Marshall was drafted with the 72nd overall selection in"}, {"context": "the 2001 NFL Draft by the Green Bay Packers in the third round. He spent most of his rookie season as a backup player as well as on special teams, totaling twenty tackles. He made his first start against the Tennessee Titans that season, replacing the injured Nate Wayne. During the 2002 season, he began seeing action at fullback as well as linebacker when starter William Henderson was battling injuries. He totaled twenty-one tackles on special teams that season. Marshall was suspended for the first four games of the 2003 season but rebounded to post twenty-three tackles that season. He"}, {"context": "began the season again as a backup in 2004 but was placed on injured reserve that season and was released at the end of the season. After taking the 2005 season off, Marshall joined the Austin Wranglers of the Arena Football League as a fullback/linebacker. In his first season, he scored three touchdowns out of eighteen rushing attempts and made twenty solo tackles. He then signed with the Tampa Bay Storm, where he set a franchise single-season rushing touchdown mark with 17 touchdowns on the ground. Torrance Marshall Torrance James Marshall (born June 12, 1977) is a former professional American"}]}, {"title": "2012 South Korean legislative election", "paragraphs": [{"context": "2012 South Korean legislative election The legislative election for the 19th National Assembly was held in South Korea on 11 April 2012. The election was won by the ruling Saenuri or New Frontier Party, which renewed its majority in the National Assembly, despite losing seats. The election has been read as a bellwether for the presidential election to be held later in the year. The result confounded exit polls and media analysis which had predicted a closer outcome. The South Korean National Assembly consists of 246 directly elected seats and 54 nationwide proportional representation seats chosen under an FPTP-PR parallel"}, {"context": "voting system. In South Korea's presidential system, the head of state chooses the cabinet, but the loss of control in the parliament could have hampered President Lee's government substantially. Four parties won seats in the 2012 election: Other parties that put forward candidates included the left-wing New Progressive Party and the centre-right Korea Vision Party. The conservative parties were fragmented, particularly between Saenuri and the new KVP over the latter recruiting high-profile defected members of the incumbent party and those who were denied tickets in the election, which was also reflective of a division grew between Park's leadership and loyalists"}, {"context": "of Lee Myung-bak. However, the DUP\u2013UPP coalition also came under strain due to irregularities in the UPP's primaries that involved co-leader Lee Jung-hee. Campaigning for the election officially began on 29 March, though party leaders toured the country beforehand to rally support for their bids. The international media suggested that the main issues in the campaign were economic, including inflation, educational and housing costs, unemployment and underemployment, the income gap, and social welfare, while the North Korean issue did not play a role. The opposition DUP tried to harness discontent with the incumbent Lee's administration, and called on the electorate"}, {"context": "to adjudge the election as a referendum on Lee's presidency. The opposition coalition endeavored to depict the ruling party as unsocial and favoring the rich, while promising to create jobs. The incumbent government emphasised the threat of North Korea and made the case for continuing their hard line towards the northern neighbour and maintaining a close alliance with the United States. They accused the opposition of jeopardising the free trade agreement with the U.S. The DUP had demanded renegotiation of the treaty and threatened to cancel it in case of the United States' refusal to negotiate. The international media highlighted"}, {"context": "the candidacy of Cho Myung-chul, a professor who defected from North Korea in 1994. In its newspaper \"Rodong Sinmun\", the North Korean Workers' Party called on the electorate to vote out the incumbent government: \"Young voters, students and people must deliver a crushing defeat to the traitors.\" After accusations of unauthorized government surveillance surfaced, legislators called for an investigation, while the ruling party accused the previous government of doing the same. The presidential office published an analysis stating that 84% of the recorded incidents had taken place under the previous administration of Roh Moo-hyun. A post-election analysis by polling institute"}, {"context": "Realmeter showed that the ruling party's handling of scandal was effective, and that the surveillance scandal didn't affect voters' decision much. A DUP candidate, , was also accused of having made numerous offensive comments on the podcast-talk-show Naneun Ggomsuda, for which he apologized but refused to rescind his candidacy, despite the DUP leadership advising him to do so. Kim subsequently failed to win his seat in the election. Polls were barred in the final week of the election, just before indications suggested the two largest parties would get somewhere between 130\u2013135 seats each. A high turnout, particularly with the youth,"}, {"context": "was seen as beneficial to the opposition. The voting centres were open from 6:00\u221218:00. Voting occurred via electronic ballot counting and scanning that gave an instantaneous result. Cho Myung-chul's successful candidature was the first time that one of the 23 thousand North Korean refugees living in the South was elected to the National Assembly. The result showed considerable regional variations. The DUP and its coalition partner the UPP made significant gains in the north-west of the country, winning a combined total of 26 new seats in Seoul, four in Incheon and 14 in suburban Gyeonggi-do. Altogether the DUP-UPP coalition won"}, {"context": "70 of 112 seats in this region, a gain of 44. They also maintained their dominant position in Jeolla and Jeju, winning 31 of 33 seats, a gain of three. Had the liberal parties made comparable gains in the eastern half of the country, they would have won the election. They won only 13 seats of 100 in these provinces, a net gain of one. In Chungcheong, Gangwon and Gyeongsang, the Saenuri Party made gains from the DUP and the Liberty Forward Party. The liberal parties failed to make significant gains in the southeast, a traditionally conservative region. The Saenuri"}, {"context": "Party also took seats from independent members across the country. !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|Saenuri !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+/- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|DUP !style=\"background-color: #E9E9E9\" align=center|+/- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center| UPP !style=\"background-color: #E9E9E9\" align=center|+/- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center| LFP !style=\"background-color: #E9E9E9\" align=center|+/- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center| CKP !style=\"background-color: #E9E9E9\" align=center|+/- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|Indep. !style=\"background-color: #E9E9E9\" align=center|+/- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|Total !style=\"background-color: #E9E9E9\" align=center|+/- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- 24 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 21 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 2 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 4 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- 5 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- 3 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 4 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\""}, {"context": "align=center|+ 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |+ 3 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 2 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- 5 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |+ 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |+ 6 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- 2 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- 3 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- 12"}, {"context": "!style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 12 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 2 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |+ 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- 2 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |+ 5 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- 5 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- 3 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |+"}, {"context": "4 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 2 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- 5 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |+ 4 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- 3 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 1 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- 5 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 6 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 3 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- 2 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- 2 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|- !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=left|Total !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|152"}, {"context": "!style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- 15 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|127 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 46 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|13 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 8 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|5 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- 13 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|0 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- 3 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|3 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center |- 22 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|300 !style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9\" align=center|+ 1 President Lee said that the \"people made wise choices. The government will do its best to manage state affairs in a stable manner and take care of the people's livelihood\". The DUP's secretary-general Park Sun-sook conceded the election and added: \"The DUP failed to turn public calls for punishing the ... ruling party into reality. We apologise for disappointing supporters. We will sincerely"}, {"context": "think over what today's election means and try ceaselessly to be reborn as a party the people can lean and rely on.\" Sim Dae-pyung, leader of the Liberty Forward Party, announced his resignation after the party's poor performance. On 13 April, the DUP leader Han Myeong-sook announced her resignation on account of her party's defeat. 2012 South Korean legislative election The legislative election for the 19th National Assembly was held in South Korea on 11 April 2012. The election was won by the ruling Saenuri or New Frontier Party, which renewed its majority in the National Assembly, despite losing seats."}]}, {"title": "Mother's Day (2016 film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mother's Day (2016 film) Mother's Day is a 2016 American romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall and written by Marshall, Tom Hines, Lily Hollander, Anya Kochoff-Romano and Matt Walker. It features an ensemble cast, led by Jennifer Aniston, Kate Hudson, Shay Mitchell, Julia Roberts, Jason Sudeikis, Timothy Olyphant, Britt Robertson, Jack Whitehall, H\u00e9ctor Elizondo, and Margo Martindale. Filming began on August 18, 2015, in Atlanta, Georgia. It was released in the United States on April 29, 2016 by Open Road Films and grossed $48 million worldwide. The film is similar in format to Marshall's previous two ensemble romantic comedies"}, {"context": "with holiday themes: \"Valentine's Day\" (2010) and \"New Year's Eve\" (2011) and was the final film of his career prior to his death in July 2016. As Mother's Day nears, a group of seemingly-unconnected people in Atlanta come to terms with their relationships with their mothers. Sandy (Jennifer Aniston) is a divorced mother of two boys whose ex-husband has recently remarried a younger woman, Tina (Shay Mitchell). Sandy is still getting used to this when she meets Bradley (Jason Sudeikis), a former marine, in the supermarket. Bradley's wife, a Marine Lieutenant, has recently passed away, leaving him with their two"}, {"context": "daughters and missing her terribly. Miranda (Julia Roberts) is an accomplished author who gave up her only child Kristin (Britt Robertson) for adoption at birth; as the adult Kristin has her own daughter and mulls over marrying the father, she contemplates the missing part in her life and her friend Jesse (Kate Hudson) encourages her to search for her birthmother. Meanwhile, Jesse and her sister Gabi never see their own mother, so they're surprised when their parents suddenly show up, and plenty of catching-up is in order. In April 2013, Dennis Dugan confirmed that he would next develop Garry Marshall's"}, {"context": "comedy film \"Mother's Day.\" On June 30, 2015, four cast members were announced, Julia Roberts, Jennifer Aniston, Kate Hudson, and Jason Sudeikis, with the film to be directed by Garry Marshall and scripted by Anya Kochoff-Romano and Lily Hollander. Brandt Andersen produced, along with Wayne Rice and Mike Karz. On July 22, 2015, Open Road Films acquired US distribution rights to the film, and it was revealed that Matt Walker and Tom Hines would co-write the script. On August 21, 2015, Ella Anderson joined the film's cast to play Vicky, Sudeikis's character's daughter. On August 26, 2015, Timothy Olyphant, Britt"}, {"context": "Robertson, Shay Mitchell, Jack Whitehall, Loni Love, and Aasif Mandvi joined the cast. On October 6, Hilary Duff was confirmed to appear, but she declined due to scheduling conflicts with filming the second season of her show \"Younger\". Principal photography on the film began on August 18, 2015, in Atlanta, Georgia. Though shooting her part required only four days, Julia Roberts was paid $3 million. \"Mother's Day\" was released domestically on April 29, 2016 by Open Road Films. \"Mother's Day\" grossed $32.5 million in the United States and Canada, and $15.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of"}, {"context": "$48.4 million, against a production budget of $25 million. In the United States and Canada, pre-release tracking suggested the film would gross around $11 million from 3,035 theaters in its opening weekend, trailing fellow newcomer \"Keanu\" ($10\u201314 million projection) but besting \"Ratchet & Clank\" ($8\u201310 million projection). The film grossed $2.6 million on its first day and $8.4 million in its opening weekend, finishing 4th at the box office, behind \"The Jungle Book\" ($43.7 million), \"\" ($9.6 million), and \"Keanu\" ($9.5 million). In its second weekend the film grossed $11.1 million (an increase of 32.5%), finishing 3rd at the box"}, {"context": "office, behind \"\" ($179.1 million) and \"The Jungle Book\" ($24.5 million). On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 6% based on 146 reviews and an average rating of 2.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Arguably well-intended yet thoroughly misguided, \"Mother's Day\" is the cinematic equivalent of a last-minute gift that only underscores its embarrassing lack of effort.\" On Metacritic, the film has a score of 18 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating \"overwhelming dislike\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B+\" on an A+ to F scale."}, {"context": "Richard Roeper gave the film zero out of four stars, saying, \"...nothing could have prepared us for the offensively stupid, shamelessly manipulative, ridiculously predictable and hopelessly dated crapfest that is \"Mother's Day\".\" Peter Bradshaw, writing in \"The Guardian\", gave the film one star out of five, calling it \"as feelgood and life-affirming as a fire in an asbestos factory neighbouring a children's hospital.\" Mother's Day (2016 film) Mother's Day is a 2016 American romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall and written by Marshall, Tom Hines, Lily Hollander, Anya Kochoff-Romano and Matt Walker. It features an ensemble cast, led by"}]}, {"title": "Vietnamese airports hackings", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Vietnamese airports hackings On 29 July 2016, a group suspected coming from China launched hacker attacks on the website of Vietnam Airlines with client information leaked and on flight information screens at Vietnam\u2019s 2 biggest airports, Tan Son Nhat International Airport and Noi Bai International Airport, posting derogatory messages against Vietnam and the Philippines in their territorial row against China in the South China Sea. On 12 July 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled in favor of the Philippines against China over an arbitration case concerning the disputes in the South China Sea; in its major ruling, the tribunal"}, {"context": "ruled that China has \"no historical rights\" based on the \"nine-dash line\" map. Within hours of the Permanent Court of Arbitration\u2019s unanimous rebuke of China\u2019s territorial claims in the South China Sea last week, at least 68 national and local government websites in the Philippines were knocked offline in a massive distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack. This hack comes days after a row involving a Chinese tourist at one of the hacked airports, Tan Son Nhat International Airport. A Chinese visitor complained, that her passport was handed back with obscenities written on the page that contains a map including"}, {"context": "China's \"nine-dash line\", that marks China's claim to territories in the South China Sea. According to the Civil Aviation Administration of Vietnam, at 13h46 on 29 July the IT-systems of VietJet, Vietnam Airlines to do the flight check-ins at the Tan Son Nhat International Airport were attacked and had to stop working. At 16h07', A team of self-proclaimed Chinese Hackers attacked flight information screens at Noi Bai International Airport, posting notices that state media said criticized the Philippines and Vietnam and their claims in the South China Sea., The hackers also took control of the speaker system at Noi Bai"}, {"context": "airport for a few minutes, during which the speakers broadcast a male voice distorting Viet Nam\u2019s claims over the East Sea in English. The check-ins system of Vietnam Airlines there was also attacked and had to switch to manual procedure completion, which lead to flight delays. altogether, Noi Bai airport has 30 flight, and Tan Son Nhat more than 60 flight delayed from 15 til more than an hour, affect about 2.000 passengers. The official website of Vietnam Airlines, vietnamairlines.com, was also hacked by the same group at about 4pm the same day. The website page was replaced by the"}, {"context": "same picture that appeared on the airports\u2019 screens. The website was back to normal at 18.30pm, however, the airlines\u2019 customer database was stolen and made public on the internet, according to a press release from Vietnam Airlines. The airlines advised its members to change their account passwords as soon as the network system is recovered. Another 2 webpages were also compromised, are the webpage from Vietnam Football Federation on the same day and from National Economics University (Vietnam) the next day. On next day, 50% of the computers can check in again, but the flight information screens are still off"}, {"context": "at Noi Bai airport. The speaker system is also still not working again. At Tan Son Nhat airport the situation is similar to Noi Bai with no flight information screens and no speaker system. The hackers claimed to be the 1937CN from China, which is one of the biggest hacker groups in the country and has a history of hacking Viet Nam\u2019s and the Philippines\u2019 websites in 2013 and 2015, respectively. Vietnamese airports hackings On 29 July 2016, a group suspected coming from China launched hacker attacks on the website of Vietnam Airlines with client information leaked and on flight"}]}, {"title": "Defensively equipped merchant ship", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Defensively equipped merchant ship Defensively equipped merchant ship (DEMS) was an Admiralty Trade Division program established in June 1939, to arm 5,500 British merchant ships with an adequate defence against enemy submarines and aircraft. The acronym DEMS was used to describe the ships carrying the guns, the guns aboard the ships, the military personnel manning the guns, and the shore establishment supporting the system. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, European countries such as Spain, France, the Netherlands and Britain armed their merchant ships to prevent capture by pirates, enemy commerce raiders and privateers when they conducted overseas trade. The"}, {"context": "most heavily armed were ships carrying valuable cargo back from the Far East. For example, the East Indiamen class of ships were constructed from the keel up with defence in mind, with their heavy armament making them equivalent to naval ships of the line. Once the threat passed after the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, armed merchant ships like East Indiamen were replaced with faster and lighter unarmed ships such as clippers. From the turn of the 20th century, growing tensions between Europe's Great Powers included an Anglo-German naval arms race that threatened the security of merchant shipping."}, {"context": "In December 1911 a memo from Winston Churchill, recently appointed as First Lord of the Admiralty, proposed that the utility or otherwise of arming British merchant ships \"for their own defence\" be ascertained. The Admiralty created a Committee on the Arming of British Merchant Vessels under Captain Alexander Duff, which reported in May 1912. In October 1912 Admiral Sir Francis Bridgeman became Churchill's First Sea Lord, and that October Bridgeman warned the Committee of Imperial Defence that \"the Germans were arming their merchant ships, nominally for the protection of their own trade, but more probably in order to attack ours.\""}, {"context": "The ships being armed by the \"Kaiserliche Marine\" were passenger liners that were fast enough to serve as auxiliary cruisers. The Admiralty chose to do likewise, starting with the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company passenger liner RMS \"Aragon\". She was due to carry naval guns from December 1912, but within the British Government and Admiralty there was uncertainty as to how foreign countries and ports would react. Many merchant ships had been armed in the 18th century and it had never been made illegal, but Britain feared that foreign authorities might refuse to let armed British merchant ships enter port."}, {"context": "In January 1913 Rear Admiral Henry Campbell recommended that the Admiralty should send a merchant ship to sea with naval guns, but without ammunition, to test foreign governments' reaction. A meeting chaired by Sir Francis Hopwood, Civil Lord of the Admiralty agreed to put guns without ammunition on a number of merchant ships \"and see what happens.\" Sir Eyre Crowe was at the meeting and recorded \"If nothing happens, it may be possible and easy, after a time, to place ammunition on board.\" In March the policy was made public, and in April it was implemented. On 25 April 1913"}, {"context": "\"Aragon\" left Southampton carrying two QF naval guns on her stern. The Admiralty planned to arm Houlder Brothers' similarly if the reaction were favourable. Governments, newspapers and the public in South American countries that \"Aragon\" visited took little notice and expressed no concern. There was more criticism in Britain, where Commander Barry Domvile, Secretary to the Committee of Imperial Defence, warned that the policy undermined Britain's objection to the arming of German merchant ships. Domvile predicted that arming merchant ships would be ineffective, and would lead only to a second maritime arms race alongside the naval one. Gerard Noel, a"}, {"context": "former Admiral of the Fleet, told Churchill that were a merchant ship ever to fire its guns it could be accused of piracy. Churchill replied by drawing a distinction between merchant ships armed as auxiliary cruisers and those armed only for self-defence. Privately Churchill was more concerned, and in June 1913 he directed Admiralty staff to \"do everything in our power to reconcile this new departure with the principles of international law\". However, the policy continued. \"Aragon\"s sister ship RMS \"Amazon\" was made the next DAMS, and in the following months further RMSP \"A-liners\" were armed. They included the newly"}, {"context": "built , which in the First World War did indeed serve as an armed merchant cruiser. During the First World War, the UK blockaded Germany and armed its merchant ships to help defend them against U-boats. A single stern gun, equivalent to what a submarine might carry, was mounted; and civilian captains were encouraged to flee and shoot back from their more stable gun platform. 766 civilian ships had been armed by December 1915. Arming of merchant ships pushed Germany away from prize rules towards unrestricted submarine warfare, an important factor in bringing the United States into the war against"}, {"context": "Germany. The first merchant ship lost to U-boats was an 866-ton British steamer outbound from Grangemouth to Stavanger with a cargo of coal, iron plate, and oil. was stopped by the German submarine \"U-17\" on 20 October 1914; and a boarding party gave \"Glitra's\" crew time to disembark into lifeboats before sinking the ship by opening valves to flood holds with seawater. The procedure followed customs originated by surface ships. International maritime law required the naval vessel to make adequate provisions for the safety of the merchant crew and passengers before sinking their ship. The German Empire focused use of"}, {"context": "U-boats against merchant shipping in response to British blockade of German merchant shipping by declaring the entire North Sea a war zone on 2 November 1914. On 5 February 1915 Germany published notice declaring a war zone in all waters around the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Within that zone, Germany conducted unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant ships from 18 February 1915 without warning and without regard to safety of their crew. U-boats still conformed to earlier conventions of stopping ships when possible, but the typical submarine mounted only a single gun. The two procedures for sinking merchant"}, {"context": "ships were compared in 1915. Merchant ships escaped 42% of torpedo attacks made without warning, in comparison to 54% escaping from conventional surface attempts to stop the ship. Guns aided escape and about one submarine per month was sunk (most by Q-ships) while attempting a surfaced stop. The number of civilian merchant ships armed with anti-submarine guns rose to 1,749 by September 1916 and 2,899 by February 1917. The United States responded to unrestricted submarine warfare by severing diplomatic relations with Germany on 3 February 1917. A filibuster in the United States Senate temporarily delayed President Woodrow Wilson's proposal on"}, {"context": "26 February 1917 to arm United States merchant ships, but arming started in March under an executive order. Old naval guns had been stored since 1918 in ports for possible use. In the Second World War the objective was to equip each ship with a low-angle gun mounted aft as defence against surfaced submarines and a high-angle gun and rifle-calibre machine guns for defence against air attack. 3,400 ships had been armed by the end of 1940; and all ships were armed by 1943. The low-angle guns were typically in the 3-inch to 6-inch range (75\u2013150 mm) depending on the"}, {"context": "size of the ship. Rifle-caliber machine guns were augmented or replaced by Oerlikon 20 mm cannon as they became available. The high-angle QF 12pdr Mk V mount was the most common anti-aircraft gun and later ships sometimes received Bofors 40 mm guns. Untrained gunners posed significant risk to friendly aircraft in the absence of efficient communications. DEMS guns were manned by 24,000 Royal Navy personnel and 14,000 men of the Royal Artillery Maritime Regiment. 150,000 merchant sailors were trained to assist by passing ammunition, loading and replacing casualties. Initially, Royal Artillery personnel provided anti-aircraft protection by bringing their own machine-guns"}, {"context": "aboard ships operating close to the British Isles. DEMS gunners were often retired military personnel and young Hostilities Only ratings, commanded by a petty officer or Royal Marine sergeant. Large ships sometimes embarked a junior naval officer to command the DEMS gunners. Canada placed guns on 713 ships, while the Royal Australian Navy provided gun crews for 375 Australian and other Allied ships. In 1944, during preparations for the invasion of France called Operation Overlord there was deep concern over the danger to Allied aircraft from the large number of DEMS involved in the landings. A request for volunteer aircraft"}, {"context": "recognition experts from the Royal Observer Corps produced 1,094 highly qualified candidates, from which 796 were selected to perform valuable aircraft recognition duties as seaborne volunteers. These Seaborne Observers were organised by Group Commandant C. G. Cooke and trained at the Royal Bath Hotel Bournemouth before the volunteers temporarily joined the Royal Navy with the rank of petty officer (aircraft identifier). The volunteers continued to wear their ROC uniforms, but wore \"seaborne\" shoulder flashes and a Royal Navy brassard with the letters RN. During the D-day landings two \"seaborne\" observers were allocated to each of the defensively equipped British and"}, {"context": "American merchant vessels. The ROC volunteers were given direct control of each ship's anti-aircraft batteries, immediately reducing the previously high level of friendly fire incidents. Their success is measured by a signal from Wing Commander P. B. Lucas, air staff officer who reported: Twenty two seaborne observers survived their ships being sunk, two lost their lives and several more were injured during the landings. The \"seaborne\" operation was an unqualified success and in recognition, His Majesty King George Vl approved the wearing of the \"seaborne\" flash as a permanent feature of the uniform. In addition, ten \"seaborne\" members were mentioned"}, {"context": "in despatches. After the invasion and just before his death Air Chief Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory wrote the following to be circulated to all ROC personnel: As of 2010 there is a Seaborne Observers\u2019 Association for the dwindling number of survivors. Air Vice-Marshal George Black (Rtd.), a former Commandant ROC, is the honorary president. The Imperial Japanese Army established several shipping artillery units during World War II. These units provided detachments to protect Army-operated transports and chartered merchant ships from air or submarine attack. The Imperial Japanese Navy also formed air defence squads from April 1944 which were deployed on board"}, {"context": "ships. The Merchant Marine Act of 1936 identified mariners aboard United States flagged merchant ships as military personnel in time of war. Neutrality Acts prevented arming of United States flagged merchant ships until 17 November 1941, although American-owned ships under Panamanian registry had been armed earlier. Guns were manned by United States Navy Armed Guard. The United States began equipping ships of other nations with guns and United States Navy Armed Guard on 24 January 1942; and approximately 145,000 USN armed guards ultimately sailed aboard 6,236 merchant ships. United States policy was stated by the Vice Chief of Naval Operations"}, {"context": "on 19 August 1942: \"Ships sailing independently should be armed. Ships sailing in regularly made-up convoys, other than ships bound to North Russia or tankers en route to the United Kingdom, may sail unarmed if the urgency of delivery of their cargo warrants it.\" The United States followed the British practice of a single large gun aft. Early United States installations included low-angle 4\"/50 calibre guns (Mark 9) removed from old s and Clemson-class destroyers. The first installations of dual-purpose 5\"/38 calibre guns began in September 1942, on new ships over 10,000 tons. Victory ships carried a 3-inch gun on"}, {"context": "the bow, 20 mm machine gun tubs port and starboard between the first and second holds; a second pair of 20 mm guns on the bridge wings, a third pair on the after edge of the superstructure, and a fourth pair between the after (Number 5) hatch and the 5\"/38 calibre gun on the stern. Defensively equipped merchant ship Defensively equipped merchant ship (DEMS) was an Admiralty Trade Division program established in June 1939, to arm 5,500 British merchant ships with an adequate defence against enemy submarines and aircraft. The acronym DEMS was used to describe the ships carrying the"}]}, {"title": "Nair", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Nair The Nair , also known as Nayar, are a group of Indian Hindu castes, described by anthropologist Kathleen Gough as \"not a unitary group but a named category of castes\". The Nair include several castes and many subdivisions, not all of whom historically bore the name 'Nair'. These people lived, and continue to live, in the area which is now the Indian state of Kerala. Their internal caste behaviours and systems are markedly different between the people in the northern and southern sections of the area, although there is not very much reliable information on those inhabiting the north."}, {"context": "Historically, Nairs lived in large family units called \"tharavads\" that housed descendants of one common female ancestor. These family units along with their unusual marriage customs, which are no longer practiced, have been much studied. Although the detail varied from one region to the next, the main points of interest to researchers of Nair marriage customs were the existence of two particular rituals\u2014the pre-pubertal \"thalikettu kalyanam\" and the later \"sambandam\"\u2014and the practice of polygamy in some areas. Some Nair women also practiced hypergamy with Nambudiri Brahmins from the Malabar region. The Nair were historically involved in military conflicts in the"}, {"context": "region. Following hostilities between the Nair and the British in 1809, the British limited Nair participation in the British Indian Army. After India's independence, the Nair Brigade of the Travancore State Force was merged into the Indian Army and became a part of the 9th Battalion, Madras Regiment, the oldest battalion in the Indian Army. The serpent is worshipped by Nair families as a guardian of the clan. The worship of snakes, a Dravidian custom, is so prevalent in the area that one anthropologist notes: \"In no part of the world is snake worship more general than in Kerala.\" Serpent"}, {"context": "groves were found in the southwestern corner of nearly every Nair compound. The origin of the Nair is disputed. Some people think the name itself is derived from \"nayaka\", an honorific meaning \"leader of the people\", while others believe it stems from the community's association with the Naga cult of serpent worship. Christopher Fuller, an anthropologist, has said that it is likely that the first reference to the Nair community was made by Pliny the Elder in his \"Natural History\", dating from 77 AD. That work describes what is probably the Malabar coast area wherein could be found the \"Nareae,"}, {"context": "who are shut in by the Capitalis range, the highest of all the mountains in India\". Fuller believes it probable that the \"Nareae\" referred to the Nairs and the Capitalis range is the Western Ghats. There are large gaps in the known early history of the Kerala region, which in the 1st-century AD is thought to have been governed by the Chera dynasty and which by the late 3rd-century AD had broken up, possibly as a consequence of a decline in trade with the Romans. There is no evidence of Nairs in the area during this period. Inscriptions on copper-plate"}, {"context": "regarding grants of land and rights to settlements of Jewish and Christian traders, dated approximately between the 7th- and 9th-centuries AD, refer to Nair chiefs and soldiers from the Ernad, Valluvanad, Venad (later known as Travancore) and Palghat areas. As these inscriptions show the Nairs as witnesses to the agreements between those traders and the successors to the Cheras, the Perumals, it is probable that by this time the Nairs were vassal chieftains. Certainly by the 13th-century, some Nairs were the rulers of small kingdoms and the Perumals had disappeared. Trade with China, which had declined for some time, began"}, {"context": "to increase once more in the 13th-century and it was during this period that two small Nair kingdoms were established. Both of these\u2014at Kolattunad and at Vernad\u2014contained major seaports, and they expanded by taking over the inland territory of neighbouring chieftains. Although trade with China once more went into decline in the 14th-century, it was replaced by trade with Muslim Arabs. These traders had been visiting the area for several hundred years but their activities increased to the point that a third Nair kingdom, based on the port of Calicut, became established. There were also small kingdoms at Walluvanad and"}, {"context": "Palghat, away from the coastline. The Portuguese arrived in the area from 1498, by which time the \"Zamorin\" (King) of Calicut had come to the fore. Arab traders had firmly established themselves at his port and although trade still went to the ports of the other two small kingdoms it was in relatively small amounts. Indeed, the kingdom based at Kolattunad had split into three even smaller kingdoms; and the ruler of Vernad had conceded considerable powers to local chiefs within his kingdom. The Portuguese had many involvements in South India, including their support of the Paravars in a trade"}, {"context": "battle over control of the pearl fisheries of Malabar, but in the Nair kingdoms their principal interest was to obtain control of the trade in pepper. In this they followed the Muslim Arabs, whom they eventually marginalised; and they were in turn followed by the Dutch in 1683. The British and French were also active in the region now known as Kerala, the former from 1615 and the latter from 1725. These various European powers combined with one or another of the Nair rulers, fighting for control. One notable alliance was that of the Portuguese with the Kingdom of Cochin,"}, {"context": "with whom they sided in order to work against the power of the Zamorins of Calicut. Although Calicut remained the most significant of the kingdoms until the 1730s, its power was eroded and the rulers of Cochin were freed from being vassals of the Zamorins. Muslim armies from Mysore invaded and gained control of northern Kerala in 1766 and remained in power until 1792, when the East India Company finally established its pre-eminence throughout the entire Kerala region. By this time there were nine small Nair kingdoms and several chiefdoms which were loosely affiliated to them; the British amalgamated seven"}, {"context": "of those kingdoms (Calicut, Kadattunad, Kolattunad, Kottayam, Kurumbranad, Palghat and Walluvanad) to form Malabar District, while Cochin and Travancore were left as native states under the control of their own rulers but with advice from the British. Up to this time the Nairs had been historically a military community, who along with the Nambudiri Brahmins owned most of the land in the region; after it, they turned increasingly to administrative service. Subsequent to Indian independence from British rule, the regions of Travancore, Malabar District and Cochin became the present-day state of Kerala. It is with regard to the Nairs living"}, {"context": "in the former areas of Cochin and South Malabar, which are sometimes jointly referred to as Central Kerala, that there is the most information; that available for North Malabar is the most scant. Fuller has noted a general opinion that Nair soldiers were drawn only from the higher subdivisions of the community but believes that these subdivisions formed numerically the vast majority of the whole. The Nayar were involved in early regional conflicts with the Portuguese, serving on both sides of the conflict. One Nayar converted to Christianity, Antonio Fernandes Chale, fought for the Portuguese side, holding several command positions"}, {"context": "was even made a knight of the Order of Christ prior to his death at the Battle of Sanguiler in 1571. He was one of several thousands of Nairs who fought alongside the Portuguese after their arrival. During this period, the two parties maintained their distinctive styles, with the Nair fighting armourless with only a shield, and the Portuguese wearing steel armour to protect from sword strokes, despite the heat. During this era, the Portuguese popularised the term \"Nair\", referring to all of the locals who fought along with them as \"Nayari\" or \"Nayar\", irrespective of strata or caste. The"}, {"context": "name \"Nayar\" existed prior to this merely as a title dispensed by kings to some families who had excelled in military matters. Those families, along with everyone else involved in the military, were known as \"Lokar\". Other than this limited use of the Nayar title and the general use of Lokar to describe an occupational group, there is no certainty as to what the various castes which are now categorised as Nairs were called prior to the arrival of the Portuguese. The Travancore Nair Infantry (also known as the \"Nair Pattalam\") was formed in 1704 for the defence of the"}, {"context": "Maharajah Marthanda Varma, and distinguished themselves in battle against the Dutch at the Battle of Colachel (1741). It was disbanded following the British takeover of Malabar after the Anglo-Mysore Wars, and the Nair were first disbanded, and later disarmed, upon which they turned to agriculture. The Travancore army became the Travancore Nair Brigade in 1818\u20131819. The Nair unit, 1st Battalion of HH Rani's Troops, was likewise incorporated into this brigade, but the Brigade served only in a police capacity until the withdrawal of the East India Company troops in 1836. In 1901, the unit was relieved of its police duties"}, {"context": "and placed under a British officer. In 1935, the Travancore Nair Regiment and the Maharaja's bodyguard were fused and renamed the Travancore State Force, as part of the Indian State Forces system. There had been Hindu\u2013Muslim clashes during the medieval period, notably the Captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam, where many Hindus were kept captive or killed by Muslims under Tipu Sultan. Many more became refugees and fled to South Kerala. However the Nairs of Travancore were able to defeat the Muslim forces in 1792 at the Third Anglo-Mysore War. A second conflict which happened during the 1920s, known as the"}, {"context": "Moplah Riots culminated in the killing of Hindu landlords, many of whom were Nairs. Two former Travancore State Army divisions, the 1st Travancore Nayar Infantry and the 2nd Travancore Nayar Infantry were converted into 9th and 16th Battalions of Madras Regiment respectively after the independence. The Nayar Army from Cochin was incorporated into the 17th Battalion. The Nambudiri Brahmins were at the top of the ritual caste hierarchy and in that system outranked even the kings. They regarded all Nairs as \"shudra\". Below the Nambudiris came the Tamil Brahmins and other later immigrants of the Brahmin \"varna\". Beyond this, the"}, {"context": "precise ranking is subject to some difference in opinion. Kodoth has placed the Samantan caste below the Kshatriya rank but above the Nairs, but Gough considers that the Pushpagans and Chakyars, both of which were the highest ranked in the group of temple servants known as Ambalavasis, were ranked between the Brahmins and the Nairs, as were several other members of the Ambalavasi group. She also believes that some Nairs adopted the title of Samantan in order to emphasise their superiority over others in their caste. The unwillingness of the higher \"varnas\" to engage in what they considered to be"}, {"context": "the polluting activities of industrial and commercial activity has been cited as a reason for the region's relatively limited economic development. Keralite traditions included that certain communities were not allowed within a given distance of other castes on the grounds that they would \"pollute\" the relatively higher-ranked group. For example, Dalits were prohibited within 64 feet. Likewise, a Nair could approach but not touch a Nambudiri. A theory has been proposed for the origins of the caste system in the Kerala region based on the actions of the Aryan Jains introducing such distinctions prior to the 8th-century AD. This argues"}, {"context": "that the Jains needed protection when they arrived in the area and recruited sympathetic local people to provide it. These people were then distinguished from others in the local population by their occupation as protectors, with the others all being classed as out-caste. The cross-disciplinary historian Cyriac Pullapilly describes that this meant they \"... were given \"kshatriya\" functions, but only \"shudra\" status. Thus originated the Nairs.\" An alternate theory states that the system was introduced by the Nambudiri Brahmins. Although Brahmin influences had existed in the area since at least the 1st-century AD, there was a large influx from around"}, {"context": "the 8th-century when they acted as priests, counsellors and ministers to invading Aryan princes. At the time of their arrival the non-aboriginal local population had been converted to Buddhism by missionaries who had come from the north of India and from Ceylon. The Brahmins used their symbiotic relationship with the invading forces to assert their beliefs and position. Buddhist temples and monasteries were either destroyed or taken over for use in Hindu practices, thus undermining the ability of the Buddhists to propagate their beliefs. The Brahmins treated almost all of those who acceded to their priestly status as \"shudra\", permitting"}, {"context": "only a small number to be recognised as \"kshatriya\", these being some of the local rulers who co-operated with them. Certainly by the 11th-century, this combination of association with kings and invaders, and with the destruction or take-over of Buddhist temples, had made the Brahmins by far the largest group owning land in the region and they were to remain so until very recent times. Their introduction of Sanskrit and their melding of it with the local Tamil language to form Malayalam was also striking. Their dominating influence was to be found in all matters: religion, politics, society, economics and"}, {"context": "culture. By the late 19th-century, the caste system of Kerala had evolved to be the most complex to be found anywhere in India. There were over 500 groups represented in an elaborate structure of relationships and the concept of ritual pollution extended not merely to untouchability but even further, to unapproachability. The system was gradually reformed to some degree, with one of those reformers, Swami Vivekananda, having observed that it represented a \"mad house\" of castes. The usual four-tier Hindu caste system, involving the \"varnas\" of \"Brahmin\" (priest), \"Kshatriya\" (warrior), \"Vaishya\" (business person, involved in trading, entrepreneurship and finance) and"}, {"context": "\"Shudra\" (service person), did not exist. \"Kshatriyas\" were rare and the \"Vaishyas\" were not present at all. The roles left empty by the absence of these two ritual ranks were taken to some extent by a few Nairs and by non-Hindu immigrants, respectively. The Nairs identify themselves as being in many subgroups and there has been debate regarding whether these groups should be considered as subcastes or a mixture both of those and of subdivisions. There have been several attempts to identify these various groups; most of these were prior to the end of British governance in India but Kathleen"}, {"context": "Gough also studied the issue in 1961. These analyses bear similarities to the \"Jatinirnayam\", a Malayam work that enumerated 18 main subgroups according to occupation, including drummers, traders, coppersmiths, palanquin bearers, servants, potters and barbers, as well as ranks such as the \"Kiriyam\" and \"Illam\". Although the \"Jatinirnayam\" did not itself distinguish any particular subgroups as ranking higher, subsequent attempts at classification did do so, claiming the various occupations to be traditional ones and stating that only the higher ranked groups were soldiers. Anthropologists, ethnologists and other authors believe that the last name of a Nair was a title which"}, {"context": "denoted the subgroup (\"vibhagam\") to which that person belonged and indicated the occupation the person pursued or was bestowed on them by a chief or king. These names included \"Nair\" itself, \"Kurup\", \"Menon\", and \"Pillai\". A re-evaluation of the broad system of classification took place from the late 1950s. Fuller, writing in 1975, claims that the approach to classification by use of titular names was a misconception. People could and did award themselves the titles; and on those occasions when a title was in fact bestowed, it nonetheless did not signify their subgroup. He argues that the broad outline of"}, {"context": "the subdivisions M. N. Srinivas observed in 1957 that, \"\"Varna\" has been the model to which observed facts have been fitted, and this is true not only of educated Indians, but also of sociologists to some extent.\" Instead of analysing the structure of the subgroups independently, commentators had explained them inappropriately by using an existing but alien social structure. From this unsuitable methodology had come the notion that the groups were subcastes rather than subdivisions. He also argued, in 1966, that \"Some Nayars \"ripened\" into Samantans and Kshatriyas. The royal lineages of Calicut, Walluvanad, Palghat and Cochin, for instance, although"}, {"context": "of Nayar origin, considered themselves superior in ritual rank to their Nayar subjects.\" That is to say, they assumed a position above the status that they were perceived as being by others. The hypothesis, proposed by writers such as Fuller and Louis Dumont, that most of the subgroups were not subcastes arises in large part because of the number of ways in which Nairs classified themselves, which far exceeded the 18 or so groups which had previously been broadly accepted. Dumont took the extreme view that the Nairs as a whole could not be defined as a caste in the"}, {"context": "traditional sense, but Fuller believed this to be unreasonable as, \"since the Nayars live in a caste society, they must evidently fit into the caste system at some level or another.\" The 1891 Census of India listed a total of 128 Nair subgroups in the Malabar region and 55 in the Cochin region, as well as a further 10 in the Madras area but outside Malabar. There were 44 listed in Travancore in the census of 1901. These designations were, however, somewhat fluid: the numbers tended to rise and fall, dependent upon which source and which research was employed; it"}, {"context": "is likely also that the figures were skewed by Nairs claiming a higher status than they actually had, which was a common practice throughout India. Data from the late 19th-century and early 20th-century censuses indicates that ten of these numerous subdivisions accounted for around 90% of all Nairs, that the five highest ranking of these accounted for the majority, and that some of the subdivisions claimed as little as one member. The writer of the official report of the 1891 census, H A Stuart, acknowledged that some of the recorded subdivisions were in fact merely families and not subcastes, and"}, {"context": "Fuller has speculated that the single-member subdivisions were \"Nayars satisfying their vanity, I suppose, through the medium of the census.\" The revisionist argument, whose supporters also include Joan Mencher, proposes a mixed system. The larger divisions were indeed subcastes, as they demonstrated a stability of status, longevity and geographic spread; however, the smaller divisions were fluid, often relatively short-lived and narrow in geographic placement. These divisions, such as the \"Veluttetan\", \"Chakkala\" and \"Vilakkittalavan\", would take titles such as \"Nair\" or \"Nayar\" in order to boost their social status, as was also the practice with other castes elsewhere, although they were"}, {"context": "often not recognised as caste members by the higher ranks and other Nairs would not marry with them. It has also been postulated that some exogamous families came together to form small divisions as a consequence of shared work experiences with, for example, a local Nambudiri or Nair chief. These groups then became an endogamous subdivision, in a similar manner to developments of subdivisions in other castes elsewhere. The more subdivisions that were created, the more opportunity there was for social mobility within the Nair community as a whole. Even the highest ranked of the Nairs, being the kings and"}, {"context": "chiefs, were no more than \"supereminent\" subdivisions of the caste, rather than the Kshatriyas and Samantans that they claimed to be. Their claims illustrated that the desires and aspirations of self-promotion applied even at the very top of the community and this extended as far as each family refusing to admit that they had any peers in rank, although they would acknowledge those above and below them. The membership of these two subgroups was statistically insignificant, being a small fraction of 1 per cent of the regional population, but the example of aspirational behaviour which they set filtered through to"}, {"context": "the significant ranks below them. These subdivisions might adopt a new name or remove themselves from any association with a ritually demeaning occupation in order to assist their aspirations. Most significantly, they adopted hypergamy and would utilise the rituals of \"thalikettu kalyanam\" and \"sambandham\", which constituted their traditional version of a marriage ceremony, in order to advance themselves by association with higher-ranked participants and also to disassociate themselves from their existing rank and those below. The Nair Service Society (NSS) was founded in 1914. Nossiter has described its purpose at foundation as being \"... to liberate the community from superstition,"}, {"context": "taboo and otiose custom, to establish a network of educational and welfare institutions, and to defend and advance Nair interests in the political arena.\" Devika and Varghese believe the year of formation to be 1913 and argue that it was established as a reaction to perceived communal slights in Travancore. Hindu Nairs were unhappy with the prominence of the Christian community, who held a status on a par with Brahmins and whose members were elected as chairs of various official bodies during a period when the political systems were being modified. The Nairs believed Travancore to be a Hindu state."}, {"context": "As late as 1975, the NSS still had most of its support in the Central Travancore region, although it also has numerous satellite groups around the world. From its early years, when it was contending that the Nairs needed to join together if they were to become a political force, it argued that the caste members should cease referring to their traditional subdivisions and instead see themselves as a whole. Census information thereafter appears to have become unreliable on the matter of the subdivisions, in part at least because of the NSS campaign to ensure that respondents did not provide"}, {"context": "the information requested of them. The NSS also promoted marriage across the various divisions in a further attempt to promote caste cohesion, although in this instance it met with only limited success. Indeed, even in the 1970s it was likely that cross-subdivision marriage was rare generally, and this was certainly the case in the Central Travancore area. It has been concluded by Fuller, in 1975, that The influence of the NSS, both within the community and in the wider political sphere, is no longer as significant as once it was. It did attempt to reassert its influence in 1973, when"}, {"context": "it established its own political party\u2014the National Democratic Party\u2014but this lasted only until 1977. Today, the government of India does not treat the Nair community as a single entity. It classifies some, such as the Illathu and Swaroopathu Nairs, as a forward caste but other sections, such as the Veluthedathu, Vilakkithala and Andhra Nairs, as Other Backward Classes. These classifications are for the purpose of determining which groups of people in certain areas are subject to positive discrimination policies for the purposes of education and employment. The Nairs practised various customs and traditions in the past and which are not"}, {"context": "found in the present-day community. Many of these were complex systems. Pullapilly has suggested that the Nairs may share a common heritage with the Ezhava caste. This theory is based on similarities between numerous of the customs adopted by the two groups, particularly with regard to marking various significant life stages such as childbirth and death, as well as their matrilineal practices and martial history. The theory is that only a common parentage can explain some of these issues. Prior to the reorganisation of the region by the British, it was divided into around ten feudal states. Each of these"}, {"context": "was governed by a \"rajah\" (king) and was subdivided into organisational units known as \"nads\". In turn, the \"nads\" were divided into \"d\u0113sams\". The person who governed the \"nad\" was known as the \"naduvazhi\". It was an inherited role, originally bestowed by a king, and of a lower ritual rank than the royal lineages. Although Nair families, they generally used the title of \"Samantan\" and were treated as vassals. However, some \"naduvazhi\" were feudatory chiefs, former kings whose territory had been taken over by, for example, the Zamorins of Calicut. In these instances, although they were obeisant to the \"rajah\""}, {"context": "they held a higher ritual rank than the Zamorin as a consequence of their longer history of government; they also had more power than the vassal chiefs. The \"naduvazhi\" families each saw themselves as a distinct caste in the same manner as did the rajahs; they did not recognise other \"naduvazhi\" families as being equal to them. The \"naduvazhi\" maintained criminal and civil order and could demand military service from all Nairs below him. There was usually a permanent force of between 500 and 1000 men available and these were called upon by the \"rajah\" when required. All fighting was"}, {"context": "usually suspended during the monsoon period of May to September, when movement around the country was almost impossible. Roads did not exist, nor wheeled vehicles or pack animals, until after 1766. The \"desavazhi\" had the right to operate \"kalaris\", which were military training schools that all young Nair men from the age of 12 were expected to attend. They ceased attending at the age of 18 but were expected to be available for military duty at a day's notice. The function of these schools became less significant practically following the introduction of the Arms Act by the British, which limited"}, {"context": "the right of Nairs to carry arms; however, they continued to exist and provided some training to those Nair men who did not attend English schools. This training became evident at village festivals, during which a martial review would take place. According to Gough, the villages were generally between one and four square miles in area and their lands were usually owned by one landlord family, who claimed a higher ritual rank than its other inhabitants. The landlord was also usually the \"desavazhi\" (headman) and in all cases their families were known as \"jenmis\". These landlords were from the lineages"}, {"context": "of the royal families or feudatory chiefs; or were patrilineal Nambudiri families or the estates of temples operated by groups of those families. They were also from the lineages of the matrilineal vassal Samantan chiefs and, finally, the lowest \"jenmis\" in terms of ritual ranking were Nairs who had inherited from matrilineal ancestors to whom land and the concomitant headmanship had been granted by a king. In all cases, the landholdings could not be sold without royal permission. The villages were historically mostly self-sufficient, with craft trades such as pottery and metalwork present in each of them. This meant that"}, {"context": "there was little need for close central control by the higher levels in the organisational hierarchy, and it also meant that trade between villages was minimal. Such traders as did exist were mostly concentrated in the port towns and consisted of immigrant Syrians, Muslims, Christians and Jews, with Hindu traders later arriving from other parts of India, as well as the Europeans. The Nairs were the sole members of the village organisations, which existed for such purposes as managing the affairs of the temples and, at one time, organising military training and deployment. A Nair family was considered to be"}, {"context": "part of the village organisation even if they had moved away from it. There were other castes in these villages, and other religious groups also, but they were excluded from the organisations. This arrangement was different from that found elsewhere in India, and another difference was that each house, whether for Nairs or otherwise, was usually in its own compound. There was no communal land, as existed elsewhere, and no communal plan for the village layout. Nairs were not permitted to perform rites in the temples of the \"sanketams\", the villages where the land was owned by a group of"}, {"context": "Nambudiri families, although they might have access to the outer courtyard area. Sometimes there were no Nairs at all in these villages. In villages where temples existed which were privately owned by a single Nambudiri family, there would be another temple, dedicated to Bhagavadi, that was used by the Nairs. It was in villages where the Nairs included the headman that there might be just a single temple, run by their village organisation. Nairs operated a matrilineal (\"marumakkathayam\") joint family structure called \"tharavad\", whereby descendant families of one common ancestress lived under a single roof. \"Tharavads\" consisting of 50 to"}, {"context": "80 members were not uncommon and some with membership as high as 200 have been reported. Only the women lived in the main house; men lived in separate rooms and, on some occasions, lived in a separate house nearby. The families split on instances when they became unwieldy and during crisis among its members. When it split, the family property was separated along the female lines. The \"karnavan\", the oldest male member in the \"tharavad\", had the decision-making authority including the power to manage common property. Panikkar, a well-known writer from the Nair community, wrote in 1918 that, The husband"}, {"context": "visited the \"tharavad\" at night and left the following morning and he had no legal obligation to his children which lay entirely with the \"karnavan\". In Nair families, young men and women about the same age were not allowed to talk to each other, unless the young man's sister was considerably older than him. The wife of \"karnavan\" had an unusual relationship in his \"tharavad\" as she belonged to a different one and her interests lay there. Panikkar wrote that \"Karnavan\" loved his sister's son more than his own and he believes it was due mainly to the instability of"}, {"context": "Nair marriages. Divorce rate was very high as both man and woman had equal right to terminate the marriage. \"Enangar\" was another family with which a \"tharavad\" remained closely related; a few such related families formed a social group whose members participated in all social activities. Nakane wrote in 1956 that \"tharavads\" as a functional unit had ceased to exist and large buildings that had once hosted large \"tharavads\" were occupied by just a few of its remnants. The Nair traditionally practised certain rituals relating to births, although often only for those of the first-born. Of these, \"pulicudi\" was the"}, {"context": "most significant to them. This involved rubbing coconut oil into the pregnant woman, followed by bathing, formal dressing, consultation with an astrologer regarding the expected date of birth and a ceremonial drinking of tamarind juice, dripped along the blade of a sword. The woman would also select a grain, from which it was believed possible to determine the gender of the child. This ritual was performed in front of the community and contained many symbolic references; for example, the use of the sword was believed to make the child a warrior. In the months subsequent to the birth there followed"}, {"context": "other rituals, including those of purification and the adornment of the child with a symbolic belt to ward off illness, as well as a name-giving ceremony at which an astrologer again played a significant role. There were also various dietary restrictions, both for the woman during pregnancy and for the child in the first few months of its life. Fuller has commented that \"The Nayars' marriage system has made them one of the most famous of all communities in anthropological circles\", and Amitav Ghosh says that, although matrilineal systems are not uncommon in communities of the south Indian coast, the"}, {"context": "Nairs \"have achieved an unparalleled eminence in the anthropological literature on matrilineality\". None of the rituals survive in any significant way today. Two forms of ritual marriage were traditional: There is much debate about whether the traditional Nair rituals fitted the traditional definition of marriage and which of \"thalikettu kalyanam\" or \"sambandham\" could lay claim to it. Thomas Nossiter has commented that the system \"was so loosely arranged as to raise doubts as to whether 'marriage' existed at all.\" The \"thali\" is an emblem shaped like a leaf and which is worn as a necklace. The wearing of it has"}, {"context": "been compared to a wedding ring as for most women in south India it denotes that they are married. The \"thalikettu kalyanam\" was the ritual during which the \"thali\" would be tied on a piece of string around the neck of a Nair girl. If the girl should reach puberty before the ceremony took place then she would in theory have been out-caste, although it is probable that this stricture was not in fact observed. The ritual was usually conducted approximately every 10\u201312 years for all girls, including infants, within a \"tharavad\" who had not previously been the subject of"}, {"context": "it. Higher-ranked groups within the caste, however, would perform the ritual more frequently than this and in consequence the age range at which it occurred was narrower, being roughly between age 10 and 13. This increased frequency would reduce the likelihood of girls from two generations being involved in the same ceremony, which was forbidden. The \"karnavan\" organised the elaborate ritual after taking advice from prominent villagers and also from a traditional astrologer, known as a \"Kaniyan\". A \"pandal\" was constructed for the ceremony and the girls wore ornaments specifically used only on those occasions, as well as taking a"}, {"context": "ritual bath in oil. The ornaments were often loaned as only a few villagers would possess them. The person who tied the \"thali\" would be transported on an elephant. The higher the rank of that person then the greater the prestige reflected on to the \"tharavad\", and also \"vice versa\" since some people probably would refuse to act as tier in order to disassociate themselves from a group and thereby bolster their claims to be members of a higher group. Although information is far from complete, those who tied the \"thali\" for girls of the aristocratic Nair families of Cochin"}, {"context": "in Central Kerala appear to have been usually Samantans, who were of higher rank, or occasionally the Kshatriyas, who were still higher. The Nambudiri Brahmins of Central Kerala acted in that role for the royal house of Cochin (who were Kshatriyas), but whether they did so for other Kshatriyas is less certain. The Kshatriyas would tie for the Samantans. Having the \"thali\" of each girl tied by a different man was more prestigious than having one tier perform the rite for several girls. The \"thali\" tying was followed by four days of feasting, and on the fourth day the marriage"}, {"context": "was dissolved. The girl often never saw the man who tied the \"thali\" again and later married a different man during the \"sambandham\". However, although she neither mourned the death of her \"sambandham\" husband nor became a widow, she did observe certain mourning rituals upon the death of the man who had tied her \"thali\". Panikkar argues that this proves that the real, religious marriage is the \"thalikettu kalyanam\", although he also calls it a \"mock marriage\". He believes that it may have come into existence to serve as a religious demarcation point. Sexual morality was lax, especially outside the"}, {"context": "higher ranks, and both relationship break-ups and realignments were common; the \"thali kalyanam\" legitimised the marital status of the woman in the eyes of her faith prior to her becoming involved in the amoral activities that were common practice. It has been noted that there were variations to the practice. Examples include that the person who tied the \"thali\" might be a close female relative, such as the girl's mother or aunt, and that the ceremony conducted by such people might take place outside a temple or as a small ceremony at the side of a more lavish \"thalikettu kalyanam"}, {"context": "\"rather than in the \"tharavadu\". These variations were probably exceptional and would have applied to the poorest families. Fuller has also remarked that if each girl had her own \"thali\" tier, rather than one being used to perform the ritual for several girls at the same ceremony, then this presented the possibility of a subsequent divergence of status with the matrilineal line of the \"tharavadu\", leading to more subdivisions and a greater chance that one or more of the girls might advance their status later in life. Panikkar says that for Nairs the real marriage, as opposed to a symbolic"}, {"context": "one, was \"sambandham\", a word that comes from Sanskrit and translates as \"good and close union\". The Nair woman had \"sambandham\" relationships with Brahmins and Kshatriyas, as well as other Nairs. He is of the opinion that the system existed principally to facilitate the wedding of Nair women to Nambudiri Brahmins. In the Malabar region, only the eldest male member of a Brahmin family was usually allowed to marry within their caste. There were some circumstances in which a younger male was permitted to do so, these being with the consent of the elder son or when he was incapable"}, {"context": "of marriage. This system was designed to protect their traditions of patrilineality and primogeniture. A consequence of it was that the younger sons were allowed to marry women from the highest subdivisions of the Nair caste. The Nair women could marry the man who had tied their \"thali\", provided that he was not otherwise restricted by the rules that women were not permitted to marry a man from a lower caste or subdivision, nor to marry anyone in the direct matrilineal line of descent (however far back that may be) or close relatives in the patrilineal line, nor a man"}, {"context": "less than two years her senior. The \"sambandham\" ceremony was simple compared to the \"thalikettu kalyanam\", being marked by the gift of clothes (\"pudava\") to the bride in front of some family members of both parties to the arrangement. There might also be other gifts, presented at the time of the main Malayam festivals. If the \"sambandham\" partner was a Brahmin man or the woman's father's sister's son (which was considered a proper marriage because it was outside the direct line of female descent) then the presentation was a low-key affair. However, \"sambandham\" rituals were more elaborate, sometimes including feasts,"}, {"context": "when a \"stranger\" from within the Nair caste married the woman. The ceremony took place on a day deemed to be auspicious by priests. The \"sambandham\" relationship was usually arranged by the \"karanavan\" but occasionally they would arise from a woman attracting a man in a temple, bathing pool or other public place. The first \"sambandham\" of a man was deemed to be momentous and his ability to engage in a large number of such relationships increased his reputation in his community. \"Sambandham\" relationships could be broken, due to differences between the spouses or because a \"karavanan\" forced it due"}, {"context": "to being pressured by a man of higher rank who desired to marry the woman. Marriage by \"sambandham\" was neither legally recognised nor binding. The relationship could end at will and the participants could remarry without any ramifications. Attempts to regulate \"sambandham\" marriages by the Nayar Regulation Act of 1912 in Travancore and the Malabar Marriage Act of 1896 in British Malabar were not very successful. Any children borne by the woman had to be claimed by one of her \"sambandham\" partners if she was to avoid being out-caste, sold into slavery or even executed. There was a presumption that"}, {"context": "unclaimed children were the consequence of her having a relationship with a man from a lower caste, which could not be the case if the child was claimed because of the caste restrictions imposed in the selection of \"sambandham\" partners: The Nambudiri Brahmin tradition which limited the extent of marriage within their own caste led to the practice of hypergamy. Gough notes that The disparity in caste ranking in a relationship between a Brahmin man and a Nair woman meant that the woman was unable to live with her husband(s) in the Brahmin family and so remained in her own"}, {"context": "family. The children resulting from such marriages always became Nairs. Panikkar argues that it is this type of relationship that resulted in the matrilineal and matrilocal system. It has also been argued that the practice, along with judicious selection of the man who tied the \"thali\", formed a part of the Nair aspirational culture whereby they would seek to improve their status within the caste. Furthermore, that Although it is certain that in theory hypergamy can cause a shortage of marriageable women in the lowest ranks of a caste and promote upwards social movement from the lower Nair subdivisions, the"}, {"context": "numbers involved would have been very small. It was not a common practice outside the higher subcaste groups. Fuller argues that there is overwhelming evidence that Nair women as well as men had more than one \"sambandham\" partner at the same time, that \"both men and women could have several partners at once, and either party was free to break the relationship, for any reason or for none, whenever they wished.\" He believes that both polyandrous \"sambandhams\" and hypergamy were most common in Central Kerala. In northern Travancore there appears not to have been as great a prevalence of hypergamy"}, {"context": "because of a relative scarcity of Brahmins living there. Fuller believes that in the relatively undocumented southern Travancore monogamy may have been predominant, and that although the matrilineal joint family still applied it was usually the case that the wife lived with the \"tharavad\" of her husband. Nancy Levine and Walter Sangree state that while Nair women were maritally involved with a number of men, the men were also married to more than one woman. The women and their husbands did not live together and their relationship had no meaning other than \"sexual liaison\" and legitimacy for the children. Gough"}, {"context": "has gone further than Fuller with regard to the interpretation of events in the north, believing that there is no evidence of polyandry in that area at all. She argues that all European travelogues describing polyandry came from the region of Central Kerala. Gough notes the differing personal experiences of earlier Nair commentators and that this could go some way to explaining the varied pronouncement: Panikkar, who queries the existence of polyandry, comes from the northern Travancore region; that A. Aiyappan, who acknowledges its existence, comes from Central Kerala; and that both have based their writings on customs they grew"}, {"context": "up with in their very different environs. The practices of \"thalikettu kalyanam\", the polyandrous \"sambandhams\", and also the existence of large \"tharavads\" declined during the nineteenth century, as did that of hypergamy. Monogamy and small nuclear family units became the norm, as they were elsewhere in the country. This process occurred more rapidly in some areas than in others, and in Central Kerala the traditional systems still lingered as late as the 1960s, although hypergamy had largely disappeared everywhere by the 1920s. A possible reason for the various rates of change across the region lies in the extent to which"}, {"context": "the various agrarian local economies were dominated by the Nairs. V. K. S. Nayar has said that, \"the matrilineal system tends to produce a society at once hierarchical and authoritarian in outlook. The system is built round family pride as well as loyalty to the \"karavanar\"\". Nossiter cites this as one reason why it was \"congruent with the role of a military caste in a feudal society.\" and explains that the decline in the traditional warrior role, the rise of an economy based on money, together with the ending of agricultural slavery and the effects of western education, all combined"}, {"context": "to cause the decline of the traditional practices. All of these factors were having an impact during the 19th-century and they caused erosion of the social dominance which the Nairs once held, eventually reaching a point some time between World War I and World War II where that dominance was lost, although there was an attempt to reassert it in Travancore during the 1930s when the Diwan Sir C. P. Ramaswamy Iyer adopted a pro-Nair stance and an oppressive attitude towards communities such as the Syrian Christians. The main beneficiaries in the shifting balance of social influence were the Syrian"}, {"context": "Christians and the Ezhavas. The former, in particular, were in a position to acquire, often by subdivision, the economically unviable \"tharavad\" buildings and landholdings around the time of the Great Depression. The role of the NSS in successfully campaigning for continued changes in practices and legislation relating to marriage and inheritance also played its part. This collapse of the rural society facilitated the rise of the socialist and communist political movements in the region. Although birth was considered to be ritually polluting, a death in the family was thought to be much more so. In the case of the death"}, {"context": "of the oldest member of the family, whether male or female, the body would be cremated on a pyre; for all other family members burial was the norm. In either case, the ceremonies were conducted by the Maran subgroup of the community and they utilised both elements of superstition and of Hinduism. The occasions involving cremation were more ritualised than those involving burial. An elaborate fourteen-day period of mourning followed the cremation, during which the family performed various symbolic acts around the pyre and were regarded to be highly polluted in ritual terms, thus necessitating not only that they took"}, {"context": "regular baths but also that any other Nair who might touch them must also take a bath. The period was followed by a feast and by participation in sports events, which also involved Nairs from nearby villages. Subsequently, the family stayed in mourning while one male member undertook a \"diksha\", during which time he had to maintain a pure life. This involved him living with a Brahmin, bathing twice daily and desisting from cutting either his hair or his fingernails, as well as being prevented from speaking with or indeed even seeing women. In some cases the \"diksha\" might last"}, {"context": "for a year rather than the more usual forty-one days, in which case there would be considerable celebration at its end. The 1968 Socio-Economic Survey by the Government of Kerala gave the population of the Nair community as approximately 14.5% (2.9 million) of the total population of the state. Panikkar, writing in 1918, describes the religious practices of Nairs as being \"an extraordinary mixture of Hindu and Dravidian cults.\" and that the community was at that time \"as a whole, a people almost without a religion\". Of those who were devout Hindus, he notes that \"... although they have been"}, {"context": "Hinduised in form and have belonged to the Hindu fold, their primitive beliefs have survived to a great extent ... [The Nairs] still maintain with undiminished vigour their spirit-worship, black-magic, and demoniacal ceremonies ...\". Despite being influenced by the Aryan traditions, remnants of the N\u0101ga customs can still be found amongst the Nairs, such as serpent worship. Sacred forests, where \"naga devatas\" (serpent gods) are worshipped can be found in many Nair \"tharavads\". These sacred forests are known as \"sarpa kavu\" (\"abode of the Snake God\"). Shrines where offerings are made to serpents, \"chitrakudam\" (\"nagakotta\") are \"an indispensable adjunct\" to"}, {"context": "every Nayar house. The worship of serpents was significant to the entire tharavad since, as Gough says, they \"... could inflict or avert sickness in general but were especially believed to be responsible for the fertility or barrenness of tharavad women\". She considers it possible that they were viewed as phallic symbols. Nairs believed in spirits, which on some occasions they attempted to tame by performing various rituals. According to Panikkar, they believed in spirits such as \"Pretam\", \"Bhutam\" and \"Pisachu\". \"Pretam\" is the spirit of prematurely dead people; \"Bhutam\", Panikkar says, \"is seen generally in marshy districts and does"}, {"context": "not always hurt people unless they go very near him\"; and \"Pisachu\" is spirit of bad air causing illnesses. Believing \"Pretam\" to be wandering around the place of death, they warned people to stay away from those areas between 9 am and 3 pm. They also believed in a mythical figure called \"Kutti chatthan\", which Panikkar describes as, They believed in \"evil eye\"\u2014that compliments from others had negative effect; they also believed that utterances of a person with \"kari nakku\" (black-tongue) had a similarly bad effect. They also believed \"koti\" from a poor man watching someone eating a delicious food"}, {"context": "will cause stomach-aches and dysentery. The historical attire of the Nair men was the \"mundu\", a cloth wrapped around the waist and then left to hang down nearly to the ground, rather than tucked in as in other parts of India. The low-hanging fabric was considered as specific to the Nair caste, and at the start of the 20th century it was noted that in more conservative rural areas a non-Nair could be beaten for daring to wear a cloth hanging low to the ground. Wealthy Nairs might use silk for this purpose, and they also would cover their upper"}, {"context": "body with a piece of laced muslin; the remainder of the community used once to wear a material manufactured in Eraniyal but by the time of Panikkar's writing were generally using cotton cloth imported from Lancashire, England, and wore nothing above the waist. Nair men eschewed turbans or other head coverings, but would carry an umbrella against the sun's rays. They also eschewed footwear, although some of the wealthy would wear elaborate sandals. Nair women traditionally wore a cloth wrapped around the loins, and a second cloth falling from the waist to the knees. Earlier in history, nothing was worn"}, {"context": "above the waist, but at the start of the 20th century it was noted that Nair women had begun to cover their upper body with a loose cloth when traveling, and that a sense of shame had begun to reduce the custom of leaving a woman's upper body uncovered. The \"onera\" (\"onnara\") is a loincloth worn as an undergarment by conservative Nair women. The undergarment was noted as beautifying and slimming the waist. Fawcett noted the special care taken by Nair women in shaving their armpits, eyebrows, pubic hair and, indeed, all hair on their bodies other than their head."}, {"context": "This was thought to be for reasons of hygiene. The Nair women wore the \"nagapattam\" (\"snake hood\" pendant), but wore no jewelry on their heads. Their only earrings were the \"takka\" or more modern \"tota\", and they wore the nose pendants \"mukkutti\" and \"guatlu\", and the \"addiyal\" around the neck. Adult Nair women eschewed anklets, though the younger wore the \"kolusu\" and \"padasaram\". Pork was noted as a favourite food of the Nair, and even high-status Nairs were noted as eating buffalo meat. The Nair avoided beef, and many did not eat lamb. In the modern day, alcohol is a"}, {"context": "component of Nair-dominated festivals in Kerala. Nair The Nair , also known as Nayar, are a group of Indian Hindu castes, described by anthropologist Kathleen Gough as \"not a unitary group but a named category of castes\". The Nair include several castes and many subdivisions, not all of whom historically bore the name 'Nair'. These people lived, and continue to live, in the area which is now the Indian state of Kerala. Their internal caste behaviours and systems are markedly different between the people in the northern and southern sections of the area, although there is not very much reliable"}]}, {"title": "Clayton School (Clayton, Iowa)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Clayton School (Clayton, Iowa) The Clayton School is a historic structure located in Clayton, Iowa, United States. The two-story structure, composed of native limestone, reflects the prosperity of the mid-19th century when it was built. It served as a school building into the late 20th century when the district consolidated with a neighboring school district because of declining enrollment. The building went on to serve as a city hall and community center. Completed in 1860, the rectangular building features bracketed eaves, and a gabled roof that is capped with dormers and an octagon-shaped cupola. It was listed on the National"}, {"context": "Register of Historic Places in 1974. Clayton School (Clayton, Iowa) The Clayton School is a historic structure located in Clayton, Iowa, United States. The two-story structure, composed of native limestone, reflects the prosperity of the mid-19th century when it was built. It served as a school building into the late 20th century when the district consolidated with a neighboring school district because of declining enrollment. The building went on to serve as a city hall and community center. Completed in 1860, the rectangular building features bracketed eaves, and a gabled roof that is capped with dormers and an octagon-shaped cupola."}]}, {"title": "George Gifford (Puritan)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "George Gifford (Puritan) George Gifford (c.1548\u20131620) was a Puritan preacher at Maldon, Essex. Gifford was born in Dry Drayton, near Cambridge and attended Christ's College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1570 and MA in 1573. He afterwards lived at Maldon, but was discharged from the priesthood for refusing to subscribe to Archbishop Whitgift's articles of conformity. He was later reinstated as a lecturer at Maldon, serving there as a lecturer until his death in 1600. It is possible that in 1586 he attended the deathbed of Sir Philip Sidney in the Low Countries, where Gifford was serving as chaplain to the"}, {"context": "Earl of Essex's troops. Gifford may well have penned \"The Manner of Sir Philip Sidney's Death\". Gifford wrote some twenty-two published works. These include a translation of William Fulke's \"Praelections vpon the sacred and holy Reuelation of S. Iohn\" (1573; STC:11443); \"A briefe discourse of certaine points of the religion which is among the common sort of Christians, which may bee termed the countrie diunitie\" (1581; STC:11845), which was his most popular work; \"A dialogue betweene a Papist and a Protestant\" (1582; STC:11849); and two works on witchcraft, \"A discourse of the subtill practises of deuilles by witches and sorcerers\""}, {"context": "(1587; STC:11852) and \"A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts\" (1593; STC:11850). It is the last work for which he is best known. Gifford was a moderate in the witchcraft debate, although he still believed in the existence of witches, and that they should be severely punished. His main concern in the \"Dialogue\" was to ensure more care was taken in witchcraft prosecutions, and to attempt to restrain the persecuting fervour with which witches were sought out and indicted. George Gifford (Puritan) George Gifford (c.1548\u20131620) was a Puritan preacher at Maldon, Essex. Gifford was born in Dry Drayton, near Cambridge and"}]}, {"title": "Days of Military Honour", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Days of Military Honour The Days of Military Honour (, \"dni voinskoy slavy\") are special memorable dates in the Russian Armed Forces dedicated to the most outstanding victories won by Russia. Some of these dates are state holidays but the majority of them is celebrated purely in the armed forces, while 7 November is marked by parades in Moscow and Samara. The Days of Military Honour include: For events before 1900, these dates do not coincide with the Gregorian dates of the events. Rather, they seem to be based on the Julian calendar, which is still used by the Russian"}, {"context": "Orthodox Church. For example, the Battle of Borodino (26 August 1812 Julian or 7 September 1812 Gregorian) is commemorated on 8 September Gregorian, which corresponds to 26 August Julian from 1900 to 2099. The Battle of Kulikovo was on 8 September 1380 Julian (Gregorian did not exist, but theoretically 16 September 1380) and is commemorated on 21 September Gregorian, which corresponds to 8 September Julian from 1900 to 2099. Days of Military Honour The Days of Military Honour (, \"dni voinskoy slavy\") are special memorable dates in the Russian Armed Forces dedicated to the most outstanding victories won by Russia."}]}, {"title": "Enxet", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Enxet The Enxet are an indigenous people of about 17,000 living in the Gran Chaco region of western Paraguay. Originally hunter-gatherers, many are now forced to supplement their livelihood as laborers on the cattle ranches that have encroached upon their dwindling natural forest habitat. Nevertheless, the Enxet are still engaged in an ongoing conflict with the government and ranchers, who want to destroy what remains of the forest to open the land for massive settlement. Today, only a handful of Enxet are still able to maintain their traditional way of life, while the majority live in small settlements sponsored by"}, {"context": "various missionary organizations. The Enxet language is still vigorous. Enxet The Enxet are an indigenous people of about 17,000 living in the Gran Chaco region of western Paraguay. Originally hunter-gatherers, many are now forced to supplement their livelihood as laborers on the cattle ranches that have encroached upon their dwindling natural forest habitat. Nevertheless, the Enxet are still engaged in an ongoing conflict with the government and ranchers, who want to destroy what remains of the forest to open the land for massive settlement. Today, only a handful of Enxet are still able to maintain their traditional way of life,"}]}, {"title": "Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon (1610 \u2013 20 September 1643) was an English peer. He was the son of Sir William Dormer, and thus a grandson of Robert Dormer, 1st Baron Dormer. His mother was Alice Molyneux, daughter of Sir Richard Molyneux, 1st Bt. and Frances Gerard. Dormer received the title Baron Dormer at the age of six and on 2 August 1628, at age 18, he was raised to Viscount Ascott and was created Earl of Carnarvon. At age six, Dormer was left a ward to the King. His father had left"}, {"context": "him a rich peer at an early age. The King then sold Dormer's wardship to Philip Herbert, then Earl of Montgomery, for \u00a34000. Dormer had been brought up as a Catholic and would become a high-living Catholic courtier, in danger, infuriating to hard-line Parliamentarians. He was educated at Eton College and Oxford University. He was, according to the seventeenth-century biographer David Lloyd, \u201cextreamly wild in his youth\u201d, and addicted to gambling and hunting. He and his wife are recorded as regular performers in masques at court. He was an ardent Royalist and defying his father-in-law he fought for King Charles"}, {"context": "I in the English Civil War. On 27 February 1625, at the age of fifteen, he was married to his guardian's daughter, Lady Anna Herbert (d.1643), which secured her future as Dormer was one of the wealthiest men in England at the time. Anna was the daughter of Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke and Lady Susan de Vere, the youngest daughter of the Elizabethan courtier, poet, and playwright, Edward de Vere, the 17th Earl of Oxford. Carnarvon was killed at the first Battle of Newbury on 20 September 1643 by a lone trooper who chanced upon him returning from"}, {"context": "a successful cavalry charge. As he lay dying he was asked if he had one final request of the King. \"No\", he replied, \"in an hour like this, I have no prayer but to the King of Heaven.\" The different accounts of the manner of his death are collected in Mr Money's account of the battle (2nd ed. pg. 90). Clarendon says before the war he had been given up to pleasure and field sports, but that he broke those habits and became a thorough soldier, conspicuous not only for courage, but presence of mind and skilful generalship (ib vii"}, {"context": "216). David Lloyd in his \"Memoirs of Excellent Personages\" gives several anecdotes illustrating Carnarvon's character (pp 369\u201372). There is also an elegy on his death in Sir Francis Wortley's \"Characters and Elegies\", 1646. Carnarvon was buried firstly at Jesus College Chapel at Oxford University, but his body was removed in 1650 to a family burial place in Wing, Buckinghamshire. Dormer was succeeded by his eldest son, Charles, who died in 1709 and with him the earldom of Carnarvon in the family of Dormer became extinct. Lady Carnarvon died on 3 June 1643 of smallpox . Anecdotes of her are to"}, {"context": "be found in the \"Strafford Papers\" (ii, 47) and the \"Sydney Papers\" (ii, 621) and a poem addressed to her is printed in \"Choice Drollery\", 1656. Her portrait and that of her eldest son, Charles, was part of the exhibition of Anthony van Dyck's works at the Grosvenor Gallery in 1887. Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon (1610 \u2013 20 September 1643) was an English peer. He was the son of Sir William Dormer, and thus a grandson of Robert Dormer, 1st Baron Dormer. His mother was Alice Molyneux, daughter of Sir Richard Molyneux,"}]}, {"title": "Brabham BT48", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Brabham BT48 The Brabham BT48 was a Formula One racing car designed by Gordon Murray and raced by the Brabham team. The car, powered by a 12-cylinder Alfa Romeo engine, competed in the 1979 Formula One season. The intended plan was to run the BT47 but the FIA outlawed it because it had a Chaparral 2J-type box rear end with twin variable geometry fans on the rear to maximize ground effect, so Murray designed the BT48 instead. The BT48 made its debut at the 1979 Argentine Grand Prix with Niki Lauda driving. Teammate Nelson Piquet qualified the older Brabham BT46"}, {"context": "in 20th place. Lauda qualified the BT46 in 23rd place but drove the BT48 in the race when he retired with fuel system failure. Piquet was involved in a huge first lap pile-up and was injured; he did not take the restart. At Brazil, Brabham had another BT48 ready for home favorite Piquet. The Austrian qualified 12th and the Brazilian 22nd. Lauda retired with a broken gearbox and the Brazilian retired at his home race after colliding with Clay Regazzoni. At the South African Grand Prix, Lauda qualified fourth and Piquet 12th. The Austrian finished sixth and the Brazilian seventh."}, {"context": "At the United States Grand Prix West, Lauda qualified 11th and Piquet 12th, The Austrian retired when Patrick Tambay's McLaren hit him and the Brazilian finished eighth. At the Spanish Grand Prix Lauda qualified sixth and Piquet seventh. The Austrian retired with a water leak and the Brazilian retired with broken injection. At Belgium, Piquet qualified third and Lauda 13th, but both retired with engine failure. The Monaco Grand Prix saw Lauda qualify fourth and Piquet 18th. The Austrian retired with an accident, and the Brazilian retired with transmission failure. At France, Piquet qualified fourth and Lauda sixth. The Brazilian"}, {"context": "retired with an accident and the Austrian retired when he spun. At the British Grand Prix, Piquet qualified third and Lauda fifth. The Brazilian retired when he spun and the Austrian retired when his brakes failed. At Germany, Piquet qualified fourth and Lauda seventh, but both retired with engine failure. The Austrian Grand Prix saw Lauda qualify fourth and Piquet seventh, but both retired with engine failure, disappointing the Austrian fans at Lauda's home race. At the Dutch Grand Prix, Lauda qualified ninth and Piquet 11th. The Austrian withdrew on Lap four and the Brazilian finished fourth. The Italian Grand"}, {"context": "Prix saw Piquet qualify eighth and Lauda ninth. The Brazilian retired with an accident and the Austrian Finished fourth. At the Canadian Grand Prix, after a second season marred by retirements and poor pace, Lauda informed Brabham that he wished to retire immediately, as he had no more desire to \"drive around in circles\". Lauda, who in the meantime had founded Lauda Air, a charter airline, returned to Austria to run the company full-time. The BT48 was replaced by the Brabham BT49 with a Ford engine for the final two races of 1979. Although reasonably quick and competitive, the BT48"}, {"context": "was a very unreliable car with a very unreliable engine, due to the fact that the Carlo Chiti-designed Alfa V12 engine was very new and had predictable teething troubles. Unreliability was something of an unfortunate hallmark of some of Gordon Murray's Brabham F1 cars. While he won the non-championship Dino Ferrari Grand Prix at the Imola circuit near Bologna, Lauda only finished 2 races he competed in before he announced his retirement in Montreal; and Piquet finished 4 races. A number of these retirements were due to engine failure. Brabham BT48 The Brabham BT48 was a Formula One racing car"}]}, {"title": "Democratic Union of the Valencian Country", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Democratic Union of the Valencian Country Democratic Union of the Valencian Country (in Catalan: \"Uni\u00f3 Democr\u00e0tica del Pa\u00eds Valenci\u00e0\", UDPV) was a political party in the Valencian Country, Spain. The UDPV was founded clandestinelly in the University of Valencia in 1962. The party was illegal until 1977. Originally it had about 50 members, the most prominent leaders of the organization in the 60's were Vicente Ruiz Monrabal, Vicent Diego, Francesc Fayos and Empar Escriv\u00e0. The founding meeting was held in May 1964, signing a cooperation pact with the Democratic Union of Catalonia in May 1965. In collaboration with communist activists,"}, {"context": "UDPV participated in the campaign against the Francoist referendum in 1968. UDPV also maintained some contacts with the Valencian Socialist Party. In March 1973 the party attended the First Conference of the Christian Democratic Team of the Spanish State (EDCEE) at the Abbey of Montserrat, entering the \"team\" in November of that year. The second and third congresses of the party were held in 1974 and 1976, respectively. In the Spanish elections of 1977 run with the Federation of Christian Democracy as the Christian Democratic Team of the Spanish State in the Valencian Country, gaining the 2.6% of the vote."}, {"context": "The party disappeared later that year. Democratic Union of the Valencian Country Democratic Union of the Valencian Country (in Catalan: \"Uni\u00f3 Democr\u00e0tica del Pa\u00eds Valenci\u00e0\", UDPV) was a political party in the Valencian Country, Spain. The UDPV was founded clandestinelly in the University of Valencia in 1962. The party was illegal until 1977. Originally it had about 50 members, the most prominent leaders of the organization in the 60's were Vicente Ruiz Monrabal, Vicent Diego, Francesc Fayos and Empar Escriv\u00e0. The founding meeting was held in May 1964, signing a cooperation pact with the Democratic Union of Catalonia in May"}]}, {"title": "Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute The Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute (established in 1986) is a non-profit organization, located in the Sonoran Desert in Tucson, Arizona, whose mission is to educate the public about arthropods. The Institute routinely conducts field trips and educational visits, as well as maintains a collection of living and preserved arthropods. The Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute has a membership of about 600. Since 1993, the Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute has hosted the annual Invertebrates In Education and Conservation Conference in Rio Rico, Arizona. Also, the Institute will be hosting the first annual Medical Entomology Today! conference in Tucson,"}, {"context": "Arizona in 2011. Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute The Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute (established in 1986) is a non-profit organization, located in the Sonoran Desert in Tucson, Arizona, whose mission is to educate the public about arthropods. The Institute routinely conducts field trips and educational visits, as well as maintains a collection of living and preserved arthropods. The Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute has a membership of about 600. Since 1993, the Sonoran Arthropod Studies Institute has hosted the annual Invertebrates In Education and Conservation Conference in Rio Rico, Arizona. Also, the Institute will be hosting the first annual Medical Entomology Today!"}]}, {"title": "Seattle Computer Products", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Seattle Computer Products Seattle Computer Products (SCP) was a Seattle, Washington, microcomputer hardware company which was one of the first manufacturers of computer systems based on the 16-bit Intel 8086 processor. SCP began shipping its first S-100 bus 8086 CPU boards to customers in November, 1979, about 21 months before IBM introduced its Personal Computer which was based on the slower 8088 and introduced the 8-bit ISA bus. SCP shipped an operating system for that hardware about a year before the release of the PC, which was modified by Microsoft for the PC and renamed IBM PC DOS. SCP was"}, {"context": "staffed partly by high-school students from nearby communities who soldered and assembled the computers. Some of them would later work for Microsoft. Twenty-two-year-old Tim Paterson was hired in June 1978 by SCP's owner Rod Brock. At the time, SCP built memory boards for microcomputers, but after attending a local seminar on Intel's just-released 8086 in late summer 1978, Paterson convinced Brock that his company should design a CPU board for the new chip. Paterson had a prototype working by May 1979, and he took his \"computer\" over to Microsoft, who were working on an 8086 BASIC, which was working before"}, {"context": "the end of May. When the board began shipping in November, standalone Microsoft BASIC was offered as an option, but no operating system was available for it. Digital Research, whose 8-bit CP/M operating system was the industry standard, was working on an 8086-compatible version called CP/M-86, but the delay in its release was costing SCP sales. In order to fill this void, Paterson wrote QDOS (for Quick and Dirty Operating System) over a four-month period starting in April 1980. QDOS 0.11 was finished in August 1980, and SCP began shipping it in September 1980. The operating system was renamed to"}, {"context": "86-DOS in December 1980. Microsoft, having worked with SCP before and seeking an operating system they could modify for the IBM PC, bought the rights to market the 86-DOS operating system to other manufacturers for $25,000 that same month. On July 27, 1981, just prior to the August 12 PC launch, Microsoft bought the full rights to the operating system for an additional $50,000, giving SCP a perpetual royalty-free license to sell 86-DOS (including updated versions) with its computer hardware. Realizing that Microsoft was making significant profit on the 86-DOS operating system, SCP attempted to sell it along with a"}, {"context": "stand-alone inexpensive CPU (without any other circuitry). This was allowed as per SCP's license with Microsoft, which let SCP sell the operating system with their 8086-based computers; this operating system was marketed as \"Seattle DOS\", and a CPU was included in the box it shipped in. Thanks to the deal with Microsoft, additional capital allowed Seattle Computer to expand its memory business into providing additional memory for PC products. The company had its best year in 1982, reaping more than a million dollars in profit on about $4 million in sales. By 1985, however, SCP's business was having difficulty trying"}, {"context": "to compete with offshore products (Brock once said, \"they were selling memory boards for less than his cost for parts\"), and Brock decided to sell the company. The only major asset SCP had left was the license it received from Microsoft when it signed over ownership rights to 86-DOS. Brock planned to sell (via merger) the license to the highest bidder, with a company such as the Tandy Corporation in mind. After Microsoft objected to Brock's \"exaggerated interpretation\" of the agreement and informed Brock that his license was nontransferable, Brock sued for $60 million. The ensuing lawsuit was highly technical"}, {"context": "and grew to fill hundreds of pages in the months leading up to trial. The trial began at the end of 1986 and lasted three weeks. An out-of-court settlement was reached while the jury was deliberating. Microsoft paid SCP $925,000 and reclaimed its license for DOS. SCP went out of business in the late 1980s as the market for Intel 8086 systems became dominated by PC compatible computers. Seattle Computer Products Seattle Computer Products (SCP) was a Seattle, Washington, microcomputer hardware company which was one of the first manufacturers of computer systems based on the 16-bit Intel 8086 processor. SCP"}]}, {"title": "Galician Academy of the Portuguese Language", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Galician Academy of the Portuguese Language The Galician Academy of the Portuguese Language (Portuguese: Academia Galega da L\u00edngua Portuguesa) is a learned institution dedicated to the advancement, study, and normalization of Galicia's language. The academy promotes Reintegrationism, the concept that the language spoken in Galicia (dubbed the Galician language by some) is in fact merely a dialect of the Portuguese language and should be standardized to the international Portuguese norms of language. The Academy\u2019s goal is to promote the study of the country\u2019s language and its integration into the Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990. The Academy includes among its"}, {"context": "promoters some of the Galician delegates that attended the Rio de Janeiro and Lisbon meetings that led to the international treaty. The Academy is self-governing and independent, and maintains close ties with the Brazilian Academy of Letters and the Sciences Academy of Lisbon. In 2009 the Galician Academy produced a list of over one thousand words commonly used in Galicia\u2019s Portuguese language, for introduction into various Portuguese and Brazilian dictionaries and vocabularies. Galician Academy of the Portuguese Language The Galician Academy of the Portuguese Language (Portuguese: Academia Galega da L\u00edngua Portuguesa) is a learned institution dedicated to the advancement, study,"}]}, {"title": "St. Michael's Fortress, S\u030cibenik", "paragraphs": [{"context": "St. Michael's Fortress, \u0160ibenik St. Michael's Fortress in the Croatian town of \u0160ibenik (formerly known as St. Anne's Fortress, Croatian: \"Tvr\u0111ava sv. Mihovila\", Venetian: \"Castel vecchio\") is a medieval fort situated on a steep hill above the old historic center of the city. Its strategically favorable and dominant position made it the central part of \u0160ibenik fortification system. The location was more or less continuously occupied since the Iron Age, as is witnessed by numerous archaeological findings from the era. The city of \u0160ibenik was first mentioned on Christmas Day of 1066 in a charter signed by King Petar Kre\u0161imir"}, {"context": "IV and verified by his courtiers. It is widely considered that the signing took place at St. Michael's Fortress. St. Michael's Fortress was named after the oldest church in \u0160ibenik, St. Michael's church, which was located inside its walls. One theory suggests that the church was built during the first wave of Christianization of Croatia, from the late 8th to the early 9th century. The first source that mentions St. Michael's church is a 12th/13th century hagiographic text \"Vita beati Ioannis episcopi et confessoris Traguriensis\". During the Venetian rule, an unflattering name \"castel vecchio\" (old castle) was commonly used. The"}, {"context": "miraculous image of Madonna of the Castle, highly revered by the citizens of \u0160ibenik, was originally kept inside St. Michael's church. In 1663, the church, along with a large part of the fortress, was destroyed when a lightning strike caused an explosion of a gunpowder magazine. During the renovation, a statue of St. Anne (the protector from storms) was brought to a small 16th-century church located below the southeastern walls of the fortress. This church came to be known as St. Anne's church, and the surrounding area became the city graveyard in 1828. As the centuries passed, and the fortress"}, {"context": "got permanently closed as a military facility, the citizens of \u0160ibenik began calling it St. Anne's Fortress, after the often-used public area nearby. The importance of the fortress is evident not only in its favorable geographical position, but also in numerous archaeological findings, ranging from the Iron Age to 20th century. Throughout history, the fortress has been destroyed and rebuilt several times. Most of the fortress' structures can be dated to the early years of Venetian occupation, the early 15th century, but its numerous adaptations and interventions can be traced to mid-16th, early and mid-17th, mid-18th, and even early 19th"}, {"context": "centuries. As is typical for military architecture, St. Michael's Fortress contains only a few stylistically distinctive parts, for instance, the Gothic arch above the main entrance gate. The walls of the fortress are decorated with several coats of arms belonging to the city rectors or fortress' castellans that carried out certain construction works. Access to water, a key requirement of military life, was enabled via two cisterns that have been preserved to this day. Other supporting structures, such as barracks, storage rooms and other facilities, have not been preserved. The fortress consists of several elements: a castle/citadel, the northern and"}, {"context": "southern \"faussebraye\", a lower western platform (place-of-arms), and the extending double walls that descend to the sea and were used for retreat or for providing supplies for the soldiers. At the end of the 11th century, \u0160ibenik was referred to as a \"castrum\". An 1116 report on the military campaign of Venetian Doge Ordelafo Faliero stated that the Doge had destroyed this \"impregnable fort\". During the High Middle Ages, the Archangel Michael became the dominant iconographic symbol of the \u0160ibenik commune. In 1378, Venetian admiral Vettore Pisani failed to take over the fortress, succeeding however in conquering and setting fire"}, {"context": "to the rest of the city and its archives. In 1412, after a three-year siege, the city of \u0160ibenik fell under the rule of the Venetian Republic and remained its part for a little less than four hundred years. Under the terms of the peace treaty, the fortress was to be demolished, but after only a year or two, the citizens asked their new government to fund its renovation. The double walls (\"strada del soccorso\") were formed in the first decades of Venetian rule to ensure the safety of Venetian garrison. During the long rule of the republic, the city's"}, {"context": "fortification system was reinforced with additional objects, Barone Fortress, St. John's Fortress and St. Nicholas' Fortress. St. Michael's fortress was badly damaged in two explosions in 1663 and 1752, and due to its lesser importance in the city defense, it has never been fully rebuilt. The last interventions were made by the Austrian army in 1832. A signal station on the southeastern tower was constructed in 1911 to direct naval traffic through St. Anthony's Channel. St. Michael's Fortress was revitalized through an EU-funded project worth \u20ac1.67 million, and re-opened in July 2014. Just four months later, it won the national"}, {"context": "Cultural Attraction of the Year Award. Since the opening, its open-air summer stage has become an important part of \u0160ibenik's cultural life. Today, it is the second most-visited heritage monument of \u0160ibenik, as well as the second most-visited fortification object in Croatia. St. Michael's Fortress, \u0160ibenik St. Michael's Fortress in the Croatian town of \u0160ibenik (formerly known as St. Anne's Fortress, Croatian: \"Tvr\u0111ava sv. Mihovila\", Venetian: \"Castel vecchio\") is a medieval fort situated on a steep hill above the old historic center of the city. Its strategically favorable and dominant position made it the central part of \u0160ibenik fortification system."}]}, {"title": "Tabbles", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tabbles Tabbles is a relational file manager, running on Windows systems. The name \"Tabbles\" is portmanteau of \"tag\" and \"bubbles\". Tabbles generates in real-time a tag-based relational file system, where tags can be accessed as folders or used as keywords for search. It supports any kind of files and documents on local and shared drives, as well as many cloud storage or file synchronization systems. Tabbles allows users to collaboratively tag files on network drives, through group and user policy management. Tabbles implements a relational approach to file and data management, as an extension to the traditional file management being"}, {"context": "hierarchically structured, similar to Microsoft's WinFS. Files, emails and bookmarks are categorized by labeling them with tags, instead of placing them in hierarchical folders or containers. The data is then browsed, sorted and retrieved by navigating and searching through tags, or combination of tags. Tags are visualised and browsed as virtual folders. A relational file system is generated dynamically, independently from the physical location of the data. This allows for files or emails physically stored in different folders or machines, to be grouped and browsed together at once. Tabbles was among the first commercial software developed in F# and WPF,"}, {"context": "and was featured on F# creator's blog. It has a client-server architecture, requires a Microsoft SQL Server to run and relies on stored procedures for the core logic and the security management. Tabbles is tightly integrated with Windows and Windows Explorer using several APIs: FileSystemWatcher, IFileOperationProgressSync, Overlay Handlers, ContextMenu Handlers, Win32 API, Office interop, Outlook interop. It uses VSTO to integrate into Microsoft Outlook. Tabbles received multiple reviews, among others from the Washington Post, Lifehacker, Chip and several paper magazines. Reviews were typically mildly positive and focused on the innovative side of the application. Tabbles Tabbles is a relational file"}]}, {"title": "CITB", "paragraphs": [{"context": "CITB The Construction Industry Training Board (CITB) is the industry training board for the UK construction industry. The CITB was established on 21 July 1964 by the Industrial Training (Construction Board) Order 1964, and was one of a number of training boards covering UK industries. It was a non-departmental public body of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills until 2016 when it moved to the Department for Education. The activities of the CITB have been redefined by statutory instruments (including the Training (Construction Board) Order 1964 (Amendment) Order 1991 and SI 1992 No. 3048). In October 2003 Charles Clarke,"}, {"context": "then Secretary of State for Education and Skills, awarded the licence for the new construction industry sector skills council (SSC) to \"ConstructionSkills\", a partnership between the CITB and the Construction Industry Council (CIC). The CITB became known as CITB-ConstructionSkills, or simply ConstructionSkills, for the most of the next 10 years. In March 2013, it was announced that the organisation would drop brands such as CITB-ConstructionSkills, CSkills Awards and National Construction College and revert to its original CITB name as a result of industry feedback suggesting that multiple brands were causing confusion. In May 2017, the awarding body Cskills Awards was"}, {"context": "sold to another industry awarding body NOCN. With construction employers paying a statutory levy to the CITB, it has been subject to industry criticism over its funding of training. In June 2016, for example, the CITB was criticised for not supporting an industry charity, Building Lives, while providing grants to organisations to train sales and marketing staff. The 2016 Farmer Review of the UK Construction Labour Model made several key recommendations to reform training in the industry. One of these was for fundamental reform of the CITB and the levy. In October 2016, the government's skills minister Robert Halfon appointed"}, {"context": "Paul Morrell to lead a review of industrial training boards, in particular the future role of the CITB. Industry support for the CITB varied widely, with some sectors (notably housebuilding) voting against renewal of the CITB's levy, while others (Build UK, for example) favoured its continuation so long as there were reforms. In November 2017, the CITB unveiled a new strategy to become simpler and more streamlined, ending direct training via the National Construction College, and abandoning its facility at Bircham Newton in Norfolk moving to Peterborough. The changes were likely to include substantial job losses among the CITB's 1,400"}, {"context": "staff, particularly in Norfolk, as it commissioned outside providers rather than providing training itself. In total, 750 staff, more than half the workforce, were said to be under threat of redundancy. In April 2018, the CITB unveiled a three-year plan in which more than 800 staff would be axed in reforms designed to modernise its business. The CITB proposed to reduce from 1,370 UK staff in March 2018 to 358 by 2021. In November 2018, various back-office functions were outsourced, affecting 337 staff, with most transferring to the new provider, Shared Services Connected Ltd (SSCL). In December 2018, it was"}, {"context": "revealed that, to retain employment with SSCL, over 200 staff based in Norfolk, plus over 100 staff in London, Leicestershire, Scotland and Wales, would be forced to relocate and work from SSCL's offices in York and other locations - a move condemned by Unite the Union as effectively making the 300 staff redundant. The CITB runs the National Construction College in seven locations: Ashbourne, Erith, Inchinnan, Kings Lynn, King's Norton, Leytonstone and Llangefni. CITB The Construction Industry Training Board (CITB) is the industry training board for the UK construction industry. The CITB was established on 21 July 1964 by the"}]}, {"title": "HMS Smiter (D55)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "HMS Smiter (D55) USS \"Vermillion\" (CVE-52) (previously AVG-52 then later ACV-52) was laid down on 10 May 1943 by the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation as a \"Bogue\"-class auxiliary aircraft carrier; redesignated an escort aircraft carrier, on 10 June 1943; assigned to the United Kingdom under Lend-Lease on 23 June 1943; launched on 27 September 1943; and accepted by Britain on 20 January 1944. Commissioned in the Royal Navy as HMS \"Smiter\" (D55) (pronounced \"smite\u00b7er\"), designated a , she served the British throughout the remainder of World War II. She returned to the United States at Norfolk Naval Base, Virginia on 20"}, {"context": "March 1946 and was officially transferred back to the United States Navy on 6 April 1946. She was immediately determined to be surplus to the needs of the Navy and was designated for sale. Her name was struck from the Navy Registry on 6 May 1946. On 28 January 1947, she was sold to the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, Norfolk, Virginia, for conversion to mercantile service. She was subsequently resold to Compania Argentina de Navigacion Dodero, S.A., and entered mercantile service in 1948 at Buenos Aires as SS \"Artillero\" (renamed \"President Garcia\" in 1965). She was wrecked off"}, {"context": "Guernsey in July 1967, deemed a total loss and was scrapped at Hamburg in November of the same year. These ships were all larger and had a greater aircraft capacity than all the preceding American built escort carriers. They were also all laid down as escort carriers and not converted merchant ships. All the ships had a complement of 646 men and an overall length of , a beam of and a draught of . Propulsion was provided by one shaft, two boilers and a steam turbine giving 9,350 shaft horsepower (SHP), which could propel the ship at . Aircraft"}, {"context": "facilities were a small combined bridge\u2013flight control on the starboard side, two aircraft lifts by , one aircraft catapult and nine arrestor wires. Aircraft could be housed in the by hangar below the flight deck. Armament comprised: two 4\"/50, 5\"/38 or 5\"/51 Dual Purpose guns in single mounts, sixteen 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns in twin mounts and twenty 20 mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft cannon in single mounts. They had a maximum aircraft capacity of twenty-four aircraft which could be a mixture of Grumman Martlet, Vought F4U Corsair or Hawker Sea Hurricane fighter aircraft and Fairey Swordfish or Grumman Avenger anti-submarine"}, {"context": "aircraft. HMS Smiter (D55) USS \"Vermillion\" (CVE-52) (previously AVG-52 then later ACV-52) was laid down on 10 May 1943 by the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation as a \"Bogue\"-class auxiliary aircraft carrier; redesignated an escort aircraft carrier, on 10 June 1943; assigned to the United Kingdom under Lend-Lease on 23 June 1943; launched on 27 September 1943; and accepted by Britain on 20 January 1944. Commissioned in the Royal Navy as HMS \"Smiter\" (D55) (pronounced \"smite\u00b7er\"), designated a , she served the British throughout the remainder of World War II. She returned to the United States at Norfolk Naval Base, Virginia on"}]}, {"title": "Salzburg Castle", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Salzburg Castle Salzburg Castle () stands on the edge of a plateau above the town of Bad Neustadt an der Saale in Lower Franconia in southern Germany. The large \"Ganerbenburg\" (jointly inherited castle) is still partly occupied today and not all areas are accessible to the public. The castle was built about a kilometre east of Bad Neustadt on the western end of the plateau above Neuhaus and is separated from the land in front of it by a roughly 160-metre-long neck ditch. Until the 19th century the whole hillside was cleared and was used as early as the High"}, {"context": "Middle Ages for viticulture. The present, thickly wooded ridge on which the castle stands is also the site of the extensive Franconian Clinic (Rh\u00f6n-Klinikum AG), which dominates the landscape. By the Carolingian era, the Salzgau around Neustadt was already very important. An imperial palace (\"Pfalz\") was even built here; it was given to the Bishopric of Wurzburg in 1000 A.D. by Emperor Otto III. This palace was probably on the site of the present village of Salz or in its immediate vicinity. A castle was built on the nearby \"Veitsberg\" hill, probably in Ottonian times during the period of the"}, {"context": "Hungarian invasions, to protect the local populace. A fortified enclosure of unknown date may have been located on the site of the present castle of Salzburg. These fortifications, too, may have been upgraded in the first half of the 10th century into a refuge castle in the face of attacks by the Magyars. The first record of the Salzburg occurs in a copy of a deed by Emperor Louis the Pious dated around 1160. The original document is missing and could have been inadvertently and mistakenly amended by its scribe, Friar Eberhard of Fulda Abbey, to show the place of"}, {"context": "publication (\"Actum-Zeile\" or \"Ausstellungsort\") as the Salzburg or Salzberg: \"\"Act(um) in Salzb. Curia regia\"\". The copy of this early medieval document clearly suggests that the royal palace of Salz was actually located on the castle hill and older research invariably locates this royal court on the site of the more recent castle. Later on, the Veitsberg near Salz was generally reckoned to be the location of the palace while, today, historians favour the village of Salz or its immediate surroundings as the likely site. Friar Eberhard may have only knew of the new site of the castle and replaced the"}, {"context": "village name of Salz by the abbreviation \"Salzb.\" (\"Salzburg\") throughout his transcript. The walled stone castle replaced an older palisaded ditch hewn from the limestone rock. This discovery was only made in 1984 during an official excavation of the foundations. This originally wooden, protective rampart is about a metre behind the stone wall and was probably a provisional enhancement to protect the site. The oldest curtain wall was obviously not fully developed. The elements of the fortified site datable to the first phase of construction are up to four metres high, but there are long stretches where only the foundation"}, {"context": "seems to have been laid. Whether the Bishop of W\u00fcrzburg intended to form a major administrative centre or even a fortified village, here, remains speculative. Salzburg Castle Salzburg Castle () stands on the edge of a plateau above the town of Bad Neustadt an der Saale in Lower Franconia in southern Germany. The large \"Ganerbenburg\" (jointly inherited castle) is still partly occupied today and not all areas are accessible to the public. The castle was built about a kilometre east of Bad Neustadt on the western end of the plateau above Neuhaus and is separated from the land in front"}]}, {"title": "Glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase In enzymology, a glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are tetradecanoyl-CoA and glycylpeptide, whereas its two products are CoA and N-tetradecanoylglycylpeptide. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is tetradecanoyl-CoA:glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase. Other names in common use include peptide N-myristoyltransferase, myristoyl-CoA-protein N-myristoyltransferase, myristoyl-coenzyme A:protein N-myristoyl transferase, myristoylating enzymes, and protein N-myristoyltransferase. As of late 2007, 9 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes ,"}, {"context": ", , , , , , , and . Glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase In enzymology, a glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are tetradecanoyl-CoA and glycylpeptide, whereas its two products are CoA and N-tetradecanoylglycylpeptide. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is tetradecanoyl-CoA:glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase. Other names in common use include peptide N-myristoyltransferase, myristoyl-CoA-protein N-myristoyltransferase, myristoyl-coenzyme A:protein N-myristoyl transferase, myristoylating enzymes, and protein N-myristoyltransferase. As of late 2007, 9 structures have been solved for"}]}, {"title": "Helicarionidae", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Helicarionidae Helicarionidae is a family of air-breathing land snails or semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea. The distribution of Helicarionidae includes the eastern Palearctic, Malagasy, India, south-eastern Asia, Hawaii, and Australia. Species of snails within this family make and use love darts made of chitin. In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 21 and 30 (according to the values in this table). The following two subfamilies were recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005): Genera within the family Helicarionidae include: subfamily Helicarioninae subfamily Durgellinae subfamily ? The following cladogram shows the phylogenic"}, {"context": "relationships of this family to other families within the limacoid clade: Helicarionidae Helicarionidae is a family of air-breathing land snails or semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea. The distribution of Helicarionidae includes the eastern Palearctic, Malagasy, India, south-eastern Asia, Hawaii, and Australia. Species of snails within this family make and use love darts made of chitin. In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 21 and 30 (according to the values in this table). The following two subfamilies were recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005): Genera within the family Helicarionidae include: subfamily"}]}, {"title": "Camp Clayton", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Camp Clayton Camp Clayton is a group camp accommodation centre near Ulverstone on the North West Coast of Tasmania. The property, originally a racetrack, was purchased by the current owners, Christian Youth Centre Inc, in 1950. The facility includes various accommodation buildings, a significant function hall, games rooms, ropes course, adventure activities, conference rooms, a chapel, dining room, and staff facilities. The camp is well equipped with outdoor activities including, trampolines, mini golf, low and high ropes, flying fox and a giant swing. Full-time, part-time and volunteer staff are engaged under a management team and a board of governance, reporting"}, {"context": "to association members, to run various camping programs throughout the year as well as providing services to clients who hire the facility for their own use. The camp often provides 25000 bed nights pa and is in process of becoming both NARTA and T-QUAL accredited. Camp Clayton Camp Clayton is a group camp accommodation centre near Ulverstone on the North West Coast of Tasmania. The property, originally a racetrack, was purchased by the current owners, Christian Youth Centre Inc, in 1950. The facility includes various accommodation buildings, a significant function hall, games rooms, ropes course, adventure activities, conference rooms, a"}]}, {"title": "Duane J. Roth", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Duane J. Roth Duane J. Roth (November 24, 1949 \u2013 August 3, 2013) was Chief Executive Officer and member of the Board of CONNECT. He graduated from Iowa Wesleyan College. Before working with CONNECT, Roth founded Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp, where he served as Chief executive officer and Chairman of the Board. Before a founder of Alliance Pharmaceutical, Roth held management positions at Wyeth and Johnson & Johnson. Roth has served as a member of the Board of Directors of the Biotechnology Industry Organization, BIOCOM, the California Healthcare Institute, and SAIC-Frederick, Inc. Roth served on boards of the University of California,"}, {"context": "including the President\u2019s Board on Science and Innovation, the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology, the UCSD Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, the UCSD Foundation Board of Directors, the UCSD Health Sciences Advisory Board, and the Industry Dean\u2019s Advisory Board of the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Roth is Chairman of the Founders Circle of the UC San Diego Preuss Charter School. He also served on the Board of SDSU College of Business as well as the advisory boards of SDSU Sciences & Engineering. In 2006 Roth was appointed to the Independent Citizens Oversight Committee for the California Institute"}, {"context": "of Regenerative Medicine by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, and was elected Vice Chairman in 2009. Roth was also a member on the Governor\u2019s Commission for Jobs and Economic Growth, and was co-Chair of the Affordable Housing Working Group. Roth has received awards including: Roth died on August 3, 2013 in UC San Diego Medical Center of complications of injuries in a bicycle accident on July 21, 2013, during a charity ride for the Challenged Athletes Foundation. The CIRM's obituary for Roth notes his efforts both on the CIRM board and for patient advocacy via the Independent Citizens Oversight Committee (ICOC). Duane"}]}, {"title": "Climax Lawrence", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Climax Lawrence Climax Lawrence (born 16 January 1979) is an Indian professional football player. He plays as a midfielder for [[FC Bardez Goa.|[[FC Bardez Goa]] in the [[Goa Pro League]]. In 2002, he was called to the [[Indian national football team]] by coach [[Stephen Constantine]]. Since then he's a part of the national team. In the AFC Challenge Cup, he scored the winning goal in the 91st minute against Afghanistan to help India to a 1-0 victory. He retired from national team on 1 February 2012. [[Category:Footballers from Goa]] [[Category:People from Margao]] [[Category:1979 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Indian footballers]] [[Category:Dempo S.C."}, {"context": "players]] [[Category:Indian Christians]] [[Category:India international footballers]] [[Category:2011 AFC Asian Cup players]] [[Category:I-League players]] [[Category:East Bengal F.C. players]] [[Category:Salgaocar F.C. players]] [[Category:Mumbai F.C. players]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] [[Category:Footballers at the 2006 Asian Games]] Climax Lawrence Climax Lawrence (born 16 January 1979) is an Indian professional football player. He plays as a midfielder for [[FC Bardez Goa.|[[FC Bardez Goa]] in the [[Goa Pro League]]. In 2002, he was called to the [[Indian national football team]] by coach [[Stephen Constantine]]. Since then he's a part of the national team. In the AFC Challenge Cup, he scored the winning goal in the 91st minute"}]}, {"title": "Moorend Common", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Moorend Common Moorend Common is a 28 hectare Site of Special Scientific Interest in the hamlet Moor End, west of High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire. It is in the Chilterns Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and it is owned and managed by Lane End Parish Council. The site is on London Clay, which is unusual for the Chilterns, and the soil is acid and sometimes waterlogged. Habitats are grassland, heath, woodland, marsh and scrub. A stream ends in a swallow-hole called Gubbins Hole. There are three types of woodland, beech, oak and birch, and a small area planted with larch and"}, {"context": "pine, with ground flora of bracken and bramble. Marshy areas have heath spotted orchid and bog mosses. There is access from Church Road, which passes through the site. Moorend Common Moorend Common is a 28 hectare Site of Special Scientific Interest in the hamlet Moor End, west of High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire. It is in the Chilterns Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and it is owned and managed by Lane End Parish Council. The site is on London Clay, which is unusual for the Chilterns, and the soil is acid and sometimes waterlogged. Habitats are grassland, heath, woodland, marsh and"}]}, {"title": "Amanullah Asaduzzaman", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Amanullah Asaduzzaman Amanullah Mohammad Asaduzzaman (10 June 1942 \u2013 20 January 1969) was a student activist whose death at the hands of police during an unlawful protest on 20 January 1969 \"changed the nature of the student-mass movement and ... turned into a mass-upsurge against the Ayub regime and its repressive measures\", according to Banglapedia. \"The Daily Star\" reports him as one of three martyrs of the 1969 uprising in East Pakistan which \"set the stage for the liberation war\". He was awarded Independence Day Award in 2018 posthumously by the Government of Bangladesh. Born in Shibpur, Asaduzzaman graduated from"}, {"context": "Shibpur High School in 1960 and subsequently studied at Jagannath University (then known as Jagannath College) and Murari Chand College. After passing the latter in 1963, he entered the University of Dhaka, receiving a Bachelor of Arts (Hons.) in 1966 and a Masters of Arts in 1967. In that year, he organised the Krishak Samity in Shibpur, Monohardi, Raipura and Narsingdi areas at the direction of Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani, President of National Awami Party and Krishak Samity. After studying at City Law College in Dhaka, Asaduzzaman sat in 1968 for a second M.A. exam in an effort to"}, {"context": "receive a better result. At the time of his death in 1969, he was in the final year of his M.A. at Dhaka University's Department of History. He was the president of the Dhaka Hall unit of East Pakistan Students Union and General Secretary of the Dhaka branch of what was at the time the East Pakistan Students Union (EPSU, Menon group). In his political activities, Asaduzzaman was interested in the educational rights of the poor and powerless. He founded a night school named Shibpur Naisha Biddalaya and collected funds for setting up a college (Shibpur College) for local people."}, {"context": "The catalyst for the events leading to Asaduzzaman's death include the Six point movement of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the Agartala Conspiracy Case at which Rahman and dozens of others were charged with sedition by the Government of Pakistan. Student groups were already experiencing considerable unrest when, in December 1968, Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani organised a march against the Governors House, in conjunction with several labour associations arranged a Repression Resistance Day on 6 December 1968, and proclaimed a hartal against merchants. On 4 January 1969, an 11-point programme\u2014an expansion of Rahman's six-point movement\u2014was publicised by a coalition of"}, {"context": "student group leaders, including the group for which Asaduzzaman served as an officer. In a meeting at Dhaka University on 17 January 1969, student protestors decided to unite all campuses of East Pakistan on 20 January 1969, in strike. Governor Monem Khan sought to prevent the action by imposing Section 144 on the students, under which no more than four persons were permitted to assemble. At around noon on 20 January 1969, the students enacted their planned protest, with a procession in front of Dhaka Medical College Hospital heading towards Chan Khar Pool. Police charged near Chand Khan's bridge, but"}, {"context": "the protestors resisted. About an hour into the conflict, Asaduzzaman and other student leaders tried to continue the procession. Asaduzzaman was shot from very close range by a police officer. Seriously injured, Asaduzzaman was admitted to the hospital, where he was declared dead. Thousands of students and common people mourned Asaduzzaman together in procession, carrying his blood-stained shirt to Shaheed Minar. The Central Action Committee announced the 22, 23 and 24 January as a \"mourning-period\" for him, also striking on those days. On the final day, police once again opened fire. As a result, the administration of Field Marshal Ayub"}, {"context": "Khan was forced to terminate within two months from the day Asad died. In many places of the country, people replaced the nameplates of Ayub Khan with the name of Shaheed Asad. In time, Ayub Gate was renamed Asad Gate, Ayub Avenue as Asad Avenue and Ayub Park as Asad Park. In 1970, on the first Asad Day, people constructed a monument, Unsatturer Gono-aubyuthaner Swarak O Aumor Asad, at the point in front of the central gate of Dhaka Medical College Hospital where Asad was shot dead. The local people of Shibpur and Dhanua established Shibpur Shaheed Asad College in"}, {"context": "1970. In 1991, the inhabitants of Asad's own village Dhauna founded Shaheed Asad Collegiate Girls School and College. Shaheed Asad Day is observed on 20 January each year in recognition of Shaheed Asad's sacrifice, which led the nation towards mass upsurge and independence. Amanullah Asaduzzaman Amanullah Mohammad Asaduzzaman (10 June 1942 \u2013 20 January 1969) was a student activist whose death at the hands of police during an unlawful protest on 20 January 1969 \"changed the nature of the student-mass movement and ... turned into a mass-upsurge against the Ayub regime and its repressive measures\", according to Banglapedia. \"The Daily"}]}, {"title": "Nancy Angelo", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Nancy Angelo Nancy Angelo (born October 8, 1953 in Carson City, Nevada, USA) is an organizational psychologist and formerly a performance and video artist who took part in the feminist art movement in Los Angeles. As an artist, she is best known for co-founding the collaborative performance art group The Feminist Art Workers in 1976 with Candace Compton, Cheri Gaulke, and Laurel Klick. After studying photography in Denmark and attending San Francisco Art Institute, Angelo moved to Los Angeles in 1975 in order to enroll in the Feminist Studio Workshop at the Woman\u2019s Building. She took an active part in"}, {"context": "refurbishing the old three-story structure on North Spring Street near Chinatown that housed the Woman\u2019s Building and making it suitable for learning and practicing art. Shortly after enrolling in the FSW, Angelo immersed herself in performance art and in 1976 she co-founded Feminist Art Workers with Cheri Gaulke, Laurel Klick, and Candace Compton (later replaced by Vanalyne Green). In an attempt to mobilize the strategies of feminist education in the field of performance art, the Feminist Art Workers used performance to create an empowering network for women in and outside of Los Angeles. In 1978, FAW created \"Traffic in Women:"}, {"context": "A Feminist Vehicle\" (1978), performed at various sites between Los Angeles and Las Vegas. Prior to embarking on this project, the group conducted research on the subject of prostitution and the actual traffic in women between these two cities. In 1980, FAW embarked on an even more ambitious project, \"Bill of Rights\", which the group performed from 1980 to 1982 in 15 states that have not passed the Equal Rights Amendment at the time. This project emerged on the heels of major demonstration in Washington, D.C., which took place in 1978 when 100,000 marched the streets demanding equal rights. It"}, {"context": "was just one of many efforts, initiated by feminists across the nation, to ensure the ratification of ERA by 1982. In 1976, Angelo and Compton directed \"Nun and Deviant\", considered by many to be the key text of the feminist video art. By taking on the roles of a nun (Angelo) and a deviant (Compton), the two artists reflected on \u201cprototypical or actual lesbian models.\u201d At this time, Angelo\u2019s experiments in performance art coincided with her involvement with local video production. Thus, during the same year, Angelo, Annette Hunt, Candace Compton, and Jerri Allyn established the Los Angeles Women\u2019s Video"}, {"context": "Center, located at the Woman\u2019s Building. LWVC supported the work of prominent feminist video-makers such as Cheri Gaulke, Suzanne Lacy, and Vanalyne Green. During the first decade of its existence, some 350 videotapes were produced. In 1979, Angelo took part in \"An Oral Herstory of Lesbianism\", initiated by Terry Wolverton and performed at the Woman\u2019s Building. Apart from Angelo, the event involved many other participants in LA performance art scene: Cheri Gaulke, Jerri Allyn, Leslie Belt, Chutney Gunderson, Brook Hallock, Sue Maberry, Louise Moore, Arlene Raven, Catherine Stifter, Cheryl Swannack, and Christine Wong. At the time, Wolverton was involved with"}, {"context": "the Lesbian Art Project at the Woman\u2019s Building and she proposed to create Herstory in an effort to \u201cchronicle the lives of lesbians.\u201d The project opened with ten workshops devoted to teaching performance skills and techniques as well as to exploring issues of lesbianism. During the same year, Angelo and Leslie Labowitz initiated the \"Incest Awareness Project\", a collaboration between \"Ariadne: A Social Art Network and the Women's Resources Program of the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Community Services Center\" (of which Angelo was a member). The project attracted a large number of feminist artists including Leslie Belt, Jerri Allyn,"}, {"context": "Paula Lumbard, Bia Lowe, Terry Wolverton, Tyaga, Chris Wong, and many others. As a part of her involvement in the project, Angelo produced and exhibited \"Equal Time/Equal Space\", an interactive multi-monitor video work. Committed to shedding light on violence against women, her project invited open dialogue on the subject of incest at the time when it was not publicly discussed. In 1981, Angelo co-founded another performance group, Sisters of Survival (SOS) that focused on anti-nuclear issues. The group formed after the dissolution of Feminist Art Workers, when two former FAW members, Gaulke and Angelo, decided to join forces with members"}, {"context": "of another LA-based group, The Waitresses. The original lineup included Angelo, Gaulke, Jerri Allyn, Anne Gauldin, and Sue Maberry. As a part of their performance, the members of SOS \u201cdressed in nun\u2019s habits of all colors of the rainbow to represent an image of \u2018global sisterhood.\u2019\u201d After leaving Sisters of Survival and ending her association with the Woman\u2019s Building, Angelo decided to continue her education and obtain a Ph.d in organizational psychology from the California School of Professional Psychology in Los Angeles. Currently, she lives in the Bay Area and provides organization development services as a part of Angelo +"}, {"context": "Garnets consulting firm. Nancy Angelo Nancy Angelo (born October 8, 1953 in Carson City, Nevada, USA) is an organizational psychologist and formerly a performance and video artist who took part in the feminist art movement in Los Angeles. As an artist, she is best known for co-founding the collaborative performance art group The Feminist Art Workers in 1976 with Candace Compton, Cheri Gaulke, and Laurel Klick. After studying photography in Denmark and attending San Francisco Art Institute, Angelo moved to Los Angeles in 1975 in order to enroll in the Feminist Studio Workshop at the Woman\u2019s Building. She took an"}]}, {"title": "Calgary Transit", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Calgary Transit Calgary Transit is the public transit service which is owned and operated by the city of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. In 2015, an estimated 110 million passengers boarded approximately 1,176 Calgary Transit vehicles. What would eventually become Calgary Transit began as the Calgary Street Railway on July 5, 1909, with twelve electric streetcars serving what was at the time a city of 30,000. This streetcar service expanded throughout the next thirty years (including the Depression) until 1946, when the company was renamed to Calgary Transit System as electric trolleybus vehicles began replacing the local streetcars. Eventually the electric trolley"}, {"context": "lines were phased out together \u2014 to be replaced by diesel buses. In 1972, CTS assumed its current name of Calgary Transit. Between the early 1970s and 2000, Calgary Transit had a three tier bus service. Standard bus routes were identified with white bus stop signs. Blue Arrow bus routes, marked by blue signs, provided limited stops, and all day service to suburban neighborhoods from the city centre. Express service was indicated with red signs and provided extremely limited bus service to the far reaches of the city during peak hours only. These tiers have been slowly phased out, since"}, {"context": "Calgary Transit began expanding CTrain lines and capacity and implementing BRT service. In 2012 Calgary Transit planners presented mayor Naheed Nenshi's council with a tentative 30-year plan 'RouteAhead' to enhance the capacities of Calgary Transit. On December 13, 2012 Craig Hardy, became the one hundred millionth rider of the year, a record never reached in its 103-year history. He received free transit for a year and was celebrated by mayor Nenshi. On May 25, 1981, Calgary Transit became one of the first transit systems in North America (behind Edmonton LRT which opened in 1978) to operate a light rail system"}, {"context": "\u2014 the CTrain, on which construction had begun in 1978. The original line (referred to internally as the Red Line, and externally as Route 201) ran from Anderson station (just north of Anderson Road in the south end of the city) to 8th St SW in Downtown Calgary. On April 27, 1985, a northeastern-bound line (Blue Line/Route 202) was opened, running from 8th St SW to Whitehorn station (just south of the intersection of McKnight Boulevard and 36th Street in the northeastern quadrant of the city), and on September 4, 1987, a northwestern-bound line (C-Line / part of Route 201)"}, {"context": "was opened in time for the 1988 Winter Olympics, running from downtown to University station (directly east of the University of Calgary campus, between 24th and 32nd Avenue on Crowchild Trail). On September 3, 1990, a 1 km extension of the northwest line to Brentwood station (south of Brisebois Drive on Crowchild Trail) was opened; on October 9, 2001 two new stations \u2014 Canyon Meadows station (north of Canyon Meadows Drive and west of Macleod Trail) and Fish Creek\u2013Lacombe station (south of Bannister Road and west of Macleod Trail) were added to the south line; on December 15, 2003, Dalhousie"}, {"context": "station (south of 53rd Street in the median of Crowchild Trail) was added to the northwestern line. On June 28, 2004, two new stations for the south line opened: Shawnessy station (south of a brand new interchange at Macleod Trail and Shawnessy Boulevard) and Somerset\u2013Bridlewood station (south of 162nd Avenue and just north of Shawville Gate). On December 17, 2007, an extension was made to the Route 202 northeast line (first extension ever on the history of the line) from Whitehorn to the new McKnight\u2013Westwinds station.; On June 15, 2009, Crowfoot station was added on the northwest line located directly"}, {"context": "west of Crowfoot Town Centre in the median of Crowchild Trail. On August 27, 2012, Martindale and Saddletowne stations was added to the northeast line, making the total of stations on this line to 10. On December 10, 2012, the West LRT opened, with six new stations and Downtown West\u2013Kerby station in downtown. Since it is Calgary's newest LRT line in 25 years, it is an extension of Route 202 (Blue Line). After this opening, the CTrain system total length is now long. Future extensions include the North Central line and the Southeast line (together running as the Green Line)"}, {"context": "running from North Pointe Bus Terminal, down Centre Street, through downtown, into the communities of Ogden, Douglasdale and McKenzie in the southeastern portion of the city, finally ending at the South Health Campus in Seton. On July 18, 2007, Calgary Transit officially unveiled a new red and white livery for its CTrain, Articulated Busses and every new bus or train coming into the system. On August 27, 2008, a train en route to the Somerset station collided with a construction crane in between the Dalhousie and Brentwood stations. Six were injured in the accident, including one child. On February 18,"}, {"context": "2009 Calgary Transit celebrated the 1,000,000,000th rider, randomly selecting a passenger, Shelly Xiao during a ceremony at the 1 Street SW CTrain station. On August 30, 2004, Calgary Transit opened a bus rapid transit line to operate future CTrain routes (the D-Line and an as-yet unplanned northbound line), using conventional buses until articulated buses entered service on June 25, 2007. The BRT system consisted of a single route, Route 301, serving the northern and western parts of the city. A subsequent route, Route 305, was added in 2008, serving the Bowness and 17th Avenue East corridors. A third route, Route"}, {"context": "302, entered service on August 31, 2009, along a proposed southeast LRT corridor. The BRT is considered to be the successor to the \"Blue Arrow\" service introduced to the 1970s: both were a series of limited-stop routes that were to be intended to be replaced by LRT service in the future \u2014 however, the Blue Arrow service was never a true BRT (limited stop service, stopping at designated blue bus stop signs, was its only distinctive feature), the modern BRT includes priority at traffic signals, enhanced passenger waiting areas and offers a shorter travel time to the downtown with greater"}, {"context": "capacity articulated buses. The Blue Arrow name all but disappeared in 2000 in order to unify all bus stops under one common scheme, but certain Blue Arrow routes are still in service to this day. In fact, Route 305 replaces a Blue Arrow route (Route 105). As of July 27, 2011, the BRT route 300 provides a direct link to the Calgary International Airport. This line was introduced after Calgary's Mayor promised to make the airport more accessible via public transit. On March 12, 2012, BRT service was cut significantly in Calgary. The 302 now run with shuttle buses, during"}, {"context": "off peak hours and weekends. The 305 does not run on weekends at all. These are both due to low ridership. On December 10, 2012, the BRT route 306 started. This route runs between Westbrook, past MRU, past Rockyview Hospital, then ending at Heritage Station. Calgary Transit operates 155 bus routes using 1,155 vehicles. All buses are low floor and wheelchair accessible. The light rail vehicle (LRV) fleet includes the system's original Siemens\u2013Duewag U2 cars, 110 Siemens SD-160s, and 63 Siemens S200s. Calgary Transit's 72 original style SD160s were delivered in three orders between 2000 and 2007 and have all"}, {"context": "since been retrofitted with Air Conditioning and the newer red and white livery. In June 2010, 38 new restyled Siemens SD160s, featuring factory equipped AC and various cosmetic and technical changes over the previous series, began to arrive. In January 2016, the first of 63 Siemens S200 cars began arriving which entered service in July 2016. The CTrain system along with several mainline bus routes provide the backbone of the system while many feeder bus routes and express services act to complement this backbone service. Service frequency on the CTrain and busier bus routes is typically from 5\u201330 minutes with"}, {"context": "operating hours of about 4 am \u2013 3 am. Most feeder bus routes run at 15\u201345 minute intervals with similar operating hours on most routes and reduced on others. In addition there are many rush hour only services, some are feeder routes and some are express routes, these usually run 10\u201330 minutes apart. Calgary Transit currently operates as a single fare zone, with a flat rate fare for all standard service including bus, BRT, and the CTrain. As of January 2018, a single adult fare is $3.30, or $2.30 for youth. Books of 10 tickets are available at par to"}, {"context": "10 fares. Monthly passes are also available, with youth passes for $70.00, and adult passes for $103. Seniors (65 and over) pay $135 for a yearly pass which is valid from July 1 to June 30 of the following year and which entitles them to travel at any time. Service on Christmas Day is free of charge. Starting New Year's Eve 2014, extended service until 3:00 a.m. on the CTrain and select bus routes requires regular fare. In order to transfer from one transit vehicle to another, proof of fare from the CTrain, or a transfer from a bus is"}, {"context": "required. A transfer or proof of fare is valid for 90 minutes from the time of issue, for any transit service (including stopovers). In cooperation with many of the post-secondary schools located in the city, a Universal Pass (U-Pass) program is offered to all students, paid as part of their tuition. The \"Connect Card\" is the name of Calgary Transit's proposed electronic fare smart-card. After two years of work and after installing smart-card readers on every bus and at all CTrain stations that were supposed to start working in the summer of 2012, Calgary Transit cancelled the deal with its"}, {"context": "contractor, Spain-headquartered Telvent. The City of Calgary announced on November 8, 2012 that crews will remove the new smart-card machines out of all Calgary Transit 1,000 city buses and 160 LRT pay machines after repeated glitches and delays. About one year later, the City then announced that they would relaunch the initiative, again with Telvent as the provider. In June 2015, the City of Calgary decided to scrap the Connect Card project and attempt to recover costs from Schneider Electric (formerly Telvent). There are five major Calgary Transit facilities to store and maintain the transit fleet, as well as run"}, {"context": "several operations departments to keep the system running: Formed in the 1980s as Special Constables under the Police Act of Alberta, Special Constables had most authorities given to regular Police Constables. In 2008, the new Peace Officer Act replaced the old Police Act. Officers were then renamed as Peace Officers under this Act and given full Peace Officer powers in the Province of Alberta with certain exceptions. Calgary Transit briefly experimented with a commuter train in 1996. The service consisted of a single line, running from a platform at 162 Avenue SW (present-day Somerset\u2013Bridlewood station) to Anderson station(then the terminus"}, {"context": "of the South Line), where commuters could transfer to the CTrain network. Running every 20 minutes during the morning and evening rush hours, the free service carried an average of just over 800 people per day. The city didn't lay any new track, but ran the trains on the CPR freight line running alongside the South Line's tracks. Siemens RegioSprinter diesel multiple units were used as the rolling stock. With a top speed of 120 kilometres per hour, the train could cover the roughly 7 kilometres in a matter of minutes. The city ultimately decided not to implement permanent commuter"}, {"context": "rail. The CTrain system was later extended along the same corridor, with more stations and regular service. In recent years, transit planners and some politicians have discussed adding commuter service to Airdrie, Cochrane, Okotoks, Strathmore and other nearby cities and towns, but no firm plans have been made. Calgary Transit Calgary Transit is the public transit service which is owned and operated by the city of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. In 2015, an estimated 110 million passengers boarded approximately 1,176 Calgary Transit vehicles. What would eventually become Calgary Transit began as the Calgary Street Railway on July 5, 1909, with twelve"}]}, {"title": "William Holden (journalist)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "William Holden (journalist) William Holden (7 April 1808 \u2013 11 October 1897) was a journalist with the South Australian Register, noted for his breadth of knowledge and diverse interests, and remembered as the \"Riddler\" in The Observer. He retired as the longest-serving and oldest journalist in Australia. Holden was born in Chichester, and emigrated with his family to South Australia in the \"Trusty\", arriving 15 May 1838. During the journey became a friend of Jacob Pitman, brother of the famous shorthand inventor. Pitman was a devout Swedenborgian, and Holden became an adherent, helping Pitman establish a New Church in Hanson"}, {"context": "Street. From 1841 to 1851 the Holden family lived at Hope Valley, where he opened a butcher's shop and store. The name \"Hope Valley\" was coined by him when, after fire destroyed his home, he felt optimistic rather than despondent. In 1851 he moved into town, and on 17 November started on his career with The Register as one of only three journalists employed there. And when the rush began to the Victorian goldfields, he was the only reporter left in Adelaide. He soon became a valued member of the literary staff. He was honest, conscientious and hard-working. He had"}, {"context": "a profound love for literature and music; he had an understanding of mathematics, science and astronomy (he was a member of both the Mathematical Society and the Astronomical Society) and could be relied on to compile accurately the tide tables and statistical information that many of the public were reliant on. Every week from 1868 to 1896 he produced for \"The Observer\", the Register's sister publication, its \"Puzzler\" page to stretch and delight the minds of the brighter children and adults so inclined. His views on art and music were respected, and he was considered a deeply religious and moral"}, {"context": "thinker, heavily influenced by his adherence to the New Church. Above all, his writing was clear and sharp, with an occasional sparkle of wit. And his opinions on practical problems were valued; he could usually be counted on to work out a solution to the most vexing problems He sustained a severe shaking one Sunday night in 1896 when he was knocked down by a horse-drawn carriage in the city whilst crossing from the Register Office to catch the tramcar home. He eventually recovered sufficiently to go out of doors, and though he never returned to his desk at The"}, {"context": "Register Office, he insisted on contributing his literary work from his residence at North Adelaide. Eventually of course frailty of old age caught up with him and he died peacefully at home some six months short of his 90th birthday. He was buried in the Walkerville Cemetery. He was married to Sarah n\u00e9e Ellis (1805\u20131851). He married again to Susan Rosanna Williams (c. 1828 \u2013 15 July 1909). Among his children were: They lived at 109 Jeffcott Street until 1881, then 67 Barton Terrace, North Adelaide. William Holden (journalist) William Holden (7 April 1808 \u2013 11 October 1897) was a"}]}, {"title": "Arleigh Winston Scott", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Arleigh Winston Scott Sir Arleigh Winston Scott (27 March 1900 \u2013 9 August 1976) was Governor-General of Barbados between 18 May 1967 and 9 August 1976. The first native Governor-General of Barbados, Scott was educated at St. Giles Boys' School and Harrison College. He studied medicine at Howard University in the United States and later the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. After qualifying, he returned to the United States for further studies and became a visiting ophthalmic surgeon to Harlem Hospital in New York City. He returned to Barbados in 1953, and became successful and highly regarded as a medical"}, {"context": "practitioner. He established a nursing home, which is known as Woodside Memorial Clinic, and which he continued to run until he became Governor-General. He had a distinguished record in community work and gave his services without charge to the Children's Goodwill League, as well as lecturing in public health. From time to time he taught hygiene to the pupils of some of the primary schools in the Bridgetown area. Dr. Scott served in the Barbados Senate from 1964 to 1967, and in 1966 was appointed to the Privy Council of Barbados. In May 1967, on the retirement of Sir John"}, {"context": "Stow (the last colonial Governor of Barbados), Dr. Scott was appointed Governor-General by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. In the same year he was knighted and became known as Sir Winston Scott. Sir Winston Scott was a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity. He died suddenly while in office. Arleigh Winston Scott Sir Arleigh Winston Scott (27 March 1900 \u2013 9 August 1976) was Governor-General of Barbados between 18 May 1967 and 9 August 1976. The first native Governor-General of Barbados, Scott was educated at St. Giles Boys' School and Harrison College. He studied medicine at"}]}, {"title": "Koubachi", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Koubachi Koubachi is a free App for houseplant care. The application is based on plant models, developed by professional biologists of the ETH Zurich. The system takes into account the plants' species, the current season, the geographic location, and most importantly the water cycle. After a simple calibration, Koubachi notifies its users when it's time to water, mist or give fertilizer to the single plants. Koubachi is gaining of notoriety since it has been presented at the Schweizer Fernsehen in February 2011. In October 2011 the application won the \"Swisscom App of the Year Award 2011\" for iOS systems. Koubachi"}, {"context": "AG is located in Zurich, Switzerland, and was founded in 2009. Koubachi is a spin-off of the ETH Zurich and supported by the Swiss government's innovation promotion agency CTI, ETH Transfer and the National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) MICS. In November 2010 Koubachi has officially been granted the CTI Startup-Label. The company's goal is to identify the potential of Smart Objects and create new possibilities of use, new services, and a simpler yet more powerful user experience. Their first product, the Koubachi Plant Care Engine provides the information needed to take care of various plant species by simply"}, {"context": "using the own iPhone or iPad. Koubachi Koubachi is a free App for houseplant care. The application is based on plant models, developed by professional biologists of the ETH Zurich. The system takes into account the plants' species, the current season, the geographic location, and most importantly the water cycle. After a simple calibration, Koubachi notifies its users when it's time to water, mist or give fertilizer to the single plants. Koubachi is gaining of notoriety since it has been presented at the Schweizer Fernsehen in February 2011. In October 2011 the application won the \"Swisscom App of the Year"}]}, {"title": "Bleeding Steel", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Bleeding Steel Bleeding Steel is a 2017 Chinese/Australian science fiction cyberpunk action film directed and written by Leo Zhang and stars Jackie Chan. It was released in China on December 22, 2017. In the U.S, Lionsgate Premiere released the film in theaters and on VOD on July 6, 2018. Hong Kong Special Agent Lin Dong was told that his daughter Xixi (who suffers from leukemia) is in critical condition. He speeds over to the hospital, but on the way his co-worker, Xiao Su, informs him that a critical witness is in danger. Agent Lin stops right outside the hospital, pauses,"}, {"context": "and turns back to protect the critical witness, Dr. James. Dr. James injects himself with a chemical substance stored with a mechanical heart right before the police burst in to escort him away. They are ambushed by men with exotic black armor and high-tech weaponry led by a monstrous-looking man named Andre, and almost all in the team are killed. Xixi, meanwhile, dies at the hospital. Before Andre can claim Dr. James for himself, Lin Dong manages to ram him against an oil tank using his car. When Andre proves uncannily resistant to both the car's impact and the bullets"}, {"context": "Lin Dong fires against him, Lin Dong shoots the oil tank instead, causing a huge explosion. Both Lin Dong and Andre are later shown to have survived, although Andre's injuries have him turned into a cyborg. 13 years later in Sydney, Australia, author Rick Rogers has recently released a book titled \"Bleeding Steel\" about a girl with a mechanical heart. A man named Li Sen, disguised as a prostitute, pays a visit to Rogers at his hotel, drugs him, and downloads information from his computer. Simultaneously, a black-clad woman and two men with black armor suits attack the building and"}, {"context": "torture Rogers to reveal the source of his inspiration for the book, while Li Sen hides in the suite's bathtub. The intruders are attacked by Lin Dong, who also tries to find out the same answer. Rogers is killed by the Woman, and the arrival of the police forces everyone to retreat. When briefed about the failed operation, Andre identifies Lin Dong and Li Sen, and sends the Woman after the latter, but Li Sen has already fled. Acting upon the data they purloined from Rogers, Li Sen and Lin Dong separately begin to track Nancy, a young girl who"}, {"context": "is plagued by nightmares about a laboratory where strange experiments were conducted. In order to deal with them, she has been visiting a spiritualist, who is the source of Roger's manuscript. She is tracked down by the Woman in Black, but rescued and taken to safety by Lin Dong and Li Sen's combined efforts. Subsequently, Nancy is revealed to be Xixi, resurrected by the efforts of Dr. James, who was working on genetic enhancements of human beings, specifically regeneration, to create immortal bioroid soldiers. James fitted Xixi with a mechanical heart and a biogenetic blood substitute which enhanced her regenerative"}, {"context": "abilities. However, Xixi's temporary death left her amnesic, whereupon she was put into an orphanage for her own safety, while Lin Dong and his old unit secretly watched over her. Her nightmares stem from James' memories which imprinted themselves on the compound he had injected himself with, and his blood was afterwards used in her resurrection. Andre, a former Special Forces soldier, was another test subject who infiltrated the project in the interest of a prominent Korean arms dealer to market the bioroids. However, the artificial genome failed on Andre, slowly consuming him from within. James himself died soon after"}, {"context": "his operation on Xixi, making her the sole successful subject of his achievements. Lin Dong takes Nancy and Li Sen to his house, where he locks the young man in his advanced security vault, and pays a visit to the spiritualist, who he finds murdered. Nancy runs away to take a flight back to James' abandoned home, where she recovers both her old memories of her father and a bank vault key hidden by James. Following her, Lin Dong reunites with Xiao Su, but before he can reach Nancy, she is kidnapped by the Woman in Black and brought separately"}, {"context": "to Andre's airborne laboratory. Rejoined by Li Sen, who has managed to free himself, they proceed to the bank vault, where the Woman, while retrieving a video camera from the vault, was trapped and incapacitated by Lin's old unit. Checking the camera's contents, which detail Andre's bioroid conversion, Lin and Xiao Su surmise that he needs both this information and Nancy's altered genome to bestow the regenerative effect upon himself. Onboard the laboratory plane, Andre proceeds to extracte Nancy's blood and inject it into himself to restore his body. Lin Dong, Xiao Su, and Li Sen infiltrate the craft but"}, {"context": "are thwarted by an impenetrable security screen. A scuffle with Andre's henchmen forces the villain to join the fight before the transfusion is completed, which gives Nancy sufficient time to fully regenerate and come to her father's aid. Lin and his allies cast Andre into the craft's reactor core, which overloads and destroys the lab. Li Sen is caught in the explosion; Xiao Su and Nancy manage to escape by parachute, but before he can join them, Lin Dong is attacked by Andre. However, because Andre has accidentally injected Lin Dong with the enhanced blood during their fight, Lin Dong"}, {"context": "gains enough power to deprive Andre of his heart, killing him. In the aftermath, as Lin Dong, Nancy and Xia Su spend time together as a family, Lin learns from his colleague that Li Sen was the son of the arms dealer who sought to recover James' achievements and take revenge on Andre for the murder of his family thirteen years ago. He also was a fellow mate of Nancy/Xixi at the orphanage, and had acted out of genuine affection for her. At the same time, Li Sen is shown to have survived and now offering the camcorder tape to"}, {"context": "the most interested buyer. In June 2016, it was announced that Village Roadshow Pictures Asia and Heyi Pictures would co-produce and co-finance the sci-fi thriller film, \"Bleeding Steel\", starring Jackie Chan, the film would be directed by Leo Zhang from his own script. On July 27, more cast was announced which included Tess Haubrich, Callan Mulvey, Nana Ou-Yang, Erica Xia-Hou, and Show Lo. Principal photography on the film began on July 20, 2016, in Sydney, Australia. Filming also took place in Taipei and Beijing. Last scene is from the Atlantic Road in Norway. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an"}, {"context": "approval rating of 22% based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 3.8/10. The \"South China Morning Post\" compared \"Bleeding Steel\" to previous films starring Jackie Chan, stating \"with this one he hits a new low in terms of the nonsensical garbage he is willing to put his name to.\" The review specifically noted the lack of \"action, humour or logic\" and that the film was \"Packed with risible English dialogue and even worse performances, the film feels like a lazy, contemptuous cash grab from start to finish\" \"Variety\" declared the film a \"corny cyberpunk pastiche\" that would appeal"}, {"context": "\"exclusively to kids.\" Bleeding Steel Bleeding Steel is a 2017 Chinese/Australian science fiction cyberpunk action film directed and written by Leo Zhang and stars Jackie Chan. It was released in China on December 22, 2017. In the U.S, Lionsgate Premiere released the film in theaters and on VOD on July 6, 2018. Hong Kong Special Agent Lin Dong was told that his daughter Xixi (who suffers from leukemia) is in critical condition. He speeds over to the hospital, but on the way his co-worker, Xiao Su, informs him that a critical witness is in danger. Agent Lin stops right outside"}]}, {"title": "Annemiek de Haan", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Annemiek de Haan Annemiek de Haan (born 15 July 1981 in Haren, Groningen) is a rower from the Netherlands. De Haan started rowing in 1999 and made her international debut in the four at the 1999 Junior World Championships in Plovdiv. Together with Melina Bus, Anja Mourik and Mirthe Kamp she won the bronze medal. The following years De Haan was not that successful in rowing anymore, but she returned for the 2002 Under-23 World Championships in Genoa in the double sculls with Sarah Siegelaar, here they became fifth. A year later in Belgrade she formed a fours boat with"}, {"context": "Kamp, Susan van Kuijeren and Mette Beugelsdijk to claim another fifth place at the World Championships. As of 2004 she started participating in the Rowing World Cup circuit on senior level and she rowed to a fourth position in the fours with Marlies Smulders, Froukje Wegman and Hurnet Dekkers. Later in the year she took part in the Dutch eights that got to the fourth place in the World Cup in Munich, they qualified for the 2004 Summer Olympics and won the bronze medal there. The team existed of De Haan, Froukje Wegman, Marlies Smulders, Nienke Hommes, Hurnet Dekkers, Annemarieke"}, {"context": "van Rumpt, Sarah Siegelaar, Helen Tanger and cox Ester Workel. In 2005 it was time to start with the new Dutch eights project. The team existing of De Haan, Sanne Beukers, Nienke Hommes, Hurnet Dekkers, Annemarieke van Rumpt, Laura Posthuma, Femke Dekker, Helen Tanger and Ester Workel managed to row to the second spot at the World Cup meeting in Munich straight away. With Marlies Smulders instead of Hommes they reached the same spot in Luzern. Hommes returned to the team instead of Smulders for the World Championships, while Beukers was replaced by Nienke Dekkers. This team dropped down one"}, {"context": "place and won the bronze medal. In 2006 De Haan remained in the eights and they rowed to a fifth position at the World Championships in Eton. Together with Van Rumpt she also achieved a third place in the World Cup in Luzern. She returned to the eights in 2007 rowing to two third positions in the World Cup in Linz and Luzern as well as the first place in Amsterdam with Jacobine Veenhoven, Smulders, Hurnet Dekkers, Van Rumpt, Roline Repelaer van Driel, Sarah Siegelaar, Dekker and Workel. Then at the World Championships in Munich the team failed to achieve"}, {"context": "the A-final and had to be satisfied with the 7th position overall. In 2008 the team tried to qualify for the 2008 Summer Olympics and at the first World Cup in Munich Veenhoven was replaced by Nienke Dekkers while Hurnet Dekkers was replaced by Nienke Kingma; they finished in fourth position. Helen Tanger replaced Nienke Dekkers in the second meeting held in Luzern and another fourth position was achieved. This also meant the Olympic qualification was accomplished. At the 2008 Olympics, the Dutch team containing de Haan won the silver medal. After qualifying for the 2012 Summer Olympics, de Haan"}, {"context": "was in the Dutch boat that won the bronze medal. Annemiek de Haan Annemiek de Haan (born 15 July 1981 in Haren, Groningen) is a rower from the Netherlands. De Haan started rowing in 1999 and made her international debut in the four at the 1999 Junior World Championships in Plovdiv. Together with Melina Bus, Anja Mourik and Mirthe Kamp she won the bronze medal. The following years De Haan was not that successful in rowing anymore, but she returned for the 2002 Under-23 World Championships in Genoa in the double sculls with Sarah Siegelaar, here they became fifth. A"}]}, {"title": "Institute for Science and International Security", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Institute for Science and International Security The Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS) is a nonprofit, non-governmental institution to inform the public about \"science and policy issues affecting international security.\" Founded in 1993, the group is led by founder and former United Nations IAEA nuclear inspector David Albright. ISIS was founded on a belief that scientists have an obligation to participate actively in solving major problems of national and international security. ISIS focuses primarily on four parts: 1) prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and related technology to other nations and terrorists, 2) lead to greater transparency of nuclear"}, {"context": "activities worldwide, 3) reinforce the international non-proliferation regime, and 4) cut down nuclear arsenals. Furthermore, ISIS seeks to build stable foundations for various efforts to reduce the threat posed by nuclear weapons to U.S. and international security by integrating technical, scientific and policy research. As the effectiveness of ISIS was appreciated and recognized in the Global \u201cGo-To Think Tanks\u201d rankings, ISIS consistently places in the top 25 Science and Technology Think Tanks in the world and in 2015 placed as one of the top United States and foreign policy think tanks in the world. ISIS's board consists of the following"}, {"context": "members: ISIS has been funded by: Ploughshares Fund, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Colombe Foundation, New-Land Foundation, The Prospect Hill Foundation, United States Institute of Peace, The International Atomic Energy Agency, Ford Foundation, The Scherman Foundation, Smith Richardson Foundation, Compton Foundation, The Stanley Foundation, The John Merck Fund, The Rockefeller Foundation, The Rockefeller Brothers Fund, W. Alton Jones Foundation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, United States Department of Energy ISIS's staff consists of the following people: Research Fellows, Interning Research Associates, Technical Consultants The institute regularly publishes technical analyses of nuclear"}, {"context": "proliferation programs by examining technical data and satellite imagery. ISIS is cited in non-proliferation circles and in international media regarding its analysis. The majority of the current material produced by ISIS is focused on the analysis and monitoring of the nuclear programs of North Korea, Iran, Pakistan, Syria, and cases of worldwide illicit nuclear trade. In August 1991, David Albright and Mark Hibbs, writing for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists wrote that there were many technological challenges unsolved with Iraq's nuclear program. Albright and Hibbs wrote that Iraq's nuclear program \"was so primitive that the international sanctions put in"}, {"context": "place after the August 2 invasion may have had more substantive effect than the tons of bombs dropped by U.S. and allied planes five months later\". In an October 2002 posting ISIS published a report which said \"One of the most significant accomplishments of the intrusive inspections mandated by UN Security Council in 1991 is that Iraq is not believed to have nuclear weapons now. This single accomplishment demonstrates both the power and value of intrusive nuclear inspections in Iraq.\" The report further argued that \"the nuclear inspection process provided a powerful deterrent against Iraq reconstituting its nuclear weapons program"}, {"context": "until inspectors left in late 1998.\" ISIS has been following since the 1990s the circumstances surrounding the Iranian nuclear program and has created a website dedicated to informing readers about the history of Iran's nuclear program and facilities, providing IAEA reports, providing information about diplomatic efforts, and providing ISIS technical assessments. A June 2009 posting on ISIS argued that \"we do know that a lasting, military solution to Iran\u2019s nuclear program is not realistic. This leaves diplomacy as the best route to bring about a suspension of Iran\u2019s uranium enrichment program, regardless of who holds Iran\u2019s presidency.\" On October 2,"}, {"context": "2009 ISIS posted a subject to revision working document by IAEA safeguards experts which it described as an \"Internal IAEA Document on Alleged Iranian Nuclear Weaponization\". The document led media to report that Iran has tested a two-point implosion design. Gordon Oehler, who ran the CIA\u2019s nonproliferation center and served as deputy director of the presidential commission on weapons of mass destruction, wrote \u201cif someone has a good idea for a missile program, and he has really good connections, he\u2019ll get that program through.. But that doesn\u2019t mean there is a master plan for a nuclear weapon.\u201d Outside experts noted"}, {"context": "that the parts of the report made public lack many dates associated with Iran's alleged activities. The Washington Post reported that \"nowhere are there construction orders, payment invoices, or more than a handful of names and locations possibly connected to the projects.\" Former IAEA Director Mohamed ElBaradei said the Agency didn't have any information that nuclear material has been used and didn't have any information that any components of nuclear weapons had been manufactured. Iran asserted that the documents were a fabrication, while the IAEA urged Iran to be more cooperative and Member States to provide more information about the"}, {"context": "allegations to be shared with Iran. In December 2009, the conservative-leaning \"The Times\", working with ISIS analysis, claimed that a document from an unnamed Asian intelligence agency described the use of a neutron source which has no use other than in a nuclear weapon, and claimed the document appeared to be from an office in Iran's Defense Ministry and may have been from around 2007. The Institute for Science and International Security, said that it \u201curges caution and further assessment\u201d of the document and noted that \"the document does not mention nuclear weapons .. and we have seen no evidence"}, {"context": "of an Iranian decision to build them.\u201d Western intelligence agencies did not give any authentication to the document, while Russia noted that though the IAEA is in possession of these documents, the IAEA's findings \"do not contain any conclusions about the presence of undeclared nuclear activities in Iran.\" In response to allegations that the document was forged from Iran and some within the United States, Albright said ISIS felt \"that this document does need to be authenticated, and we welcome a debate and actually a collecting [of] information from people, people who've done linguistic analysis, inside information\". In a January"}, {"context": "28, 2010 report, ISIS found: \"There remain sound reasons to suspect that the military regime in Burma might be pursuing a long-term strategy to make nuclear weapons. Despite the public reports to the contrary, the military junta does not appear to be close to establishing a significant nuclear capability. Information suggesting the construction of major nuclear facilities appears unreliable or inconclusive.\" During an ASEAN meeting in Thailand in July 2009, US secretary of state Hillary Clinton highlighted concerns of the North Korean link. \"We know there are also growing concerns about military cooperation between North Korea and Burma which we"}, {"context": "take very seriously,\" Clinton said. A \"National Journal\" profile in 2004 called Albright a \u201cgo-to guy for media people seeking independent analysis on Iraq\u2019s [weapons of mass destruction] programs.\u201d In 2006, David Albright received the prestigious Joseph A. Burton Forum Award from the American Physical Society, a professional society of American physicists. He was cited for \"his tireless and productive efforts to slow the transfer of nuclear weapons technology. He brings a unique combination of deep understanding, objectivity, and effectiveness to this vexed area.\u201d Institute for Science and International Security The Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS) is a"}]}, {"title": "Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the second derivative", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the second derivative Explicit formulas for eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the second derivative with different boundary conditions are provided both for the continuous and discrete cases. In the discrete case, the standard central difference approximation of the second derivative is used on a uniform grid. These formulas are used to derive the expressions for eigenfunctions of Laplacian in case of separation of variables, as well as to find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of multidimensional discrete Laplacian on a regular grid, which is presented as a Kronecker sum of discrete Laplacians in one-dimension. The index j represents the"}, {"context": "jth eigenvalue or eigenvector and runs from 1 to formula_1. Assuming the equation is defined on the domain formula_2, the following are the eigenvalues and normalized eigenvectors. The eigenvalues are ordered in descending order. (That is: formula_8 is a simple eigenvalue and all further eigenvalues are given by formula_9, formula_10, each with multiplicity 2). Notation: The index j represents the jth eigenvalue or eigenvector. The index i represents the ith component of an eigenvector. Both i and j go from 1 to n, where the matrix is size n x n. Eigenvectors are normalized. The eigenvalues are ordered in descending"}, {"context": "order. In the 1D discrete case with Dirichlet boundary conditions, we are solving Rearranging terms, we get Now let formula_28. Also, assuming formula_29, we can scale eigenvectors by any nonzero scalar, so scale formula_30 so that formula_31. Then we find the recurrence Considering formula_35 as an indeterminate, where formula_37 is the kth Chebyshev polynomial of the 2nd kind. Since formula_38, we get that It is clear that the eigenvalues of our problem will be the zeros of the nth Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind, with the relation formula_28. These zeros are well known and are: Plugging these into the"}, {"context": "formula for formula_42, And using a trig formula to simplify, we find In the Neumann case, we are solving In the standard discretization, we introduce formula_47 and formula_48 and define The boundary conditions are then equivalent to If we make a change of variables, we can derive the following: with formula_53 being the boundary conditions. This is precisely the Dirichlet formula with formula_54 interior grid points and grid spacing formula_55. Similar to what we saw in the above, assuming formula_56, we get This gives us formula_54 eigenvalues and there are formula_59. If we drop the assumption that formula_56, we find"}, {"context": "there is also a solution with formula_61 and this corresponds to eigenvalue formula_8. Relabeling the indices in the formula above and combining with the zero eigenvalue, we obtain, For the Dirichlet-Neumann case, we are solving where formula_65 We need to introduce auxiliary variables formula_66 Consider the recurrence Also, we know formula_68 and assuming formula_69, we can scale formula_70 so that formula_71 We can also write Taking the correct combination of these three equations, we can obtain And thus our new recurrence will solve our eigenvalue problem when Solving for formula_42 we get Our new recurrence gives where formula_79 again is"}, {"context": "the kth Chebyshev polynomial of the 2nd kind. And combining with our Neumann boundary condition, we have A well-known formula relates the Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind, formula_81, to those of the second kind by Thus our eigenvalues solve The zeros of this polynomial are also known to be And thus Note that there are 2n + 1 of these values, but only the first n + 1 are unique. The (n + 1)th value gives us the zero vector as an eigenvector with eigenvalue 0, which is trivial. This can be seen by returning to the original recurrence."}, {"context": "So we consider only the first n of these values to be the n eigenvalues of the Dirichlet - Neumann problem. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the second derivative Explicit formulas for eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the second derivative with different boundary conditions are provided both for the continuous and discrete cases. In the discrete case, the standard central difference approximation of the second derivative is used on a uniform grid. These formulas are used to derive the expressions for eigenfunctions of Laplacian in case of separation of variables, as well as to find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of multidimensional discrete Laplacian"}]}, {"title": "Cherokee Nation Foundation", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Cherokee Nation Foundation The Cherokee Nation Foundation is an organization serving the Cherokee Nation, a federally recognized tribe of more than 300,000 citizens. Its mission is to provide educational opportunities to Cherokee students so that they can reach their full potential. The Cherokee Nation Foundation is a tax-exempt charitable organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. The Board of Directors serve a four-year term and are appointed by the Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation. Susan Chapman Plumb Tonya Rozell LeRoy Qualls Patsi Nixon Smith Amber George The Cherokee Nation Foundation provides educational opportunities to Cherokee students so"}, {"context": "that they can reach their full potential. Programs begin for students as early as elementary school and continue to support students throughout their efforts in higher education. CNF provides Junior Achievement programming to Cherokee Nation's 14 counties, as well as ACT prep and college readiness courses. They also offer scholarship opportunities and have endowment funds established at Northeastern State University, Oklahoma State University and University of Tulsa. Janice Carlile Randall Cherokee Nation Foundation The Cherokee Nation Foundation is an organization serving the Cherokee Nation, a federally recognized tribe of more than 300,000 citizens. Its mission is to provide educational opportunities"}]}, {"title": "Kold Sweat Records", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Kold Sweat Records Kold Sweat Records was a British independent record label specializing in hip hop music, based in Askew Road, London. The label was founded in 1990 by Tony Powell, who was the Managing Director, CEO at MCA Records between 1987 and 1992. Upon leaving MCA Powell created Kold Sweat which was considered as a small project specific to the Rap Music genre. He later employed Angelo Starr as Recording Engineer who was brother to late Edwin Starr. The label had originally been created as an alternative to directly address the growing and popular trend of the emerging new"}, {"context": "and unsigned British Rap acts throughout the UK. In 2003 he was diagnosed with an illness which made him slow down and eventually retire in 2006. Artists who recorded for Kold Sweat Records included; The label closed in 1994 when Tony Powell became Director, CEO of Pinnacle Entertainment Kold Sweat Records Kold Sweat Records was a British independent record label specializing in hip hop music, based in Askew Road, London. The label was founded in 1990 by Tony Powell, who was the Managing Director, CEO at MCA Records between 1987 and 1992. Upon leaving MCA Powell created Kold Sweat which"}]}, {"title": "Tamm\u2013Horsfall protein", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tamm\u2013Horsfall protein The Tamm\u2013Horsfall glycoprotein (THP), also known as uromodulin, is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the \"UMOD\" gene. Uromodulin is the most abundant protein excreted in ordinary urine. The human UMOD gene is located on chromosome 16. While several transcript variants may exist for this gene, the full-length natures of only two have been described to date. These two represent the major variants of this gene and encode the same isoform. THP is a GPI-anchored glycoprotein. It is not derived from blood plasma but is produced by the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle"}, {"context": "of the mammalian kidney. While the monomeric molecule has a MW of approximately 85 kDa, it is physiologically present in urine in large aggregates of up to several million Da. When this protein is concentrated at low pH, it forms a gel. Uromodulin represents the most abundant protein in normal human urine (results based on MSMS determinations). It is the matrix of urinary casts derived from the secretion of renal tubular cells. The crystal structure of UMOD () was reported In January 2016 by researchers at Karolinska Institutet, in collaboration with groups at San Raffaele Scientific Institute and European Synchrotron"}, {"context": "Radiation Facility. Uromodulin excretion in urine follows proteolytic cleavage of the ectodomain of its glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored counterpart that is situated on the luminal cell surface of the loop of Henle. Uromodulin may act as a constitutive inhibitor of calcium crystallization in renal fluids. The excretion of uromodulin in urine may provide defense against urinary tract infections caused by uropathogenic bacteria. The function of THP is not well understood. Studies using THP deficient mice revealed that THP may have a role in regulatory physiology and actually participates in transporter function. A role in bacterial binding and sequestration is suggested by studies showing"}, {"context": "that \"Escherichia coli\" which express MS (mannose-sensitive) pili or fimbriae (also \"fimbria\", from the Latin word for \"fringe\") can be trapped by Tamm\u2013Horsfall protein via its mannose-containing side chains. THP may also be important in protection from kidney injury by down-regulating inflammation. Uropontin, nephrocalcin and uromodulin (this protein) are the three known urinary glycoproteins that affect the formation of calcium-containing kidney stones or calculus. Tamm\u2013Horsfall protein is part of the matrix in renal calculi but a role in kidney stone formation remains debatable. However, decreased levels of Tamm\u2013Horsfall in urine have been found to be a good indicator of kidney"}, {"context": "stones. Defects in this gene are associated with the autosomal dominant renal disorders medullary cystic kidney disease-2 (MCKD2) and familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy (FJHN). These disorders are characterized by juvenile onset of hyperuricemia, gout, and progressive kidney failure. Antibodies to Tamm\u2013Horsfall protein have been seen in various forms of nephritis (e.g., Balkan nephropathy), however, it remains unclear whether there is any pathophysiologic relevance to these findings. Another disease associated with mutations in this gene is Uromodulin-associated Kidney Disease (UKD), a rare autosomal dominant progressive failure of the kidneys. In multiple myeloma, there is often protein cast in the distal convoluted"}, {"context": "tubule and collecting duct of the kidneys, mainly consisting of immunoglobulin light chain known as Bence Jones protein, but often also contain Tamm\u2013Horsfall protein. The glycoprotein was first purified in 1952 by Igor Tamm and Frank Horsfall from the urine of healthy individuals. It was later detected in the urine of all mammals studied. Tamm\u2013Horsfall protein The Tamm\u2013Horsfall glycoprotein (THP), also known as uromodulin, is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the \"UMOD\" gene. Uromodulin is the most abundant protein excreted in ordinary urine. The human UMOD gene is located on chromosome 16. While several transcript variants may"}]}, {"title": "Soccer Aid", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Soccer Aid Soccer Aid is an annual British charity event that has raised over \u00a320 million in aid of UNICEF UK, through ticket sales and donations from the public. This event was produced and distributed by a Dutch company that distribute the Dutch Eredivisie matches, Endemol Shine Sport. The event is a friendly-style football match between two teams, England and the Soccer Aid World Eleven (WXI) (formerly Rest of the World (ROW) until 2018), composed of celebrities and former professional players representing their countries. \"Soccer Aid\" was initiated by Robbie Williams and Jonathan Wilkes. Television coverage began on ITV on"}, {"context": "22 May 2006 in a show presented by Ant & Dec. Dermot O'Leary took over as main presenter in 2010. The event returned on 7 September 2008, won by England for a second time and again on 6 June 2010, won by the Rest of the World after a penalty shoot-out. England beat the RoW a third time on 27 May 2012 and RoW won for a second time in June 2014. England won for the fourth time on 5 June 2016 and a fifth time on 10 June 2018. ITV, 22\u201327 May 2006 The practice matches were over 60"}, {"context": "minutes, with the Soccer Aid match over 90 minutes. The competition was organised on behalf of UNICEF UK, with profits from the matches along with donations and sponsorship donated to UNICEF programs in Africa, Asia and the Americas. England beat the Rest Of The World 2\u20131 with the goals coming from Les Ferdinand and Jonathan Wilkes, which put England into a two-goal lead but a handball inside the area from David Gray resulted in a penalty converted by Diego Maradona. Wilkes won the Man of the Match award. The England squad was managed by former England national football team manager"}, {"context": "Terry Venables, assisted by David Geddis and Ted Buxton. The original squad comprised 16 players, with Bryan Robson added later. A handful of the players, notably Angus Deayton, had previous celebrity international experience from the previous month's \"England v Germany: The Legends\" match in Reading, which Germany won 4\u20132. The England squad went into the match with no major injury worries. Their victory over a squad of ex-England internationals from the 1960s to 1990s on Tuesday morning was tempered with defeats to the Rest of the World in a penalty shootout and football quiz. Celebrities Legends The Rest of the"}, {"context": "World squad was managed by Ruud Gullit, with Gus Poyet as his assistant. Captain Gordon Ramsay injured his leg in the early training sessions and was considered doubtful for the match. The original squad of 16 players, which later saw 2 changes, was supplemented by the addition of Diego Maradona during the buildup to the competition. Lothar Matth\u00e4us had appeared in the England v Germany: The Legends match the previous month. The Rest of the World squad was wracked by injuries and withdrawals, and suffered from a lack of players. Desailly, Matth\u00e4us, Schmeichel and Ginola all arrived with only 2"}, {"context": "or 3 days to spare before the match; Ginola arrived during half time of their warm-up defeat to the Scotland Legends on Wednesday afternoon, and Diego Maradona only joined the squad on the day before the match. Also, Craig Doyle and Brian McFadden went into the match carrying knocks, which led to management members Ruud Gullit and Gus Poyet coming on as substitutes on Wednesday and in the match itself. Celebrities Legends Other notable participants<br> The match was refereed by Pierluigi Collina, the Italian referee considered by many fans as the best referee of all time. England v Rest of"}, {"context": "the World, at 19:30 just before kick-off Jonathan Ansell sang the footballing anthem \"Nessun Dorma\" whilst the players were introduced to Sir Geoff Hurst. The England squad was coached by Harry Redknapp, with Bryan Robson as his assistant manager. Celebrities Legends The Rest Of The World squad was coached by Kenny Dalglish, with Ian Rush as player-assistant manager. Celebrities Legends The referee at the start of the match was Pierluigi Collina, who also refereed the previous match in 2006 and is regarded as the best referee of all time. However, after Collina was injured in the first half he was"}, {"context": "replaced by Scottish referee Hugh Dallas. The process of two professional referees overseeing one half of the match each has since been maintained in subsequent series. Soccer Aid 2010 was played on 6 June 2010. It was broadcast in the United Kingdom on ITV and presented by Dermot O'Leary. Soccer Aid 2012 was played on 27 May 2012, as something of a precursor to UEFA Euro 2012 and the 2012 Summer Olympics. It was broadcast in the United Kingdom on ITV and presented by Dermot O'Leary. Cat Deeley presented the backstage build up show before the main event. The 2014"}, {"context": "match was played at Old Trafford on 8 June 2014. The main match was hosted by Dermot O'Leary with Kirsty Gallagher, and Cat Deeley presented the backstage build-up show before the main event. Caroline Flack presented from the BT Tower in London. Match commentators were Sam Matterface and Graham Taylor, and Sol Campbell was a studio guest. By full-time, the total raised for UNICEF was \u00a34,233,019. The 2016 match was played at Old Trafford on Sunday, 5 June. The main match was hosted by Dermot O'Leary and Kirsty Gallacher, with commentary from Clive Tyldesley and Chris Kamara. The 2018 match"}, {"context": "was played at Old Trafford on Sunday 10 June. The main match was hosted by Dermot O'Leary and Kirsty Gallacher, with commentary from Clive Tyldesley and Robbie Savage. The 2019 match will be played at Stamford Bridge The main match is hosted by TBA and TBA, with commentary from Clive Tyldesley and TBA. Soccer Aid Soccer Aid is an annual British charity event that has raised over \u00a320 million in aid of UNICEF UK, through ticket sales and donations from the public. This event was produced and distributed by a Dutch company that distribute the Dutch Eredivisie matches, Endemol Shine"}]}, {"title": "Maxim Recruitment", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Maxim Recruitment Maxim Recruitment Ltd is a British recruitment agency headquartered in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, England with associated offices located in Toronto, Canada, Hong Kong and Dubai. It is an engineering, construction and property sector recruitment consultancy that finds jobs for people across the UK and all over the world. It works with job seekers and employers with links to construction industry bodies such as the RICS, HKIS, ICES, CIOB, APM, and the ICE. Founded and launched in January 2003 by Steve Thomas and Mark Guthrie, Maxim Recruitment was owned by Steve Thomas 2005-2010 and jointly owned by Steve Thomas"}, {"context": "and Richard Poulter from 2010 onwards. The business reports that they register hundreds of specialist technical professional construction industry job vacancies every month and hold a database of over 30,000 qualified job seekers that are often not available through any other recruitment or advertising source. Maxim Recruitment Maxim Recruitment Ltd is a British recruitment agency headquartered in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, England with associated offices located in Toronto, Canada, Hong Kong and Dubai. It is an engineering, construction and property sector recruitment consultancy that finds jobs for people across the UK and all over the world. It works with job seekers"}]}, {"title": "Tanya Plibersek", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Tanya Plibersek Tanya Joan Plibersek (born 2 December 1969) is an Australian politician who has been a member of the House of Representatives since 1998, representing the Labor Party. She has been the party's deputy leader since 2013, and served as a minister in the Rudd and Gillard Governments. Plibersek was born in Sydney to Slovenian immigrant parents. She has degrees from the University of Technology Sydney and Macquarie University, and before entering parliament worked as a staffer for Senator Bruce Childs. Plibersek was elected to the Division of Sydney at the 1998 federal election, aged 28. She was added"}, {"context": "to the Shadow Cabinet in 2004, and when Labor won the 2007 election was made Minister for Housing and Minister for the Status of Women. In a cabinet reshuffle in 2010, Plibersek was instead made Minister for Human Services and Minister for Social Inclusion. She was promoted to Minister for Health the following year, and held that position until Labor's defeat at the 2013 election. Plibersek was elected deputy leader to Bill Shorten in the election's aftermath. She is a member of the Labor Left faction. Plibersek was born in Sydney, the youngest of three children born to Joseph and"}, {"context": "Rose Plibersek. Her oldest brother Ray is a lawyer, and her other brother Phillip (d. 1997) was a geologist. Her parents were born in small Slovenian villages, arriving in Australia as part of the post-war immigration scheme. Her mother (n\u00e9e \"Rosalija Repi\u010d\") was born in Podvinci, and came to Australia via Italy. Her father (n\u00e9 \"Jo\u017ee Pliber\u0161ek\") was born in Ko\u010dno pri Polskavi, and came to Australia via Austria and Germany. He found work as a labourer on the Snowy Mountains Scheme, and later worked for Qantas as a plumber and gas fitter. Plibersek grew up in the suburb of"}, {"context": "Oyster Bay. She attended Oyster Bay Public School and Jannali Girls' High School, where she was the dux. She joined the Labor Party at the age of 15. Plibersek studied journalism at the University of Technology Sydney, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in communications. She then took a Masters in Public Policy and Politics at Macquarie University. After a failed attempt to secure a cadetship with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), she found work with the Domestic Violence Unit at the New South Wales Government's Office for the Status and Advancement of Women. She later worked in the office"}, {"context": "of Senator Bruce Childs. Plibersek was elected to the House of Representatives for the Division of Sydney in 1998 and has been re-elected seven times. She was elected to the Shadow Ministry after the 2004 election. She was Shadow Minister for Work, Family and Community, Shadow Minister for Youth and Early Childhood Education and Shadow Minister Assisting the Leader on the Status of Women since October 2004. This portfolio was retitled Shadow Minister for Child Care, Youth and Women in June 2005. Following the Shadow Ministerial reshuffle in December 2006 (when Kevin Rudd assumed the leadership of the Federal Parliamentary"}, {"context": "Labor Party) Plibersek was promoted to Shadow Minister for Human Services, Housing, Youth and Women. Plibersek writes a fortnightly column for \"The Sydney Morning Herald\" and has appeared regularly as a commentator on ABC TV talk show \"Q&A\" since 2008. In the 2007 federal election, Plibersek was re-elected to the seat of Sydney with a 2.12-point swing toward the Labor Party, and was appointed Minister for Housing and Minister for the Status of Women in the First Rudd Ministry. In the 2010 federal election, Plibersek was re-elected to the seat of Sydney with a 2.25% swing against the Labor Party."}, {"context": "On 11 September 2010, Plibersek was appointed Minister for Human Services and Minister for Social Inclusion, that took effect from the conclusion of her maternity leave. As Minister for Housing, Plibersek launched the Social Housing Initiative, which provided for the construction of more than 19,300 new social housing units, with approximately 70,000 units receiving repairs and maintenance. In December 2008, along with Kevin Rudd, Prime Minister at that time, Plibersek released the Government's White Paper on Homelessness, \"The Road Home\", which has a goal of halving homelessness by 2020. As Minister for the Status of Women, Plibersek initiated policies such"}, {"context": "as convening the National Council to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children in May 2008, and releasing the National Council's Plan for Australia to Reduce Violence Against Women and their Children in March 2009. Plibersek also addressed the 2009 United Nations International Women's Day event, attended by United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, and announced Australia's formal accession to the United Nations Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Plibersek said that acceding to the Optional Protocol \"will send a strong message that Australia is serious about promoting gender equality"}, {"context": "and that we are prepared to be judged by international human rights standards.\" Following the retirement of Nicola Roxon on 14 December 2011, Plibersek was appointed Minister for Health in the Second Gillard Ministry. Her title was changed to Minister for Health and Medical Research in the Second Rudd Ministry, with effect from 1 July 2013. Plibersek was elected deputy leader of the Labor Party (and thus Deputy Leader of the Opposition) on 14 October 2013, in a caucus vote following the leadership election that had seen Bill Shorten succeed Kevin Rudd as leader. She was Shadow Minister for Foreign"}, {"context": "Affairs and International Development until July 2016, when she was instead made Shadow Minister for Education and Shadow Minister for Women. As Minister for Health, Plibersek approved listing the abortion drug RU-486 on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. Plibersek described the provision of the medicine as \"a good thing in the situation where women are faced with one of the most difficult decisions that they will ever make\". Anti-abortion groups criticised the move, with one campaigner, Margaret Tighe, labelling it a \"gross abuse of power.\" Other commentators, including Clementine Ford, labelled the decision \"progressive\". Plibersek campaigned for the removal from federal"}, {"context": "legislation of discrimination against same-sex de facto couples, raising the issue formally in Parliament on multiple occasions (including 1999), 2006, and 2008 over her parliamentary career. In her regular paid advertisement in the \"South Sydney Herald\", in 2010 Plibersek wrote that \"The passing of these reforms to federal legislation was one of the proudest moments of my time in the Australian Parliament\" and has marched in the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Parade in 2008. The Labor Party was criticised by some LGBT groups over the party's bipartisan policy against the legalisation of same-sex marriage. Plibersek's own views aside,"}, {"context": "in an opinion piece she wrote for \"The Sydney Morning Herald\" in 2007 she acknowledged that \"Labor does not support changing the Marriage Act to allow same-sex marriage\". In the article, she argues for some form of nationally consistent recognition of same-sex relationships. On 25 July 2004, Plibersek was loudly heckled at an anti-homophobia rally due to the issue. At the Australian Labor Party national conference in 2011, the delegates voted to include same-sex marriage as official party policy, although MPs are allowed a conscience vote. Plibersek opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq. It was reported that when US President,"}, {"context": "George W. Bush, visited the Australian Parliament in 2003, 'Sydney Labor MP Tanya Plibersek walked around the chamber as President Bush shook hands with MPs to give Bush's national security adviser Condoleezza Rice a book of speeches by Labor MPs opposing Australia invading Iraq without UN approval.' She also stated in Parliament, \"I do not support an attack on Iraq. I particularly do not support a pre-emptive first strike. Nor do I support any action that is initiated by the US alone rather than being sanctioned by the United Nations.\" Speaking in the House of Representatives on 17 September 2002,"}, {"context": "Plibersek said: \"I can think of a rogue state which consistently ignores UN resolutions, whose ruler is a war criminal responsible for the massacres of civilians in refugee camps outside its borders. The US supports and funds this country. This year it gave it a blank cheque to continue its repression of its enemies. It uses US military hardware to bulldoze homes and kill civilians. It is called Israel, and the war criminal is Ariel Sharon. Needless to say, the US does not mention the UN resolutions that Israel has ignored for 30 years; it just continues sending the money...\""}, {"context": "Barry Cohen, a Labor member parliament and Hawke Government minister, has on several occasions cited Plibersek's remarks as evidence of growing anti-semitism and anti-Israel sentiment in the Labor Party. Plibersek's remarks again gained prominence in October 2013, after she and Bill Shorten were elected as deputy leader and leader of the Labor Party, respectively. After choosing to take on the foreign affairs portfolio while in opposition, Liberal Party MP Julie Bishop, the current Minister for Foreign Affairs said Plibersek should \"publicly retract those statements\". \"The Australian\" noted that Plibersek's appointment was likely to be criticised by the Jewish community in"}, {"context": "Australia. Plibersek briefly visited Israel and the State of Palestine in February 2014, meeting with the Prime Minister of Palestine, Rami Hamdallah. Plibersek has held the following portfolios and parliamentary party positions since her election in 1998 (both shadow and government appointments are listed): Plibersek lives in Sydney with her husband, Michael Coutts-Trotter, who is a senior public servant and the current director-general of the New South Wales Department of Family and Community Services, and their children Anna, Joseph and Louis. Following the 2010 federal election where Labor retained government with the support of the Australian Greens and independents, parliamentary"}, {"context": "numbers were finely balanced. Plibersek was granted a pair by the Coalition so that her absence from the House of Representatives while on maternity leave did not affect the result of votes. She gave birth to her son on 1 October 2010. In September 2016, her older brother Ray Plibersek was elected to Sutherland Shire council representing C Ward for the Australian Labor Party. Tanya Plibersek Tanya Joan Plibersek (born 2 December 1969) is an Australian politician who has been a member of the House of Representatives since 1998, representing the Labor Party. She has been the party's deputy leader"}]}, {"title": "Get the Picture? (Smash Mouth album)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Get the Picture? (Smash Mouth album) Get the Picture?, released in 2003, is the fourth album released by the San Jose, California rock band Smash Mouth. It was released with the single \"You Are My Number One\", which was written by Neil Diamond, and featured guest vocals by Ranking Roger. \"Hang On\" was also released. The single \"Hang On\" appears in the end credits of the 2003 film \"The Cat In The Hat\". A music video for \"Hang On\" was also released, and designed specifically for the film. The song \"Hot\" appears in the 2003 video game \"\" based on"}, {"context": "(which the song also appears in), as well as the 2010 film Diary of a Wimpy Kid and also an episode of What's New, Scooby Doo? The art for the album was created by Shag. All songs by Greg Camp, except where noted. Get the Picture? (Smash Mouth album) Get the Picture?, released in 2003, is the fourth album released by the San Jose, California rock band Smash Mouth. It was released with the single \"You Are My Number One\", which was written by Neil Diamond, and featured guest vocals by Ranking Roger. \"Hang On\" was also released. The single"}]}, {"title": "Srebrenik", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Srebrenik Srebrenik is a town and municipality located in Tuzla Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, near Tuzla. As of 2013, it has a population of 39,678 inhabitants. Bosnia's best-preserved medieval castle, Srebrenik Fortress, dating from 1333 is located in the outskirts of Srebrenik. The castle was occupied by the Ban of Bosnia Stephen II Kotromani\u0107 until his death in 1353. There are two historical versions related to the Ottoman conquest of Srebrenik. According to one, Srebrenik was taken in 1512, together with Teo\u010dak."}, {"context": "The other version says that Srebrenik was taken together with Sokol and Te\u0161anj in 1521 by the Bosnian sanjak bey Feriz. Although there is no precise data, it can be assumed that the Srebrenik old town and its fortress were built during the Hungarian rule over Bosnia, while some parts, such as a mosque were built during the Ottoman period. 33,620 total In the 1991 census, the municipality of Srebrenik had 40,882 inhabitants: Page text. The list from 1991.: Alibasici, Babunovi\u0107i, Behrami, Brda, Brezik, Brnji\u010dani, Cage, Cerik, Crveno Brdo, \u010cekani\u0107i, \u0106ehaje, \u0106ojlu\u010dko Polje, \u0106ojluk, Dedi\u0107i, Donji Moranjci, Donji Podpe\u0107, Donji"}, {"context": "Srebrenik, Duboki Potok, Fale\u0161i\u0107i, Gornji Hrgovi, Gornji Moranjci, Novo naselje Polje, Gornji Podpe\u0107, Gornji Srebrenik, Huremi, Jasenica, Je\u017einac, Kiseljak, Kuge, Like, Lipje, Lisovi\u0107i, Luka, Ljenobud, Mao\u010da, Podora\u0161je, Previle, Rapatnica, Seona, Sladna, Srebrenik, Stra\u017ea, \u0160ahmeri, \u0160pionica Centar, \u0160pionica Donja, \u0160pionica Gornja, \u0160pionica Srednja, Tinja Donja, Tinja Gornja, Tutnjevac, Uro\u017ea and Zahirovi\u0107i. The local football club, NK Gradina, plays in the First League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. There are numerous famous people in Srebrenik, Which are: Danis Fejzic Singer Mirza Selimovic Singer Srebrenik Srebrenik is a town and municipality located in Tuzla Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and"}]}, {"title": "Ashley Nee", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Ashley Nee Ashley Nee (born June 15, 1989) is an American slalom canoeist who has competed since 2004. Nee is from Darnestown, Maryland. She began paddling after a chance encounter at Valley Mill Camp at the age of 10 and participated in racing when she was 12 years old. Nee attended Northwest High School. She attended University of Hawaii before transferring to University of Maryland, College Park to pursue a degree in kinesiology. Nee was an emergency medical technician in Montgomery County, Maryland. Nee trains at the Dickerson Whitewater Course. In 2008, Nee qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics but"}, {"context": "she did not compete due to a shoulder injury. Nee won bronze at the 2015 Pan American Games. She finished in 14th place in the K1 event at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. Nee is openly gay. She is married to Ashley McEwan. They met in 2008 while Nee was working at a summer camp. She moved to Hawaii with her wife in 2008 to get a break from paddling and racing. They moved back to Maryland in 2012. Ashley Nee Ashley Nee (born June 15, 1989) is an American slalom canoeist who has competed since 2004."}]}, {"title": "Anders Golding", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Anders Golding Anders Christian Golding (born 12 May 1984) is a Danish skeet shooter. He competed at the 2008 and 2012 Olympics and won a silver medal in 2012. This was Denmark's first medal at the 2012 Olympics and their first medal in the men's skeet since 1984. He finished behind American Vincent Hancock who took the gold medal for a second time. Golding is a carpenter by profession and lives in Oslo, Norway. The medal scores in the 2012 Olympic final were Vincent Hancock 148/150, Anders Golding 146/150, and Nasser Al-Attiyah 144/150. Golding was 25th in the qualification round"}, {"context": "at the 2008 Olympics. Anders Golding Anders Christian Golding (born 12 May 1984) is a Danish skeet shooter. He competed at the 2008 and 2012 Olympics and won a silver medal in 2012. This was Denmark's first medal at the 2012 Olympics and their first medal in the men's skeet since 1984. He finished behind American Vincent Hancock who took the gold medal for a second time. Golding is a carpenter by profession and lives in Oslo, Norway. The medal scores in the 2012 Olympic final were Vincent Hancock 148/150, Anders Golding 146/150, and Nasser Al-Attiyah 144/150. Golding was 25th"}]}, {"title": "Baker City Municipal Airport", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Baker City Municipal Airport Baker City Municipal Airport is a city-owned, public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) north of the central business district of Baker City, in Baker County, Oregon, United States. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011\u20132015, which categorized it as a \"general aviation\" facility. Baker City Municipal Airport covers an area of 398 acres (161 ha) at an elevation of 3,373 feet (1,028 m) above mean sea level. It has three asphalt paved runways: 13/31 is 5,095 by 100 feet (1,553 x 30 m); 17/35 is 4,359 by 75"}, {"context": "feet (1,329 x 23 m); 8/26 is 3,670 by 140 feet (1,119 x 43 m). For the 12-month period ending July 13, 2010, the airport had 16,200 aircraft operations, an average of 44 per day: 77% general aviation, 22% air taxi, and 1% military. At that time there were 37 aircraft based at this airport: 76% single-engine, 3% multi-engine, 8% helicopter, and 14% ultralight. Baker City Municipal Airport Baker City Municipal Airport is a city-owned, public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) north of the central business district of Baker City, in Baker County, Oregon, United States. It is"}]}, {"title": "Sinn Fe\u0301in Manifesto 1918", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sinn F\u00e9in Manifesto 1918 The Sinn F\u00e9in Manifesto 1918 was that party's election manifesto for the 1918 general election. After its reform in 1917, the Sinn F\u00e9in party campaigned against conscription in Ireland. Following the armistice of 11 November 1918 the British Government called a general election for 14 December, in which Sinn F\u00e9in won 73 out of 105 seats. While by 1918 the Irish electorate knew of the rationale for the Dublin Easter Rising of 1916, it was not launched by or for the Sinn F\u00e9in party. The manifesto was the first formal address to the Irish electorate from"}, {"context": "which followed the Declaration of Independence of the Irish Republic and its Democratic Programme on 19 January 1919. An amended version, approved by the official censor, can be found here. 'GENERAL ELECTION --- MANIFESTO TO THE IRISH PEOPLE Switzerland or France, and whose demand is that the only status befitting this ancient realm is the status of a free nation. Sinn F\u00e9in Manifesto 1918 The Sinn F\u00e9in Manifesto 1918 was that party's election manifesto for the 1918 general election. After its reform in 1917, the Sinn F\u00e9in party campaigned against conscription in Ireland. Following the armistice of 11 November 1918"}]}, {"title": "P. Ayyakannu", "paragraphs": [{"context": "P. Ayyakannu Ayyakannu is a lawyer and farmer born in Tamil Nadu. He is at present famously known widely through India for his protest against the central government at New Delhi, demanding the agricultural loan in cooperative banks to be abandoned. He is also the founder and president of National South Indian River Interlinking Agriculturist Association. Ayyakannu is a lawyer, farmer and president of National South Indian River Interlinking Agriculturist Association. He was first in the RSS affiliated Bharatiya Kisan Sangh. He also served as its state deputy general secretary. At the time when BJP came to power in 2014,"}, {"context": "he continued protest against central government giving voice to agriculture related problems. So then he left Bharatiya Kisan Sangh and opened his own association for the welfare of farmers. Tamil Nadu in 2016 suffered severe drought than in 100 years. This made agriculture to go down in the year and many farmers died due to heart attacks seeing their charred crops. In this a new problem arose, the cooperative bank loans. The farmers were unable to pay the loans back. The farmers asked the government to abandon the loan they got in cooperative banks.As the government of both the central"}, {"context": "and state didn't move their way, they started protesting against them with Ayyakannu as their head, in New Delhi. Ayyakannu led protestants in New Delhi did different methods to show their pains to the Central Government. They protested by eating the meats of rat, having snake in their mouth and etc, under the advise of Ayyakannu. The another important matter that happened at the time of the above protest is the fight between H. Raja (National Secretary of BJP) and Ayyakannu. H. Raja spoke in media that Ayyakannu is a fraud. Then conflict between both burst out. H. Raja further"}, {"context": "tweeted that Ayyakannu was in connection with Afzal Guru for years and years. Raja's this tweet was criticised by the political parties of Congress, DMK etc. P. Ayyakannu Ayyakannu is a lawyer and farmer born in Tamil Nadu. He is at present famously known widely through India for his protest against the central government at New Delhi, demanding the agricultural loan in cooperative banks to be abandoned. He is also the founder and president of National South Indian River Interlinking Agriculturist Association. Ayyakannu is a lawyer, farmer and president of National South Indian River Interlinking Agriculturist Association. He was first"}]}, {"title": "Daimajin (1966 film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Daimajin (1966 film) In a remote village in the province of Tanba, a household of peasants cowers during a series of earth tremors that are interpreted as the escape attempts of Arakatsuma (\u963f\u7f85\u7faf\u78e8), also known as Daimajin (\u5927\u9b54\u795e 'Great Demon God'), a violent divine spirit said to be trapped within the nearby mountain held in fear and reverence by the locals. As the village gathers at the local shrine to perform an ancient ritual to pacify Daimajin, \u014cdate Samanosuke (Ry\u016btar\u014d Gomi), chamberlain to the local lord Hanabusa Tadakiyo (Ry\u016bz\u014d Shimada), stages a coup d'\u00e9tat. He and his henchmen slaughter Hanabusa"}, {"context": "and his wife, but their son and daughter escape, aided by the heroic samurai Kogenta (Jun Fujimaki). Back at the shrine, Samanosuke's men break up the ceremony, forbidding all such gatherings in the future. The elderly priestess, Shinobu (Otome Tsukimiya), issues a dire warning, but the men ignore her. Kogenta takes the two children to his aunt Shinobu's house. The priestess takes them up the mountain, into forbidden territory, where a gigantic stone idol of the mountain god who had sealed Daimajin long ago stands half-buried atop a waterfall. Near this idol is an ancient temple - safe as only"}, {"context": "Shinobu knows of its existence. The children grow to adulthood. The son, Tadafumi (Yoshihiko Aoyama) reaches his 18th birthday. The years have been miserable on the villagers. Samanosuke is a brutal leader (in one scene, he gouges out an old woman's eye with a red-hot iron hook) who is using every man in the starving village as slave labor. The place is ripe for revolution, and surviving Hanabusa retainers are starting to return. Kogenta journeys to the village to try to gather the old retainers, but gets himself captured. A boy, Take-b\u014d, gets word to Tadafumi and his sister, Kozasa"}, {"context": "(Miwa Takada) that their friend is a prisoner. Tadafumi tries to rescue him, only to discover it's a trap. With both awaiting execution, Shinobu tries to talk to the tyrant, warning him that the god of the mountain's curse will befall him should he continue his evildoing ways. Samanosuke, refusing to heed Shinobu's words, kills her and orders the idol demolished. With her dying breath, Shinobu curses Samanosuke to die a harsh, merciless death and declares that if he attempts to destroy the idol, the wrathful Arakatsuma sealed inside it will come out. The crew that travels up the mountain"}, {"context": "to smash the idol accidentally discovers Kozasa and Take-b\u014d, and force them to take them to the statue. The soldiers bring out an enormous chisel and proceed to hammer it into the idol's head; they stop when they see blood beginning to drip from it. Horrified, the men attempt to flee, but the earth cracks open and swallows them. Kozasa begs the god of the mountain to save her brother and Kogenta and punish the wicked Samanosuke. At the fortress, Tadafumi and Kogenta are tied to large crosses, awaiting their fates. Kozasa offers her life to the god and attempts"}, {"context": "to throw herself over the nearby waterfall, but the rock and earth covering the lower half of the idol fall away, and it comes to life. As it walks out into the clearing, Kozasa prostrates herself before it; the idol, animated by the reawakened Daimajin Arakatsuma, assumes a terrifying appearance and goes to Samanosuke's stronghold. Daimajin rescues both Kogenta and Tadafumi and proceeds to utterly destroy the fortress. After impaling Samanosuke with the chisel on its forehead, Daimajin now turns its wrath upon everyone in sight. Take-b\u014d unsuccessfully begs Daimajin to stop; as the boy was about to get trampled"}, {"context": "on by the idol, Kozasa steps in and saves him. Kozasa tearfully pleads Daimajin to cease its rampage, letting her tears fall on its stone feet. Its anger now quelled, Daimajin's spirit leaves the idol, restoring it to its former appearance before it collapses into a heap of rubble. The cinematographer on \"Daimajin\" is sometimes credited to Yoshiyuki Kuroda and sometimes to Fujio Morita. \"Daimajin\" was released theatrically in Japan on April 17, 1966. The film was released simultaneously in the United States with English subtitles by Daiei International Films and in an English-language dub by Bernard Lewis. Daimajin (1966"}]}, {"title": "Mount Peter (New York)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Mount Peter (New York) Mount Peter is a mountain located in the New York \u2013 New Jersey Highlands, Bellvale Mountain, in the U.S. state of New York. The peak is located along the Appalachian Trail in the Town of Warwick, just south of New York State Route 17A, northwest of New York City, east of Bellvale, New York and north northwest of Greenwood Lake, New York. The mountain is named after an early pioneer to the area, Peter Conklin. A hawkwatch tower occupies a summit just north of Mount Peter; below the tower an ice cream parlor serves hikers and"}, {"context": "passing motorists. A small ski area occupies the northward-facing slope of the mountain. Mount Peter is also home to a ski and tubing area of the same name. Originally opened in 1936 as a showcase for Macy's ski apparel, the ski area occupies the mountains northern slope and features 15 trails 1 terrain park served by 3 double chair lifts, 2 carpet lift. The mountain continues operations today as the oldest operating ski area in New York and one of the only family run slopes in the region. The resort also features a full base lodge complete with cafeteria, bar"}, {"context": "and rental facilities along with a gift shop. The mountain is lighted for night skiing and tubing and features snowmaking on all trails. Mount Peter (New York) Mount Peter is a mountain located in the New York \u2013 New Jersey Highlands, Bellvale Mountain, in the U.S. state of New York. The peak is located along the Appalachian Trail in the Town of Warwick, just south of New York State Route 17A, northwest of New York City, east of Bellvale, New York and north northwest of Greenwood Lake, New York. The mountain is named after an early pioneer to the area,"}]}, {"title": "Asnawar", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Asnawar Asnawar is a small town in Jhalawar district, Rajasthan, India, with a population of about 15,000. It was formerly known as Aasnaver. The Kalisindh River is from Asnawar. The city of Asnawar is situated in the south-eastern region of Rajasthan, a region widely known as Malva, the land of malwas. The Malva is a region in the jhalawar district. Asnawar was merged on 1 November 1956.[1] Reason for merging was that it was far from Madhya Pradesh. At present it is located in southern-western part of Jhalawar district of Rajasthan. The State of Jhalawar was founded on 8 April"}, {"context": "1838, out of the Kota territory. Jhalawar state got rise as a result of a treaty between English rulers, Kota state, and Malwa state. At the border of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, nudging its fat belly into neighboring MP is this fascinating place - Asnawar. Asnawar is located at . It has an average elevation of . Asnawar area is an expanse of fertile plain having rich black-cotton soil. It is watered by several rivers, giving it a verdant look. Aahu etc. The climate of the area is very much similar to that of the Indo-Gangatic plain, with hot dry"}, {"context": "summer and delightfully cold winters. The monsoon is, however, quite unlike and very distinct from the oppressive humid climate of the North India plains. Asnawar (Jhalawar district) is known for the highest rainfall in the Rajasthan state. An average of 35 inches of rainfall keeps it cool, and gentle breezes ward off the stifling humidity. India census, Asnawar had a population of 15,000. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Asnawar has an average literacy rate of 61%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 62% of the males and 38% of females literate. 17% of the"}, {"context": "population is under 6 years of age. Economy is based on agriculture in area. This area is known for the highest rainfall in the Rajasthan state. This rain is very helpful for the farmers of the region. Besides this satisfying rainfall, district has a lot of irrigation dams, ponds, and medium scale projects, that are serving according to the needs of farmers. District area of Asnawar, Jhalawar is also known for the Production of Citrus (Oranges). The area around Bhawani Mandi has the distinction of being an important place on the International and National Citrus (Naarangi) fruit map. Orange-laden orchards"}, {"context": "provide a tempting sight. Citrus produced in Jhalawar region are of export-quality, and are exported to various foreign countries. Citrus-belt is spread around the Bhawani Mandi, Jhalawar and Pirawa sub-divisions. Agricultural Information of Area Total land area (irrigated) : 60% Total land area (non-irrigated) : 40% Major crops of the region KHARIF Soya Bean : Pulses : Jowar : Maize : RABI Wheat : Mustard : Grain : Coriander : For Higher Education : Asnawar Asnawar is a small town in Jhalawar district, Rajasthan, India, with a population of about 15,000. It was formerly known as Aasnaver. The Kalisindh River"}]}, {"title": "Irish Open (tennis)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Irish Open (tennis) The Irish Open and originally known as the Irish Lawn Tennis Championships and for sponsorship reasons also known as Carroll's Irish Open is formally a men's and women's tennis tournament held at the Fitzwilliam Lawn Tennis Club in Dublin, Ireland. Prior to the creation of the International Lawn Tennis Federation and the establishment of its world championship events in 1913 it was considered by players and historians one of the four most important tennis tournaments to win. the others being Wimbledon, the U.S. National championships and the Northern Championships. The men's event was part of the pre-open"}, {"context": "era tour from inception until 1967. It was then part of the open era non-aligned independent tour, (1968\u201369). From 1970 to 1974 it was an event on the Grand Prix tennis circuit. The women's event was on the same tours as the men except for when it became part of the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour from 1971 to 1973. The men's edition was played until 1979 and the women's till 1983. The Irish Championships, was first played two years after Wimbledon started. It was first staged at Pembroke Place, Dublin until 1880 when it transferred to Wilton Place where"}, {"context": "it remained till 1902. In 1903 the tournament moved again this time to Fitzwilliam Square. The championships began 2 June 1879 the tournament had the distinction of being the first event to feature men's and women's singles and doubles tournaments as well as a mixed doubles competition. Prior to the creation of the International Lawn Tennis Federation and the establishment of its world championship events in 1913 it was considered by players and historians one of the four most important tennis tournaments to win. the others being Wimbledon, the U.S. National championships and the Northern Championships. The tournament changed its"}, {"context": "name to the Irish Open in 1972 and again it moved location to Appian Way, Dublin where it remained for the duration of its run. The tournament has been played on multiple surfaces throughout its history. The first two years, (1879-1880) were competed on hard courts. It was then played on grass courts, (1881-1939). From 1946 to 1965 it was played on clay court's, it returned to being played on grass again from 1966 until the tournament ended. Irish Open (tennis) The Irish Open and originally known as the Irish Lawn Tennis Championships and for sponsorship reasons also known as"}]}, {"title": "Nick Rumbelow", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Nick Rumbelow Nicholas Bruno Rumbelow (born September 6, 1991) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his MLB debut in 2015 with the New York Yankees. Listed at and , Rumbelow both throws and bats right-handed. Rumbelow attended Bullard High School in Bullard, Texas, and played college baseball at the Louisiana State University (LSU) for the LSU Tigers from 2011 to 2013. In three years, he appeared in 70 games and had a 3\u20130 win\u2013loss record and 3.68 earned run average (ERA). He was drafted by the New York Yankees"}, {"context": "in the seventh round of the 2013 Major League Baseball Draft. Rumbelow made his professional debut with the Staten Island Yankees of the Class A-Short Season New York-Penn League. He started 2014 with the Charleston RiverDogs of the Class A South Atlantic League and was promoted to the Tampa Yankees of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League, Trenton Thunder of the Double-A Eastern League, and Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders of the Triple-A International League during the season. In total for the season, he was 5\u20132 with a 2.62 ERA and eight saves in 42 games consisting of innings pitched. After starting the"}, {"context": "2015 season with Scranton/Wilkes-Barre, Rumbelow was promoted to the major leagues on June 22. He made his major league debut the next day, and was optioned to Scranton/Wilkes-Barre on July 8. Rumbelow received several promotions to the major leagues and demotions to Scranton/Wilkes-Barre. He had a 1\u20131 record and a 4.02 ERA in innings pitched for the Yankees in 2015. Rumbelow began the 2016 season with Scranton/Wilkes Barre. On April 11, 2016, the team announced that Rumbelow would undergo Tommy John surgery, forcing him to hold out of baseball activities for the remainder of the 2016 season. Rumbelow was designated"}, {"context": "for assignment by the Yankees after the 2016 season. He returned to pitch for Scranton/Wilkes-Barre in July 2017 and he pitched to a 5\u20131 record with a 1.12 ERA in 17 games. The Yankees re-added Rumbelow to their 40-man roster after the end of the season. After the 2017 season, the Yankees traded Rumbelow to the Seattle Mariners. Rumbelow suffered a brachial plexus injury, and missed the beginning of the 2018 season. He was activated from the disabled list on June 5 and assigned to the Tacoma Rainiers of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League, where he pitched in three games"}, {"context": "before the Mariners promoted him to the major leagues on June 14. Nick Rumbelow Nicholas Bruno Rumbelow (born September 6, 1991) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his MLB debut in 2015 with the New York Yankees. Listed at and , Rumbelow both throws and bats right-handed. Rumbelow attended Bullard High School in Bullard, Texas, and played college baseball at the Louisiana State University (LSU) for the LSU Tigers from 2011 to 2013. In three years, he appeared in 70 games and had a 3\u20130 win\u2013loss record and 3.68"}]}, {"title": "Reinhard Fabisch", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Reinhard Fabisch Reinhard Fabisch (19 August 1950 \u2013 12 July 2008) was a German football manager and player who was last employed as manager of the Benin national side, a position he took up in December 2007 and left in May 2008. He has coached teams in Qatar, Malta, Tunisia, Nepal, Oman, United Arab Emirates, and Zimbabwe and has coached the national teams of Zimbabwe, Kenya, and Benin. As a player Fabisch was signed to Borussia Dortmund between 1969 and 1971 although he did not play for the senior team. Fabisch had three stints as coach of the Kenya national"}, {"context": "football team. In 1987, he managed Harambee Stars to the runners up position against Egypt at the Fourth All-Africa Games, in 1997 he took charge during the qualification tournament for the 1998 World Cup. He was signed to replace Christian Chukwu in 2001, and during the CECAFA Cup he led Kenya to the finals, eventually losing to Ethiopia. He has previously managed the national team of Zimbabwe, as well as Emirates Club in the UAE. As manager of the Benin national football team he was embroiled in a controversy over match-fixing, after claiming he was asked for fix a result."}, {"context": "Reinhard Fabisch died of cancer in Germany on 12 July 2008. Reinhard Fabisch Reinhard Fabisch (19 August 1950 \u2013 12 July 2008) was a German football manager and player who was last employed as manager of the Benin national side, a position he took up in December 2007 and left in May 2008. He has coached teams in Qatar, Malta, Tunisia, Nepal, Oman, United Arab Emirates, and Zimbabwe and has coached the national teams of Zimbabwe, Kenya, and Benin. As a player Fabisch was signed to Borussia Dortmund between 1969 and 1971 although he did not play for the senior"}]}, {"title": "Deicing boot", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Deicing boot A deicing boot is a type of ice protection system installed on aircraft surfaces to permit a mechanical deicing in flight. Such boots are generally installed on the leading edges of wings and control surfaces (e.g. horizontal and vertical stabilizer) as these areas are most likely to accumulate ice and any contamination could severely affect the aircraft's performance. A deicing boot consists of a thick rubber membrane that is installed over the surface to be deiced. As atmospheric icing occurs and ice builds up, a pneumatic system inflates the boot with compressed air. This expansion in size cracks"}, {"context": "any ice that has accumulated, and this ice is blown away into the airflow. The boots are then deflated to return the wing or surface to its optimal shape. Boots need to be replaced frequently (on the order of 2\u20133 years), and require proper care. Holes in the boot may create air leaks that will decrease the effectiveness of the boots. As such, boots must be carefully inspected before each flight and any holes or cuts must be patched. Deicing boots were invented by the B.F. Goodrich Corporation in about 1929/30 in Akron, Ohio. The work was begun by retired"}, {"context": "Ph.D chemist, William C. Geer. In its quest to develop deicing boots, the company built a large indoor facility in Akron to replicate bad weather and icing on aircraft wings. The use of deicing boots may enable an aircraft to be certified for flight into known icing conditions. However, they may not be sufficient to handle extremely severe icing, where ice can accumulate faster than the boots can shed it, or it accumulates on non-booted surfaces to the point where there is a dangerous loss of lift or control, or increase in weight. Deicing boots are most commonly seen on"}, {"context": "medium-sized airliners and utility aircraft. Larger airliners and military jets tend to use heating systems within the wing, keeping it constantly warm and preventing ice from forming. Sources of heat include: 'Ice bridging' is the theory that activating boots early may lead to a condition where slushy ice is pushed into a hollow shell around the inflated boot, then freezes in place. This shell can then no longer be dislodged by any further operation of the boot. Bridging was described by the aviation writer Ernest Gann in his memoir \"Fate Is the Hunter\". The bridging theory is now disputed. In"}, {"context": "2008 the NTSB issued an alert that pilots should, \"activate boots as soon as the airplane enters icing conditions\". Deicing boot A deicing boot is a type of ice protection system installed on aircraft surfaces to permit a mechanical deicing in flight. Such boots are generally installed on the leading edges of wings and control surfaces (e.g. horizontal and vertical stabilizer) as these areas are most likely to accumulate ice and any contamination could severely affect the aircraft's performance. A deicing boot consists of a thick rubber membrane that is installed over the surface to be deiced. As atmospheric icing"}]}, {"title": "Eric Smith (British politician)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Eric Smith (British politician) Eric Martin Smith (28 December 1908 \u2013 13 August 1951) was a British Conservative Party politician. He was a noted amateur golfer, winning the Amateur Championship in 1931 and representing England against Scotland and Ireland the same year. Smith was the son of Everard Martin Smith and Violet, the daughter of Everard Hambro. He was educated at Eton College and Cambridge University. At the 1950 general election, he was returned as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Grantham constituency in Lincolnshire. He replaced the independent MP, Denis Kendall, who had been first elected in a"}, {"context": "war-time by-election, but came third in 1950. Smith died in August 1951, aged 42, of a heart attack, at his home in Hitchin, Hertfordshire. His death did not trigger a by-election. The seat remained vacant until the 1951 general election, on 25 October. Eric Smith (British politician) Eric Martin Smith (28 December 1908 \u2013 13 August 1951) was a British Conservative Party politician. He was a noted amateur golfer, winning the Amateur Championship in 1931 and representing England against Scotland and Ireland the same year. Smith was the son of Everard Martin Smith and Violet, the daughter of Everard Hambro."}]}]}